Low cost thermoplastic polymers (plastics) have been used for micro fluidic devices in high quantities in industry. They allow for easy surface treatment and most of them are transparent and biocompatible. The surface of the plastics polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), and cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) can be oxidized with oxygen plasma or ultraviolet light to obtain high hydrophilicity. The effect of UV ozone treatment on the biocompatibility of polymers such as PDMS, PC, PS and COC has been shown to be feasible whereas long-term culturing on PMMA results in loss of viability [391] . Related to the nature of the experiment, a variety of materials can be used for producing microfluidic systems. For gas-tight microfluidic systems, it is valuable to use materials with lower gas-permeability, such as plastic materials.

The effect of UV ozone treatment on the biocompatibility of polymers such as PDMS, PC, PS and COC has been shown to be feasible whereas long-term culturing on PMMA results in loss of viability.


In the field of drug discovery, small, highly automated, portable microfluidic diagnostic devices for bioassays have been shown to be optimal to replace traditional molecular diagnostic devices for DNA-based genomic or proteomic studies [393] . The ability to imitate the 3-D cellular environment on a microchip to study rapid cell-signaling actions, cell biology, and the response from exposure to stimuli or compounds at the tissue-or single-cell level could generate knowledge that so far has not been obtainable with existing assay strategies. For instance, mass-transport properties allow for high-throughput chemical analyses on the surface of chips with a throughput up to millions of assays per second. However, until now, the industrial production of instruments to perform microplate-based assays has not adapted to the novel microfluidic technologies developed in the academic arena. Hence, they are not yet expected to replace the traditional and well-established devices. As an example, microfluidics has greatly taken over the field of medical PCR, but PCR in industry is still based on more traditional and basic methods. In addition, the insufficient automation, relative complexity of the systems, and the challenges to integrate multiple functions on chips into a multifunctional microfluidic system is still the main limitation of a broader applicability of microfluidics in bioanalytics.

In the field of drug discovery, small, highly automated, portable microfluidic diagnostic devices for bioassays have been shown to be optimal to replace traditional molecular diagnostic devices for DNA-based genomic or proteomic studies.


We determined seasonal variation in daily Q 10 and R 10 values and evaluated the warming effect on these values, because seasonal variation in the microbial community structure and the activity is reflected in the seasonal variation of the temperature sensitivities (Lipson, 2007) . This analysis showed that warming slightly but significantly increased Q 10 in 2009 and 2010. However, there was no significant warming effect on R 10 throughout study period, although the average R 10 of warmed chambers tended to be high compared with that of unwarmed chambers (Table 4) .

We determined seasonal variation in daily Q 10 and R 10 values and evaluated the warming effect on these values, because seasonal variation in the microbial community structure and the activity is reflected in the seasonal variation of the temperature sensitivities.


Considering the widespread use of this protocol and its numerous (several millions) users in the near future, it is necessary to assess the performance of SIP servers in overload states. SIP overload occurs whenever SIP server lacks enough resources to process all messages [2, 3] . In this regard, the most important resources are processing power of CPU and memory [4] .

SIP overload occurs whenever SIP server lacks enough resources to process all messages.

In this regard, the most important resources are processing power of CPU and memory.


RFA induces temperature changes by using high-frequency alternating current via electrodes placed within the tissue to generate areas of coagulative necrosis and tissue desiccation. A growing body of evidence has accumulated on the safety and efficacy of RFA with mortality rates between 0 and 1% and complication rates between 3 and 7% [6, 7] . RFA for hepatic neoplasm can be performed using open, laparoscopic or percutaneous approaches. Laparoscopic and open approaches increase chances of detecting unknown intra-hepatic and extrahepatic tumors as they allow complete abdominal exploration and intra-operative ultrasound assessment. Additional advantages of open and laparoscopic approaches include accurate placement of electrodes and the possible treatment of tumors in percutaneously inaccessible areas of the liver and tumors in close proximity to or invading the adjacent organs. Currently, RFA is indicated in hepatic tumors ≤3 cm as it offers similar long-term survival and recurrence rates compared to hepatic resection [8] .

A growing body of evidence has accumulated on the safety and efficacy of RFA with mortality rates between 0 and 1% and complication rates between 3 and 7%.

Currently, RFA is indicated in hepatic tumors ≤3 cm as it offers similar long-term survival and recurrence rates compared to hepatic resection.


Necrotic lesions and/or discoloration of the roots due to infection render the roots unpalatable and unmarketable, and hence an explanation for most of the quantitative and qualitative losses (Nichols, 1950) . The CBSD symptoms are usually variable and irregular, and depend on many factors including plant age, cultivar (genotype), environmental conditions (that is, altitude, temperature and rainfall quantity) and virus species (Mohammed et al., 2012; Hillocks and Jennings, 2003) . Control strategies for CBSD have been focussing on host plant resistance especially with Amani hybrid genotypes that is, Kaleso (Namikonga) which has been used as a source of resistance in many breeding populations.

Necrotic lesions and/or discoloration of the roots due to infection render the roots unpalatable and unmarketable, and hence an explanation for most of the quantitative and qualitative losses.

The CBSD symptoms are usually variable and irregular, and depend on many factors including plant age, cultivar (genotype), environmental conditions (that is, altitude, temperature and rainfall quantity) and virus species.


Rapid spread of a recombinant strain, East African cassava mosaic virus Uganda (EACMV-UG), has been associated with a pandemic of unusually severe CMD, which has affected much of East and Central Africa, leading to production losses of 47%, equivalent to nearly 14 million tonnes (Legg, 2008) . Studies exploring the potential of CMD resistance in transgenic plants have been carried, and results demonstrated that resistance to ACMV could be achieved with high efficacy by expressing antisense RNAs against viral mRNAs encoding essential non-structural protein (Zhang et al., 2005) . Recent control strategies have been focussing on host plant resistance and a high resolution map for dominant monogenic resistance (CMD2) discovered in local landraces was developed (Rabbi et al., 2014) . This single gene resistance however lacks diversity rendering its long-term effectiveness precarious, given the potential to be overcome by CMGs due to their fast-paced evolutionary rate. Combining of the quantitative with the qualitative type of resistance may ensure that this resistance gene continues to offer protection to cassava, a crop that is depended upon by millions of people in Africa against the devastating onslaught of CMGs. High CMD (71.4 to 100%) and CSBD (20 to 100%) incidences have been observed in Western Kenya (Irungu, 2011) .

Rapid spread of a recombinant strain, East African cassava mosaic virus Uganda (EACMV-UG), has been associated with a pandemic of unusually severe CMD, which has affected much of East and Central Africa, leading to production losses of 47%, equivalent to nearly 14 million tonnes.

Studies exploring the potential of CMD resistance in transgenic plants have been carried, and results demonstrated that resistance to ACMV could be achieved with high efficacy by expressing antisense RNAs against viral mRNAs encoding essential non-structural protein.

Recent control strategies have been focussing on host plant resistance and a high resolution map for dominant monogenic resistance (CMD2) discovered in local landraces was developed.

High CMD (71.4 to 100%) and CSBD (20 to 100%) incidences have been observed in Western Kenya.


Diabetes mellitus associated with both metabolic and vascular abnormalities and although a causal link between the two has been suggested. This has not been fully established [13] . Patients with diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, especially myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular diseases. These complications account for 80% of the deaths in people with non-insulin dependent diabetes. With 60% attributable to ischemic heart disease. Much attention has been devoted to the pathogenic factors, altered haemostatic balance, including abnormalities in platelet function, increase in blood coagulability and altered fibrinolytic system [17] . Since most of these abnormalities indicate a hypercoagulable and hypofibrinolytic state leading to enhance intravascular fibrin deposition, they have been linked to the high risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among these patients [25] . The aim of this study was undertaken to determine the behavior of haemostatic variables and also the risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus.

This has not been fully established.

Much attention has been devoted to the pathogenic factors, altered haemostatic balance, including abnormalities in platelet function, increase in blood coagulability and altered fibrinolytic system.

Since most of these abnormalities indicate a hypercoagulable and hypofibrinolytic state leading to enhance intravascular fibrin deposition, they have been linked to the high risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among these patients.


A fundamental goal of Grid computing is to share resources, distributed across wide area networks, among users [1] . In most cases, collaboration among resources is necessary and symmetric network connectivity becomes essential for a Grid-computing environment. However, the Internet is highly asymmetric: often communication between two processes A and B can only be established if it is initiated by process A. This paper describes a general solution to the problem of symmetrically connecting resources in different administrative domains. In addition to restoring symmetry, the approach allows, with low administration overhead, the inclusion of machines and networks in distinct computational grids.

A fundamental goal of Grid computing is to share resources, distributed across wide area networks, among users.


That teachers and parents disagree on the behavior of many children may indicate that these children behave differently in different settings and that informants are unaware of these differences (Kraemer et al., 2003) . Different contexts may also lead to different major goals and thus to different criteria for judgment. The data tell us that parents are more likely to see their children as antisocial when the children create parental stress. The same children are seen differently by teachers, for whom peer relations, intelligence, and academic performance are related to judgments as prosocial or antisocial. Of course, we do not know the causal order of these links, but no matter what they are, the findings suggest that context-dependent criteria effects are operative, and this is in line with our third hypothesis.

That teachers and parents disagree on the behavior of many children may indicate that these children behave differently in different settings and that informants are unaware of these differences.


Service is getting more attention in today's manufacturing industries, and for several reasons. First, industrial goods manufacturers in today's markets face increasing pressure to exploit new sales or improve their present market position. Service can be a weapon to distinguish those companies from their competitors, especially from low-wage countries (Allmendinger and Lombreglia, 2005) . Another reason can originate from the idea of firms treating customers as "non homogeneous" entities (Pine, 1993) . For instance, a shoe manufacturer, Adidas-Salomon AG, provides the service of customizing shoes depending on users' characteristics and preferences. Furthermore, firms have reduced their efforts on non-core business, and begun purchasing services instead (Prahalad, 2004) . All combined, the above results in the "servicification" of the manufacturing sector (Oliva and Kallenberg, 2003) .

Service can be a weapon to distinguish those companies from their competitors, especially from low-wage countries.

Another reason can originate from the idea of firms treating customers as "non homogeneous" entities.

Furthermore, firms have reduced their efforts on non-core business, and begun purchasing services instead.

All combined, the above results in the "servicification" of the manufacturing sector.


Currently we are implementing our concurrency mutation operators in a source transformation language TXL [4] . Upon completion of our implementation we plan to validate the operators with our mutation analysis framework ExMAn [2] . We are interested in using our concurrency operators with the programs in the IBM concurrency benchmark to compare concurrency testing and model checking.

Currently we are implementing our concurrency mutation operators in a source transformation language TXL.

Upon completion of our implementation we plan to validate the operators with our mutation analysis framework ExMAn.


The unfavourable acoustic conditions in Polish schools are attributed to the fact that they are overcrowded and to their inappropriate architecture. Further reasons are insufficient technical protections against noise (including partitions isolating acoustically and acoustic adaptation of the rooms), inappropriate organising of the free time of pupils and their presence in the corridors during pauses instead on the sports ground. Because of the high background noise levels in the classrooms the teachers are forced to increase their voices in order to be understand. This leads to a larger vocal effort and voice disorders (Bronder, 2003; Koszarny, 1992; Smith et al., 1998; Vilkman, 2004) .

This leads to a larger vocal effort and voice disorders.


The school noise affects also the hearing organs of the pupils and teachers and disturb the speech reception and comprehension (Koszarny, 1992; Vallet, Karabiber, 2002) . This may cause some irritation of both the teachers and pupils, tiredness, lack of concentration and consequently a deterioration of the teaching and learning processes (Lundquist et al., 2000; Walinder et al., 2007) . This paper will show the current studies in the Central Institute for Labour Protection aimed at the assessment of the risk caused by noise for teachers in primary schools and the harmful consequences of such troublesome and damaging noise.

The school noise affects also the hearing organs of the pupils and teachers and disturb the speech reception and comprehension.

This may cause some irritation of both the teachers and pupils, tiredness, lack of concentration and consequently a deterioration of the teaching and learning processes.


The list of European activities for safe and healthy schools includes the realization of the task entitled "Assessment of the exposure to the school noise and the study of measures of prevention". This task was started in the Central Institute for Labour Protection on the proposal of the Ministry of National Education according to the public needs, within the scope of the National Programme "Improvement of the safety and working conditions" partly supported in 2008-2010 -within the scope of state services -by Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. The task of the study of school noise are also included in the project "Children Environment and Health Action Plan -CEHAP" prepared by the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of the Environment and World Health Organisation -WHO (Hanke et al., 2009) .

The task of the study of school noise are also included in the project "Children Environment and Health Action Plan -CEHAP" prepared by the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of the Environment and World Health Organisation -WHO.


Since CPU and GPU programming are quite different, it is not always trivial to port a numerical method to the GPU and it will be useful to determine if it worths the effort. Thus, we have focused our study on analyzing the performance achieved as a function of the simulation size between the CPU and GPU approaches. The library allows to use both FEM and FDTD for solving a wide range of electromagnetic problems. Specifically, to check it, we have chosen two different experiences, one suitable for each numerical method since FEM is used for static problems and FDTD for transient analysis [3, 4] .

Specifically, to check it, we have chosen two different experiences, one suitable for each numerical method since FEM is used for static problems and FDTD for transient analysis.


Some species of Pochonia can penetrate roots endophytically . This type of colonization by this fungus has been found to promote growth of the host plant (Monfort et al. 2005) . Most of these assessments have been done on annual plants; in the obtained findings, the weight of pistachio cv Kaleghochi plants was insignificantly increased by any of the Pcc strains and weights of treated plants did not differ from untreated plants (data not shown). Since the endophytic penetration of these isolates was not measured and the literature on the subject on perennial crops is scarce, it would be interesting to further look at this aspect of the relationship in future studies.

This type of colonization by this fungus has been found to promote growth of the host plant.


Plant parasitic nematodes are major constraints to agricultural production worldwide (Stirling 2014) . In a list of the top ten rated plant parasitic nematodes, rootknot nematodes occupy the first position (Jones et al. 2013) . Ten of the 98 described Meloidogyne species are agricultural pests whereas 5 species of cyst and 6 species of lesion nematodes are of economic importance. Rootknot nematodes are obligate biotrophs of a wide range of plant species, the most important species being the tropical Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica and the temperate M. hapla (Jones et al. 2013) . In Iran, M. incognita and M. javanica are the major economic species found in pistachio orchards (Banihashemi and Kheiri 1995) . Their damage impact and its management is one of the major challenges for the Iranian pistachio industry.

Plant parasitic nematodes are major constraints to agricultural production worldwide.

In a list of the top ten rated plant parasitic nematodes, rootknot nematodes occupy the first position.

Rootknot nematodes are obligate biotrophs of a wide range of plant species, the most important species being the tropical Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica and the temperate M. hapla.

In Iran, M. incognita and M. javanica are the major economic species found in pistachio orchards.


The management practices used in agriculture must be ecologically sound and promote a soil food web capable of keeping populations of plant-parasitic nematodes below the economic damage threshold (Stirling 2014) . Managing biological diversity, productivity and vitality are the essence of a sustainable agriculture (Lewandowski et al. 1999) . Thus, practices of pest management should protect those soil organisms that play an important part in soil health sustainability (Stirling 2014) .

The management practices used in agriculture must be ecologically sound and promote a soil food web capable of keeping populations of plant-parasitic nematodes below the economic damage threshold.

Managing biological diversity, productivity and vitality are the essence of a sustainable agriculture.

Thus, practices of pest management should protect those soil organisms that play an important part in soil health sustainability.


Germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors are responsible for the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses against conserved microbial structures called pathogen-associated molecular patterns or danger signals called danger-associated molecular patterns released by injured cells [9, 10] . The NLRP3 inflammasome is composed of NLRP3, Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and pro-caspase-1. The activation of the inflammasome is induced by bacteria, toxins, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and MSU crystals and accompanied by the assembly of NLRP3ASCpro-caspase-1, leading to the activation of pro-caspase-1 to produce active caspase-1 [11, 12] . Active caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1b to its mature and active form, IL-1b, which is secreted into the extracellular matrix [13] .

Germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors are responsible for the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses against conserved microbial structures called pathogen-associated molecular patterns or danger signals called danger-associated molecular patterns released by injured cells.

The activation of the inflammasome is induced by bacteria, toxins, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and MSU crystals and accompanied by the assembly of NLRP3ASCpro-caspase-1, leading to the activation of pro-caspase-1 to produce active caspase-1.

Active caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1b to its mature and active form, IL-1b, which is secreted into the extracellular matrix.


Nowadays by increasing the number of sensitive loads, demand for accessing stable and high-quality electrical power has increased significantly. In industrial competitive environment, as the tendency of manufacturing units towards utilizing power electronic devices, computer processors and nonlinear loads increases, any interruption or deviation in delivered power quality exceeding the standard range causes economic losses. This economic loss can be studied from various aspects such as manufacturer's lost competitive opportunities, efficiency reduction and production cost increase, low-quality products, reduced equipment lifetime and increased repair cost, production interruption and energy losses. Thus, access to high power quality, applies a great influence on the asset savings and economic advantages for a firm [1] .

Thus, access to high power quality, applies a great influence on the asset savings and economic advantages for a firm.


Disturbance in power distribution system causes harmful defects in distribution system such as interruption, voltage sag, voltage swell, and flicker. Among the above disturbances the most important is voltage sag. According to the IEEE standard, it is a sudden voltage decrease in the range of 10% to 90% for 0.5 cycles to 1 min [2] . That is the result of natural phenomena such as system asymmetric errors and electromagnetic phenomena like start and inrush current.

According to the IEEE standard, it is a sudden voltage decrease in the range of 10% to 90% for 0.5 cycles to 1 min.


The search and assessment strategies used in this review were based on course material from the DIRAC course of Systematic reviews and Meta Analysis held in Copenhagen in August 2007 [6] . However, as the aim was not to perform a meta-analysis and a thorough rating of the evidence, only one researcher did the searching and primary assessments. First author (TLG) did all the searches and assessing and discussed any doubts with the rest of the research team. Further, all results were scrutinised by the research group.

The search and assessment strategies used in this review were based on course material from the DIRAC course of Systematic reviews and Meta Analysis held in Copenhagen in August 2007.


The efforts to minimize emissions arising from diesel engines without adjusting the engines have intensified the immediate growth and increase in biodiesel production. This has also been propelled by the urgent necessity to drastically reduce the emissions from diesel engines, in the effort to help minimize global warming. Animal fats and vegetable oils have been documented as an immediate source of biodiesel production, and this has been coupled with catalysts such as methanol or ethanol through the transesterification reaction process. Using biodiesel has been associated with various major benefits, such as biodegradability, lower exhaust gas emissions, and renewability [1] . At present, many states in the USA are advocating for an expansion of the production and application of biodiesel, whereas the US central administration has adopted a credit tax system as a great motivation to enhance this initiative [2] . Several studies have discovered the discharges of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hydrocarbons (HCs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans, carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), among others, can be significantly lowered whenever diesel engines use biodiesel as an unconventional fuel [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .

Using biodiesel has been associated with various major benefits, such as biodegradability, lower exhaust gas emissions, and renewability.

At present, many states in the USA are advocating for an expansion of the production and application of biodiesel, whereas the US central administration has adopted a credit tax system as a great motivation to enhance this initiative.

Several studies have discovered the discharges of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hydrocarbons (HCs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans, carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), among others, can be significantly lowered whenever diesel engines use biodiesel as an unconventional fuel.


Social avoidance and distress have negative correlation with academic adjustment, social adjustment, personal-emotional adjustment and institutional adjustment. This means that the lower the level of social avoidance and distress the better the level of academic adjustment, social adjustment, personalemotional adjustment and institutional adjustment. This finding is in line with the previous study which claimed that all of social anxiety affects adjustment to college (Nordstrom et al., 2014) .

This finding is in line with the previous study which claimed that all of social anxiety affects adjustment to college.


Social avoidance and distress are avoidance towards social situation and meeting new friends that will lead to social distress and uncomfortable feeling in someone's life (Beyers & Goossens, 2002) . Those who are indicated to have social avoidance and distress will get difficult in adjusting to academic tasks, because they are difficult in networking in order to get information about campus life (Beyers & Goossens, 2003) . Those with low social anxiety will be close to their colleague where this leads to the improvement of adjustment (Marmarosh & Markin, 2007) . This is because that it will increase sense of security during their first year adjustment process (Marmarosh & Markin, 2007) .

Social avoidance and distress are avoidance towards social situation and meeting new friends that will lead to social distress and uncomfortable feeling in someone's life.

Those who are indicated to have social avoidance and distress will get difficult in adjusting to academic tasks, because they are difficult in networking in order to get information about campus life.

Those with low social anxiety will be close to their colleague where this leads to the improvement of adjustment.

This is because that it will increase sense of security during their first year adjustment process.


However, fear of negative evaluation has no correlation with social adjustment and institutional adjustment. This finding is not in line with the previous study which stated that social anxiety has an effect on all area of adjustment to college (Nordstrom et al., 2014) . This finding indicated that fear of negative evaluation cannot explain its effect on student interpersonal experiences in campus life, and has no effect on their commitment to their campus.

This finding is not in line with the previous study which stated that social anxiety has an effect on all area of adjustment to college.


In TOJ, when the stimuli are presented simultaneously or with a very short SOA, the order is judged at chance (50%) and accuracy progressively rises by increasing the SOA (Bachmann, Poder, & Luiga, 2004; Jaśkowski & Verleger, 2000; Sternberg & Knoll, 1973) . Two summary statistics can be extracted from the TOJ data: the 'point of subjective simultaneity' (PSS) indicating the SOA at which observers report maximal uncertainty, and the 'just noticeable difference' (JND), a measure of how far apart in time the stimuli must be presented for the subject to reliably order them in time in 75% of the cases (Shore & Spence, 2005) . Theoretically, the maximal uncertainty of temporal order should occur when stimuli are presented simultaneously (i.e., with SOA = 0). Therefore subject's perceptual bias to one side manifests as a deviation of PSS from zero (Shore et al., 2001) .

In TOJ, when the stimuli are presented simultaneously or with a very short SOA, the order is judged at chance (50%) and accuracy progressively rises by increasing the SOA.

Two summary statistics can be extracted from the TOJ data: the 'point of subjective simultaneity' (PSS) indicating the SOA at which observers report maximal uncertainty, and the 'just noticeable difference' (JND), a measure of how far apart in time the stimuli must be presented for the subject to reliably order them in time in 75% of the cases.

Therefore subject's perceptual bias to one side manifests as a deviation of PSS from zero.


In addition, we performed probit analysis to estimate the basic parameters of psychometric functions (Finney, 1964) . To this aim the proportion of 'right-first' responses was converted to its equivalent Z-score using a probit regression, assuming a cumulative normal distribution of the data. Transformed Z-scores are obtained by applying the inverse of the standard normal distribution function to the raw proportion scores (Sinnett, Juncadella, Rafal, Azanon, & Soto-Faraco, 2007) . This transformation allows us to perform a linear regression with the transformed data and the nine SOAs. From the slope and intercept of the fitted line, we derive the PSS (corresponding to the intercept of the function) and the JND (corresponding to 0.675 point of the function). These two performance measures were calculated separately for each participant.

In addition, we performed probit analysis to estimate the basic parameters of psychometric functions.

Transformed Z-scores are obtained by applying the inverse of the standard normal distribution function to the raw proportion scores.


In case of the TOJ task, it has been widely used to study visual field asymmetries, because of the fact that one stimulus is presented in the opposite hemi field than the other, therefore assuming a spatial component. However, the principal component by definition is the temporal lag of stimulus onset, hence a temporal component, not a spatial one is the principal. Some research support a left hemisphere advantage for temporal resolution (Nicholls, 1996) . In TOJ, such a temporal rightward bias could cancel the natural spatial leftward bias. This could be a reason for the TOJ task to be often reported as symmetric rather than asymmetric with a leftward bias.

Some research support a left hemisphere advantage for temporal resolution.


In self-determination theory, the concept of basic need satisfaction defines three basic needs: the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. These are important determinants that influence motivational mechanism of individuals. Autonomy implies psychological freedom when individuals carry out an activity and organize their work. Competence is individuals' desires to feel effective when they explore and manipulate the environment and engage in challenging tasks. Relatedness implies individuals' need to feel connected, be part of a group, love and care and be loved and appreciated (Van den Broeck et al., 2010) .

Relatedness implies individuals' need to feel connected, be part of a group, love and care and be loved and appreciated.


In typical rocket applications, hydrogen enters the coolant channels as a liquid above the critical pressure (P c 1:3 MPa) and at temperatures as low as 25 K, which is well below the critical temperature (T c 33 K). High-pressure thrust chambers also operate with very high Reynolds number flow conditions (Re > 10 6 ) in the coolant passages [16] . As the hydrogen continues through the channels, it is quickly heated to above the critical temperature, where it becomes a supercritical gas (see Fig. 1 ). The heat transfer mechanisms occurring in these regions are supercritical liquid and supercritical gas forced convection [17] .

High-pressure thrust chambers also operate with very high Reynolds number flow conditions (Re > 10 6 ) in the coolant passages.

The heat transfer mechanisms occurring in these regions are supercritical liquid and supercritical gas forced convection.


PFJ OA is emerging as a distinct clinical entity that is common, is associated with considerable pain and disability, and is an important and novel area of research, since little is known about the optimal management of this condition. This study uses a single-blind RCT design to investigate whether a multimodal physiotherapy treatment, targeted to the PFJ, is more effective in reducing pain and improving physical function than a physiotherapy education control intervention in people with PFJ OA. As a secondary aim, it will evaluate whether the targeted physiotherapy treatment results in greater perceived improvement, self-reported stiffness, pain, sport and recreational function, symptoms and knee-related quality of life, as well as performance on functionally relevant tasks (one-leg rises, timed stair ambulation, and step-test) than the physiotherapy education control intervention. In contrast to OA primarily affecting the TFJ, comparatively little known about the features or impairments associated with OA of the PFJ, and hence designing a targeted intervention is challenging. Thus, we have chosen to investigate a physiotherapy intervention that is largely based on a program that we have previously found to be successful in younger people with PFJ pain (patellofemoral pain syndrome) [19, 20] . Components of this targeted intervention include: (i) functional retraining of the quadriceps muscle; (ii) quadriceps and hip muscle strengthening; (iii) patellar taping; (iv) manual PFJ and soft tissue mobilisation; and (v) OA education. This intervention is currently considered to be "best-practice" in the management of PFJ pain, and is increasingly being employed clinically in the management of people with PFJ OA.

Thus, we have chosen to investigate a physiotherapy intervention that is largely based on a program that we have previously found to be successful in younger people with PFJ pain (patellofemoral pain syndrome).


Ozone is known to be an effective oxidant for several applications, such as pollutant degradation or water disinfection, due to its high oxidation potential (Haapea et al., 2002) . Ozone can react through two different mechanisms with the compounds present in the water, with a direct reaction or through an indirect reaction, which involves the generation of ·OH radicals in the decomposition of ozone. By means of these reactions, organic compounds with long chains can be fragmented in lower chains, with an increase of their biodegradability, or degraded to carbon dioxide.

Ozone is known to be an effective oxidant for several applications, such as pollutant degradation or water disinfection, due to its high oxidation potential.


There are plenty and different routing protocols in MANET and kinds of investigations have been completed in recent decades [17, 18] . In this section, we introduce the famous and popular routing protocols in MANET. Before a mobile node wants to communicate with a target node, it should broadcast its present status to the neighbors due to the current routing information is unfamiliar. According to how the information is acquired, the routing protocols can be classified into proactive, reactive and hybrid routing.

There are plenty and different routing protocols in MANET and kinds of investigations have been completed in recent decades.


To evaluate the asset pricing implications of housing supply, the second crucial assumption is that habits are formed over the composite of consumption and leisure, where consumption is an aggregate of housing and non-housing expenditures. This specification of habit formation, which introduces only one additional parameter to calibrate, aims at capturing the idea that agents get hooked to a certain mix of consumption, housing, and leisure reflecting their standards of living. Augmenting general equilibrium macro-housing models with this particular specification considerably improves their asset pricing predictions (Jaccard 2009b) .

Augmenting general equilibrium macro-housing models with this particular specification considerably improves their asset pricing predictions.


Directional texture in the spatial domain is typically a homogeneous texture that consists of one or more orientation of linear primitives. Directional texture presents almost everywhere in natural and real world images such as woods, straw, fabric textiles, fence, machined surfaces, semiconductor products, etc. Specially, the directionality is an important characteristic which can be easily perceived by the human visual system (Tsai and Hsieh 1999) . Non-destructive visual inspection approaches for discriminating textures from abnormalities is quite valuable in industry for assisting with or replacing subjective and repetitive manual inspection processes. Global approaches to inspecting defects in directional textured surfaces usually start with a forward transform and filtering, followed by an inverse transform and thresholding (Kumar 2008) . In more detail input image in the spatial domain is first converted to the transform domain where textures exhibit significant high-energy characteristics that can be detected by some pre-defined criteria. After those specific high-energy components have been suppressed in the transform domain, the inverse transform restores the image to the spatial domain. These global approaches thus preserve only the local defects that existed in the original input image, and remove all directional textures.

Specially, the directionality is an important characteristic which can be easily perceived by the human visual system.

Global approaches to inspecting defects in directional textured surfaces usually start with a forward transform and filtering, followed by an inverse transform and thresholding.


In this paper, for identify semiconductor process parameters whose variability would impact most on the device characteristics is realized using Taguchi Method [6] . Taguchi method has become a powerful tool for improving productivity during research and development. So that high quality products can be produced quickly and at low cost. The optimal process parameters obtained from the Taguchi method are insensitive to the variation of environmental conditions and other noise factor. This method uses a special design of orthogonal arrays to study the entire process parameter space with only a small number of experiments. Using an orthogonal array to design the experiment could help the designers to study the influence of multiple controllable factors on the average of quality characteristics and the variations in a fast and economic way [7] .

In this paper, for identify semiconductor process parameters whose variability would impact most on the device characteristics is realized using Taguchi Method.

Using an orthogonal array to design the experiment could help the designers to study the influence of multiple controllable factors on the average of quality characteristics and the variations in a fast and economic way.


Recent studies pay crucial attention to the term "emergent literacy," defined as "the skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are presumed to be developmental precursors to formal reading and writing and the environments that support these developments" (Whitehurst and Lonigan, 1998, p. 849) . Given their primary focus on social interaction, children who see their caregivers and teachers reading and writing around them will want to learn the letters and symbols required to interact with and imitate adults. This necessarily involves literacy; hence, the emergent literacy perspective acknowledges the importance of supportive environments for the development of early literacy skills (Whitehurst & Lonigan, 1998) .

This necessarily involves literacy; hence, the emergent literacy perspective acknowledges the importance of supportive environments for the development of early literacy skills.


Further, we have analyzed the difference between the properties of the collisionless flow to those of an isotropic perfect fluid, as is assumed in the Bondi-Michel model. This difference manifests itself in at least three different ways. First, in the low temperature limit, the accretion rate in the collisionless case is much lower than in the fluid case, leading to mass accretion rates of the order of 10 −21 M /yr for accretion of the ionized component of the interstellar medium by a stellar mass black hole of mass 10M under typical conditions [13] . Second, in the collisionless case, although equal at infinity, the radial and tangential pressures differ from each other at finite radius (the difference being largest at the horizon) implying that the gas is anisotropic. Third, in the collisionless case, the current density does not necessarily agree with the timelike eigenvector of the stress energy-momentum tensor. This difference can be quantified by an hyperbolic angle θ whose behavior we have analyzed. This behavior shows that in the vicinity of the horizon, the collisionless kinetic gas is different from a perfect fluid.

First, in the low temperature limit, the accretion rate in the collisionless case is much lower than in the fluid case, leading to mass accretion rates of the order of 10 −21 M /yr for accretion of the ionized component of the interstellar medium by a stellar mass black hole of mass 10M under typical conditions.


Cooking consumes large amount of energy and releases lots of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [131] . Selection of cooking method, fuel and cookware are beneficial for reducing the carbon footprint of the cooking unit. Furthermore, the correct use and improved performance of cookware could decrease emissions of all the pollutants per unit of useful heat. The meat structure, size and state of the cookware had impact on energy utilization. Consumer's behaviours also have big influence on energy demand & Pankaj B. Pathare pankaj.pathare@ncl.ac.uk; pbpathare@yahoo.co.in during cooking. Cooking energy demand increases up to two times if consumers are not aware of energy-saving techniques during cooking [43] . The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of different cooking methods on meat quality parameters and the impact on energy requirement. The effects of meat cooking on thermal properties and quality characteristics, such as tenderness, juiciness and shrinkage are discussed. In addition, it is important to inform the consumers how to properly handle and cook energy-efficient meat products.

Cooking consumes large amount of energy and releases lots of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Cooking energy demand increases up to two times if consumers are not aware of energy-saving techniques during cooking.


The effects of take-all on wheat yields depend on the growth stages at which severe disease occurs. Severe infection at early growth stages can affect plant survival, tillering and grain numbers, while severe infection at anthesis will affect grain weights (Hornby 1998) . The greatest frequency of Ggt isolation (12 incidences) on the third sampling occasion coincided with the estimated time of anthesis for some autumn-sown wheat cultivars in New Zealand. It is likely, that Ggt inoculum from living E. repens within wheat crops would develop too late to make a major contribution to a take-all epidemic. However, when these infected E. repens start to decay or die naturally or following glyphosate application, they could act as a source of inoculum for subsequent wheat crops and contribute to a take-all epidemic.

Severe infection at early growth stages can affect plant survival, tillering and grain numbers, while severe infection at anthesis will affect grain weights.


We have carried out a set of simulations to probe differences in crack dynamics of fractures under mode II versus mode I loading. We find that the loading condition significantly influences the crack dynamics. Whereas the mode II crack changes direction towards a 45 degree angle, the mode I crack remains in almost perfect straight forward direction. This behavior was illustrated in Figure 9 that shows an analysis of the crack tip trajectory. The reasons for this behavior may be a change in local asymptotic stress field, as suggested in earlier work [2] . We leave further analysis of this to future work.

The reasons for this behavior may be a change in local asymptotic stress field, as suggested in earlier work.


Most existing atomistic models of fracture assume an empirical relationship between bond stretch and force. Whereas such empirical relations provide reasonable approximations for the behavior of materials under small deformation, these models fail when materials are deformed strongly and individual bonds are stretched significantly [2, 3] . This is because breaking of bonds in real materials can be an extremely complicated process whose description often requires a quantum mechanical (QM) treatment of bond behavior. Thus far, these processes can only be captured with sufficient accuracy by using QM methods such as Density Functional Theory (DFT), which are limited to approximately 100 atoms [4] [5] [6] .

Whereas such empirical relations provide reasonable approximations for the behavior of materials under small deformation, these models fail when materials are deformed strongly and individual bonds are stretched significantly.

Thus far, these processes can only be captured with sufficient accuracy by using QM methods such as Density Functional Theory (DFT), which are limited to approximately 100 atoms.


Defining leadership continues to be a complicated process resulting in a variety of definitions, attitudes, and perceptions. Even though the demand for leadership knowledge continues to grow, there is a lack of consensus in defining leadership and practicing leadership. Over the last several decades, leadership scholars have defined leadership in a variety of ways and have shifted their focus from just the leader to the relational process between leader and follower (Bass, 2008) . Traditionalists view leadership as purely hierarchical and assigned, while progressives support a systems approach that relies on members to emerge and contribute to the organization's decisions (Northouse, 2013; Wielkiewicz, 2000) .

Over the last several decades, leadership scholars have defined leadership in a variety of ways and have shifted their focus from just the leader to the relational process between leader and follower.

Traditionalists view leadership as purely hierarchical and assigned, while progressives support a systems approach that relies on members to emerge and contribute to the organization's decisions.


In response to the increasing need of leadership skills and perspectives, leadership development has remained the focus in higher education. Colleges and institutions across the nation have incorporated leadership into their mission statements, have identified leadership as a core value, and have developed a variety of leadership training opportunities (Astin & Astin, 2000) . Others have developed unique leadership education programs for students to learn leadership principles through formal settings and practice their leadership skills through a variety of experiences (Brungardt, Greenleaf, Brungardt, & Arensdorf, 2006) .

Colleges and institutions across the nation have incorporated leadership into their mission statements, have identified leadership as a core value, and have developed a variety of leadership training opportunities.

Others have developed unique leadership education programs for students to learn leadership principles through formal settings and practice their leadership skills through a variety of experiences.


The general assumption that the spectrum of a CSI signal from a mirror-like measuring object equals the spectrum emitted by the light source weighted by the spectral sensitivity of the camera is no longer fulfilled for high NA (numerical aperture) objective lenses. In particular, a 100x Mirau interferometer with a NA of 0.7 (Nikon CF IC Epi Plan DI) and a Linnik interferometer equipped with objective lenses of NA = 0.9 (Olympus MPLFLN100XBDP) used throughout this study show the well-known NA effect. This effect leads to an increased fringe spacing, which results in a longer effective wavelength of the measured correlograms [7] [8] [9] [10] .

This effect leads to an increased fringe spacing, which results in a longer effective wavelength of the measured correlograms.


The low frequency or long wavelength contributions up to wavelengths of more than 900 nm occurring at a NA of 0.9 even in the case of blue LED illumination correspond to oblique angles of incidence. Thus, phase analysis at long evaluation wavelengths corresponding to long effective wavelengths enable high lateral resolution according to Abbe's theory of microscopic imaging. As we demonstrate by example of a pitch standard providing line gratings with periods of 0.3 and 0.4 μm, phase analysis of interference signals at longer evaluation wavelength enable improved lateral resolution of the optical topography measurement. At first glance this seems to contradict the fact that better lateral resolution can be achieved by reducing the wavelength of light [12] . However, the wavelength we discuss here is the effective or evaluation wavelength, which results from higher NA and oblique incidence and corresponds to lower spatial frequency contributions occurring if the NA increases while the central wavelength of the used light source remains unchanged.

At first glance this seems to contradict the fact that better lateral resolution can be achieved by reducing the wavelength of light.


Microwave-assisted thermal sterilization (MATS) has the potential to produce food with a higher quality and longer shelf-life. Fast volumetric heating created by microwave reduces the time for the product to reach desired processing temperature and the overall processing time (Guan et al., 2003) . Process validation has been conducted using a 10-kW 915-MHz microwave sterilization system and single-mode cavity for 7-oz to 13-oz food trays or 8-oz pouches . Subsequently, the MATS has been accepted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for prepackaged commercial sterilization of homogeneous and nonhomogeneous foods (Tang, 2015) . MATS has also received a nonobjection notification from the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the USDA for production of shelf stable foods (Tang, 2015) .

Fast volumetric heating created by microwave reduces the time for the product to reach desired processing temperature and the overall processing time.

Subsequently, the MATS has been accepted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for prepackaged commercial sterilization of homogeneous and nonhomogeneous foods.

MATS has also received a nonobjection notification from the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the USDA for production of shelf stable foods.


Packaging is an important factor determining the shelf-life of thermally processed foods. Polymer materials are suitable choices for MATS, providing advantages of flexibility, transparency (in some cases), heating efficiency, and most importantly, microwave penetrability (Zhang et al., 2016) . But high gas barrier properties in polymer packages may deteriorate after undergoing high temperature and moisture processes. Our previous work has reported the effect of MATS on oxygen transmission rates (OTR) and water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) for selected polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) package films (Mokwena et al., 2009; Dhawan et al., 2014) . The performance of polymer packages requires validation during shelf life studies of MATS foods. Recently, the Advanced Food Technology (AFT) Project of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) evaluated the stability of 13 representative retort processed foods in pouches for use on space flights. Findings showed that the main mechanisms of quality loss were color and flavor changes via Maillard reactions, as well as texture changes via moisture migration (Catauro and Perchonok, 2012) . Lipid oxidation can also alter original food color and flavor in storage, especially for high lipid meats or seafoods (Zhang et al., 2016) . Consequently, it is important to optimize packaging for MATS processing, especially in terms of the barrier properties, to achieve the required shelf life of 1 year for the retail market, 3 years for U.S. Army ready-to-eat meals and 5 years for NASA space missions at room temperature (Tang, 2015) . This study investigated quality changes in a mashed potato model food processed by MATS during storage at different temperatures. We evaluated the kinetics of color, moisture loss, and lipid oxidation, and characterized the effects of packaging barrier properties on quality changes. Findings can be used to predict the shelf-life of MATS foods or other thermally-processed foods. These results can also be used to inform necessary improvements to food packaging.

Polymer materials are suitable choices for MATS, providing advantages of flexibility, transparency (in some cases), heating efficiency, and most importantly, microwave penetrability.

Our previous work has reported the effect of MATS on oxygen transmission rates (OTR) and water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) for selected polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) package films.

Findings showed that the main mechanisms of quality loss were color and flavor changes via Maillard reactions, as well as texture changes via moisture migration.

Lipid oxidation can also alter original food color and flavor in storage, especially for high lipid meats or seafoods.

Consequently, it is important to optimize packaging for MATS processing, especially in terms of the barrier properties, to achieve the required shelf life of 1 year for the retail market, 3 years for U.S. Army ready-to-eat meals and 5 years for NASA space missions at room temperature.


In control of position is followed by the constant measurement of the piston position. Control modules proportional control valve or servo valve are developed from the level of on-board electronics through the drive controller working along with the position transducer in closed system. Depending on the kind of control valve a force or tension coupling is applied. In the control valve card there is a module cooperating with the inductive system of the measurement position of slider of the control valve (position control) or module where value of the tension (pressure control) is controlled. Such a card usually contains conventionally classical proportional controllers P, PD or PID, arrangements of the nonlinearity correction, limitations of the hysteresis control valve, steepness of falling and growing control signal [4] . However, control system of the drive responsible for positioning and controls of the speed, realizes the algorithm of control and cooperates with the measurement systems and potential communication modules.

Such a card usually contains conventionally classical proportional controllers P, PD or PID, arrangements of the nonlinearity correction, limitations of the hysteresis control valve, steepness of falling and growing control signal.


Control of the position in connection with the compensation load force is required in many industrial tasks. With these problems dealt for several years. During this time many mutually different conceptually methods and algorithms arose [1] [2] [3] . Each of the proposed methods has determined advantages and disadvantages as well cannot be applied for to perform all tasks. In particular requiring coupling from the exerted force. It should be emphasize that methods of position-force control are characterized by a great computational complexity which enables control of the location and force at every position of the piston actuator. Impacts on the piston actuator transmit to the driving system, however any right to control using coupling from force must take dynamic relations into account between the deviation of the position and the reaction force. So the adjustment of force is integrally associated with the control of positioning. Simultaneously, the control right must ensure stable behavior of the system for P. Wos (B) · R. Dindorf Faculty of Mechatronics and Machine Design, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland e-mail: wos@tu.kielce.pl changing sizes of load forces. Therefore it is hard to carry out the independent control system and insensitive to changes of the load parameters.

During this time many mutually different conceptually methods and algorithms arose.


In the case where the technological load force and pressures in chambers of the actuator it is possible to describe as variables of the state, then the control is applied which in the form of servomechanism is similar to position control [3, 5] . The difference consists in change of the position sensor to forces. Constant measurement of the technological burden force takes place. Necessary condition to maintain stable position of the actuator at the changeable external load is to keep permanent pressure in the chamber, which decides about its move. The automatic compensation occurs when a value of burdening force is known and on this base the controller determines the normal flow through the control valve [10] .

In the case where the technological load force and pressures in chambers of the actuator it is possible to describe as variables of the state, then the control is applied which in the form of servomechanism is similar to position control.

The automatic compensation occurs when a value of burdening force is known and on this base the controller determines the normal flow through the control valve.


In basic methods of force control the signal from the force sensor is converted into the position signals (velocity) by Such an approach causes the external control loop of force closed around the position of control system. In control theory implemented the concept of admittance control and impedance control, which were led on the principle of mechanical systems analogy to the electrical systems. This distinction regards the fundamental difference between the admittance and impedance approach in force controlling. About the admittance type we say when dynamic force at the input generates a flow (velocity) on the output. The impedance object is one in which the flow at the input generates force on the output. Impedance control is not carrying the direct control of force, however ensures the dynamic relations between position and force. This relation "involves" not only absolute position, but offset position with regard to the set value and force incurred as a result of this movement. In consequence of such impedance approach is lack of direct link from force in the control system, which is necessary in the admittance approach [3, 6] .

In consequence of such impedance approach is lack of direct link from force in the control system, which is necessary in the admittance approach.


The ways that novel view synthesis has been approached in the past fall into two broad categories: geometry-based approaches and learning-based approaches. Geometric approaches try to first estimate (or fake) the approximate underlying 3D structure of the object, and then apply some transformation to the pixels in the input image to produce the output [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] . Besides the requirement of somehow estimating the 3D structure, the other major downside of these methods is that they produce holes in places where the source image does not have the appropriate visual content (e.g. the back side of an object). In such cases, various types of texture hole-filling are sometimes used but they are not always effective.

Geometric approaches try to first estimate (or fake) the approximate underlying 3D structure of the object, and then apply some transformation to the pixels in the input image to produce the output.


After the reinstatement of democracy in 1990, especially just after the promulgation of Forest Act 1993, Nepal witnessed a rapid handover of forest areas to Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) as a primary forest management program of the country. The Community Forestry (CF) program has resulted in the reversion of deforestation rate and contributed to increase in greenery and biodiversity, particularly in the middle hills. The main goals of the CF program are to manage forest resources and contribute to rural livelihoods. However, contributions of CF to livelihoods, particularly those of the poor and marginalized, have been limited (Neupane, 2000; Pokharel and Nurse, 2004; Malla, 2000) . At the same time, most of the community forests are managed within a protective orientation. Moreover, social inclusion and equity issues are far from being resolved.

However, contributions of CF to livelihoods, particularly those of the poor and marginalized, have been limited.


In India, exportation of frozen buffalo meat is the most important item in international meat trade, especially for Middle East countries. Freezing involves the removal of heat accomplished by a phase change, converting water to ice. Meat while in remaining unfrozen portion, the concentration of dissolved substances increases and water activity of product decreases. The rate of freezing determines the position and size of ice crystals. In slow freezing, ice crystals are formed intercellular (Grujic et al., 1993) . In general, fast freezing is conducive to the formation of small ice crystals which are located intracellular but cause little physical damage to meat components. On the other hand, a slow freezing process favors large ice crystals to form, extracellularly, which results in disruption of muscle cells and cause exudation.

In slow freezing, ice crystals are formed intercellular.


A number of scores allow clinicians to select which patients in primary care have a sufficiently high risk of type 2 diabetes to merit a blood glucose test, on the basis of demographic, lifestyle, and anthropometric characteristics [29, 30] . These scores, however, do not help clinicians faced with interpreting an abnormally high result when glucose has already been measured as part of a routine panel of blood tests following admission to hospital, and where it is uncertain whether stress hyperglycaemia or type 2 diabetes is the underlying cause. Consequently, clinicians are currently unable either to advise patients on the clinical significance of raised glucose during acute illness, or to decide what if any follow-up testing is appropriate.

A number of scores allow clinicians to select which patients in primary care have a sufficiently high risk of type 2 diabetes to merit a blood glucose test, on the basis of demographic, lifestyle, and anthropometric characteristics.


For people working overtime, building energy and services systems (HVAC, lighting, plug-loads) have to remain operating to provide thermal comfort and ventilation, so a better understanding of overtime is important to building operators and to account for energy use. Building energy use beyond normal working hours can be seen in measured energy use data from surveyed buildings [7, 8] . HVAC systems, especially centralized ones, have to continue to supply ventilation, and cooling or heating for one or more occupants working overtime. This additional load can consume significant amounts of energy if the overtime period is long. Therefore, overtime is one of the main factors in determining building energy use during non-working periods.

Building energy use beyond normal working hours can be seen in measured energy use data from surveyed buildings.


It may be noted that there is an analogy with the expansion in duct modes of acoustic or electromagnetic waves in wave guides. Suppose we try to solve the bifurcated waveguide problem by means of the technique of mode matching ( [31] , p. 30). Continuity conditions for the field at the interfaces lead to an infinite set of simultaneous equations for the unknown modal amplitudes. For a physically acceptable solution, the field must remain integrable near the edges. This edge condition is reflected in the convergence rate of the modal amplitudes ( [31] , p. 34). If the infinite set of equations is truncated, it appears that any of the mathematically possible solutions may he selected. Depending on the way of truncation the solutions converge to different sets of amplitudes with different asymptotic behaviour, corresponding to different edge behaviour. The correct way of truncation is determined by the required edge behaviour.

Suppose we try to solve the bifurcated waveguide problem by means of the technique of mode matching (, p. 30).

This edge condition is reflected in the convergence rate of the modal amplitudes (, p. 34).


When pavement is in service, the traffic loads and environment would deteriorate it. Therefore, an amount of funds would be invested to maintain it in an adequate condition to perform its role. If available funds are sufficient, the pavement sections whose condition states are below minimum acceptable serviceability level will get maintenance and rehabilitation in time. However, lack of funding often limits timely repairs and rehabilitation of the pavement. Therefore, the decision making of pavement management is the problem on how to gain maximum condition with minimum costs [1] . In many real-life problems, objectives under consideration conflict with each other, and optimizing a particular solution with respect to a single objective can result in unacceptable results with respect to other objectives. A reasonable solution to a multi-objective problem is to investigate a set of solutions, each of which satisfies the objectives at an acceptable level without being dominated by any other solution [2] .

Therefore, the decision making of pavement management is the problem on how to gain maximum condition with minimum costs.

A reasonable solution to a multi-objective problem is to investigate a set of solutions, each of which satisfies the objectives at an acceptable level without being dominated by any other solution.


The incorporation of a reliable, and inexpensive, wound healing model represents another unique advantage of the model that we have presented. In particular, previous work has shown the reproducibility of our excisional wound model with 90% splint maintenance in C57bl/6J mice [25] . This low failure rate was explained by the model utilizing a thin protective dressing around the surgical site, preventing the mice from disrupting the silicone ring splint with their normal grooming behaviors. Consequently, the splints are maintained such that wound contraction is minimized, allowing for an appropriate analysis of epithelial and granulation tissue in-growth. The wrap was also fit to the mouse such that it was ergonomic and did not otherwise affect its normal behavior. With a robust method for evaluating wound healing, intentional modifications to the model can be evaluated and compared in a consistent manner, emphasizing its flexibility for in vivo experimentation. Furthermore, the histopathological increase in glomerular tuft area, moderately increased BUN levels, growth retardation, and anemia present in our model are comparable to changes that are seen clinically with CKD, underscoring the model's translatability. The resultant delay in normal wound healing, evidenced by an increased epithelial gap and a decrease in granulation tissue, appropriately models the detrimental, systemic effects of CKD on human wounds, making it a useful model for future wound healing studies.

In particular, previous work has shown the reproducibility of our excisional wound model with 90% splint maintenance in C57bl/6J mice.


However, we observe that the ground-truth bounding boxes are inherently ambiguous in some cases. The ambiguities makes it hard to label and hard to learn the bounding box regression function. Some inaccurately labeled bounding boxes from MS-COCO are shown in Figure 1 (a)(c). When the object is partially occluded, the bounding box boundaries are even more unclear, shown in Figure 1 (d) from YouTube-BoundingBoxes [40] .

When the object is partially occluded, the bounding box boundaries are even more unclear, shown in Figure 1 (d) from YouTube-BoundingBoxes.


Tensile tests are used to measure mechanical properties of materials under tensile loading. For conventional isotropic materials, typical dog-bone or hourglass specimen geometries are adopted to drive the failure in the waist section under tensile loading. However, in case of composite materials, this type of waist gives rise to discontinuity in fiber orientation and is generally avoided, as recommended in several national standards [1] [2] [3] [4] . For instance, depending on the fiber orientation and on the type of fabric, ASTM D3039 advises to use rectangular coupons with tabs for cross-ply and for unidirectional specimens and to adopt rectangular coupons without tabs for balanced, symmetric and random discontinuous fiber specimens.

However, in case of composite materials, this type of waist gives rise to discontinuity in fiber orientation and is generally avoided, as recommended in several national standards.


The wage Phillips curve, which relates nominal wage growth to labor market slack and which is often used to forecast (wage) inflation, has regained attention in recent years, especially within the policy domain. This was triggered by the apparent disconnect in some advanced economies between labor market conditions, which have improved markedly, and wage growth dynamics, which remain subdued despite the sustained rebound in economic activity. In fact, whereas the unemployment rate in the euro area moved from 12% in 2013 to 10.3% in 2016, wage growth actually fell from 1.8% to 1.4% within the same time period. Figure 1 shows that wage growth has been stagnant ever since the 2008 crisis in the five major euro area countries as well. Moreover, a recent study by the European Central Bank (ECB) shows that wage growth projections were too optimistic in recent years (ECB, 2016) .

Moreover, a recent study by the European Central Bank (ECB) shows that wage growth projections were too optimistic in recent years.


When considering functional movement tasks, care should be taken not to confuse variability in task outcome with variability in how the task is carried out. In this context, low variability in the outcome of a task does not necessarily indicate a low variability in movement strategy or technique (such as joint coordination measures). The relationship between joint coordination variability and task outcome has been previously investigated, and in well learned movements low levels of outcome variability are associated with high joint coordination variability [7, 8] . This finding suggests that the variability in coordination patterns may provide flexibility such that the body can search for the optimal solution to carry out a task whereas variability in outcome measure likely represents a decline in the performance of a task.

The relationship between joint coordination variability and task outcome has been previously investigated, and in well learned movements low levels of outcome variability are associated with high joint coordination variability.


Deterioration of motor performance occurs during the process of healthy aging, and the loss of physical function may be better predicted by an individual's muscle power (i.e., the product of the force and velocity of muscle contraction) rather than muscle strength (i.e., the maximal force that a muscle can generate) [1] . In multi-joint movements, muscle coordination determines the effectiveness of the whole limb mechanics, with poor coordination leading to inefficiencies and loss of power. In such movements the motion of one joint (e.g. knee) influences the motion of an adjacent joint, and therefore the study of isolated joints does not effectively capture the complexity of the coordinated motion of components of the body [2] . Investigating the relationship between joints (e.g. knee and hip) could therefore provide valuable insights into the essential timing and sequencing of movement control [3] .

Deterioration of motor performance occurs during the process of healthy aging, and the loss of physical function may be better predicted by an individual's muscle power (i.e., the product of the force and velocity of muscle contraction) rather than muscle strength (i.e., the maximal force that a muscle can generate).

In such movements the motion of one joint (e.g. knee) influences the motion of an adjacent joint, and therefore the study of isolated joints does not effectively capture the complexity of the coordinated motion of components of the body.

Investigating the relationship between joints (e.g. knee and hip) could therefore provide valuable insights into the essential timing and sequencing of movement control.


Particles of almost any size can be inhaled but will reach different parts of the lung, depending on their aerodynamic diameter. Particles greater than 10 µm in diameter cannot reach the alveolar region (the unciliated airways) of the lungs and particles greater than 30 µm will not penetrate the respiratory region past the larynx (Cherrie et al., 2010) . For contamination deposited onto skin, particles greater than 10 µm cannot penetrate the skin, particles of 3 -10 µm may reach deeper layers of the skin through the hair follicles but particles less than 3 µm can diffuse through the stratum corneum to be incorporated into the body's blood supply (Shekunov et al., 2007 and Williams, 2003) . These smaller particles (< 3 µm) are therefore of high exposure risk as they cannot be safely removed if they have penetrated through the skin. As particle size determines the fate of particles on/in the human body which thus affects a person's exposure risk, it is necessary to fully understand the size distribution of resuspended aerosol particles when determining secondary exposure.

Particles greater than 10 µm in diameter cannot reach the alveolar region (the unciliated airways) of the lungs and particles greater than 30 µm will not penetrate the respiratory region past the larynx.

For contamination deposited onto skin, particles greater than 10 µm cannot penetrate the skin, particles of 3 -10 µm may reach deeper layers of the skin through the hair follicles but particles less than 3 µm can diffuse through the stratum corneum to be incorporated into the body's blood supply.


Particle size affects the forces acting on a particle, as the larger the diameter of the particle, the greater the particle surface area which is in contact with the residing surface and hence a greater lift force is applied to the larger particle. The 'effective area' is the area of contact between the particle and the surface on which lift forces can act (Nicholson, 2009) . Increasing sizes of a particular species of particle will have an increase on the particles' effective area and hence, the potential for resuspension is likely to increase with increasing particle size.

The 'effective area' is the area of contact between the particle and the surface on which lift forces can act.


The effect of salinity on germination, seed yield and biomass of black cumin 43 randomized design with four replications. Salinity treatments were prepared with EC 0.3 dS m -1 (control) and with 3 dS m -1 intervals of using 3 ml of NaCl until high concentrations of salt prevent seeds from germinating. Four samples for each treatment of 100 seeds were placed on a filter paper in Petri dish No. 10, and the seed was treated with Vitavax fungicide. The germinator was adjusted with alternating temperatures of 15/20°C darkness/light, 8/16 hrs at 75% relative humidity. First, they were irrigated with the saline water and then with distilled water. Seedlings were counted after 5 to 10 days from the emergence of the majority of seedlings. Days of germination were calculated based on the emergence of root when its root length was about 2-3 mm (Lin and Xing, 2007) . The rate of germination was calculated using the formula (RG)=N 1 /D 1 +N i /D i , where N is a daily increase in seedling number.

Days of germination were calculated based on the emergence of root when its root length was about 2-3 mm.


Although the definitions of agility and its components varies, the common thread amongst them is the ability of an organization to respond quickly to an environment of continuous and dynamic change in a customer driven market. Figure 1 shows the four steps required in achieving an agile manufacturing production line [5] . Traditional manufacturing has many serious limitations, as indicated in this figure. Manufacturers have had to adopt various measures such as MRPII, JIT and TQM to gain control. Competition has forced many organizations to refine their production methods and management philosophies even further to reduce inventory, defects, and cost, and to improve quality and productivity.

Figure 1 shows the four steps required in achieving an agile manufacturing production line.


In common with other manufacturing sectors, along with a trend towards globalization and market fragmentation, the automotive industry is characterized by decreasing product life cycles. Passenger car model ranges are now typically replaced on a three to four year cycle. Frequently there is a large carryover of components and subsystems to the new model range so that the life cycle of major subassemblies, such as engines, is longer. For engines designed in the 1960s and 1970s life cycles were typically 20 -30 years. However, increased customer demands for improved fuel economy and refinement, coupled with legal requirements to reduce exhaust emissions, have led to a reduction in engine life cycles. Engines designed in the early 1990s may therefore have lives of only 10 years [6] . Furthermore, it is not unusual for an engine design to be modified several times during its life in order to upgrade or enhance its performance [6] .

Engines designed in the early 1990s may therefore have lives of only 10 years.

Furthermore, it is not unusual for an engine design to be modified several times during its life in order to upgrade or enhance its performance.


The PhotoResponse NonUniformity (PRNU) is a spatial pattern that acts as fingerprint or unique identifier of an image camera device. The PRNU is caused by minute imperfections in the image sensor manufacturing process, which remain constant over the life of the device. The PRNU is a variation in pixel responsivity and it arises when the device is illuminated [1] . Despite the PRNU is generally an extremely weak signal, given enough images samples and using signal processing techniques, it is possible to estimate it and use it as a robust fingerprint [2] . This fingerprint can be useful not only for source identification, but also for device linking, fingerprint matching, or forgery detection [3] .

The PRNU is a variation in pixel responsivity and it arises when the device is illuminated.

Despite the PRNU is generally an extremely weak signal, given enough images samples and using signal processing techniques, it is possible to estimate it and use it as a robust fingerprint.

This fingerprint can be useful not only for source identification, but also for device linking, fingerprint matching, or forgery detection.


A third possible reason for why catch and hold, in combination, was not optimal for individuals with low IIM rests in the nature of IIM. Participants who report low IIM might be better described as having a noninterest in math rather than an underdeveloped interest in math (Renninger, 2000) . Individuals with a noninterest are those who have knowledge of a domain and an explicit disinterest in it (Renninger, 2000) . In contrast, a person who has an underdeveloped interest might have very little knowledge of a domain as well as low reported interest. Although theorizing on catch and hold has not specified this, the combination of catch and hold might be optimal for those individuals with an underdeveloped interest rather than a noninterest because an underdeveloped interest might have more room for growth via exposure to the domain and knowledge acquisition. Participants in this study, who were college students, may have had a lot of prior experience with the domain of math, and therefore their low level of IIM may have reflected an explicit disinterest in math, based on their knowledge about the domain. If the combination of catch and hold is best for individuals with underdeveloped interests, we would expect to see the benefits of catch and hold on task interest in situations in which people have very little prior experience with the learning material. Interest has the potential to develop for individuals with low knowledge of the material, and catch and hold interventions might be most effective for attracting individuals to the domain content during initial exposure to the material.

Participants who report low IIM might be better described as having a noninterest in math rather than an underdeveloped interest in math.

Individuals with a noninterest are those who have knowledge of a domain and an explicit disinterest in it.


The effects of the hold manipulation were somewhat consistent with hypotheses in that participants with high IIM reported that the task was more interesting in hold than in nonhold conditions. Importantly, however, the hold manipulation did not affect the task interest of individuals with low IIM, and it actually undermined their task involvement and perceived competence. Recall that a theoretical distinction between features of tasks that hold interest (vs. catch attention) is that hold operates at a deeper, more personal level (Mitchell, 1993) . Consistent with this, participants exposed to the hold manipulation reported higher competence valuation overall (independent of IIM), which reflects personal investment in the activity (Harackiewicz & Sansone, 1991) . However, once individuals started using the technique, the reactions of high and low IIM participants diverged. Specifically, individuals with high IIM, who actually performed better overall, became more task involved and perceived themselves as more competent at using the technique in hold than in nonhold conditions. In contrast, individuals with low IIM were less task involved and felt less competent. Individuals with low IIM performed worse than those with high IIM overall. As such, competence valuation may have become a liability for low IIM individuals once they started using the technique. The possibility that the technique could be useful to them in their everyday lives might have seemed promising until they were reminded (during task engagement) that they really didn't like math or didn't feel competent. At that point, the hold manipulation may have added pressure that caused them to disengage from the task.

Recall that a theoretical distinction between features of tasks that hold interest (vs. catch attention) is that hold operates at a deeper, more personal level.

Consistent with this, participants exposed to the hold manipulation reported higher competence valuation overall (independent of IIM), which reflects personal investment in the activity.


These studies tested the effects of situational variables on interest in a novel math task and showed that the effects of collative variables (catch) and utility emphasis (hold) differed for individuals identified as having low or high interest in math. This is in line with theorizing that task interest can deepen in response to situational factors that support its development (Hidi & Renninger, 2006) . The interest of learners with low individual interest in math was fostered by collative features of the learning materials, intended to attract attention to the task and stimulate learners but not engage them at a deep level. In contrast, the interest of learners with high individual interest in math was promoted by materials that emphasized the personal utility of learning the task. In sum, both types of learners benefited from external support of their interest, but their resultant task interest depended on the specific form that the support took.

This is in line with theorizing that task interest can deepen in response to situational factors that support its development.


It is important for teacher educators of higher education institutions to apply reflective practice strategies and methods enabling students to move from technical knowing to know-how. Thus, preparation for the profession in higher education studies must be based on reflective learning, one of the main sources of which is the learner's experience and its analysis (Larrivee, 2000; Conway, 2001; Hixon & So, 2009; Schmidt, 2010; Salter et al., 2013; Benade, 2015) . The essential aim of the study process, seeking to improve students' teaching and learning, is orientated to the development of reflection abilities. The teacher must be able to work with different types of knowledge, analyzing, testing, reflecting on it, deepening his knowledge and understanding, learning from his experience and treating learning as a lifelong process. The process of learning, and, thus, reflecting on experience, is individual, arising from personal attitudes, approaches and values. Students' experience acquired during studies is based on hidden reflection when the theoretical knowledge systems presented during the lectures are related to previous practically outlived experience, and vice versa. Often, students' practical experience is limited only to technical skills applied in specific situations. On the other hand, the theoretical knowledge acquired at a university is not related to practical activities. Regardless of what formal knowledge will be provided in the educational process, the individual will develop a peculiar understanding of a phenomenon or activity by creating personal theories related to outlived experience. It is important to create possibilities for learners to explore and discover on their own so that ideas and knowledge come from real solutions related to learners' personal experience. Reconstruction of experience while learning is a central, and at the same time, continuous aim, which is pursued in many areas of teacher education (Griffiths, 2000; Walkington et al., 2005; Simoncini et al., 2014; Naylor et al., 2015) . To achieve this aim, learners must reflect analysing their values, approaches and emotions, which transform their understanding in their own way and give new meanings to ideas, linking them with previous knowledge and obtained information.

Thus, preparation for the profession in higher education studies must be based on reflective learning, one of the main sources of which is the learner's experience and its analysis.

Reconstruction of experience while learning is a central, and at the same time, continuous aim, which is pursued in many areas of teacher education.


Many dynamical systems have an impulsive dynamical behavior due to abrupt changes at certain instants during the evolution process. The mathematical description of these phenomena leads to impulsive differential equations. Recent development in this field has been motivated by many applied problems, such as control theory, population dynamics, and medicine [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .

Recent development in this field has been motivated by many applied problems, such as control theory, population dynamics, and medicine.


Panel corrected standard errors correct for heteroskedasticity within panels and contemporaneous correlation across panels. The lagged dependent variable controls for the backwards indexation of inflation and potentially serially correlated error terms (Beck and Katz 1995) . For the inflation models, we also include the lag of the change in M2, as M2 is more directly under the control of the central bank than is inflation. In this fashion, we control for the direct, disciplinarian effect of central bank on inflation, so the coefficient on the central bank independence index reflects an additional credibility effect via a more robust money demand and anchored inflation expectations. As robustness checks, we also present results from models with country fixed effects and decade dummies. Although there were a significant number of central bank reforms during our sample period, not all countries changed their central bank laws. When country fixed effects are included, observations from these countries will not be used in estimating the effect of CBI.

The lagged dependent variable controls for the backwards indexation of inflation and potentially serially correlated error terms.


Throughout the evolutionary time, plants have been exposed to changing environmental conditions, forcing them to adapt or succumb to selective pressures such as extreme temperatures, insufficient water and toxic chemicals. Plants have thus evolved complex biochemical/genetic systems to perceive stresses, transmit stress-activated signals to different tissues and activate cellular responses to avoid detrimental effects [18] . Most plant studies do not consider the fact that plants in natural ecosystems have symbiotic associations with fungi. These fungi are important to the structure, function, and health of plant communities [5, 17] . In fact, symbiotic fungi contribute to and may be responsible for the adaptation of plants to environmental stresses [14, 15] . These fungi express a variety of symbiotic lifestyles including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism [6] .

Plants have thus evolved complex biochemical/genetic systems to perceive stresses, transmit stress-activated signals to different tissues and activate cellular responses to avoid detrimental effects.

These fungi are important to the structure, function, and health of plant communities.

In fact, symbiotic fungi contribute to and may be responsible for the adaptation of plants to environmental stresses.

These fungi express a variety of symbiotic lifestyles including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.


The measured N  values of PDA nanovesicles and nanocrystals in the spectral range of 720 nm -820 nm are shown in Figures 8 and 9 respectively. An inspection of the imaginary part of the nonlinearity for both samples reveals that as one scans the interrogating wavelength away from one-photon resonance i.e. from 720 nm to 820 nm, magnitude of the imaginary part of the nonlinearity first decreases and then increases. On the other hand, variation of the real part is rather flat. This observed dispersion of real and imaginary parts of N  can be described in the framework of essential states model [16] .

This observed dispersion of real and imaginary parts of N  can be described in the framework of essential states model.


Any tessellable regular polygon inscribed in a disk is a cyclic tessellable regular polygon. Equilateral triangles, squares and hexagons are known to be the only tillable regular polygons (Ding, 2010) . Any regular polygon that can tile has the property of covering. These tessellable regular polygons have a lot of geometric and algebraic properties when inscribed in a disk with fixed radius. The algebraic relationship may be formulae for their overlap difference ( ), area ( ) or the relationship between the radius of the disk and the edges of the regular polygon. The geometric relationship discusses the number of dimensions, the number of segments when inscribed in a disk, line and rotational symmetry among others.

Equilateral triangles, squares and hexagons are known to be the only tillable regular polygons.


Coatings are used extensively in many industrial and commercial applications in order to protect components that are subjected to sliding and rolling contact, both with and without liquid lubricants [1] . It has been shown that hard coatings and other surface modification methods are able to improve the resistance of rolling elements (i.e., bearings) to friction, wear and corrosion [2, 3] . Thin diamond-like-carbon (DLC) coatings, for instance, provide protective, low friction, wear resistant surfaces for numerous industrial applications such as invasive and implantable medical devices, razor blades, magnetic hard discs and microelectromechanical systems [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . However, because of mismatches in mechanical and electrical properties between the coating and substrate, residual stresses and chemical reactions can arise at the interface of the materials leading to the structural degradation of the coating. The evaluation of damage and the electrical state of the film/coating and substrate, along with the option to monitor the coatings failure are becoming important tools in the endeavour to extend the lifetime of widely used devices.

Coatings are used extensively in many industrial and commercial applications in order to protect components that are subjected to sliding and rolling contact, both with and without liquid lubricants.

It has been shown that hard coatings and other surface modification methods are able to improve the resistance of rolling elements (i.e., bearings) to friction, wear and corrosion.

Thin diamond-like-carbon (DLC) coatings, for instance, provide protective, low friction, wear resistant surfaces for numerous industrial applications such as invasive and implantable medical devices, razor blades, magnetic hard discs and microelectromechanical systems.


The cause of SRB activities had increased the direct operational expenses due to failure of structure and operational malfunctions. The replacement cost for the pipeline due to biocorrosion was reported to be $250 million dollar per annum [8] . Besides that, the direct cost for combatting its existence alone causes billions of dollars, where some oil companies allocated minimum millions of dollars for the price of biocides alone [8] . The economic and technical impact, accounted for billions of dollars caused by the MIC, has boosted researchers to find alternatives to reduce or mitigate the process considerably.

The replacement cost for the pipeline due to biocorrosion was reported to be $250 million dollar per annum.

Besides that, the direct cost for combatting its existence alone causes billions of dollars, where some oil companies allocated minimum millions of dollars for the price of biocides alone.


Studies on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from patients with both Gram-positive and -negative pneumonia have demonstrated alterations in the endogenous surfactant system [7] [8] [9] . This is partially due to the degradation of bacterial content to the surfactant, for example, the combination of phospholipase C and lipase from PA was reported to result in degradation of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), producing palmitic acid and dipalmitoylglycerol, though lipase alone produced no degradation [10] . Further evidence suggests that surfactant may play a role in the lung dysfunction associated with pneumonia stems from the observed surfactant alterations in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is associated with similar alterations in lung mechanics and the surfactant system. Some studies have shown that these changes contribute to the lung dysfunction observed in ARDS and exogenous surfactant has shown promise as a therapeutic modality in these patients and animal models such as rabbits and rats [11] [12] [13] [14] .

Studies on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from patients with both Gram-positive and -negative pneumonia have demonstrated alterations in the endogenous surfactant system.

This is partially due to the degradation of bacterial content to the surfactant, for example, the combination of phospholipase C and lipase from PA was reported to result in degradation of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), producing palmitic acid and dipalmitoylglycerol, though lipase alone produced no degradation.

Some studies have shown that these changes contribute to the lung dysfunction observed in ARDS and exogenous surfactant has shown promise as a therapeutic modality in these patients and animal models such as rabbits and rats.


Sentiment analysis tries to measure subjectivity and opinion in text, usually by capturing speaker/writer evaluations (positive, negative or neutral) and the strength of these evaluations (the degree to which the word, phrase, sentence, or document in question is positive or negative). The task of automatically classifying the polarity (whether the expressed opinion is positive or negative) of texts (technically, large amounts of unstructured data) at the document, sentence, or feature/aspect level can be a challenging task. It is these kinds of linguistic subtleties that make automatic classification difficult and result in low accuracy rates (60%-70%) of automated systems when sentences express both negative and positive opinions and express implicit negativity. There is a need for better modeling of compositional sentiment [1] . And at the sentence level, this means more accurate calculation of the overall sentence sentiment of the sentiment-bearing words, the sentiment shifters, and the sentence structure.

There is a need for better modeling of compositional sentiment.