Visual investigation, investigation using moisture meters and destructive testing were three out of the four main procedures of dampness investigation that were adopted (Halim et al., 2012; Burkinshaw and Parrett, 2004) . The visual investigation stage ensured that the problem was closely inspected and it acted as a preliminary assessment for further investigation (Halim et al., 2012; Burkinshaw and Parrett, 2004) . It was conducted through the observation of the surrounding area, checking of the damp zones and physically identifying the causes of the dampness based on the symptoms identified. Furthermore, examinations of the exterior of the building from street level and from higher access (roofing, rain water gutters, etc.) were carried out for any obvious defects. Also the interior parts of the building were examined to determine areas affected by dampness. Source: www.ghanadistricts.com/home for moisture measurements using a tape measure and light wooden batten (Figs. 2 and 3 ). Damp walls in the southern, northern and eastern orientations extended up to 900 mm and grids were drawn as shown in Fig. 3 . A similar procedure was used for the walls in the western orientation where dampness reached a height of 1200 mm for the walls of the bedroom and bathrooms respectively.

Visual investigation, investigation using moisture meters and destructive testing were three out of the four main procedures of dampness investigation that were adopted.

The visual investigation stage ensured that the problem was closely inspected and it acted as a preliminary assessment for further investigation.


Arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater has caused a devastating health crisis all over the world, especially in developing countries [1] . Today, in Bangladesh and India, over 100 million people are consuming drinking water with As concentrations exceeding the guideline values of the World Health Organization and Environmental Protection Agency (10 µg/L) and of the Bangladesh standard (50 µg/L) [2] . This crisis is expanding to Southeast Asia, affecting several countries including China, Cambodia, and Vietnam [3] . Drinking As-contaminated water can result in various adverse health effects, including cancers of the skin, bladder, kidneys, and lungs [4] .

Arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater has caused a devastating health crisis all over the world, especially in developing countries.

Today, in Bangladesh and India, over 100 million people are consuming drinking water with As concentrations exceeding the guideline values of the World Health Organization and Environmental Protection Agency (10 µg/L) and of the Bangladesh standard (50 µg/L).

This crisis is expanding to Southeast Asia, affecting several countries including China, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

Drinking As-contaminated water can result in various adverse health effects, including cancers of the skin, bladder, kidneys, and lungs.


In this article we examine how a practitioner professional development (PPD) programme can enable the development of a dialogic pedagogy underpinned by use of a specific mediating technology, the interactive whiteboard (IWB). The IWB is embedded in UK education institutions; in the year of this study, about 92% of UK classrooms had an IWB, whilst Asia, North America and Mexico had similar levels of adoption (Futuresource 2014) . Thus, the pedagogy of IWB use in classrooms is potentially important to several thousands of teachers and many more students. Research-informed professional development that considers how teaching might be improved in relation to such an almost ubiquitous tool therefore has a strong claim for potential impact.

The IWB is embedded in UK education institutions; in the year of this study, about 92% of UK classrooms had an IWB, whilst Asia, North America and Mexico had similar levels of adoption.


Mediterranean and dry areas present quite different pollen exposure patterns. In addition to grasses, other pollens, such as Oleaceae, Amaranthaceae, Cupressaceae, Asteraceae, and Urticaceae, play a significant clinical role [2, 3] . In North America, there are pollen regions coincident with European ones with the added complexity of greater tree diversity and a high incidence of ragweed pollinosis [4, 5] . Ragweed pollinosis was exported at the beginning of the twentieth century to central Europe and has steadily increased since then [6, 7] . Other pollinosies caused by plants originating in desert regions are also of increasing importance in semi desertic areas.

In addition to grasses, other pollens, such as Oleaceae, Amaranthaceae, Cupressaceae, Asteraceae, and Urticaceae, play a significant clinical role.

In North America, there are pollen regions coincident with European ones with the added complexity of greater tree diversity and a high incidence of ragweed pollinosis.

Ragweed pollinosis was exported at the beginning of the twentieth century to central Europe and has steadily increased since then.


In this paper, we see the tracking in NOFOV networks as an extension of the multiple objects tracking (MOT) in mono-or multi-ocular sequences [13] [12] . To do so, we propose to embed re-identification within the particle filter framework. Thus we estimate not only relative position in a given camera but also the identity of the target in respect to an a priori learned person database (people that have entered the building where the network is set). Moreover, we use distributed filters, which implies low complexity and enable the approach to be extended to large networks. This strategy is an enhanced frame to frame comparison as the filter introduce temporality, but still produce a re-identification result at each new frame. As there is no public dataset treating about extended camera networks, we tested our algorithms on our private 5-camera network composed of a 34-meter long corridor, a meeting room and a building outdoor entrance with a total 16 pedestrians are wandering in it.

In this paper, we see the tracking in NOFOV networks as an extension of the multiple objects tracking (MOT) in mono-or multi-ocular sequences.


HLA is a specification of a software architecture which has the purpose of facilitating intercommunication between distributed heterogeneous systems, mainly simulations, and allows the division of tasks among members [3] . This standard is a general-purpose architecture defined by the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) and designed to use a wide number of different types of simulators [2] . In this paper, HLA is used in an innovative way to provide interoperability of distributed heterogeneous hardware devices, instead of only simulations.

HLA is a specification of a software architecture which has the purpose of facilitating intercommunication between distributed heterogeneous systems, mainly simulations, and allows the division of tasks among members.

This standard is a general-purpose architecture defined by the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) and designed to use a wide number of different types of simulators.


It is widely known that an important problem of environmental science is the existence of high toxic compounds in effluents. In particular, a special class of pollutants that can cause carcinogenetic problems is dyes. The synthetic dyes that exist in wastewaters are considered to be a big hazard due to the pollution of the water resources. Among the huge variety of dyes in wastewaters, synthetic azo dyes, which are extensively applied in industry (dyeing and textile processes), are highly persistent in the aquatic environment and have possible mutagenic and carcinogenic effects [1] . Azo dyes are organic molecules/compounds with one or more azo group (-N=N-) that is directly united with aromatic rings (benzene and/or naphthalene) as well as some other functional groups (amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl, chlorine, sulfonate, etc.) with excellent solubility in the water.

Among the huge variety of dyes in wastewaters, synthetic azo dyes, which are extensively applied in industry (dyeing and textile processes), are highly persistent in the aquatic environment and have possible mutagenic and carcinogenic effects.


Another important finding in this study was higher MVD-CD105 scores in RN compared with DN and HCC, demonstrating CD105 expression decreases gradually from cirrhosis to DN to small HCC, opposite to CD34 expression. To our knowledge, this is the first endoglin study in DN. Regarding HCC, previous studies compared the expression of these markers and showed a predominance of CD34 compared with CD105, similar to that observed in the current study [12, 20, 29, 32] . The use of endoglin antibodies are not recommended for routine diagnostic pathology of differentiated HCC to DN.

Regarding HCC, previous studies compared the expression of these markers and showed a predominance of CD34 compared with CD105, similar to that observed in the current study.


In our study, tumor size was also comparable to other studies, with 83.3% of the tumors after RRSO being smaller than 20 mm, compared to percentages ranging from 75 to 94% in other studies [8] [9] [10] [11] . However, 60% of the tumors in our study were node positive, while others found percentages of 15.4-36.0% [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . These findings need further evaluation. This is the first study on the effectiveness of breast cancer screening with CBE, mammography, and MRI, in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers who had undergone RRSO at premenopausal age, conducted in daily practice and not in the context of a clinical trial.

In our study, tumor size was also comparable to other studies, with 83.3% of the tumors after RRSO being smaller than 20 mm, compared to percentages ranging from 75 to 94% in other studies.

However, 60% of the tumors in our study were node positive, while others found percentages of 15.4-36.0%.

These findings need further evaluation.


Helix traveling-wave tubes are unmatched due to their broadband capabilities. However, one of the limiting factors of broadband operation is the occurrence of backwardwave oscillation (BWO) near the upper band-edge, where the slow space-charge wave experiences a p-phase per period leading to positive backward-feedback [1] [2] [3] [4] . Thus, BWO suppression is essential for achieving multi-octave bandwidth in a helix TWT. Backward-wave oscillation instability is conventionally managed in three ways: (i) suitably tailoring the circuit phase velocity to couple the backward-wave with the fast space-charge wave, (ii) providing frequency selective high attenuation at the oscillation frequency (e.g. meander-line), and (iii) providing a phase-velocity taper in the circuit for lowering the gain of backward 2 wave. Providing a phase velocity taper is the most popularly used method, not only for suppressing the BWO, it primarily helps in enhancing the efficiency at upper band-edge frequencies and reducing second harmonic power output at the lower band-edge frequencies as well. Most popular technique of phase velocity taper has been a step-taper (Fig. 1) , with two different helix pitches that split the slow-wave structure (SWS) into two different phase velocity regions. The present study brings out as to how phase-velocity taper in a helical SWS helps in combating the BWO.

However, one of the limiting factors of broadband operation is the occurrence of backwardwave oscillation (BWO) near the upper band-edge, where the slow space-charge wave experiences a p-phase per period leading to positive backward-feedback.


Our indexing and retrieval techniques for querying genomic databases are embodied in a full-scale prototype retrieval system, cafe [47, 48, 50, 51] . The disadvantages of indexing genomic databases are the need for time to build an index and for space to store the index on disk. The advantage of indexing is that searching is more scalable and much faster than exhaustive approaches. Cafe is based on techniques used in text retrieval and in approximate string matching for databases of names. The principal features of cafe are the incorporation of new, efficient data structures for query resolution and the demonstration that, despite earlier negative results, indexing can be successfully applied to genomic databases.

Our indexing and retrieval techniques for querying genomic databases are embodied in a full-scale prototype retrieval system, cafe.


The comet assay has achieved the status of the standard test in the battery of tests used to assess the safety of novel pharmaceuticals or other chemicals [4] . This single-cell electrophoresis technique measures DNA damage, including double-strand and single-strand breaks, in somatic cells after a variety of genotoxic insults [5] . Unpaired or mispaired DNA double-strand breaks may lead to chromosomal breaks which are lethal to any kind of cell unless they are repaired in a process that may also produce mutations. The technique has been shown to be a very sensitive method and a useful tool to detect genetic damage at the individual level [6] .

The comet assay has achieved the status of the standard test in the battery of tests used to assess the safety of novel pharmaceuticals or other chemicals.

This single-cell electrophoresis technique measures DNA damage, including double-strand and single-strand breaks, in somatic cells after a variety of genotoxic insults.

The technique has been shown to be a very sensitive method and a useful tool to detect genetic damage at the individual level.


The cyclic chalcone analogues, E-2-arylmethylene-1-indanones, E-2-arylmethylene-1-tetralones, and E-2-arylmethylene-1-benzosuberones have been synthetized and their cytotoxicity (LD 50 values) has been determined against murine and human cancer cell lines [9] . It was found that cytotoxity of the individual compounds greatly varied as a function of nature and position of substituents in the particular derivatives. The most cytotoxic of all studied derivatives are benzosuberones with methoxy -and dimethylamino -substituent [2, 10] .

The cyclic chalcone analogues, E-2-arylmethylene-1-indanones, E-2-arylmethylene-1-tetralones, and E-2-arylmethylene-1-benzosuberones have been synthetized and their cytotoxicity (LD 50 values) has been determined against murine and human cancer cell lines.

The most cytotoxic of all studied derivatives are benzosuberones with methoxy -and dimethylamino -substituent.


Cycles turn out to be a particularly important family of graphs to study. Indeed Gilbert, Polster, and Tymoczko show that the ring of generalized splines on a graph G can be decomposed in terms of splines on certain trees and cycles in G [4] . They completely describe splines on trees, while leaving open the investigation of splines on cycles. Similarly, Rose showed that cycles play a key role in the relations defining modules of splines [13] .

Indeed Gilbert, Polster, and Tymoczko show that the ring of generalized splines on a graph G can be decomposed in terms of splines on certain trees and cycles in G.

Similarly, Rose showed that cycles play a key role in the relations defining modules of splines.


In this paper we introduce two new bases for the module of integer generalized splines on cycles: the triangulation basis and the King basis. Each of these bases is fully expressible in terms of the edge labels of the cycle, and each has its own strengths. The triangulation basis, so called because it is constructed from triangulated cycles, is useful because it exists on arbitrary cycles (Theorem 4.2). The advantage of the King basis lies in the fact that it is relatively simple to calculate, with the entries almost constant (Definition 5.1). Although the King basis only exists on cycles with a pair of relatively prime adjacent edge labels, this restriction is not uncommon in applications. In fact an even greater restriction that all edge labels be relatively prime is commonly used [5, 10] . The results of our work naturally generalize to principle ideal domains, which include classical univariate splines and Prüfer domains; see forthcoming work [8] .

In fact an even greater restriction that all edge labels be relatively prime is commonly used.

The results of our work naturally generalize to principle ideal domains, which include classical univariate splines and Prüfer domains; see forthcoming work.


Gilbert, Polster, and Tymoczko generalize the notion of splines that we use here to what they call generalized splines [4] . These generalized splines are built on the dual graph of the polytopes found in classical splines. The work of Billera and Rose shows that the two constructions (on polytopes or their duals) are equivalent in most cases, including the cases of classical interest [3] .

Gilbert, Polster, and Tymoczko generalize the notion of splines that we use here to what they call generalized splines.

The work of Billera and Rose shows that the two constructions (on polytopes or their duals) are equivalent in most cases, including the cases of classical interest.


Short-term ridership forecasting is a vital component of metro operation and management. Accurate predictions can reflect real-time changes in ridership. The prediction results can become important inputs for decision-making in evaluating rail transit service level and system operating status and provide an important basis for station passenger crowd regulation and emergency response. In addition, short-term ridership forecasting is the key to the success of revenue management for railway operators [1] .

In addition, short-term ridership forecasting is the key to the success of revenue management for railway operators.


Compared with conventional fuel vehicles, application of electric vehicle decreases the dependency on petroleum and has the advantages of high energy efficiency and low environmental impact [1] [2] [3] . For a pure electric bus, the cost of a battery pack that can meet the driving range is too high; meanwhile, vehicle weight is too large for adding a large battery pack. A range-extended electric vehicle is regarded as one of the most suitable solutions for powertrain schemes, because of the maximum utility of the electric drive and the minimum capacity requirement of battery packs.

Compared with conventional fuel vehicles, application of electric vehicle decreases the dependency on petroleum and has the advantages of high energy efficiency and low environmental impact.


In the studies of energy efficiency and fuel economy of range-extended electric vehicles, vehicle performance is analyzed on the basis of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions on the well-to-wheel and tank-to-wheel paths [6, 7] . Well-to-wheel fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions data were obtained using the greenhouse gases, regulated emissions, and energy use in transportation (GREET) software model. The tank-to-wheel process is characterized by the recuperation and fuel-traction efficiencies, which are quantified and compared for two optimization-based energy management strategies.

In the studies of energy efficiency and fuel economy of range-extended electric vehicles, vehicle performance is analyzed on the basis of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions on the well-to-wheel and tank-to-wheel paths.


Thermal spraying methods have developed significantly in the recent years by applying more and more technically advanced heat sources and new coating materials unused to date [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . At present, this technology is used in about 70% of its industrial applications for manufacturing new parts or devices for which high quality workmanship and appropriate surface properties are required. An improvement in the operating parameters of machine and equipment parts associated with high loads and speeds, causing accelerated wear and the necessity of effective regeneration, has also contributed to the rapid advancement of the thermal spraying technology. The application of flame sprayed coatings has not only been conducive to multifold enhancement in the durability of protection of steel structures against a corrosive environment, but has also led to the extended working time of textile machinery parts, cast moulds, rollers in steel industry conveyors, parts of pumps and stirrers, plastic injection moulders, and has also improved the durability and reliability of power boilers [9] . Sprayed ceramic coatings providing excellent thermal and electrical barriers have been manufactured more and more often due to high corrosion, erosion and wear resistance and hardness and high-temperature creep resistance. Ceramic oxide materials based on aluminium oxide Al 2 O 3 and zirconium oxide ZrO 2 are especially noteworthy. Thermal and electric barrier coatings flame-sprayed with such materials are applied in multiple cases, e.g. for electronic components, insulation parts of ignition plugs and power turbines and high-temperature resistant and heatstroke resistant parts of combustion chambers in modern car and airplane engines [10] [11] [12] .

Thermal spraying methods have developed significantly in the recent years by applying more and more technically advanced heat sources and new coating materials unused to date.

The application of flame sprayed coatings has not only been conducive to multifold enhancement in the durability of protection of steel structures against a corrosive environment, but has also led to the extended working time of textile machinery parts, cast moulds, rollers in steel industry conveyors, parts of pumps and stirrers, plastic injection moulders, and has also improved the durability and reliability of power boilers.

Thermal and electric barrier coatings flame-sprayed with such materials are applied in multiple cases, e.g. for electronic components, insulation parts of ignition plugs and power turbines and high-temperature resistant and heatstroke resistant parts of combustion chambers in modern car and airplane engines.


Attitudinal surveys can provide a useful snapshot of the public viewpoints. The usefulness and robustness of their findings can be increased if they are repeated. Although there has been an increase in the prescription of drugs to treat depression and ADHD, the findings from the 2013 QSS and 2011 QSS indicate that there is still considerable scope for convincing many members of the public that drug treatment is acceptable or warranted. Addressing the belief that these disorders are overdiagnosed appears to be one part of this. This survey could be conducted again in the future to essentially track attitudes towards these issues over time and further elucidate the factors that influence attitudes. The major limitation of using the sample described in this study is that younger people are under-represented. While this is not unusual for CATI surveys with the general community, it does mean that it would be prudent not to overgeneralise these findings. Under representation of younger people often occurs in CATI surveys that source landline phones only, and dual frame (landline and mobile) surveys may improve the representativeness of future surveys. Nevertheless the survey tool could easily be used with other representative cohorts for direct comparisons or extended to explore other domains relevant to public attitudes towards the acceptability of drug treatment (as we did in the 2013 survey by extending the analyses to explore "over-diagnosis"). This would potentially improve the explanatory power of the survey tool by taking into account a larger number of variables that inform attitudes. The survey could also be adapted to investigate attitudes towards the acceptability of drug treatment for other common mental illnesses such as anxiety and various substance use disorders. This would provide a broader understanding of the spectrum of public attitudes towards pharmacological drug treatment. Elsewhere, we have used a variation of this survey to explore attitudes towards the acceptability of healthy people using prescription drugs for "cognitive enhancement" [24] .

Elsewhere, we have used a variation of this survey to explore attitudes towards the acceptability of healthy people using prescription drugs for "cognitive enhancement".


DC machines are extensively used in many industrial applications, such as servo control and traction tasks, due to their effectiveness, robustness, and the traditional relative ease in the devising of appropriate feedback control schemes [1] . However, when starting DC motors, it is possible to observe abrupt transient problems in the armature circuit, such as variations in the voltage, current, and angular velocity of the motor shaft. Moreover, the usual method of applying PWM signals directly as the motor armature voltage presents similar undesired issues in its dynamic behavior [2] . Such drawbacks can be addressed by using DC/DC power converters. These converters allow the smooth start of a DC motor by applying the required voltage in accordance with the demanded task, which is generally the tracking of either a desired angular velocity or an angular position trajectory. In the particular case of the DC/DC Buck converter, its two energy storing elements reduce the noisy shape caused by the hard switching of the PWM. For these reasons, in order to regulate the angular velocity of the DC/DC Buck converter-DC motor system, different controllers have been designed.

DC machines are extensively used in many industrial applications, such as servo control and traction tasks, due to their effectiveness, robustness, and the traditional relative ease in the devising of appropriate feedback control schemes.

Moreover, the usual method of applying PWM signals directly as the motor armature voltage presents similar undesired issues in its dynamic behavior.


Earlier, only DC motors were employed for drives requiring variable speeds due to ease of their speed control methods [1, 4] . The conventional methods of speed control of an induction motor were either too expensive or too inefficient thus restricting their application to only constant speed drives. However, modern trends and development of speed control methods of an induction motor have increased the use of induction motors in electrical drives extensively. In most of industrial drive control applications, the standard method to control squirrel cage induction motors is based on the field-oriented or vector control principle in order to achieve the best dynamic behavior [5] . There are essentially two general methods of vector control. One called the direct or feedback method, and the other, the indirect or feed forward method.

Earlier, only DC motors were employed for drives requiring variable speeds due to ease of their speed control methods.

In most of industrial drive control applications, the standard method to control squirrel cage induction motors is based on the field-oriented or vector control principle in order to achieve the best dynamic behavior.


Induction motor can be controlled with the help of PWM Control and conventional PI controller with the use of vector control technique. The conventional proportional integral controller increases the order of the system, improves damping, and reduces maximum overshoot, decreases bandwidth and increase the rise time [6] [7] [8] . In this article we will discuss the PWM Control and conventional PI controller. Finally we will present the simulation result for speed control of induction motor using these controllers with a brief discussion.

The conventional proportional integral controller increases the order of the system, improves damping, and reduces maximum overshoot, decreases bandwidth and increase the rise time.


Importantly, the current findings can guide the development of workshops and exercises to encourage and develop students' confidence. In addition to this, institutions should continue to provide constructive feedback throughout the year, which incorporates positive and encouraging references to the student's work. A positive feedback experience for students has been found to lead to an increase in self-efficacy, increased efforts to learn, and as a result, an increase in performance (Dupret, 2015; Parboteeah, 2009) . Further, given the gender difference in significant predictors of academic achievement, such programmes should be developed specifically for male and female undergraduates. For example, for males, who were generally found to retain lower levels of achievement goal motivation, this attribute could be strengthened through the communication of why the skill and achievement gained through participation of the course is of value to them, and the accentuation of how it is likely to aid individuals once they graduate. Perhaps, if universities were to provide regular information and reminders about the necessary skills employers require in desired graduate jobs, the internal satisfaction gained from the development of these skills would also increase. In some way, this ultimately creates an 'incentive', which is perhaps likely to be particularly encouraging for performance-goal oriented male students. In the same way, university institutions should continue to stress the importance of independent study. It would perhaps be effective for personal tutors to assist students in creating study schedules to refer back to, as time management is often an aspect that students struggle with at university despite it being directly linked to performance (Aduke, 2015; Dalli, 2014) .

A positive feedback experience for students has been found to lead to an increase in self-efficacy, increased efforts to learn, and as a result, an increase in performance.

It would perhaps be effective for personal tutors to assist students in creating study schedules to refer back to, as time management is often an aspect that students struggle with at university despite it being directly linked to performance.


Overall, the current study found females to score significantly higher than males on achievement goal and study time. Moreover, academic achievement was found to be correlated with self-efficacy for female students, whereas positive academic outcome among males was associated with study time, active learning strategies, performance goal, and selfefficacy. These results provide further evidence for gender differences in motivation and performance as well as significantly extend the current understanding of gender-specific correlates of academic achievement. Based on the present findings, it is advisable that educators focus on developing the construct of self-efficacy from early years of education. It appears that this would allow both males and females to achieve throughout, and be better prepared to succeed when they make the transition to a university level (Morton, Mergler, & Boman, 2014) .

It appears that this would allow both males and females to achieve throughout, and be better prepared to succeed when they make the transition to a university level.


This research, however, should be interpreted in light of some limitations. Firstly, we failed to control for factors external to motivation, such as the learning environment, studentteacher relationships, and socioeconomic background. As these factors have been found to be related to achievement within a university environment in previous studies (Lizzio, Wilson & Simons, 2002; Okello, 2014; Young, Johnson, Arthur, & Hawthorne, 2011) . The inclusion of such additional variables could explain a greater amount of variance in achievement grade.

As these factors have been found to be related to achievement within a university environment in previous studies.


In previous research, the relationship between ALS-and TLS-derived CHPs has been examined without considering the overstorey [28, 30] . In this study, we combined the PD values for return points in the overstorey and understorey. The relationship between ALS-and TLS-derived canopy component distributions in the understorey became stronger, with the R 2 increasing from 0.71 to 0.90. Linear regression was performed and an assessment using leave-one-out cross-validation showed an excellent result, with an adjusted R 2 and RMSE of 0.81 m 3 and 0.25 m 3 , respectively. This result is important, because it illustrates the capacity of ALS and TLS data to be used for volume estimation in the understorey.

In previous research, the relationship between ALS-and TLS-derived CHPs has been examined without considering the overstorey.


Our method applied estimates of understorey volume under different ALS point densities using a full-waveform system. Both ALS data showed strong agreement with TLS data. Point density was generally related to the ability to estimate forest structure, with high-density ALS data having greater potential to extract forest structure. However, this argument is not appropriate for ALS data from different sensors, such as discrete-return and full-waveform LiDAR. Discrete-return LiDAR uses proprietary algorithms to produce point clouds and can be biased over vegetation [44] . Full-waveform LiDAR measures the reflected laser intensity as a function of range, which can depict the full dimension of the target objects [45] . This study estimated understorey volume and its changes due to forest tending. Unlike discrete-return LiDAR, full-waveform LiDAR offers the potential to measure understorey structure at the resolution of ALS footprint density. The CHPs-based method may not be appropriate for understorey volume estimation using discrete-return LiDAR data (especially first return only) with low-density points in forests with dense canopy cover.

Discrete-return LiDAR uses proprietary algorithms to produce point clouds and can be biased over vegetation.

Full-waveform LiDAR measures the reflected laser intensity as a function of range, which can depict the full dimension of the target objects.


Abiotic conditions during winter in the Rotmoosache were very different from summer. Water temperature and discharge were low but stable and mainly groundwater-in¯uenced, channel stability was high and snow cover prevented light penetration. These conditions were similar to those found in other winter investigations of alpine streams (Tockner et al., 1997) . In this and other year-round studies, changes in the species assemblages re¯ected observed environmental changes, with additional taxa appearing in winter and some typical summer taxa disappearing (Bretschko, 1969; Schu È tz, 1999; Fu È reder et al., 2000; Robinson et al., 2001) . Increases in biomass and taxa richness of macroinvertebrates in winter have also been observed (Burgherr & Ward, 2000; Robinson et al., 2001) . The benthic fauna of the Rotmoosache changed in composition between summer and winter and signi®cant differences in Chironomidae abundance and taxa richness have been detected (Fu È reder et al., 2001) . The results regarding the complete invertebrate assemblage were not so clear. At times we observed high taxa richness and high densities under the snow, but in other months these values were not different from those in summer.

These conditions were similar to those found in other winter investigations of alpine streams.

In this and other year-round studies, changes in the species assemblages re¯ected observed environmental changes, with additional taxa appearing in winter and some typical summer taxa disappearing.

Increases in biomass and taxa richness of macroinvertebrates in winter have also been observed.

The benthic fauna of the Rotmoosache changed in composition between summer and winter and signi®cant differences in Chironomidae abundance and taxa richness have been detected.


Thermal treatments applied to infant foods are critically important to guarantee microbiological safety. However, loss of nutrients linked to heating processes must be avoided to maintain the nutritional properties. Since baby purees together with infant formulas or breast milk are the only food sources for babies, it is very important that this type of food has an adequate nutritional quality to support a satisfactory nutritional status and a normal growth rate (Hernández Rodríguez, 2001) . Due to the advantages linked with ohmic heating, it might be an alternative heating method to achieve the sterilization of baby products.

Since baby purees together with infant formulas or breast milk are the only food sources for babies, it is very important that this type of food has an adequate nutritional quality to support a satisfactory nutritional status and a normal growth rate.


Thermal treatment is employed in food processing in order to preserve the product, extends its shelflife and ensures consumer safety. Conventional treatments such as pasteurization or sterilization are associated with the application of high-temperature for an extended period of time, thus guaranteeing an appropriate destruction of the microorganisms. However product quality can be deteriorated resulting in undesirable sensorial and nutritional changes and specifically in losses of heat-sensitive nutrients (Awuah, Ramaswamy, & Economides, 2007) .

However product quality can be deteriorated resulting in undesirable sensorial and nutritional changes and specifically in losses of heat-sensitive nutrients.


However, we can draw a distinction between what employees perhaps should do in terms of a social duty compared to what employees actually do in an organisational context. Whilst, at an organisational level, a full and formal CSR programme existed, a number of employees distanced themselves from CSR, perhaps because of a lack of awareness of the programme, a lack of a sense of social duty, and/or a perceived lack of reciprocity, and consequent self-interest, in the form of personal reward stemming from their engagement. In spite of the organisation's claim that 'our people…understand their responsibilities' (CSR report 2010, p. 4), employees seemed to view CSR as an implicit activity with unspecified obligations. This is consistent with seeing CSR as extra-role behaviour (Collier and Esteban 2007; Deckop et al. 2003; Settoon et al. 1996) . This leads us to propose that, in this case study, some employees recognised CSR as a social rather than economic activity within the organisation and, perhaps because of this, were inclined, or more able, to make a choice over their level of CSR engagement at an organisational level.

This is consistent with seeing CSR as extra-role behaviour.


Other applications of data transformation are in total merit index construction within country using a multiple trait animal model [1] . In Germany, production traits (milk, fat and protein) and somatic cell counts are analysed with RRTDM. In this case, data reduction within and across traits could be performed before the joint analysis of all traits.

Other applications of data transformation are in total merit index construction within country using a multiple trait animal model.


On the contrary, principal component (PC) analysis is widely used as a dimension reduction technique, but so far has had only limited applications in quantitative genetic analyses. PC analysis requires estimating eigenvectors and -values of covariance matrices [3] . Eigenvectors define independent linear functions of the variables considered, the so-called principal components, that successively explain the maximum amount of variation, measured by the corresponding eigenvalues. This implies that for a given number of components considered, PC approximate the multivariate data most accurately. It follows that PC with variances (eigenvalues) close to zero contribute virtually no information to the analysis that is not already contained in the PC with larger eigenvalues. Hence, these components can be ignored resulting in equivalent analyses involving fewer variables, i.e. traits or countries, and often reduced sampling variation. Reducing the dimension of analyses by considering fewer variables can considerably decrease computational requirements. Different authors have proposed the reduction of the number of parameters to be estimated across countries using PC analysis, and the closely related factor analysis [5, [10] [11] [12] [13] .

PC analysis requires estimating eigenvectors and -values of covariance matrices.

Different authors have proposed the reduction of the number of parameters to be estimated across countries using PC analysis, and the closely related factor analysis.


The findings described above suggest that there are many similarities between the mechanisms of developing and maintaining neuropathic pain and lowering the efficacy of morphine in neuropathic pain. Moreover, glial cells are reported to play an important role in the generation of neuropathic pain and the modulation of the other glial cells, and thus neuroimmune activation; glia may provide a strong therapeutic mechanism for increasing morphine efficiency and preventing morphine tolerance during neuropathic pain [9] [10] [11] . Thalidomide, a derivative of glutamic acid, has several immune-modulating properties, such as suppressing the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increasing the release such as anti-inflammatory cytokines [12, 13] . Its efficacy in the treatment of neuropathic pain was also shown in previous reports [13] [14] [15] .

Moreover, glial cells are reported to play an important role in the generation of neuropathic pain and the modulation of the other glial cells, and thus neuroimmune activation; glia may provide a strong therapeutic mechanism for increasing morphine efficiency and preventing morphine tolerance during neuropathic pain.

Thalidomide, a derivative of glutamic acid, has several immune-modulating properties, such as suppressing the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increasing the release such as anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Its efficacy in the treatment of neuropathic pain was also shown in previous reports.


Most recently constructed buildings are quite airtight and have efficient insulation. When a fire occurs in such a highly airtight compartment, it would seem that the oxygen concentration in the involved compartment is decreased. However, few studies have been published dealing with flame spread over a solid fuel surface under low-oxygenconcentration conditions, and at present the details of the effect of oxygen concentration on flame spread over a solid fuel are not adequately understood [8] . In particular, the effect of the oxygen concentration on heat transfer from flame to unburned surface is unknown. Flame spread in microgravity conditions may be simulated by restricting the supply of oxygen with a low oxygen concentration, because flame spread in microgravity is controlled by the supply of oxygen.

However, few studies have been published dealing with flame spread over a solid fuel surface under low-oxygenconcentration conditions, and at present the details of the effect of oxygen concentration on flame spread over a solid fuel are not adequately understood.


In order to elucidate the heat transfer mechanism and determine the heat transfer path, we must know the detailed temperature structure both in the gas and condensed phases. Usually, thermocouples have been used for measuring temperature distributions [9] [10] [11] . However, with this technique it is difficult to determine the temperature gradient accurately due to limited spatial resolution. We recently used holographic interferometry (HI) combined with thermography to determine the temperature structure within a transparent material [3, 4, 12] . Careful use of these techniques can determine the heat flux distribution with high spatial resolution.

Usually, thermocouples have been used for measuring temperature distributions.

We recently used holographic interferometry (HI) combined with thermography to determine the temperature structure within a transparent material.


Finite Volume Method (FVM) is widely being used for simulating nanofluid flow heat transfer [20, 37, 38] . In FVM, conservation of mass, momentum, energy is ensured at each cell and it can be used in the case of unstructured mesh. Other new methods such as Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) scheme and Control Volume based Finite Element Method (CVFEM) were used in order to study the effect of magnetic field on natural convection of nanofluid [27] . Both methods are operative in complex geometry. LBM has simple calculation procedure and efficient implementation for parallel computation, over other conventional CFD methods. The CVFEM, moreover, uses the advantages of both finite volume and finite element methods.

Finite Volume Method (FVM) is widely being used for simulating nanofluid flow heat transfer.

Other new methods such as Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) scheme and Control Volume based Finite Element Method (CVFEM) were used in order to study the effect of magnetic field on natural convection of nanofluid.


Absolute fit indexes were used to verify the global fit of the proposed model. Although there are many possible goodness of fit indexes, and none on their own is sufficient to determine whether or not the model in question fits the data, the following combination of indexes is currently accepted as being the most reliable: 2 , RMSEA, SRMR, GFI and CFI (McDonald & Ho, 2002) . Table 1 presents the goodness of fit data for the hypothesized structural model.

Although there are many possible goodness of fit indexes, and none on their own is sufficient to determine whether or not the model in question fits the data, the following combination of indexes is currently accepted as being the most reliable: 2 , RMSEA, SRMR, GFI and CFI.


Psychological variables have been found to be mediator mechanisms in the relationship which exists between context and psychosocial adjustment, although this analysis has to date focused more on the mediating role of self-concept (Rodríguez-Fernández et al., 2012) . This present study not only confirms the mediating role of self-concept between contextual factors and school and personal adjustment, but also includes a new psychological variable in this relational structure, namely resilience. The fact that self-concept and resilience are directly influenced by the three types of contextual factors analyzed, and that they in turn have a direct effect on the two measures of psychosocial adjustment, indicates the need for schools and families to pay greater attention to the support provided by parents and teachers, in the sense of ensuring the establishment of a close, warm and stimulating relationship between children and the adults that care for them (Masten, 2007; Rueger et al., 2010) . However, the importance of peers should not be overlooked. As adults, it is our responsibility to ensure that our adolescent children/students engage in positive relationships with their friends and classmates, and we should strive to foster prosocial behavior within these relationships (Florenzano & Valdés, 2005; Krauskopf, 2007; Masten, 2007) .

Psychological variables have been found to be mediator mechanisms in the relationship which exists between context and psychosocial adjustment, although this analysis has to date focused more on the mediating role of self-concept.

The fact that self-concept and resilience are directly influenced by the three types of contextual factors analyzed, and that they in turn have a direct effect on the two measures of psychosocial adjustment, indicates the need for schools and families to pay greater attention to the support provided by parents and teachers, in the sense of ensuring the establishment of a close, warm and stimulating relationship between children and the adults that care for them.

As adults, it is our responsibility to ensure that our adolescent children/students engage in positive relationships with their friends and classmates, and we should strive to foster prosocial behavior within these relationships.


Nevertheless, although relations with parents continue to be important during adolescence, during this developmental stage the peer group gradually becomes the most influential socializing context (Fernández & Bravo, 2000) . As children progress from adolescence to young adulthood, their selfesteem and life satisfaction depend more and more on their peer relations and less and less on the support they receive from their parents (Oliva, Parra, & Sánchez-Queija, 2002) . In relation to school adjustment, some studies indicate that peers have considerable influence on attitudes to school, school engagement, academic success, motivation and liking for school (Lubbers, Van Der Werf, Kuyper, & Offringa, 2006; Studsrød & Bru, 2011) . However, other more recent studies refute the influence of peers on school adjustment, affirming that only family has an effect here, while peers only influence satisfaction with life (Rodríguez-Fernández et al., 2012) .

Nevertheless, although relations with parents continue to be important during adolescence, during this developmental stage the peer group gradually becomes the most influential socializing context.

As children progress from adolescence to young adulthood, their selfesteem and life satisfaction depend more and more on their peer relations and less and less on the support they receive from their parents.

In relation to school adjustment, some studies indicate that peers have considerable influence on attitudes to school, school engagement, academic success, motivation and liking for school.

However, other more recent studies refute the influence of peers on school adjustment, affirming that only family has an effect here, while peers only influence satisfaction with life.


The resulting parameters indicate that the proposed model initially obtained a good RMSEA of <.08, although the result was not below RMSEA <.05, which is indicative of excellent fit and is therefore the most desirable outcome. A root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) index of .066 indicates a moderate degree of fit and reflects the suitability of the model; an index of .08 or lower indicates a good fit in relation to the degrees of freedom (Browne & Cudeck, 1993) . As regards the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), the result was .078. This is below .08 and therefore indicative also of good fit. The comparative fit index (CFI = .857) and goodness of fit index (GFI = .856) should be as close as possible to 1, with values over .90 or .95 being considered indicative of excellent fit (Schumacker & Lomax, 2010) . The chi-squared value ( 2 = 4162.03, p = .000), bearing in mind the degrees of freedom (d.f. = 649) is associated with a confidence interval which does not exceed p = .05. This rejects the null hypothesis that the model fits the empirical data. Despite this lack of significant fit in the chi-squared value, the rest of the indexes together do provide evidence that the model fits the data.

A root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) index of .066 indicates a moderate degree of fit and reflects the suitability of the model; an index of .08 or lower indicates a good fit in relation to the degrees of freedom.

The comparative fit index (CFI = .857) and goodness of fit index (GFI = .856) should be as close as possible to 1, with values over .90 or .95 being considered indicative of excellent fit.


Next, two additional coders were provided with a written document with the codes, definitions, and examples and were trained to apply the coding scheme to the entire set of text units. Codes described the key characteristics of the voice episodes, such as the magnitude or reach of the issue and whether the speaker noted ''getting the problem solved by the target'' or other objectives for the communication. We also coded for the sequencing of voice about the same issue to multiple targets. After some preliminary discussion to confirm they shared an understanding of the coding scheme, each coder worked independently. When both finished, their results were combined and compared. We calculated Cohen's kappa as an estimate of reliability or agreement among the raters and found substantial agreement (k = .74). The two authors who developed the coding scheme then discussed all instances of disagreement, many of which were determined to have stemmed primarily from slight differences in how each coder had interpreted the distinction between two codes, and settled on a final designation. At that point, the codes were compared and contrasted across categories (e.g., ''coworker as target'' vs. ''boss as target'') to look for patterns that might facilitate theoretical insight (Miles and Huberman, 1994) .

At that point, the codes were compared and contrasted across categories (e.g., ''coworker as target'' vs. ''boss as target'') to look for patterns that might facilitate theoretical insight.


Sample and data collection. To hone our understanding of distinct voice flows, we engaged in a multi-step inductive process in which we collected, analyzed, and synthesized qualitative survey data from a broad array of informants (Miles and Huberman, 1994) . We designed an online survey in which respondents were given a brief definition of voice and asked to provide ''rich explanations, and not short phrases,'' in response to open-ended questions about specific instances in which they had spoken up to each of three targets: direct boss, a manager of another unit in their firm, and a co-worker. We designed a set of questions to probe why respondents might direct different types of issues to one target, and not others, and why respondents might communicate about the same issue with multiple targets, and in what order. This would allow for a nuanced understanding of the characteristics of the issues and the target that might have implications for unit outcomes. Respondents were first asked to respond to a primary prompt directing them to describe a specific issue about which they had spoken up to a focal target, for example, ''your DIRECT BOSS,'' and explain why. They were then asked to respond to two secondary prompts about that same issue: whether they had also communicated with the two other targets, that is, ''a COWORKER'' and ''ANOTHER MANAGER in your organization,'' and why they had or had not brought the issue to each additional target. The questions were then repeated, but the order was switched for each of the other two focal targets. We randomized the order in which respondents saw these three sets of questions so that the first question a third of all respondents responded to was, alternatively, about speaking up to a direct boss, a coworker, or to another manager.

Sample and data collection.

To hone our understanding of distinct voice flows, we engaged in a multi-step inductive process in which we collected, analyzed, and synthesized qualitative survey data from a broad array of informants.


Our level of analysis is the leader's credit union branch, but, in several cases, the performance of more than one branch was rated by a single senior executive. Sets of ratings provided by a single person, as well as the data from different credit unions, call into question whether the data are completely independent, and in fact, the intraclass correlation coefficient for executive raters was .20 (F (15, 77) = 2.48, p < .01). Therefore, we employed multilevel analyses to explicitly model such non-independence (Raudenbush and Bryk, 2002) .

Therefore, we employed multilevel analyses to explicitly model such non-independence.


In addition, we accounted for the average quality of the relationships between subordinates and their branch manager, as leader-member exchange (LMX) has been linked to leaders' and units' performance (Gerstner and Day, 1997) . LMX was measured using three items on the short form of the LMX-7 measure (Wayne, Shore and Liden, 1997) . The items were ''How often do you feel that you know where you stand (i.e., how satisfied your branch manager is with what you do)?''; ''How well do you feel that your immediate supervisor understands your problems and needs?''; and ''How much do you feel that your immediate supervisor recognizes your potential?'' Response formats followed the original instrument. The estimated reliability was .86.

In addition, we accounted for the average quality of the relationships between subordinates and their branch manager, as leader-member exchange (LMX) has been linked to leaders' and units' performance.

LMX was measured using three items on the short form of the LMX-7 measure.

The estimated reliability was .86.


Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) persists as a major pathogen, particularly among children in low-income countries [1] . Capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines provide type-specific immunity, but have the disadvantages of limited serotype coverage, increasing disease from non-vaccine serotypes, and relatively high cost [2, 3] . Therefore, potentially more economical serotype-independent vaccines based upon species-common protein antigens are being investigated [4] . We have been investigating the use of killed cells of non-capsulated pneumococci, maximizing the exposure of a variety of species-common sub-capsular antigens, thus potentially providing synergistic immunity to multiple pneumococcal targets. This preparation, designated "whole cell antigen" (WCA) or, when given with suitable adjuvant, whole cell vaccine (WCV), was initially intended for mucosal administration to reduce colonization. Intranasal (i.n.) vaccination using cholera toxin as adjuvant prevents fatal serotype 3 pneumonia in rats and reduces nasopharygeal (NP) and middle ear colonization in mice by strains of serotype 6B or 23F [5, 6] . Serum antibodies are raised, but the accelerated pneumococcal clearance in mice can be induced in the absence of antibodies by a CD4+ T cell-dependent, IL-17A-mediated mechanism [7, 8] .

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) persists as a major pathogen, particularly among children in low-income countries.

Capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines provide type-specific immunity, but have the disadvantages of limited serotype coverage, increasing disease from non-vaccine serotypes, and relatively high cost.

Therefore, potentially more economical serotype-independent vaccines based upon species-common protein antigens are being investigated.

Intranasal (i.n.) vaccination using cholera toxin as adjuvant prevents fatal serotype 3 pneumonia in rats and reduces nasopharygeal (NP) and middle ear colonization in mice by strains of serotype 6B or 23F.

Serum antibodies are raised, but the accelerated pneumococcal clearance in mice can be induced in the absence of antibodies by a CD4+ T cell-dependent, IL-17A-mediated mechanism.


Most approaches, including the one described here, are based on relating sequenced reads to reference organism genome sequences. Conceptually, the aim of these approaches is to place the organisms in the sample on a "tree of life" that has been defined in advance. In practice, the available reference organisms are extremely unevenly scattered through the true tree of life. Many medically important branches, such as enterobacteria, are relatively well sampled with many strains from the same species, while there are entire phyla of unculturable organisms that are unrepresented [3, 25, 32, 40] .

Many medically important branches, such as enterobacteria, are relatively well sampled with many strains from the same species, while there are entire phyla of unculturable organisms that are unrepresented.


District heating (DH) is an energy service based on moving heat from available heat sources directly to customers for immediate use [1] . This service is flexible and allows renewable energy sources to be utilized as a primary energy input. In turn, this leads to decreasing CO2 emissions and energy savings. Currently three generations of DH distribution technology are in use. The research society is moving towards the fourth generation of low temperature district heating (LTDH) [1] . The development of LTDH is impossible without a reliable distribution system. It is well known that a DH system is rarely developed from a scratch and huge DH networks are a result of extension and merging. Therefore, it is highly desirable that old DH pipes provide reliable operation and do not influence heat distribution through unpredicted failures.

District heating (DH) is an energy service based on moving heat from available heat sources directly to customers for immediate use.

The research society is moving towards the fourth generation of low temperature district heating (LTDH).


In the present study, it is hypothesized that septic ED patients with clinically recognizable signs of organ failure, i.e., hypotension, are treated better than patients with only biochemical signs of organ failure, i.e., hyperlactatemia. If recognition of organ failure is the "bottleneck" in compliance to the SSC compared to other aforementioned factors, quality improvement programs should develop specific tools for recognition of biochemical signs of organ failure, because both have similar mortality [15] . The advice to screen for signs of organ failure besides screening for the presence of infection and systemic inflammatory response criteria 1 might be insufficient.

If recognition of organ failure is the "bottleneck" in compliance to the SSC compared to other aforementioned factors, quality improvement programs should develop specific tools for recognition of biochemical signs of organ failure, because both have similar mortality.


The protection of REBCO-based coils represents another critical issue. The operating temperature margin is clearly much larger compared to LTS-based magnets. This results in a much slower normal zone propagation velocity that makes difficult the detection of quenches [15, 16] . A magnet quench can be triggered when the winding temperature locally exceeds the current sharing temperature, Tcs, i.e. the temperature at which the current in the tape is equal to the critical current. The characterization of the temperature dependence of Ic between 4.2 K and Tcs is thus necessary to consolidate the electromagnetic models simulating the coil behaviour in case of quenches.

This results in a much slower normal zone propagation velocity that makes difficult the detection of quenches.


The second configuration has advanced universities and incubators and receives adequate support from the local government. However, the central government's subsidy and industry participation are relatively less. Considering that the regions belonging to this configuration are two municipalities (Shanghai and Beijing) and are directly under the control of China's government, the economic gross is relatively low compared to other provinces, and the percentage of subsidy out of the whole country also ranks at the bottom among all the cases. On the other hand, Beijing is the central city in the Bohai Sea Economic Cycle, while Shanghai is the core city in the Yangzi River Delta Economic Cycle. The industry structures of the two cities are quite biased toward the service sector and high-tech departments. The outcome of this differs a little from what we expected before: the regional cooperation in the two cities counts on local government devotion, the participation of universities and incubators rather than industry's devotion and central government's subsidy to industry innovation. Beijing and Shanghai have the highest innovation density in China, which is indicated by the highest patents per million inhabitants. However, the percentage of enterprises' R-D expenditure in the two cities is rather low relative to other regions. Meanwhile, the subsidies from the central government are lower than the rest of the sample. This phenomenon is mainly because of the flow-back effect of university-industry cooperation in the two cities. The fast development of state-owned incumbents and multiple-national enterprises has enabled the industry to establish their own platforms, which attract the university's devotion in cooperative innovation [63] . This new tendency makes the university-industry collaborations blurry to measure; in this way, triple helix's different bonds in China's municipalities need further empirical studies.

The fast development of state-owned incumbents and multiple-national enterprises has enabled the industry to establish their own platforms, which attract the university's devotion in cooperative innovation.


To explore the mechanism of the triple helix in China's specific background, considering the roles of government, universities, and organizations in regional synergistic innovation, the authors apply Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fs-QCA) to evaluate China's provincial innovation using an outcome-casual approach: this research approach combines qualitative and quantitative methods. Our research adds to a rather small body of literature related to regional multiple-participant innovation in China. However, some empirical studies focus on cooperative innovation in emerging countries [7, 8] . We propose variables for measuring casual factors of regional innovation. Additionally, our research focusses on radical innovation rather than exploited innovation.

However, some empirical studies focus on cooperative innovation in emerging countries.


The two main components of PerformanceBased Navigation (PBN), as outlined by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), are Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) [1] . RNAV enables aircraft to fly on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground-or space-based navigation aids, within the limits of the capability of the self-contained systems, or a combination of both capabilities [1] . RNAV aircraft have better access and flexibility for point-to-point and benefit in all phases of flight, including departure, en route, arrival, approach, and transitioning airspace [1] .

The two main components of PerformanceBased Navigation (PBN), as outlined by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), are Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP).

RNAV enables aircraft to fly on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground-or space-based navigation aids, within the limits of the capability of the self-contained systems, or a combination of both capabilities.

RNAV aircraft have better access and flexibility for point-to-point and benefit in all phases of flight, including departure, en route, arrival, approach, and transitioning airspace.


This paper assesses the relationship between the longterm interest rate and budget deficit in the context of the loanable funds theory of interest rate. According to the loanable funds theory, interest rate is determined in terms of the demand and supply of funds available for lending (Cebula, 1999) . Because governments borrow, mostly in the capital market, to finance budget deficits, government borrowing leads to an increase in the demand for loanable funds, and a reduction of available loanable funds to finance private investment. Thus, the increase in the demand for loans, as a result of government borrowing, should lead to an increase in the price of loans (interest rate) and a likely decrease in private investment. Another advantage of using a loanable funds model that provides an interaction between long-term and short-term interest is that, apart from assessing the effect of fiscal stimulus on long-term interest rate, the model can also provide information about the relationship between short-and long-term interest rates, and, thus, the characteristic of the term structure of interest rate in South Africa. For example, a positive relationship between long-and short-term interest rates should support the expectation theory of the term structure of interest rates, and, thus, the possibility of the monetary authority influencing long-term interest rates.

According to the loanable funds theory, interest rate is determined in terms of the demand and supply of funds available for lending.


Frequent gravity currents are driven by pressure gradients resulting from spatial variations in particle loading, such as in desert sand storms ("haboobs") and powder snow avalanches [4] . Turbidity currents-derived from "turbid," meaning "muddy"-represent an important class of such particle-driven flows [5] . They can be encountered in lakes as well as the ocean, where they are driven by the density difference between turbid water containing sand and/or clay, and clear ambient water. In freshwater reservoirs, they contribute to the loss of storage capacity over time, and in the world's oceans they represent a key mechanism for transporting sediment from the continental shelves to the deep sea. Large turbidity currents can last for hours or even days, and they can propagate over vast distances in excess of O (1000 km), such as along the North Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel [6] . Their interaction with the seafloor via erosion and deposition is responsible for the formation of large-scale features such as submarine sediment waves, dunes, and canyons. Over geological time scales, the deposits from turbidity currents (turbidites) can reach enormous scales of up to O (10 6 km 3 ), such as the Bengal Fan [7] . Under certain ambient conditions, the organic matter contained in the sediment may form hydrocarbons, so that sedimentary rock from turbidity current deposits plays an important role in oil and gas exploration [8] . From an engineering point of view, turbidity currents pose a significant hazard to submarine oil pipelines, well heads, and telecommunication cables.

Frequent gravity currents are driven by pressure gradients resulting from spatial variations in particle loading, such as in desert sand storms ("haboobs") and powder snow avalanches.

Turbidity currents-derived from "turbid," meaning "muddy"-represent an important class of such particle-driven flows.

Large turbidity currents can last for hours or even days, and they can propagate over vast distances in excess of O (1000 km), such as along the North Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel.

Over geological time scales, the deposits from turbidity currents (turbidites) can reach enormous scales of up to O (10 6 km 3 ), such as the Bengal Fan.

Under certain ambient conditions, the organic matter contained in the sediment may form hydrocarbons, so that sedimentary rock from turbidity current deposits plays an important role in oil and gas exploration.


Replicative senescence was formally described half a century ago by Leonard Hayflick in human diploid fibroblasts as a permanent cell cycle arrest after a limited number of cell divisions in culture [3] . It is generally assumed that this type of cellular aging is caused by telomere attrition, a natural process occurring with each cell cycle [4] . Alternatively, cellular senescence can be induced by DNA damage through external stress like reactive oxygen species or the activation of oncogenes [5, 6] . Cellular senescence is often considered to be a hallmark of aging, suggesting that the two processes might be related [7] .

Replicative senescence was formally described half a century ago by Leonard Hayflick in human diploid fibroblasts as a permanent cell cycle arrest after a limited number of cell divisions in culture.

It is generally assumed that this type of cellular aging is caused by telomere attrition, a natural process occurring with each cell cycle.

Alternatively, cellular senescence can be induced by DNA damage through external stress like reactive oxygen species or the activation of oncogenes.

Cellular senescence is often considered to be a hallmark of aging, suggesting that the two processes might be related.


Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be differentiated towards osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. They can be easily isolated from various tissues and harbor both regenerative and immunomodulatory potential. MSCs have been tested in a multitude of clinical trials-the clinical relevance is often not unequivocally demonstrated, but at least, there were so far no severe side effects [1] . Ex vivo expansion of MSCs is indispensable for obtaining sufficient amounts of cells for cellular therapies or tissue engineering. Nevertheless, MSCs have a limited lifespan in vitro and enter replicative senescence after a predefined number of cell divisions. Replicative senescence of MSCs is not only reflected in decay of proliferation but also in continuous changes of cellular morphology, size, and loss of differentiation potential [2] . Thus, senescence is of major significance for the therapeutic potential of MSCs and needs to be considered in terms of quality control.

MSCs have been tested in a multitude of clinical trials-the clinical relevance is often not unequivocally demonstrated, but at least, there were so far no severe side effects.

Replicative senescence of MSCs is not only reflected in decay of proliferation but also in continuous changes of cellular morphology, size, and loss of differentiation potential.


Br is effectively computable in many situations of interest. We say that the Brauer-Manin obstruction is the only obstruction to the Hasse principle for a class C of varieties if, for all varieties Y ∈ C, the implication Y (A k ) Br = ∅ ⇒ Y (k) = ∅ holds. There are varieties for which the Brauer-Manin obstruction is not the only one: the first example was given by Skorobogatov [15] . But it has been conjectured by Colliot-Thélène [5, p. 319 ] that the Brauer-Manin obstruction is the only obstruction to the Hasse principle for geometrically rational varieties. This conjecture is far from being proved apart from in a few very specific cases; however, it supports the idea that studying the Brauer-Manin obstruction is a useful proxy for studying the existence of rational points on varieties.

There are varieties for which the Brauer-Manin obstruction is not the only one: the first example was given by Skorobogatov.


Any aviation accident may lead to unpredictable fatal losses. Statistically, almost 80% of aviation accidents occur at airports. Therefore, how to identify risk items, measure risk value objectively, and establish Risk Assessment Matrix of airports is a major task of airport safety management. Establishing a risk management mechanism for airports to monitor and improve these risks is the only solution to lower latent risks efficiently and to achieve the goal of airport safety. The probability of an aviation accident is very low, making it a difficult and complex task to properly explain, locate, and manage overall aviation safety [1] . Quantitative assessment of risk is particularly challenging in aviation safety domain where undesired events are extremely rare, and the causal factors are difficult to quantify and nonlinearly related [2] . Because of this incomplete information and data uncertainty, the traditional risk assessment ranks the level of risks through risk map based on the subjective experience and risk threshold value [3] . Since the subjective experience involves fuzzy linguistic variables to describe the severity, frequency of occurrence of the failure, and their fuzzy relationship, fuzzy logic based on the experience of experts is a good method to deal with risk assessment.

The probability of an aviation accident is very low, making it a difficult and complex task to properly explain, locate, and manage overall aviation safety.

Quantitative assessment of risk is particularly challenging in aviation safety domain where undesired events are extremely rare, and the causal factors are difficult to quantify and nonlinearly related.

Because of this incomplete information and data uncertainty, the traditional risk assessment ranks the level of risks through risk map based on the subjective experience and risk threshold value.


A future work perspective is represented by the introduction of the evapotranspiration process into the definition of the retention characteristics of the green roof. Given the relationship between evapotranspiration losses and soil water content, it will be possible to replace VW with an index of the evapotranspirated volume, which may depend on the characteristics of the rain event [31] . In this way, it will be possible to organize a tool for the prediction of the hydrological performance of a green roof simply based on rainfall properties.

Given the relationship between evapotranspiration losses and soil water content, it will be possible to replace VW with an index of the evapotranspirated volume, which may depend on the characteristics of the rain event.


The event scale analysis concerned 35 rainfall-runoff events that occurred in a period between July 2017 and April 2019. Measurements collected during the first six months of the monitoring period, from January 2017 to July 2017, were not taken into account, because the system was considered to be at an early stage and not fully or properly working. To avoid mutual dependence of consecutive rainfall-runoff events, an antecedent dry water period of at least 7 h between two consecutive rainfall events was set as a threshold to select independent events, according to the relevant literature [20, 21, 23, 24] .

To avoid mutual dependence of consecutive rainfall-runoff events, an antecedent dry water period of at least 7 h between two consecutive rainfall events was set as a threshold to select independent events, according to the relevant literature.


Sang-yod rice bran hydrolysates derived by using a single enzyme hydrolysis: Effects of enzymes and hydrolysis conditions on -glucan and protein contents of the RBHs are shown in Figure 1 . The -glucan content of the RBHs was in the range of 0.73-4.26 % (w/w) ( Figure  1A , B). These would represent an extractable glucan range of 0.04-0.21 % g/100g of the rice bran. The highest extractable value was close to the glucan content of Hom Mali 105 (Bureerum) rice bran, 0.22 % w/w [20] . The β-glucan content of the RBHs obtained by using amyloglucosidase hydrolysis was higher than those of the Protease G6-derived RBHs. It was increased through the increasing of amyloglucosidase concentration but decreased through the increasing of hydrolysis time. The highest content (4.26 % w/w) was obtained by using 5 % w/v amyloglucosidase for 30 min (5A-30).

The highest extractable value was close to the glucan content of Hom Mali 105 (Bureerum) rice bran, 0.22 % w/w.


The amyloglucosidase enzyme specifically cleaves the (1-4)--linkage next to a (1-3)--linkage at the reducing end to yield (1-4)-link-oligosaccharide with one (1-3)-linked glucose unit [21] . Accordingly, its activity likely accounts for the increasing of soluble -glucan. On the other hand, reduction in soluble -glucan of the RBHs, especially through the lengthening of hydrolysis time, is likely due to an excess activity of amyloglucosidase specifically against the soluble -glucan [22] . An unexpected result which was discovered was that a significant amount of -glucan (0.76-1.20%) was also available in the hydrolysate derived by the proteolytic process. This observation may due to the substantial amount of protein binding with the structural polysaccharides of rice bran. Thus, the digestion of a peptide bond may not only liberate soluble peptide but also release -glucan, at least partially, as a protein bound -glucan ( Figure 1B) .

The amyloglucosidase enzyme specifically cleaves the (1-4)--linkage next to a (1-3)--linkage at the reducing end to yield (1-4)-link-oligosaccharide with one (1-3)-linked glucose unit.

On the other hand, reduction in soluble -glucan of the RBHs, especially through the lengthening of hydrolysis time, is likely due to an excess activity of amyloglucosidase specifically against the soluble -glucan.


Rice bran comprising about 10-15 % by weight of rough rice is a by-product from the rice-milling process [1] . Recently, there has been rising research attention towards increasing its utilization because of its nutritional properties [2] . Rice bran is generally accepted as a rich source of protein and other nutrients. Rice bran's protein contains unique nutritional and hypoallergenic properties compared to proteins from other cereals and legumes [3, 4, 5] . Moreover, a recent study revealed that rice bran hydrolysate is composed with β-glucan as a water-soluble polysaccharide [6] . Many nutrients and bioactive compounds known as antioxidants, including phenolic compounds, are found in pigmented rice and particularly in rice grain. Alternative products from rice have reported that five varieties of pigmented rice from Thailand revealed low to medium glycemic index, and could have potential of being used in diabetic diets [7] . Utilization of ricegrass can be improved in nutritional value and bioactive compounds, in addition to antioxidant activity [8, 9] .

Rice bran comprising about 10-15 % by weight of rough rice is a by-product from the rice-milling process.

Recently, there has been rising research attention towards increasing its utilization because of its nutritional properties.

Rice bran's protein contains unique nutritional and hypoallergenic properties compared to proteins from other cereals and legumes.

Moreover, a recent study revealed that rice bran hydrolysate is composed with β-glucan as a water-soluble polysaccharide.

Alternative products from rice have reported that five varieties of pigmented rice from Thailand revealed low to medium glycemic index, and could have potential of being used in diabetic diets.

Utilization of ricegrass can be improved in nutritional value and bioactive compounds, in addition to antioxidant activity.


The AdS/CFT correspondence provides a powerful tool in probing many important phenomena of strongly correlated systems in condensed matter physics [1] [2] [3] . In the context of AdS/CFT, many charge transport coefficients such as DC conductivity, optical conductivity have been computed by considering the near-equilibrium filed theories on the boundary with gravity dual in the bulk. One can perturb the boundary by a time-dependent field with frequency ω to obtain the optical conductivity [1, 3] . However, under this approach, when getting the DC conductivity with the limit ω → 0, one will confront the divergence due to the spatial translation invariance of the homogeneous gravitational backgrounds involved.

The AdS/CFT correspondence provides a powerful tool in probing many important phenomena of strongly correlated systems in condensed matter physics.

One can perturb the boundary by a time-dependent field with frequency ω to obtain the optical conductivity.


An issue of potential interest to researchers is that negative traits are an important part of normal personality profiles. The FFM has contributed to the implicit assumption that if personality is adaptive, then it consists solely of positive traits. Adding items that target the (subclinical) negative personality aspects to existing measures of the FFM would allow re-examination of the underlying facets of each FFM domain. Ensuring that the FFM items sample as representative a range of traits as possible would enhance the content validity of its factors (Todman, 2007) .

Ensuring that the FFM items sample as representative a range of traits as possible would enhance the content validity of its factors.


Although the possibility of significant relationships between the Personality Disorders and the Dark Triad seem compelling, a problem for research on this issue with normal populations is that measures of the disorders designed for clinical samples may not have an appropriate range of scores to allow discrimination between respondents. A suitable alternative may be the Hogan Development Survey (HDS), which was designed to predict maladaptive symptoms in normal workforce samples, using a continuum of scores rather than cut points (Hogan, 2007) . The eleven scales of the HDS map onto each of the DSM-IV Personality Disorders, and are shown in Table 1 along with descriptions of their personality profiles.

A suitable alternative may be the Hogan Development Survey (HDS), which was designed to predict maladaptive symptoms in normal workforce samples, using a continuum of scores rather than cut points.


All three Dark Triad constructs have been associated with high aggression and low empathy (Friedenfelt & Klinteberg, 2007; Munro, Bore, & Powis, 2005) . All three are also related to the Five Factor Model domains of Agreeableness (A) and Conscientiousness (C) (Jakobwitz & Egan, 2006; Paulhus & Williams, 2002) . However, some differential relationships have been reported. Extraversion (E) negatively correlates with Se-condary Psychopathy and positively with Narcissism, while Neuroticism is negatively related to Narcissism, and positively to Secondary Psychopathy (Miller et al., 2010) .

All three Dark Triad constructs have been associated with high aggression and low empathy.

All three are also related to the Five Factor Model domains of Agreeableness (A) and Conscientiousness (C).

Extraversion (E) negatively correlates with Se-condary Psychopathy and positively with Narcissism, while Neuroticism is negatively related to Narcissism, and positively to Secondary Psychopathy.


The associations of the Dark Triad with the FFM domains alone do not establish their construct validity. The facets of the FFM may be used to provide a more detailed description of individual personality profiles, which may assist in discriminating between traits with common domain relationships (Costa & McCrae, 1995) . However, given the overlap between the Dark Triad traits, a correlational approach is unlikely to reveal which FFM facets best characterise each construct. Multivariate regression analysis may allow an examination of the facets that predict the most variance in Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy.

The facets of the FFM may be used to provide a more detailed description of individual personality profiles, which may assist in discriminating between traits with common domain relationships.


In another form, it serves to continuously facilitate organelle acidification, through the operation of intracellular chloride channels (Stauber and Jentsch, 2013) . Despite its importance in cell function, intracellular chloride has never been visualized or quantitated in vivo. Here, using a previously developed, pH-independent, DNA-based fluorescent chloride reporter called Clensor, we have made the first measure of chloride in a live multicellular organism, creating in vivo chloride maps of lysosomes in C. elegans.

In another form, it serves to continuously facilitate organelle acidification, through the operation of intracellular chloride channels.


Traditionally, rice is grown through transplanting on puddle soil, which needs huge labour as well as water. To combat with this situation, growers in many Asian countries shifting their production system from traditional puddle transplanted rice to direct seeded culture. Direct seeded rice (DSR) is less labour intensive, consumes less water, crop matures 7 to 10 days earlier than traditional transplanted rice. But, DSR faces multiple problems during its growth and development processes from sowing to maturity. Inconsistent plant population, injudicious use of fertilizer, water stress or presence of weeds in the field often limit crop yield of DSR. Among the crop production constraints, judicial use of fertilizer and economic weed management are very important. The risk of yield loss from weeds in DSR is greater than transplanted culture (Rao et al., 2007) .

The risk of yield loss from weeds in DSR is greater than transplanted culture.


The limits of the approach can be observed when going to more complex images. Figure 4 depicts the results of trying to reproduce a small image of the Mona Lisa painting (left image). The middle image shows the downsized reference image. The best achievable result after over 500 generations is depicted in the right image. The overall background color scheme is present, although, unfortunately, Mona is missing. The main reason for this result lies in the increased size of the image -while the flags were evolved on a raster of 6x9, the Mona Lisa image is 20x29. Note that initially only cells at the corner and the borders can detect their position in the image -the inner cells must rely on propagating information. For a larger image, the ratio between border and inner cells is more extreme. Another question of interest was how well natural patterns can be evolved. Several patterns resembling natural ones can be reproduced by CA executing simple statetransition rules of positive and negative feedback [18] .

Several patterns resembling natural ones can be reproduced by CA executing simple statetransition rules of positive and negative feedback.


Natural rubber (NR) is originated from the sap of rubber tree or also known as Hevea brasiliensis. The major uses of NR are for tires, molded goods, medical devices, personal protective equipment and mechanical parts due to its excellent elasticity and good mechanical behaviors (Puskas et al. 2014) . Nevertheless, NR is a natural polymer having high molecular weight and can be chemically depolymerized into liquid natural rubber (LNR).

The major uses of NR are for tires, molded goods, medical devices, personal protective equipment and mechanical parts due to its excellent elasticity and good mechanical behaviors.


Microgrid has recently received increasing attention. The main energy sources of microgrid are renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power and small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) facilities based on fuel cells and micro-turbines. Particularly, the energy sources of the microgrid are related to climate change as clean energy sources, making the microgrid a good option for popularizing the sources into power grids. For this reason, a number of projects for developing and demonstrating microgrids have been carried out in many countries [1] , [2] .

For this reason, a number of projects for developing and demonstrating microgrids have been carried out in many countries.


Our study proposes an integrated analysis of cropland distribution over space and land use changes in a metropolitan region, providing a relevant knowledge base with implications for urban studies, agricultural policy, and regional planning [3, 6, 10, 22, 34, [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] . Specific socioeconomic and biophysical factors influencing cropland distribution have been identified through an original procedure based on multivariate exploratory statistics [2, 4] . Despite massive urban expansion, our results showed a moderate (and spatially-heterogeneous) increase in cropland over time, mainly at the expenses of forest areas [46] [47] [48] . Fringe landscapes became more heterogeneous and mixed, reflecting a latent interplay between low-density settlements and medium-small farms specialized in tree and garden crops [1, 14] . Cropland constituted a relevant part of fringe land, and its transformations have a direct impact on the structure of natural-based infrastructures surrounding Athens.

Our study proposes an integrated analysis of cropland distribution over space and land use changes in a metropolitan region, providing a relevant knowledge base with implications for urban studies, agricultural policy, and regional planning.

Specific socioeconomic and biophysical factors influencing cropland distribution have been identified through an original procedure based on multivariate exploratory statistics.

Despite massive urban expansion, our results showed a moderate (and spatially-heterogeneous) increase in cropland over time, mainly at the expenses of forest areas.

Fringe landscapes became more heterogeneous and mixed, reflecting a latent interplay between low-density settlements and medium-small farms specialized in tree and garden crops.


Earlier studies have clearly evidenced how suburbanization has negatively affected the structure of landscapes, reducing the overall environmental quality of the region [13, 49] . An increasing polarization in fringe mixed areas and more remote districts was observed during the investigated time period. The monocentric model typical of the study area has influenced markedly the spatial distribution of cropland, evidencing the importance of traditional agricultural systems as a latent urban-forest interface [14, 16, 50] . At the same time, urban sprawl impacted cropland directly by fragmenting agricultural utilized area and partly disconnecting pristine agricultural-natural districts. Various forms of infrastructure (including the Athens International Airport built-up in the traditional agricultural district of Messoghia) were also important in this process.

Earlier studies have clearly evidenced how suburbanization has negatively affected the structure of landscapes, reducing the overall environmental quality of the region.

The monocentric model typical of the study area has influenced markedly the spatial distribution of cropland, evidencing the importance of traditional agricultural systems as a latent urban-forest interface.


UMIs can be utilised across a broad range of sequencing techniques, however bioinformatic methods to leverage the information from UMIs have yet to be standardised. In particular, others have noted the problem of UMI errors, but the solutions applied are varied (Bose et al. 2015; Islam et al. 2014) . The adjacency and directional-adjacency methods we set out here are, to our knowledge, novel approaches to remove PCR duplicates when using UMIs. Comparing these methods to previous methods with simulated data, we observed that our methods are superior at estimating the true number of unique molecules. Of the three network-based methods, directional adjacency was the most robust over the simulation conditions and should be preferred. We note that the performance of all network-based methods will decrease as the number of aligned reads at a genomic locus approaches the number of possible UMIs, however this is an intrinsic issue with UMIs and not one that can be solved computationally post-sequencing. For this reason, we recommend all experiments to use UMIs of at least 8 bp in length and to use longer UMIs for higher sequencing depth experiments. The simulations also indicated that very long UMIs actually decrease the accuracy of quantification when not accounting for UMI errors, since the UMIs are more likely to accumulate errors. For experiments utilising long UMIs, network-based methods therefore show an even greater performance relative to the unique method. The simulations provide an insight into the impact on quantification accuracy and indicate that application of an error-aware method is even more important with higher sequencing depth. This is perhaps most pertinent for single cell RNA-Seq, as cost decreases continue to drive higher sequencing depths.

In particular, others have noted the problem of UMI errors, but the solutions applied are varied.


Interestingly, other important applications concern data sets with only a few transactions. This is the case for typical gene expression data analysis where items denote gene expression properties in biological situations. Here, the frequent sets denote sets of genes that are frequently co-regulated and thus can be suspected to participate to a common function within the cells. In common microarray data, the number of lines is a few tens and the number of columns is a few thousands. It is however possible to use the properties of Galois connection to compute the closed sets on the smaller dimension and derive the closed sets on the other dimension [20, 21] . Notice that once every closed set is known, all the frequent sets and their frequencies are known as well.

It is however possible to use the properties of Galois connection to compute the closed sets on the smaller dimension and derive the closed sets on the other dimension.


Web archives are generated by a variety of tools in a variety of formats. An ISO standard format utilized by institutional and personal web archivists alike is the Web ARChive (WARC) format [1] . WARC files allow HTTP communication that occurred during a crawl as well as payload, metadata and other archival features to be encoded in a single or an extensibly defined set of WARC files.

An ISO standard format utilized by institutional and personal web archivists alike is the Web ARChive (WARC) format.


Contrary to the above method, the distributed parameters of transmission line are used for winding model in the MTL modeling method. Due to the presence of inductances and capacitors in transient states, traveling waves are created which are propagated at different speeds inside the winding and based on the total effects of these transient waves, a state of resonance is created. Based on the theory of multi-conductor lines, the winding modeling is in the form of transmission lines which are parallel in positioning, but are in series electrically [5, 6] . In this modeling, each winding unit is considered as one transmission line with distributed parameters and their collection forms a multi-conductor transmission system. This method is also applicable for electric machines, transformers, and cables [7] .

Based on the theory of multi-conductor lines, the winding modeling is in the form of transmission lines which are parallel in positioning, but are in series electrically.

This method is also applicable for electric machines, transformers, and cables.


In the detailed model, called internal model or ladder RLC, the smallest space in a winding of a turn or a group of turns such as a disc or a pair of discs is modeled by an RLC circuit and the collection of the winding is in the form of a ladder network. Each element in the network has a capacitor relative to the ground and the inductances have also mutual induction. It is difficult in this method to estimate the circuit parameters with regard to the data related to the geometrical dimensions of transformer and the materials employed [4] .

It is difficult in this method to estimate the circuit parameters with regard to the data related to the geometrical dimensions of transformer and the materials employed.


In the European Union each year nearly 90 million tons of food waste is produced and 38% directly accrues at the food industry [14] . In the current study, the utilisation of residual materials from the food industry was tested for the production of fruiting bodies of A. aegerita. The spent substrates may be further used after mushroom production as animal feed, because degradation of lignocelluloses by mushrooms improves the availability of nutrients [15] .

In the European Union each year nearly 90 million tons of food waste is produced and 38% directly accrues at the food industry.

The spent substrates may be further used after mushroom production as animal feed, because degradation of lignocelluloses by mushrooms improves the availability of nutrients.