In other researches on one-wheel robots, different approaches of modelling dynamics of a one-wheel robot have been presented [13, 14] . Simulation studies of controlling a Gyrobot along with design and fabrication are presented [15, 16] . An interesting design of a single spherical-wheel robot has been presented [17] [18] [19] . Successful balancing control of the spherical-wheel robot has been demonstrated. In this paper, a one-wheel robot called GYROBO is designed, implemented, and controlled. GYROBO has three actuators to move forward and backward and to balance itself. Although aforementioned research results provide dynamics models for the one-wheel robot, in real physical system, it is quite difficult to control GYROBO based on dynamic models due to several reasons. First, modeling the system is not accurate. Second, it is hard to describe coupling effects between the body wheel and the flywheel since the system is nonlinearly coupled. Third, it is a nonholonomic system. Therefore, we focus on optimal mechanical design rather than modeling the system since the dynamic model is quite complicated. Although we have dynamic models, other effects from uncertainties and nonmodel dynamics should be considered as well for the better performance. After several modifications of the design, the successful design and control of GYROBO are achieved. Since all of actuators have to be housed inside the one wheel, design and placement of each part become the most difficult problem.

In other researches on one-wheel robots, different approaches of modelling dynamics of a one-wheel robot have been presented.

Simulation studies of controlling a Gyrobot along with design and fabrication are presented.

An interesting design of a single spherical-wheel robot has been presented.

Third, it is a nonholonomic system.


More challengingly, one-wheel mobile robots are developed. A one-wheel robot is a rolling disk that requires balancing while running on the ground [6] . Gyrover is a typical disc-typed mobile robot that has been developed and presented for many years [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Gyrover is a gyroscopically stabilized system that uses the gyroscopic motion to balance the lean angle against falling as shown in Figure 1 . Three actuators are required to make Gyrover stable. Two actuators are used for balancing and one actuator for driving. Experimental results as well as dynamical modeling analysis on Gyrover are well summarized in the literature [12] .

A one-wheel robot is a rolling disk that requires balancing while running on the ground.

Gyrover is a typical disc-typed mobile robot that has been developed and presented for many years.

Experimental results as well as dynamical modeling analysis on Gyrover are well summarized in the literature.


Recently, the balancing mechanism becomes an important issue in the mobile robot research. Evolving from the inverted pendulum system, the mobile-inverted pendulum system (MIPS) has a combined structure of two systems: an inverted pendulum system and a mobile robot system. Relying on the balancing mechanism of the MIPS, a personal transportation vehicle has been introduced [1] . The MIPS has two-point contact to stabilize itself. Advantages of the MIPS include robust balancing against small obstacles on the ground and possible narrow turns while three-or four-point contact mobile robots are not able to do so.

Relying on the balancing mechanism of the MIPS, a personal transportation vehicle has been introduced.


Where the government has failed to provide for human needs, the society has turned to business, which is equipped with aggressive economic ambitions, to play the role of serving the people to make up for government failure. However, the essence of business is to be profit-oriented, to adopt competitive strategy, and to maximize resource efficiency. Very often business concentrates so heavily on profit generation that its policies lack the spirit of public interest which results in the negligence of the needs of the disadvantaged. In other words, this has caused the predicament of an ill-structured market primarily driven by asymmetric market information (Hansmann, 2003) .

In other words, this has caused the predicament of an ill-structured market primarily driven by asymmetric market information.


However, due to the bureaucracy within the government system, the divergence of opinions in policy formulation and the inertia in government organizations, government agencies are often unable to effectively create, deliver, and adjust, at its discretion, its services that meet individual needs. As a consequence, government is often unable to compete with the private sector when it comes to grasping customers' needs to effectively transform its resources and provide due services. This "government dysfunction" phenomenon exists in vast swathes of the public sector (Weisbrod, 1988; James, 1987) .

This "government dysfunction" phenomenon exists in vast swathes of the public sector.


In addition to the effects of pulmonary surfactant on alveolar surface tension and lung compliance, it also has immunomodulatory properties [24] . It is now well established that surfactant therapy is helpful for premature infants with RDS and may be useful in other forms of lung diseases or injury [25] . Therefore, there is much interest in determining whether exogenous surfactant preparations can demonstrate similar anti-inflammatory properties as seen in the native surfactant. The commercially available surfactants for treatment of the newborn with respiratory distress syndrome contain SP-B and SP-C, but do not contain SP-A or SP-D. Increased inflammatory responses seen in the premature new born lung may result from deficiency in host defenses, including low levels of SP-A and SP-D and a relatively low number of macrophages [26] . The present study revealed the effects of a natural surfactant from animal source (porcine) and artificial surfactant (DPPC, cetyl alcohol and tyloxapol) on cytokine secretion, as well as NO production, and oxidative burst with histological examination of the lung tissue.

In addition to the effects of pulmonary surfactant on alveolar surface tension and lung compliance, it also has immunomodulatory properties.

It is now well established that surfactant therapy is helpful for premature infants with RDS and may be useful in other forms of lung diseases or injury.

The commercially available surfactants for treatment of the newborn with respiratory distress syndrome contain SP-B and SP-C, but do not contain SP-A or SP-D. Increased inflammatory responses seen in the premature new born lung may result from deficiency in host defenses, including low levels of SP-A and SP-D and a relatively low number of macrophages.


Moreover, our experimental findings demonstrate that the spatial phase signature was preserved even in the far-field region and for incoherent non-monochromatic wave beams. These results open up new perspectives not only for wireless communication but also for physics and astronomy, including the possible detection of Kerr black holes in the test general relativity [21] . The COTS receiver was connected to two identical 12-element, 16.5 dBi gain Yagi-Uda antennae, tuned to 2.4 GHz and mounted on the top of two identical plastic columns (ε ≈ ε 0 ). The baseline between the receiving antennae was 4.50 m, with laser-controlled levelling and calibrated mutual distance. Each of the receiving antennae was mounted on a mechanical translator that provided fine-tuning in an interval of 10 cm (∼0.8λ). The cable connections were made with a Belden H155 Wifi coaxial cable, 50 impedance and 5.4 mm diameter. The velocity factor in the cable for this type of cable is 79% with 9.3 dB loss (100 m) −1 , characterized by the producer at a frequency of 100 MHz. Then, the half-wavelength cable junction used to build the phase difference interferometer resulted to be 4.94 cm long (table A.1).

These results open up new perspectives not only for wireless communication but also for physics and astronomy, including the possible detection of Kerr black holes in the test general relativity.


Terrestrial digital TV broadcasting in Japan (ISDB-T) was launched in three major metropolitan areas in 2003, and nationwide broadcasts will start in 2006. In ISDB-T standard, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), also referred as a multi-carrier modulation scheme, is adopted as a modulation method. OFDM is well-known as a highspectral efficiency transmission method. Many subcarriers that are mutually orthogonal in frequency are modulated, thanks to FFT. Additionally, OFDM uses GI to effectively combat with ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference). Hence, the performance of OFDM is superior to that of a single-carrier modulation in the multipath environment [1] , [2] .

Hence, the performance of OFDM is superior to that of a single-carrier modulation in the multipath environment.


The uptake of CLR1404 by human tumors may reflect specific biological parameters that can be studied in the human xenograft model systems. The two established biomarkers that demonstrate robust correlation with HNC patient survival outcome at present include EGFR expression and HPV status [27, 28] . EGFR is known to associate with lipid rafts in tumor cells and we hypothesize that tumors rich in EGFR expression will demonstrate increased uptake of CLR1404 compared with tumors showing low expression of EGFR. As for HPV, it is known that HPV+ tumors of the HNC show a lower frequency of mutations than HPVtumors [29] . HPV+ patients also demonstrate lower mean age and reduced tobacco use history than HPV-patients [30] . It is plausible that less mutated host cells from HPV+ tumors may exhibit a distinct susceptibility to CLR1404 uptake compared to tumor cells from HPV-hosts. Such possibilities are intriguing but speculative and the number of tumor samples evaluated in this initial report does not allow meaningful conclusions to be drawn in this regard. In future patient-derived xenograft studies as well as a submitted phase I clinical trial we will specifically examine these biomarkers for their association with CLR1404 uptake in HNC.

The two established biomarkers that demonstrate robust correlation with HNC patient survival outcome at present include EGFR expression and HPV status.

As for HPV, it is known that HPV+ tumors of the HNC show a lower frequency of mutations than HPVtumors.

HPV+ patients also demonstrate lower mean age and reduced tobacco use history than HPV-patients.


Reef fish communities are major resources for inshore fisheries all over the world. In coastal regions, the demand for food sharply increased in the last few decades in relation to growing demographic pressure and the majority of coastal resources are now overexploited (FAO 1995) . In the Pacific islands, subsistence fishing represents about 80% of total coastal catch in the reef and lagoon fisheries (Dalzell et al. 1996) . These ecosystems must be protected against the detrimental effects of increased fishing, urbanisation and tourism.

In coastal regions, the demand for food sharply increased in the last few decades in relation to growing demographic pressure and the majority of coastal resources are now overexploited.

In the Pacific islands, subsistence fishing represents about 80% of total coastal catch in the reef and lagoon fisheries.


The analysis showed that positive feedback outnumbered corrective feedback. Of the forty-nine (100%) feedbacks given by the teacher, 34 (69.4%) feedbacks were positive and 15 (30.6%) feedbacks were corrective. Below is the distribution of feedback. Observation in the class showed that the young learners enjoyed the interaction in class. It could be seen from the fact that the students participated in question and answer interactively. Every time the teacher gave a question, almost all students raised their hands, competing with each other to be chosen by the teacher to answer the question. Therefore, the teacher chose which student to answer first then distributed the participation. The classroom was also alive with the students" voice and laughter. It cannot be concluded that the positive circumstance of interaction was the result from the positive feedbacks employed by the teacher. However, the positive feedback utilized by the teacher in the interaction might contribute to the positive learning environment that motivate and encourage students to participate in the interaction (Prabhu, 1992; Reigel, 2005; Tatawy, 2002) .

Below is the distribution of feedback.

However, the positive feedback utilized by the teacher in the interaction might contribute to the positive learning environment that motivate and encourage students to participate in the interaction.


MERS, especially type 2 MERS, should be distinguished from other leukoencephalopathies such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), and hereditary leukoencephalopathy. In particular, ADEM has clinical manifestations similar to those of MERS during its early stage. However, their MRI findings are different. In ADEM, lesions are distributed asymmetrically and most obvious in the T2-weighted sequence; diffusion is not restricted; enhancement can be observed after use of contrast agents, and the corpus callosum is less likely involved. On the contrary, in MERS, the corpus callosum is often involved symmetrically; the white matter damage is also symmetrical, and diffusion is significantly restricted without enhancement [11] . Through differential diagnosis, MERS can be diagnosed in a timely and precise manner to avoid overtreatment.

On the contrary, in MERS, the corpus callosum is often involved symmetrically; the white matter damage is also symmetrical, and diffusion is significantly restricted without enhancement.


The parents experienced distress and grief, which might have been affected by their feelings of disempowerment and the effects of stigma. It can be argued that internalized stigma might result in parents feeling embarrassed that their family member has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Recent research has indicated that family embarrassment might have a negative impact on the parents' ability to advocate for the requisite care for their loved ones diagnosed with schizophrenia (Ahmedani et al. 2013) . Distress led to grief as parents became aware of the loss of their hopes and dreams for their own lives, as well as for the lives of their children. Health-care professionals have acknowledged that family members who are dealing with acute grief have difficulty absorbing any information provided to them, yet their priority was to provide information and not to help parents with their grief (Rose et al. 2004) . This factor had an impact of the professionalfamily relationship, as well as on the ability of parents to provide support for their adult children.

Recent research has indicated that family embarrassment might have a negative impact on the parents' ability to advocate for the requisite care for their loved ones diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Health-care professionals have acknowledged that family members who are dealing with acute grief have difficulty absorbing any information provided to them, yet their priority was to provide information and not to help parents with their grief.


Cellulose was first reported to dissolve in an aq. NaOH solution by a steam explosion method (Okajima and Kamide, 1984) . Further study confirmed dissolution of cellulose in a dilute NaOH solution by a light scattering method (Kamide et al., 1987) . The degree of the intramolecular hydrogen to the oral sensations of the product are pleasant. This paper elucidates a new characteristic of cellulose-polysaccharide blend films such as controllable degree of disintegration of cellulose blend films in hot water; specifically, the mechanical properties of cellulose-starch blend film were less affected by humidity and water than those of other edible biopolymer films, resulting in the retained film form of the cellulosestarch blend film even in hot water. In contrast, blend films with other polysaccharides, such as carrageenan and sodium alginate, led to complete disintegration of the films in hot water. The objective of the present study was to understand the structure and mechanical properties of the cellulose and cellulose-polysaccharide blend films generated from aq. NaOH solution and to compare them with commonly used edible films made of biopolymers, such as starch, pullulan, and collagen.

NaOH solution by a steam explosion method.

Further study confirmed dissolution of cellulose in a dilute NaOH solution by a light scattering method.


The WT is realized by a perfect reconstruction filter bank which involves analysis filter bank, down sampling, interpolation and synthesis filterbank. Here the aliasing caused by the use of nonideal filters is cancelled by the synthesis filter bank. However the reconstructed signal by such a filter bank is highly sensitive to coefficient errors and may get affected severely. Further such a WT suffers from poor directional selectivity for diagonal features. The WT filters being real, separable and their frequency response symmetric about zero in four quadrants in the 2D frequency space, cannot distinguish between two opposing diagonal directions, i.e. The undecimated WT solves the shift variance with additional computational load. However the directionality problem remains as undecimated WT is blind to the two opposing diagonals as it uses separable filters. This blindness to directionality makes the processing and modeling of image features like ridges and edges, difficult. For the separable filters to have proper directionality, their filter frequency responses should be asymmetric for positive and negative frequencies and can be achieved by using complex wavelet filters [4] . However the difficulty involved in the design of complex filters satisfying perfect reconstruction prohibits their use.

For the separable filters to have proper directionality, their filter frequency responses should be asymmetric for positive and negative frequencies and can be achieved by using complex wavelet filters.


Acid deposition and air quality are areas of concern for policymakers, forestry experts, air quality divisions and there is a need to make informed decisions regarding emission controls. In order to control emissions, international cooperation is deemed indispensable, and for that purpose, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LR-TAP) was established in 1979 [1] . Today, the LR-TAP Convention has fifty-one parties, forty-seven of which are European. There is no directive to monitor the air emissions and to prepare the air emission inventories for the LRTAP Convention. The Convention, through its binding protocols covering the main air pollutants, has contributed to significant reductions in emissions of air pollutants in the ECE region. In addition to the UN Protocols, several European Union (EU) Directives are regulating emissions, the most recent one being the 2001 National Emission Ceilings (NEC) Directive, 2001/81/EC [2] . The NEC Directive establishes emission ceilings to be attained by 2010 for sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and ammonia (NH 3 ) for 25 EU Member States. Lithuania as a European Union member state also has annual obligations under the Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants (NEC Directive), which requires preparing and annually updating national emission inventory for the abovementioned air pollutants. The critical load concept has been developed in Europe since the mid-1980s, mostly under the auspices of the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Polution. European databases and maps of critical loads have been instrumental in formulating effectsbased Protocols to the LRTAP Convention, such as the 1994 Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions and the 1999 Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone (the "Gothenburg Protocol").

In order to control emissions, international cooperation is deemed indispensable, and for that purpose, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LR-TAP) was established in 1979.

In addition to the UN Protocols, several European Union (EU) Directives are regulating emissions, the most recent one being the 2001 National Emission Ceilings (NEC) Directive, 2001/81/EC.


Since the attention was drawn to the effects of "acid rain" on forest die back in the 1980s, atmospheric deposition was an important international scientific topic of interest. An important concept is the critical load of chemical compounds of sulphur and nitrogen. Critical load is defined as a quantitative estimate of an exposure to one or more pollutants below which significant harmful effects on specified sensitive elements of the environment do not occur according to the present knowledge. Since then, several methods have been developed to estimate the critical loads per ecosystem [11] . In the procedures developed within LRTAP two types of critical loads are being used: (i) critical loads based on soil properties and steady-state mass balance methods and (ii) empirical critical loads (eCLs) based on scientific knowledge of effects of nitrogen enrichment on ecosystems. The output of the mapping procedure is the digital and graphic representation of total annual deposition fluxes of air pollutants (sulphur and nitrogen) into ecosystems within the national boundaries of Lithuania. The deposition maps show actual deposition rates from the atmosphere to the landscape surface at a high spatial resolution, taking into account the distribution of specific ecosystems derived from the CORINE land use database CLC2000-LT. The soil map of Lithuania and long-term data of precipitation together with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software were overlaid on one another.

Since then, several methods have been developed to estimate the critical loads per ecosystem.


Burnable poisons are used in nuclear fuels as neutron absorbers to produce a more level distribution of power, geometrically and temporally in the reactor core, reducing the necessity for a large control system. The gadolinium isotopes Gd 155 and Gd 157 are commonly chosen as dopants due to their large neutron cross sections and because they are soluble on an atomic scale in the ceramic fuel pellets (forming a solid solution) [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] . The amount of Gd 2 O 3 added as a burnable absorber varies, from 1-1.5 wt% in boiling water reactor fuel to 6-10 wt% Gd 2 O 3 in pressurised water reactor fuel [29, 30] . Even if Gd is not added during fuel manufacturing, Gd will be introduced into the fuel during reactor operation as it is formed as a fission product Email address: r.grimes@imperial.ac.uk (R. W. Grimes) (although this will be of a lower concentration). The simulations conducted in this paper have a Gd content of~3 wt%.

The gadolinium isotopes Gd 155 and Gd 157 are commonly chosen as dopants due to their large neutron cross sections and because they are soluble on an atomic scale in the ceramic fuel pellets (forming a solid solution).

The amount of Gd 2 O 3 added as a burnable absorber varies, from 1-1.5 wt% in boiling water reactor fuel to 6-10 wt% Gd 2 O 3 in pressurised water reactor fuel.


In this paper, we propose to lift the SC model (1) to a robust denoiser for real-world noisy images by utilizing the channel-wise statistics and locally signal dependent property of the realistic noise, as demonstrated in Fig. 2 . Specifically, we propose a trilateral weighted sparse coding (TWSC) scheme for real-world image denoising. Two weight matrices are introduced into the data-fidelity term of the SC model to characterize the realistic noise property, and another weight matrix is introduced into the regularization term to characterize the sparsity priors of natural images. We reformulate the proposed TWSC scheme into a linear equality-constrained optimization program, and solve it under the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) [34] framework. One step of our ADMM is to solve a Sylvester equation, whose unique solution is not always guaranteed. Hence, we provide theoretical analysis on the existence and uniqueness of the solution to the proposed TWSC scheme. Experiments on three datasets of real-world noisy images demonstrate that the proposed TWSC scheme achieves much better performance than the state-of-the-art denoising methods.

We reformulate the proposed TWSC scheme into a linear equality-constrained optimization program, and solve it under the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) framework.


In what has been described as a landmark ruling, the Hague District Court on 24 June 2015 ordered the Dutch Government "to limit the joint volume of Dutch annual greenhouse gas emissions (…) by at least 25% at the end of 2020 compared to the level of the year 1990" (Hague District Court, 2015, p. 53) . The rationale for the Court's ruling was that the Netherlands' current policy of reducing emissions by 17% by 2020 "is below the norm of 25% to 40% for developed countries deemed necessary in climate science and international climate policy" (Hague District Court, 2015, p. 1) . Although the Government has appealed the Court's order, the ruling is being hailed as setting a global precedent for future legal action to force governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with scientific findings (Schiermeier, 2015) . This paper takes its point of departure in two observations regarding the understanding of climate science and policy that underlies the Court's decision. First, by obligating the Dutch Government to increase its emission reduction target for 2020 by eight percentage points (from 17% to 25%), the ruling illustrates the dominant role of scientific, quantified precision in discussions of climate policy. Secondly, the ruling's invocation of a "norm (…) deemed necessary in climate science" is based on a particular view of the relationship between science and policy, in which science and policymaking is clearly separated -with the former being expected to deliver objective, quantified recommendations to the latter for implementation.

Although the Government has appealed the Court's order, the ruling is being hailed as setting a global precedent for future legal action to force governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with scientific findings.


This dominance of quantified scientific knowledge, and the understanding of science and policy as clearly separable spheres, is not limited to the ruling of the Hague District Court. Rather, it characterizes the debate on climate change and climate policy at most levels in most countries (Demeritt, 2001; Wynne, 2010) . At the same time, the specific numbers on which the Court's ruling is based -the "norm of 25% to 40%" emission reductions "deemed necessary in climate science" -are particularly well suited to investigating how this scientific dominance is played out, and the effects it may have on public debate on climate change.

Rather, it characterizes the debate on climate change and climate policy at most levels in most countries.


To minimize potential effects of sample differences that are not relevant to the purposes of the study, efforts were made to ensure that the samples from the two countries were equivalent in terms of variables other than the ones under examination (Schaffer and Riordan, 2003) . Our strategy was to ensure equivalence in key firm characteristics, namely age, industry and international experience as these characteristics could influence the variables under investigation (Ryan et al., 1999) . To achieve this, we compared the profiles of firms in the US and UK sampling databases across these characteristics. The analysis of the means suggested homogeneity across these variables.

To minimize potential effects of sample differences that are not relevant to the purposes of the study, efforts were made to ensure that the samples from the two countries were equivalent in terms of variables other than the ones under examination.

Our strategy was to ensure equivalence in key firm characteristics, namely age, industry and international experience as these characteristics could influence the variables under investigation.


Moreover, our findings suggest that when EO is coupled with DR, performance of the firm is enhanced (Hypothesis 2). Entrepreneurial firms that pursue rational decisionmaking in strategic decisions are more likely to achieve enhanced IP than those following intuitive processes. In that respect, our results illuminate the entrepreneurship theory through the argument that the match of EO, which can be viewed as a bundle of fundamental resources and capabilities of the firm, with appropriate processes is valuable to the attainment of the firm (Thorgren et al., 2012; Welter, 2011) . To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that this assertion is made in the entrepreneurship literature in relation to the combination of EO and DR that proves to be a strategic process affecting positively performance of the firm. Going one step further, the evidence of the insignificant mediation results strengthens the view that DR is not the channel toward performance but rather the facilitator of performance in entrepreneurial firms.

In that respect, our results illuminate the entrepreneurship theory through the argument that the match of EO, which can be viewed as a bundle of fundamental resources and capabilities of the firm, with appropriate processes is valuable to the attainment of the firm.


The use of ultrasound is a promising technique for the purposes of improving mass transport, with its effects depending on the media in which it is propagated. Thus, in liquid media, the main effect is cavitation (Azoubel, Amorim, Oliveira, Maciel, & Rodrigues, 2015; Corrêa et al., 2016) . The asymmetric implosions of bubbles produced close to the solid surface can generate microjets in the direction of the surface and intense micro stirring at the interface (Ozuna, Puig, García-Pérez, & Cárcel, 2014b) . In a solid medium, the sound waves cause quick alternating compressions and expansions in the solid, analogous to a sponge being continually squeezed and released (Cárcel, Benedito, Rosselló, & Mulet, 2007; Fernandes, Rodrigues, Gaspareto, & Oliveira 2006) .

Thus, in liquid media, the main effect is cavitation.

The asymmetric implosions of bubbles produced close to the solid surface can generate microjets in the direction of the surface and intense micro stirring at the interface.

In a solid medium, the sound waves cause quick alternating compressions and expansions in the solid, analogous to a sponge being continually squeezed and released.


Various manuals commonly used multivariate analysis package in ecology, in summarizing the methods that are currently used for analyzing fish community data. However, these methods are most commonly used for abundance as measured using counts of fish, presence or absences, or semi-quantitative measures, rather than monthly catch weights. Our model presents a valid statistical basis for pairwise comparisons of species using chi-squared tests on Euclidean distances in the ordination space, regression coefficients was used to break the fish species into distinct categories. However, the study does not take account of environmental factors and types of fishing gear used. Generally, multivariate regression models are performed by applying criterion of minimizing residual sum of square without employing the concepts of eigenvectors and eigenvalues. PCR purpose is not to obtain the best of the linear transformation matrix but rather to solve the problems of multicollinearity among predictor variables (Jong and Kotz, 1999) . Therefore, application of linear regression approach to principal component analysis in fishery data will be widespread and increasing. We confirm that the robust techniques like those proposed will prove useful as linear models are used to represent more realistic data sets.

PCR purpose is not to obtain the best of the linear transformation matrix but rather to solve the problems of multicollinearity among predictor variables.


Alloxan induced diabetics by causing damage and death of the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas islets cells in experimental animal models leading to hyperglycaemia and hence diabetes (Lenzen, 2008) . The cytotoxic action of alloxan is mediated by reactive oxygen species. Alloxan and the product of its reduction, dialuric acid, establish a redox cycle with the formation of superoxide radicals. These radicals undergo dismutation to hydrogen peroxide. Then highly reactive hydroxyl radicals are formed by Fenton reaction. The action of reactive oxygen species with a simultaneous massive increase in cytosolic calcium concentration causes rapid destruction of B-cells, hence precipitating experimental diabetes mellitus (Lenzen, 2008) .

Alloxan induced diabetics by causing damage and death of the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas islets cells in experimental animal models leading to hyperglycaemia and hence diabetes.

The action of reactive oxygen species with a simultaneous massive increase in cytosolic calcium concentration causes rapid destruction of B-cells, hence precipitating experimental diabetes mellitus.


The so-called third quantization is based on the formal similarity between the Wheeler-DeWitt and the KleinGordon equations [13, 14] . The role of the Klein-Gordon field is played by the wave function in the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, which as a result of the third quantization becomes an operator acting on the Hilbert space. The third quantization itself is completely analogous to the quantization of the Klein-Gordon field. The resulting Hilbert space is spanned by an orthonormal basis which elements represent occupation with universes which properties are determined by appropriate quantum numbers (these for example can be the momenta in the minisuperspace).

The so-called third quantization is based on the formal similarity between the Wheeler-DeWitt and the KleinGordon equations.


Structural assessment comprises all activities required to evaluate the condition of structures for future use, in particular, regarding safety. During structural assessment of existing structures a wide range of sources of uncertainty can be identified. In order to consider them, reliability algorithms are commonly used. Structural safety is quantified through the reliability index, or the probability of failure, obtained from the comparison of resistance and effect of loads probability density functions (PDFs) [1] [2] [3] .

Structural safety is quantified through the reliability index, or the probability of failure, obtained from the comparison of resistance and effect of loads probability density functions (PDFs).


Biotechnological methods, especially genetic transformation for the traits, that can be turned "on" or "off" at specific stages of plant development and seed set would be of greater utility in working for the above goal (Temple and Huyck, 2000) . However, the latent application of such technologies, to the goal of reducing L-Dopa in a tissue specific manner would require substantial research efforts in a sustained manner. Well before such strategies are considered, there is an immediate need to develop efficient regeneration protocols for large scale generation and screening of transformants. As on this date, the availability of useful data from any such efforts is very limited. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on induction of somatic embryos in any Mucuna species.

Biotechnological methods, especially genetic transformation for the traits, that can be turned "on" or "off" at specific stages of plant development and seed set would be of greater utility in working for the above goal.


The establishment of the Eircom ESOP in 1998 was a significant development in the use of share-ownership in Irish public-sector reform. This ESOP, which secured employees an initial 14.9 percent shareholding, was used to facilitate employee and trade union cooperation in firm restructuring and privatisation. Given its significant shareholding, the Eircom ESOP has been in position to significantly influence strategic decision-making within the firm, and to create substantial financial returns for its participants. Based on a survey of Eircom employees, this paper examines if the ESOP has brought about an improvement in employee attitudes and behaviour. It can be argued that such a substantial ESOP ought to create a real sense of employee ownership, thereby improving employee attitudes and behaviour (Pendleton et al., 1995) .

It can be argued that such a substantial ESOP ought to create a real sense of employee ownership, thereby improving employee attitudes and behaviour.


The Eircom ESOP Eircom (formerly Telecom Éireann) was established in 1984 as a state-owned monopoly provider of telecommunication services in Ireland. In the mid-1990s, the firm faced a number of challenges arising from market liberalisation and rapid technological development. As a result, the firm introduced changes in management, restructured operations around five market-based business units, and entered a strategic alliance [2] .

As a result, the firm introduced changes in management, restructured operations around five market-based business units, and entered a strategic alliance.


Alongside the ESOP, other changes in firm governance were introduced to increased employee participation. Most significantly, a formal partnership structure was established between firm management and trade unions to help implement the reforms that would accompany privatisation (Telecom-Éireann, 1997) . The development of such structures reflected the broader emphasis on workplace partnership in the social partnership agreements negotiated at national level. Workplace partnership became a declared objective of the Irish government, trade unions and employers organisations in the Partnership 2000 Agreement (Nesc, 1996: 39-43; O'Donovan, 1999: 108-22) . However, the benefits of workplace partnership for employees is a contested issue (Stuart and Lucio, 2005) . Advocates stress the possibility of 'mutual gains' for the stakeholders in the organisation by facilitating increased employee involvement in a climate of cooperation and trust (Ackers and Payne, 1998; Kochan and Osterman, 1994) . Alternatively, critics emphases the possibility that unions will be weakened and employees subject to greater surveillance and work intensification (Kelly, 2001; Taylor and Ramsay, 1998) . In practice the processes and outcomes of workplace partnership are influenced by a complex set of factors such as the motivation of unions and management to engage in a partnership process, the extant organisational culture and the prevailing economic environment (Lucio and Stewart, 2004) . With its substantial employee share-ownership, the Eircom ESOP can plausibly be expected to create a greater sense of participation among employees and reinforced the partnership process.

Most significantly, a formal partnership structure was established between firm management and trade unions to help implement the reforms that would accompany privatisation.

However, the benefits of workplace partnership for employees is a contested issue.

Advocates stress the possibility of 'mutual gains' for the stakeholders in the organisation by facilitating increased employee involvement in a climate of cooperation and trust.

Alternatively, critics emphases the possibility that unions will be weakened and employees subject to greater surveillance and work intensification.

In practice the processes and outcomes of workplace partnership are influenced by a complex set of factors such as the motivation of unions and management to engage in a partnership process, the extant organisational culture and the prevailing economic environment.


Secondly, although the financial returns generated by the ESOP appear to have had a significant and positive impact on employee attitudes and behaviour, we suggest that the ESOP has not fulfilled its potential in this respect. Although substantial, the financial returns generated by the ESOP cannot be linked to changes in employee performance. Instead, it appears that increased returns have been 'pulled along' by reduced firm costs, as opposed to being 'pushed along' by the ESOP and the creation of greater employee performance (Blasi et al., 2003) . As a result, it is difficult to see how the ESOP can provide employees with a clear line of sight between their work-effort and returns they receive. It is also important to note that because those employees who leave Eircom are allowed to maintain ESOP membership, almost 50 percent of the ESOP's participants are no longer employees of the firm. ESOP participants who are no longer employed by the firm may be expected to have little interest in the firm's long-term prospects.

Instead, it appears that increased returns have been 'pulled along' by reduced firm costs, as opposed to being 'pushed along' by the ESOP and the creation of greater employee performance.


Any physical and mathematical Lagrangian systems of finite degree of freedom can be reformulated in Finsler manifolds without changing their physical contents [14] [15] . In that case, the action functional is given by the integral of the Finsler metric which is made from the Lagrangian. Then the variational principle becomes geometric and independent of parametrisation, which we will call covariant. From the point of view of a physicist, especially when thinking about the Lagrangian formulation, we are inclined to define a non-linear connection not on a line element space T M 0 , but directly on the point manifold M [16] . So, in this paper we make the usual Lagrangian from massive gravity metric background and obtain the corresponding Hamiltonian. In such approach, we take some new variable to write the Hamiltonian in form of harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian. This give us motivation to apply non-commutative geometry to the new Hamiltonian and obtain the corresponding Lagrangian. And then, we employ some information from Finsler metric and Lagrangian for the massive gravity system. We show that the corresponding Lagrangian in non-commutative geometry for the massive gravity background completely coincidence with Lagrangian from Finsler geometry with some specification of parameters. Also, we connect θ and β from non-commutative geometry to η.

Any physical and mathematical Lagrangian systems of finite degree of freedom can be reformulated in Finsler manifolds without changing their physical contents.

From the point of view of a physicist, especially when thinking about the Lagrangian formulation, we are inclined to define a non-linear connection not on a line element space T M 0 , but directly on the point manifold M.


The internal structure of a snow pack is determined by the crystal grain size, generally defined as the mean radius or the equivalent radio of ice crystals. Usual grain sizes tend to be between 0.1 and 3 mm [1] . The temperature of the snow is an important variable to determine whether snow is dry or wet. Dry snow does not contain liquid water. The presence of water occurs when the temperature is higher or close to 0˚C. With temperatures below zero the snow remains dry, whereas with temperatures greater than or equal to 0˚C will be wet. The factors that influence the snow reflectivity are the size of the grain, the depth and density of the snow layer and the amount of impurities it contains [2] . Fresh snow presents more reflectivity than frozen snow, with the lowest reflectivity corresponding to dirty snow [2] .

Usual grain sizes tend to be between 0.1 and 3 mm.

Dry snow does not contain liquid water.

The factors that influence the snow reflectivity are the size of the grain, the depth and density of the snow layer and the amount of impurities it contains.

Fresh snow presents more reflectivity than frozen snow, with the lowest reflectivity corresponding to dirty snow.


In conclusion, we ascribe the observed exponential relationship between sediment net O 2 production and rETR to be driven by an elevated O 2 consumption in the light as compared to darkness. Likely, this was stimulated by labile photosynthates and organic carbon leakage from phototrophs, which elevated both heterotrophic and phototrophic metabolism and, in turn, reoxidation at the oxic-anoxic interface (Epping and Jørgensen 1996; Fenchel and Glud 2000) . The relationships found are likely to apply to field data at sites with low bioirrigation and dense microalgal communities.

Likely, this was stimulated by labile photosynthates and organic carbon leakage from phototrophs, which elevated both heterotrophic and phototrophic metabolism and, in turn, reoxidation at the oxic-anoxic interface.


We focus here on vacuum gravity. Furthermore, our analysis is carried out in the Hamiltonian formalism of [3] [4] [5] throughout. The boundary conditions are expressed on the canonical variables "(q, p)" at any given time. The action to be used in the path integral iś (pq − H)dt where q(t) and p(t) fulfill at all t's the boundary conditions given in this paper but are not assumed to obey the equations of motion. There are also Lagrange multipliers in the action, which must define asymptotic symmetries, i.e., define transformations that preserve the boundary conditions.

We focus here on vacuum gravity.

Furthermore, our analysis is carried out in the Hamiltonian formalism of throughout.


Most studies on the estimation of surface irrigation parameters employ experimental data consisting of overland measurements such as advance and recession (Walker and Humpherys 1983; Playan et al. 1994; Singh and Bhallamudi 1996) . Very few experimental programs involved soil moisture measurements in addition to advance and recession data (Bali and Wallender 1987; Wohling and Mailhol 2007) . However, all of these studies discuss the analysis problem (forward problem) and not the parameter estimation problem. The effect of inclusion of subsurface flow data on the identifiability of the soil hydraulic parameters is not addressed at length as most of the studies use analytical expressions such as Kostiakov power law and Parlange's equation for the computation of infiltration (Elliott et al. 1982; Singh and Bhallamudi 1996) . The main objective of the experimental program of the present study is to collect the subsurface flow data. Detailed laboratory and irrigation field experiments on two border strips are conducted involving both overland and subsurface measurements. The laboratory and field experiments were conducted at the field experimental station of the Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. Prior to conducting irrigation experiments at two border strips, various laboratory tests were conducted to determine soil physical characteristics. Soil samples were collected from four locations in each of the border strips, and at each location, two samples were taken from depths of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm. The grain size analysis of these samples was done using a set of standard sieves. The cumulative particle size curves so obtained were used to determine the fractions of gravel, coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, silt and clay for each sample. For both border strips, the mean values of gravel, sand, silt, and clay were observed as 0.66%, 74.8%, 17.2%, and 7.4%, respectively. According to the USDA triangular soil classification system, the soil in the two border strips is classified as sandy loam soil. The mean values for bulk density, particle density, and porosity of soil samples were 1:78 g∕cm 3 , 2:52 g∕cm 3 , and 0.33, respectively. The saturated moisture content θ s is taken as the porosity of the soil. The residual moisture content θ r is determined by fitting the Van Genuchten model with pressure plate extractor data of the soil samples. The average value of θ r is 0.01. The pressure plate apparatus also provided a representative value of the retention parameters α v and n v , which can be used as initial guesses for the inverse problem. The average values of α v and n v were obtained as 0:056 cm À1 and 1.44, respectively.

Most studies on the estimation of surface irrigation parameters employ experimental data consisting of overland measurements such as advance and recession.

Very few experimental programs involved soil moisture measurements in addition to advance and recession data.

The effect of inclusion of subsurface flow data on the identifiability of the soil hydraulic parameters is not addressed at length as most of the studies use analytical expressions such as Kostiakov power law and Parlange's equation for the computation of infiltration.

The average value of θ r is 0.01.


The first generation of debt-for-nature swaps involved commercial debt and were initiated by large international NGOs: the World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy, and Conservation International. These NGOs purchased debt at a discounted rate on the secondary market and returned it to the indebted country in exchange for specific conservation commitments. Commercial debt-for-nature swaps have largely disappeared with the restructuring of commercial debt and have been replaced by government-to-government initiatives, although NGOs still play a role. International NGOs often have in-depth technical expertise and a history of working with in-country conservation partners. Because of the NGOs' financial contributions, the debt-for-nature swap Ecology and Society 16(3): 13 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss3/art13/ mechanism allowed them to exercise considerable leverage in deciding where and how the debt-fornature swap funds were spent (Reilly 2006) .

Because of the NGOs' financial contributions, the debt-for-nature swap Ecology and Society 16(3): 13 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss3/art13/ mechanism allowed them to exercise considerable leverage in deciding where and how the debt-fornature swap funds were spent.


In this work neural networks are employed to accelerate the frequency sweep required by full-wave simulators for calculating the S-parameters of microwave devices. There are several techniques that can be used for this purpose. These techniques can be classified into three main categories. In the first category, the frequency response, such as an S-parameter, is approximated using Padé approximant. Several techniques can be used to achieve this task such as MBPE, AWE, CFH, and PVL [19] . The basic principle of these techniques is to extract the dominant poles and residues of the frequency response and represent it by a reduced-order model.

Several techniques can be used to achieve this task such as MBPE, AWE, CFH, and PVL.


The third category is based on the curve fitting of Green's functions at different frequency points [23] . This technique starts by calculating a number of basis integrals for each inner-product integral in the MoM impedance matrix. At each frequency point, a new set of weighting coefficients are calculated. This set together with the basis integrals are used to evaluate the corresponding inner-product at any frequency point.

The third category is based on the curve fitting of Green's functions at different frequency points.


The presented results show that the developed simulation platform is a powerful tool to analyze the entire LV-grid data of DSOs on feeder level. Due to the modular script design, the calculation can be highly parallelized, keeping the execution time of scripts even for a high number of networks in an acceptable time frame. The platform is capable to calculate the maximal hosting capability per feeder for a high number of scenarios. Moreover, the presented simulation platform was used to identify which constraint limits the hosting capability of the feeders, and whether options other than network reinforcement to increase the hosting capacity are reasonable [35] .

Moreover, the presented simulation platform was used to identify which constraint limits the hosting capability of the feeders, and whether options other than network reinforcement to increase the hosting capacity are reasonable.


The continuous increase of the amount of data available on the Internet makes the task of accessing targeted information more and more complex for users. This is the reason why many services now offer to assist users during their search, by selecting for them the most relevant information or data. Several types of such services are proposed, among which recommender systems (RS) (Goldberg et al., 1992) . Through a recommendation process, a RS aims to guide users towards resources relevant for them. A resource can be a book, a movie, a web page, etc. To make such a recommendation possible, the system uses the knowledge it has collected about the active user, (the user the system aims to provide with recommendations).

Several types of such services are proposed, among which recommender systems (RS).


In the last few years, the digital media forensic community has explored several techniques to evaluate the truthfulness of digital images and media [4, 5] . Due to its multiple applicable scenarios, research efforts have focused on camera model identification [6, 7, 8, 9, 10] . Determining the camera model used to take a picture can be very important in criminal investigations such as copyright infringement cases or where it is required to identify the authors of pedo-pornographic material.

In the last few years, the digital media forensic community has explored several techniques to evaluate the truthfulness of digital images and media.

Due to its multiple applicable scenarios, research efforts have focused on camera model identification.


The efficiency enhancement of high-frequency electronic devices requires to solve a lot of problems. Among them, the most important problems are: studying the spectra of the eigen oscillations exciting in these devices, transportation of the charged particle flows interacting with these oscillations [1] [2] [3] . Plasma utilizing in such devices allows reaching a lot of important goals including the enhancement of the limiting current, the expansion of frequency spectrum of the excited oscillations, better controlling the excitation processes, etc. Interaction of the charged particle flows with plasma eigenwaves has already been used in plasma electronics to generate and amplify electromagnetic radiation for a long time [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Special attention is paid to studying the processes of wave excitation in magneto-active plasma waveguides. But until now the development of the beam-plasma instability theory has not been completed since the interaction of the charged particle beam with the eigenwaves of waveguides depends essentially on a large number of factors including the dispersion properties of the waves, their polarization, spatial distribution of wave fields, geometry and design features of the waveguide.

Among them, the most important problems are: studying the spectra of the eigen oscillations exciting in these devices, transportation of the charged particle flows interacting with these oscillations.

Interaction of the charged particle flows with plasma eigenwaves has already been used in plasma electronics to generate and amplify electromagnetic radiation for a long time.


Beam-hardening artifacts occur because the energy dependency of the linear attenuation coefficients is neglected. To overcome this approximation, image-based methods require a beam-hardening correction. In contrast, material decomposition in projectionbased approaches is performed prior to reconstruction, and as the energy dependency is factored out in this decomposition process (see Eq. (A.1)) the basis-images should not be affected by beam-hardening. But this is not true unless a good choice of the basis-material decomposition is performed, such that the assumption that l can be separated into an energy-dependent and an energy-independent part holds true. In the energy range of clinical CT scanners (i.e. from 40 to 150 keV) and for materials with Z < 15 this assumption is acceptable [31] . In this study, the implemented strategy to correct for beam-hardening in the image-based method works well for water-equivalent tissues but might not be accurate enough for low-and high-density tissues. A more sophisticated beam-hardening correction might therefore improve the results for the image-based methods. If a better beam-hardening correction had been applied, a LE spectrum with a lower mean energy might be more relevant than the 100 kVp spectrum used in this study.

In the energy range of clinical CT scanners (i.e. from 40 to 150 keV) and for materials with Z < 15 this assumption is acceptable.


For model-based (type 1) image-based methods, the energy spectrum must also be properly hardened to reproduce the beam-hardening of the scanned object. This issue is taken into account by additionally filtering the X-ray source for instance by water [1, 32] . Here, the amount of water may also be dependent on the anatomical region being investigated, since the performance of these methods will depend on the accuracy of this prior knowledge on the energy spectrum and the detector response [33] . Therefore, the input parameters must be tuned with care for both types of image-based methods. However, for calibration-based methods (type 2), this is more straight-forward since it only requires using a well-suited calibration phantom of the proper size.

This issue is taken into account by additionally filtering the X-ray source for instance by water.

Here, the amount of water may also be dependent on the anatomical region being investigated, since the performance of these methods will depend on the accuracy of this prior knowledge on the energy spectrum and the detector response.


Treatment planning dose calculations of proton therapy require conversion of each voxel of the computed tomography (CT) scan into proton stopping power ratios (SPRs) relative to water [1] . However, since photons and protons interact differently inside the human body, there is no direct correspondence between CT numbers and SPRs. The uncertainty of the conversion from CT numbers to SPR may lead to proton range errors up to 3.5% [2] . It is therefore important to estimate the SPR accurately to reduce treatment margins and to exploit the full potential of proton therapy.

Treatment planning dose calculations of proton therapy require conversion of each voxel of the computed tomography (CT) scan into proton stopping power ratios (SPRs) relative to water.

The uncertainty of the conversion from CT numbers to SPR may lead to proton range errors up to 3.5%.


An antenna structure supporting the GPS band along with the wireless communication bands is much preferred as it circumvents the requirement of a separate antenna [11] . Generally, the GPS antennas are right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP). A GPS-enabled device operates in a typical urban environment, where the presence of trees and buildings may force the signal to become left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP). A linearly polarized GPS antenna is a 2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation better alternative to the RHCP antenna as it is less susceptible to the environmental distortions [4] . A linearly polarized antenna is able to receive signals from more satellites and thus provides better coverage.

An antenna structure supporting the GPS band along with the wireless communication bands is much preferred as it circumvents the requirement of a separate antenna.

A linearly polarized GPS antenna is a 2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation better alternative to the RHCP antenna as it is less susceptible to the environmental distortions.


A ν-rule is an equation between neutral terms with the same nut which holds just by structural induction on the nut, with βδι reducing subgoals to inductive hypotheses -the classic proof pattern of Boyer and Moore [14] . Consequently, we need use ν-rules to standardize neutral terms only after ordinary evaluation stops. This separability makes implementation easy, but the proof of completeness correspondingly difficult. Here, we report a successful experiment in formalizing a modified normalization by evaluation proof for simply typed λ-calculus with list primitives and the ν-rules above.

A ν-rule is an equation between neutral terms with the same nut which holds just by structural induction on the nut, with βδι reducing subgoals to inductive hypotheses -the classic proof pattern of Boyer and Moore.


The stressful nature of modern life makes the gastroduodenal viscus susceptible to physical and nervous stress. In the latter situation, vagal stimulation can cause hypersecretion of acid and pepsin resulting in gastroduodenal ulceration enhanced by the release of stress hormones of the steroid type [1] . Experimentally-induced ulcers of the cold/restraint type in laboratory animals are regularly used to mimic the real life stress situation in humans and permit the evaluation of the stress ulcer inhibiting effects of drugs and plant-derived antiulcer preparations. Lipid peroxidation has been linked to the mechanism of cold stress ulcer induction. In rats, water immersion/restraint stress stimulates lipid peroxidation and sulphydryl oxidation via oxygen free radicals generated by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, and infiltrated neutrophils in gastric mucosal tissue are involved in the progression of acute gastric mucosal lesions [2] . Oxygenderived free radicals are cytotoxic and promote tissue injury, while radical scavengers stimulate the healing of refractory peptic ulcers [3] . Thus, the antioxidant capacity of drugs and medicinal plant preparations can be used to explain their antiulcer mechanisms of action.

In the latter situation, vagal stimulation can cause hypersecretion of acid and pepsin resulting in gastroduodenal ulceration enhanced by the release of stress hormones of the steroid type.

In rats, water immersion/restraint stress stimulates lipid peroxidation and sulphydryl oxidation via oxygen free radicals generated by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, and infiltrated neutrophils in gastric mucosal tissue are involved in the progression of acute gastric mucosal lesions.

Oxygenderived free radicals are cytotoxic and promote tissue injury, while radical scavengers stimulate the healing of refractory peptic ulcers.


AA6061, one of most common alloy among AA6XXX series aluminum alloys, shows special properties in industrial application such as high strength to weight ratio, plasticity, capacity for crucial shape forming along its ease for joining and good corrosion resistance [1] [2] [3] . It is increasingly used for versatile applications such as design of armor structures, shipbuilding, aerospace, automotive industries, lightweight defense vehicles and marine structures [1] [2] [3] . Both fusion and solid state joining are used for welding of AA6061-T6.

AA6061, one of most common alloy among AA6XXX series aluminum alloys, shows special properties in industrial application such as high strength to weight ratio, plasticity, capacity for crucial shape forming along its ease for joining and good corrosion resistance.

It is increasingly used for versatile applications such as design of armor structures, shipbuilding, aerospace, automotive industries, lightweight defense vehicles and marine structures.


In Friction stir welding (FSW), a solid state welding process, a non-consumable rotating welding tool is used to produce a weld that creates frictional heat and changes the welding location, thereby changing the joint, while the material is in the solid state. Because of the lower level of heating generated by the FSW process (80% of melting point), less overall energy is consumed compared with fusion welding process. Regarding the advantages and efficiency of process, FSW could be considered a very "green" process without ignoring in the modern industry [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .

Regarding the advantages and efficiency of process, FSW could be considered a very "green" process without ignoring in the modern industry.


Implications for conservation.-Our assessment provides a broad-scale depiction of relative quality of wolverine habitat across a large portion of the species' current and formerly occupied range. Although results from our models were compelling at both subbasin and watershed scales, the latter is likely more appropriate for conservation planning for this species. Wolverine home ranges are of the same order of magnitude as the watersheds used in our analyses, and groups of adjacent watersheds could be surveyed and considered together in conservation planning. The Basin consists of a heterogeneous landscape, and summarizing data over a smaller scale, such as the watershed, may improve model performance (Karl et al. 2000) .

The Basin consists of a heterogeneous landscape, and summarizing data over a smaller scale, such as the watershed, may improve model performance.


Soil acidity affects nutrient availability, deficiency and toxicity of chemical elements , and activity of beneficial microorganisms (Moreira & Siqueira, 2006) . Limestone is the most commonly used material for acidity correction in Brazil. Due to its limited mobility in soil, liming has major effects in superficial soil layers, mainly in nonmobilized areas, such as under no tillage system .

Soil acidity affects nutrient availability, deficiency and toxicity of chemical elements , and activity of beneficial microorganisms.


We conclude by noting that masked nodes arise in ad hoc networks as a consequence of the fact that the radio receivers cannot decode overlapping signals reliably. Multiuser detections may help in alleviating this problem significantly in the future [19] . However, at present, commercially used WLAN cards generally do not implement multiuser detection techniques. Thus, the issue of whether a comprehensive solution to this problem is achievable with currently used medium access schemes is an open research area. . For more information on this or any other computing topic, please visit our Digital Library at www.computer.org/publications/dlib.

Multiuser detections may help in alleviating this problem significantly in the future.


Fourth, the psychometric test scores listed in Table 1 present only a partial picture of students with LDs, but they enable teachers, educators, and counselors to improve the individual education plans, and develop more appropriate teaching strategies. For example, Maria's and Anne's mothers described their children as nonbilingual and stated that English was their first language. This information was important in understanding that their LDs are not primarily the result of being exposed to other languages. Observation showed that, apart from Richard, all of the students have an unusual pencil grip, suggesting weak fine motor skills, which is considered to be one of the symptoms of students with LDs (Thomson, 2001) . Previous psychoeducational and school reports supported the existence of LDs in James and William. Richard's father acknowledged after his son was assessed, that he is, like Richard, suffering from LDs. This information was also helpful for his teacher to understand Richard's case. Fifth, dynamic assessment involving a mathematics test provides a means for assessing the untapped mathematical potential development of the participants (Brown & Ferrara, 1986) . It also provides a domain-specific diagnosis of children with LDs and information on how mathematically gifted children attempt to perform tasks. It was developed to overcome the shortcomings of psychological tests. Therefore, it may be considered a complementary approach that strengthens the findings of the psychological assessment.

Observation showed that, apart from Richard, all of the students have an unusual pencil grip, suggesting weak fine motor skills, which is considered to be one of the symptoms of students with LDs.

Fifth, dynamic assessment involving a mathematics test provides a means for assessing the untapped mathematical potential development of the participants.


Delays may be defined as an act or event that extends the time required to perform the tasks under a constraint [1] . They occur in every construction project and their magnitude varies considerably from project to project [2] . Strikes, rework, poor organization, material shortage, equipment failure, change orders, act of God, are the main factors causing delays.

Delays may be defined as an act or event that extends the time required to perform the tasks under a constraint.

They occur in every construction project and their magnitude varies considerably from project to project.


Depending on the quality of the available raw earth and required performance, stabilization is often undertaken to enhance the suitability of compressed earth blocks (CEBs). Among many other techniques, the addition of chemical binders such as cement, lime, pozzolan and geopolymers can be successfully performed [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Cement hydration results in formation of calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) and eventually calcium aluminate hydrates (CAH) responsible for binding the earth particles into the matrix and improve the performance of CEBs. Lime reacts with silica and alumina from the earth and pozzolan eventually for developing, with time, the cementitious products [1] [2] [3] [4] .

Among many other techniques, the addition of chemical binders such as cement, lime, pozzolan and geopolymers can be successfully performed.

Lime reacts with silica and alumina from the earth and pozzolan eventually for developing, with time, the cementitious products.


By-product such as calcium carbide residue (CCR) can potentially be used for stabilization of geotechnical soil [6] . The CCR is a white greyish by-product containing up to 90 % hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2). Equation 1 shows its formation from the hydrolysis of calcium carbide (CaC2) during acetylene gas production [7] . Rice husk ash (RHA), another by-product, was reported to have pozzolanic activity in cement and concrete applications [8] . When RHA is formed in controlled condition of temperature (400-700°C), time (1-6 hours) and environment (oxidizing); it can contain up to 80 % of reactive silica [9] .

By-product such as calcium carbide residue (CCR) can potentially be used for stabilization of geotechnical soil.

Equation 1 shows its formation from the hydrolysis of calcium carbide (CaC2) during acetylene gas production.

Rice husk ash (RHA), another by-product, was reported to have pozzolanic activity in cement and concrete applications.

When RHA is formed in controlled condition of temperature (400-700°C), time (1-6 hours) and environment (oxidizing); it can contain up to 80 % of reactive silica.


Although the concept of GI has been widely accepted in Canada, parts of Europe and Australia, it still remains a novelty in Asia. This is paradoxical as the impact and importance of consuming a low GI diet may be of greater significance in Asia since the Asian phenotype has been shown to be more susceptible to Diabetes compared to Caucasians [8, 9] . Additionally, the Asian diets are predominantly based on a high carbohydrate, high GI foods including rice. Indeed, in certain regions of Asia, example Myanmar, over 70% of the calories consumed comes from the consumption of rice [10, 11] . In contrast to several studies and reports of GI values of Western foods, it is only in recent years that the GI of various Asian foods has been determined [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] .

This is paradoxical as the impact and importance of consuming a low GI diet may be of greater significance in Asia since the Asian phenotype has been shown to be more susceptible to Diabetes compared to Caucasians.

Indeed, in certain regions of Asia, example Myanmar, over 70% of the calories consumed comes from the consumption of rice.

In contrast to several studies and reports of GI values of Western foods, it is only in recent years that the GI of various Asian foods has been determined.


Comparing the effectiveness of result extent(domains) with result extent(directories), we can see that the decision mechanism is more effective for both TREC tasks, when domains are used for forming the aggregates. A reason for this is that there may exist many directories that contain few documents, thus biasing the average directory size towards lower values, and resulting in a relatively high value for result extent(directories). Further research is needed in order to employ more granular approaches for detecting aggregates of documents (Eiron and McCurley, 2003a; Li et al. 2000) .

Further research is needed in order to employ more granular approaches for detecting aggregates of documents.


Great progress has been made in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in the past several decades, and nowadays it plays an important role in the design and analysis for aircraft development. The emerging problem for the commercial aircraft development is how to reduce the airframe noise from high lift device and landing gear. CFD has been widely used to predict the flow around the high lift device to reduce the aerodynamic noise, whereas the application of CFD to the landing gear is still limited [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . The landing gear is constructed with many bluff components, and thus the noise source is not singular but many and thus complicated. To predict the noise from the real landing gear geometry precisely, all the components need to be modeled in the computation to treat all the interaction effect. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has developed a research landing gear model with detailed components based on the current two-wheel landing gear to understand the noise generation mechanism by experiments and numerical analysis. The model, Landing gear Evaluation Geometry model (LEG), includes all the components even with pins, tubes, and cavity as shown in Figure 1 [4] [5] [6] . To analyze the flow and acoustic field of the landing gear, the computational capability to these complicated geometries and the high parallelization performance are required.

CFD has been widely used to predict the flow around the high lift device to reduce the aerodynamic noise, whereas the application of CFD to the landing gear is still limited.

The model, Landing gear Evaluation Geometry model (LEG), includes all the components even with pins, tubes, and cavity as shown in Figure 1.


Allowing for the diverse migration and breeding strategies, the independent temporal regulation of both LHSs may offer more flexibility in response to different environmental situations. In the three subspecies of white-crowned sparrows, GWCSs (a long-distance migrant), Puget Sound White-crowned sparrows (Z. l. pugetensis, a short-distance migrant), and the completely resident Nuttall's White-crowned sparrows ( Z. l. nuttalli) there is large variation of the temporal coupling of photoperiodic responses to migration and breeding (Blanchard and Erickson, 1949; Farner and Lewis, 1973; Wingfield and Farner, 1978a; Ramenofsky and Wingfield, 2006; Coverdill et al., 2011) . Our study suggests independent photoperiodic regulation between vernal migration and breeding in GWCSs, the subspecies with highest extent of temporally coupling under natural conditions. Based on our study, we hypothesize that the photoperiodic machinery of vernal migration is separable from that of breeding in Z. l. species, and different organization and threshold for inducible photoperiod (including light intensity) of both mechanisms result in the different extent of temporally coupling between vernal migration and breeding in different subspecies.

In the three subspecies of white-crowned sparrows, GWCSs (a long-distance migrant), Puget Sound White-crowned sparrows (Z. l. pugetensis, a short-distance migrant), and the completely resident Nuttall's White-crowned sparrows ( Z. l. nuttalli) there is large variation of the temporal coupling of photoperiodic responses to migration and breeding.


Details of the mineral structures used in this study are listed in the Appendix. Chemical bonding results from orbital interactions that have the effect of reducing the atomic charges to some extent. The effect that this has on the electrostatic potential was estimated using extended Hiickel, tight-binding calculations of cation-substituted phyllosilicates (Hoffmann and Lipscomb, 1962; Hoffmann, 1963; Whangbo et al., 1979; Bleam and Hoffmann, 1988) . The critical point is that without orbital interactions, cation substitution produces a point defect, whereas with orbital interactions, the defect is a localized charge array.

The effect that this has on the electrostatic potential was estimated using extended Hiickel, tight-binding calculations of cation-substituted phyllosilicates.


From the perspective of solid-state chemistry, cation substitution in phyllosilicates does not change the number of valence electrons in the phyllosilicate layer. The number of electrons (i.e., electron-count) is determined by the number of oxygen atoms in the repeat unit (Bleam and Hoffmann, 1988) . Cation substitution reduces the nuclear charge at the substitution site by a unit of charge equal to one proton and changes the electronegativity of the atom at the substitution site.

The number of electrons (i.e., electron-count) is determined by the number of oxygen atoms in the repeat unit.


In order to guarantee the safety operation of structures, structural health monitoring (SHM) systems have been widely implemented on the existing and newly built bridges in the past few decades [1] [2] [3] . Vibration-based Damage Identification (VBDI), as one of extremely important parts of SHM system, has been developed to monitor bridge performance and identify structural damage [4] [5] [6] . However, a practical difficulty exists because modal parameters vary with the changing environmental conditions. In order to avoid the false damage identification results, the changes of modal parameters caused by environmental variation must be understood, quantified, and discriminated from those caused by structural damage [7] [8] [9] [10] .

In order to guarantee the safety operation of structures, structural health monitoring (SHM) systems have been widely implemented on the existing and newly built bridges in the past few decades.

Vibration-based Damage Identification (VBDI), as one of extremely important parts of SHM system, has been developed to monitor bridge performance and identify structural damage.

In order to avoid the false damage identification results, the changes of modal parameters caused by environmental variation must be understood, quantified, and discriminated from those caused by structural damage.


Numerous existing anti-collision algorithms can be divided into two categories: probability algorithm and deterministic algorithm (Klair et al., 2010) . In probability algorithm such as Pure Aloha (PA), Slotted Aloha (SA) and Framed Slotted Aloha (FSA), tag generates a random time delay to respond to readers when collisions. However, there is a "tag starvation" problem in probability algorithm. It means that a specific tag cannot be identified for a long time, which cannot guarantee 100% identification ratio. In order to solve the problem, a series of deterministic algorithms such as Tree Splitting (TS), Query Tree (QT), Binary Search (BS) and Bitwise Arbitration (BTA), has been proposed. In deterministic algorithm, readers continue to send the query prefix of the tag ID and tags which prefix of tag ID is matched to the query prefix is response to reader, reader detects the collision and the reader splits tags into smaller subsets recursively through extending the query prefix until only one tag responds in each round of the tag-reader communication. Deterministic algorithm can provide 100% recognition success rate and has been widely used. However, due to the continuously splitting procedure, they have the relatively longer identification delay and higher power consumption. In TS variants, tags require random number generator and a counter to track their tree position, thus making them costly and computationally. QT algorithms overcome these problems by storing tree construction information at the reader and tags only need to have a prefix matching circuit.

Numerous existing anti-collision algorithms can be divided into two categories: probability algorithm and deterministic algorithm.


Interpolation methods can be broadly classiÿed into two classes: local and global methods [19] . A local method works by constructing each curve segment based on only a local subset of data [10, 18, 1] . A global method sets up all the constraints as a global system of equations or an optimization problem, and solves for all the unknowns, such as control vertices, knots, and shape parameters [2, 17, 11, 14, 4] .

Interpolation methods can be broadly classiÿed into two classes: local and global methods.

A local method works by constructing each curve segment based on only a local subset of data.

A global method sets up all the constraints as a global system of equations or an optimization problem, and solves for all the unknowns, such as control vertices, knots, and shape parameters.


The scope of nanotechnology, in the present age, is not only limited within the field of material science but also extended to all the fields of research and application. The fields like electronics, condense matter, and medical sciences are benefited from the application point of view when used with nanoscience [1] [2] [3] . The use of nanoscience in fields of liquid crystal has created some interesting and useful properties [4] .

The fields like electronics, condense matter, and medical sciences are benefited from the application point of view when used with nanoscience.

The use of nanoscience in fields of liquid crystal has created some interesting and useful properties.


The PL spectra of the pure and the NS-doped FLC using two different excitation wavelengths have been shown in Figure 3 . The PL spectra of the pure FLC show a broad emission peak centred at 388 nm corresponding to violet emission. The PL measurement was performed on two different excitation wavelengths, that is, 290 nm and 315 nm. The change in the excitation wavelength only alters the intensity of emission peak, but it does not cause any shifting in the emission peak. Due to the addition of NS, the PL of the pure FLC materials has been enhanced. This enhancement in the PL spectra of the pure FLC materials is attributed to the coupling of localized surface plasmon resonance from NS with FLC molecules [17] . In addition to this, some other feeble PL emission peaks centred at 409, 432, and 460 nm have also been observed. These emission peaks lie in the spectral region due to the self-activated PL centres. These centres have often been attributed to the crystal vacancies. Thus, feeble PL emission peaks centred at 409, 432, and 460 nm arise from the crystal line incorporation of trace amount of Zn 2+ in the crystal lattice creating the oxygen and sulphur deficiency [18] . The nonsmoothening of the PL spectra also suggests the size distribution of the NS in FLC matrix. The change in excitation wavelength does not produce any change in the magnitude of the PL emission peak of the NS-doped FLC system. This shows that the aggregation of the NS in the pure FLC matrix due to large amount of NS dominate over the intras FLC interactions.

This enhancement in the PL spectra of the pure FLC materials is attributed to the coupling of localized surface plasmon resonance from NS with FLC molecules.

Thus, feeble PL emission peaks centred at 409, 432, and 460 nm arise from the crystal line incorporation of trace amount of Zn 2+ in the crystal lattice creating the oxygen and sulphur deficiency.


Ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) have salient features over the trivial liquid crystals (LCs) because of their tilted smectic phase and the chirality of the molecules [5] . They have proved their applicability of showing faster response time and the instruments based on less threshold voltage [6] . In addition to these properties, they have also shown their potential for the field effect transistors (FETs), spatial light modulators (SLMs), switchable devices, and nonvolatile memory effects [7, 8] . The prospective of tuning the properties of liquid crystals due to the addition of nanomaterial is currently a hot topic in liquid crystal research [9] [10] [11] . The composite system of the pure FLC and nanomaterial has already shown its utility in the FLC-based devices with greater efficiency [12] .

Ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) have salient features over the trivial liquid crystals (LCs) because of their tilted smectic phase and the chirality of the molecules.

They have proved their applicability of showing faster response time and the instruments based on less threshold voltage.

In addition to these properties, they have also shown their potential for the field effect transistors (FETs), spatial light modulators (SLMs), switchable devices, and nonvolatile memory effects.

The prospective of tuning the properties of liquid crystals due to the addition of nanomaterial is currently a hot topic in liquid crystal research.

The composite system of the pure FLC and nanomaterial has already shown its utility in the FLC-based devices with greater efficiency.


With the help of triangular wave electrical response curve (also known as polarization reversal current method), the spontaneous polarization of the pure and the NS-doped FLC has been calculated. The behaviour of spontaneous polarization ( ) with the change in temperature is shown in Figure 4 (a). The value of decreases with increasing temperature for both the pure and the doped FLC, but the value for the NS doped FLC system is higher than that of the pure FLC. When a high concentration of the NS is dispersed in the FLC material, it causes an aggregation of the NS. The NS behaves like an ionic additive in the FLC system. At the place of aggregation, these ionic charges accumulate and form a local internal electric field. This local internal electric field increases the separation between polarization charges on the LC molecules which results in the increased dipole moment of the doped system. The increased dipole moments result the increased spontaneous polarization of the NS-doped FLC system [19] .

The increased dipole moments result the increased spontaneous polarization of the NS-doped FLC system.


It includes spin-orbit effects by making the standard substitution P → P + e A/c ≡ π where σ = (σ x , σ y , σ z ), P = (P x ,P y ,P z ), A = (Â x ,Â y ,Â z ), and B = (B x ,B y ,B z ) are operator-valued vectors of Pauli matrices,P matrices, magnetic vector potential operators, and magnetic field operators. Recall that the magnetic vector potential is defined in the continuous sense by B = ∇ × A. The momentum operators in each of the three spatial dimensions act only on the qubits encoding the electron's position in that dimension. Namely,P x =P ⊗ I 2 2n ,P y = I 2 n ⊗P ⊗ I 2 n , andP z = I 2 2n ⊗P , withP defined in equation (13) . The potential energy operator is a 2 3n × 2 3n matrixÛ e ≡ −eφ.

Namely,P x =P ⊗ I 2 2n ,P y = I 2 n ⊗P ⊗ I 2 n , andP z = I 2 2n ⊗P , withP defined in equation.


Let E be an elliptic curve over Q with affine Weierstrass model given by y 2 = x 3 + ax + b and with point at infinity given in projective coordinates by O = (0 : 1 : 0). An origami is used as a mathematical term for covers of an elliptic curve, ramified above at most one point. Quaternion origami, specifically, have been studied by Herrlich and Schmithüsen [19] .

Quaternion origami, specifically, have been studied by Herrlich and Schmithüsen.


Routers serve as the main interconnection points of the internet and forward data packets between source and destination nodes via multiple paths. These paths exist between a given source and destination pair. The internet is huge and very complex and is divided into autonomous systems (AS) for managing its complexity. An AS represents a collection of networks under the control of one single entity or organization with a specific routing policy. These policies are determined by a class of routing protocols, namely, interior gateway protocols (IGPs) [3] . Routing across ASs is performed by another class of protocols, namely, exterior gateway protocols (EGPs) [3] .

These policies are determined by a class of routing protocols, namely, interior gateway protocols (IGPs).

Routing across ASs is performed by another class of protocols, namely, exterior gateway protocols (EGPs).


The proposed PSO algorithm was evaluated with respect to all the PSO parameters. These parameters are the swarm size, acceleration coefficients c 1 and c 2 , inertia weight w, and velocity clamping V max . Table 2 were specifically selected, since they are frequently used in the literature due to the fact that they enhance the probability of convergence [58] .

Table 2 were specifically selected, since they are frequently used in the literature due to the fact that they enhance the probability of convergence.


In the information retrieval community, one major research focus is developing proactive retrieval agent that acts in anticipation of information needs of a user and recommends information to the user without requiring him/her to issue an explicit query. The most popular examples of such kind of proactive retrieval agent are recommender systems. Over the last several years, research in standard recommender systems has been improved significantly, largely due to the availability of large scale evaluation data sets such as Netflix. The current research focus goes beyond the standard user-item rating matrix. As researchers start to realize that the quality of recommendations depends on time, place and a range of other relevant users' context, how to integrate contextual information for recommendation is becoming an ever increasingly important topic in the research agenda (Adomavicius and Ricci, 2009) .

As researchers start to realize that the quality of recommendations depends on time, place and a range of other relevant users' context, how to integrate contextual information for recommendation is becoming an ever increasingly important topic in the research agenda.


Simulations of turbulent flows with shocks have to contend with contradictory requirements for the numerical algorithms to simultaneously capture the turbulence and the shocks. Thus, turbulence simulations require the minimization of numerical dissipation for small scale representation, while the shocks require increased local dissipation to regularize the algorithm [17] . Explicit subgrid models also need to account for the presence of the shock. Yet, available high Re λ data necessary to investigate the turbulence models are scarce.

Thus, turbulence simulations require the minimization of numerical dissipation for small scale representation, while the shocks require increased local dissipation to regularize the algorithm.


Enriching human activities with technological solutions may act as a springboard to minimize environmental impacts on everyday life. Towards this goal, one of the most promising, yet affordable solutions is the concept of the "Internet-of-Things" (IoT) [6] . IoT denotes the computerization and the utilization of everyday digital objects for the further enrichment of Internet data. It presents new means of interaction between man, machines and computers, indicating natural and essential modus operandi for humans and their environment. Moreover, recent advances in the fields of electronics have allowed consumer mobile Internet-enabled devices (e.g., smart-phones, tablets, smart-watches, etc.) to be equipped or even expandable with numerous features, that allow or facilitate interdisciplinary applications related to human and natural activities. The embodiment of GPS receivers within the aforementioned devices, the usage of novel methods of analytics, as well as means of presentation of geographical data have keenly contributed on broadening environmental science applications in conjunction with the advanced computing.

Towards this goal, one of the most promising, yet affordable solutions is the concept of the "Internet-of-Things" (IoT).


The methodology of identifying and recording natural parameters is straightly connected to environmental degradation, while modern technological achievements have created new prospects of interaction between human and their living environment [1] . Technological solutions derive from complex scientific processes, which offer integrity, scientific relevance and applied continuously could also serve as a stepping stone to minimize environmental impact [2] . The increased accessibility to cutting edge technologies and the variety of skill-set held by the average citizen, generate prospects of novel methodology for protecting and preserving the environment. This study focuses on the development of a prototype platform that records the environmental state of any given place. Open-source technologies (software and hardware) are playing a pivotal role on the implementation of the platform. More specifically, the proposed platform is supported by recording devices based on the Arduino family of boards. Code development take place at all stages of the project and have been implemented exclusively through open-source applications. The monitoring device is calibrated prior deployment, taking into consideration the parameters of each component (software and hardware).

The methodology of identifying and recording natural parameters is straightly connected to environmental degradation, while modern technological achievements have created new prospects of interaction between human and their living environment.

Technological solutions derive from complex scientific processes, which offer integrity, scientific relevance and applied continuously could also serve as a stepping stone to minimize environmental impact.


April 2011 was a month of big changes in this area. On 1 April 2011 an amendment to the VAT Act came into force. It contains a concept of customer liability for a tax payment to be made by a supplier. In practice, this means that if the tax is not paid by the supplier tax authorities have the right to collect the tax from the customer. Tax authorities can claim the tax arrears from the customer provided that they knew or should have known and could have known that the tax on goods would not be paid by the seller. This is very diffi cult to prove and maybe that is why no customer has so far been held liable for unpaid taxes of the supplier. The question of awareness was brought before the European Court of Justice in the case Optigen (C-440/04) whose ruling poses a big problem for tax authorities. The European Court of Justice in its justifi cation stated that if a person did not know or could not have known about being part of fraud its right to deduct VAT cannot be aff ected by law. According to another case, Halifax (C-439/04), it is impossible to issue demand for payment to a person who knew that he was part of the fraud but did not profi t. Maybe for this reason such taxes have not been demanded yet (Kulková, 2011) .

Maybe for this reason such taxes have not been demanded yet.


There are a few ways of achieving this. The common practice is as follows: VAT fraudsters set up a limited liability company and register as VAT payers with quarterly VAT liability and as fuel sellers with the Customs Offi ce. They do business for the entire quarter of the year as any other business company. The diff erence is that the prices they are selling goods at are lower than the prices of other wholesalers. This company attracts customers and the business is booming. At the end of the quarter they fi le a tax return and continue their business operations. Before the day the VAT return is due they pay some company a fee for consultancy or a penalty. The company thus goes bankrupt because it is unable to pay its liabilities. It cannot pay the tax to the government because it does not have enough money. At that moment, it is however, too late for state institutions to seize its property because it already belongs to a new owner, who can be, for example, a poor person. Transactions are carried out with a minimum maturity or in cash because if the suspect is found, the criminals' accounts will be frozen (Kulková, 2011) .

There are a few ways of achieving this.

Transactions are carried out with a minimum maturity or in cash because if the suspect is found, the criminals' accounts will be frozen.


It has been proved that adulterated fuel is imported from Poland. In Poland some components are conditionally exempt from tax. These are, for example, the following trade names: Oil Rust Cleaner, Biosepar, Technisches Formöl, Oil OM-10, Olej smarowy bioform, Formenöl, Olej ceramiczny, Lubricating oil, Smierol, Topclean 10, Universal technisches öl, Ecosolv L. During July and August 2011 some 32 million liters were delivered to the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and Hungary (Danielová, 2011) . This trade goes beyond the national borders and spreads across the whole of Europe.

These are, for example, the following trade names: Oil Rust Cleaner, Biosepar, Technisches Formöl, Oil OM-10, Olej smarowy bioform, Formenöl, Olej ceramiczny, Lubricating oil, Smierol, Topclean 10, Universal technisches öl, Ecosolv L. During July and August 2011 some 32 million liters were delivered to the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and Hungary.


The FSW process does not require the usage of additional material or protective gas, and highly qualified workforce is not necessary due to the automation. Small heat inflow in the welding region ensures minimum distortion and shrinkage. There is no danger of hot or cold cracks occurrence, corrosion resistance of the joint is good, the joint has the same properties along the length, there are no pauses during the welding process (changing the electrodes, etc.) and the joint has high quality and good mechanical properties [11] .

There is no danger of hot or cold cracks occurrence, corrosion resistance of the joint is good, the joint has the same properties along the length, there are no pauses during the welding process (changing the electrodes, etc.) and the joint has high quality and good mechanical properties.