In this paper we derive equations of motion for poles of A m,n (x) or zeros of τ m,n (x) for discrete times m, n and thus obtain a fully discretized Calogero-Moser many body problem. This appears to be the discrete time version of the Ruijsenaars-Schneider (RS) model proposed in the seminal paper [11] . Remarkably, the discrete equations of motion have the form of Bethe equations of the hierarchical (nested) Bethe ansatz. The discrete time runs over "levels" of the nested Bethe ansatz.

This appears to be the discrete time version of the Ruijsenaars-Schneider (RS) model proposed in the seminal paper.


C. Pandana and R. Liu proposed keep connect routing algorithm for network capacity maximization in energy constrained ad hoc network. Keep connect algorithm finds the weight of node based on how many components are connected with this node. Weight of the node can be thought as the importance of the node. Most important node is the node that results in large number of disconnected component as it dies. The proposed KC algorithm along with flow augmentation or with Minimum Total Energy algorithm provide the best result such as these combine algorithm provide maximum connectivity of the network as well as maximize the lifetime of network [9] . K. Kar, M Codialam, T. V. Lakshman and L. Tassiulas provided routing algorithm for network capacity maximization in energy constrained ad hoc network [10] . G. Anastasi, M. Conti, M. D. Francesco and A. passarella discussed various energy conservation schemes in wireless sensor network. To reduce power consumption in wireless sensor network, they identified three main enabling techniques, namely, duty cycling, data-driven approach and mobility [11] .

The proposed KC algorithm along with flow augmentation or with Minimum Total Energy algorithm provide the best result such as these combine algorithm provide maximum connectivity of the network as well as maximize the lifetime of network.

K. Kar, M Codialam, T. V. Lakshman and L. Tassiulas provided routing algorithm for network capacity maximization in energy constrained ad hoc network.

To reduce power consumption in wireless sensor network, they identified three main enabling techniques, namely, duty cycling, data-driven approach and mobility.


In wireless sensor network data transmission is very expensive in terms of energy consumption, while data processing consumes significantly less [1] . The energy cost of transmitting a single bit of information is approximately the same as that needed for processing a thousand operations in typical sensor node [2] . The communication subsystem has much higher energy consumption than the computation subsystem. It has been shown that transmitting one bit may consume as much as executing a few thousand instruction. On the other hand the nodes in a sensor network may not be charged once their energy drained so the lifetime of the network depends crucially on the energy of the nodes. Efficient utilization of energy is crucial to the WSNs. The sensors are extremely energy bounded, hence the network formed by these sensors are also energy constrained. The communication devices on these sensors are small and have limited power and sensing ranges. A routing protocol coordinates the activities of individual nodes in the network to achieve global goals and does it in an efficient manner. Hence lifetime of network depends on appropriate routing protocol.

In wireless sensor network data transmission is very expensive in terms of energy consumption, while data processing consumes significantly less.

The energy cost of transmitting a single bit of information is approximately the same as that needed for processing a thousand operations in typical sensor node.


This information is crucial for further considerations. The main result of Section 4 states that under minimal assumptions on generalized convolutions an analog of processes with independent increments can be constructed. We follow and extend an approach of N. Van Thu [37] . In Section 5 we consider stochastic integral processes with respect to generalized convolutions. Section 6 is devoted to the property of weak generalized summation. In Section 7 we construct "independently scattered" random measures based on a weak generalized summation; these measures are used in Section 8 to construct Lévy and additive processes. Finally, in Section 9 we define stochastic integrals of deterministic functions with respect to such random measures and generalized convolutions.

We follow and extend an approach of N. Van Thu.


Over the past decades, demand response (DR) has been studied and implemented in many power systems. The studies show that appropriate changes of demand are more efficient in contrast to traditional philosophy that electricity demands should be fully supplied only by controlling generation units [1] . Price-based DR programs induce customers to change their electricity usage through price signals that reflect volatility of wholesale market prices. Customers respond to the price signals to reduce their energy cost by changing demand patterns, such as peak load shaving, which affects the overall power system. The tariff structure and level of the rates will directly affect the amount of changes in demand and resulting benefits over the system. Therefore, tariff system should be carefully designed to maximize the system-wide benefits while the customers make strategies to minimize their energy costs.

The studies show that appropriate changes of demand are more efficient in contrast to traditional philosophy that electricity demands should be fully supplied only by controlling generation units.


The system peak load shaving and/or load leveling offers system-wide benefits in the aspect of economical operation and avoidance of additional capital expenditure of supply units [5, 6] . Many studies verified that BESS are successfully operated to flatten the load pattern and, thus, achieve the aforementioned benefits. In spite of the technical suitability of BESS on peak load shaving, however, practical issues related to the inconsistency between system operators and energy storage owners (ESOs) arise [7] . In other words, ESOs are likely to operate their BESS to maximize their own benefits regardless of its impact on the power system. Therefore, proper signals are required to induce ESOs to have a positive effect on the overall power system as a result of ESO's optimal BESS operation for their economic purpose.

The system peak load shaving and/or load leveling offers system-wide benefits in the aspect of economical operation and avoidance of additional capital expenditure of supply units.

In spite of the technical suitability of BESS on peak load shaving, however, practical issues related to the inconsistency between system operators and energy storage owners (ESOs) arise.


To evaluate the predictions of our model, we compare them with well-known ecological patterns, specifically species abundance distributions (SADs) and stabilitydiversity relationships (i.e. the changes in abundance variances with increasing diversity). We also show that our model exhibits a "phase transition" corresponding to a sudden onset of desertification, i.e. a sudden increase in the fraction of non-vegetated land area as resource availability is reduced-similar behaviour has been documented in arid ecosystems (Scheffer et al. 2001; Kéfi et al. 2007) . Each of these different aspects of plant ecosystem behaviour (species abundance patterns, stability-diversity relationships, desertification) is important in its own right, and so it is interesting to see how our model performs in each case.

We also show that our model exhibits a "phase transition" corresponding to a sudden onset of desertification, i.e. a sudden increase in the fraction of non-vegetated land area as resource availability is reduced-similar behaviour has been documented in arid ecosystems.


In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to the problem of modelling the interplay between mechanism and drift in ecological communities. This approach is based on statistical mechanics, a set of theoretical tools originally developed in physics. In statistical mechanics, the behaviour of a system at a given scale is predicted as the emergent statistical outcome of the behaviour of its constituents at smaller scales, without representing smaller-scale processes in all their detail (Landau and Lifschitz 1958) . This distinctive "top down" perspective can be contrasted with the "bottom-up" representation of community behaviour in many ecological models explicitly in terms of organismlevel processes (e.g. stochastic birth, death and dispersal in neutral theory). The practical advantage of statistical mechanics, in physics or ecology, rests on the assumption that only a small, restricted subset of the underlying dynamics needs to be represented explicitly in order to successfully predict system-level behaviour. It is this small subset of the dynamics that we label "mechanism". The countless other details (e.g. of organismal and environmental dynamics) are effectively treated stochastically as drift. As a result, statistical mechanics provides a natural framework for combining mechanism and drift, by representing a few key mechanistic details explicitly while representing the influence of other (potentially very complicated) processes implicitly as drift.

In statistical mechanics, the behaviour of a system at a given scale is predicted as the emergent statistical outcome of the behaviour of its constituents at smaller scales, without representing smaller-scale processes in all their detail.


The experiments at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions (RHIC) and at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have produced a strongly-coupled quark−gluon plasma (QGP)(see review [1] ). At a qualitative level, the data indicate that the QGP produced at the LHC is comparably strongly-coupled [2] . The QGP created at the LHC is expected to be closer to conformality than the case at RHIC [1] . The plasma created right after a heavy ion collision is anisotropic for a period of time, τ < τ iso and becomes locally isotropic afterwards [3, 4, 5] . There are no known quantitative methods to study strong coupling phenomena in QCD which are not visible in perturbation theory (except by lattice simulations). A new method for studying different aspects of the QGP is the AdS/CF T correspondence [1, 6, 7, 8, 9] .

The experiments at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions (RHIC) and at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have produced a strongly-coupled quark−gluon plasma (QGP)(see review).

At a qualitative level, the data indicate that the QGP produced at the LHC is comparably strongly-coupled.

The QGP created at the LHC is expected to be closer to conformality than the case at RHIC.

The plasma created right after a heavy ion collision is anisotropic for a period of time, τ < τ iso and becomes locally isotropic afterwards.

A new method for studying different aspects of the QGP is the AdS/CF T correspondence.


The composition of RJ was studied by several authors, but data available in the literature are affected by a considerable variety, partly because of the intrinsic variability of the product, partly because of the use of different analytical methods. According to several studies the water content of the product lies between 60 and 70 g/100 g (Pourtallier et al., 1990; Lercker et al., 1992; Piana 1996) . Besides water, the main components of RJ are sugars (18-52% dry weight), proteins (17-45% d.w), lipids (3.5-19% d.w.) and minerals (2-3% d.w) (Piana, 1996) .

According to several studies the water content of the product lies between 60 and 70 g/100 g.

Besides water, the main components of RJ are sugars (18-52% dry weight), proteins (17-45% d.w), lipids (3.5-19% d.w.) and minerals (2-3% d.w).


Increasing the temperature even further one reaches the infinite temperature line, in dependence on the density, which borders the region of negative temperature states, realized through the appropriate microcanonical ensemble. There one observes interesting coarsening processes which are carried by the motion and coalescence of breathers [13] . In our contribution we will develop a global picture for positive temperature states, more tightly linked to DNLS than the previous discussions [6, 7] . The central dynamical concept are umklapp processes, at which the phase difference between neighboring sites crosses the values ±π. At high temperatures umklapp happens frequently. Density and energy are the only conserved fields and their correlations spread diffusively with no systematic drift. However, in the equilibrium ensemble at low temperatures the phase differences are small, of the order 1/ √ β. Umklapp is an activated dynamical process and occurs only with a frequency of the order e −β∆E , with ∆E a suitable energy barrier. As the temperature is lowered, the field of phase differences becomes almost conserved. The conservation law for phase difference degrades as e −t/τ with a life time τ proportional to e β∆E . For all practical purposes, in particular for MD simulations, the phase differences are locally conserved, once β is in the domain with a border line specified by (1.2). Thus one arrives at a system of three local conservation laws. The described dynamical mechanism is familiar from second sound in liquid helium. There is no first sound for DNLS. But sound propagation is enabled through the appearance of an additional conserved field. In one spatial dimension such a transition is not sharp.

There one observes interesting coarsening processes which are carried by the motion and coalescence of breathers.

In our contribution we will develop a global picture for positive temperature states, more tightly linked to DNLS than the previous discussions.

There is no first sound for DNLS.


Due to the exploratory nature of this study, the researchers determined the face validity and internal consistency for all items within each of the ten governance sections of the research instrument using a principal components analysis with a varimax rotation (Snedecor, 1946; Babbie, 1989) . Researchers conducted a reliability analysis using Cronbach's alpha to determine if the grouping of statements (as indicated by the principal components analysis) was a reliable indicator for the factors created. Based on the reliability analysis, several items within five of ten governance sections (efficiency, effectiveness, consensus orientation, public participation and strategic vision) of the survey were not included in the factors. As these items either formed a single item factor or did not properly hold together with the other items within the factor, most likely due to the negative wording of the items, they were dropped (Gliem and Gliem, 2003; Nunnally and Bernstein, 1994; McIver and Carmines, 1981; Spector, 1992) . Although the principal components analysis grouped all items within one factor for the governance section Effectiveness, researchers rejected two items due to their low contribution. The reliability analysis confirmed the rejection of these two items.

Due to the exploratory nature of this study, the researchers determined the face validity and internal consistency for all items within each of the ten governance sections of the research instrument using a principal components analysis with a varimax rotation.

As these items either formed a single item factor or did not properly hold together with the other items within the factor, most likely due to the negative wording of the items, they were dropped.


Nevertheless, in spite of their substantial contribution to the production of significant weather, these systems are not forecasted very well (Corfidi et al. 1996) . Knowledge of convective systems' cloud processes and evolution is important for understanding weather and climate, particularly over the tropics. This issue is an essential criterion for improving forecasting and, following this thought, reducing our vulnerability to extreme weather damage.

Nevertheless, in spite of their substantial contribution to the production of significant weather, these systems are not forecasted very well.


The ability of the brain to process the information in a sparse manner allows the freedom of recognising objects even when the feature descriptions are partial and incomplete. This property is tightly linked not just to this functional aspect, rather also to the structural organisation of the brain. While the brain is constituted of billions of interconnected neurons, the information about a specific object is represented as an activation of a small number of neurons. Depending on the strength of the signal i.e. how frequently the object is observed by the human, the neuron responds in a distributed manner across the neuron network to encode and store the object features. These features are sparse in representation and offer several advantages [34] . The primary advantage is the ability to identify and store discriminative information with limited number of features. Since neuronal firing is a charge governed operation, the overall energy consumption is reduced by minimising the number of neurons used for the representation of object. In computing terms, a reduced complexity of the data resulting from localised feature processing with sparsity constraints and hierarchy often results in lower complexity in implementing real-time systems that often appreciate a data driven scalable parallel computing solution.

These features are sparse in representation and offer several advantages.


The image features represented as pixels can be represented as a linear regression problem with the unknown feature values projected onto a lower dimensional space y = Φx + n, where x ∈ < N is the feature vector, y ∈ < M is the measurement vector with M < N, Φ ∈ < M×N is the measurement matrix, and n ∈ < M is the additive noise. The measurement matrix is formed from the random selection of feature values from the images under consideration. The extraction of x from y in general is ill-posed as M < N and Φ would have non-trivial null space. This would mean that there are infinitely many solutions for identifying the true x [1, 2, 5, 6, 7] . This problem is of importance when the question at hand is signal recovery, and it not very much a serious issue in object recognition problem. However, the discriminative information if preserved by the signal recovery mechanisms by ignoring the redundant information can be useful for object recognition. A direct sparse representation such that x = Ψα in basis Ψ ∈ < N×N with K << N coefficients of α is sufficient to approximate the signal x. This can be seen as a basis pursuit problem. The determination of any Φ on x is the process of encoding and the process of recovering the x from y is referred to as decoding. Both these operations have a wide range of applications, nonetheless, in this paper, the attempt is on developing an encoding scheme. The development of any decoding scheme is ignored in this paper as its practically not required for an object recognition problem.

This would mean that there are infinitely many solutions for identifying the true x.


The US agricultural energy use has increased tremendously in the last 50 years and accounts for approximately 17% of total national energy use. Approximately 400 gal of oil equivalent is used annually to produce the food that feeds each American; 19% of this is used to operate field machinery [2] . Precision technologies such as auto guidance reduce overlapping of passes while planting seeds or applying chemicals and fertilizers, which results in less fuel usage and labor time. The decreased application of chemicals and fertilizer also results in reduction of energy consumption by the agricultural machinery and reduced expenditure on inputs.

Approximately 400 gal of oil equivalent is used annually to produce the food that feeds each American; 19% of this is used to operate field machinery.


Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates that even if only 10% of the US farmers use a guidance system for planting seeds in the USA, 16 million gallons of fuel, four million pounds of insecticide, and two million quarts of herbicide can be saved annually [1] . This will not only result in energy savings, but also financial savings for producers. A study by Clemson University showed that spatially varied tillage depth reduced energy requirements by 56% and fuel consumption by 34%. They also found that there is a potential energy savings of up to 52% by using variable rate irrigation systems [3] .

Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates that even if only 10% of the US farmers use a guidance system for planting seeds in the USA, 16 million gallons of fuel, four million pounds of insecticide, and two million quarts of herbicide can be saved annually.

They also found that there is a potential energy savings of up to 52% by using variable rate irrigation systems.


Precision agriculture involves the development and adoption of knowledge-based technical management systems with the goal of optimizing application of fertilizer, chemicals, seeds, and irrigation resources to reduce input costs and maximize production. Precision agricultural technology has the ability to spatially vary the rates of all inputs to tailor to the varied production potential within the field, which can be gauged by use of geo-referenced historical crop yield data. Variable rate technology (VRT) can be used in both conventional and conservation tillage systems. Adoption of VRT technologies can reduce fuel use, since VRT coupled with GPS guidance systems reduces implement overlap during input applications, thus saving labor and machine hours [1] .

Adoption of VRT technologies can reduce fuel use, since VRT coupled with GPS guidance systems reduces implement overlap during input applications, thus saving labor and machine hours.


For the traveling-wave-based fault location method, the accuracy of fault location lies in the arrival time and velocity of traveling wave. Several methods have been proposed to determine the arrival time of traveling wave [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Wavelet transform has strong time-frequency analysis capability, which can effectively improve the accuracy of the 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering singular value detection. Therefore, it has been firstly used for determining the arrival time of traveling wave, which is represented by the wavelet modulus maxima point [5] . Hence, several researchers have exploited the continuous wavelet transform to extract the arrival time of traveling wave [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . As a matter of fact, it can be easier to extract the singular value point when mother wavelet is similar to traveling wave. Therefore, the mother wavelet has been extracted from the fault transient signal to improve the accuracy of fault location in distribution network [11, 12] . All these methods described above determine the arrival time of wavefront with singular value detection algorithm without considering different frequency components of traveling wave having different arrival times.

Several methods have been proposed to determine the arrival time of traveling wave.

Therefore, it has been firstly used for determining the arrival time of traveling wave, which is represented by the wavelet modulus maxima point.

Hence, several researchers have exploited the continuous wavelet transform to extract the arrival time of traveling wave.

Therefore, the mother wavelet has been extracted from the fault transient signal to improve the accuracy of fault location in distribution network.


The traveling-wave-based fault location methods for transmission lines can generally be classified as single-and doubleended methods in terms of their different ways of obtaining the fault information. For many years, the single-ended traveling-wave-based methods were recognized by utilities as a good way to overcome the drawbacks of impedance-based approaches [2] . However, these methods commonly have problems of distinguishing between traveling waves reflected from the fault point and from power system terminals, which decreases the reliability of the fault location method [3] . Therefore, double-ended traveling-wave-based methods have been reported for overcoming these drawbacks. The double-ended method employs the data from the two ends of transmission lines; these data are synchronized by using GPS [4] . And the double-ended method has higher reliability and accuracy than the single-ended one.

For many years, the single-ended traveling-wave-based methods were recognized by utilities as a good way to overcome the drawbacks of impedance-based approaches.

However, these methods commonly have problems of distinguishing between traveling waves reflected from the fault point and from power system terminals, which decreases the reliability of the fault location method.

The double-ended method employs the data from the two ends of transmission lines; these data are synchronized by using GPS.


Power systems have grown rapidly over the last few decades, and the number and length of transmission lines increased. Transmission lines are exposed in the field, and, especially in the mountains and hilly terrains, they are prone to failure. In this scenario, a fast and accurate fault location technique is essential to reduce the restoration time of power systems, which is important with respect to technical and economic issues. Therefore, the study and development of fault location have been motivated since the 1950s [1] . The traveling-wavebased fault location method has been proposed by lots of researchers because these are insensitive to load flow, transition resistance, wiring ways, and series compensation.

Therefore, the study and development of fault location have been motivated since the 1950s.


Administration of Lu resulted in statistically significant changes in water intake in different weeks of treatment. In the first week, a statistically significant increase in water consumption was observed compared to the intake of the control group. It is assumed that increased intake of water can reduce food intake (Muckelbauer et al. 2013) . Those rats fed a high fat meal take less water than rats fed a standard feed (data not shown), which may be related to the fact that a high-fat feed in the form of a paste is not as dry as the standard feed. To understand why it is that in the second and third week a decline in the uptake of water is observed, it is necessary to look for the cause. In the literature there are no reports focusing on the effect of 5-HT 6 ligands on water consumption, apart from the impact on water intake in a free-drinking test, where the SB-258585 -antagonist of these receptors did not affect the intake of water after a single administration (Wesołowska et al. 2007) . It is known that the stimulation of 5HT 1A or 5-HT 1B receptors leads to a decrease in water consumption (Clissold et al. 2013) . Increasing the water intake by animals can be associated with activation of metabolic processes, such as increases in both fatty acid oxidation and energy expenditure (Jbilo et al. 2005; Liu et al. 2005) . The increase in drinking may be related to an increase in thermogenesis, as in studies with sibutramine administration in animals (Connoley et al. 1999; Skill et al. 2000) . In the literature, there are other studies where sibutramina does not affect the level of water intake in rat models of diet-induced obesity (Pratt and Connolly 2010) . Further detailed studies are needed to confirm the effect of idalopirdine and other serotonin receptor ligands on water consumption, and to ascertain whether this is linked with the effect of decreasing body weight.

It is assumed that increased intake of water can reduce food intake.

In the literature there are no reports focusing on the effect of 5-HT 6 ligands on water consumption, apart from the impact on water intake in a free-drinking test, where the SB-258585 -antagonist of these receptors did not affect the intake of water after a single administration.

It is known that the stimulation of 5HT 1A or 5-HT 1B receptors leads to a decrease in water consumption.

Increasing the water intake by animals can be associated with activation of metabolic processes, such as increases in both fatty acid oxidation and energy expenditure.

The increase in drinking may be related to an increase in thermogenesis, as in studies with sibutramine administration in animals.

In the literature, there are other studies where sibutramina does not affect the level of water intake in rat models of diet-induced obesity.


The introduction of concept languages was initially driven by a need to facilitate search and navigation of the collection (Roberts, 1984; Joyce & Needham, 1958) . Concepts were defined to unambiguously and precisely represent the content of documents. Today, most of these early retrieval systems have been replaced by full-text search systems which have been shown to be at least as effective (Cleverdon, Mills, & Keen, 1966) . Since full-text search systems do not require a manually curated concept language, they are far less labour-intensive. Despite the effectiveness of full-text search, full-text indexing terms (which typically comprise of all the terms used in the documents in a given collection) can be more ambiguous or less expressive than concepts. Not surprisingly then, information retrieval (IR) researchers continue to study ways of incorporating information from concept languages to address problems in textual query representations. For example, a textual query may be mapped to one or more concepts in a thesaurus and expanded with their synonymous terms (Voorhees, 1994) . Results of such approaches, however, have been mixed at best.

The introduction of concept languages was initially driven by a need to facilitate search and navigation of the collection.

Today, most of these early retrieval systems have been replaced by full-text search systems which have been shown to be at least as effective.

For example, a textual query may be mapped to one or more concepts in a thesaurus and expanded with their synonymous terms.


The proportion of the area at the yield stress indicates that the 'bruise' area should be a lot lower than that of the contact area if it is assumed that apple flesh above yield will be damaged enough to discolour. This was seen after peeling back the skin on the apples tested here and has been noted before in previous investigations of dynamic apple-to-apple contacts [24, 25] . For apple specimen 4, just considering the area of contact at yield would bring the threshold load up to around 80N, so clearly using the contact area would give a very conservative estimate. It is likely that the real bruise area will be somewhere between the contact area and the area of the contact at yield.

This was seen after peeling back the skin on the apples tested here and has been noted before in previous investigations of dynamic apple-to-apple contacts.


Building energy consumption consists of a large share of total global energy use. Major reductions in fossil fuel use urgently challenge architects and engineers to improve overall building energy use and efficiency [1] . The concept of 'zero-energy' buildings is proposed to maximize building energy performance [2] . In the European Union, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), a governmental mandate towards improving the energy performance of buildings, requires all new buildings to be nearly zero-energy by the end of 2020 and all new public buildings to be nearly zero-energy by 2018 [3] . Likewise, in the USA, the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 creates a nationwide zero-net-energy initiative for all commercial buildings in the United States by 2050 [2] . Natural ventilation is often used as a passive technology to help achieve its goal of zero-energy use. Natural ventilation inside the house is induced by a combination of the wind and stack effect. Wind driven cross-ventilation is facilitated through manually and automatically operable windows on the facades. Stack ventilation can be formed through a central staircase (Figure 1a ) that channels airflow from the ground level entry to the upper roof skylight windows. Similarly, a solar chimney (Figure 1b) can be designed to enhance buoyancy driven natural ventilation.

Major reductions in fossil fuel use urgently challenge architects and engineers to improve overall building energy use and efficiency.

The concept of 'zero-energy' buildings is proposed to maximize building energy performance.

In the European Union, the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), a governmental mandate towards improving the energy performance of buildings, requires all new buildings to be nearly zero-energy by the end of 2020 and all new public buildings to be nearly zero-energy by 2018.

Likewise, in the USA, the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 creates a nationwide zero-net-energy initiative for all commercial buildings in the United States by 2050.


For many industrial applications, surface roughening is sought for certain locations on the part to be processed, while retaining the core bulk material properties unchanged. The texturing of the piston rings is one example of this. Another example is the different levels of roughness required for hip implants, where the implant stem often requires micrometer level roughness to allow for implant bonding into the body, and the ball head has to be very smooth in order to allow for free movement. Laser texturing can also be used to inhibit the adhesion of undesirable biological elements to implants. Infections are a common source of implant failure [6, 7] . The presence of bacteria or biofilms on the implant can lead to infection, and also inhibit osseointegration [8] .

Infections are a common source of implant failure.

The presence of bacteria or biofilms on the implant can lead to infection, and also inhibit osseointegration.


An application which has not yet been investigated, is the use of laser surface texturing for interference fit connections. Interference fit connections are typically formed via the high frictional force generated between a shaft and hub. This is produced via the forcing of an oversized pin or dowel into a mated drilled hole. These connections require high insertion forces and tight tolerances on the diameters of the shaft and hub, and often suffer from excessive plastic deformation which can lead to premature failure of the joint [27] . Laser surface texturing allows for precise control of the outer diameter of the shaft, as well as defined interference volume from control of the surface texture. In interference fit joints, a key factor is the interference value, defined as the difference between the hole diameter and the diameter of the insert. The strength of the joint is dependent on the interference value such that very high machining accuracy is required. Commercially available interference fit pins have typical tolerances in the range ±0.0045 to 0.08 mm. For example, a typical interference fit fastener (DRIV-LOK knurled pin) has a nominal interfering diameter 9.881 ± 0.076 mm and is recommended for interfering with a hole diameter of 9.576 ± 0.051 mm, giving a positive interference ranging from 0.178 to 0.432 mm. While within this range of positive interference, good bonding would be expected, a significant difference in the level of plastic deformation and associated bond strength is expected from such difference in levels of interference. Controlled diameter increases through laser texturing could provide an easier and less expensive method of achieving such precise diameters.

These connections require high insertion forces and tight tolerances on the diameters of the shaft and hub, and often suffer from excessive plastic deformation which can lead to premature failure of the joint.


This effect was also observed by Kumar [37] . Moreover, similar correlation strength was exhibited for both the fluence and the pulse energy, while lower correlations were noted with energy density (e), laser power (a) and percentage overlap (c). The low correlation with energy density can be understood as the energy density is a function of the scanning speed and that the processed depth decreases as the scanning rate increases [37, 38] .

This effect was also observed by Kumar.

The low correlation with energy density can be understood as the energy density is a function of the scanning speed and that the processed depth decreases as the scanning rate increases.


When the surroundings are much larger than the target inside, exergy is the potential of a system to cause a change, as it achieves equilibrium with its environment [4] . Energy never "vanishes" in any process; it changes from one form to another. However, in contrast, in the process when the system and surroundings reach equilibrium, the exergy gradually becomes zero, and the energy is depleted.

When the surroundings are much larger than the target inside, exergy is the potential of a system to cause a change, as it achieves equilibrium with its environment.


According to the second law of thermodynamics, real processes always have dissipation. The absorbed energy is not able to be transformed completely into useful energy, like breaking DNA strands by ionising radiation. The maximum fraction of the absorbed energy which can be transformed is called exergy. Exergy is the energy that is available to be used. The remaining part is called anergy, and this corresponds to waste heat [3] . A simple graphical explanation of exergy is shown in Figure 1 .

The remaining part is called anergy, and this corresponds to waste heat.


Nowadays, clinical practice uses the categories of patients: "heatable" or "non-heatable", for selection (inclusion criteria) into hyperthermia clinical trials [83] . The selection is based on the possibility of the temperature increase in the actual location by local/regional treatment failing to reach the desired temperature in the target. The "non-heatable" cases could have the same SAR as the "heatable" ones, but their intensive homeostatic control blocks the marked temperature increase. This selection puts the patients into incorrect categories when measured by temperature if hyperthermia is used as a distortion tool. The distortion is an energy-dependent mechanism, and the missing measurable temperature increase does not necessarily mean that the absorbed energy is not used for the distortion. If the "heat-ability" categorisation is made to select patients for optimal completion of other therapies, it could be considered the correct selection. For this distinction, clear terminology is mandatory.

Nowadays, clinical practice uses the categories of patients: "heatable" or "non-heatable", for selection (inclusion criteria) into hyperthermia clinical trials.


Recently, a few investigations have described the interactions between copolymers with a charged block and surfactants with opposite charges. These copolymers are called diblock polyelectrolytes and can be separated into double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) and amphiphilic block copolymers (ABCs) [14e16] . DHBCs consist of two soluble blocks with different chemical natures. In aqueous solution, DHBCs do not show the characteristics of an amphiphile-like polyelectrolyte or a normal polymer. An amphiphilic diblock polyelectrolyte is composed of one hydrophilic block and one hydrophobic block; this material can self-assemble to form ordered nanostructures in aqueous solutions, minimizing any unfavorable hydrophobic interactions. Many experimental studies have described the interactions between DHBCs and oppositely charged surfactants [17e19] and found that the structural behavior of the polyelectrolyte/surfactant complex is much richer than that of the homo-polyelectrolyte. However, studies describing the interaction of soluble hydrophobic-ionic block copolymers with oppositely charged surfactants in aqueous solutions are quite scarce [20, 21] .

However, studies describing the interaction of soluble hydrophobic-ionic block copolymers with oppositely charged surfactants in aqueous solutions are quite scarce.


Excluding results from low-order models, little is known about the Lyapunov stability of atmospheric flows. Several studies have employed the same threelayer, quasigeostrophic, hemispheric model truncated at T21 (Vannitsem and Nicolis 1997; Swanson et al. 1998; Reynolds and Errico 1999) . This note complements and extends those previous studies by characterizing the structure of the leading Lyapunov vectors and their relation to the unperturbed flow, and by using a different quasigeostrophic model, with different geometry, different forcing and more degrees of freedom.

Several studies have employed the same threelayer, quasigeostrophic, hemispheric model truncated at T21.


In an earlier version of this work, NEAT was shown to be effective at evolving warning systems in simulated open road driving where only collisions with the edge of the road occurred [7] . This paper extends these results in three ways that suggest that this approach will be effective in the real world. The first extension is to include other moving cars in the simulation. The warning task is much more difficult and realistic because it requires predicting the behavior of several moving objects at once. The warning networks that NEAT generates are evaluated empirically and found to perform better than several hand-coded strawman warning policies.

In an earlier version of this work, NEAT was shown to be effective at evolving warning systems in simulated open road driving where only collisions with the edge of the road occurred.


After the exposure to different concentrations of zinc, experimental data were collected every hour. The animals that died in this interval were removed from the aquarium and submitted to the same procedures of those that survived until the end of the exposure time, except for euthanasia. At the end of exposure, the animals were previously anesthetized with benzocaine solution of 1:10.000, which was followed by the deepening of the anesthesia application, until they were euthanized (Ross & Ross, 2000) . All animals were weighed, measured, and the tissues collected for analysis of Zn concentration, processing and histological analysis.

At the end of exposure, the animals were previously anesthetized with benzocaine solution of 1:10.000, which was followed by the deepening of the anesthesia application, until they were euthanized.


To ensure the positive definiteness of the local constant estimator, the same bandwidth h is used for smoothing all the entries (Yin et al., 2010) . However, different components of Σ(u) may have different degrees of smoothness. Moreover, it is well understood that local linear estimators are more desirable than the local constant estimators in terms of smaller biases, higher statistical efficiency in an asymptotical minimax sense and better boundary properties (Fan, 1993; Fan & Gijbels, 1996) . A natural question arises on how to develop such estimators for covariance matrices that are positive definite. If we expand the covariance function in (1) as a local linear function directly, it is difficult to obtain the estimator, and the resulting estimator of the conditional covariance matrix is not guaranteed to be positive definite. Of course, we can enforce this constraint in obtaining the solution. This, however, gives a difficult optimization problem that can not be easily solved. Developing a local linear estimator for the conditional covariance matrix by a simple Taylor expansion of Σ (u) is challenging.

To ensure the positive definiteness of the local constant estimator, the same bandwidth h is used for smoothing all the entries.

Moreover, it is well understood that local linear estimators are more desirable than the local constant estimators in terms of smaller biases, higher statistical efficiency in an asymptotical minimax sense and better boundary properties.


The investigation of discrete-time ecological dynamical systems has been of wide interest as a way to understand the complexity of ecosystems, which are inherently highly nonlinear. Such nonlinearities arise from density-dependent processes typically given by intra-or inter-specific competition between species, by cooperative interactions, or by antagonistic processes such as prey-predator or host-parasite dynamics. Discrete models have been widely used to model the population dynamics of species with non-overlapping generations [6, 7, 9] . Indeed, several experimental research on insect dynamics revealed a good matching between the observed dynamics and the ones predicted by discrete maps [4, 22, 5, 23] .

Discrete models have been widely used to model the population dynamics of species with non-overlapping generations.

Indeed, several experimental research on insect dynamics revealed a good matching between the observed dynamics and the ones predicted by discrete maps.


Discrete-time models have played a key role in the understanding of complex ecosystems, especially for those organisms undergoing one generation per year i.e., univoltine species [6, 7, 9] . The reason for that is the yearly forcing, which effectively makes the population emerging one year to be a discrete function of the population of the previous year [23] . These dynamics apply for different organisms such as insects in temperate and boreal climates. For instance, the speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria) is univoltine in its most northern range. Adult butterflies emerge in late spring, mate, and die shortly after laying the eggs. Then, their offspring grow until pupation, entering diapause before winter. New adults emerge the following year thus resulting in a single generation of butterflies per year [24] . Hence, discrete maps can properly represent the structure of species interactions and some studies have successfully provided experimental evidence for the proposed dynamics [4, 22, 5, 23] .

Discrete-time models have played a key role in the understanding of complex ecosystems, especially for those organisms undergoing one generation per year i.e., univoltine species.

The reason for that is the yearly forcing, which effectively makes the population emerging one year to be a discrete function of the population of the previous year.

New adults emerge the following year thus resulting in a single generation of butterflies per year.

Hence, discrete maps can properly represent the structure of species interactions and some studies have successfully provided experimental evidence for the proposed dynamics.


Typically, discrete models can display irregular or chaotic dynamics even when one or two species are considered [6, 7, 32, 33, 34] . Additionally, the study of the local and global dynamics for multi-species discrete models is typically performed numerically (iterating) and most of the times fixing the rest of the parameters to certain values. Hence, a full analysis within a given region of the parameter space is often difficult due to the dimension of the dynamical system and to the amount of parameters appearing in the model. In this article we extend a previous twodimensional map describing predator-prey dynamics [35] . The extension consists in including a top predator to a predator-prey model, resulting in a three species food chain. This new model considers that the top predator consumes the predators that in turn consume preys. Also, the top predator interacts negatively with the growth of the prey due to competition. Finally, the prey also undergoes intra-specific competition.

Typically, discrete models can display irregular or chaotic dynamics even when one or two species are considered.

In this article we extend a previous twodimensional map describing predator-prey dynamics.


Manifestation of the laws of inheritance discovered by G. Mendel is provided by two combinatorial processes, the first of which consists in a decrease of inherited factors number during sexual cells (gametes) formation, the second one-in inherited factors integration at a random contact and fusion of male and female gametes [1] . A decrease of inherited factors number, which proceeds due to a decrease of chromosome number during meiosis, is realized randomly and equi-probably, which may be designated as meiotic combinatorial process. The second combinatorial process, provided by a gametes random meeting and fusion, may be designated as pre-zygotic.

Manifestation of the laws of inheritance discovered by G. Mendel is provided by two combinatorial processes, the first of which consists in a decrease of inherited factors number during sexual cells (gametes) formation, the second one-in inherited factors integration at a random contact and fusion of male and female gametes.


The meiotic combinatorial process takes place also in the agamospermous (apomictic, subsexual) way of plant seed reproduction realized without gametes genomes integration. The agamospermous progeny developing from egg cells is polymorphous if a mother plant was heterozygous on genes controlling marker traits [2, 3] . However, the detection of polymorphism in agamospermous progenies formed from somatic cells by means of mitotic agamospermy allowed us to conclude on the existence of one more combinatorial process [4] . It was hypothesized that this combinatorial process is provided by chromosome polytenization in mother plant cells and a random equi-probable diminution (loss) of an excess of chromatin by an embryogenesis-entering cell [5] [6] [7] . The frequency of this or that allele in such an agamospermous progeny is determined by a relative number of chromatids carrying this allele in mother plant cells.

The agamospermous progeny developing from egg cells is polymorphous if a mother plant was heterozygous on genes controlling marker traits.

However, the detection of polymorphism in agamospermous progenies formed from somatic cells by means of mitotic agamospermy allowed us to conclude on the existence of one more combinatorial process.

It was hypothesized that this combinatorial process is provided by chromosome polytenization in mother plant cells and a random equi-probable diminution (loss) of an excess of chromatin by an embryogenesis-entering cell.


Chemotherapy has been the standard treatment for mCRPC since 2004 [3] [4] [5] . More recently, the treatment paradigm had been dramatically altered by the advent of several AR pathway-targeted agents, new-generation chemotherapies, and immunotherapies [6] . Abiraterone acetate (AA) is a potent and selective inhibitor of CYP17, a key enzyme in androgen biosynthesis [7] . AA blocks the transformation of cholesterol to androgens in the testicles, adrenal glands, and tumor, which reduces serum testosterone to undetectable levels [7] [8] [9] . The COU-AA-301 and COU-AA-302 trials demonstrated a significantly increased median overall survival (OS) of patients with ECOG-PS (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status) scores of 0 or 1 when treated both after and before chemotherapy with AA compared with placebo [10] [11] [12] [13] .

Chemotherapy has been the standard treatment for mCRPC since 2004.

More recently, the treatment paradigm had been dramatically altered by the advent of several AR pathway-targeted agents, new-generation chemotherapies, and immunotherapies.

Abiraterone acetate (AA) is a potent and selective inhibitor of CYP17, a key enzyme in androgen biosynthesis.

AA blocks the transformation of cholesterol to androgens in the testicles, adrenal glands, and tumor, which reduces serum testosterone to undetectable levels.

The COU-AA-301 and COU-AA-302 trials demonstrated a significantly increased median overall survival (OS) of patients with ECOG-PS (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status) scores of 0 or 1 when treated both after and before chemotherapy with AA compared with placebo.


It is accepted that PSII is the most vulnerable part of the photosynthetic apparatus to stress-induced damage. Therefore, the photochemical parameters of PSII are indicative, under many conditions, of the overall rate of photosynthesis (Genty et al., 1989) . They give us the potential to estimate photosynthetic performance and, thereby, plant productivity under different environmental conditions (Maxwell and Johnson, 2000) . F PSII and ETR substantially decreased in 'Legacy' (around 73%) and 'Bluegold' (around 83%), without a total recovery of these parameters, especially in 'Bluegold' (Fig. 6 ). The photochemical parameters in 'Bluegold' were lower even under the control condition compared with the other cultivars. One possible explanation is that 'Bluegold' has already passed the fast-growing stage as evidenced by the absence of root growth even without Al treatment (Fig. 1) . This was not the case in 'Brigitta' and 'Legacy' (Fig. 1) . Another explanation is that 'Bluegold' may be intrinsically less efficient at managing its energy for photochemical processes than the others cultivars, which is even more noticeable with Al treatments. This cultivar-specific behavior may reflect lower productivity with respect to the other cultivars. In this respect, 'Brigitta' and, to a lesser extent, 'Legacy' managed the absorbed energy and tolerated Al exposure better than 'Bluegold' under short-term Al stress. Thus, as a first approximation, we could expect that 'Brigitta' is the best-qualified cultivar to develop in acidic soils with Al toxicity. Nevertheless, further investigation of the long-term Al response will be necessary because there exist time-dependent adjustment mechanisms. However, the current results also demonstrated that all Al treatments were toxic for 'Bluegold', Fig. 6 . Changes in the effective quantum yield ( F PSII) and electron transport rate (ETR) of three cultivars of highbush blueberry at different times under aluminum stress. Al exposure times were the same as in Fig. 3 . Values represent the average of four to six replicates ± SE. Different lower case letters indicate statistically significant differences (P # 0.05) between aluminum treatments for the same cultivar and exposure time. Different upper case letters show differences (P # 0.05) between exposure times for the same cultivar and treatments.

Therefore, the photochemical parameters of PSII are indicative, under many conditions, of the overall rate of photosynthesis.

They give us the potential to estimate photosynthetic performance and, thereby, plant productivity under different environmental conditions.


An electrospinning technique is a simple method for the production of nanofibers. In this technique, a polymer solution is blown out from a needle hole, while an electric field is applied between a polymer solution and a target. During the electrospinning process, the solvent evaporates and polymer nanofibers are fabricated on the target [3, 8, 9] .

During the electrospinning process, the solvent evaporates and polymer nanofibers are fabricated on the target.


Poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) is a thermoplastic resin with a melting temperature of about 180°C [7] . Although this melting temperature is fairly high compared to the other biodegradable polymers, its melting temperature is not high enough in some applications [10, 11] . An equimolar mixture of poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) and poly D-lactic acid (PDLA) can be crystallized into a stereocomplex-type PLA (SCPLA) [12] [13] [14] . The melting point of stereocomplex crystal is 50°C higher than that of PLLA [13] . Furthermore, it has been reported that SCPLA is more stable against hydrolysis than PLLA [2, 7] .

Poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) is a thermoplastic resin with a melting temperature of about 180°C.

Although this melting temperature is fairly high compared to the other biodegradable polymers, its melting temperature is not high enough in some applications.

An equimolar mixture of poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) and poly D-lactic acid (PDLA) can be crystallized into a stereocomplex-type PLA (SCPLA).

The melting point of stereocomplex crystal is 50°C higher than that of PLLA.

Furthermore, it has been reported that SCPLA is more stable against hydrolysis than PLLA.


Poly lactic acid (PLA) is one of the few polymers that is practically applied in various medical materials such as implants and sutures [15] . The reduction of mechanical properties by biodegradation cannot be avoided. Thus it is significant to clarify the influence of hydrolysis on the mechanical properties of PLA nanofibers [16] . Due to the difficulty in handling individual nanofibers, hydrolysis of single nanofibers have not been clarified yet.

Poly lactic acid (PLA) is one of the few polymers that is practically applied in various medical materials such as implants and sutures.

Thus it is significant to clarify the influence of hydrolysis on the mechanical properties of PLA nanofibers.


It is argued here that the vaunted 'stability' of catches from wild capture fisheries (or 'production' in FAO terminology) repeatedly stressed by FAO staff in SOFIA is a myth (and is even contradicted within SOFIA), and that global catches have actually been declining since peak global catches in the mid-1990s [6] . It is demonstrated that poor and incomplete statistics from virtually all fishing countries, but especially missing retroactive corrections as a response to improved statistical reporting systems over time (i.e., time-series biases) are to blame for the incorrect global trends derived from data submitted annually to and reported by FAO. The resultant misrepresentation of global catch trends have important ramifications for global marine capture fisheries policy and governance, as well as marine conservation concerns.

It is argued here that the vaunted 'stability' of catches from wild capture fisheries (or 'production' in FAO terminology) repeatedly stressed by FAO staff in SOFIA is a myth (and is even contradicted within SOFIA), and that global catches have actually been declining since peak global catches in the mid-1990s.


Experimental results obtained with the setup introduced in Section 2 are here presented to validate the proposed methodology. The tumor is emulated with a 0.5-cm diameter rod immersed in an oil-filled 6-cm radius methacrylate cylinder (nominal dielectric permittivities of oil and the methacrylate are 2.5 and 2.65, respectively). Fig. 7(a) shows the raw measured signals for all the antenna positions (0 • to 360 • , stepangle = 2 • ). Fig. 7(b) shows the signals after applying a skin retrieval algorithm based on the Wiener filter. The coupling between antennas and the backscattering signals corresponding to the cylinder surface are easily eliminated using an appropriate time window. From the observation of the time response, it is clear that the tumor information is located between 2.5 and 3.4 ns. Fig. 8(a) plots the ToA associated to the cylinder surface (τ 0i ), and the tumor (τ i ) for each angle. Time peaks of τ 0i and τ i are obtained from the CWT explained in Section 2. Observing the value of τ 0i , it is obvious that the distance between the cylinder surface and the antenna is constant. The pseudo ranges from the ToA are calculated using (2) . Fig. 8(b) shows the distance that travels the wave that hits on the rod as a function of the angle. From the plot of the circles (Fig. 9 ) the tumor position (3 cm < 12.6 • ) can be determined. This position is confirmed applying the least squares optimization algorithm and the centroid algorithm. The difference in the rod position obtained for both methods is under 1 mm.

The pseudo ranges from the ToA are calculated using.


The geographic variations in male ornamentation provide insights into how different populations reach a different mean trait value under opposing forces of natural and sexual selection. A classic example can be observed in the European subspecies of the barn swallow, Hirundo rustica rustica (Møller 1994) . Male swallows obtain sexually selected advantages from displaying elongated tail streamers at the cost of impaired foraging. The fact that males display elongated streamers in the more northern regions of Europe may be explained by the observation that foraging for flying insects is more expensive in southern than in northern Europe because of the greater flying ability of the insects with high ambient temperatures. Therefore, males exhibit elongated tail streamers in the north where natural selection may oppose sexual selection to a lesser extent (Møller 1994) .

A classic example can be observed in the European subspecies of the barn swallow, Hirundo rustica rustica.

Therefore, males exhibit elongated tail streamers in the north where natural selection may oppose sexual selection to a lesser extent.


RIF Assembler does not yet analyze the contents and semantics of the rules. Therefore, it is difficult to detect and handle contradictions between the rules. Similarly, RIF Assembler does not provide automated consistency checks of the assembled ruleset. It is up to the user to decide and implement metarules to deal with rulesets that do not merge seamlessly. Nevertheless, the tool provides some help in this task. For instance, it makes it easy to replace a troublesome rule with a better alternative. The authors will further improve in this direction following the findings made by the ONTORULE project on static rule consistency checking [6] .

The authors will further improve in this direction following the findings made by the ONTORULE project on static rule consistency checking.


After less than 450 hrs of run time, the specific flux data for alum pretreated membranes at pH 7.9 and 6.7 showed marked decreases in specific flux (50 and 40 percent, respectively) and decreases in salt rejection (2 percent for both data sets) ( Figure 5 ). These data suggest severe colloidal aluminum fouling of the membrane surfaces (see following discussion on EDS data from more details). The decline for alum at pH 6.7 was significantly less than that at pH 7.9. The addition of citric acid to the alum feed (pH 7.8) lessened the degree of specific flux loss and halted the increase in salt passage, whether or not an antiscalant was also added. In-house data using alum coagulation without citric acid showed enhanced colloidal fouling when using polycarboxylic acid-based antiscalants [30] . These data refute previous bench-scale data, which showed that, although chelating agents (e.g., citric acid) may be effective in halting aluminum silicate formation, the beneficial effect was lost upon the addition of a phosphonate-based antiscalant [1] .

In-house data using alum coagulation without citric acid showed enhanced colloidal fouling when using polycarboxylic acid-based antiscalants.

These data refute previous bench-scale data, which showed that, although chelating agents (e.g., citric acid) may be effective in halting aluminum silicate formation, the beneficial effect was lost upon the addition of a phosphonate-based antiscalant.


The accumulation of particles (e.g., fine clays, silts, and inorganic hydroxides) on a RO membrane increases the resistance across the membrane over time, resulting in a reduction of permeate flux, or water production [4] . Thus, maintaining high flux rates in downstream membrane processes requires effective pre-treatment for particle removal. Coagulation processes, though efficient in achieving turbidity removal, are known to have coagulant "carryover" or residuals [5] . Potential methods to minimize coagulant residuals include coagulant dose optimization, pH control, alternative coagulant selection, or additional chemical additives.

The accumulation of particles (e.g., fine clays, silts, and inorganic hydroxides) on a RO membrane increases the resistance across the membrane over time, resulting in a reduction of permeate flux, or water production.

Coagulation processes, though efficient in achieving turbidity removal, are known to have coagulant "carryover" or residuals.


WTW methodology can be seen as a quite simplified LCA, designed to assess only the energy consumption and the GHG emissions of road transport fuels without considering, for example, the impacts of manufacturing and decommissioning of the vehicles themselves. This limited set of considerations makes the WTW particularly suitable to policy support, even if it can give figures different to those obtained from a rigorous LCA as carried out according to the ISO 14040 standard series (ISO 2006) . Environmental policies designed on a simplified data set, as it is the WTW now, can overlook relevant elements, particularly in a future perspective, when a larger share of renewable energy sources will be integrated into the EU electric grid, and the impact of the GHG emissions due to the production of EVs will be more important than today, compared to the GHG emissions from the production of electric energy.

This limited set of considerations makes the WTW particularly suitable to policy support, even if it can give figures different to those obtained from a rigorous LCA as carried out according to the ISO 14040 standard series.


Phytosanitary treatments during vegetation influence the spectrum of pathogens responsible for the degradation of apple fruit. It was noted that in the no-treat variant 14 pathogens were identified while in variants treated with copper hydroxide or methyl thiophanate it did not exceed 10. It seems that copper sulfate fails to protect the fruit, the pathogens identified on the samples treated with it are virtually the same as those found on untreated apples. Knowing the spectrum of pathogens and the effect of fungicides is very important in choosing the right plant protection products and the number of treatments. Current trends in disease management aim to avoid this high number of treatments, which involve risks to human health and the environment (Rossi et al., 2012) .

Current trends in disease management aim to avoid this high number of treatments, which involve risks to human health and the environment.


According to the inlet geometry, Tesla turbines are classified into two types: voluted Tesla turbine and nozzled Tesla turbine. There are few reports on the voluted Tesla turbine. The flow characteristics and loss mechanism of voluted Tesla turbines were investigated using experimental and numerical methods [17] . The results show that the theoretical limit of the isentropic efficiency is about 40%, if the parasitic losses, mainly including bearing loss, viscous loss on end walls, and eddy loss in the volute, can be minimized.

The flow characteristics and loss mechanism of voluted Tesla turbines were investigated using experimental and numerical methods.


Phosphorus is one of the major elements; the essentiality of which as a nutrient for plant growth is well established as it plays a vital role in the metabolism of plants. After nitrogen stress, P is the second most widely occurring nutrient deficiency in cereal systems around the world (Balemi and Negisho, 2012) . It is also a structural component of metabolically active compounds present in plants. However, its concentration and solubility in soils is low due to its interacting nature, and consequently P is a critical nutrient limiting plant growth (Tekchand and Tomar, 1993; Tomar, 2000; Setia and Sharma, 2007) .

After nitrogen stress, P is the second most widely occurring nutrient deficiency in cereal systems around the world.

However, its concentration and solubility in soils is low due to its interacting nature, and consequently P is a critical nutrient limiting plant growth.


Concept understanding is the ability to grasp the meaning of the material being learned or the results of the learning process. The ability is described as the ability to make outline the main idea of a reading passage, to change the data presented in a particular form into another form, to make an estimation of the trend in the specific data like charts (Hadi et al., 2013) . The ability is reflected from the ability to master the subject content, as determined for a particular subject.

The ability is described as the ability to make outline the main idea of a reading passage, to change the data presented in a particular form into another form, to make an estimation of the trend in the specific data like charts.


The factors affecting the lack of the concept understanding are that the students are less prepared to follow the learning process that includes methods, strategies, and the learning models do not facilitate the students to be involved actively in learning process. Learning models and learning strategies are for learning outcomes . The 71.4% of dominant learning methods or models used in the learning process of the basic concepts of science courses are student presentations, question and answer, and discussion. Learning activities are dominated by some of the students in each group who were active in discussions and asking questions, and the lack of concept understanding among group members in the presentation of material in front of the class (Muhlisin et al., 2015) . The learning model has an effect on the achievement of the learning objectives (Muhlisin, 2012) .

Learning activities are dominated by some of the students in each group who were active in discussions and asking questions, and the lack of concept understanding among group members in the presentation of material in front of the class.

The learning model has an effect on the achievement of the learning objectives.


Learning success is generally measured by the degree of students' ability in mastering the concepts or as a reference in determining the students' achievement. It is a fact that the concept understanding of the students who take the basic concept of science course in the undergraduate program of Elementary School Teacher Education at University of PGRI Semarang in the academic year 2014/2015 has not fully reached high and very high qualification. Moreover there are 29.5% of students who are in the low category (Muhlisin et al., 2016b) . These facts indicate that the learning results are not achieved optimally. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the students' concept understanding in order to raise the students' ability.

Moreover there are 29.5% of students who are in the low category.


Concept understanding is associated with the cognitive processes of person. The levels of cognitive processes in the bloom taxonomic revised version include remembering (C1), understanding (C2), applying (C3), analyzing (C4), evaluating (C5), and creating (C6) (Krathwohl, 2002: 215) . Concept understanding of each student varies. Some students can understand the material thoroughly, and some others cannot understand anything of what they have learned, so that their achievement is only limited to recognizing and experiencing learning it (Muhlisin et al., 2016b) .

Some students can understand the material thoroughly, and some others cannot understand anything of what they have learned, so that their achievement is only limited to recognizing and experiencing learning it.


Analysis of the foreign experts' works on the problems of the region' innovative development leads to the conclusion that innovation policy of the world countries is marked with the general trends. The general trend of the world's innovation policy is applied with cluster approach in its formation. Government concentrates its efforts on supporting existing clusters and the creation of new networks of companies. The main feature of such cluster's functioning is a concentration of innovation processes' all participants around the core, which is a university or research complex at the present stage. The universities' inclusion in the region's clusters enables competitive advantages to the region: investors can make investments both into the real economy and educational and research processes (Armstrong & Taylor, 2000; Slaughter & Leslie, 1997) .

The universities' inclusion in the region's clusters enables competitive advantages to the region: investors can make investments both into the real economy and educational and research processes.


Many years of experience in the Tyumen Region's development were held in the logic of industrial development, the basis of which was laid mainly by vertical relations of the federal center and by the major oil companies developing fields in the region. All other areas of regional development, whether it it science or education, were taking a subordinate position. This model of the regional development organization has undergone some changes, but the basis is used in the present time. But the history of the developed countries' economic development clearly draws only one way to success -it is public awareness of the priority of innovation development, improvement of the education's quality, high level of science's funding, minimizing the administrative barriers to doing business, providing an efficient process of technology transfer and commercialization, "friendliness" of the legal financial and tax systems to innovations. The world experience shows that the establishment and maintenance of equal partnership relations between the three main actors in innovation development: government, business and universities serve as the institutional framework of building an effective innovation system. The new configuration of society which ensures the integrity of the innovation process is most fully represented in the model of G. Etzkovitz's "triple helix" (Etzkovitz, 2000) . It combines innovative efforts of universities, business and government with the central role of universities. Moreover, the leading role in the model of the "triple helix" belongs to the entrepreneurial university. In the industrial society university prepares specialists, carries out fundamental and applied researches, but very rarely is involved in the processes of technology transfer and commercialization, the launch of small innovative firms. Post-industrial society imposes radically different demands on universities, they become the centers of generating technologies and new forms of business, reserving, of course, research and training. As a result, the university is transformed from the classical into the entrepreneurial. Of course, it retains the academic component, but it focuses on the development of the entrepreneurship beginning in the students. The entrepreneurial university becomes a place of organizing the continuous flow of knowledge generation and new forms of business, their transformation into innovation.

The new configuration of society which ensures the integrity of the innovation process is most fully represented in the model of G. Etzkovitz's "triple helix".


As part of the innovation system's research, the determining certain key elements of the innovation system and the analysis of the knowledge circulation forms within the system play the central role. Summarizing the researches, that were conducted in the recent years, the elements, which are in the focus of the most authors, can be determined (Edquist, 1997; Lundvall, 1992; Kumaresan & Miyazaki, 1999; Nelson, 1993; OECD, 1999) . Firstly, it is a set of institutions that are involved in the production, transmission and usage of knowledge, including government, enterprises, universities and research institutes. Secondly, these are all the other elements that affect the innovation process: the context created by macroeconomic policies, the system of education and training, the system of financing innovations, communications and interaction with the international environment, the mechanism of innovation development, reflecting the system of relationships between these elements.

Summarizing the researches, that were conducted in the recent years, the elements, which are in the focus of the most authors, can be determined.


University's opportunities for the region's development are considered in the following areas: universities are the main base for fundamental scientific research, creating conditions for regions' technological, socio-economic development in most countries. University studies are an important part of the scientific personnel's training, scientific and pedagogical potential of the region's accumulation. University often becomes a "pole of attraction" of knowledge-based industries' enterprises in its region (Armstrong & Taylor, 2000; Slaughter & Leslie, 1997) .

University often becomes a "pole of attraction" of knowledge-based industries' enterprises in its region.


Modern universities are expanding goals and enriching features. Universities are not limited to the task of ensuring the highly qualified personnel to the economy, they are stepping up the activities in the field of research and development, ensuring the innovative development, becoming the regional centers of entrepreneurial activity (Armstrong & Taylor, 2000; Slaughter & Leslie, 1997; Clark, 1998) . Thus, a concept of the entrepreneurial university is being formed.

Universities are not limited to the task of ensuring the highly qualified personnel to the economy, they are stepping up the activities in the field of research and development, ensuring the innovative development, becoming the regional centers of entrepreneurial activity.


The ability to provide on-demand computational resources appears to be unlimited from the perspective of an organization using a cloud provider's services. This offers the organization the ability to potentially purchase any number of resources at any time. Each organization that rents out resources from a cloud provider is known as a tenant of the cloud provider. Additionally, cloud providers support multitenancy by allowing multiple organizations to rent their cloud resources. The cloud provider enables sharing of resources due to its ability to virtualize physical resources, which helps increase its revenue. Multitenancy also enables an increase in utilization and efficiency for cloud resources that otherwise may not be utilized to their maximum capacity. The challenge for a cloud provider offering its infrastructure to its customers is to maintain a quality of service (QoS) that guarantees metrics such as a low response time, high throughput and high service availability. Typically, to provide such a QoS guarantee, the cloud provider needs to maintain a service level agreement (SLA). Failure to comply with the metrics will violate the terms agreed upon in the SLA and potentially cause the cloud provider to lose business [1] .

Failure to comply with the metrics will violate the terms agreed upon in the SLA and potentially cause the cloud provider to lose business.


The data that is shown in the Table 5 are the percentages of highest values of GSM900 for each Electric Field vs Frequency (GSM1800-Library) 0 Fig. 4 : Specific absorption rate measured at central library for GSM1800 signals location over limit that was given by ICNIRP [7] . The field intensity varied from 0 to 20.44%, while power density varied from 0 to 4.34 and 0 to 3.88% for SAR of the ICNIRP general public maximum permissible exposure limit. As shown in the table, the highest peak value was detected at library and the lowest detected peak value was at Faculty of Economics. The data that is shown in the Table 6 are the percentages of highest values of GSM1800 for each location over limit that was given by ICNIRP. For GSM1800 system, the readings produced by the RFEX indicated that the highest reading of electric field and power density are at the library. The value for electric field is 21.3133 V/m, which is 34.38% of the limit. . On the other hand, the reading for power density is 0.1205 mW/cm 2 , which is 12.05 % of the limit. The calculation for SAR gives the value of 0.5085 W/kg, which is 25.43 % of the limit. The lowest value was at student hostel 4 with reading for electric field is 19.9388 V/m, which is 32.16 % of the limit. The value for power density is 0.1055 mW/cm 2 , which is 10.55 % of the limit. The calculation of SAR gives the value of 0.4451W/kg, which is 22.26 % of the limit.

The data that is shown in the Table 5 are the percentages of highest values of GSM900 for each Electric Field vs Frequency (GSM1800-Library) 0 Fig. 4 : Specific absorption rate measured at central library for GSM1800 signals location over limit that was given by ICNIRP.


Speech-language pathology (SLP) is a field that has been using technology for delivery of speechlanguage therapies since 1970s [4] . A telephone and the postal mail are nowadays supplemented by the computers, smartphones or tablets, broadband internet and advanced multimedia technologies, that support the usage of various applications not only for the speech-language treatments but also for the assessment and diagnosis as well as for the management of SLP practice. Communication software, online collaboration environments, web services, game applications, e-learning systems, expert systems are among applications which can be used in SLP telerehabilitation.

Speech-language pathology (SLP) is a field that has been using technology for delivery of speechlanguage therapies since 1970s.


The critical values for the Ra and magnetic field orientation, at which the impacts of the solid volume fraction and magnetic field effects are the most pronounced are reported [30] . The present study is in partial agreement with the finding that when the external magnetic field strength is increased, the average flow drag rises as does the average heat transfer rate [12] . In addition, for smaller nanoparticles, as magnetic field strength intensifies, the peak of the velocity profile near the walls is increased and that at the core region it is decreasing with the enhanced heat transfer rate [10] . The advantage of nanofluids in heat transfer enhancement in the presence of a magnetic field is reported [44] . As the magnetic field strength intensifies, the peak velocity profile near the walls is increased, and the peak velocity profile in the core region is decreased [10] .

The critical values for the Ra and magnetic field orientation, at which the impacts of the solid volume fraction and magnetic field effects are the most pronounced are reported.

The present study is in partial agreement with the finding that when the external magnetic field strength is increased, the average flow drag rises as does the average heat transfer rate.

In addition, for smaller nanoparticles, as magnetic field strength intensifies, the peak of the velocity profile near the walls is increased and that at the core region it is decreasing with the enhanced heat transfer rate.

The advantage of nanofluids in heat transfer enhancement in the presence of a magnetic field is reported.

As the magnetic field strength intensifies, the peak velocity profile near the walls is increased, and the peak velocity profile in the core region is decreased.


Magnetorheological fluid film bearings are evaluated for an SAE-10 W lubricant with controllable properties and magnetic particles aligned into chains, capable of excitement as Magnetorheological fluid, in which a magnetostatic field affects the apparent viscosity [2] . Thermal conductivity enhancement and thermomagnetic convection in devices using magnetic nanofluids are capable of controlling its flow and heat transfer process via an external magnetic field [3] . The noncovalent surface coating of CNT's with magnetite nanoparticles composite based magnetorheological fluid possesses an increased sedimentation stability, larger saturation critical stresses, and faster response to time-varying magnetic fields better than ferrofluids and conventional magnetorheological fluids do [4] . The heat transfer of a heat pipe filled with a ferrofluid, stabilized by citrate ions, was enhanced by about 13 % [5] . The heat transfer in the electrorheological fluids considering the microconvection transport is numerically solved on a flat layer, and it is concluded that the internal rotations of elementary particles intensify heat transfer [6] . The increase in particle volume fraction and magnetic field strength may increase the thermal conductivity of the magnetorheological fluid, a smart material with the capability of changing reversibly from liquid to near solid state under the presence of external magnetic fields [7] . Nano-sized magnetic particle-based Ferro Fluid is a magnetic colloidal suspension of two different nano-sized magnetic particles, dispersed in a carrier liquid; it has improved shear thinning, elevated dynamic moduli and thermo-rheological complexity due to a long chain-like structure under the influence of an applied magnetic field [8] .

Magnetorheological fluid film bearings are evaluated for an SAE-10 W lubricant with controllable properties and magnetic particles aligned into chains, capable of excitement as Magnetorheological fluid, in which a magnetostatic field affects the apparent viscosity.

Thermal conductivity enhancement and thermomagnetic convection in devices using magnetic nanofluids are capable of controlling its flow and heat transfer process via an external magnetic field.

The noncovalent surface coating of CNT's with magnetite nanoparticles composite based magnetorheological fluid possesses an increased sedimentation stability, larger saturation critical stresses, and faster response to time-varying magnetic fields better than ferrofluids and conventional magnetorheological fluids do.

The heat transfer of a heat pipe filled with a ferrofluid, stabilized by citrate ions, was enhanced by about 13 %.

The heat transfer in the electrorheological fluids considering the microconvection transport is numerically solved on a flat layer, and it is concluded that the internal rotations of elementary particles intensify heat transfer.

The increase in particle volume fraction and magnetic field strength may increase the thermal conductivity of the magnetorheological fluid, a smart material with the capability of changing reversibly from liquid to near solid state under the presence of external magnetic fields.

Nano-sized magnetic particle-based Ferro Fluid is a magnetic colloidal suspension of two different nano-sized magnetic particles, dispersed in a carrier liquid; it has improved shear thinning, elevated dynamic moduli and thermo-rheological complexity due to a long chain-like structure under the influence of an applied magnetic field.


Section 2 presents isotope records from shallow snow pits from four locations in western DML (Fig. 1) . These snow pits were sampled in the vicinity of the AWSs in the field season 2001-2002; the isotope records cover the operational period of the AWSs (1998 AWSs ( -2001 . To correct for the influence of postdepositional diffusion in the snow pits, the original seasonal isotopic extremes must be reconstructed. This can be done with a simple back-diffusion model, as described in Section 3. Section 4 contains the accumulation history, derived from data from sonic height rangers (SHRs), which monitor (the change in) surface height in the vicinity of the sampling locations (Reijmer and Van den Broeke, 2003) . With the temperature and accumulation data from the AWSs, we constructed profiles of condensation temperature for the snow as a function of current depth. These profiles are compared with the observed isotopic variability in samples from snow pits in order to understand the controls on the observed isotope variability. The temperature during accumulation and the variability of precipitation throughout the year are evaluated in Section 5. The implications for the δ 18 O-T relationship is discussed in Section 6. Section 7 summarizes the results.

Section 4 contains the accumulation history, derived from data from sonic height rangers (SHRs), which monitor (the change in) surface height in the vicinity of the sampling locations.

Section 7 summarizes the results.


This study is part of our researches and studies on renewable energy systems in identifying the problems in their utilization and seeking solutions to them. In this study we tackle the stability and degradation mechanisms of organic solar cells. Organic solar cells are very promising for their superior characteristics such as mechanical flexibility, lightness and high power generation efficiency even under lower light intensities. Recently, Organic solar cells (OSC) have been increasingly utilized all over the world. The changes made in the organic components of the organic solar cells enable them to exhibit good features such as mechanical flexibility, lightness and high power generation efficiency even under lower light intensities. However, operational stability is an important parameter for organic solar cells. Despite the aforementioned advantages of organic solar cells, degradation in operational environments limits their use in harsh conditions. Studies have shown that the organic layer and the cathode layer of the OSCs are degraded by external factors, and this adversely affects the operational stability and productivity of OSCs considerably [1] .

Studies have shown that the organic layer and the cathode layer of the OSCs are degraded by external factors, and this adversely affects the operational stability and productivity of OSCs considerably.


Crop deficiencies of S have been reported with increasing frequency in the last decade, caused by decreasing anthropogenic S input and by the lack of input through S fertilization to compensate for exportation (Scherer, 2001) . The severity of S deficiency is aggravated by higher rates of N application. Plants grown without N fertilizer showed no apparent S stress, whereas plant receiving N fertilizer particularly at higher rate without S, showed symptoms suggesting severe physiological disorder in N nutrition (Kopriva and Rennenberg, 2004) . Increased application of N fertilizer increases S response thus leading to a reduction of protein-N and an increase in nitrate-N and other non-protein N fractions which may adversely affect crop quality (Jackson, 2000) . Corn as an oilseed crop is highly responsive to S; making corn an ideal crop for S application in the forms of S 0 and ammonium sulfate or urea, especially in alkaline and calcareous soils (Ghosh et al., 2000) . Sulfur fertilization is relatively inexpensive and its use leads to substantial benefits of yield and quality of crops.

Crop deficiencies of S have been reported with increasing frequency in the last decade, caused by decreasing anthropogenic S input and by the lack of input through S fertilization to compensate for exportation.

Plants grown without N fertilizer showed no apparent S stress, whereas plant receiving N fertilizer particularly at higher rate without S, showed symptoms suggesting severe physiological disorder in N nutrition.

Increased application of N fertilizer increases S response thus leading to a reduction of protein-N and an increase in nitrate-N and other non-protein N fractions which may adversely affect crop quality.

Corn as an oilseed crop is highly responsive to S; making corn an ideal crop for S application in the forms of S 0 and ammonium sulfate or urea, especially in alkaline and calcareous soils.


In the past two decades, single-hidden-layer feedforward neural networks (SLFNs) have been one of the most important subject of study and discussion among neural researchers [46, 51, 62] . Methods based on gradient descent are mainly used for training, and among them, the large family of techniques based on backpropagation (BP) is widely studied in its variations. The start-up of these techniques assigns random values to the weights connecting input, hidden and output nodes, and these weights are then iteratively adjusted, originating learning methods typically slow.

In the past two decades, single-hidden-layer feedforward neural networks (SLFNs) have been one of the most important subject of study and discussion among neural researchers.


During the experiments the extraction conditions were chosen such as they ensure the extent of silver extraction by the commercial organophosphorus reagent was in all cases quantitative. Under the stripping conditions chosen, the quantitative and efficient precipitation of Ag 2 S from organic solutions could be observed. MEB images (not shown) showed the products to be nanometrical in size, but the agglomeration degree was in general high, as was also 0.5 L. The reflections on the XRD patterns of the product could be indexed to the monoclinic acanthite (-Ag 2 S) crystal structure (Figure 2 , JCPDS Card File 14-0072), which is the stable form of silver sulphide at room temperature in the bulk phase, also called the -Ag 2 S phase [14] . Figure 2(a) represents the experimental (original data) and calculated diffractograms (computed data from Rietveld analysis), with good agreement between them indicating that the used initial structural model was correct. Figures 2(b) and (c) show that the materials are ellipsoidal in shape with some other irregular particles. The FFT simulated pattern (Figure 2(c) ) contains spots, confirming the high crystalline quality. Table 1 shows the refined atomic positions from the computed data and Table 2 the unit cell parameters along with the X-ray density and crystallite size. According to the Rietveld analysis, the extractant was able to maintain the size of the particles nanometrical, but was less capable to prevent some agglomeration degree. The size of particles measured by DLS is much larger than that from XRD; because DLS measures aggregates size, where Rietveld analysis gives the crystallite size.

MEB images (not shown) showed the products to be nanometrical in size, but the agglomeration degree was in general high, as was also 0.5 L. The reflections on the XRD patterns of the product could be indexed to the monoclinic acanthite (-Ag 2 S) crystal structure (Figure 2 , JCPDS Card File 14-0072), which is the stable form of silver sulphide at room temperature in the bulk phase, also called the -Ag 2 S phase.


In this paper we propose a statistical distributed and hierarchical attack detector for anonymous networks using observable statistics at routers in the core network. In this work, our attack model focuses on DDoS attacks which reduce available channel bandwidth to routers in the core network. The attacks either flood the network with data packets or exhaust bandwidth by misbehaving with the medium access control protocols [10] .

The attacks either flood the network with data packets or exhaust bandwidth by misbehaving with the medium access control protocols.


Knowledge of feeding regimes of species is of great importance in understanding their ecological interaction. Understanding crab feeding habits requires extensive field and laboratory studies to infer the main sources of nutrition for a species. Even then, feeding studies can identify the prevalence of food items but it is not possible to assess the diet preferences of crab without detailed complementary studies to estimate the range and abundance of potential food items available in their natural environment (Biswass 1993) .

Even then, feeding studies can identify the prevalence of food items but it is not possible to assess the diet preferences of crab without detailed complementary studies to estimate the range and abundance of potential food items available in their natural environment.


Knowledge of the dietary habits of a species is essential for understanding its nutritional requirements and thus its interactions with other groups of animals. This information is also useful for its successful culture. Crabs include filter feeders, sand cleansers, mud, plant, and carrion feeders, predators, commensals, and parasites (Dall and Moriarty 1983) . The crab uses its mouthparts to chop the food into small pieces and then the gastric mill ossicles further reduce the food to unidentifiable fragments. The majority of researchers use the foregut contents to study the quantity and nature of the different food items the crab has consumed (Williams 1981; Sukumaran and Neelakantan 1997; Chande and Mgaya 2004; Josileen 2011) .

Crabs include filter feeders, sand cleansers, mud, plant, and carrion feeders, predators, commensals, and parasites.

The majority of researchers use the foregut contents to study the quantity and nature of the different food items the crab has consumed.


One important issue with such a control system is how the feedback gain is set to optimally control the vibration of the hosting structure. In an ideal system, the optimal feedback gain would be adjusted to minimise the kinetic energy of the structure under control. However this optimisation may be difficult to implement in practice because it would require velocity measurements in many points of the structure. Previous studies have shown that the maximisation of power absorbed by the controller, which can be easily estimated from the feedback signal, is equivalent to the minimisation of the kinetic energy of the structure under control subjected to a white noise excitation [43] [44] [45] . This paper extends this result to the case of the control unit with the inerter.

Previous studies have shown that the maximisation of power absorbed by the controller, which can be easily estimated from the feedback signal, is equivalent to the minimisation of the kinetic energy of the structure under control subjected to a white noise excitation.


Playing a dual role in asphalt mixture, the filler is a mineral aggregate that fills the interstices between larger aggregates. It provides a higher number of contact points and, when mixed with bitumen, improves bitumen consistency by enhancing the bonds between larger aggregate particles. Presently, asphalt mixture should be considered a mixture comprising mastic-coated aggregates rather than pure bitumen-coated aggregates (Wang et al., 2011) .

Presently, asphalt mixture should be considered a mixture comprising mastic-coated aggregates rather than pure bitumen-coated aggregates.


There are limitations to desktop-based financial software to run a large number of simulations. Often activities of large-scale software simulation to calculate risk and pricing take hours without simplifying the model [1] . Simplification of model was used in finance industry for some time prior 2008 crisis. It is known as "Gaussian copula" to model rates for mortgage, bonds and derivatives. His model could work on the desktop and results could be calculated for an acceptable amount of time. However, his model did not check risks properly and did not have any suggestions to counter risks when extreme events happened [1] . Here is a real story describing the background that lead to the development and widely adoption of "Gaussian copula" and our proposal to rectify problems caused by this model.

Often activities of large-scale software simulation to calculate risk and pricing take hours without simplifying the model.

However, his model did not check risks properly and did not have any suggestions to counter risks when extreme events happened.