Author verification (AV) is the task of deciding whether given text documents were or were not written by a certain author [13] . There is a wide field of application for this sort of methods, including spam filtering, fraud detection, computer forensics and plagiarism detection. In all of these domains, the goal is to confirm or reject the authorship condition for documents with respect to a set of candidate authors, given sample documents written by the considered authors. In the past decade this task was confined to stylography experts who should analyze sample texts from authors to make a decision about the authorship of documents. However, the increasing demand for AV techniques and its wide scope of application have provoked an increasing interest on the scientific community for developing automatic methods for AV.

Author verification (AV) is the task of deciding whether given text documents were or were not written by a certain author.


In Montane Mainland Southeast Asia (MMSEA), the recent intensification in the cultivation of cash crops has led to the demise of traditional swidden farming systems [20] . Major reductions in livelihood options, socioeconomic well-being, and the supply of ESS have been the result of such large-scale land use conversions [21] [22] [23] . A prime example of these conversions is the introduction and extensive expansion of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations in many parts of MMSEA. The Prefecture of Xishuangbanna, located in Southwestern China, has seen increases in area covered by rubber plantations, from 4.5% in 1988 to 22.2% in 2010 [24] . The rapid expansion of rubber plantations has been linked to increased soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, changes in carbon dynamics, and changes in the hydrological cycle [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . However, rural areas in MMSEA often lack the amount of long-term and high-quality data needed to advance the scope of multidisciplinary modeling. To date, no research has been done on deriving potential TPs in ESS in rubber-dominated land use systems.

In Montane Mainland Southeast Asia (MMSEA), the recent intensification in the cultivation of cash crops has led to the demise of traditional swidden farming systems.

Major reductions in livelihood options, socioeconomic well-being, and the supply of ESS have been the result of such large-scale land use conversions.

The Prefecture of Xishuangbanna, located in Southwestern China, has seen increases in area covered by rubber plantations, from 4.5% in 1988 to 22.2% in 2010.

The rapid expansion of rubber plantations has been linked to increased soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, changes in carbon dynamics, and changes in the hydrological cycle.


Although both approaches result in pairs of satisfaction degrees (constraint satisfaction and wish satisfaction, or satisfaction degree and dissatisfaction degree), the semantics are quite different. In the constraint-wish approach, 'true' constraints, i.e., mandatory requirements, are treated as more important in a specific sense. In the satisfied-dissatisfied approach, the positive and negative requirements are considered in general as being equally important and independent. Due to this assumed indepen-dence, it is also possible to model inconsistent or conflicting situations in the satisfieddissatisfied approach, which is not possible in the constraint-wish approach, where either strong or weak consistency must apply. Moreover, in the satisfied-dissatisfied approach, the set of operators that can be used for ranking or aggregating is more elaborate than in the constraint-wish approach (e.g., weighted aggregation operators). On the other hand, a complete 'bipolar' relational algebra has been proposed for the constraint-wish approach, i.e., an extension of traditional relational algebra to handle bipolarity [10] .

On the other hand, a complete 'bipolar' relational algebra has been proposed for the constraint-wish approach, i.e., an extension of traditional relational algebra to handle bipolarity.


The Bentall procedure used to be the 'gold standard' for patients with aortic root or ascending aorta aneurysm or dissection, with or without concomitant AR. However, valve prostheses-related complications are frequent and thus, several aortic VSRR procedures have been developed in the past [5] . The most commonly performed procedures are the remodelling of the aortic root, also referred to as the Yacoub procedure and the reimplantation of the aortic valve known as David procedure. The aim of VSRR operations was to preserve and restore the native aortic valve, which yields superior haemodynamics compared with biological or mechanical valve prostheses. Furthermore, in young patients who otherwise would need a mechanical prosthesis, the preservation of the native valve obviates the need for life-long anticoagulative therapy. Nevertheless, the decision of whether to repair or replace the valve in case of aortic valve regurgitation still remains controversial, all the more in younger patients in whom the replacement of the aortic valve with a mechanical prosthesis promises to be a lifetime solution. Despite the complexity of this debate, there are only a few reports in the literature comparing the clinical outcome of patients after either Bentall or aortic VSRR operations [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] .

However, valve prostheses-related complications are frequent and thus, several aortic VSRR procedures have been developed in the past.

Despite the complexity of this debate, there are only a few reports in the literature comparing the clinical outcome of patients after either Bentall or aortic VSRR operations.


The fifth compliance heuristic, social influence, is one focus of the present research. People often use the behavior of others to infer the appropriate action for a given situation (Asch, 1955) . The terms consensus and conformity are often used to describe the behavioral result of social influence. As targets of persuasion we might observe the behavior of others to decide whether or not to comply. The social influence heuristic implies that in a situation involving compliance with a warning instruction, we will be more likely to comply with the warning when others are doing so than when others are not. This heuristic also implies the alternative course of action: that we will be less likely to obey a warning if we see that others do not. The present research examined whether warning compliance is influenced by the compliance or lack of compliance of another person.

People often use the behavior of others to infer the appropriate action for a given situation.


The present research is based on the assumption that product warnings represent the manufacturer's attempt to influence consumers' behavior. Current social psychological theory distinguishes between social influence attempts that assume that the target individual systematically processes the persuasive messages and social influence attempts that assume heuristic processing of persuasive messages (Chaiken, 1980; Eagly and Chaiken, 1984) . Social influence attempts that assume systematic processing focus on the quality (content) of the persuasive arguments. When people systematically process information, they distinguish highquality arguments from low-quality ones and thus are persuaded more by arguments high in quality (Petty, Cacioppo, and Goldman, 1981) . In contrast, when people heuristically process information, they rely on simple rules of thumb, or heuristics, to guide their thinking about the quality of a persuasive message. Because people have been estimated to be exposed to more than 3,000 social influence attempts daily (primarily from advertising), they rely almost exclusively on heuristics to guide their judgments about compliance (Cialdini, 1984) .

Current social psychological theory distinguishes between social influence attempts that assume that the target individual systematically processes the persuasive messages and social influence attempts that assume heuristic processing of persuasive messages.

When people systematically process information, they distinguish highquality arguments from low-quality ones and thus are persuaded more by arguments high in quality.

Because people have been estimated to be exposed to more than 3,000 social influence attempts daily (primarily from advertising), they rely almost exclusively on heuristics to guide their judgments about compliance.


When compared to SRM, the linear switched reluctance actuator (LSRA) is a relatively new research and development subject. As a result, the known and published works addressing the vibrations, the force ripple, and the acoustic noise problem for LSRA are relatively scarce [11, [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] . Numerous studies identify the primary sources of the acoustic noise as structural vibrations, radiated from the stator, shaft, and bearings and induced by the generated forces. These vibrations vary with the load or the step voltage. Accordingly, several methods have been proposed for either active noise cancellation or new control and optimal driving strategies. For the acoustic noise mitigation, some studies focus on the prediction and characterization of the vibrations. Consequently, several models have been formulated based on the finite element method (FEM), as an alternative to analytical or experimental methods, namely, the hammer test method. Among the reasons that explain the use of FEM are the improvements in computational tools and their performance and also the associated capacity to develop complex mechanical models and achieve high accuracy with the results.

As a result, the known and published works addressing the vibrations, the force ripple, and the acoustic noise problem for LSRA are relatively scarce.


In real applications, there are imperfections and nonlinearities associated with the inductance profile; besides, the driving currents do not vary linearly either. Moreover, for a given force, the desired excitation current values are achieved by the switching process of the electronics converters and the control strategies, usually modeled by a pulse width modulation signal. The switching regime causes variations to the current that foster ripple in the produced forces. Thus, the nature of the forces generated during the LSRA operation is susceptible to generating vibration whose magnitude can be amplified, especially in the vicinity of the natural frequencies of structural vibrations. The natural modes, the resonant frequencies, and the characteristics of the induced acoustic noise influence or restrict the use of machines, with direct consequences for human well-being and health [30] . On the other hand, the mechanical vibrations are particularly relevant when precise movement is a requirement and can compromise the application of the actuator.

The natural modes, the resonant frequencies, and the characteristics of the induced acoustic noise influence or restrict the use of machines, with direct consequences for human well-being and health.


This paper presents a simulation study based on the finite element method to obtain the structural vibration modes and frequencies of an LSRA. The focus relies on frequencies within the range up to nearly 1.2 kHz. This band includes the vibration modes considered most relevant and critical to the actuator operation, according to the operation modes as forces profile of the actuator [17, 33] . Moreover, it complements preliminary results of simulations and experiments for frequencies up to 300 Hz [26] . The primary objective of this work is to collect data and establish a framework to characterize the linear actuator fully, regarding the vibrations modes induced due to the regular operation of the machine. Due to the lack of a priori knowledge regarding vibrations, we build a 3D model of the structure and use 3D FEM simulation software to find the natural vibration frequencies. The data obtained support the characterization of the linear actuator focusing on the excited vibrations and mode shapes. The results reveal abundant modes and harmonics and the symmetry characteristics of the actuator. These findings help to identify the vibration modes that can be excited for different configurations of the actuator, according to the position of its moving parts. The gathered information serves to improve the control of the actuator by avoiding excitation regimes with frequencies near its natural vibration frequencies. It also provides a tool for choosing the configuration of the actuator at the design stage towards the tackling of vibration issues.

This band includes the vibration modes considered most relevant and critical to the actuator operation, according to the operation modes as forces profile of the actuator.

Moreover, it complements preliminary results of simulations and experiments for frequencies up to 300 Hz.


All these approaches affirmed the role of an effective data curation strategy that may include record keeping, and retrieval using manual or automated workflows. A good curation strategy should be able to meet the needs of all involved domain specific processes [14] . Realization of integration efforts releases datasets locked up in silos that give rise to the update propagation problem. Therefore, the data curation strategy must be able to handle such scenarios that may require adding intelligent capabilities [1] . From end user point of view, the curation strategy should be able to support advance indexing, search and map based display capability based on spatial parameters [12] .

A good curation strategy should be able to meet the needs of all involved domain specific processes.

Therefore, the data curation strategy must be able to handle such scenarios that may require adding intelligent capabilities.

From end user point of view, the curation strategy should be able to support advance indexing, search and map based display capability based on spatial parameters.


Oil and gas organizations are in continuous pressure to investigate and employ innovative techniques to extract hydrocarbons from depleting reservoirs. Equipment failures, uncoordinated maintenance and other such unplanned interruptions in production may significantly increase cost of downtime [1] . With involvement of multiple vendors, partners, service companies, and contractors; their effective coordination becomes an important priority. Additionally, reporting requirements and compliance to standards provide additional push towards integration and inter-operation across disciplines, tools and data sets. Availability of relevant data plays a key role in managing the oil field. Multi-disciplinary teams of scientists, engineers, operators and managers use various datasets captured during exploration, drilling and production stages to perform modeling, simulation, interpretation, analysis, testing and decision making activities. Exploration and production (E&P) life cycle includes data intensive activities like seismic data acquisition, geologic interpretation, modeling, reservoir analysis, drilling target selection, drilling, well logging and analysis, production and well monitoring that links the oil field measurements to oil field management decisions [2] . Illustrating the data intensive nature of one of these activities, a study by Chevron reported the case of its Kern River field with 9,000 active wells that records 1,000,000 data points on daily basis [19] . While large fraction of Chevron's data is in structured form, the rest is hidden in Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Access files on individual users' desktop that accounts for 70% of the knowledge value. For instance, engineers and scientists at Kern River field utilize more than nine datasets and eleven tools to complete the design process for a recompletion workflow. In was observed that significant time is lost in locating, accessing, transferring, transforming and using the required data at each stage. This problem is enhanced as duplicate records of various versions these datasets are stored in the network folders. Similarly, Aveva reported that its offshore platforms may contain up to 30,000 tagged items with 40 to 50 individual data fields each and require nearly 60,000 documents [1] . Such activities rely on SCADA systems, hydrocarbon accounting systems, systems of records, automated workflow systems and other domain-specific systems that are supplied by various vendors. Integration of underlying systems and realization of integrated optimization (IO) is therefore increasingly becoming a key requirement for Oil and Gas organizations.

Equipment failures, uncoordinated maintenance and other such unplanned interruptions in production may significantly increase cost of downtime.

Exploration and production (E&P) life cycle includes data intensive activities like seismic data acquisition, geologic interpretation, modeling, reservoir analysis, drilling target selection, drilling, well logging and analysis, production and well monitoring that links the oil field measurements to oil field management decisions.

Illustrating the data intensive nature of one of these activities, a study by Chevron reported the case of its Kern River field with 9,000 active wells that records 1,000,000 data points on daily basis.

Similarly, Aveva reported that its offshore platforms may contain up to 30,000 tagged items with 40 to 50 individual data fields each and require nearly 60,000 documents.


Semantic web technologies are increasingly being identified as key enabling technology for integrated asset management and smart oil field applications [24] . Among the proposed data curation approaches also, several proposals explored the semantic web technology at varying levels. Semantic web techniques were used to carry out annotations for images to achieve enhanced search capabilities [23] , [22] . A visual annotation framework based on common-sensical and linguistic relationships was proposed to facilitate semantic media retrieval [21] . The E&P organizations are also starting to explore possibilities to employ semantic web technology for their integration effort. For instance, Integrated Production Management Architecture (IPMA) uses Ontology for management of data to reduce search time and to facilitate exchange among participating workflows [5] . The Integrated Operations in the High North (IOHN) project developed set of ontologies to drive integration effort [4] . Baker Hughes started extending their technical domain taxonomy based knowledge management system to next level with development of Ontology [25] . This ontology is based on send control vocabulary to classify metadata and provide advance search, filtering and navigation capability for unstructured information sources. They also proposed gatekeeper stage that requires review from community as well as Subject Matter Experts [7] .

Semantic web technologies are increasingly being identified as key enabling technology for integrated asset management and smart oil field applications.

Semantic web techniques were used to carry out annotations for images to achieve enhanced search capabilities.

A visual annotation framework based on common-sensical and linguistic relationships was proposed to facilitate semantic media retrieval.

For instance, Integrated Production Management Architecture (IPMA) uses Ontology for management of data to reduce search time and to facilitate exchange among participating workflows.

The Integrated Operations in the High North (IOHN) project developed set of ontologies to drive integration effort.

Baker Hughes started extending their technical domain taxonomy based knowledge management system to next level with development of Ontology.

They also proposed gatekeeper stage that requires review from community as well as Subject Matter Experts.


A considerable numbers of children have not reached to the advanced levels of fundamental movements due to the lack of ample opportunities for exercise and physical activities, which causes to be weak in the specialized movements. Since this weakness has negative impacts on daily life activities, rectifying this weakness seems crucial (Gallahue, Ozmun, & Goodway, 1998) . Fundamental movements are the basis and stage of specialized movements and skills (Payne & Isaacs, 2011) . The necessity of concerns about fundamental movements, and the compensation for the consequences of this issue have made the researcher eager to involve in the assessment of the involved fundamental movements growth. By the help of these tools, we are going to understand the influence of training degree of such skills on the desired performance of the sports movements by using the current methods for the assessment of the growth movement, and to understand whether the adaptive sport programs such as mini-basketball exercises are appropriate for the progress of the fundamental movements.

Since this weakness has negative impacts on daily life activities, rectifying this weakness seems crucial.

Fundamental movements are the basis and stage of specialized movements and skills.


In our experiments, the anatomical structure changed during the rejuvenation. Clearly, the size of the nucleolus diminished, and discontinuously distributed sclerenchyma cells were easily observed ( Fig. 2d-i ). Physiological and biochemical metabolism are closely related to the nucleolus in plants. In juvenile plants, the nucleolus is much smaller (Bonga 1987; Day et al. 2002) . Previous studies have reported that discontinuous sclerenchyma tissue was beneficial for the induction of adventitious roots (Maynard et al. 1996) . Our results suggest that the continuity of sclerenchyma tissues was possibly linked with tree physiological age, resulting in reduced rooting capacity in adult trees.

In juvenile plants, the nucleolus is much smaller.

Previous studies have reported that discontinuous sclerenchyma tissue was beneficial for the induction of adventitious roots.


For achieving the desired properties of trees, however, clones can only be selected when the trees have reached maturity (Basheer-Salimia 2007) . For most mature trees, plantlet regeneration is problematic with respect to adventitious rooting. Pinus massoniana is recalcitrant to rooting, and its rooting capacity is greatly decreased with physiological aging (Zhu et al. 2010; Yao and Wang 2016; Wang and Yao 2019) . To successfully propagate selected genotypes in vitro, we thus need to improve the rooting capacity of mature P. massoniana trees.

For achieving the desired properties of trees, however, clones can only be selected when the trees have reached maturity.

Pinus massoniana is recalcitrant to rooting, and its rooting capacity is greatly decreased with physiological aging.


Part constellation models Part constellation models describe the spatial relationship between object parts. There are many supervised methods for part model learning which rely on ground-truth part or bounding box annotations [39, 18, 29] . However, annotations are often not available or expensive to obtain. In contrast, the unsupervised setting does not require any annotation and relies on part proposals instead. It greatly differs from the supervised setting as the selection of useful parts is crucial. We focus on unsupervised approaches as these are the most related to our work.

There are many supervised methods for part model learning which rely on ground-truth part or bounding box annotations.


The rest of the article is organized as follows. Section 2 gives an overview of the proposed system model and a detailed presentation of each component in this model. In Section 3, the proposed system is evaluated and compared with Hu-Wang tandem system [7] . Finally, conclusion is presented in Section 4. Figure 1 illustrates the proposed speech separation model, which is a multi-stage system, where initial segmentation module is improved and the smoothing module for auditory element mask based on the morphological image processing is added to CASA speech segregation system.

In Section 3, the proposed system is evaluated and compared with Hu-Wang tandem system.


The connector elements are developed using the results of full-scale physical testing of isolated precast diaphragm connectors (Naito et al., 2007) . Cyclic loading protocols were imposed that are intended to resemble the demands incurred during seismic action, including combinations of reversing compression and tension in the presence of cyclic shear force. In these tests, the connectors exhibited several important cyclic responses including hysteretic pinching, stiffness degradation, strength degradation, and slip mechanisms.

The connector elements are developed using the results of full-scale physical testing of isolated precast diaphragm connectors.


More recently the industry's assumptions have been shown to be false. Irrigation application efficiencies have now been shown to be highly variable across the industry and are often as low as 50% (Dalton et al., 2001) . Application efficiency as used here is defined as the depth or volume of water added to the root zone store expressed as a ratio of the depth or volume of water applied to the field. It is also recognised that substantial deep drainage can and does occur on these soils (Moss et al., 2001) . Consequently, deep drainage under irrigated cotton is now acknowledged by the industry as a significant environmental issue.

Irrigation application efficiencies have now been shown to be highly variable across the industry and are often as low as 50%.

It is also recognised that substantial deep drainage can and does occur on these soils.


The importance of air pollution research further increases as the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an agency of World Health Organization (WHO), has classified it as carcinogenic. While air pollution is a complex mixture of gases and compounds, Particulate Matter (PM) in the air has been particularly identified as the main component causing the caner [8] . Many studies have revealed an increasing risk of lung cancer, morbidity, mortality and other diseases with increasing levels of exposure to outdoor air pollution and particulate matter [9] - [17] .

While air pollution is a complex mixture of gases and compounds, Particulate Matter (PM) in the air has been particularly identified as the main component causing the caner.

Many studies have revealed an increasing risk of lung cancer, morbidity, mortality and other diseases with increasing levels of exposure to outdoor air pollution and particulate matter.


A data warehouse (DWH) is a repository of data that has been extracted, transformed, and integrated from multiple and independent data source like operational databases and external systems [1] . A data warehouse system, together with its associated technologies and tools, enables knowledge workers to acquire, integrate, and analyze information from different data sources. Recently, XML has rapidly emerged as a standardized data format to represent and exchange data on the web. The traditional DWH has gradually given way to the XML-based DWH, which becomes the mainstream framework.

A data warehouse (DWH) is a repository of data that has been extracted, transformed, and integrated from multiple and independent data source like operational databases and external systems.


This ranking is consistent with the prior intuition that people value aspects such as colour or associated aesthetics when interacting with wildlife. The literature on subjective well-being provides additional clues about the attractiveness of the robin and the blue tit as feeding visitors to gardens. If bird-feeding expresses a warden motivation, one might expect the highest valuations for those species which provide humans with the greatest opportunities to exhibit emotions of responsibility and interconnectedness in repeated interactions. The size, stature and feeding habits of robins and blue tits are classic characteristics that humans, consciously or unconsciously, interpret as signals of dependency (Tinbergen, 1953) . By being common birds, and thus frequent visitors to gardens, they offer opportunities for repeated and routine interaction which then boosts the satisfaction that humans derive from feeding them.

The size, stature and feeding habits of robins and blue tits are classic characteristics that humans, consciously or unconsciously, interpret as signals of dependency.


The athlete practiced all three classical triathlon disciplines. Swimming is known to be healthy as many different muscle groups are used at the same time [19] . Furthermore, cycling is a concentric while running is an eccentric sports discipline. While running burdens the joints, cycling and swimming protects joints as much less weight most be resisted [20] . This could be an important difference between ultra-runners and ultra-triathletes as the later practice long hours of not overstraining exercise as swimming and cycling.

Swimming is known to be healthy as many different muscle groups are used at the same time.

While running burdens the joints, cycling and swimming protects joints as much less weight most be resisted.


Some languages (e.g., Czech or Swahili) have systematic morphological markers of habituality (Dahl, 1985) . In other languages, there are cues for habituality, such as the simple present in English, and the use of certain adverbials (Dahl, 1995) . The automatic recognition of habitual sentences for the latter languages is non-trivial. The work in this paper targets the English language; we leave recognition of habituality in other languages to future work.

Some languages (e.g., Czech or Swahili) have systematic morphological markers of habituality.

In other languages, there are cues for habituality, such as the simple present in English, and the use of certain adverbials.


High vaccination rates would likely dramatically reduce the incidence of typhoid fever in urban slum environments, especially in combination with safer water, sanitation and hygiene. Ultimately, the impact on incidence of significant febrile and respiratory illness, hospitalizations and death of a typhoid immunization program could best be evaluated in large demonstration ''vaccine probe'' projects where interventions are selectively applied in cluster-randomized or sectioned urban slum areas with surveillance for public health outcomes in place within intervention and non-intervention areas. We found that circulating S. Typhi strains were resistant to commonly used antimicrobial drugs, and that 7% of strains had decreased susceptibility to nalidixic acid, suggesting that high levels of fluoroquinolone resistance may soon follow, as has occurred in India and elsewhere [14, 34] . Emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant of S. Typhi will likely increase illness duration, proportion of treatment failures, and cost of treatment, adding to burden of typhoid fever, further highlighting the urgency of implementing effective typhoid immunization programs in targeted settings [5] .

We found that circulating S. Typhi strains were resistant to commonly used antimicrobial drugs, and that 7% of strains had decreased susceptibility to nalidixic acid, suggesting that high levels of fluoroquinolone resistance may soon follow, as has occurred in India and elsewhere.

Emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant of S. Typhi will likely increase illness duration, proportion of treatment failures, and cost of treatment, adding to burden of typhoid fever, further highlighting the urgency of implementing effective typhoid immunization programs in targeted settings.


At KAPSARC such topics are being investigated within the research theme of energy productivity [11] . In particular, KAPSARC research has been exploring how shifting to a growth model based around higher energy productivity can help GCC countries achieve long-held structural diversification goals, for example, as reflected in Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 [18] . Energy productivity is both a policy agenda focusing on how energy can best be used to create value in the economy, as well as an indicator which integrates economic growth with energy consumption. At the macroeconomic level, energy productivity describes how much GDP can be produced using a given amount of energy. It is the mathematical inverse of energy intensity and is both a reflection of what activities energy is used for (the structural make-up for the economy), as well as how well energy is used in specific activities (the level of energy efficiency).

At KAPSARC such topics are being investigated within the research theme of energy productivity.

In particular, KAPSARC research has been exploring how shifting to a growth model based around higher energy productivity can help GCC countries achieve long-held structural diversification goals, for example, as reflected in Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030.


Driven mainly by the experience of the advanced OECD countries, there is an emerging view that growth and climate action need not be incompatible. In their report Growth investment and the low carbon transition, the OECD highlights how countries can achieve ''strong and inclusive economic growth while reorienting their economies towards development pathways with low greenhouse gas emissions'' [23] . It is argued that such growth-oriented decarbonization can be achieved through a combination of strong fiscal and structural reform combined with coherent climate policy. Indeed, it is suggested that such policies can increase long-run GDP by up to 2.8% across the G20 relative to a continuation of current policies.

In their report Growth investment and the low carbon transition, the OECD highlights how countries can achieve ''strong and inclusive economic growth while reorienting their economies towards development pathways with low greenhouse gas emissions''.


Construction industry is one of the areas of solid wastes can be used in large quantities. Especially large amounts of natural resources are used in concrete production. In addition, the production of Portland cement which is a basic component of concrete causes the greenhouses gases production which causes global warming and climate change [3] .

In addition, the production of Portland cement which is a basic component of concrete causes the greenhouses gases production which causes global warming and climate change.


When both issues of online learning and class imbalance exist, new challenges and interesting research questions arise, with regards to the prediction accuracy on the minority class and adaptivity to dynamic environments. The difficulty of learning from imbalanced data is caused by the relatively or absolutely underrepresented class that cannot draw equal attention to the learning algorithm compared to the majority class. It often leads to very specific classification rules or missing rules for the minority class without much generalization ability for future prediction [5] . This problem is exaggerated when data arrive in an online fashion. First, we cannot get a whole picture of data to evaluate the imbalance status. An online definition of class imbalance is necessary to describe the current imbalance degree. Second, the imbalance status can change over time. Therefore, the online model needs to be kept updated for good performance on the current minority class without damaging the performance on the current majority class.

It often leads to very specific classification rules or missing rules for the minority class without much generalization ability for future prediction.


Pinus caribaea (Morelet) and Pinus oocarpa (Schiede) belong to the family Pinaceae. The species were introduced to Nigeria as exotics. The trees can attain a height of 30m. The leaves are needle-like, evergreen and arranged in groups of 2 to 5. The ovules and seeds which develop from them are borne on the upper surface of scales which form cones (Keay, 1989) . Pines are important pulp and paper forest species with good long fibre quality. They could also be used as timber.

The trees can attain a height of 30m.

The ovules and seeds which develop from them are borne on the upper surface of scales which form cones.

They could also be used as timber.


The intrinsic complexity of a modern software system imposes the need for specialized techniques and tool support, both targeting the system design and analysis aspects. It is often the case that these two aspects of the software development are inter-dependent. On the one hand, abstraction techniques are widely used solutions to reduce, in a systematic way, the size of the system under consideration. However this abstraction-based simplification process is usually dependent on quality and performance-driven refinements which, in turn, would benefit from tool support. On the other hand, the development of useful tool support requires sound techniques to ensure the correctness of the produced results. One possible solution to integrate techniques and tools development is to use a formal and executable framework such as rewriting logic [12] . Thus, a rewriting logic general methodology for design and analysis of complex software systems could and should rely on a formal executable programming language semantics to ground the development of both abstractions and tools.

One possible solution to integrate techniques and tools development is to use a formal and executable framework such as rewriting logic.


A major problem facing the Internet is "the reliance on passwords to authenticate users" (FIDOa, 2014) . The drawbacks of passwords have long been known (Kessler, 1996) . Weak passwords are easily guessed; strong passwords are difficult for users to remember and to supply when required. In addition, username and password data must be somehow protected when sent over the network and stored on a server since once compromised, they are sufficient to impersonate the legitimate user.

A major problem facing the Internet is "the reliance on passwords to authenticate users".

The drawbacks of passwords have long been known.


Potassium, which is known to affect several physiological activities in the plant, withstands water stress, increases resistance to diseases, and enhances protein synthesis and 2 Journal of Chemistry quality. However, deficient K concentration in plant inhibited N uptake and photosynthetic carbon assimilation [18] . Nitrogen and K are required by crops especially during the beginning of growth to maintain development and expansion of the leaf canopy [19] . The optimum yield and crop quality can be obtained at optimal N and K rates. Insufficient K may lead to reduced N uptake, less developed roots, susceptibility to water loss, wilting, and lodging [20] . Moderate N fertilization results in higher yield increases in many crops after K application compared to N and K applied separately [21] . The increase in N uptake through K application ensures increased N use efficiency [22] . The efficiency of N and K fertilizer application is affected by numerous factors, including soil type, the soil's original N and K supplying capacity, crop cultivars, organic matter, and the levels of other nutrients [23, 24] . The interactions between N and K on crop growth and final yield which occur at the agronomic level are due to their underlying physiological interactions on tissue hydration and osmotic adjustment. On the other hand, the optimum level of N and K to be applied should be determined due to unnecessary expenses and environmental pollution like nitrate leaching, water contamination, and eutrophication in case of excessive N uses [25, 26] . Contrarily, K does not cause a significant environmental pollution by leaching or contamination, while K leaching, which affects adversely plant growth and quality, may usually occur in sandy soils and high rainfall areas [27, 28] . This study was aimed at determining the effects of increasing N doses on seed yield, oil content, and fatty acid composition of black cumin with or without supplemental K fertilization.

However, deficient K concentration in plant inhibited N uptake and photosynthetic carbon assimilation.

Nitrogen and K are required by crops especially during the beginning of growth to maintain development and expansion of the leaf canopy.

Insufficient K may lead to reduced N uptake, less developed roots, susceptibility to water loss, wilting, and lodging.

Moderate N fertilization results in higher yield increases in many crops after K application compared to N and K applied separately.

The increase in N uptake through K application ensures increased N use efficiency.

The efficiency of N and K fertilizer application is affected by numerous factors, including soil type, the soil's original N and K supplying capacity, crop cultivars, organic matter, and the levels of other nutrients.

On the other hand, the optimum level of N and K to be applied should be determined due to unnecessary expenses and environmental pollution like nitrate leaching, water contamination, and eutrophication in case of excessive N uses.

Contrarily, K does not cause a significant environmental pollution by leaching or contamination, while K leaching, which affects adversely plant growth and quality, may usually occur in sandy soils and high rainfall areas.


Root exudates function in processes of plant adaptation. They have roles in nutrient cycling in the rhizosphere and in responses to pathogens and symbiotic microorganisms [1] . The quantities of organic compounds exuded by roots are variable, but they are frequently a significant proportion of the carbon fixed photosynthetically by plants [2] . Plant type, species, age, and environmental factors, including biotic and abiotic stressors, all affect exudation profiles [3, 4] . The plant rhizosphere modulates microbial community structure and function, primarily through the release of chemical compounds [5] .

They have roles in nutrient cycling in the rhizosphere and in responses to pathogens and symbiotic microorganisms.

The quantities of organic compounds exuded by roots are variable, but they are frequently a significant proportion of the carbon fixed photosynthetically by plants.

Plant type, species, age, and environmental factors, including biotic and abiotic stressors, all affect exudation profiles.

The plant rhizosphere modulates microbial community structure and function, primarily through the release of chemical compounds.


The dominant organic compounds exuded by roots reflect central components of cell metabolism, including free sugars (e.g., glucose, sucrose), amino acids (e.g., glycine, glutamate), and organic acids (e.g., citrate, malate, and oxalate) [2] . Maize exudates comprise sugars (70%), phenolics (18%), organic acids (7%), and amino acids (3%) [6] . Other compounds, like fatty acids, sterols, enzymes, vitamins, and plant growth regulators (e.g., auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins), are generally released in only very small quantities [7] . Although only small quantities of secondary metabolites are exuded by roots, their plant role in signaling to the microbial community is substantial [8] .

The dominant organic compounds exuded by roots reflect central components of cell metabolism, including free sugars (e.g., glucose, sucrose), amino acids (e.g., glycine, glutamate), and organic acids (e.g., citrate, malate, and oxalate).

Maize exudates comprise sugars (70%), phenolics (18%), organic acids (7%), and amino acids (3%).

Other compounds, like fatty acids, sterols, enzymes, vitamins, and plant growth regulators (e.g., auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins), are generally released in only very small quantities.

Although only small quantities of secondary metabolites are exuded by roots, their plant role in signaling to the microbial community is substantial.


Respirometry is the measurement of the biological oxygen consumption rate under well defined conditions [1] . The interest of respirometry for parameter estimation, compared to techniques based on substrate concentration measurement, is that dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration can be measured easily and continuously with relative small input of experimental effort and obtaining high-quality data [2] . DO concentration changes in the order of ten parts-per-billion can be monitored online at high frequency.

Respirometry is the measurement of the biological oxygen consumption rate under well defined conditions.

The interest of respirometry for parameter estimation, compared to techniques based on substrate concentration measurement, is that dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration can be measured easily and continuously with relative small input of experimental effort and obtaining high-quality data.


The higher level of physical violence and injury experienced by cohabitating women when compared to married women can be understood from two perspectives. Cohabitation is traditionally viewed as a "trial marriage". Using the natural selection theory, partners exhibiting low level or no violence may be more likely to enter into marriage, whereas cohabitating women living in abusive relationships may tend to stay in cohabitating relationships [16] . Alternatively, the Power-Control Theory stipulates status incompatibilities in intimate partner relationships might lead to lower marital satisfaction and even IPV [18] [19] [20] . In our context, married women may enjoy a shared family income for family expenses, investment, or other joint ventures, whereas cohabitating women may choose to be more financially independent. Consequently, cohabitating women would follow the equality principles, in particular, for power in relationship and wage-earnings [21] . It follows then that if there is any imbalance in power, tension and conflict in the relationship, or jealousy regarding wage-earnings, this could intensify and escalate into severe physical violence and injury. Moreover, it is suggested that social status and access to financial resources will affect the distribution of power and control within intimate partner relationships. Status incompatibility and status reversal (women have a better financial and social status than their husband) might make women susceptible to IPV because some men are highly threaten by their wife who outrank them in economic power and social status [22, 23] .

Using the natural selection theory, partners exhibiting low level or no violence may be more likely to enter into marriage, whereas cohabitating women living in abusive relationships may tend to stay in cohabitating relationships.

Alternatively, the Power-Control Theory stipulates status incompatibilities in intimate partner relationships might lead to lower marital satisfaction and even IPV.

Consequently, cohabitating women would follow the equality principles, in particular, for power in relationship and wage-earnings.

Status incompatibility and status reversal (women have a better financial and social status than their husband) might make women susceptible to IPV because some men are highly threaten by their wife who outrank them in economic power and social status.


Amylase Activity refers to experimental technique and the principles of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry [10] . Catalase activity was measured by using the method of guaiacol [11] . Acid phosphatase activity refers to seed biology study guide [12] . G-6-PDH and 6-PGDH activity was measured by using the method of co-determination.

Amylase Activity refers to experimental technique and the principles of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry.

Catalase activity was measured by using the method of guaiacol.

Acid phosphatase activity refers to seed biology study guide.


Whereas the aim of this article has been to show the plausibility of a novel argument for delegation in the trade policy field, future research could engage in a more rigorous test of the argument against some alternative explanations. First, differences in party preferences over trade liberalization versus protectionism may have an influence on principals' decision to delegate trade authority (Schnietz, 2000) . Yet, in Europe throughout the period treated here and in the US at least for several decades, parties have hardly disagreed over trade policy issues (Hiscox, forthcoming 2005) . This provides some first support for our hunch that the delegation of trade authority requires an explanation different from party politics. Second, the causes for the extension of delegation in both trading entities could be squarely situated with the impact of international trade negotiations. These are essentially exchanges of market access concessions, during which each member is confronted with demands coming from the other negotiating party, and not originating with domestic constituency demands. In the US, however, the passage of trade legislation mandating an agent to engage in trade negotiations normally precedes the start of international trade negotiations, suggesting limitations to this counter-argument. Finally, executive leadership by the US President and the European Commission could have produced an increase in the scope of delegation (Haggard, 1988; Elsig, 2002) . However, the American President, who has an electoral base, is subject to the same diverging demands from import-competing and export-oriented constituencies as his counterparts in parliament. In Europe, the European Commission lacks the direct electoral legitimation, necessary to engage in executive leadership. Nevertheless, the jury is still out on which of these competing theoretical arguments performs best empirically.

First, differences in party preferences over trade liberalization versus protectionism may have an influence on principals' decision to delegate trade authority.

Yet, in Europe throughout the period treated here and in the US at least for several decades, parties have hardly disagreed over trade policy issues.

Finally, executive leadership by the US President and the European Commission could have produced an increase in the scope of delegation.


Among the extrinsic factors that affect crop yields, those related to soil as chemical fertility, position in the landscape and granulometry, show great variability. This variability and their interactions provide different bearer capabilities, and when subjected to the same farm management result in productivity variability. The use of so-called "information technology" in farming or precision agriculture, has become an important tool, optimizing the process of decision making in agricultural production (ORTEGA & SANTIBÁÑEZ, 2007) .

The use of so-called "information technology" in farming or precision agriculture, has become an important tool, optimizing the process of decision making in agricultural production.


The recognition of patterns in attributes variability and soil and plant properties is crucial to the viability of different and localized management practices, mainly to an approach for crop management zones or classes (SANTOS et al., 2003) . Understanding and classifying the variability of soil properties and landscape and its effects on crop productivity are important components for localized management of agricultural systems (JIANG & THELEN, 2004) . However, as there is a multitude of variables that generate variability in crop yields, the most used techniques in data analysis for specific management site are the geomathematical and geostatistical models. These models, by themselves, cannot explain the changes in yield, because they do not allow the simultaneous analysis of a set of variables, given their interactions. The current concern is to study algorithms to identify patterns and magnitudes of variations (GUASTAFERRO et al., 2010) .

The recognition of patterns in attributes variability and soil and plant properties is crucial to the viability of different and localized management practices, mainly to an approach for crop management zones or classes.

Understanding and classifying the variability of soil properties and landscape and its effects on crop productivity are important components for localized management of agricultural systems.

The current concern is to study algorithms to identify patterns and magnitudes of variations.


There are several limitations in our single-center, tertiary referral center experience. Our prior studies have largely confined to measurements of fasting samples of phosphatidylcholine metabolites, while samples in the present study were collected without undergoing an overnight fast. Nevertheless, data from our prior studies suggested that the overall plasma TMAO, choline, and betaine levels, albeit fluctuates shortly after feeding, appears to maintain within a confined range [3] . Furthermore, we do not have any information or measurements regarding the dietary habits (especially dietary phosphatidylcholine amounts ingested) of our subjects, nor do we have any quantification of intestinal microbiota composition, intestinal barrier function, or commensal versus pathobiont bacterial growth. We also do not have independently adjudicated NYHA class (majority of patients are symptomatic in NYHA 2-3), physical exam findings, or electrocardiographic data at the time of evaluation for the study, and the relatively low number of adverse events (n=40) may have limited our multivariate analysis.

Nevertheless, data from our prior studies suggested that the overall plasma TMAO, choline, and betaine levels, albeit fluctuates shortly after feeding, appears to maintain within a confined range.


Pulmonary rehabilitation, an important therapeutic measure, can effectively improve the functional ability and elevate life quality of COPD patients. Recently, more attention has been paid to the effects of nutritional supplementation. Researchers have found that compared with the combination treatment of long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) and placebo, LTOT coupled with nutritional supplementation of CoQ10 and creatine could markedly improve the lung function and symptoms of COPD patients [22] . Metabolites associated with glycerophospholipid and amino acid metabolism had significant differences between the two groups. In addition, plasma metabolic profiling displayed potential differences in healthy individuals and COPD patients after exercise training. It was noted that the level of lactate showed a significant post-training fall in COPD patients; however, it was increased in healthy subjects, which showed that plasma metabolic profiling might contribute to the phenotypic characterization of COPD patients [23] .

Researchers have found that compared with the combination treatment of long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) and placebo, LTOT coupled with nutritional supplementation of CoQ10 and creatine could markedly improve the lung function and symptoms of COPD patients.

It was noted that the level of lactate showed a significant post-training fall in COPD patients; however, it was increased in healthy subjects, which showed that plasma metabolic profiling might contribute to the phenotypic characterization of COPD patients.


Oxidative stress, acts as an important pathogenic factor in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, as reported in numerous animal models [33] . APAP is metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 to generate the toxic metabolite NAPQI, which is immediately conjugated with GSH [34] . Therefore, a high overdose of APAP may cause dramatic GSH depletion in the liver, affecting liver functions and leading to massive hepatocyte necrosis, liver failure or death [35] . The MDA level is widely used as a marker of free radical mediated lipid peroxidation (LPO) injury [36] . Previous reports confirmed that an elevated MDA level in liver tissues indicated that enhanced LPO can lead to tissue damage and the breakdown of the natural antioxidant defense mechanisms [37] . In addition, there is also evidence of APAP-induced liver injury via an oxidative stress mechanism caused by increased MDA and reduced GSH levels [38] . Interestingly, the results clearly exhibited that the MDA level increased significantly and the GSH level decreased significantly after APAP challenge and pre-treatment with two doses of BG effectively alleviated these alterations and reversed the oxidative stress levels. Therefore, the increase of GSH, and decreased level of MDA in liver tissues treated with BG suggested a host-detoxification process of BG in APAP-induced liver injury. Drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2E1, serving as a site for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays an important role in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity [39] . In the present investigation, overexpression of CYP2E1 in liver tissues treated with APAP could be reversed after treatment with BG. Consistent with the MDA result, although 4-HNE immunofluorescence staining exhibited high fluorescence intensity in liver tissues after APAP exposure, this process was significantly blocked by pretreatment with BG.

Oxidative stress, acts as an important pathogenic factor in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, as reported in numerous animal models.

APAP is metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 to generate the toxic metabolite NAPQI, which is immediately conjugated with GSH.

Therefore, a high overdose of APAP may cause dramatic GSH depletion in the liver, affecting liver functions and leading to massive hepatocyte necrosis, liver failure or death.

The MDA level is widely used as a marker of free radical mediated lipid peroxidation (LPO) injury.

Previous reports confirmed that an elevated MDA level in liver tissues indicated that enhanced LPO can lead to tissue damage and the breakdown of the natural antioxidant defense mechanisms.

In addition, there is also evidence of APAP-induced liver injury via an oxidative stress mechanism caused by increased MDA and reduced GSH levels.

Drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2E1, serving as a site for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays an important role in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.


Once a signalling systems has been decided upon, to improve performance the train trajectory can be optimised. This is a complex problem, which can be undertaken by searching for the optimal train coasting points using methods such as genetic algorithms (GA) [5, 6] . Other advanced methods such as artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic have also been employed to improve the efficiency and results of the optimisation [7, 8] .

This is a complex problem, which can be undertaken by searching for the optimal train coasting points using methods such as genetic algorithms (GA).

Other advanced methods such as artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic have also been employed to improve the efficiency and results of the optimisation.


In the previously published analyses this malformation occurred with similar frequency in both sexes [4] . In the study group it was more common in boys, who comprised 66% of all children. There was no documented family history of schizencephaly in the studied group of children, such schizencephaly is very rare [6] .

In the previously published analyses this malformation occurred with similar frequency in both sexes.

There was no documented family history of schizencephaly in the studied group of children, such schizencephaly is very rare.


This study enlarged with structural analysis our previous investigations on the effects of the operating conditions on the initial performance and degradation of a SOFC stack, including system level considerations [33, 34] . In the conditions treated here, both the anode and the cathode contribute to the cell probability of failure provided by Weibull analysis. Compressive stress in the range of 90e140 MPa shield the thin electrolyte. The determination of the most critical layer can be calculated, but practically suffers from the large confidence intervals for the Weibull parameters, that cause a scatter in the range of one to several orders of magnitude. The anode probability of failure is predominantly governed by the pattern of the temperature profile, whereas that of the LSM-YSZ cathode depends upon the local CTE mismatch with the other cell layers.

This study enlarged with structural analysis our previous investigations on the effects of the operating conditions on the initial performance and degradation of a SOFC stack, including system level considerations.


Sufficient mechanical reliability is a major hurdle to overcome for the commercial viability of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) devices [1] . Despite the evidence of this shortcoming, structural issues in SOFC stacks are practically solved by progressive design adjustments while efforts to understand the underlying processes have been limited. The need for a more solid, comprehensive and versatile background is now acknowledged, as the SOFC technology approaches market introduction. Strong coupling between the phenomena characterises the SOFC field. Stack and system design and operation must be integrated with structural and lifetime analysis to meet performance, reliability, durability, versatility and availability requirements, in the view of the lowest price of electricity delivered to the end-user. Numerous trade-offs govern the development of a functional SOFC system. They act at all scales and affect to similar extents the choice of an electrode microstructure and material, and that of a system layout. In a simplified view, the risks of structural failure scale with power density and number of thermal cycles. Effective mitigation requires the precise knowledge of the mechanisms. The detrimental effects of thermal stresses in SOFC stacks are not completely characterised and cannot be reduced to simple indicators [2e5] . The central component, the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), is a multilayer device that mechanically and chemically interacts with the other components of a single repeating unit (SRU). During operation, the physico-chemical alterations that arise from the hightemperature and aggressive environment [6e12] affect the mechanical durability [13, 14] . Mechanical failures can occur as well during the last manufacturing steps of the stack. The heat-up and sealing procedures generate conditions that are not straightforward to handle from a structural perspective, whereas the stacking of the SRUs affects the reproducibility of the failures and complicates the analysis.

Sufficient mechanical reliability is a major hurdle to overcome for the commercial viability of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) devices.

During operation, the physico-chemical alterations that arise from the hightemperature and aggressive environment [6e12] affect the mechanical durability.


Statistical analysis of cepstral coefficients has shown that different emotional states are manifested in a speech signal in observed parameters of cepstral coefficients, histogram envelopes and together with other parameters, they may well be used for identification of individual emotions. The values given by numerical evaluation of obtained statistical parameters will be used for modification of the cepstral synthesizer digital approximation filter structure, including possible implementation in the Czech and Slovak TTS system based on cepstral description of speech inventory enabling expression of basic emotional speech styles. Results of the cepstral coefficient ranges and values statistical analysis are shown also in the form of histograms in a similar way as the spectral flatness ranges and values. This method can also be used for evaluation of emotional synthetic speech as a supplementary approach parallel to the listening tests [23] .

This method can also be used for evaluation of emotional synthetic speech as a supplementary approach parallel to the listening tests.


Results of the spectral flatness ranges and values statistical analysis show good correlation for both types of voices and all three emotions. The greatest mean S F value is observed in "Anger" style for both voices -compare Tab.11 and Tab.12. From Tab.13 follows that the ratio of mean values is 1.18 times higher for female voice than for male voice. Similar shape of S F histograms can be seen in Fig.14 and Fig.15 comparing corresponding emotions for male and female voices. This subjective result is confirmed by the objective method -histogram modelling with the help of Gamma distribution. Given values of α and λ parameters -showed in Tab.14 and Tab.15 -are also in correlation with previous results. Our final aim was to obtain the ratio of mean values (see Tab.13), which can be used to control the high frequency noise component in the mixed excitation during cepstral speech synthesis of voiced frames. This parameter can be also applied for modification of degree of voicing in voiced frames [16] .

This parameter can be also applied for modification of degree of voicing in voiced frames.


An understanding of phosphorylationdependent regulation of GC-B has unfolded over the past 20 years. GC-B was first shown to be phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues when purified from stably overexpressing NIH3T3 fibroblasts in 1998 [45] . The receptor was maximally phosphorylated and maximally responsive to CNP stimulation when isolated from serum starved resting cells. In contrast to many G-protein coupled receptors, where prolonged agonist exposure results in receptor phosphorylation and inactivation, the enzymatic activity of GC-B was shown to be highest when maximally phosphorylated. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to CNP resulted in receptor inactivation that was correlated with GC-B dephosphorylation, not phosphorylation [45] .

GC-B was first shown to be phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues when purified from stably overexpressing NIH3T3 fibroblasts in 1998.

Furthermore, prolonged exposure to CNP resulted in receptor inactivation that was correlated with GC-B dephosphorylation, not phosphorylation.


About 1-3% of patients with Crohn's disease will present with a perforation of the intestine during their disease course [20] . Postoperative course in perforative Crohn's disease is often characterized by post-operative complications, anastomotic leakage and recurrent disease [20] . We found Crohn's disease in 3 cases of small bowel perforation, etiology of the bowel perforation was conformed on postoperative histology. After bowel resection, there was no anastomotic complications in those patient. We did not follow-up this patient more than one month.

About 1-3% of patients with Crohn's disease will present with a perforation of the intestine during their disease course.

Postoperative course in perforative Crohn's disease is often characterized by post-operative complications, anastomotic leakage and recurrent disease.


The engineering of cells for the production of chemicals and proteins affects all areas of our modern lives. Beer, yogurt, flavoring, detergents, and insulin represent just a few products which are unimaginable without biotechnology. Engineered cells may further provide solutions to many of mankind's greatest challenges like global climate, multiple drug resistance, and overpopulation, by producing fuels, novel antibiotics, and food from renewable feedstocks. Manipulating cells to perform tasks that they did not evolved for, however, is challenging and requires significant investments and personnel in order to reach economically viable production of target molecules (Lee and Kim, 2015) .

Manipulating cells to perform tasks that they did not evolved for, however, is challenging and requires significant investments and personnel in order to reach economically viable production of target molecules.


Throughout, A is a self-adjoint operator acting on a Hilbert space H 1 and is bounded from below, C is a self-adjoint operator acting on a Hilbert space H 2 and is bounded from above, and B is a densely defined closed operator from H 2 to H 1 . We shall be concerned with the spectral properties of block operator matrices of the form with domain Dom(M 0 ) = (Dom(A) ∩ Dom(B * )) × (Dom(B) ∩ Dom(C)). Operator matrices of this form appear in many applications, and the results obtained in this manuscript are applied to an example from magnetohydrodynamics. For a thorough account of this subject, the reader is referred to the monograph [17] . We will always assume the following condition is satisfied (1.2) Dom(|A| 1 2 ) ⊂ Dom(B * ).

For a thorough account of this subject, the reader is referred to the monograph.


The initial and optimized geometries of the complexes in side-on and top-down views are shown in Figure 2 . The optimized structures of the organic molecules in the absence of the graphene sheets show that the organic molecules adopt a nonplanar geometry, mainly to reduce the steric hindrance between ortho-hydrogen atoms in the benzene rings. The butyl groups in 2 extend away from the benzene ring so (1), alkylphenyl groups (2), and acetylphenyl groups (3). For clarifying the substituent effect, hydrogen atoms at the paraposition to the nitrogen are shown in 1. Journal of Nanomaterials that they do not cause significant steric hindrance. Therefore, 2 has a more planar geometry than either 1 or 3, probably also due to the electron-donating effect of the linear alkyl chains. In 3, the outer benzene rings are displaced out of the plane of the central benzene rings and this may also be due to the steric hindrance between ortho-hydrogen atoms. After structure optimization, 3 showed significant structural changes in comparison with the optimized geometries of the other two adsorbed dopants. The distance between the graphene plane and the nearest nitrogen atom in the organic molecules became 3.35Å for 1, 3.38Å for 2, and 3.58Å for 3. Bending of the graphene sheets was observed in the graphene-organic complexes, as shown in Figure 2(d) , where the side-on view of the sheets shows the slight bending of the graphene. Most benzene derivatives of organic molecules tend to be located parallel to the graphene layer with an arrangement similar to Bernal's AB stacking configuration [21] . It is possible that this stacking arrangement maximizes the attractive interactions, while minimizing the repulsive interactions between the -orbitals of the dopant and graphene. Also, most of the hydrogen atoms of the organic molecule are located in the hexagonal lattice space of the graphene structure, that is, at the centers of hexagons. This could indicate the presence of weak, nonclassical, hydrogen bonding between the electron-rich -cloud of graphene and the hydrogen atoms of the organic molecules. This is often termed C-H⋅ ⋅ ⋅ hydrogen bonding [20] . This type of hydrogen bonding can also increase the adsorption interaction between the graphene sheets and the adsorbed organic molecules.

Most benzene derivatives of organic molecules tend to be located parallel to the graphene layer with an arrangement similar to Bernal's AB stacking configuration.

This is often termed C-H⋅ ⋅ ⋅ hydrogen bonding.


Skin ulcers and burns often result in extensive damage to the skin layers [1] . Significantly, burns induce anatomical, physiological, endocrinological, and immunological alterations [2] . In the United States alone, over two million burn injuries per year are brought to medical intervention. Most of these injuries are minor; however, approximately 20,000 patients sustain severe burns requiring admission to specialized units [3] . Most burn wounds are treated with sterile gauze, saline solution, and topical prophylaxis [4] . These treatments, however, are not fully effective for pain relief, hydration, and protection [5] .

Skin ulcers and burns often result in extensive damage to the skin layers.

Significantly, burns induce anatomical, physiological, endocrinological, and immunological alterations.

Most of these injuries are minor; however, approximately 20,000 patients sustain severe burns requiring admission to specialized units.

Most burn wounds are treated with sterile gauze, saline solution, and topical prophylaxis.

These treatments, however, are not fully effective for pain relief, hydration, and protection.


In wound dressing applications, there is a pressing need to develop biocompatible hydrogel biomaterials [16] . In this context, biocompatibility refers to the ability to perform with an appropriate host response in the given application [17] [18] [19] . For this purpose, hydrogels are ideally suited since they are able to absorb more than 70 wt% of their dry weight in water [8] .

In wound dressing applications, there is a pressing need to develop biocompatible hydrogel biomaterials.

In this context, biocompatibility refers to the ability to perform with an appropriate host response in the given application.

For this purpose, hydrogels are ideally suited since they are able to absorb more than 70 wt% of their dry weight in water.


In a world that has full of challenges and obstacles to go through, experiencing negative emotions is a matter that cannot be taken away from the realm of existence. Despite our efforts to make ourselves contented and happy with our lives, episodes of negative mood would make its way to counterfeit our inclinations to experience positive emotions. Depression is a feeling of sadness, hopelessness and irritability that impedes the quality of life and that, if untreated, can result in suicide (McCall, 2007) . In the context of psychopathology, it is a mood disorder that involves feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection. It is common to feel depressed. Yet, persistence of the feeling which is characterized by the cognitive triad of hopelessness, worthlessness and helplessness can become alarming given that in few weeks, a clinical condition can be drawn. The type, severity and frequency of depressive symptoms will vary for each person (Dorlen, 2010) .

Depression is a feeling of sadness, hopelessness and irritability that impedes the quality of life and that, if untreated, can result in suicide.

It is common to feel depressed.

The type, severity and frequency of depressive symptoms will vary for each person.


The current study found that the students improved on their knowledge in science, science careers and career planning. In practice, middle school counselors may enhance students' knowledge about the world of work and career planning through similar career programs. School counselors should educate students about how to gather, understand, and apply information about self and the world of work as an important skill, basic to making informed career decisions (Ireh, 2000) . Counselors themselves should be aware of different occupational tasks, especially in this information age, in order to be able to help students become familiar with the futures of different occupations. Also, it is important for practitioners to be sensitive about individual differences among students' aptitudes, achievements, interests, values, and personalities. In such situations, the counselor should accommodate for these differences with additional services and testing.

School counselors should educate students about how to gather, understand, and apply information about self and the world of work as an important skill, basic to making informed career decisions.


The current study examined a career intervention adopting the school-community collaboration model among researchers, teachers and counselors and parents. Collaboration for career education has become common. Collaboration among school teachers and principals and community resources (such as visiting agencies and businesses) were found to be effective in promoting career development (Smith, 2000) .

Collaboration among school teachers and principals and community resources (such as visiting agencies and businesses) were found to be effective in promoting career development.


Parent support is also important in students' career development (Arrington, 2000; Metheny, 2008; Turner & Lapan, 2002) . The GIMS program was assisted by parents. Parent factors, including their expectation and support, were found for distinguishing persisters and switchers in science and technology careers aspirations (Mau, 2003) . Other factors found were academic deficiency, socio-economics status, parental expectations, math self-efficacy, and reading self-efficacy (Mau, 2003) . These factors can be considered for future programs/studies. Psychosocial factors can also affect science interests such as self-concept, and locus of control (Mau, 2003) .

Parent support is also important in students' career development.

Parent factors, including their expectation and support, were found for distinguishing persisters and switchers in science and technology careers aspirations.

Other factors found were academic deficiency, socio-economics status, parental expectations, math self-efficacy, and reading self-efficacy.

Psychosocial factors can also affect science interests such as self-concept, and locus of control.


The results of the geoscience project appear to support the notion of Super's theory (Super, 1990) . For example, over 80% of the students said to have improved their understanding in science, 75% to 92% of the students had a better understanding about what a scientist do, 61% to 75% of them were more aware of the importance of science in every day, and 56% to 62.5% of them were more interest in learning science of students reporting a greater interest in science after experiencing and exploring the geoscience program support Super's stance on the importance of exploration during adolescence and young adulthood. Students were provided with the opportunity to learn about a career area that may not have been unfamiliar to them prior to attending the program. After exploring and learning about the science field in a supportive and hands-on manner, students appeared to gain knowledge about themselves, including their interests, science field, and career planning.

The results of the geoscience project appear to support the notion of Super's theory.


Poverty Gap Pro…les (PGP) have key properties which enable them to play a central role in poverty analysis, analogous to the role of Lorenz curves in inequality measurement. First, the PGP is an intuitive graphical device for illustrating the three fundamental aspects of poverty evident in an income distribution. Second, the normative criteria incorporated in the PGP dominance quasi-ordering (focus, monotonicity, S-concavity) are widely accepted as a minimal set of properties desired of normative poverty measures. The normative properties of the PGP are transparent and directly related to the stochastic dominance (SD) criteria used in the welfare and inequality measurement literature (Ravallion, 1994) . Further, poverty comparisons based on poverty gap dominance relations are robust to the additional normative properties embodied in a speci…c poverty index, and to the common scaling of poverty lines. Although the poverty gap dominance criteria provide a partial ordering of distributions, many popular poverty indices can be expressed as functionals of PGPs and can be used to generate a complete, cardinal ordering of distributions.

The normative properties of the PGP are transparent and directly related to the stochastic dominance (SD) criteria used in the welfare and inequality measurement literature.


There are several animal models of PD [1] . Most of the models use mammals and are generally both timeand resource-intensive. We here report a convenient and facile non-mammalian model for in vivo demonstration and quantitative assessment of DOPA decarboxylase or an equivalent enzyme activity in a species with primitive nervous system and mammalian-analogous neurotransmitter and 2nd messenger systems [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] . The model is useful for the study of drug action and for physiological aspects of drug abuse [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] .

There are several animal models of PD.

We here report a convenient and facile non-mammalian model for in vivo demonstration and quantitative assessment of DOPA decarboxylase or an equivalent enzyme activity in a species with primitive nervous system and mammalian-analogous neurotransmitter and 2nd messenger systems.

The model is useful for the study of drug action and for physiological aspects of drug abuse.


The definition of 'transition' varies according to disciplinary focus but the widespread definition involves how people respond to change over time [19] . Transition may be defined as "a process of convoluted passage during which people redefine their sense of self and redevelop self-agency in response to disruptive life events" [19] . Transition of care refers to the care a patient receives as they leave one care setting and are moved to another [20] . The American Geriatrics Society describes transitional care as "a set of actions designed to ensure the coordination and continuity of health care as patients transfer between different locations or different levels of care within the same location" [21] .

The definition of 'transition' varies according to disciplinary focus but the widespread definition involves how people respond to change over time.

Transition may be defined as "a process of convoluted passage during which people redefine their sense of self and redevelop self-agency in response to disruptive life events".

Transition of care refers to the care a patient receives as they leave one care setting and are moved to another.

The American Geriatrics Society describes transitional care as "a set of actions designed to ensure the coordination and continuity of health care as patients transfer between different locations or different levels of care within the same location".


Although lidar methods perform well in boundary layer height retrieval under clear sky conditions, such methods may fail under cloudy conditions, i.e., they are more likely to identify the "top" of the cloud as the boundary layer height because the strongest gradient in the signal will also occur in that part of the profile [21, 27] . Thus, retrieval of the boundary layer height under cloudy conditions is poorly understood and very challenging. As we all know, the presence of clouds causes the altitude of the strongest humidity gradient to move higher in the entrainment zone [28, 29] . On the other hand, in cloudy cases, free convection is not only driven by solar heating, but also by cloud-top radiative cooling. Thus, the presence of clouds influences the structure of the boundary layer. In the simplest case, the capping inversion prevents stratocumulus clouds from developing further, or the convective cloud development is limited under the convectively unstable atmospheric conditions, and the CBL is well mixed and fully coupled with clouds and sub-cloud layers. In such conditions, the cloud layer can be regarded as the upper portion of the boundary layer [1, 27] . However, for continental boundary layers topped by cumulus clouds, the CBLH is distinct from the elevated cloud layers above the cumulus [30, 31] . In such situations, clouds are not part of the boundary layer, and determination of the CBLH requires further consideration if we are to separate boundary layer clouds from clouds that are not part of the boundary layer.

Although lidar methods perform well in boundary layer height retrieval under clear sky conditions, such methods may fail under cloudy conditions, i.e., they are more likely to identify the "top" of the cloud as the boundary layer height because the strongest gradient in the signal will also occur in that part of the profile.

As we all know, the presence of clouds causes the altitude of the strongest humidity gradient to move higher in the entrainment zone.

In such conditions, the cloud layer can be regarded as the upper portion of the boundary layer.

However, for continental boundary layers topped by cumulus clouds, the CBLH is distinct from the elevated cloud layers above the cumulus.


The workplace environment has been shown to significantly impact employee health, comfort, productivity and engagement, in both positive and negative ways [11, 12] . With the evolution of working styles and innovative communication methods, alternative workplace environments are needed to accommodate these rapid changes and support future office concepts. Reflecting the above, the physical environment of offices has evolved over the past decades, with open-plan offices, in contrast to traditional cellular offices, becoming a popular office design particularly for organisations wishing to reduce fixed overheads and increase employee density [13, 14] . Traditional cellular or enclosed offices, tend to accommodate one or two individuals in private rooms, whereas open-plan offices are characterised by a lack of interior walls and tend to contain a greater number of individuals at separate workstations [13] .

The workplace environment has been shown to significantly impact employee health, comfort, productivity and engagement, in both positive and negative ways.

Reflecting the above, the physical environment of offices has evolved over the past decades, with open-plan offices, in contrast to traditional cellular offices, becoming a popular office design particularly for organisations wishing to reduce fixed overheads and increase employee density.

Traditional cellular or enclosed offices, tend to accommodate one or two individuals in private rooms, whereas open-plan offices are characterised by a lack of interior walls and tend to contain a greater number of individuals at separate workstations.


A poorly designed office environment that fails to meet the requirements of a healthy and comfortable workplace impacts the employee's level of engagement with the organisation, error rates, the level of innovation and collaboration with other employees, absenteeism, and the length of stay in a job [11] . Workplace environments should be responsive to the dynamic functional, psychological, and physiological needs of the user [28] . Accordingly, many organisations are interested in investigating employee satisfaction with the workplace environment and open-plan configurations.

A poorly designed office environment that fails to meet the requirements of a healthy and comfortable workplace impacts the employee's level of engagement with the organisation, error rates, the level of innovation and collaboration with other employees, absenteeism, and the length of stay in a job.

Workplace environments should be responsive to the dynamic functional, psychological, and physiological needs of the user.


Satisfaction and dissatisfaction with open-plan layouts have different causes when comparing employers and employees in an office environment. Employers may favour open-plan because of lower construction costs, easier workforce management and increasing population density, and the flexibility of reconfiguration. Employees may prefer open-plan due to the ease of communication and exchange of information among colleagues in an office environment [5] . Open-plan layout developments clearly challenge the tradition of cellular offices with higher occupant controls and privacy contributing to and sustaining professional identities [21, 27] .

Employees may prefer open-plan due to the ease of communication and exchange of information among colleagues in an office environment.

Open-plan layout developments clearly challenge the tradition of cellular offices with higher occupant controls and privacy contributing to and sustaining professional identities.


One study showed that office type could have a greater influence on women rather than men due to different sensitivities to environmental stimuli and noise disturbances [24] . In a simulated experiment with 40 female employees, elevated urinary epinephrine levels, and motivational deficits in a low-intensity open-plan office environment were observed [25] . Job satisfaction was also correlated with work-years with the highest level of job satisfaction experienced by employees working in the company less than a year [26] .

One study showed that office type could have a greater influence on women rather than men due to different sensitivities to environmental stimuli and noise disturbances.

In a simulated experiment with 40 female employees, elevated urinary epinephrine levels, and motivational deficits in a low-intensity open-plan office environment were observed.

Job satisfaction was also correlated with work-years with the highest level of job satisfaction experienced by employees working in the company less than a year.


There is ongoing debate on the type of office environment that is not only comfortable for occupants but supports and enhances productivity [1] [2] [3] . At the centre of the debate is the comfort of occupants in office environments [4] . The comfort of an occupant in an office environment typically denotes the ability of the environment to provide pleasant and stimulating physical working conditions for occupants to be productive. The productivity of a worker is not only a matter of improving the speed and accuracy of routine tasks, but also generating new ideas, being creative, working effectively in teams, and creating knowledge that adds value to the organisation [4] .

There is ongoing debate on the type of office environment that is not only comfortable for occupants but supports and enhances productivity.

At the centre of the debate is the comfort of occupants in office environments.

The productivity of a worker is not only a matter of improving the speed and accuracy of routine tasks, but also generating new ideas, being creative, working effectively in teams, and creating knowledge that adds value to the organisation.


IRELESS charging systems (WCS) have become a potential alternative for charging at home and on the road. This technology has been investigated widely in last three decades for systems ranging from 3kW to 10kW and has shown significant efficiency and performance improvements while operating safely and reliably [1] [2] [3] . The technology is on the verge of commercialization and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has already published standard system configuration recommendation for systems up to 11kW with greater than 90%. Although light duty (LD) applications have achieved significant technological maturity, heavy duty (HD) charging systems (>20kW) are still being developed and optimized for size, geometry, coil configuration, and frequency range.

This technology has been investigated widely in last three decades for systems ranging from 3kW to 10kW and has shown significant efficiency and performance improvements while operating safely and reliably.


With the introduction of wide bandgap materials such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) in power semiconductor, overall switching losses can be reduced at high frequency and in high power applications. In addition to lower switching energy loss, SiC MOSFETs have 27% lower R DS,ON compared to similar Si MOSFETs [8, 9] . For this reason, SiC MOSFETs based converters have lower losses than Si MOSFETs based ones. Lower converter losses raise the following questions: Can system-level losses of WCS at 85 kHz be reduced? If so, what system levels design opportunities and trade-offs exist for this operating frequency?

In addition to lower switching energy loss, SiC MOSFETs have 27% lower R DS,ON compared to similar Si MOSFETs.


The rapid development of smart grid technologies, large applications of different kinds of nonlinear power loads and power electronic devices affect stable operation of the power grid, and the requirements of electric power measurement have continuously improved [1] . For example, a rectifier connected to the system draws a current that is not necessarily sinusoidal, and it is essential to detect, analyze, and restrain system harmonics. FFT is one of the most popular power harmonics analysis methods and can decompose the current waveform into a series of simple sinusoids. Wide area measurement systems (WAMS) are becoming more utilized in real-time measurement of network parameters, and synchronized phasor measurement unit (PMU) data can be used to support high accuracy harmonic analysis of power grids [2, 3] . However, PMUs generally measure the data asynchronously for a variety of reasons. Hence, using FFT to analyze these harmonic signals can result in large frequency, amplitude, and phase angle errors, from spectral leakage, caused by time domain truncation, and the picket fence effect, caused by frequency domain discretization. Thus, new methods must be developed to ensure correct harmonic compensation.

The rapid development of smart grid technologies, large applications of different kinds of nonlinear power loads and power electronic devices affect stable operation of the power grid, and the requirements of electric power measurement have continuously improved.

Wide area measurement systems (WAMS) are becoming more utilized in real-time measurement of network parameters, and synchronized phasor measurement unit (PMU) data can be used to support high accuracy harmonic analysis of power grids.


Among the many assays for determining antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties is the well-known 2,2 diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, also known as the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay (Molyneux, 2004; Pisoschi, 2011) . DPPH is usually a dark-coloured, powdered organic compound composed of stable free-radical molecules with many crystalline forms (Kiers et al., 1976; Teruaki, 1981) . The commercial DPPH powder has a melting point of approximately 130 o C (Kiers et al., 1976) .

Among the many assays for determining antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties is the well-known 2,2 diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, also known as the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay.

DPPH is usually a dark-coloured, powdered organic compound composed of stable free-radical molecules with many crystalline forms.

The commercial DPPH powder has a melting point of approximately 130 o C.


Also, numerous oxide-based nanocomposite/hybrid materials have been developed for water purification. These are composed of two or more components, and thus can exhibit the properties of multicomponent systems in the same material [38] [39] [40] [41] . There are considerable challenges remaining in environmental remediation, especially in terms of largescale applications.

These are composed of two or more components, and thus can exhibit the properties of multicomponent systems in the same material.


With the advancement in concrete technology, the utilization of sawdust in the manufacture of building materials has received some attention over the past years. Along with the application in making bricks and blocks, the utilization of sawdust in producing structural lightweight concretes appears to be a unique answer not only to the environmental problem but also to the economic design of sustainable building construction [12] . Considering the availability and the inherent quality of the material, this study aims at exploring further the suitability of sawdust as building material through investigation of physical and mechanical properties of concrete.

Along with the application in making bricks and blocks, the utilization of sawdust in producing structural lightweight concretes appears to be a unique answer not only to the environmental problem but also to the economic design of sustainable building construction.


Vast quantities of waste materials and byproducts from various sources are generated from the manufacturing process, service industries and municipal solid waste. As a result, solid waste management has become one of the major environmental concerns in the world. With the increasing awareness of the environment protection, significant research has been going on globally on the utilization of waste materials and by-products as construction materials [1] . Recycling of such wastes into new building materials could be a viable solution not only to the pollution problem, but also to the challenge of high cost of building materials currently facing by both the developed and developing nations [2] [3] . One of such potential waste material is sawdust which is relatively abundant and inexpensive.

With the increasing awareness of the environment protection, significant research has been going on globally on the utilization of waste materials and by-products as construction materials.

Recycling of such wastes into new building materials could be a viable solution not only to the pollution problem, but also to the challenge of high cost of building materials currently facing by both the developed and developing nations.


Focusing on impact induced delaminations, the damage resistance of impacted composite laminated structures can be predicted by evaluating the "threshold critical impact energy" needed for the onset of impact induced delaminations [10] [11] [12] . According to this approach, if the impact energy is below the threshold level, the impact does not cause delaminations in the laminate. On the contrary, when the impact energy is just above this value, the delaminations are considered to take place instantaneously.

Focusing on impact induced delaminations, the damage resistance of impacted composite laminated structures can be predicted by evaluating the "threshold critical impact energy" needed for the onset of impact induced delaminations.


It is known that the low velocity impact phenomenon represents one of the most common sources of damage in composite laminated structures. Low velocity impacts with foreign objects can occur accidentally and, usually, can involve different interacting failure mechanisms such as matrix cracking, fibre cracking, delamination and indentation [1] [2] [3] . The study presented in this paper, is focused on impact induced delaminations which can cause a strong structural stiffness and strength reduction. Additionally, these failure mechanisms can be hardly detected by visual inspections, because, especially in thin composite laminates, low velocity impact induced delaminations can arise deep in the laminate and far from the external surface where the impact event takes place [4] [5] [6] .

Low velocity impacts with foreign objects can occur accidentally and, usually, can involve different interacting failure mechanisms such as matrix cracking, fibre cracking, delamination and indentation.

Additionally, these failure mechanisms can be hardly detected by visual inspections, because, especially in thin composite laminates, low velocity impact induced delaminations can arise deep in the laminate and far from the external surface where the impact event takes place.


When designing aeronautical composite components, which are exposed to impact threats, the effect of impact induced delamination must be taken into account. The damage management approach commonly adopted in aerospace is based on an impact damage tolerance design philosophy, based on material allowable reduction. According to this design philosophy, to face the impact events, a structure must be designed capable to withstand the service loads even if subjected to multiple impact events inducing multiple delaminations [7] .

According to this design philosophy, to face the impact events, a structure must be designed capable to withstand the service loads even if subjected to multiple impact events inducing multiple delaminations.