To validate our approach, we show how it successfully applies to a number of existing and new services that cover the three main domains of assisted living, namely, monitoring of activities of daily living (ADLs), safety and security, and social participation [27] . Specifically, our proposed API is implemented in an assisted living platform that has been deployed at the home of 15 older adults, aged 81 on average. Furthermore, we are conducting a field study, using our platform equipped with a variety of assistive services, at the home of older adults. Preliminary results show that our approach to scaling up the assistive services via a uniform notification sys tem is effective and learnable, and achieves user acceptance and satisfaction. Finally, our field study allows us to go beyond a lab study: we put into practice our notification framework with assistive applications and test our implementation in the wild.

To validate our approach, we show how it successfully applies to a number of existing and new services that cover the three main domains of assisted living, namely, monitoring of activities of daily living (ADLs), safety and security, and social participation.


In the public debate about financial market liberalization, however, foreign institutional investors are often alleged to exert a potentially destabilizing influence on emerging financial markets. Such concerns are partly fueled by empirical evidence that capital flows are highly sensitive to past returns (Froot et al., 2001) . In addition, a large body of literature argues that foreign institutional investors in emerging markets tend to herd and engage in positive feedback trading (Choe et al., 1999; Borensztein and Gelos, 2003; Kaminsky et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2008) . These findings suggest that financial liberalization may have unintended consequences.

Such concerns are partly fueled by empirical evidence that capital flows are highly sensitive to past returns.

In addition, a large body of literature argues that foreign institutional investors in emerging markets tend to herd and engage in positive feedback trading.


The emerging stock markets of China are among the fastest growing in the world. A large body of literature provides evidence that sentiment-driven domestic investors play an important role in these markets. In this paper, we consider a natural experiment, namely the ownership liberalization of domestic A-share markets in December 2002. This regulatory regime shift allows us to investigate the impact of foreign institutional investors on the price formation process. Our analysis focuses on the relative propensity of domestic individual versus foreign institutional investors to follow trend-chasing trading strategies. Previous research has mainly documented destabilizing feedback trading by foreign institutions in emerging markets (Choe et al., 1999; Kaminsky et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2008) . Our empirical results suggest the opposite. We find strong evidence of positive feedback trading before liberalization whereas such effects disappear thereafter. The observed parameter shift is statistically significant and robust to variations in the empirical model.

Previous research has mainly documented destabilizing feedback trading by foreign institutions in emerging markets.


The composition of organic matter in wastewater is a combination of those of natural organic matter (NOM), soluble microbial products and trace harmful chemicals. Most of the NOM originates from drinking water, which is one of major components in wastewater, while soluble microbial products come from biological treatment with the wastewater treatment plant and non-biodegradable organic matter. Of particular interest are recalcitrant organic chemicals which are resistant to biodegradation, and thus challenging to remove during typical wastewater treatment. Some micro-contaminants associated with wastewater effluent may cause adverse impacts to aquatic and human health if the compounds are present in recycled water. Some of the compounds of concern include disinfection by-products, N-nitrosodimethylamines, pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting chemicals [1] . As such, it is important to remove organic matter from wastewater.

Some of the compounds of concern include disinfection by-products, N-nitrosodimethylamines, pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting chemicals.


In sewage treatment process organic matter in wastewater is reduced by physical, chemical, and biological means [2] . Treatment methods where the application of physical force predominates are known as physical unit operations. Physical treatments include screening, sedimentation and filtration. Chemical treatment involves the removal or conversion of contaminants by the addition of chemicals or by indirect chemical reactions.

In sewage treatment process organic matter in wastewater is reduced by physical, chemical, and biological means.


The physical and emotional components of patient experiences have only recently being recognised. Initiatives within the NHS aimed at improving the patient experience in hospital have focused largely on the physical environment. However, more recently consultation with patients, public and NHS staff has worked to define the emotional aspects of positive patient experiences and include the need to feel cared for, safe, confident and in control, being communicated with as an equal, and being treated with honesty, dignity and respect [24] . Many of these emotional experiences come as a result of positive aspects of relationships, and this emphasis on relationships in shaping experiences is clearly described by the participants in this study.

However, more recently consultation with patients, public and NHS staff has worked to define the emotional aspects of positive patient experiences and include the need to feel cared for, safe, confident and in control, being communicated with as an equal, and being treated with honesty, dignity and respect.


The processing of large datasets requires to distribute data on multiple machines, typically a cluster of PC. Processing such distributed data is the purpose of the MapReduce design pattern [1] . A MapReduce application is composed of a map function which filters the data in order to build key-value couples and a reduce function which aggregates them. Many implementations of MapReduce exist, but the most popular is the open-source implementation Hadoop.

Processing such distributed data is the purpose of the MapReduce design pattern.


In general, youth who completed youth leadership training were more likely than those who did not to feel an improved sense of support from their local communities. They viewed their neighborhoods as offering more support, help, and protection, and they reported that people worked more closely together. This is an important finding because many researchers have pointed out that a connection to the community as opposed to a sense of detachment and alienation is an important protective factor and predictor of positive adjustment and pro-social behavior (Catalano, et al., 2002; Coie, 1996; Hawkins, Herrenkohl, Farrington, Brewer, Catalano, & Harachi, 1999) .

This is an important finding because many researchers have pointed out that a connection to the community as opposed to a sense of detachment and alienation is an important protective factor and predictor of positive adjustment and pro-social behavior.


In recent years, youth development scholars have called for a paradigm shift from deterrence to development. This has led to an increased emphasis on asset-building and developmental readiness as opposed to problem prevention and intervention as the desired goals of youth programs (Roth and Brooks-Gunn, 2003) . Programs that subscribe to this framework seek to positively influence youth development by fostering intellectual, social and emotional competencies. These competencies then serve as protective factors that lessen the likelihood that youth will engage in harmful or destructive behaviors.

This has led to an increased emphasis on asset-building and developmental readiness as opposed to problem prevention and intervention as the desired goals of youth programs.


An alternative approach to solving stochastic control problems is linear programming (LP) (Puterman, 2009; Hernández-Lerma and Lasserre, 1996) . If the control and input spaces are uncountable, the corresponding LP is infinite dimensional (inf-LP). In the primal form of this LP, the optimization variable is the occupation measure, which measures infinite horizon occupancy of state and inputs in each Borel subset of the product state input space. An optimal policy may be derived from the optimal occupation measure, while the optimal value function is the optimizer of the dual of this LP.

An alternative approach to solving stochastic control problems is linear programming (LP).


The abstract inf-LP work has not attempted to establish clear connections with the well known, computationally tractable Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) formulations of optimal control. In particular, for a stochastic linear system with quadratic cost (LQG), one can formulate the so-called Riccati LMI to find the optimal value function of the LQG problem (Boyd et al., 1994; Balakrishnan and Vandenberghe, 2003) . Similarly, the well known LMI formulations have not attempted to show how these results can be derived from a more general approach to stochastic optimal control, namely the inf-LP approach.

In particular, for a stochastic linear system with quadratic cost (LQG), one can formulate the so-called Riccati LMI to find the optimal value function of the LQG problem.


The micronutrient selenium used in forage in the amount of 0.1 mg/kg is the optimum rate that helps protect health and improve productive and reproductive characteristics of dairy cows. Calves fed after birth on milk supplemented with selenium are better protected from antioxidative substances (Joksimović-Todorović, 2007) . The mechanism of activity of sodium selenite is based on a replacement of the S-H group of functional cellular proteins with the S-S bond, toxicity depends on the chemical form of selenium, and the selenite is more toxic than selenate. Target organs include: respiratory organs, CNS, cardiovascular system, digestive system and skin. Lethal effect is achieved by a single dose and resistence is not possible.

Calves fed after birth on milk supplemented with selenium are better protected from antioxidative substances.


For zero electromagnetic wave leakage, through hole pitch should be smaller than a quarter wavelength (λ/4) [7] . The Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology exemplifies an evolving approach for the implementation and integration of microwave, millimeter components [4] - [6] . SIW permits to comprehend traditional rectangular waveguide components in the planar form. It is compatible with planar processing techniques like low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) or standard printed circuit board (PCB) technology [6, 8] . High-density integration of components is possible in Substrate Integrated Waveguide. SIW technology permits integration of active, passive components; and antennas in a single substrate. This reduces the losses and parasitic effects (8).

For zero electromagnetic wave leakage, through hole pitch should be smaller than a quarter wavelength (λ/4).

The Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology exemplifies an evolving approach for the implementation and integration of microwave, millimeter components.

It is compatible with planar processing techniques like low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) or standard printed circuit board (PCB) technology.


Achieving SDG 7 through rural electrification in sub-Saharan Africa is a special challenge due to the large distances, a lack of capital, data paucity and a shortage of expertise [7] . The traditional approach of extending the existing grid is often not economically feasible, especially in remote rural areas with low population densities as the required investments cannot be amortized within a reasonable time frame. Additionally, many sub-Saharan African countries face a low grid quality with frequent power outages of several hours due to poor maintenance and overload of the system [7] . This concludes that the conventional approach of centralized electrification cannot solely solve the energy access challenge in sub-Saharan Africa.

Achieving SDG 7 through rural electrification in sub-Saharan Africa is a special challenge due to the large distances, a lack of capital, data paucity and a shortage of expertise.

Additionally, many sub-Saharan African countries face a low grid quality with frequent power outages of several hours due to poor maintenance and overload of the system.


This research used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods (concurrent triangulation strategy; mixed methods) [30] . This method was used in collecting data. Furthermore, each result underwent comparison to verify all data. The stages in this study involved an assessment model (literature selected, extracted keyword, groupings), which was tested using qualitative and quantitative methods (Figure 3) . The first stage involved exploring the keywords (variable) at each stage. Keyword exploration was done using a content analysis method. Content analysis was performed by tabulation to calculate the number of affected keywords in each data unit, such as literature, respondents, and photos. The keywords in each data unit were represented by the number one (1), whereas absence of a keyword was represented by zero (0). The analysis was performed on the recapitulation table to determine the dominant variable. The criteria used in a detailed discussion were based on the three dominant variables on each graph.

This research used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods (concurrent triangulation strategy; mixed methods).


A campus is a place where many student activities are held during their college journey. It usually features various buildings, such as a university office, faculty building, student activity center, and other supporting facilities. It can be regarded as a small city that requires various levels of completeness and complexity for large activities [1] . One of the most important factor of campus completeness is an acceptable pedestrian environment.

It can be regarded as a small city that requires various levels of completeness and complexity for large activities.


The behaviour of particles in an air stream during pneumatic conveying and separation greatly depends on their aerodynamic properties. The aerodynamic forces which exist during relative motion between the air and the materials act differently on different particles. Separation of a mixture of particles in a vertical air stream is only possible when the aerodynamic characteristics of the particles are so different that the light particles are entrained in the air stream and the heavy particles fall through it. Knowledge of aerodynamic properties is therefore essential in the proper design of separating and cleaning equipments. When an air stream is used for separating a product such as wheat seed from its associated foreign materials, such as straw, chaff and weed seeds, knowledge of aerodynamic characteristics of all the particles involved is necessary. This helps to define the range of air velocities for effective separation of the grain from foreign materials. For this reason, the terminal velocity has been used as an important aerodynamic characteristic of materials in such applications as pneumatic conveying and their separation from foreign materials (Mohsenin, 1978) .

For this reason, the terminal velocity has been used as an important aerodynamic characteristic of materials in such applications as pneumatic conveying and their separation from foreign materials.


Makhobeli (Cephalaria syriaca L.) is an annual plant that is a weed in wheat fields in some parts of the Middle East because of its stature, penology and retention of seeds and the resemblance of the seed to wheat (Karaoglu, 2006) . Although it is very bitter, it is not toxic (Musselman, 2000) . This plant is generally encouraged to grow in triticale and wheat fields in Iran, so that its edible seed will be mixed with triticale and wheat grains, and when it is harvested and ground together with triticale and wheat, it gives a slight blue shade and a bitter taste to the bread. However, the seed of Makhobeli is similar to triticale and wheat grains in size and shape, so the separation of Makhobeli seeds from triticale and wheat is very difficult. To overcome this problem, some type of equipment is needed to be designed that will perform this separation. However, in order to do this, thorough knowledge on the aerodynamic properties of triticale and wheat as well as Makhobeli seeds may lead to a point at which some type of pneumatic device can be envisaged.

Makhobeli (Cephalaria syriaca L.) is an annual plant that is a weed in wheat fields in some parts of the Middle East because of its stature, penology and retention of seeds and the resemblance of the seed to wheat.

Although it is very bitter, it is not toxic.


Breast cancer incidence also varies by disease subtype defined by tumor expression of hormone receptors (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and knowledge is growing about the differential impact of risk factors on the incidence of these subtypes [12] . Within California, proportionally more breast cancers expressed HER2 relative to HR?/HER2-in Korean, Filipino, Vietnamese, and Chinese women than in non-Hispanic White (NHW) women [13] . However, whether subtype-specific incidence rates differ across AA ethnicities is unknown.

Breast cancer incidence also varies by disease subtype defined by tumor expression of hormone receptors (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and knowledge is growing about the differential impact of risk factors on the incidence of these subtypes.

Within California, proportionally more breast cancers expressed HER2 relative to HR?/HER2-in Korean, Filipino, Vietnamese, and Chinese women than in non-Hispanic White (NHW) women.


The extent of the correlation between ecological behavior and electricity consumption was small. The effect is possibly attenuated by the specific technologies that mediate the ecological impact of the behavioral lifestyles of individuals (Midden et al., 2007) . At the same time, such a modest correlation leaves much room for improvement by other behavioral measurement approaches. One way to boost the impact-relevance of behavior measures involves weighting the different ecological behaviors with information about their respective impacts (Gatersleben, 2012; Gatersleben et al., 2002) . Because weights are likely to vary across contexts and the impact criteria under consideration, this increase in criterion validity will, however, likely come at the cost of reduced generalizability.

The effect is possibly attenuated by the specific technologies that mediate the ecological impact of the behavioral lifestyles of individuals.

One way to boost the impact-relevance of behavior measures involves weighting the different ecological behaviors with information about their respective impacts.


A potentially exciting implication of these results is that nonlinear dynamics may open new avenues to categorize and explore the lifespan development of the reproductive system. There is at present no agreement concerning even such basic issues as the definition of perimenopause or markers for when it begins [4] [5] [6] . We plan to use the methodology employed here to test some of these proposed definitions. Finally, we would suggest that these results call into question the assumption that menopause is merely the final outcome of a process of senescence, given the presence of a chaotic trajectory in both age cohorts, a presumably lawful process by which the trajectory changes, and the convergence at low  0 to similar values of the attractor's correlation dimension in all cases.

There is at present no agreement concerning even such basic issues as the definition of perimenopause or markers for when it begins.


Recently, our research group showed the suitability of using asymmetric cellulose acetate (CA) films for controlled release of lysozyme, a natural antimicrobial enzyme used in food preservation . The release rate of the active agent through these types of films is controlled with the porosity and degree of asymmetry of the films which can be easily modulated by changing the film casting conditions (Altinkaya and Yenal, 2006; Gemili et al., 2009) . The application of either porous or dense sides of the films on food surface is also a great advantage to control release rates in different food systems. In this study, we aimed to show the potential of asymmetric CA films for controlled release of different functional agents, thus, we have developed films including natural antioxidants, L-ascorbic acid and L-tyrosine. These substances were selected particularly since they are powerful antioxidants with close and low molecular weights (L-ascorbic acid: 176.1 g/mol, L-tyrosine: 181.2 g/mol), but very different hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties which allow using them in various food systems. The ascorbic acid is a highly polar, acidic compound whose antioxidant activity comes from its reducing power related to its 2,3-enediol moiety (Gregory, 1996) . It is used frequently during curing of meats and minimal processing of fresh fruits and vegetables to inhibit enzymatic browning catalyzed by polyphenoloxidase (PPO) enzyme (Gregory, 1996; Vamos-Vigyazo, 1981) . On the other hand, L-tyrosine is an antioxidant amino acid which has amphiphilic properties due to its polar and apolar groups. Similar to the other aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tryptophan, the antioxidant activity of L-tyrosine is due to its side chain which is capable to donate protons to free radicals (Rajapakse et al., 2005) . The L-tyrosine is not commercially used in food applications. However, there is a great interest in food industry to use antioxidant proteins, peptides and amino acids as food antioxidants (Arcan and Yemenicioglu, 2007) .

The release rate of the active agent through these types of films is controlled with the porosity and degree of asymmetry of the films which can be easily modulated by changing the film casting conditions.

The ascorbic acid is a highly polar, acidic compound whose antioxidant activity comes from its reducing power related to its 2,3-enediol moiety.

It is used frequently during curing of meats and minimal processing of fresh fruits and vegetables to inhibit enzymatic browning catalyzed by polyphenoloxidase (PPO) enzyme.

Similar to the other aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine and tryptophan, the antioxidant activity of L-tyrosine is due to its side chain which is capable to donate protons to free radicals.

However, there is a great interest in food industry to use antioxidant proteins, peptides and amino acids as food antioxidants.


Traditionally, antimicrobials or antioxidants are mixed into initial food formulations, or alternatively foods are dipped into solutions containing these additives. Limitations of these approaches are: the cease of protection effect once the active compounds are consumed in complex reactions of food system and lack of selectivity to target the food surface where most microbial and oxidative spoilage reactions occur intensively. Active packaging can overcome these limitations by providing continuous release of functional additives from packaging materials to food surface, thus, maintaining only their critical concentration at the surface necessary for inhibiting the microbial growth or oxidative change (Appendini and Hotchkiss, 2002) .

Active packaging can overcome these limitations by providing continuous release of functional additives from packaging materials to food surface, thus, maintaining only their critical concentration at the surface necessary for inhibiting the microbial growth or oxidative change.


The karyotype of the five species under study had invariably the same 2n = 50, dominated by acrocentric chromosomes. Karyotypes were probably differentiated from other Characidae due to multiple inversions and/or chromosomal translocations. This very similar pattern (karyotype structures) is consistent with the monophyletic status hypothesized for the Chilean Cheirodon [3, 4, 13, 14] . This finding supports the comparative and evolutionary analyses of the Chilean Cheirodon, as well as phylogenetically related groups that occur on the other side of the Andean cordillera.

This very similar pattern (karyotype structures) is consistent with the monophyletic status hypothesized for the Chilean Cheirodon.


The variations and polymorphisms that our data indicated, especially the activity and localisation of major ribosomal cluster (18S rDNA) and 5S rDNA chromosome mapping, suggest that all these populations demonstrate a dynamic variation in karyotype microstructure. Many teleost fishes (72% of species) possess just one chromosome pair bearing NORs as reviewed by Gornung [5] . Thus, the rDNA polymorphisms here observed, suggest that karyotype diversification in the Chilean Cheirodon species was produced by more than pericentric inversions; probably transpositions of ribosomal regions between non-homologous chromosomes also occurred. Since inversions and translocations change the order of the loci in the chromosomes, these rearrangements can reduce the genetic flow between populations by reducing fertility in 50% of the gametes of the heterozygous hybrids [10] .

Many teleost fishes (72% of species) possess just one chromosome pair bearing NORs as reviewed by Gornung.

Since inversions and translocations change the order of the loci in the chromosomes, these rearrangements can reduce the genetic flow between populations by reducing fertility in 50% of the gametes of the heterozygous hybrids.


Although South America is typically megadiverse in biodiversity, the hydrogeography of Chile and its natural isolation due to the Andean cordillera makes an exception. These patterns have influenced the evolutionary history of its fish fauna, which is highly endemic and inconspicuous in morphology and coloration what makes them difficult to distinguish [28] . Among the diverse fishes of the Neotropical region, the family Characidae is one of the most complex groups in terms of its taxonomy [13] . In Chile, the family is represented by a single genus, namely Cheirodon [6, 27] . Its species are morphologically similar, which makes it difficult to distinguish them [21] .

These patterns have influenced the evolutionary history of its fish fauna, which is highly endemic and inconspicuous in morphology and coloration what makes them difficult to distinguish.

Among the diverse fishes of the Neotropical region, the family Characidae is one of the most complex groups in terms of its taxonomy.

In Chile, the family is represented by a single genus, namely Cheirodon.

Its species are morphologically similar, which makes it difficult to distinguish them.


The effects of C : N ratio was more pronounced as compared to carbon and nitrogen sources. Increase in C : N ratio caused decrease in biomass weight suggesting inhibition of fungal growth by increasing the nitrogen content. Carbon and nitrogen are critical nutritional variables in the production of LiP and MnP by WRF. Excess carbon and nitrogen repress ligninolytic activities of WRF (Pascal et al., 1991) . At low C : N ratios, the fungi are carbon starved and under high-nitrogen conditions, the ligninase production is considerably reduced (Xiaoping and Xin, 2008) . On the other hand, at higher C : N ratios, an imbalance between very high carbon and very low nitrogen content of the medium, leads to fungal growth inhibition.

Excess carbon and nitrogen repress ligninolytic activities of WRF.

At low C : N ratios, the fungi are carbon starved and under high-nitrogen conditions, the ligninase production is considerably reduced.


Currently, most drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis focus on improvement of bone resorption, via either reducing osteoclast number (such as bisphosphonates and estrogen) or inhibition of osteoclast activity (such as cathepsin K inhibitors). However, they have little ability to stimulate new bone synthesis [1, [5] [6] [7] . Since new bone formation depends primarily on the function of osteoblasts, the agents acting by either increasing the proliferation or inducing differentiation of the osteoblasts could enhance bone formation [8, 9] . Furthermore, the potential bone-forming agents or drugs currently available either may have serious side-effects or may not improve bone quality to reduce the susceptibility to fracture. Thus, the discovery of natural dietary compounds that promote bone formation may be able to avoid the occurrence of the adverse effects of traditional drug in humans and will be of great interest. Tocotrienols and tocopherols, two subclasses of vitamin E, are abundant in food ingredients such as palm oil, rice bran oil, barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat [10, 11] . Each of them has four stereoisomers, respectively, namely, -, -, -, and -tocopherols or tocotrienols (Figure 1(a) ). Tocopherols contain a saturated phytol side chain in the chroman ring. Tocotrienols differ from the tocopherols in that they contain three double bonds in the side chain [12] . In previous studies, tocotrienols have been shown to have better bone protective effects when compared to -tocopherol in animal osteoporosis models [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . Furthermore, studies also showed that tocotrienols were able to prevent and even reverse osteoporosis in estrogen deficiency, testosterone deficiency, glucocorticoid excess, and nicotine exposure [15] [16] [17] [20] [21] [22] [23] . Previous study demonstrated that palm tocotrienol is even more effective than calcium in preventing bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency [24] . Tocotrienols showed a better bone anabolic action than tocopherol in normal male rats [14, 25] . The protective mechanism of tocotrienols on bone was thought to be contributed by its antioxidant property [17, 18, 26] .

However, they have little ability to stimulate new bone synthesis.

Since new bone formation depends primarily on the function of osteoblasts, the agents acting by either increasing the proliferation or inducing differentiation of the osteoblasts could enhance bone formation.

Tocotrienols and tocopherols, two subclasses of vitamin E, are abundant in food ingredients such as palm oil, rice bran oil, barley, corn, oats, rye, and wheat.

Tocotrienols differ from the tocopherols in that they contain three double bonds in the side chain.

In previous studies, tocotrienols have been shown to have better bone protective effects when compared to -tocopherol in animal osteoporosis models.

Furthermore, studies also showed that tocotrienols were able to prevent and even reverse osteoporosis in estrogen deficiency, testosterone deficiency, glucocorticoid excess, and nicotine exposure.

Previous study demonstrated that palm tocotrienol is even more effective than calcium in preventing bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency.

Tocotrienols showed a better bone anabolic action than tocopherol in normal male rats.

The protective mechanism of tocotrienols on bone was thought to be contributed by its antioxidant property.


The average age of patients with liposarcoma of the spermatic cord is 55 years (range, 16.5-85 years), with a slight right side preponderance (31:20, right: left). Less than 6% of cases have a history of scrotal surgery or trauma [1] . Firm, painless, slow-growing fluctuant masses are common initial presentations. Most liposarcomas have a maximum diameter of 5-10 cm; however, retroperitoneal tumors measuring up to 15 cm have been described. Generally, liposarcomas are low-grade, well-differentiated lesions that spread by local extension; however, high-grade tumors may spread by hematogenous and lymphatic routes [2] .

Less than 6% of cases have a history of scrotal surgery or trauma.

Generally, liposarcomas are low-grade, well-differentiated lesions that spread by local extension; however, high-grade tumors may spread by hematogenous and lymphatic routes.


Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a common chronic gastric mucosal lesion that plays a crucial role in the development of gastric carcinoma, a type of cancer with a high mortality rate in China. Development of effective therapies against CAG is extremely important for reducing gastric cancer mortality. The pathogenesis of CAG is complicated, and it is well 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine documented that Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is strongly associated with CAG and the subsequent development of gastric cancer [1] . Thus, anti-HP treatment is an important therapy for CAG. Further, other therapies, such as gastric mucosa protection, symptomatic pain relief, Vitamin C supplementation, and proton pump inhibitor administration, have been used in CAG treatment [2] . However, there is no specific treatment for CAG. In China, many therapies based on the theories of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have been considered. A recent systemic review has suggested that a Chinese classical formula, Sijunzi decoction, may benefit CAG patients [3] . In addition to Sijunzi decoction, Qinghuayin (QHY) is another Chinese formula that is widely used in the treatment of CAG based on the TCM theories of clearing heat and resolving dampness. QHY is composed of herbs, including semen dolichoris album (Baibiandou), Poria cocos (Fuling), coix seeds (Yiyiren), herba artemisia scoparia (Yinchen), herba eupatorii (Peilan), amomum cardamom (Baidoukou), rhizoma coptidis (Huanglian), cortex magnolia officinalis (Houpu), and radix paeoniae rubra (Chishao). Several Chinese studies have reported good efficacy/safety of QHY in CAG treatment [4] [5] [6] . However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

The pathogenesis of CAG is complicated, and it is well 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine documented that Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is strongly associated with CAG and the subsequent development of gastric cancer.

Further, other therapies, such as gastric mucosa protection, symptomatic pain relief, Vitamin C supplementation, and proton pump inhibitor administration, have been used in CAG treatment.

A recent systemic review has suggested that a Chinese classical formula, Sijunzi decoction, may benefit CAG patients.

Several Chinese studies have reported good efficacy/safety of QHY in CAG treatment.


Although not include it in the meta analysis, a study carried out in rural Vietnam demonstrated significant Fig. 3 Forest plot of three RCTs included in a meta-analysis improvement in infant cognitive outcomes at six months of age following twice weekly antenatal iron supplements rather than daily supplements [36] . In an Indonesian trial, supplementation with daily iron, weekly iron with Vitamin A, and weekly iron alone was provided from 18 weeks of gestation until delivery followed by assessment of cognitive and psychomotor development of infants. The infants of all three supplemented groups had similar mental and psychomotor development indices at six and twelve months of age [25] .

Although not include it in the meta analysis, a study carried out in rural Vietnam demonstrated significant Fig. 3 Forest plot of three RCTs included in a meta-analysis improvement in infant cognitive outcomes at six months of age following twice weekly antenatal iron supplements rather than daily supplements.

The infants of all three supplemented groups had similar mental and psychomotor development indices at six and twelve months of age.


The first Virtual Reality HMD system was created in 1968 by computer scientist Ivan Sutherland [15] . With new technology advances companies like HTC, Oculus and Sony recently catapulted virtual reality into the living rooms. However, the potential which lies within education and business and beyond gaming is largely under-explored. We review text input solutions tailored for VR and works exploring the effect of avatar hands on VR environments.

The first Virtual Reality HMD system was created in 1968 by computer scientist Ivan Sutherland.


Injectable hydrogels are ideal candidates for IVD repair because they can fill in irregularly shaped defects and are amenable to minimally invasive procedures. Two previously investigated hydrogels which demonstrated promising IVD biomechanical restoration and biocompatibility were redox-polymerized carboxymethylcellulose-methylcellulose (CMC-MC) for NP replacement and a genipin-crosslinked fibrin (FibGen) hydrogel for AF repair. CMC-MC has high swelling potential and has demonstrated its ability to restore disc height and biomechanical restoration following a discectomy injury in bovine IVDs ex vivo [22, 23] . FibGen has been tuned to match AF shear mechanical properties and has been shown to seal AF defects and resist reherniation under cyclic loading at physiological levels [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] . Both CMC-MC and FibGen are capable of rapid in situ gelation which is important for clinical translation when considering ease of application without extending surgical procedure times.

CMC-MC has high swelling potential and has demonstrated its ability to restore disc height and biomechanical restoration following a discectomy injury in bovine IVDs ex vivo.

FibGen has been tuned to match AF shear mechanical properties and has been shown to seal AF defects and resist reherniation under cyclic loading at physiological levels.


Carrot juice has a high nutritional value, as it is an important dietary source of carotenoids such as alpha-and beta-carotene, zeacarotene, lutein and lycopene [1] . Betacarotene, one of the most biologically active carotenoids, act as provitamin A [1] . However, preservation of carrot juice is difficult due to its low acidity which provide ideal environment for the growth of many spoilage and spore forming bacteria [2] . Acidification of carrot juice could be achieved by either fermentation or adding citric acid [2] . Blanching the carrots in acid could also improve the color of carrot juice [3] . Alternatively, blending carrot juice with acidic fruit juices such as apple juice could produce a blend with a lower pH that can act as a natural barrier against most microorganisms.

Carrot juice has a high nutritional value, as it is an important dietary source of carotenoids such as alpha-and beta-carotene, zeacarotene, lutein and lycopene.

Betacarotene, one of the most biologically active carotenoids, act as provitamin A.

However, preservation of carrot juice is difficult due to its low acidity which provide ideal environment for the growth of many spoilage and spore forming bacteria.

Acidification of carrot juice could be achieved by either fermentation or adding citric acid.

Blanching the carrots in acid could also improve the color of carrot juice.


The technique of forced molting of layer hens, with the purpose of using them for one extra production cycle, was initially used in the EUA in the 1960s. Today, several methods have been studied. In practice, management methods are the most commonly used, and there are many techniques recommended by different research centers, which makes their comparison difficult (Castelo Llobet et al., 1989) .

In practice, management methods are the most commonly used, and there are many techniques recommended by different research centers, which makes their comparison difficult.


Template-based approaches (e.g., DTW) are appealing because the segmentation can be performed by discarding frames that are not similar to the template. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) require many training examples to estimate their parameters, while DTW can be trained with a few training samples. Several DTW algorithms can perform segmentation in continuous recording by searching an optimal lattice path (i,j,k) where i is a frame index of the test recording that aligns with a frame index j of a template k [12] - [15] . This approach requires many templates per class to represent the variability (silence, noise, or garbage models). The computation increases significantly with the number of training samples. Moreover, it is sensitive to noise and demands "a low-clutter, low noise environment" [15] . Such a template-based approach may perform accurate segmentation by introducing a noise-robust component but it might not be sufficiently discriminative [3] .

Several DTW algorithms can perform segmentation in continuous recording by searching an optimal lattice path (i,j,k) where i is a frame index of the test recording that aligns with a frame index j of a template k.

Moreover, it is sensitive to noise and demands "a low-clutter, low noise environment".

Such a template-based approach may perform accurate segmentation by introducing a noise-robust component but it might not be sufficiently discriminative.


For a considerable time a large variety of waste management practises have been studied and developed. Some of them were adopted as key solutions in waste management, namely: source reduction, collection, recycling, composting, incineration (burning), landfilling and simply dumping. The higher the income per capita, the more effective and safe for environment and population are the solutions used in a particular region [7] . Unfortunately, the use of some of these solutions such as dumping and waste burning in the home is disastrous. Thus, the overview of municipal waste management systems in domestic use will be carried out in order to show the most appropriate.

The higher the income per capita, the more effective and safe for environment and population are the solutions used in a particular region.


Waste management systems based on the collection of waste and transportation to disposal sites are outdated. It has been estimated that collection costs range between 40 and 60% of a community's solid waste management costs [1] . Moreover, garbage trucks are involved in more than 5 fatal accidents per 100 million miles travelled [2] . Elimination of waste collection could also prevent CO 2 emissions of 4.2e12 kg CO 2 per tonne of waste, depending on the types of vehicles employed in the various stages of waste transportation and the estimates of payload and average journey distances. It is suggested by Transport for London, that waste generated in the city travels a distance of 44 million kilometres on London's roads each year, releasing about 200,000 tonnes of CO 2 to the atmosphere. Moreover, this does not include the additional road miles incurred, and CO 2 emissions generated, through the transport of waste, principally to landfill sites outside of Greater London [3] . Furthermore, in 2013 there were 204 serious pollution incidents in UK caused by waste industry activities [4] . However, keeping raw garbage in the home before collection creates perfect conditions for infestation by rodents, insects and microorganisms that spread diseases. Hippocrates (ca. 400 BC) and Ibn Sina (980-1037 AD) already suggested a relationship between waste and infectious diseases [1] .

It has been estimated that collection costs range between 40 and 60% of a community's solid waste management costs.

Moreover, garbage trucks are involved in more than 5 fatal accidents per 100 million miles travelled.

Moreover, this does not include the additional road miles incurred, and CO 2 emissions generated, through the transport of waste, principally to landfill sites outside of Greater London.

Furthermore, in 2013 there were 204 serious pollution incidents in UK caused by waste industry activities.

Hippocrates (ca. 400 BC) and Ibn Sina (980-1037 AD) already suggested a relationship between waste and infectious diseases.


It is estimated, that on average each citizen of European Union countries produces 475 kg of waste annually and US citizens about 730 kg [5, 6] . The level globally of urban municipal solid waste generation was approximately 1.3 billion tonnes in 2010, which means about 1.2 kg per person per day [7] . Globally about 84% of MSW is collected currently and 15% is recycled. However, most of it is still dumped or landfilled, especially in countries with low income per capita [8] . This situation is depicted in Table 1 . Reducing the amount of waste produced by individuals -especially if it is significantly above the global average -and the possibility of utilizing as much of the waste as possible at the household levelwould provide an opportunity of solving the global problem of littering. Additionally, the costs of central waste management systems would significantly decrease.

It is estimated, that on average each citizen of European Union countries produces 475 kg of waste annually and US citizens about 730 kg.

The level globally of urban municipal solid waste generation was approximately 1.3 billion tonnes in 2010, which means about 1.2 kg per person per day.

However, most of it is still dumped or landfilled, especially in countries with low income per capita.

This situation is depicted in Table 1 .


Positive airway pressure (PAP) is the first line treatment of moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Disturbance of sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness, apnea, deterioration of life quality, and also the presence of cardiovascular, metabolic, neuropsychiatric, and urogenital disorders such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, metabolic syndrome, panic attack, depression, stroke, and erectil dysfunction show the importance of the treatment [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Previous studies showed that PAP treatment improves the symptoms of OSAS, rate of comorbid disorders, cardiovascular morbidity, and mortality. The positive consequences of PAP treatment result higher compliance of patients [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 8] .

Disturbance of sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness, apnea, deterioration of life quality, and also the presence of cardiovascular, metabolic, neuropsychiatric, and urogenital disorders such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, metabolic syndrome, panic attack, depression, stroke, and erectil dysfunction show the importance of the treatment.

The positive consequences of PAP treatment result higher compliance of patients.


The entire discussion of positing social technologies in spheres of social development transports us to a new form of market where strangers exchange goods and services effortlessly, collaborate and create simultaneously (e.g Airbnb, Kickstarter, Lyft, etc.). Social media has given rise to the concept of a sharing/collaborative economy, which includes shared creation, production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods, services and ideas by different people and organizations. Billions of connected individuals can now actively participate in innovation, wealth creation, and social development in ways that were previously inconceivable. And when these masses of people collaborate, they collectively advance the arts, culture, science, education, government, and economy in surprising but ultimately profitable ways [4, 5] . The motivation and philosophy behind the collaborative building of value that results from sharing content and ideas is termed "sharism" [6] . This contemporary sharing economy is predicated on peer-to-peer relationships rather than existing market actors to mediate exchange. Thus the focus has shifted to globalization and democratization of information where the connected generation is empowered to the extent they can disrupt industries, transform education and shape global politics in ways never imagined before. In the world today, we have been subject to considerably successful business models heavily relying on this collaborative consumption that are transforming industries globally from hospitality (Airbnb) to transportation (Lyft). The domain of education, it seems, is ripe for a similar disruption.

And when these masses of people collaborate, they collectively advance the arts, culture, science, education, government, and economy in surprising but ultimately profitable ways.

The motivation and philosophy behind the collaborative building of value that results from sharing content and ideas is termed "sharism".


In patients with Parkinson's disease, the oscillatory activity of the subthalamic nucleus recorded through the electrodes implanted for deep brain stimulation displays dopamine-dependent changes whereby the OFF to ON motor state is signalled by a marked reduction in beta band activity (Brown, 2003) . In addition, in patients with LID there is a peak at 4-10 Hz at the subthalamic nucleus (Alonso-Frech et al., 2006) . Here for the first time we report an oscillatory theta-alpha activity in the ventral subthalamic nucleus associated with ICD in patients with Parkinson's disease. This activity is distinct from that associated with LID and was also coherent with EEG activity recorded in frontal areas.

In patients with Parkinson's disease, the oscillatory activity of the subthalamic nucleus recorded through the electrodes implanted for deep brain stimulation displays dopamine-dependent changes whereby the OFF to ON motor state is signalled by a marked reduction in beta band activity.

In addition, in patients with LID there is a peak at 4-10 Hz at the subthalamic nucleus.


Broiler chicken have been successfully commercialized, including live chickens and industrialized products. In Brazil, among the exported products, cuts represent 57.7% and whole chickens 32.6%, followed by processed products (ABEF, 2016) . The diversity of chicken meat supply has driven the present production to develop strains that meet market needs.

In Brazil, among the exported products, cuts represent 57.7% and whole chickens 32.6%, followed by processed products.


We begin with an action describing a classical particle moving in a five dimensional spacetime with pure Einstein gravity and the inclusion of a possible cosmological constant Λ. We then dimensionally reduce this 5D theory to an effective 4D one, where the extra dimensional scale factor b(x) is related to a scalar field φ(x) that is nonminimally coupled to the 4D Ricci scalarR[g µν ]. A conformal transformation from the 4D Jordan frame with metricg µν to an Einstein frame with metric g µν results in a representation where the action contains an ordinary 4D Einstein-Hilbert term, along with a scalar field φ derived from the scale factor b, and a classical matter action. In the Einstein frame representation of the theory, the scale factor b(x) is no longer coupled to the Ricci scalar, but now becomes coupled to the matter sector of the theory [16] , [17] .

In the Einstein frame representation of the theory, the scale factor b(x) is no longer coupled to the Ricci scalar, but now becomes coupled to the matter sector of the theory.


In such delivery systems, the drug release kinetics is ruled by several factors including the physico-chemical features of the silica surface and the interaction between the carrier and the active molecule. The bioavailability of the silica particles is influenced by characteristics like surface area, zeta-potential, hydrophilicity, functional groups on surface, affinity and selectivity. By altering such particle properties, drug carriers become more effective [28] [29] [30] [31] .

By altering such particle properties, drug carriers become more effective.


Silica features can be altered by introducing functional groups on its surface. By now, several studies have already shown that mesoporous silica nanoparticles can be loaded with various bioactive compounds via hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, SBA-15 functionalized with carboxyl or amino groups demonstrated optimal properties for the release of proteins such as bovine serum albumin due to the balance of electrostatic and hydrophilic interaction between bovine serum albumin and the functionalized SBA-15 matrix [32] .

Furthermore, SBA-15 functionalized with carboxyl or amino groups demonstrated optimal properties for the release of proteins such as bovine serum albumin due to the balance of electrostatic and hydrophilic interaction between bovine serum albumin and the functionalized SBA-15 matrix.


The FACs associated with the electric field structures have been determined using the magnetic field measured by the FGM instrument (Balogh et al., 1997) . A fourth degree polynomial was fitted to the measured magnetic field and subtracted from the measured value. The resulting residual magnetic field is associated with small-scale FACs, 26-94 km in local values (not mapped to the ionosphere) for the events in this study.

The FACs associated with the electric field structures have been determined using the magnetic field measured by the FGM instrument.


Self-burying and possible defensive behavior.-This behavior has been observed in other spiders such as Sicarius sp. (Sicaridae), but spiders of this species throw sand on the body when burrowing in the substratum (Reiskind 1965) . Other spiders of the genera Cryptothele (Zodariidae), Paratropis (Paratro-pididae), Microstigmata (Microstigmatidae), and Bradystichus (Bradystichidae) and the opilionid Trogulus (Trogulidae) have similar habits (Roth 1984) . This behavior probably is an adaptation of these arachnids, including H. theologus, to protect themselves from predators although could it also serves as thermoregulatory function. This type of primary defense is of great importance in arid zones and deserts because there is relatively little vegetation cover to protect against predators (Cloudsley-Thompson 1996) . The behaviors of leg autotomy and pairing of legs observed in H. theologus both belong to a secondary type of defense, effective when the spiders are threatened by predators (Cloudsley-Thompson 1995) . Nevertheless H. theologus is mainly nocturnal like most other desert-dwelling spiders, therefore, a visual defense may be effective only in full moonlight, so sand camouflage could has obvious advantages however the leg pairing behaviour is more difficult to imagine functionally.

Self-burying and possible defensive behavior.-This behavior has been observed in other spiders such as Sicarius sp. (Sicaridae), but spiders of this species throw sand on the body when burrowing in the substratum.

Other spiders of the genera Cryptothele (Zodariidae), Paratropis (Paratro-pididae), Microstigmata (Microstigmatidae), and Bradystichus (Bradystichidae) and the opilionid Trogulus (Trogulidae) have similar habits.

This type of primary defense is of great importance in arid zones and deserts because there is relatively little vegetation cover to protect against predators.

The behaviors of leg autotomy and pairing of legs observed in H. theologus both belong to a secondary type of defense, effective when the spiders are threatened by predators.


In modern radar systems, pulse compression has been widely used to increase the detection range and range resolution [1] , [2] . In general, pulse compression is realized by compressing a frequency-chirped or phase-coded signal with a matched filter. Compared with traditional electrical approaches to generate frequency-chirped or phase-coded signals, photonic ones have attracted great attentions in the past few years, due to their advantages in term of small size, light weight, low insertion loss, immunity to electromagnetic interference and large time-bandwidth products [3] .

In modern radar systems, pulse compression has been widely used to increase the detection range and range resolution.

Compared with traditional electrical approaches to generate frequency-chirped or phase-coded signals, photonic ones have attracted great attentions in the past few years, due to their advantages in term of small size, light weight, low insertion loss, immunity to electromagnetic interference and large time-bandwidth products.


A number of studies to date have identified the effects of this fluid saturation and concentration on the mechanical properties of aquifer rock. However, most previous studies have been performed on sandstone and geo-polymer specimens, and only the effects of brine concentration/degree of saturation have been considered and the studies have been limited to unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests. However, as mentioned earlier, hydro-fractures are mainly initiated by the tensile failure of the rock due to the much lower tensile strengths of brittle rocks compared to their compressive strengths. The evaluation of the effect of saturation on rock tensile strength is therefore far more important than checking its influence on compressive strength for the hydro-fracturing process. Although siltstone is a common rock type in many unconventional reservoirs, to date little research has been conducted on strength variation with formation properties such as NaCl ionic concentration, composition and saturation, where the pore fluid is mainly composed of NaCl [29] . This paper therefore reports on a strength study of varyingly brine (NaCl) saturated siltstone.

Although siltstone is a common rock type in many unconventional reservoirs, to date little research has been conducted on strength variation with formation properties such as NaCl ionic concentration, composition and saturation, where the pore fluid is mainly composed of NaCl.


Apart from the reservoir rocks' strength parameters, pore fluid concentration and its degree of saturation in the aquifer rock also play major roles in the hydro-fracturing process in deep unconfined gas reservoirs, because they indirectly affect the rock mechanical properties. With the injection of the fracturing fluid into a saturated (by water, brine, or oil) geological formation, the degree of water/brine/oil saturation around the injection well starts to decrease due to the forced migration caused by the fracturing fluid. This is depending on the injection pressure of the fracturing fluid and the ability of that fracturing fluid to move through the reservoir rock (its permeability) [25] . This pushing out of pore fluid (the forced migration) through the injecting fluid can have the effect of totally removing pore fluid from the well bore area. This pore fluid pushing influence reduces with increasing distance from the injection well due to the reduced pressure created by the injecting fluid on the pore fluid. Moreover, all of these pore fluid replacement processes through the injection fluid depend on the pore pressure of the fluid. Deep aquifers normally have greater pore pressure and therefore, the influence of the injecting fluid is less than in shallow aquifers [26, 27] . Moreover, it should be noted that initiation and propagation of the primary hydraulic fracture have to be occurred very quickly for a minimal fluid leakoff, because it may demand high pumping rates. The situation is however different for the occurring secondary fractures, where initiation and propagation of them should be taken place over some considerable time duration to allow the fracturing fluid to leak into the reservoir rock. Therefore, the change of degree of saturation and its concentration has a direct influence on the rock mechanical properties, which therefore vary over time during the fracturing process, affecting the fracturing pressure required for hydro-fractures to be initiated.

This is depending on the injection pressure of the fracturing fluid and the ability of that fracturing fluid to move through the reservoir rock (its permeability).

Deep aquifers normally have greater pore pressure and therefore, the influence of the injecting fluid is less than in shallow aquifers.


Hereunto, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is demonstrated with respect to the following test scenarios: straight line braking, sine sweep, and brake-in-turn (ISO 7975). The vehicle Several research instances investigated the effects of unsprung mass increase on the ride comfort. Anderson, Hurdwell, and Harty analyzed the impact that a 30 kg mass increase for each wheel has on the vehicle dynamics [6, 8] . The results of this study demonstrated that such an increase of unsprung mass leads to the degradation of ride comfort in terms of pitch dynamics, impact feel on rough road, and agility. Another negative effect for some IWM design variants is that road excitations can lead to magnet gap deformation and, therefore, to magnetic force oscillations in the IWM [9] . As a result, the tuning of suspension design for EV with IWMs is required with consideration of the effect of reduced frequency of the wheel hop. The solution to install a stiffer suspension cannot be sufficient because this leads to a higher EV body acceleration. Additional boundaries in this case are also set by the tyre stiffness. These arguments show that a tuning of the passive suspension has a limited applicability to improve the ride quality of the EV with IWMs that was also confirmed by some research works [10] . These facts motivated further developments and studies for EV ride dynamics, which led to active ride control by means of IWM torque allocation.

Anderson, Hurdwell, and Harty analyzed the impact that a 30 kg mass increase for each wheel has on the vehicle dynamics.

Another negative effect for some IWM design variants is that road excitations can lead to magnet gap deformation and, therefore, to magnetic force oscillations in the IWM.

These arguments show that a tuning of the passive suspension has a limited applicability to improve the ride quality of the EV with IWMs that was also confirmed by some research works.


The goal of the current study was to characterize limbic motor circuitry with behavioral and neurochemical methods in Fmr1-null mice. Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is an operant behavior in which animals perform a task for reinforcement by electrical brain stimulation reward (BSR). The predictable effects on BSR of drugs acting through dopamine, glutamate, or acetylcholine receptors can be compared between genotypes, and we have previously used this approach to investigate pharmacological mechanisms in other monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders [55] . We hypothesize that Fmr1-null mice will show increased sensitivity to drugs that enhance the rewarding value of BSR and, conversely, decreased sensitivity to the reward-devaluing effects of drugs that diminish BSR. Experiments measuring the effects of the atypical neuroleptic aripiprazole, the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP, and the preferential M1 antagonist trihexyphenidyl on locomotor behavior were also performed to further differentiate drug effects on global motor function from effects specific to operant behavior. To determine if absence of Fmr1 alters dopaminergic neurons originating in the SNc and VTA, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was also quantified by design-based stereology in midbrain histological sections and by western blot in tissue homogenates from dorsal striatum and NAc.

The predictable effects on BSR of drugs acting through dopamine, glutamate, or acetylcholine receptors can be compared between genotypes, and we have previously used this approach to investigate pharmacological mechanisms in other monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders.


Generally, wireless networks are highly susceptible to passive attacks, such as the eavesdropping of secure information, and active attacks, such as impersonation, message delay, message distortion, and denial of service (DoS) [2] . MANET, as a particular type of wireless networks, is relatively vulnerable for attacks that threaten its basic functions (i.e., routing and packets forwarding). Because of its unique characteristics, such as wireless open medium, dynamic changing topology, absence of central management, cooperative routing mechanisms, and resource constraints, MANET protocols could be threatened by both passive and active attacks [3] . In passive attack (the attacker referred as selfish), the node does not intentionally harm the network, but in order to save its battery life, it does not cooperate with others in carrying out basic functions, such as routing and packets forwarding, which as a result, could endanger the correct execution of routing functions or even segment the MANET. In active attack (the attacker referred as mali-cious), the attacker intentionally misbehaves to sabotage the network operation by performing harmful operations such as dropping packets, modifying or fabricating routing information, and/or impersonating other's identities, which as a result, could disrupt the node's operation, and hence, degrade the performance of the whole MA-NET.

Generally, wireless networks are highly susceptible to passive attacks, such as the eavesdropping of secure information, and active attacks, such as impersonation, message delay, message distortion, and denial of service (DoS).

Because of its unique characteristics, such as wireless open medium, dynamic changing topology, absence of central management, cooperative routing mechanisms, and resource constraints, MANET protocols could be threatened by both passive and active attacks.


The analysis in this paper justifies the use of the cross correlation approach for travel time estimation in a bounded domain with spatially limited, noisy sources. It also quantifies the statistical stability of this estimation method as well as its accuracy, which is shown to depend on the spatial correlation of the sources. Extensions of these results to vector waves and to surface waves are now under consideration [11] .

Extensions of these results to vector waves and to surface waves are now under consideration.


The approach that is perhaps most commonly applied is to calculate the decay asymmetry of individual right handed, singlet Majorana neutrinos N from S-matrix elements [1] [2] [3] [4] . These asymmetries, obtained by Quantum Field Theoretical methods, are subsequently substituted into classical Boltzmann equations, that describe the macroscopic non-equilibrium dynamics and the evolution of the asymmetry. By LSZ-reduction, S-matrix elements can be obtained from time ordered n-point Green functions. We then enjoy the usual simplifications of time-ordered perturbation theory, i.e. we can calculate the n-point functions using the standard diagrammatic Feynman rules. The price to pay for this simplification is cutting the direct link between the non-equilibrium dynamics and the generation of the CP -asymmetry at the quantum level. A particular problem turns out to be due to the instability of the singlet neutrinos, which causes that the S-matrix, that involves the CP -asymmetric decays and inverse decays of these singlets, is not unitary, or rather, that it does not correspond to an S-matrix in the proper sense. As a consequence, the unitary evolution of the non-equilibrium system must be carefully re-implemented, which is performed in practise through the non-trivial method of real intermediate state subtraction [5] . Without real intermediate state subtraction, one would predict from substituting the rates from the S-matrix elements into the network of Boltzmann equations the presence of a lepton asymmetry even in thermal equilibrium, which would be an unacceptable violation of the CP T theorem.

The approach that is perhaps most commonly applied is to calculate the decay asymmetry of individual right handed, singlet Majorana neutrinos N from S-matrix elements.

As a consequence, the unitary evolution of the non-equilibrium system must be carefully re-implemented, which is performed in practise through the non-trivial method of real intermediate state subtraction.


Alternatively, one can avoid the subtleties concerning unitarity by computing the real-time evolution of the quantum state from the outset. This can either be achieved by using the canonical Hamiltonian approach or functional, Closed-Time-Path (CTP) [14] [15] [16] [17] methods. This may appear as a complicated task, but one should keep in mind that the CP -asymmetry arises in the S-matrix language at the one-loop level. In a real time approach, it turns out that in a diagrammatic representation, we have to go to two-loop level. However, the leading CP -violating effects can be extracted by imposing some of the internal particles to be on-shell, which may be considered as a generalisation of the Cutkosky rules [18] . In the end, the integrals that are relevant for the leading order prediction of the CP asymmetry are identical to those encountered in the S-matrix approach, but with the advantage that an overcounting of particular processes in the Boltzmann equations, that would violate unitarity, is avoided by construction.

This can either be achieved by using the canonical Hamiltonian approach or functional, Closed-Time-Path (CTP) methods.

However, the leading CP -violating effects can be extracted by imposing some of the internal particles to be on-shell, which may be considered as a generalisation of the Cutkosky rules.


Organized convection brings dynamical issues to the fore, which is a new aspect for convective parameterization. In the conceptualization shown in Fig. 1a , the mixing effects of ordinary convection represented by an entraining plume is the conceptual basis for contemporary parameterization. A separation of scale between the cumulus and the grid spacing of the numerical model is assumed. In contrast, for mesoscale convective systems (Fig. 1b) , quasi-laminar transport dominates turbulent mixing. Organized convection involves singular events at the tail of cumulus population that statistical analysis shows may account for 90% of the total convective mass flux (Naveau and Moncrieff 2003) . In view of the upscale nature of convective organization in models of intermediate resolution, the scale-separation assumption is questionable. Dynamical mechanisms such as shear, scale interaction, and quasi-laminar transport are strongly in play: the focus herein. The key question is: Can complex mesoscale dynamics be approximated in a simple way that is useful for convective parameterization?

Organized convection involves singular events at the tail of cumulus population that statistical analysis shows may account for 90% of the total convective mass flux.


The concept of fractional space is effectively used in many areas of physics to describe the effective parameters of physical systems. Mandelbrot introduced the concept of "Fractal" to describe complex structures [1] . Highly complex structures can be modeled using fractional space concept which cannot be described by Euclidean geometry. Sometime they represent natural occurring phenomena and geometries that are highly complex like roughness of ocean floor, dust particles, snow and mountains etc., better than conventional geometry. We can also find fractals in the field of integrated circuits, weather prediction, image compression algorithms and antenna design. An important property of fractals is that complex geometries can be defined with very less number of parameters because all fractals are self-similar and repeat themselves at different scales. These complex structures can be characterized by using fractional dimension D, at both macroscopic and microscopic levels [2, 3] . Knowing the importance of fractional space, it has been the subject of interest for researchers for past two decades [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .

Mandelbrot introduced the concept of "Fractal" to describe complex structures.

These complex structures can be characterized by using fractional dimension D, at both macroscopic and microscopic levels.

Knowing the importance of fractional space, it has been the subject of interest for researchers for past two decades.


Lastly, this study focuses only on consumer responses to socially responsible corporate activities. The holistic stakeholder approach has been an important issue in sustainability studies because companies addressing stakeholder concerns have been shown to perform better than companies that do not address these concerns [66] . Moreover, different stakeholders may have different CSR preferences and needs [67] . Further studies could broaden our understanding of the participant spectrum by including suppliers and/or employees.

The holistic stakeholder approach has been an important issue in sustainability studies because companies addressing stakeholder concerns have been shown to perform better than companies that do not address these concerns.

Moreover, different stakeholders may have different CSR preferences and needs.


The GCE could be originated by the sum of a Fermi-bubble like emission plus another source, which might be DM annihilation, unresolved MSP, or a combination of both. Certainly, the interpretation of the GCE as DM emission is controversial but it remains an interesting possibility. On the other hand, such instance is not easy to implement in a particular, theoretically sound, DM model. Part of the difficulty comes from the fact that a DM model able to reproduce the GCE typically leads also to direct detection predictions which are already excluded by XENON1T. This is the case for one of the most economical and popular scenarios of DM, namely the Scalar Singlet-Higgs-Portal (SHP), where the DM particle is a singlet scalar, S, that interacts with the SM matter through couplings with the Higgs [70] .

This is the case for one of the most economical and popular scenarios of DM, namely the Scalar Singlet-Higgs-Portal (SHP), where the DM particle is a singlet scalar, S, that interacts with the SM matter through couplings with the Higgs.


Suppose a collective variable extracted from a system obeying a stochastic partial differential equation shows behavior that is 'noisily periodic': almost periodic with a small random difference in amplitude from cycle to cycle. One would expect to proceed by looking for a Hopf bifurcation in a deterministic model, then adding noise to produce a little variability. That is, one would expect the predictable part of the behavior to be deterministic and the slight variability to be stochastic. We report on a system where the opposite is true, i.e., the mean form of the time-dependent solutions is a function of the noise level, even when the latter is very small; the amplitude of the variability from cycle to cycle is independent of the noise level. The phenomenon, called noise-controlled dynamics, has been analysed in low-order models. Here we analyse a set of nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations. The particular example we shall chose is a set of model equations for the dynamics of convection cells subject to shear, obtained as a truncation of the Boussinesq equations [1] [2] [3] [4] .

The particular example we shall chose is a set of model equations for the dynamics of convection cells subject to shear, obtained as a truncation of the Boussinesq equations.


The research reported in this paper is to develop monitoring models using the vibration data collected at the wind turbine drivetrain and tower. Clustering and control chart based monitoring models are introduced. The clustering model identifies abnormal vibration based on the trained clusters and the control chart monitors the trend of vibration acceleration. Control charts have been widely researched and evaluated in the statistical quality control literature [9] . Furthermore, control charts have been applied for monitoring tasks in manufacturing, sensor calibration, and logistics [10] [11] [12] . In this research, the control chart concept was used to establish the upper and lower boundaries to detect abnormalities in the vibration of wind turbines. These two monitoring models are capable of detecting abnormalities and determining the onset of the abnormal vibration. SCADA data sampled at 10 s intervals is used in this research. Although vibration data are normally sampled at higher frequency, normal and faulty statuses of wind turbines are reflected in the 10 s data.

Control charts have been widely researched and evaluated in the statistical quality control literature.

Furthermore, control charts have been applied for monitoring tasks in manufacturing, sensor calibration, and logistics.


A qualitative design was chosen to explore participants' views and opinions about integrated care in the light of their experience in maternity care. A total of 17 interviews (Table 1) and three focus groups, two of which were online (Table 2) , with a total of 21 participants were carried out. Data triangulation was used to enrich the data [14] . Triangulation was achieved by using semistructured interviews allowing stakeholders to represent their organisations' opinions and focus groups to explore professionals' experiences and personal opinions. Data were gathered until saturation was reached. The checklist of the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) was used when reporting on the data [15] . The study was submitted to the medical ethics committee of VU University Medical Center (reference number 2011/252). An ethical approval was not considered necessary according to the Dutch legislation as this study does not impair medical integrity, it is not stressful for participants and no interventions are performed (https://www.vumc.nl/ afdelingen-themas/1646433/7876770/7877361/7955730/ nietwmobeslisboom.pdf).

Data triangulation was used to enrich the data.

The checklist of the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) was used when reporting on the data.


The Solar DEC technology is an interesting and fascinating solution for applications in building air conditioning. It is a thermally driven open cooling cycle based on evaporative cooling and adsorption processes. In a solar desiccant cooling cycle, solar energy is used to regenerate a desiccant material that dehumidifies moist air by vapor adsorption; the resulting dry and warm air is cooled in a sensible heat exchanger (usually rotating) and then in an (direct) evaporative cooler. By associating different elementary treatments in moist air (dehumidification, sensible cooling and evaporative cooling) both in the process and exhaust air, the technique uses water as a refrigerant and mostly solar energy as driving heat. In a solar autonomous DEC system, electricity is only used in the auxiliaries, so the technique is environmentally friendly. If the pure DEC effect is not sufficient to guarantee indoor air conditions for the specific application, a hybrid DEC -conventional cooling cycle can be used by adding one or more traditional cooling coils connected with an electric water refrigerator to the standard DEC cycle (Henning, 2004) .

If the pure DEC effect is not sufficient to guarantee indoor air conditions for the specific application, a hybrid DEC -conventional cooling cycle can be used by adding one or more traditional cooling coils connected with an electric water refrigerator to the standard DEC cycle.


In Fig. 12 the electrical COP of the AHU for the same summer day is shown. It can be noted that, the total cooling power and the desiccant and evaporative cooling power almost overlap. Due to the increased cooling performances, the electrical COP of the system was significantly improved in comparison to the previous configuration, reaching 4.6 as the mean daily value with peaks up to 6. Typical mean values of the previous configurations ranged from 2 to 2.9 and from 3.5 to 4.5 for the peak values (Beccali et al., 2008) .

Typical mean values of the previous configurations ranged from 2 to 2.9 and from 3.5 to 4.5 for the peak values.


The manipulations of G produce the increase in lapses and sleep attacks, as well as the shift in normal response times in the model. Interestingly, the model does not require an increase in cycle time as a function of sleep deprivation. The shift in normal response times is due to the decreased probability of the model responding at the first opportunity as G is lowered. The immediate result is fewer fast responses, but the effects accumulate and translate into many more lapses and more sleep attacks, as occurs in the experimental data (Doran et al., 2001) .

The immediate result is fewer fast responses, but the effects accumulate and translate into many more lapses and more sleep attacks, as occurs in the experimental data.


In order to improve our ability to predict how and when performance will decline as a result of restricted or deprived sleep, we must improve our understanding of how sleep deprivation impacts the cognitive system. If these predictions can be made, then actions can be taken a priori to mitigate the effects of sleep deprivation and minimize the likelihood of costly or tragic fatigue-related errors (Dinges, 2004) . This paper describes our recent efforts along these lines. We first describe relevant research from the sleep restriction and cognitive modeling literatures. This is followed by a description of a cognitive model that makes predictions in a sample task used frequently in sleep restriction research.

If these predictions can be made, then actions can be taken a priori to mitigate the effects of sleep deprivation and minimize the likelihood of costly or tragic fatigue-related errors.


Cancer is a large class of very different diseases, all of which grow uncontrollably and have the ability to spread, or metastasize, throughout the body. A solid basis for tumor and cancer researches was provided by the seminal article published by Hanahan and Weinberg [1] , [2] . These authors argued that the complexity of cancer can be reduced to a small number of underlying principles.

A solid basis for tumor and cancer researches was provided by the seminal article published by Hanahan and Weinberg.


Photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) combine photocatalytic reactors with membrane filtration units [6, 7] . As the photocatalytic membrane is combined with oxidation promoters, such as UV irradiation, the membrane plays an important role as a support for the photocatalytic materials and as a selective barrier to degrade organic contaminants. The TiO 2 materials are often considered as coating materials on ceramic support for the photocatalytic membrane because of their high photocatalytic activity and thermal/chemical stability at low environmental toxicity [8] [9] [10] . The TiO 2 coating on the ceramic support has been reported to provide high water permeability with relatively low fouling rate to polymeric membrane [11, 12] . The photo-degradation activity of nanostructured ceramic membranes functionalized in situ have been found to be very effective for wastewater treatment [9] . Thus, the photocatalytic layer on the membrane is expected to reduce the extent of membrane fouling while producing an excellent permeate quality due to the selective photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds on the catalytic membrane surface [13] . In addition, the intrinsic properties of the ceramic membrane against certain chemical reagents allow for the photocatalytic membrane to withstand the concomitant attack of the strong oxidants produced during photocatalytic processes, e.g., hydroxyl radicals [14] .

Photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) combine photocatalytic reactors with membrane filtration units.

The TiO 2 materials are often considered as coating materials on ceramic support for the photocatalytic membrane because of their high photocatalytic activity and thermal/chemical stability at low environmental toxicity.

The TiO 2 coating on the ceramic support has been reported to provide high water permeability with relatively low fouling rate to polymeric membrane.

The photo-degradation activity of nanostructured ceramic membranes functionalized in situ have been found to be very effective for wastewater treatment.

Thus, the photocatalytic layer on the membrane is expected to reduce the extent of membrane fouling while producing an excellent permeate quality due to the selective photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds on the catalytic membrane surface.

In addition, the intrinsic properties of the ceramic membrane against certain chemical reagents allow for the photocatalytic membrane to withstand the concomitant attack of the strong oxidants produced during photocatalytic processes, e.g., hydroxyl radicals.


The main contribution of this paper is an accurate, automatic, and efficient method for extraction of structured fact visual annotations from image-caption datasets, as illustrated in Fig. 1 . Our approach (1) extracts facts from captions associated with images and then (2) localizes the extracted facts in the image. For fact extraction from captions, We propose a new method called SedonaNLP for fact extraction to fill gaps in existing fact extraction from sentence methods like Clausie (Del Corro and Gemulla, 2013) . SedonaNLP produces more facts than Clausie, especially <subject,attribute> facts, and thus enables collecting more visual annotations than using Clausie alone. The final set of automatic annotations are the set of successfully localized facts in the associated images. We show that these facts are extracted with more than 80% accuracy according to human judgment.

For fact extraction from captions, We propose a new method called SedonaNLP for fact extraction to fill gaps in existing fact extraction from sentence methods like Clausie.


Second, the present sample serves simultaneously as a limitation and as an advantage. The nonrepresentativeness of the sample may be an important potential limitation. A total of 75% of the fathers rated (and 30% of young adult participants) were immigrants, and Hispanics were overrepresented in the sample (55%). Previous research suggests that Hispanic fathers may be more highly involved with their children than are non-Hispanic White or African American fathers (Toth & Xu, 1999) . However, the extent to which the interrelationships among fathering dimensions vary by ethnicity or immigrant status has not been studied. Therefore, although the present sample is diverse in terms of ethnicity and national origin, the extent to which the findings can be generalized to mainstream American populations is not known.

Previous research suggests that Hispanic fathers may be more highly involved with their children than are non-Hispanic White or African American fathers.


Additionally our findings point to the detrimental role of ego goals, namely self-defeating orientation, for academic adjustment. Consistent with previous research, students focused on not looking incompetent to others usually show higher levels of anxiety or stress (Elliot & McGregor, 2001; Maehr & Zusho, 2009; Skaalvik, 1997; Tuominen-Soini et al., 2008) . Our results are in the same direction, taking into account that the two clusters with higher scores in self-defeating orientations (ego-and self-defeating oriented) are those which present the highest levels of anxiety. These high levels of anxiety can reflect the pressure that these students feel to outperform others and to not demonstrate incompetence, which is what probably hinders the beneficial role of task goals and what could result in them not being able to achieve better grades.

Consistent with previous research, students focused on not looking incompetent to others usually show higher levels of anxiety or stress.


For fast charging, two typical infrastructure configurations are used. The first one is a network of single-or dual-outlet fast chargers that allow reaching the next fast charger. This is a configuration for the initial rollout of fast charging infrastructure [9] . The fast chargers are connected to the local LV grid, and therefore, the grid impact will strongly depend on the local situation, e.g., being connected to the distribution transformer through a separate feeder or through an existing feeder that contains other loads.

This is a configuration for the initial rollout of fast charging infrastructure.


The high laser intensity required, especially for the single-step srr, can raise the question of using pulsed stimulated radiative recombination that would have also the advantage to produce antihydrogen in a pulsed manner. This can be useful for further manipulations using pulsed fields and for experiments requiring a time-of-flight measurement [62] . Due to the lower duty cycle, the production rate would be smaller, however the saturated power will be very easily reached and direct stimulation down to the 2p-state would be feasible. For a short pulse we can neglect the spontaneous emission terms in the rate equation; the population of a srr level i thus evolves as N 1 (1 − e −Γ pi i t ) leading to saturation when the photoionization equals the laser pulse time. An interesting case can be when the spontaneous emission or stimulated deexcitation depopulates the formed levels of the n -manifold before the arrival of the next laser pulse such that photoionization by the next pulse is avoided. As shown in Eq. (A7), the srr cross sections are negligible for |m | > ∼ 3n 0.7 /2. Thus, a saturation pulsed srr laser can populate ∼ 3n 1.7 levels of the n manifold (among the n 2 available). For instance, every pulsed stimulated decay down to n = 36 (having a convenient wavelength for a CH 3 OH laser at 118.8 mm) will populate almost 1300 levels each of them with population N 1 . Those levels could then be deexcited using the tools developed before with almost an order of magnitude faster dynamic since the initial state is now specifically targeted and thus the number of states populated is smaller than in the usual formation mechanisms.

This can be useful for further manipulations using pulsed fields and for experiments requiring a time-of-flight measurement.


Many antibacterial metabolites have been isolated from aqueous or very polar extracts of red algae [40, 41, 42] . Despite numerous studies that show the biological activity of polar compounds, it is not uncommon to find antimicrobial activity based on lipophilic extracts obtained from algae. It seems that the use of lipophilic compounds in defense is an effective adaptation that ensures the presence of the active compound in the aquatic system as long as possible. In addition, water-insoluble compounds are also advantageous in that they diffuse slowly into the seawater, which ensures that the potency of the metabolite will remain intact for some period [43] . Several antimicrobial metabolites, including diterpenes, bromophenols, sesquiterpenoids and halogenated metabolites, share two aspects: their small molecular size and their lipophilic character. These physicochemical attributes are suggested to be of critical significance for metabolites to function in natural defense [44] .

Many antibacterial metabolites have been isolated from aqueous or very polar extracts of red algae.

In addition, water-insoluble compounds are also advantageous in that they diffuse slowly into the seawater, which ensures that the potency of the metabolite will remain intact for some period.

These physicochemical attributes are suggested to be of critical significance for metabolites to function in natural defense.


Recent works have also revealed that multi-shelled hollow spheres exhibit a greatly enhanced photocatalytic activity or photoelectric conversion efficiency due to multiple-reflections of light [37, 38] . To verify the multiple reflections effect in the multi-shelled hollow TiO2, double shelled TiO2 was synthesized by utilizing T450 (Fig. 3a1) as the inner hollow shell, sequential coating with SiO2 and TiO2, and finally dissolving the middle layer of SiO2. Double shelled TiO2 with different inter-shell distance were pre- D-T550 and D-T-670 before and after grinding were evaluated by the degradation of RhB. The activity of sample D-T550 is shown in Fig. 3b2 . It is found that the degradation activity of the double shell and crushed sample are almost the same within the first 10 min, after which the crushed sample shows a lower activity. The k value drops from 0.060 to 0.051 min −1 , which is probably due to the diffusion issue. As shown in Fig. 3c2 , the crushed sample of D-T670 exhibits a very close degradation activity with the original TiO2 double shell. The first-order reaction rate constants (k) calculated from the kinetic data (inset in Fig.  3c2 ) are 0.046 and 0.040 min −1 for D-T670 before and after grinding, respectively. There is not much difference in the observed activity, indicating that there are no significant multi-reflections of light within the double shell. The absorption cross section of D-T550 and D-T-670 over grinding was also calculated, as shown in Figs 3b3 and c3 , where a fluctuating trend was observed for both of the two samples.

Recent works have also revealed that multi-shelled hollow spheres exhibit a greatly enhanced photocatalytic activity or photoelectric conversion efficiency due to multiple-reflections of light.


Standard procedures for the prediction of tunnelling-induced damage to surface masonry structures have been developed and applied (Mair et al., 1996) . The core stage of these procedures assumes that predicted soil surface greenfield settlements caused by the excavation can be directly applied to a weightless and elastic beam that serves as a representative model of the building (Burland and Wroth, 1974; Burland et al., 1977; Boscardin and Cording, 1989; Burland, 1995) . Total tensile strains of the equivalent beam are analytically derived and compared to critical values that determine the level of expected damage. The method has been recently extended to the third dimension (Namazi and Mohamad, 2013) .

Standard procedures for the prediction of tunnelling-induced damage to surface masonry structures have been developed and applied.

The core stage of these procedures assumes that predicted soil surface greenfield settlements caused by the excavation can be directly applied to a weightless and elastic beam that serves as a representative model of the building.

The method has been recently extended to the third dimension.


At the global scale, precipitation uncertainties in long-term projections are mostly due to differences between climate models (Hawkins and Sutton 2011) . IV is often considered as constant while uncertainties due to the scenario and model increase with time. Thus, the relative uncertainty due to climate IV is strong for short-term projections (under 30 years) and decreases with time. In contrast, scenario uncertainty increases with time to become, at the global scale, the second largest source of uncertainty after one century (Hawkins and Sutton 2011) .

At the global scale, precipitation uncertainties in long-term projections are mostly due to differences between climate models.

In contrast, scenario uncertainty increases with time to become, at the global scale, the second largest source of uncertainty after one century.


This study assessed social network characteristics associated with sexual partnership concurrency among young men. The findings provide additional evidence of the importance of men's social networks in sustaining men's sexual risk behaviors. The stable and organized camps in Dar es Salaam offer a unique, important opportunity to assess the influence of networks on young men's behaviors and leverage their networks for HIV prevention. Assessing network effects on HIV risk behavior through longitudinal or intervention research can illuminate the role of social influence in bringing about behavior change; assess the direction and magnitude of the association between networks, norms and risk behaviors; and assess spillover or indirect effects [18] . Further network studies of HIV risk behavior could be particularly useful for developing interventions attuned to social context and in high prevalence settings where the magnitude of the HIV epidemic requires maximizing intervention reach.

Assessing network effects on HIV risk behavior through longitudinal or intervention research can illuminate the role of social influence in bringing about behavior change; assess the direction and magnitude of the association between networks, norms and risk behaviors; and assess spillover or indirect effects.


A retrospective study was conducted of the Twitter accounts maintained by CNSA, COSA, and MOGA over 21 months (November 29, 2012 to August 29, 2014 . This was aided by the social media data aggregator, Twitonomy (Enriquez-Gibson, 2014) . Twitonomy is an internet-based, analytics program that enables Twitter accounts and the tweets issued from them to be examined over time. It collates account information (e.g., date the account was registered, number of followers, etc.); delves into and extracts accessible archival tweets; computes detailed statistics on account traffic, connections, and trends; and presents visual depictions of results.

This was aided by the social media data aggregator, Twitonomy.


In this study, we found that the underweight group (BMI <18.5) had a shorter operation time, less bleeding, and lower complication rates compared with the healthy weight or overweight groups. It suggests that BMI has some impact on the outcomes of DAA total hip replacement. BMI is one of the factors that influence operations on the hip, especially in minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty. Obesity has been thought to be directly related to the operating time [16, 17] . Recently, the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Evidence-Based Committee recommended against elective total hip arthroplasty in patients with a BMI >40. This recommendation also applies to the use of the DAA [3, 18] .

Obesity has been thought to be directly related to the operating time.

This recommendation also applies to the use of the DAA.


The Japanese economy has been confronted with the need for substantive reform in a variety of areas. Since the late 1990s, mergers and acquisitions have been frequent as the Japanese economy tries to make a recovery. Various legal provisions have made M&A activity easier -revisions to the Commercial Code in 1997 simplified merger reporting requirements and procedures, revisions to the antimonopoly laws in 1998 reduced the number of companies subject to the reporting requirements, and further revisions to the Commercial Code in May, 2000 introduced mechanisms for corporate spin-offs (Rafferty, 2000) . Beginning in 1999, M&A activity increased substantially to $152 billion in transaction value, relative to $7.9 billion in 1998 (Rafferty, 2000) .

Various legal provisions have made M&A activity easier -revisions to the Commercial Code in 1997 simplified merger reporting requirements and procedures, revisions to the antimonopoly laws in 1998 reduced the number of companies subject to the reporting requirements, and further revisions to the Commercial Code in May, 2000 introduced mechanisms for corporate spin-offs.

Beginning in 1999, M&A activity increased substantially to $152 billion in transaction value, relative to $7.9 billion in 1998.