Since 1950s the life style in Saudi Arabia has greatly changed. The society has seen a transformation from a Bedouin lifestyle to a modern urban one. The nature of dwellings has been completely revolutionized. For example tents and shelters, that used to be a common housing feature, are almost nonexistent now. Traditional dwellings, employing vernacular architectural techniques such as courtyards and wind towers, were made of construction materials including clay (adobe), coral, limestone, and wood. These have been replaced by concrete and steel built housing, exhibiting weaker thermal characteristics [44] . The modern buildings, also owing to their huge air conditioning load, have a comparatively large energy and environmental footprint.


Domestic buildings constitute the bulk of the building stock across the world and thus their energy and environmental performances are predominant [36] . The GCC region has a vast and fast growing construction sector with ongoing projects worth around $2.5 Trillion [37] . Accounting for 43% of this total investment, Saudi Arabia is experiencing a rapid growth in the construction sector and residential buildings constitute over 90% of the total new projects [38] . While around 70% of the Saudi population is under the age of 30 years, estimates suggest that KSA needs to build 2.32 million new homes by 2020 to satisfy the requirements of the surging population [13] . Traditionally, the energy and environmental performance of buildings has not been a priority for the construction industry stakeholders. Presently the building industry accounts for 80% of the electricity being consumed in KSA. Domestic buildings consume more than 50% of the total electricity [13] . These figures are much higher than the global average, and advocate for an improvement in the current building construction and use practices. A 100% reliance on fossil fuels makes the situation more alarming from the environmental perspective. The country is already emitting almost four times the CO 2 as compared to the global average figure of 5 metric ton/capita [38] . The rapid growth trends in the construction industry are set to add to the associated environmental stresses. The building sector therefore has to play an important role in addressing the energy and environmental challenges the country is facing. This can be achieved by switching to energy efficient and environmentally friendly solutions both during the construction and operational phase of buildings. In recent years there has been a growing realisation amongst the Saudi policy making circles to improve the energy efficiency and sustainability standards across all sectors in the country especially in buildings. In 2016, it was made mandatory for all new residential buildings to have thermal insulation in order to qualify for connection to the national electric grid [39] . Traditionally, the country has had heavily subsidized utility tariffs [12, 40, 41] . This situation however is fast changing as electricity prices are undergoing a major rationalization process. The year 2016 saw the first tariff increment in 15 years as electricity prices increased by up to 45% [42] . Further hikes in tariff are being forecasted, as according to the Vision 2030 policy framework, by year 2020, utility subsidies are set to be cut by around 54 Billion US$ [43] . The trend in increasing the electricity tariff is expected to also motivate the building sector to adopt sustainability measures.

Domestic buildings constitute the bulk of the building stock across the world and thus their energy and environmental performances are predominant.

The GCC region has a vast and fast growing construction sector with ongoing projects worth around $2.5 Trillion.

Accounting for 43% of this total investment, Saudi Arabia is experiencing a rapid growth in the construction sector and residential buildings constitute over 90% of the total new projects.

While around 70% of the Saudi population is under the age of 30 years, estimates suggest that KSA needs to build 2.32 million new homes by 2020 to satisfy the requirements of the surging population.

Domestic buildings consume more than 50% of the total electricity.

The country is already emitting almost four times the CO 2 as compared to the global average figure of 5 metric ton/capita.

In 2016, it was made mandatory for all new residential buildings to have thermal insulation in order to qualify for connection to the national electric grid.

Traditionally, the country has had heavily subsidized utility tariffs.

The year 2016 saw the first tariff increment in 15 years as electricity prices increased by up to 45%.

Further hikes in tariff are being forecasted, as according to the Vision 2030 policy framework, by year 2020, utility subsidies are set to be cut by around 54 Billion US$.


However, despite the influence of the flow characteristics inside the injection orifices on the injection and combustion processes, the physics of this flow is currently unknown. This lack of knowledge is partly justified by the enormous difficulty of studying the internal flow: the small size of the orifices, the high flow velocities and the strongly transient flow. These features make the experimental study of the flow inside the orifices of the injection nozzles quite complicated [4] .

These features make the experimental study of the flow inside the orifices of the injection nozzles quite complicated.


The uncertainty in the determination of the coefficients was estimated using the standard procedure as outlined by Holman [15] . The uncertainty obtained for the discharge coefficient was around 1.5 %, and 1.8 % for the momentum coefficient. Flow regime effects over non-cavitating diesel injection nozzlesno-cavitant nozzles. In addition, it can also be observed that the larger the diameter is, the higher is the mass flow.

The uncertainty in the determination of the coefficients was estimated using the standard procedure as outlined by Holman.


Before improving the injection system performance it is necessary to deeply understand all the phenomena involved. Undoubtedly, one of the most critical elements on this process is the injection nozzle and, more specifically, the geometry of the discharge outlets. This geometry will influence the characteristics of internal flow and spray development [4] [5] [6] [7] .

This geometry will influence the characteristics of internal flow and spray development.


This work is focused on revealing the effects of the flow regime on nozzle internal flow. For this purpose, the experimental study uses three convergent nozzles with different diameters and different pressure conditions, on which is measured not only the mass flow but also the momentum flux. The great interest of both measurements, mass and momentum flux, is the possibility of estimating parameters such as velocity and effective area at the nozzle outlet and the dimensionless coefficients [9] . Using these parameters, it can be determined which is the flow regime at each tested point, and it is also possible to determine at each case the effect of regime type on flow characteristics. Moreover, the study of three different nozzles allows the influence of the orifice diameter size to be determined, or the influence of the length-diameter ratio, on the regime and the internal flow behaviour.

The great interest of both measurements, mass and momentum flux, is the possibility of estimating parameters such as velocity and effective area at the nozzle outlet and the dimensionless coefficients.


Variable speed WGs, which have been used widely, are operating in a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control mode [4] . The MPPT control of WGs does not respond to the system frequency but the wind speed. This causes larger frequency drop and consequently jeopardizes the reliability of the power system. Therefore, the WGs should provide frequency support controllability as the conventional SGs.

Variable speed WGs, which have been used widely, are operating in a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control mode.


The frequency of a power system should be maintained within the allowed limits to supply high-quality electricity. The system frequency interrelated to the active power balance between generation and consumption. In order to balance of active power, SGs with spinning reserve provide the frequency control such as the inertial response, the primary control, and the secondary control [1] .

In order to balance of active power, SGs with spinning reserve provide the frequency control such as the inertial response, the primary control, and the secondary control.


During the initial period of a disturbance, the ROCOF has a large value and the ROCOF loop is dominant since the ROCOF loop generates the power reference depending on the ROCOF [5, 6] . However, because of provision of active power from the SGs, the ROCOF decreases with time and thus, active power from the ROCOF loop will decrease. Furthermore, the ROCOF loop gives a negative contribution in frequency support after the frequency rebound. On the other hand, the droop loop generates additional power reference in proportion to the difference between the system frequency and the nominal frequency. The ROCOF loop is dominant at the initial period of a disturbance whilst the droop loop is dominant around the frequency nadir. The combination of the ROCOF loop and the droop loop has been suggested for mitigating the negative contribution from ROCOF loop and releasing a large amount of power until the frequency nadir [7] .

During the initial period of a disturbance, the ROCOF has a large value and the ROCOF loop is dominant since the ROCOF loop generates the power reference depending on the ROCOF.

The combination of the ROCOF loop and the droop loop has been suggested for mitigating the negative contribution from ROCOF loop and releasing a large amount of power until the frequency nadir.


When designing compact plasmonic switches, one would like to simultaneously achieve high modulation depth as well as low insertion loss [7, 32] . One of the challenges in the design is that in many cases there is a trade-off between the modulation depth and the insertion loss [29] . Another challenge is that for subwavelength active regions the modulation depth is typically low due to the weak light-matter interaction.

When designing compact plasmonic switches, one would like to simultaneously achieve high modulation depth as well as low insertion loss.

One of the challenges in the design is that in many cases there is a trade-off between the modulation depth and the insertion loss.


In his 1990 article, Goossens coins the term metaphtonymy to refer to the interaction of metonymy and metaphor in linguistic expressions (Goossens, 1990) . In that article, Goossens is concerned not with linguistic items which represent intermediate stages on the metonymy-metaphor continuum but with metonymy and metaphor as distinct phenomena, appearing 'in combination' and 'intertwined' (Goossens, 1990:323) . For him, metaphtonymy is a phenomenon occurring on the small scale of individual expressions, and not metonymy-and metaphor-led phenomena on the larger scale of the whole text, which is the focus of this article. In the present study, I will be using the term 'Text Metaphtonymy' to underscore this difference and indicate that the focus is the interaction of metonymy and metaphor not within clause-length units but across longer stretches of language.

In his 1990 article, Goossens coins the term metaphtonymy to refer to the interaction of metonymy and metaphor in linguistic expressions.


The use of lambda-switching in optical networks allows huge amounts of data to be transmitted over lambda-connections via multi-service optical switches. These optical switches are capable of making data forwarding decisions at different levels in the protocol stack [1] . Such capability enables therefore data packets to be fully switched at optical-level (lambda switching) instead of being forwarded (routed) at packet-level (packet forwarding).

These optical switches are capable of making data forwarding decisions at different levels in the protocol stack.


The real price indices of water views and good landscaping in Auckland track the index of real house prices. The price of attractive immediate surroundings rises even more than real house prices, with very large increases in the beginning and the end of the time period. These periods correspond to periods in which a bubble has been reported for the Auckland residential market (Bourassa, Hendershott and Murphy, 2001) . Demand for that attribute thus appears to have increased quite substantially during these "bubble" periods in Auckland. The results for Auckland provide strong evidence for the fact that the implicit price in real terms that is being paid for aesthetic externalities that are in limited supply is sensitive to demand changes. As far as the other variables are concerned, Exhibit 6 shows that only the elasticity of land area is somewhat sensitive to demand changes, but not the other two variables that are related to land values. The elasticity of floor size appears to be quite constant, a result which is consistent with our hypothesis that the supply of floor size should be relatively more elastic than that of locational factors.

These periods correspond to periods in which a bubble has been reported for the Auckland residential market.


Statistical methods include the auto regressive (AR), auto regressive moving average (ARMA), auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), Bayesian approach, and gray predictions. Statistical methods can be used to solve the problems in forecasting having a great deal of data where the observations are interdependent. Basically, the statistical method is good for short-term prediction. The disadvantage with this method is the prediction error increases as the prediction time increases [9] .

The disadvantage with this method is the prediction error increases as the prediction time increases.


The persistence method is not only the simplest, but is also the most economical wind speed or power forecasting method. Electrical utility uses the persistence method for ultra-short-term forecasts. Any forecast method that is developed should first be tested against the classical benchmark of the persistence method to check how much it can improve over the persistence derived forecasts [7] .

Any forecast method that is developed should first be tested against the classical benchmark of the persistence method to check how much it can improve over the persistence derived forecasts.


Physical methods use parameterizations based on a detailed physical description of the atmosphere, to reach the best prediction precision. Usually, the wind speed given by the weather service on a coarse grid is transformed to the onsite conditions at the location of the wind farm [8] . Existing commercial wind power forecasting methods use numerical weather prediction (NWP) wind forecasts as the input data. Physical systems, using the input data from NWP, carry out the necessary refinement of these output data (wind speed forecast) to the on-site conditions by methods that are based on the physics of the lower atmospheric boundary layer [10] .

Usually, the wind speed given by the weather service on a coarse grid is transformed to the onsite conditions at the location of the wind farm.

Physical systems, using the input data from NWP, carry out the necessary refinement of these output data (wind speed forecast) to the on-site conditions by methods that are based on the physics of the lower atmospheric boundary layer.


The spatial correlation methods take the spatial relationship of different sites' wind speed into account. In spatial correlation models, the wind speed time-series of the predicted point and its neighboring points are employed to predict wind speed [6] . Based on spatial correlation models, the technique for forecasting wind speed and power output up to several hours ahead, using the cross correlation at neighboring sites. The paper developed an artificial neural network (ANN) approach that significantly improves forecasting accuracy compared to the persistence forecasting method [11] . The spatial correlation method is used for predicting wind speed at one site based on measurements at another site [12] .

In spatial correlation models, the wind speed time-series of the predicted point and its neighboring points are employed to predict wind speed.

The paper developed an artificial neural network (ANN) approach that significantly improves forecasting accuracy compared to the persistence forecasting method.

The spatial correlation method is used for predicting wind speed at one site based on measurements at another site.


Recently, with the development of AI, various new AI methods for wind speed and power prediction have been developed. AI methods mimic the learning processes of the brain to discover the relations between the variables of a system [9] . The new developed AI methods include the ANN, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, fuzzy logic methods, support vector machine, neuro-fuzzy network, and evolutionary optimization algorithms.

AI methods mimic the learning processes of the brain to discover the relations between the variables of a system.


To reduce the spin reserve margin capacity and increase wind power penetration, accurate forecasting of wind power is needed for power system operations [6] . Accurate wind power forecasting can help improve the stability of the utility grid, reliability of the power system, and the quality of power [7] . In addition, wind power forecasting is important in the allocation of balancing power. Wind power forecasting is used for the day-ahead scheduling of conventional power plants and the trading of electricity on the competitive market [8] . Although the prediction accuracy of wind power forecasting is lower than that of load forecasting. Wind power forecasts still play a key role in addressing the operation challenges of a utility grid [9] .

To reduce the spin reserve margin capacity and increase wind power penetration, accurate forecasting of wind power is needed for power system operations.

Accurate wind power forecasting can help improve the stability of the utility grid, reliability of the power system, and the quality of power.

Wind power forecasting is used for the day-ahead scheduling of conventional power plants and the trading of electricity on the competitive market.

Wind power forecasts still play a key role in addressing the operation challenges of a utility grid.


Soil compaction is defined as densification of soil whereby air-filled porosity is reduced, causing deterioration in soil processes. Subsoil compaction is a cumulative process leading to soil packing just below the topsoil (Harris, 1971) . As compaction increases soil mechanical impedance, it adversely affects the elongation and proliferation of roots (Boone and Veen, 1994) . These changes might result in the alteration of moisture and nutrient availability to crops, thereby increasing or decreasing the agricultural soil productivity.

Subsoil compaction is a cumulative process leading to soil packing just below the topsoil.

As compaction increases soil mechanical impedance, it adversely affects the elongation and proliferation of roots.


Biochar is produced by pyrolysis, a process whereby biomass material is decomposed in the absence of oxygen at temperatures ranging from 250 to 700°C (Yuan et al., 2014) . The organic starting material can be drawn from a variety of types of biomass, including wood chips, crop residues, manure, and animal waste. Pyrolysis conditions and feedstock material are responsible for biochar characteristics such as chemical composition, surface chemistry, nutrient composition, adsorption capacity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, and physical structure (Cimò et al., 2014) .

Biochar is produced by pyrolysis, a process whereby biomass material is decomposed in the absence of oxygen at temperatures ranging from 250 to 700°C.

Pyrolysis conditions and feedstock material are responsible for biochar characteristics such as chemical composition, surface chemistry, nutrient composition, adsorption capacity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, and physical structure.


Abbreviations: PHA, Polyhydroxyalkanoates; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate; PCR, polymerase chain reaction various compositions are produced, depending on the substrate specificity of the PHA synthase and the carbon source on which the bacterium is grown, as well as the metabolic pathways involved in the utilization of the carbon source (Kolibachuk et al., 1999) . More than 150 different hydroxyalkanoic acid derivatives have been identified as constituents of PHA (Yang et al., 2006) . These PHA monomers can be synthesized in a variety of configurations to produce a wide range of material properties (Zhang et al., 2006) .

Abbreviations: PHA, Polyhydroxyalkanoates; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate; PCR, polymerase chain reaction various compositions are produced, depending on the substrate specificity of the PHA synthase and the carbon source on which the bacterium is grown, as well as the metabolic pathways involved in the utilization of the carbon source.

More than 150 different hydroxyalkanoic acid derivatives have been identified as constituents of PHA.

These PHA monomers can be synthesized in a variety of configurations to produce a wide range of material properties.


We note that although maintenance-oriented treatment is recommended both federally and provincially in British Columbia, Canada, in some cases, patterns of medication dispensation resembling detoxification treatment have been observed [30] . In the baseline model, we did not distinguish between these two modalities because there is no explicit indication within our health administrative databases to differentiate them. Nonetheless, we considered an alternate definition of reaching a minimum effective dose of 60 mg/day as an indirect measure of maintenance treatment receipt in sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, buprenorphine is not commonly used in BC, with the medication only gaining approval as a second-line treatment in 2010, initially only under special authority [33] . As such, buprenorphine was only observed in only one patient month of follow-up within the study sample.

We note that although maintenance-oriented treatment is recommended both federally and provincially in British Columbia, Canada, in some cases, patterns of medication dispensation resembling detoxification treatment have been observed.

Furthermore, buprenorphine is not commonly used in BC, with the medication only gaining approval as a second-line treatment in 2010, initially only under special authority.


Electricity is an aspect of electromagnetism that physics students offer at all level of education in Nigerian schools. Students start to learn electricity from the Senior Secondary School (SSS) through to the university. However, the literature indicates that students' academic performance in this branch of physics is poor because of many reasons. One of these grounds is attributed to the misconceptions by both the teachers and the students. Classroom experience in the current electricity revealed that it is a topic that has many misconceptions (Engelhardt and Beichner, 2004) .

Classroom experience in the current electricity revealed that it is a topic that has many misconceptions.


The second issue is to show the effect of RG improvement on the energy density spectrum of GWs from first-order PTs. The primary motivation we harbor for considering a running RG scale is that, those coupling constants that conspire to give rise to a potential barrier needed for the first-order PTs could flip signs when considering a running RG scale during PT. Therefore it is interesting to see how large a running RG scale could affect the predictions compared to a fixed RG scale. We exemplify the effect of RG improvement in the context of the dimensionsix term with full one-loop effective potential. It turns out as a surprise that, compared to the prediction of GW energy density spectrum from the fixed RG scale, the presence of running RG scale could amplify the peak amplitude by amount of one order of magnitude while slightly shift the peak frequency into the lower frequency regime. Therefore, the effect from the RG improvement cannot be simply neglected in future for the precise prediction of energy density spectrum of GWs from first-order PT. We also find that the promising regime of detection within the sensitivity ranges of various space-based GW detectors shrinks down to a lower cut-off value associated with the sextic term rather than the previous expectation [17] .

We also find that the promising regime of detection within the sensitivity ranges of various space-based GW detectors shrinks down to a lower cut-off value associated with the sextic term rather than the previous expectation.


Radiation-induced graft polymerization (RIGP) is a useful method for the introduction of functional groups onto different polymer materials using specially selected monomers. There have been several reports about RIGP 2 Journal of Nanomaterials of polar monomers onto polymer subtracts to obtain hydrophilic properties for versatile applications [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . The RIGP method can easily functionalize the surface of MWNTs to the desired properties. In a previous paper, we described the functionalization of MWNTs by RIGP of derivatives vinyl monomers and their application in enzymefree biosensors [15] . However, little has been reported about the deposition of Pt-Ru nanoparticles on the functionalized MWNT supports by γ-irradiation for DMFC catalysts.

There have been several reports about RIGP 2 Journal of Nanomaterials of polar monomers onto polymer subtracts to obtain hydrophilic properties for versatile applications.

In a previous paper, we described the functionalization of MWNTs by RIGP of derivatives vinyl monomers and their application in enzymefree biosensors.


The identification of biomarkers predictive of response or resistance to immunotherapy continues to be the focus of active research. Over many years of evaluation, it has become apparent that RCC is comprised of a number of different histologic subtypes, now shown to have different genomic profiles [7] . It has also been noted in multiple clinical trials and registry experiences that nonclear cell RCC is much less likely to respond to IL2 or IFN. The treatment approach for non-clear cell RCC continues to be explored with optimal subtype-specific strategies yet to be developed.

Over many years of evaluation, it has become apparent that RCC is comprised of a number of different histologic subtypes, now shown to have different genomic profiles.


SVR: We can reconstruct a high resolution image X from a number of motion corrupted y s using 2D-3D registration-based super-resolution [8, 5] . After initial 3D-3D alignment a gradually improving approximation of X (super-resolution with the measured point spread function of the used MRI sequence) is used to initialize and perform 2D-3D registration and robust statistics. To provide enough structural information for rigid registration of y s to X we dilate each y s by γ pixels using a flat structuring element b with a fixed (26 in our case) pixels neighbourhood, henceȳ s = y s ⊕ b.

SVR: We can reconstruct a high resolution image X from a number of motion corrupted y s using 2D-3D registration-based super-resolution.


Studies on the haematological effects of radiofrequency radiations will therefore serve as a useful general indicator of the potential of RF radiations to cause adverse effects on exposed organisms. This is because the blood is a pathophysiological reflector of the whole body and, therefore, blood parameters are important in diagnosing the structural and functional status of organisms exposed to toxicants (Adhikari et al., 2004) . On the basis of the above, the objectives of this study were to determine the level of electromagnetic frequency radiation around GSM base stations located around residential and workplace quarters, study the effects of the RF radiation and other activities around the GSM base stations on the haemopoetic system (peripheral blood and bone marrow) of albino mice, Mus musculus.

This is because the blood is a pathophysiological reflector of the whole body and, therefore, blood parameters are important in diagnosing the structural and functional status of organisms exposed to toxicants.


Drift Analysis in R d . Interestingly, although drift theorems are often formulated for finite domains, they naturally generalize to continuous domains [12, 13] . To date however, drift analysis in the style of discrete domains has not been explicitly applied to analyze continuous algorithms. Note that drift conditions are also central in other approaches addressing convergence in continuous domains, while they are typically not used for obtaining bounds on the hitting time (see below). At the same time, we will see that some difficulties can arise when dealing with continuous search spaces as it seems natural to use a potential function that converges to minus infinity when approaching the optimum. To overcome those problems we formulate novel drift theorems.

Drift Analysis in R d .

Interestingly, although drift theorems are often formulated for finite domains, they naturally generalize to continuous domains.


We have attempted to show that there is a significant effect of Credit Guarantee Fund on commercial credits with graphical analysis. In addition to the graphical representation, to obtain more accurate results Perron 1989 unit root test with structural change was used in this paper. The presence of structural change in commercial credits series was investigated with the help of this test. Perron 1989 structural test is used to search for structural break that may arise at the level, slope or both level and slope externally (Perron, 1989) .

Perron 1989 structural test is used to search for structural break that may arise at the level, slope or both level and slope externally.


Huge amount of carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere during cement manufacturing. Around 7% of the total carbon dioxide all over the world come from cement manufacturing according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report in 2005 [1] . From 2005 to 2030 world cement manufacturing will increase yearly which could cause the level of carbon emission to reach 1.7 times more than what it was in 2005 [2, 3] . This carbon emission has negative effect on environment that causes global warming which concerns many researchers [4] [5] [6] .

Around 7% of the total carbon dioxide all over the world come from cement manufacturing according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report in 2005.

From 2005 to 2030 world cement manufacturing will increase yearly which could cause the level of carbon emission to reach 1.7 times more than what it was in 2005.

This carbon emission has negative effect on environment that causes global warming which concerns many researchers.


Most studies have enhanced our understanding of how locational features and neighborhood environmental attributes impact house prices. However, how small urban houses are influenced by these factors has not yet been thoroughly analyzed. This area of study is worthy of notice by academia and practitioners, because both one-and two-person households may have a different pattern of housing demands. Some researchers have speculated that they are inclined to place a higher premium on small houses with better access to transit, employment, and amenities; however, access to schools for children and nature may be less attractive to them [3] [4] [5] .

Some researchers have speculated that they are inclined to place a higher premium on small houses with better access to transit, employment, and amenities; however, access to schools for children and nature may be less attractive to them.


The Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) is one of the most densely populated capitals in the world. Around 10 million people and 3.78 million households reside in the SMA, which has a land area of 605 square kilometers [1] . Over the past several decades, the SMA's population and household structures have changed significantly. The proportion of the population over 65 was 3.42% in 1990, but this percentage increased to 12.31% by 2015 [1, 2] . The relative proportion of children has consistently decreased in comparison with the growing elderly population due to the SMA's diminishing birth rate. The overall population in the SMA has also been on the decline.

Around 10 million people and 3.78 million households reside in the SMA, which has a land area of 605 square kilometers.

The proportion of the population over 65 was 3.42% in 1990, but this percentage increased to 12.31% by 2015.


Although this study led to meaningful findings, several limitations should be properly addressed in further research. First, the URH information used in this paper needs to be updated, and the number of observations should be expanded. Second, due to the lack of data, explanatory variables used in the literature are not considered in our final results. In particular, environmental factors such as water, views, and noise levels need to be further examined in terms of their impacts on house prices. Third, more sophisticated methods of analysis such as difference-in-difference specification can be employed in future studies. The method can help examine the impacts of locational and environmental attributes in a more rigorous manner by constructing a panel data set [36] . Last, this study focused only on small urban houses located in the SMA. By incorporating data from other metropolitan areas around the world, the arguments used in this study could be generalized for residents living in small urban houses.

The method can help examine the impacts of locational and environmental attributes in a more rigorous manner by constructing a panel data set.


Even though physical and structural features have statistically significant effects on housing values, house prices are also influenced by the locations of dwelling units. One notion that defines the field of real estate is "location, location, location", which infers that there is a significant relationship between locational characteristics and housing values [6, 7, 13] . Locational factors considered in property valuation studies to date are closely related to accessibility measures. Accessibility to major business districts, transportation infrastructure such as major roads, bus stops, and subway and railway stations, and various facilities including schools, shopping centers, and churches were examined [14] [15] [16] . The relationship between housing prices and location in a particular zone such as a commercial zone has also been explored [12] .

One notion that defines the field of real estate is "location, location, location", which infers that there is a significant relationship between locational characteristics and housing values.

Accessibility to major business districts, transportation infrastructure such as major roads, bus stops, and subway and railway stations, and various facilities including schools, shopping centers, and churches were examined.

The relationship between housing prices and location in a particular zone such as a commercial zone has also been explored.


The results of the SEM indicated that the rents of small urban houses were positively correlated with residential areas. An average of a 0.29% increase in housing rent would be observed if the size of a house were increased by 1%, all else being equal. The elasticity of the rent with respect to residential areas was higher than that of other housing types, compared with the results of other studies [12] . This suggests that URH rents are much more sensitive to a change of residential areas. However, it is not significantly associated with the number of parking lots. Parking lots had no effect on the rents, because the URH units are likely to be in locations with relatively better access to public transportation. Some of the structural variables that were produced in the measurement step are not included in the final results. The number of bedrooms is excluded, since most of the houses were studio apartments without separate bedrooms, which was correlated with residential areas. In addition, building age was not incorporated, because the buildings were newly constructed as of the end of 2012.

The elasticity of the rent with respect to residential areas was higher than that of other housing types, compared with the results of other studies.


Third, all of the locational features, including the distance to the CBD, subway accessibility, and distance to a university were found to be significant. Consistent with the results of related research, subway accessibility was positively associated with the housing rents, which indicates that residents are willing to pay more if they can live in houses with better access to transit. Although not considered in other studies, access to university has a substantial positive effect on the rents of URH units. This is interesting, because rents tended to be lower in areas adjacent to a university, which suggests that this would be a good place for households in terms of enhancing their residential affordability. In terms of housing policy, affordability seems to be more important than accessibility for one and two-person households in the SMA. They sought affordable small urban dwellings because of the excessive housing cost burden in the SMA [3] . It is necessary to establish effective housing policies for them in order to resolve housing affordability issues.

They sought affordable small urban dwellings because of the excessive housing cost burden in the SMA.


In the hedonic pricing studies, housing values are regressed on structural features and locational characteristics, as well as neighborhood environmental attributes. More recently, academics have investigated the effects of these attributes. They encompass access to green and open spaces, access to amenities such as parks, playgrounds, sea views, watercourses, and landscapes, and environmental conditions such as noise and air quality levels [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .

They encompass access to green and open spaces, access to amenities such as parks, playgrounds, sea views, watercourses, and landscapes, and environmental conditions such as noise and air quality levels.


A thermodynamic analysis for synthesizing NH 3 in a two-step solar thermochemical reaction cycle from H 2 and N 2 with a Mo-based reactant at 0.1 MPa (Fig.1) is presented in section 2.1. Section 2.2 determines plant capacity and energy efficiency and CO 2 emissions of the Haber-Bosch process implemented with natural gas as a benchmark for a process analysis of the proposed reaction cycle (Fig.2) in section 2.3. The analysis simulates an implementation of the reaction cycle with H 2 generated via a well-studied solar thermochemical H 2 O splitting cycle using zinc [24, 32, 33] . In practice, the proposed NH 3 synthesis may be implemented with other solar-to-hydrogen technologies [33] . Section 3.1 estimates investment costs for unit operations and chemical commodities used in section 3.2 that develops an economical optimization model for scalable solar thermochemical NH 3 synthesis. The model is evaluated and discussed employing net present value calculations in section 3.3. Section 3.4 shows that the proposed concept is economically attractive under fairly conservative assumptions.

The analysis simulates an implementation of the reaction cycle with H 2 generated via a well-studied solar thermochemical H 2 O splitting cycle using zinc.

In practice, the proposed NH 3 synthesis may be implemented with other solar-to-hydrogen technologies.


To what extent can our results be extended? It is known that any GO-space with a σ-closed-discrete dense subset is perfect (= every closed set is a G δ -set in the space) and one might ask, for example, whether Corollary 1.5 could be proved for perfect GO-spaces. We will show that the answer is "Consistently no" by looking at a Souslin line (= a LOTS that satisfies the countable chain condition but is not separable). Souslin lines are hereditarily Lindelöf and therefore perfect. Whether such spaces exist is undecidable in ZFC [16] . Whether there is a perfect LOTS that does not have a σ-closed-discrete dense subset is an old problem of Maarten Maurice that is undecidable in ZFC, at least for spaces of weight ω 1 , and is intimately related to the Souslin problem [4] . In our paper's final section, we show: Example 1.8 If there is a Souslin line, then some Souslin lines are monotonically countably metacompact, while other Souslin lines are not.

Whether such spaces exist is undecidable in ZFC.

Whether there is a perfect LOTS that does not have a σ-closed-discrete dense subset is an old problem of Maarten Maurice that is undecidable in ZFC, at least for spaces of weight ω 1 , and is intimately related to the Souslin problem.


The technology, although still in its infancy, is showing great potential for removing the barrier between oneself, and one's avatar. By coupling the perspective-taking situational reflection possible through VR, with the affinity afforded by an experience-taking narrative, the sense of connection is strengthened, and the degree of empathy heightened for the student. There is scope for improving the resource and designing activities and processes that will continue to support training in preparation for dealing with people with dementia. Future iterations will include the introduction of other characters into the simulation to provide additional learning experiences. The space to think about responding with compassion and developing the caring competencies needed for dealing with people with dementia will involve simulating more complex scenarios with multiple layers of complexity -for example conducting a clinical procedure on a person with dementia, communicating with them and their relatives at the same time. However, it is important to stress that the simulation is a tool; its use will be optimized not simply as a stand-alone resource but within a structured learning context that will enable students to reflect and thereby think of how the learning involves their actual practice and response in real world situations place (Dieckmann, Gaba and Rall, 2007) . Its applicability for embedding in the curriculum across a wide range of health and social care programmes and for current and future caregivers is being considered.

However, it is important to stress that the simulation is a tool; its use will be optimized not simply as a stand-alone resource but within a structured learning context that will enable students to reflect and thereby think of how the learning involves their actual practice and response in real world situations place.


On the other hand, obtaining accurate and complete RSI when performing load-time instrumentation in the observed JVM is possible, although such an approach also has serious drawbacks. In such a setting, the weaver can access the Class instances of the supertypes of the class under instrumentation, allowing the inspection of RSI. Unfortunately, this approach can interfere with the instrumentation of the Java class library, class loading, and JVM initialization [2, 9] . To mitigate these problems, in-process load-time weavers (such as the AspectJ load-time weaver) often prevent any instrumentation of the Java class library, leading to limited code coverage.

Unfortunately, this approach can interfere with the instrumentation of the Java class library, class loading, and JVM initialization.


Another interesting theme within this context is to study families of surfaces in the Euclidean 3-space for which its Gauss map is of finite type [20] . Here again, we also have the following question Problem 2. Which surfaces in E 3 are of finite type Gauss map.

Another interesting theme within this context is to study families of surfaces in the Euclidean 3-space for which its Gauss map is of finite type.


Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFS-AN)-Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) has recognized that MSG and related substances are safe food ingredients for most people when eaten at customary levels [1] . This is also in line with the report of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), once glutamate is ingested, our bodies make no distinc-tion between the origins of the glutamate [2] . But still, their use in foods has been a controversial in the past thirty years because of the reports of adverse reaction in people who have eaten foods that contain MSG, although recent findings do not confirm the adverse reaction in respond to MSG consumption.

Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFS-AN)-Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) has recognized that MSG and related substances are safe food ingredients for most people when eaten at customary levels.

This is also in line with the report of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), once glutamate is ingested, our bodies make no distinc-tion between the origins of the glutamate.


Game theory defines solution concepts for strategic situations, in which multiple self-interested agents interact in the same environment. Perhaps the best-known solution concept is that of Nash equilibrium [13] . A Nash equilibrium prescribes a strategy for every player, in such a way that no individual player has an incentive to change her strategy. If strategies are allowed to be mixed-a mixed strategy is a probability distribution over pure strategiesthen it is known that every finite game has at least one Nash equilibrium. Some games have more than one equilibrium, leading to the equilibrium selection problem.

Perhaps the best-known solution concept is that of Nash equilibrium.


With China's rapid economic development, the inland shipping industry has made great progress [1] . As the economic center of China, Shanghai is also China's major port city. Haze phenomena have occurred frequently in recent years, and the air quality problem is becoming more and more serious [2] . Large amounts of inland ship emissions form one of the leading causes of air pollution in the port city. According to a report by the Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center in 2014, the proportion of pollutant emissions from inland river ships at Shanghai waters is as follows: 11% PM 10 ; 12% PM 2.5 ; 17% NO x ; 2% SO x ; 28% CO; 29% HC; 25% CO 2 and 29% N 2 O [3, 4] . To regulate sea haze phenomena, the government has advocated the use of novel technologies to reduce the energy consumption and emissions from ships, and published the "Shanghai port ship pollution prevention and control measures" in June 2015. Therefore, the development of new ships with low consumption which produce low emission has become an important task for China's shipbuilding industry. The hybrid electric propulsion system is one of the latest technologies to achieve the goals of saving energy and reducing emissions. Hybrid ships use two or more different powers to drive propellers, and transform one of them into electricity. Compared with classical diesel-electric propulsion, hybrid technology pays more attention to the impact on the environment, including emissions, waste and noise pollution from ships in navigation and berth.

With China's rapid economic development, the inland shipping industry has made great progress.

Haze phenomena have occurred frequently in recent years, and the air quality problem is becoming more and more serious.

According to a report by the Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center in 2014, the proportion of pollutant emissions from inland river ships at Shanghai waters is as follows: 11% PM 10 ; 12% PM 2.5 ; 17% NO x ; 2% SO x ; 28% CO; 29% HC; 25% CO 2 and 29% N 2 O.


For groups subsequently weaker approximation properties than amenability have been introduced, in particular weak amenability [5] . These notions have been generalized to quantum groups of Kac type by Kraus and Ruan [28] . In particular, equivalent intrinsic approximation properties of the C * -algebra and von Neumann algebra of a discrete Kac algebra have been found. For example weak amenability of G corresponds to the completely bounded approximation property (CBAP) of C * r (G).

For groups subsequently weaker approximation properties than amenability have been introduced, in particular weak amenability.

These notions have been generalized to quantum groups of Kac type by Kraus and Ruan.


Due to their scalability and ease-of-use, simulation-based approaches are still prevalent for SystemC verification. However, in contrast to formal verification, they cannot prove the absence of errors and are very susceptible to subtle bugs caused by corner-case scenarios. Unfortunately, formal verification of SystemC is very challenging due to its object-oriented nature and event-driven simulation seman-tics [15] . The overall challenge in developing a SystemC verifier is threefold. First, it must obviously consider all possible inputs of the Design-Under-Verification (DUV). Second, a typical high-level SystemC DUV consists of multiple asynchronous processes, whose different orders of execution (also referred to as schedules) can lead to different behaviors, these must also be considered to the full extent by the verifier. Third, the verifier is required to deal with the full complexity of C++ to extract a suitable formal model.

Unfortunately, formal verification of SystemC is very challenging due to its object-oriented nature and event-driven simulation seman-tics.


Its diagnosis and treatment involve some difficulties. A multidisciplinary approach is required for treatment. Modified radical mastectomy is preferred in surgical treatment. Anthracycline/taxane-based chemotherapy is recommended for chemotherapy [14] . It is an aggressive type of tumor. However, no significant difference was found when it was compared to high-grade receptor-negative infiltrative carcinomas [4] .

Anthracycline/taxane-based chemotherapy is recommended for chemotherapy.

It is an aggressive type of tumor.

However, no significant difference was found when it was compared to high-grade receptor-negative infiltrative carcinomas.


Interestingly, no significant self-efficacy associations are found for hybrid types. These results suggest that some effect dominates the low research productivity of hybrid academics that exists over and above the effect of selfefficacy. It is suggested that this lower level of research may be associated with more intense role conflict; which is predicted by the scarcity model (Hattie and Marsh 1996) .

It is suggested that this lower level of research may be associated with more intense role conflict; which is predicted by the scarcity model.


Null-hypothesis b.: There is no significant association between a Research Locus of Satisfaction and research productivity. According to the bivariate analysis, a Research Locus of Satisfaction is found to be significantly and positively associated with all of the measures of research productivity except conference proceedings publications, book publications and the publication of book chapters. This result supports the relationship predicted by the literature; that satisfaction with research is expected to contribute to time spent at research tasks. There is no fundamental tension present here (Buller 2012) . The null-hypothesis was rejected on account of these significant associations.

There is no fundamental tension present here.


The 'g' model predicts a synergistic relationship between teaching and research because individuals can have abilities that underlie both activities (Hattie and Marsh 1996) . However, this model does not seem to be supported by these results. It is possible that the satisfaction of an individual for either teaching or research, or both, might dominate the influence of innate abilities that may span both teaching and research. It is beyond the scope of this research, however, to investigate the causal structure underlying these relationships. Nevertheless, it is argued that these results provide insight that further research can build on. Further analysis of the associations between a range of contextual factors and each of these groups was undertaken in order to gain more insight into these results. Table 9 shows the relationships between the range of contextual factors tested for their associations with the three orientations (hybrid, teaching-only satisfied individuals, and research-only satisfied individuals).

The 'g' model predicts a synergistic relationship between teaching and research because individuals can have abilities that underlie both activities.


An Administration Locus of Satisfaction is not found to be significantly associated with any of the measures of research productivity. According to the MLR analysis, individuals with an Administration Locus of Satisfaction are found to have significantly lower levels of research self-efficacy and are also found to be more likely to not be of South African origin. The enjoyment of administration might also result in an individual allocating more time and resources toward administrative tasks. The research output literature suggests that time investments in research can be the strongest predictor of research output (Toews and Yazedjian 2007) . The implication of this is perhaps that research productivity is particularly sensitive to time investments in tasks other than research production.

The research output literature suggests that time investments in research can be the strongest predictor of research output.


The rate of mutagenesis in mitochondrial DNA is approximately 10-times higher than mutation rates in nuclear DNA. This is due to a combination of factors such as less proficient DNA repair mechanisms and high levels of exposure to ROS generated by the mitochondria themselves [5, 6] . The Warburg effect describes a phenomenon of altered energy metabolism in cancer cells, with increased lactate production despite sufficient oxygen to power oxidative phosphorylation [7] . This state of aerobic glycolysis does not arise in normal functioning cells and it is speculated that cancer cells divert from normal energy pathways as a protective mechanism to promote cell survival [8, 9] . These factors of increased susceptibility to DNA injury, along with evidence of altered energy metabolism in the cancer setting, have highlighted the potential role of the mitochondria in human cancer development [10] [11] [12] .

This is due to a combination of factors such as less proficient DNA repair mechanisms and high levels of exposure to ROS generated by the mitochondria themselves.

The Warburg effect describes a phenomenon of altered energy metabolism in cancer cells, with increased lactate production despite sufficient oxygen to power oxidative phosphorylation.

This state of aerobic glycolysis does not arise in normal functioning cells and it is speculated that cancer cells divert from normal energy pathways as a protective mechanism to promote cell survival.

These factors of increased susceptibility to DNA injury, along with evidence of altered energy metabolism in the cancer setting, have highlighted the potential role of the mitochondria in human cancer development.


Specifically, we develop theory that considers the impact of IT-based SCM systems on discrete components of the value chain and predict changes in specific financial performance measures associated with these components. IT-based SCM systems are of particular interest due to their increasing functionality enabling, through active process monitoring and automatic information routing, and SCM integration at a level not previously possible (Benjamin and Wigand, 1995; Gunasekaran et al., 2004) . Using an industry adjusted sample, our empirical analyses explore the impact of IT-based SCM systems on financial performance measures such as raw materials, work-in-process, finished goods inventory, gross margin, and sales, general and administrative accounts.

IT-based SCM systems are of particular interest due to their increasing functionality enabling, through active process monitoring and automatic information routing, and SCM integration at a level not previously possible.


The use of a gaseous xenon TPC can bring additional advantages over a liquid detector. On one side, energy resolution is expected to improve over liquid xenon detectors [25] . On the other side, detection in a gas TPC gives access -with appropriate readout granularity-to the DBD event topology, a feature that may provide discrimination from background events. These advantages, especially the last one, may suppose a critical feature over alternative techniques in next generation DBD experiments, both to improve their sensitivity or to unambiguously identify a putative positive signal.

On one side, energy resolution is expected to improve over liquid xenon detectors.


The present study deals with the modeling and simulation of the hydrogenation of -methyl styrene (AMS) to cumene in a tubular reactor packed with foam catalysts. This hydrogenation reaction has been frequently used to characterize the reactor performance and overall mass transfer measurements [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . Therefore, this reaction was used to characterize the performance of conventional catalyst supports or structured catalysts such as monoliths (also known as honeycombs) as well as random packed bed reactors.

This hydrogenation reaction has been frequently used to characterize the reactor performance and overall mass transfer measurements.


The advancement of technology in the 21 st century demands change and improvement for quality education in most schools all over the world (Davies, 2010) . Malaysia today is awarded as one of the countries that are successful in providing education access to all citizens. UNESCO in the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2009 has ranked Malaysia at number 45 from 129 countries, thus, putting Malaysia among 56 countries at high level of Educational Development Index to all. This is a great success to educational institutions in Malaysia (Muhyiddin, 2009) . Although Malaysia was placed at good rankings in the index of education for all, this does not mean that we could just feel comfortable with the achievement. In the effort of developing the country at high level, we must try not only to improve the access to education but also to widen the access to quality education.

The advancement of technology in the 21 st century demands change and improvement for quality education in most schools all over the world.

This is a great success to educational institutions in Malaysia.


A quantum design MPMS-XL SQUID magnetometer (Quantum Design, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) was employed to measure the magnetization curve at room temperature. Square-shaped samples of 3 mm side were extracted from the middle of the gage length and the magnetization was recorded by varying the external applied magnetic field from 0 to 5 T in steps of 0.2 T. The volume fraction of martensite correlates with the magnetization saturation of the samples (M sat ), through f α = M sat /M sat α , as explained elsewhere [17] . To obtain a reference magnetization saturation (M sat α ), a piece of as-received material was severely cold-rolled by reducing the strip thickness more than 60% in order to induce the complete transformation into martensite. A M sat of 133 Am 2 /kg was obtained.

Square-shaped samples of 3 mm side were extracted from the middle of the gage length and the magnetization was recorded by varying the external applied magnetic field from 0 to 5 T in steps of 0.2 T. The volume fraction of martensite correlates with the magnetization saturation of the samples (M sat ), through f α = M sat /M sat α , as explained elsewhere.

A M sat of 133 Am 2 /kg was obtained.


The martensite transformation behavior was studied in-situ during tensile testing by means of an inductive sensor developed by Philips ATC that is able to measure differences in relative magnetic permeability (µ r ≈ 100) between the paramagnetic austenite and the ferromagnetic martensite phases. A standard integrated circuit (IC) is used for the electronics. An alternating current (AC) is sent through two coils connected in series, i.e., the measurement coil and the reference coil, and the difference in voltage across them is measured and amplified. The coils are 31 mm in length. A number of adjusting elements can be used to set the voltage, current, frequency, and amplification factor. The IC contains an oscillator that generates voltage, a filter, and an amplifier. A frequency of 7.5 kHz was selected in order to avoid as much external electromagnetic interference as possible [15] . The setup is schematically illustrated in Figure 1 . The sensor is placed in the middle of the tensile specimen's gage length and the output signal is recorded during the course of the mechanical testing. The correlation between the volume fraction of martensite and the voltage signal from the sensor is, however, not trivial and requires the correction of some effects influencing the signal such as applied stress, plastic strain, temperature, and specimen volume inside the coil. Of great importance is the correction of the stress-effect. For this purpose, cyclic loading/unloading/reloading (LUR) tensile tests were performed and the inductive signal was registered by using different currents circulating through the coil. The specimens were unloaded to zero force and reloaded again in applied strain increments of 0.05 until the samples fractured. The comparison of the output signal between the loaded and unloaded states allows for the correction of the stress effect. Once the signal is cleaned, a direct relationship between the content of martensite and the sensor output signal can be established based on ex-situ characterization of the martensite volume fraction.

The coils are 31 mm in length.

A frequency of 7.5 kHz was selected in order to avoid as much external electromagnetic interference as possible.


While residents in many tourism regions of China are still economically poor, having little capacity to participate in the tourism development process, Chinese tourists are becoming mature, drawn from an ever-increasing middle-class population along with the country's opening to the outside world (Lew & McKercher, 2002; Zhang & Lam, 1999) . Their perceptions, expectations, attitudes and values, all essential to their decisions in tourist consumption, will influence the developers' strategies and the state's policies. Given China's contemporary growth and change, there will be an increasing number of Chinese tourists on the move domestically and internationally. Future studies may focus on the Chinese tourists' experiences of other cultures and societies on their changing views regarding sociocultural, economic, political and environmental issues at home. Their changing views may not change China's dominant political structure currently constraining communities from participating in the tourism development process, but from them we can see a ray of hope. Tourism has enabled the Chinese people to move freely on a global scale. Pampered and admired as the middle class and the newly rich, a growing number of Chinese people, for the first time in Chinese history, have started to consider the individual as being more important than the collective through enjoying such freedom, condemned as bourgeois indulgence by communist dogma (Wong, 1999) . With its policy of opening the country to the outside world, the regime itself may have unwittingly sown the seeds of its own destruction.

While residents in many tourism regions of China are still economically poor, having little capacity to participate in the tourism development process, Chinese tourists are becoming mature, drawn from an ever-increasing middle-class population along with the country's opening to the outside world.

Pampered and admired as the middle class and the newly rich, a growing number of Chinese people, for the first time in Chinese history, have started to consider the individual as being more important than the collective through enjoying such freedom, condemned as bourgeois indulgence by communist dogma.


The N:P ratios of mature leaves are in response to natural variations in N and P supply, reflecting variation in N and P concentrations or both together [16] . A review of 40 fertilization studies revealed that an N:P ratio > 16 indicates P limitation on a community level, while an N:P ratio < 14 is indicative of N limitation [37] . As critical N:P ratios are successfully used to establish the nature of nutrient limitation in aquatic and agricultural ecosystems, the general concept may be applicable to a much wider range of ecosystems. N:P ratios in mature leaves of A. corniculatum in the Zhangjiang river estuary ranged from 9.23 to 11.55, and the lowest N:P ratio occurred in spring (Table 1) . These results, both less than 14, suggested the presence of strong community level N limitation in this forest. Accordingly, N-limited A. corniculatum forest had significantly higher NRE than PRE. This result supported the hypothesis that a strong nutrient limitation will show higher resorption of the limiting nutrient.

The N:P ratios of mature leaves are in response to natural variations in N and P supply, reflecting variation in N and P concentrations or both together.

A review of 40 fertilization studies revealed that an N:P ratio > 16 indicates P limitation on a community level, while an N:P ratio < 14 is indicative of N limitation.


Nutrient resorption during leaf senescence serves to reduce the plant's dependence on current nutrient supply, and has been recognized as one of the most important strategies used by plants to conserve nutrients [8, 9, 34, 35] . It has been estimated that approximately 50% of the nutrients (N and P) are resorbed during leaf senescence [29, 36] . In the present study, the averaged NRE and PRE values were 61.20% ± 9.10% and 48.11% ± 15.31%, respectively (Table 1) . These high N and P resorption values indicated that internal cycling of N and P can supply a significant fraction of the required nutrients for A. corniculatum growth. In addition, both NRE and PRE values were the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. This may indicate that A. corniculatum mainly resorbed N and P from senescent leaves in winter, but absorbed N and P from the soil in summer to adapt to low nutrient environments.

Nutrient resorption during leaf senescence serves to reduce the plant's dependence on current nutrient supply, and has been recognized as one of the most important strategies used by plants to conserve nutrients.

It has been estimated that approximately 50% of the nutrients (N and P) are resorbed during leaf senescence.


However, there are multiple drawbacks to conventional wavelet transform. These include drift in wavelet coefficient oscillation towards positive and negative around singularities, shift variance of signal (which may cause oscillation of wavelet coefficient samples around singularities), substantial aliasing of amply spaced wavelet coefficient patterns, and lack of directional selectivity perturbs to process and model geometric image features (such as edges and ridges). In these cases, flaws regarding conventional DWT are not experienced by Fourier transform. Inspired by Fourier transform, our improved DTCWT is used to overcome these drawbacks. Previous studies have shown that DTCWT feature-based AD disease detection performs better than typical DWT-based feature extraction [20] . Furthermore, DTCWT produces superior singularities of line and curve representation. Thus, discriminative feature can be extracted comparatively, which is crucial for any pattern classification problem.

Previous studies have shown that DTCWT feature-based AD disease detection performs better than typical DWT-based feature extraction.


Developing complex engineered systems typically requires multidisciplinary, interdependent elements that cannot be embraced by a single person, group, or organization. Decomposition, dispersion, and collaboration epitomize a PD endeavor. Historically, the complexity of engineered systems was gauged solely on technical aspects, where the use of system/product decomposition principles to manage such complexity has served the design community well thus far [1] [2] [3] . However, today's PD environment is an amalgam of product/people/processes and the flows of data, information, and knowledge between them resulting in a complex system of interactions as depicted in Fig. 1 . This intricate system presents new managerial challenges to the engineering design community [4, 5] .

Historically, the complexity of engineered systems was gauged solely on technical aspects, where the use of system/product decomposition principles to manage such complexity has served the design community well thus far.

This intricate system presents new managerial challenges to the engineering design community.


Generally, car wash stations are common in Malaysia. Therefore, car wash wastewater can be easily collected. Wastewater is normally generated by the process of washing private or public vehicles [3] [4] . However, not much attention is being paid on reusing wastewater from the car wash industry. This may be due to the limited number of articles and journals emphasizing on the applications of reused car wash wastewater [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] .

Wastewater is normally generated by the process of washing private or public vehicles.

This may be due to the limited number of articles and journals emphasizing on the applications of reused car wash wastewater.


Malaysia is located in South East Asia with a population of approximately 31 million people. This nation receives an average annual rainfall of 3000 mm. It means that there should not be any problems related to water shortage or scarcity [1] [2] [3] [4] . Unfortunately, the water situation in Malaysia has changed from one of relative abundance to one of scarcity [5] [6] . This is because of rapid population growth, urbanization, industrialization and the expansion of irrigated agriculture.

It means that there should not be any problems related to water shortage or scarcity.

Unfortunately, the water situation in Malaysia has changed from one of relative abundance to one of scarcity.


All acoustic analyses were realized using Praat (Boersma and Weenink 2013) . There was a theoretical ceiling of 8,640 tokens, but some productions were excluded due to disfluencies, creaky voice, or nonproductions, resulting in a Short-term study abroad and phonetic development corpus of 8,400 tokens. Four segment classes were included in the study: wordinitial voiceless /p t k/, intervocalic /b d ɡ/, word-final /l/, and intervocalic /ɾ/ and /r/. Productions of these segments were measured in the following ways.

All acoustic analyses were realized using Praat.


Histamine is a biologically active amine compound that is present in various food products due to the bacterial decarboxylation of free histidine. High levels of histamine in foods are undesirable because they may have adverse effects on the health of consumers (Shalaby, 1996) . Fish and its fermented products are rich in free amino acids, rendering them vulnerable to bacterial decarboxylase activity; thus, they might contain high levels of biogenic amines, especially histamine. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) suggested 50 ppm and 500 ppm as the levels of toxic and defectinducing levels of histamine in fish products, respectively (Lehane & Olley, 2000) . Other amines, including tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine and tryptamine, are also present in foods and their significance for the safety and quality of food have been extensively studied. Histamine is an odourless compound that is undetectable even by panellists trained in organoleptic analysis . Histamine and other biogenic amines are also heat-stable, and even the autoclaving temperature does not destroy them (Luten et al., 1992) . Various approaches, such as modified atmosphere packaging, irradiation, high hydrostatic pressure, food additives and preservatives, as well as the use of negative-amine producer starter cultures have been tested to control the accumulation of biogenic amines in food products (Latorre-Moratalla et al., 2010; Naila, Flint, Fletcher, Bremer, & Meerdink, 2010) . However, the mechanism underlying those methods for controlling the content of amines is mainly the inhibition of the growth of amine-producing bacteria and amino acid decarboxylase activities. Irradiation is an effective process for degrading histamine molecules, but it has the potential health hazardous of generating free radical compounds as the major drawback (Kim et al., 2004; Kim, Kim, Ahn, Park, & Byun, 2005) . Therefore, efforts to degrading biogenic amines in foods without posing detrimental effects on safety and quality remain an important issue.

High levels of histamine in foods are undesirable because they may have adverse effects on the health of consumers.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) suggested 50 ppm and 500 ppm as the levels of toxic and defectinducing levels of histamine in fish products, respectively.

Histamine and other biogenic amines are also heat-stable, and even the autoclaving temperature does not destroy them.

Various approaches, such as modified atmosphere packaging, irradiation, high hydrostatic pressure, food additives and preservatives, as well as the use of negative-amine producer starter cultures have been tested to control the accumulation of biogenic amines in food products.

Irradiation is an effective process for degrading histamine molecules, but it has the potential health hazardous of generating free radical compounds as the major drawback.


This paper presents a multi-agent based operation and control for isolated power systems with dispersed power sources such as photo-voltaic(PV) units, wind generation units, diesel generation units, and a new energy storage device such as the Energy Capacitor System (ECS). The Energy Capacitor System (ECS) consists of electrical double-layer capacitors [5] [6] [7] . The power generation from the photo-voltaic units and also from the wind generation units depends on the environmental factors such as the insolation and the wind velocity, therefore, the complete regulation of the power from these units is quite difficult. To overcome this situation, a new energy storage device, the Energy Capacitor System (ECS) is coordinated with the diesel units for the proposed multiagent based automatic generation control [8, 9] .

The Energy Capacitor System (ECS) consists of electrical double-layer capacitors.

To overcome this situation, a new energy storage device, the Energy Capacitor System (ECS) is coordinated with the diesel units for the proposed multiagent based automatic generation control.


As often in the past, the use of duality relations on these effective theories and on the structure of the scalar potentials has revealed a structure larger than expected and the possibility of deriving more and new supergravity models by employing additional "non-geometric" fluxes [4] . Although the existence of these fluxes can be argued from the effective theory data, we still cannot clearly explain their precise higher-dimensional origin. As the name suggests, these fluxes are often associated with reductions of String Theory on spaces that are not expected to have a global (or even local) geometric description. For this reason the task of verifying the validity regime of the resulting supergravities has become extremely challenging. In some cases we don't even know if there is a good way to describe String Theory on such backgrounds.

As often in the past, the use of duality relations on these effective theories and on the structure of the scalar potentials has revealed a structure larger than expected and the possibility of deriving more and new supergravity models by employing additional "non-geometric" fluxes.


The cornerstone of MPC is the model (Clarke, 1996) . It cause MPC is called MBPC (model-based predictive control). MPC uses models in 2 ways: using a reliable model to predict effect of past control moves on P (prediction horizon) future outputs, assuming no future moves, and using the same model to compute the optimal M (control) horizon moves.

The cornerstone of MPC is the model.


Membranes can be prepared by various techniques of which immersion precipitation is widely used [1] . In this process a polymer solution is cast as a thin film and subsequently immersed in a nonsolvent bath, thereby inducing diffusional exchange of solvent and non-solvent, resulting in phase separation. With semi-crystalline polymers, such as aliphatic nylons, two types of phase separation processes may occur. Liquid-liquid demixing resulting in a porous structure with pores that are formed from the nucleated polymer lean phase and solid-liquid demixing with crystalline parts in the membrane. The pores in this case are the voids in between the partly crystalline units.

Membranes can be prepared by various techniques of which immersion precipitation is widely used.


As for fathers, levels of contact and participation in Israeli Jewish culture and Bedouin culture were not related to the preference of one SG cluster over the other. Fathers who reported having high levels of contact with Israeli Jewish culture did not perceive the Western individualistic values as more important for their children than collectivistic values, despite the fact that these values are characteristic of the dominant Israeli Jewish culture. It seems that there is no link between the fathers' own acculturation style, the extent of contact and participation that they have as adults with Jewish Israeli and Bedouin cultures, and the expectations that they have as parents for their children. This finding further supports previous findings indicating that, for fathers, there is a distinction between their roles as men and fathers (Pleck, 1997) .

This finding further supports previous findings indicating that, for fathers, there is a distinction between their roles as men and fathers.


The advent of laser-based coherent terahertz (THz) radiation has attracted much attention for its potential applications in spectrum analysis, biological detection, and imaging systems [1] [2] [3] . From the perspective of practical applications of THz technologies, high-average power, high-repetition-rate THz waves are still in great demand for near-field microscopy, high-resolution spectroscopy, and hyper-spectral imaging systems. Optical rectification (OR) is an effective method to generate high-repetition-rate THz waves [4, 5] . It has utilized the ultra-broad-bandwidth characteristics of femtosecond optical pulses, so that the generated THz waves possess high temporal characteristics with the sacrifice of their narrowband spectrum in the frequency domain. Different from OR, difference frequency generation (DFG) between two close laser wavelengths in nonlinear crystals is a proven approach for coherent THz wave generation, which can offer relative compactness, flexible tunability, and stable and narrowband THz output [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . The pump light is usually continuous wave (CW) and nanosecond pulses. Moreover, another obvious advantage of a nonlinear DFG scheme is that the generated THz power is scalable with high-power pump lasers and proper nonlinear crystals with sufficient physical parameters. Until now, considerable effort has been made to improve the performance of optical THz sources from different aspects: nonlinear crystals, phase-matching (PM) configurations, and dualwavelength pump sources.

The advent of laser-based coherent terahertz (THz) radiation has attracted much attention for its potential applications in spectrum analysis, biological detection, and imaging systems.

Optical rectification (OR) is an effective method to generate high-repetition-rate THz waves.

Different from OR, difference frequency generation (DFG) between two close laser wavelengths in nonlinear crystals is a proven approach for coherent THz wave generation, which can offer relative compactness, flexible tunability, and stable and narrowband THz output.


When the THz frequency was 1.48 THz, the input-output characteristic with the 8 mm long crystal is shown in Fig. 6 . The THz output voltage and average power exhibited a quadratic relationship (solid line) with respect to the 2 μm dual-wavelength pump power, which satisfies the characteristic for DFG. Under incident 2 μm dual-wavelength pump power of 2.1 W, a THz output voltage of 4.8 V was achieved, Research Article corresponding to the THz average power of 1.66 μW. The highest conversion efficiency from the 2 μm input laser to THz output power reached 1.68 × 10 −6 , and the corresponding photon conversion efficiency was 1.6 × 10 −4 . When the incident 2 μm dual-wavelength pump power was further improved, unfortunately, the GaSe crystal was damaged. Therefore, improvement of the damage threshold of the GaSe crystal and reduction of the thermal effect in the system are necessary. The THz signal detected by the 4.2 K Si bolometer is shown in the inset, from which we can see that the duration of one signal envelope was 20 ms, owing to the chopping frequency of 50 Hz and high-repetition-rate THz operation. Moreover, the modulated THz signal pulse at 1.48 THz was relatively stable and the pulse-to-pulse amplitude fluctuation was estimated to be less than 5%. The SNR of the THz voltage detected by the bolometer was detected to be 23 dB. According to the measured pulse width and linewidth of the 2 μm dual-wavelength pump laser above, the pulse width and linewidth of the THz wave was estimated to be about 10 ns and 50.0 GHz, respectively [10] .

The SNR of the THz voltage detected by the bolometer was detected to be 23 dB. According to the measured pulse width and linewidth of the 2 μm dual-wavelength pump laser above, the pulse width and linewidth of the THz wave was estimated to be about 10 ns and 50.0 GHz, respectively.


Figure 2(a) shows average output power of the 1.06 and 2 μm dual-wavelength lasers versus electric input power, and opticalto-optical conversion efficiency from the 1.06 to the 2 μm laser. Before adding the intracavity OPO, the electric pump thresholds of the 1.06 μm laser operating at CW and Q-switched modes were 180 and 182 W, respectively. Then, the electric pump threshold of the 2 μm dual-wavelength OPO was 197 W. The pump threshold difference between the operations of the 1.06 and 2 μm dual-wavelength lasers can be explained by cavity loss introduced by the OPO cavity. The conversion efficiency of the 1.06 to 2 μm dual wavelengths was about 20%. Fig. 2(b) , it can be found that the degeneracy occurred at PM angle of 51.08°with output wavelength of 2128.6 nm, whereas the theoretical calculated value is 50.8° [19] . The small difference could be attributed to the general Sellmeier equation used for the KTP crystals, inexactitude in KTP crystal cutting, and measurement errors for the PM angle. The maximum output power of 12.33 W for the 2 μm dual-wavelength laser occurred at 51.2°. There was slight variance for the output power as PM angle tuning. This phenomenon was likely to be caused by the increased Fresnel reflection loss at KTP faces and thermal-induced cavity instability while tuning the PM angle.

Fig. 2(b) , it can be found that the degeneracy occurred at PM angle of 51.08°with output wavelength of 2128.6 nm, whereas the theoretical calculated value is 50.8°.


We obtained those results even though we quasi-experimentally controlled for variables such as sex, base wage, and order of the displayed reward sizes, all of which failed to yield significant results. The lack of results for base wage is especially surprising because signal sensitivity theory has been shown to apply to overall reward levels (Shaw et al., 1999) . Although we explicitly introduced base wage, participants did not weigh it when they rated reward sizes. Being less salient, it may therefore have failed to influence subjective magnitude. Future research is necessary to clarify the relationship between PA and perceptions of base wage.

The lack of results for base wage is especially surprising because signal sensitivity theory has been shown to apply to overall reward levels.


Its mechanism is the selective block of the binding of angiotensin II with receptor AT 1 and thus the resulting. It can be prescribed as a treatment for hypertension by itself or in com-bination with other anti-hypertension drugs, blood vessel constriction [1] . It does not function through the biosynthetic pathway of an-giotensin II, thus avoids affecting the concentration of bradykinin as ACE inhibitors. Azilsartan has no common side effects such as dry cough [2] .

It can be prescribed as a treatment for hypertension by itself or in com-bination with other anti-hypertension drugs, blood vessel constriction.

Azilsartan has no common side effects such as dry cough.


Azilsartan is a white powder. Four types of crystalline powder have been reported with respective melting points (mp) of 122 -123 (type III), 163 -164 (type II), 180 -181 (type IV), and 198˚C -206˚C (type I) [4] - [6] . The preparation of type II and III crystals has been reported [4] [6] . Type II crystal is obtained from DMF and acetone; whereas type III crystal is from DMF and isopropanol. The preparation of type IV crystal from THF has also been reported [5] . However, only powder diffraction data for these crystal types have been reported and no single crystal diffraction data are available. Furthermore, the stability and solubility of these crystal types have not been carefully investigated.

Azilsartan is a white powder.

Four types of crystalline powder have been reported with respective melting points (mp) of 122 -123 (type III), 163 -164 (type II), 180 -181 (type IV), and 198˚C -206˚C (type I).

The preparation of type II and III crystals has been reported.

The preparation of type IV crystal from THF has also been reported.


Part of the cause of this controversy is that two regulatory traditions are clashing (Hogendorn 2005) . More important, technological change has created new types of intermediaries, including Internet Ser-vice Providers, portals, virtual conduit operators, and content aggregators. Like telephone resellers, intermediaries are the middlemen between the conduit and the content, but unlike in telephone, they are not common carriers with regard to content. This means that openness of the conduit to service providers (what is meant by "open access") is not equivalent to openness to content (what we argue is or should be meant by "net neutrality").

Part of the cause of this controversy is that two regulatory traditions are clashing.


L. plantarum is a versatile lactic acid bacterium with a proven ability to survive gastric transit and colonize the intestinal tracts of humans and other mammals [25] . An increasing number of studies have; addressed the possibility of developing an ingestible living vaccine using L. plantarum [26] . Furthermore, work is ongoing to determine the activity of this bacterium, which has previously been found in breast milk from women in other countries, in the human intestinal tract [11, 27, 28] . The consumption of L. plantarum has been associated with significant health improvements in humans and other animals [29] [30] [31] [32] . In in vitro and in vivo tests of the beneficial health effects of probiotics, an L. plantarum strain was found to have an adequate safety profile, a strong ability to survive in the GIT, and positive effects on hosts [33, 34] . L. plantarum has also been used in human clinical trials for its promotion of the immune system and alleviation of intestinal disorders and cardiovascular diseases [35, 36] . Supplementation with probiotic L. plantarum IS-10506 and zinc for 90 days was found to result in a significantly increased humoral immune response, as well as improved zinc status, in young children [37] . Moreover, there is growing evidence that lactobacilli colonization at a very early age may protect infants from developing atopic allergy [38] . In addition, administration of a Lactobacillus strain from human milk to infants for 6 months has been shown to lead to 46%, 27%, and 30% reductions in the incidence of gastrointestinal, upper respiratory tract, and total infections, respectively [39] . The aim of the present study was to contribute to the investigation of the presence of beneficial bacteria from healthy sources, such as breast milk, in Iran.

L. plantarum is a versatile lactic acid bacterium with a proven ability to survive gastric transit and colonize the intestinal tracts of humans and other mammals.

An increasing number of studies have; addressed the possibility of developing an ingestible living vaccine using L. plantarum.

Furthermore, work is ongoing to determine the activity of this bacterium, which has previously been found in breast milk from women in other countries, in the human intestinal tract.

The consumption of L. plantarum has been associated with significant health improvements in humans and other animals.

In in vitro and in vivo tests of the beneficial health effects of probiotics, an L. plantarum strain was found to have an adequate safety profile, a strong ability to survive in the GIT, and positive effects on hosts.

L. plantarum has also been used in human clinical trials for its promotion of the immune system and alleviation of intestinal disorders and cardiovascular diseases.

Supplementation with probiotic L. plantarum IS-10506 and zinc for 90 days was found to result in a significantly increased humoral immune response, as well as improved zinc status, in young children.

Moreover, there is growing evidence that lactobacilli colonization at a very early age may protect infants from developing atopic allergy.

In addition, administration of a Lactobacillus strain from human milk to infants for 6 months has been shown to lead to 46%, 27%, and 30% reductions in the incidence of gastrointestinal, upper respiratory tract, and total infections, respectively.


The nutritional qualities of breast milk have developed since the divergence of mammals [1] . Breast milk includes several functional nutrients that facilitate the creation of a microenvironment optimized for gut development and maturation [2, 3] . Some of these components, including regulatory cytokines and growth factors, also exert a protective effect. In addition, breast milk contains several variable components, such as lysozyme, lactoferrin, and oligosaccharides, which contribute to the prevention of infections and support the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Furthermore, breast milk represents a continuous supply of microbes, factors favoring their growth, and components that regulate host-microbe interactions. These properties emphasize one of the key functions of breastfeeding in conferring protection on newborn children during a critical period in their life, when breast milk is their principal source of nutrition and their own immune defenses, such as the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) barrier, are immature [4] [5] [6] [7] .

The nutritional qualities of breast milk have developed since the divergence of mammals.

Breast milk includes several functional nutrients that facilitate the creation of a microenvironment optimized for gut development and maturation.

These properties emphasize one of the key functions of breastfeeding in conferring protection on newborn children during a critical period in their life, when breast milk is their principal source of nutrition and their own immune defenses, such as the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) barrier, are immature.


Lactobacilli strains in human milk contribute to infant digestion through the breakdown of sugars and proteins and are metabolically active in the infant gut, resulting in increased production of functional metabolites such as butyrate, the main energy source of colonocytes and a compound considered relevant to the modulation of intestinal function. Importantly, such bacteria also improve intestinal habits, increasing fecal moisture content and stool frequency and volume [54, 55] . They also contribute to reducing the incidence and severity of infections in breastfed infants by several mechanisms, such as competitive exclusion, production of antimicrobial compounds, and improvement of intestinal barrier function by raising mucin production and reducing intestinal permeability [9, 10, 13, 56] . As a result, and as the rate of infectious diseases is significantly lower among breastfed infants than formula-fed infants, anti-infective properties have been attributed to breast milk [57] .

Importantly, such bacteria also improve intestinal habits, increasing fecal moisture content and stool frequency and volume.

They also contribute to reducing the incidence and severity of infections in breastfed infants by several mechanisms, such as competitive exclusion, production of antimicrobial compounds, and improvement of intestinal barrier function by raising mucin production and reducing intestinal permeability.

As a result, and as the rate of infectious diseases is significantly lower among breastfed infants than formula-fed infants, anti-infective properties have been attributed to breast milk.


A new site with lunar capability is currently being built at the Apache Point Observatory, New Mexico, USA. This station, called APOLLO, is designed for a mm-level accuracy ranging (Murphy et al., 2000; Williams et al., 2004b) . However, to fully exploit the available LLR potential, a few more sites capable of tracking the Moon are needed, especially at diverse locations including the Southern hemisphere. Fig. 1a shows the number of LLR normal points per year since 1970. As shown there and in Fig. 1b , the range data have not been accumulated uniformly; substantial variations in data density exist as a function of synodic angle D, these phase angles are represented by 36 bins of 10 degree width. In Fig. 1b , data gaps are seen near new Moon (0 and 360 degrees) and full Moon (180 degrees) phases, and asymmetry about quarter Moon (90 and 270 degrees) phases also is exhibited. The former properties of this data distribution are a consequence of operational restrictions, such as difficulties to operate near the bright sun in daylight (i.e. new Moon) or of high background solar illumination noise (i.e. full Moon). Note also asymmetry about quarter Moon phases. The uneven distribution with respect to the lunar sidereal angle shown in Fig. 2a represents the increased difficulty of making observations from northern hemisphere observatories to the Moon when it is located over the southern hemisphere. Here, the situation will only be improve if a southern observatory (e.g. in Australia) will start to track the Moon. It might be possible that new missions to the Moon could be helpful in this respect; the deployment of active laser transponders could allow satellite laser ranging systems to participate in LLR.

This station, called APOLLO, is designed for a mm-level accuracy ranging.


It is important to differentiate between a leader and a manager. A manager has an official position within an organization while a leader does not necessarily hold an official position (Kouzes & Posner, 2002) . A manager, by holding an official position within the organization, becomes accountable to achieve the organization's objectives; that individual also receives from the organization specific capacities to influence that are reserved for managers (Peterson & Van Fleet, 2008) . On the other hand, a person who does not hold an official position within the organization can still influence members of the organization and by so doing influence the direction of the organization. In order to do this, the person must use personal capacities to influence, since that individual does not have organizational capacities. This is leadership in its purest sense. In summary, a person can be a manager without being a leader. Conversely, a person who is not a manager and has no official power can exhibit leadership. It is also possible to be a manager and exhibit both managerial behavior and leadership behavior; an individual who does this is called a managerial leader.

A manager has an official position within an organization while a leader does not necessarily hold an official position.

A manager, by holding an official position within the organization, becomes accountable to achieve the organization's objectives; that individual also receives from the organization specific capacities to influence that are reserved for managers.

This is leadership in its purest sense.


When students who hold an official role in a student organization are discussed on a university campus they are almost always referred to as student leaders rather than student managers. However, they must both manage and lead to be successful in advancing their student organizations toward their objectives. If the only thing they are taught is leadership they are sure to fail, just as they would fail if the only thing they were taught was management. It would be more accurate to describe these students as student managerial leaders. That is, students who hold official positions within the organization, have decision making authority over resources, and are held accountable for the organization's objectives must function as managers but still attempt to influence the behaviors of the members through establishing a compelling purpose, being credible, exhibiting expertise, and holding the members and themselves accountable to the values and guiding principles of the organization (Peterson & Van Fleet, 2008) . This led to the research question that drove this research: What managerial leadership behaviors are essential for student managerial leaders?

That is, students who hold official positions within the organization, have decision making authority over resources, and are held accountable for the organization's objectives must function as managers but still attempt to influence the behaviors of the members through establishing a compelling purpose, being credible, exhibiting expertise, and holding the members and themselves accountable to the values and guiding principles of the organization.