The contents of organic matter, TP and TN reported in sediments were higher in the three water bodies that showed highest proportion of silt and clay (BG, EPM and ESJ) and lowest in the lakes dominated by sandy sediments, given the lower adsorption capacity of larger particles [14, 53] . Both the nutrients and organic matter of sediments were much more abundant in BG, probably due to the continuous sewage discharges from the city of Santa Rosa received by this lake. The lowest TN concentrations were recorded in the four lakes that are in dune areas or surrounded by native vegetation and where activities in the basin are limited to livestock raising (OaPB, Ut, EC and LAm).

The contents of organic matter, TP and TN reported in sediments were higher in the three water bodies that showed highest proportion of silt and clay (BG, EPM and ESJ) and lowest in the lakes dominated by sandy sediments, given the lower adsorption capacity of larger particles.


The beluga population in West Greenland has undergone some drastic changes, attributed in large part to the effects of hunting (Alvarez-Flores & Heide-Jørgensen, 2004) . Controlling the rate of removals by hunting is crucial to conservation and this study provides a new assessment to establish sustainable levels of exploitation of belugas in West Greenland. This assessment is based on new estimates of total abundance combined with a Bayesian age-and sex-structured population dynamics model with density-regulated growth. The model is initiated with a stable age structure in 1970 and projected under the assumption that the abundance in 1970 was below the carrying capacity at that time. Changes in beluga distribution and exploitation in relation to changes in sea ice cover during the past 35 years are examined as well.

The beluga population in West Greenland has undergone some drastic changes, attributed in large part to the effects of hunting.


Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology which is used to identify remote objects embedded with RFID tags by wireless scanning without manual intervention [1] . It has been used in various real-life applications such as supply chain management, security monitoring, e-payment system, citizen management, medical management. Because of gradually descending cost and more advantages, its use will increase with high speed in the future.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology which is used to identify remote objects embedded with RFID tags by wireless scanning without manual intervention.


Especially, there is no universal applicable solution for RFID systems, the security levels depend on specific application. That is to say, RFID systems should attain balanced target between security and performance. The research object of RFID authentication protocols is using fewer resources to satisfy the same security requirements or achieving higher security levels by using the equal resources [5] .

The research object of RFID authentication protocols is using fewer resources to satisfy the same security requirements or achieving higher security levels by using the equal resources.


In this paper, we have limited the use of the vectorial formalism to a class of synchronous electric machines but the same approach can be considered for induction machines [44] . Besides, it is possible to use at the same time EMR and vectorial formalisms to get a graphic representation of the mleg VSI which supply these machines [45] , [41] . We can then deduced control laws, which enable electric decoupling.

In this paper, we have limited the use of the vectorial formalism to a class of synchronous electric machines but the same approach can be considered for induction machines.

Besides, it is possible to use at the same time EMR and vectorial formalisms to get a graphic representation of the mleg VSI which supply these machines.


To fulfill this aim, we compare individual and group performances in an Acquiring a Company experiment. The standard acquiring a company experiment is based on a bilateral bargaining game between a buyer and a seller who move sequentially (Samuelson, 1984; Samuelson and Bazerman, 1985) . The buyer makes a take-it-or-leave-it offer to a seller who can either accept or reject. The interaction is non-trivial because the seller has more accurate information than the buyer about the value of the company. Although it has an objective solution, in experiments individuals hardly place optimal bids and many individuals actually acquire the company but incur losses; moreover they fail to correct their choices over time.

The standard acquiring a company experiment is based on a bilateral bargaining game between a buyer and a seller who move sequentially.


In the simplified version of the Acquiring a Company task, we document the impact of four factors in group decision making under a unanimity rule. First, we report that individual opinions are combined into a group decision largely through a median-aggregation rule. When in disagreement, three out of four groups' choices in the easy task and two out of three in the difficult task are led by the opinion of the median member (Result 6). The Acquiring a Company task is an intellective task, where the dominant decision scheme is -truth wins,‖ and groups are expected to perform at the level of the best individual in the group (Lorge and Solomon, 1955) .

The Acquiring a Company task is an intellective task, where the dominant decision scheme is -truth wins,‖ and groups are expected to perform at the level of the best individual in the group.


The process has been the focus on several studies in the last 20 years. A thorough review of the state of the art of grind hardening process studies was published recently [2] . However, no studies have been presented on the microstructure induced by the grind-hardening process. The characteristics of the produced microstructures are influenced by many factors, among which are the heat input rate, the cooling rate, the material properties etc. The heat input rate is a function of the process parameters (cutting speed, depth of cut and feed speed) and the characteristics of the grinding wheel. Similarly, the cooling rate is a function of the coolant fluid application and the material properties [3, 4] . The properties of the material affect the dissipation of the heat within the workpiece. The hardening capability of any workpiece material is a function of the chemical composition and the microstructure of the material. This limits the applicability of the process to specific materials such as martensitic hardenable steels. The hardening result is determined by the carbon content and the content of alloying elements.

A thorough review of the state of the art of grind hardening process studies was published recently.

Similarly, the cooling rate is a function of the coolant fluid application and the material properties.


The most recent study of Spanish national diabetes direct costs calculates per patient costs at €1708 annually for Type 1 & 2; 2002 costs were extrapolated to 2010 [13] . Data did not differentiate between type 1 and 2. In our study, the majority of costs 73.7% concerned supplies and it was significantly higher for patients using the pump (€5538 per person-year) compared with patients on multi-injection regimen (€2477 per person-year) and patients on conventional scheme (€1978 per person-year). The association of supply costs with the regimen is reasonable and is also reported in all countries [2] [4] .

The most recent study of Spanish national diabetes direct costs calculates per patient costs at €1708 annually for Type 1 & 2; 2002 costs were extrapolated to 2010.

The association of supply costs with the regimen is reasonable and is also reported in all countries.


Making nanopore long-read de novo assembly easy, cheap and fast will enable new research. It will permit both more comprehensive and unbiased assessment of human variation, and creation of highly contiguous assemblies for a wide variety of plant and animal genomes. Here we report the de novo assembly of eleven diverse human genomes at near chromosome scale using a combination of nanopore and proximity-ligation (HiC) sequencing [8] . We demonstrate a substantial improvement in yields and read lengths for human genome sequencing at reduced time, labor, and cost relative to earlier efforts. Coupled to this, we introduce a toolkit for nanopore data assembly and polishing that is orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art methods.

Here we report the de novo assembly of eleven diverse human genomes at near chromosome scale using a combination of nanopore and proximity-ligation (HiC) sequencing.


Surgical skin flaps have been increasingly used in reconstructive surgery for the closure of various surgical defects. Partial or complete flap necrosis is a common problem after reconstructive flap surgery. An axial flap is preferred by surgeons because of its confidential pedicle; however, this flap is also more vulnerable to ischemia-reperfusion injury, or I/R injury [1] . Management of the necrotizing flap usually needs time-consuming and repetitive dressing changes, or even a secondary surgical procedure [2] .

An axial flap is preferred by surgeons because of its confidential pedicle; however, this flap is also more vulnerable to ischemia-reperfusion injury, or I/R injury.

Management of the necrotizing flap usually needs time-consuming and repetitive dressing changes, or even a secondary surgical procedure.


Furthermore, observed co-variation of SP values of N 2 O and oxygen concentrations (Fig. 3) implies that relative contributions from the two production pathways are sensitive to oxygen availability. It has been shown that SP of N 2 O produced by nitrifier-denitrification and by NH 2 OH oxidation are approximately 0 and 30 ‰, respectively (Sutka et al., 2006) . Consequently, the lower SP values produced during nitrification in this study are most likely the result of the addition of N 2 O from nitrifier-denitrification. It turns out that NH 2 OH oxidation is the dominant N 2 O production pathway under aerobic conditions, while NO − 2 reduction is dominant under anaerobic conditions (Fig. 3) . We note that even in aerobic conditions (21 % O 2 ), the SP value of N 2 O produced by N. oceani is lower than that of N 2 O produced by in vitro NH 2 OH oxidation with HAO extracted from the same bacteria (Fig. 3) . This suggests the NO − 2 reduction pathway is not negligible under aerobic conditions and thus previous studies based on pure culture incubation of AOB underestimated the SP value for N 2 O from NH 2 OH oxidation.

It has been shown that SP of N 2 O produced by nitrifier-denitrification and by NH 2 OH oxidation are approximately 0 and 30 ‰, respectively.


The fact that no precise definition and measurement were available might therefore be a cause for this wide distribution. Therefore, depending on the definition of nano-SiO 2 , the two source types are in line and state that this ENM is most likely used in elevated quantities. This result shows again the importance of a binding definition of ENM so that every industry representative reports the same material either as nanomaterial or as conventional material (Lövestam et al. 2010; Stone et al. 2010) . It is especially important to agree on how to deal with materials that clearly have a nanostructure and a primary particles size in the nano-range but that are heavily aggregated or agglomerated as it is the case for SiO 2 .

This result shows again the importance of a binding definition of ENM so that every industry representative reports the same material either as nanomaterial or as conventional material.


In order to determine the level of accommodation saturation in a coastal tourism area; the situation must first be simplified by identifying and examining the most relevant aspects, in order to offer synthetic, measurable information regarding how tourists perceive the tourism accommodation capacity. It can be used to estimate the limits (capacity) of the area to attract tourists before they perceive the negative impacts, when the specific maximum threshold for satisfaction is exceeded. The usefulness of this parameter is based on its capacity to define "the level of tourist use that provides sustained quality recreation" [62, 100] . However, to determine the optimal accommodation density of a coastal tourism area, we must consider more than just pressure and condition indicators to define accommodation capacity in each tourist destination/area; we also have to examine response indicators related to the behaviour of the demand and, more specifically, the opinion of the tourists through their level of satisfaction. Furthermore, estimating the optimal limit for accommodation saturation is not an end in and of itself, but rather an instrument that can provide continuous, relevant information to those in charge of making decisions related to planning and managing mature tourist destinations. Therefore, it is a management concept which reflects the objectives of managers or those responsible for satisfying tourists and local residents [101] .

The usefulness of this parameter is based on its capacity to define "the level of tourist use that provides sustained quality recreation".

Therefore, it is a management concept which reflects the objectives of managers or those responsible for satisfying tourists and local residents.


Definitely, tourist accommodation density is a measure the level of saturation in urban coastal tourism areas. We believe this is necessary because it is an indicator used to determine a state that is undesirable for tourists, when certain carrying capacities of the tourist-urban area are considered to have too many tourist accommodations and bed places. Thus, a coastal tourism area can be considered saturated by accommodations when tourist satisfaction falls to a minimum level, causing interest and tolerance level in the destination to be unacceptably altered. This concept is also inherent to the notion of sustainability. In this way saturation and carrying capacity have a strict relation with the overtourism. This idea relates tourist accommodation density with the possible feeling of crowding and, at the same time, with overtourism [1] .

This idea relates tourist accommodation density with the possible feeling of crowding and, at the same time, with overtourism.


Finally, we must remember that "growth is not the enemy, but rather how we manage it" [1] . This approach applied to the excessive density of accommodations implies the need for specific regulation and, above all, sustainable management and to consider quantitative as well as qualitative indicators to ensure a comprehensive vision of tourism's impact on the destination. Similarly, the result of tourist accommodation density measurements will always depend on the territorial context. Thus a tailor-made management strategy must be developed to cope with the current situation in each specific destination [1] . Similarly, the consideration of a tourist accommodation saturated will vary with the values of those asking the questions and establishing the conditions for measurement.

Finally, we must remember that "growth is not the enemy, but rather how we manage it".

Thus a tailor-made management strategy must be developed to cope with the current situation in each specific destination.


Cumulative fluxes over 8 days during a fertilization experiment resulted in similar rates of N 2 fluxes from Miscanthus and oilseed rape, but N 2 O fluxes were about an order of magnitude higher from oilseed rape than from Miscanthus (Fig. 7) . Overall, the total denitrification rate (N 2 O + N 2 ) was about the same in both crops. At the same time, the 20 usually sampled chambers in all four crops did not show any significant increase in emissions over time. It has been reported previously that a higher pH would increase N 2 production (Burth & Ottow, 1983) . The pH in the Miscanthus field was 7.13 ± 0.02whereas the pH in the oilseed rape field was 6.45 ± 0.09 which supports this theory.

It has been reported previously that a higher pH would increase N 2 production.


Geo-fencing enables remote monitoring of geographic areas surrounded by a virtual fence (geo-fence), and automatic detections when tracked mobile objects enter or exit these areas [1] . A huge set of LBS (location based services) use geo-fence observation as a key feature. Location plays a basic role in context-aware applications. Geo-fences are user-defined areas defined around a Location. Locations here are cities, towns, other identifiable landmarks as well as vehicle parks of the user organization. Usually, the user is able to define the bounding of geo-fence area. For example, in simplest case it is just a radius defines some circular area. On practice, in the vehicle tracking system, a vehicle is determined to be at a particular Location if it is within this geo-fence (e.g., within the given radius for circular area).

Geo-fencing enables remote monitoring of geographic areas surrounded by a virtual fence (geo-fence), and automatic detections when tracked mobile objects enter or exit these areas.


Determination of empirical CFs involves long-term incubations (between 24 h and 1 wk). Changes in bacterial composition during this sort of incubation have been reported (Massana et al. 2001) . Filtration and the consequent removal of bacterivores have also been shown to result in a shift in bacterial communities after a 2 d incubation (Suzuki 1999) . However, as far as we know, potential changes in the structure of the bacterial community during incubation experiments for determining empirical factors in the presence of [ 3 H]leucine have never been addressed, especially in highly productive estuarine systems.

Changes in bacterial composition during this sort of incubation have been reported.

Filtration and the consequent removal of bacterivores have also been shown to result in a shift in bacterial communities after a 2 d incubation.


The efficiency of the annihilation depends on just two parameters, {m 0 , λ S } or, equivalently, {m S , λ S }, where m 2 S = m 2 0 + λ S v 2 /2 is the physical S−mass after EW breaking. Fig. 2 shows the (black) line in the {m S , λ S } plane along which the relic abundance of S, Ω S h 2 , coincides with the Planck result Ω CDM h 2 = 0.1198 ± 0.003 at 2σ [8] . The (gray) region below is in principle excluded, as it corresponds to a higher relic density.

Fig. 2 shows the (black) line in the {m S , λ S } plane along which the relic abundance of S, Ω S h 2 , coincides with the Planck result Ω CDM h 2 = 0.1198 ± 0.003 at 2σ.


Chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) are electrodes prepared by surface modification to produce an electrode suited for a particular function. These electrodes have a molecular monolayer coated on the electrode surface which confers to the electrodes new chemical, physical, electrochemical, optical and electrical properties [1] . In their first stages, CMEs were merely applied for electrochemical investigations but they also provide a route for other purposes such as chemical sensing, energy conversion, storing and protecting corrosion, developing molecular electronics and electrochromic devices [1] . The electron transfer reactions of biological molecules are frequently very slow at ordinary electrodes. To overcome this problem an thus to facilitate the direct coupling of biological redox reactions to electrodes for biosensor applications, different types of modified electrodes have been developed. These include electrodes modified by the covalent attachment of species to the surface, by the reversible adsorption of promotors, or by the deposition of polymeric species and the use of conducting polymers as electrode materials [2] .

These electrodes have a molecular monolayer coated on the electrode surface which confers to the electrodes new chemical, physical, electrochemical, optical and electrical properties.

In their first stages, CMEs were merely applied for electrochemical investigations but they also provide a route for other purposes such as chemical sensing, energy conversion, storing and protecting corrosion, developing molecular electronics and electrochromic devices.

These include electrodes modified by the covalent attachment of species to the surface, by the reversible adsorption of promotors, or by the deposition of polymeric species and the use of conducting polymers as electrode materials.


In recent years, nanotechnology and nanomaterials have been revolutionizing the area of biosensors. In particular carbon nanotubes have begun to attract enormous interest in electrochemistry for biosensor construction because of their small size and their good electrochemical properties [3] [4] [5] . Recently, for this reason and for their easy preparation and the possibility of renewal of their surface, carbon nanotube paste (CNTP) electrodes have started to become popular for electrode modification [6] [7] [8] .

In particular carbon nanotubes have begun to attract enormous interest in electrochemistry for biosensor construction because of their small size and their good electrochemical properties.

Recently, for this reason and for their easy preparation and the possibility of renewal of their surface, carbon nanotube paste (CNTP) electrodes have started to become popular for electrode modification.


Horizontally issuing buoyant jets may be characterized by Reynolds number and Froude number where the dimensionless numbers are computed using the properties and conditions of the jet [11, 12] . In a diffusion flame, the fluid properties and make-up of the mixture change dramatically in a short time, and so characterizing the flow field for analysis is very challenging. For example, a non-combusting propane jet issuing horizontally into air will gain a downward trajectory due to propane's higher density. However a reacting jet will produce products with lower density since the temperatures are elevated and the products' molecular weights are slightly lower than propane. As such the diffusion flame is expected to achieve an upward jet trajectory. By varying the fuel tube diameter in combination with the mass flow rate of the fuel, the Reynolds number and Froude numbers may be varied independently from one another, and this was a key reason for performing this set of experiments.

Horizontally issuing buoyant jets may be characterized by Reynolds number and Froude number where the dimensionless numbers are computed using the properties and conditions of the jet.


The use of plants for medical purposes is an important part of the culture and tradition in Africa. Thus, about 80% of the population depends directly on the traditional medicine for the primary health care (Ekhaise and Okoruwa, 2001) . Today, there has been an increasing incidence of multiple resistances in human pathogenic microorganisms in recent years, largely due to the indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial drugs commonly employed in the treatment of infectious diseases (Eloff, 1998) . The number of resistant strains of microbial pathogens is growing since penicillin resistance and mutli-resistance pneumococci caused a major problem in South Africa in 1977 (Eloff, 1998; Marchese and Shito, 2001) . The development of resistance of antimicrobial agent has forced scientists to search for antibacterial substance from alternative sources such as medicinal plants. This has also made medicinal plants to receive much attention as an alternative therapy as against synthetic drugs. Traditionally, extracts of mistletoe (Tapinanthus bangwensis) have been used against a variety of diseases such as disorders in female reproductive system, cancer, arthritis, rheumatism, epithelial tumors, hypertension, asthma, nervousness and epilepsy (Evans, 2005) . Mistletoe species have been used in folk medicine by cultures on almost every continent at some point in history.

Thus, about 80% of the population depends directly on the traditional medicine for the primary health care.

Today, there has been an increasing incidence of multiple resistances in human pathogenic microorganisms in recent years, largely due to the indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial drugs commonly employed in the treatment of infectious diseases.

The number of resistant strains of microbial pathogens is growing since penicillin resistance and mutli-resistance pneumococci caused a major problem in South Africa in 1977.

Traditionally, extracts of mistletoe (Tapinanthus bangwensis) have been used against a variety of diseases such as disorders in female reproductive system, cancer, arthritis, rheumatism, epithelial tumors, hypertension, asthma, nervousness and epilepsy.


Mistletoe (Tapinanthus bangwensis) belongs to the family Loranthanceae. It is a well known evergreen parasitic plant, which grows on deciduous trees in ball-like bush (Kay, 1986; Evans, 2005) . It is an excellent medicinal plant. The evergreen, leathery leaves are of a yellow-green colour. The berries are whitish, somewhat opaque and sticky; birds have the habit of distributing the sticky seeds by sharpening their beaks on branches or passing the undigested seeds in droppings. Mistletoe can grow on either edible or non-edible trees, while only those that grow on edible plants are used for medicinal purposes (Evans, 2005) . The growth of Mistletoe on different kinds of plants, are of disease curring specificity, for example, mistletoe grown on Guava, Kolanuts and Citrus are specific for curing diseases like cancer, hypertension, nervousness and insomnia, while those grown on cocoa is best used for curing diabetes. This study was aimed at investigating the antibacterial and preliminary phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract of Tapinanthus bangwensis.

It is a well known evergreen parasitic plant, which grows on deciduous trees in ball-like bush.

It is an excellent medicinal plant.

Mistletoe can grow on either edible or non-edible trees, while only those that grow on edible plants are used for medicinal purposes.


Measuring absolute masses of neutrinos is cer-tainly the ultimate challenge for neutrino experiments, but it is not clear at this moment how one can do it. Presumably, neutrinoless double β decay experiments are the most promising. We, however, do not discuss it further, but just recommend the interested readers to look into a report at this conference [10] .

We, however, do not discuss it further, but just recommend the interested readers to look into a report at this conference.


Wet deposition has been monitored at the Huntington Forest (HF) in the central Adirondacks (NY 20; 43 ALTM lakes are situated adjacent to largely forested watersheds, with predominantly hardwood or mixed conifer vegetation. A classification system was developed based on surficial geology and hydrologic flowpaths to characterize the sensitivity of Adirondack lakes to acid deposition (Baker et al., 1990) . Drainage lakes in watersheds with largely shallow deposits of glacial till (thin till watersheds; <5% of the watershed containing thick, i.e., > 3 m depth, deposits of glacial till) are sensitive to acid deposition and, historically have been chronically acidic (ANC < 0 meq/L). Twenty-seven ALTM lakes are included in the thin till drainage class. Lakes situated in watersheds with moderate deposits of deep glacial till (5e25% of the watershed contains thick deposits of glacial till) generally have positive but low ANC and are susceptible to shortterm acidification associated with snow melt or storm events. This medium till drainage class includes 11 ALTM lakes. Watersheds with either more than 25% of the watershed with thick deposits of glacial till or stratified drift or deposits of calcite drain to lakes which are insensitive to acid deposition. Two of the ALTM lakes have calcite in the basin and three are in the thick till drainage class. The Adirondacks also have mounded seepage lakes, which receive most of their water from shallow hydrologic flow paths or directly from precipitation. Within the ALTM program there are five mounded seepage lakes.

A classification system was developed based on surficial geology and hydrologic flowpaths to characterize the sensitivity of Adirondack lakes to acid deposition.


The only published work on this problem is by Bode and Harborth [2] . They state without proof that Conjecture 2 is valid if k ≤ 5 or if n ≤ 16 (the latter was obtained by computer verification). They also prove that Conjecture 2 is true if k = n − 1 or n − 2.

The only published work on this problem is by Bode and Harborth.


One difficulty is the presence of relevant indicators that take into account the complexity of these populations' health problems and needs. Quality of life (QoL) measurements are of the utmost importance for evaluating treatment and managing care in patients with schizophrenia and offer a more global and comprehensive assessment of health status than traditional indicators (i.e., symptomatology scales) [13] [14] [15] [16] . QoL might encompass numerous dimensions for homeless patients with schizophrenia, e.g., psychological status, functional abilities, personal well-being, social interaction, economic status, vocational status and physical health [17] .

Quality of life (QoL) measurements are of the utmost importance for evaluating treatment and managing care in patients with schizophrenia and offer a more global and comprehensive assessment of health status than traditional indicators (i.e., symptomatology scales).

QoL might encompass numerous dimensions for homeless patients with schizophrenia, e.g., psychological status, functional abilities, personal well-being, social interaction, economic status, vocational status and physical health.


The resulting nonlinear and linearized forms of the formation equations of motion are useful in the design and validation of precision formation guidance and control laws. For example, the linearized relative equations of motion of the formation are well-suited for use as a control design model. Typically, the disturbance forces acting on the formation are ignored in the control design model. Once an appropriate linear control design model has been established, the full arsenal of modern control design techniques such as LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator), LQG (Linear Quadratic Gaussian), or H , loopshaping can then be utilized. However, once the control law has been designed, it must be validated (in simulation) with a diflerent, more accurate, model of the formation dynamics. The model used for controller validation is called the truth model of the formation. The truth model is typically a set of non-linear differential equations that include nonlinear kinematic effects as well as all significant perturbations acting on the formation (e.g., central body oblateness effect, aerodynamic drag). Moreover, the structure of the nonlinear equations of motion can also be used directly to develop nonlinear formation control laws. For example, utilizing the nonlinear structure of the equations of motion in the control design can lead to fuel savings in certain formation flying applications [17] . Further, the design of optimal (e.g., minimum fuel, fuel balancing) guidance laws for collision-free formation reconfigurations will also require nonlinear formation models.

For example, utilizing the nonlinear structure of the equations of motion in the control design can lead to fuel savings in certain formation flying applications.


Both the availability of electrical energy and all transportation systems are controlled to a large extent by turbulent combustion processes, such as in gas turbines or Internal Combustion engines, burning either fossil or renewable fuels. Optimizing further such well-known systems is only possible with a much better understanding of all relevant processes involved. Detailed quantitative experiments are needed and very useful, but sometimes impossible and usually limited to only a few flame quantities. As a complement, detailed (direct) numerical simulations (DNSs) are increasingly gaining grounds as a reliable tool for detailed investigations towards fundamental understanding of a variety of turbulent combustion phenomena [1] . Progress in numerical techniques as well as computational power now allows quantitative investigations of turbulent reacting flows for increasingly realistic conditions, for which practically relevant fuels are simulated at higher turbulent Reynolds numbers (Re t ), while employing at the same time complex physicochemical models to describe turbulence, molecular transport, and chemistry [2] [3] [4] .

As a complement, detailed (direct) numerical simulations (DNSs) are increasingly gaining grounds as a reliable tool for detailed investigations towards fundamental understanding of a variety of turbulent combustion phenomena.

Progress in numerical techniques as well as computational power now allows quantitative investigations of turbulent reacting flows for increasingly realistic conditions, for which practically relevant fuels are simulated at higher turbulent Reynolds numbers (Re t ), while employing at the same time complex physicochemical models to describe turbulence, molecular transport, and chemistry.


After solving issues associated with I/O and initial turbulence generation, a detailed analysis has been performed using the dedicated Matlab-based library AnaFlame [39] . The flame speed is found to rapidly increase with increasing turbulence stirring, associated with a noticeable flame thickening. Simultaneously, peak conditional profiles of heat release and major and minor species mass fractions are systematically lowered with increasing turbulence intensity. In all considered cases, premixed methane flames show a negligible impact of volume viscosity. No differences at all are found in laminar computations, confirming theoretical findings for low Mach number conditions. Previous observations for turbulent hydrogen flames, revealing a clear impact of volume viscosity, do not apply for the present methane flames at all Reynolds numbers considered in the study. To save computing resources, the inclusion of volume viscosity effects in multicomponent multidimensional turbulent flame computations burning methane and probably higher hydrocarbons as well is therefore discouraged, as long as low Mach numbers are considered.

After solving issues associated with I/O and initial turbulence generation, a detailed analysis has been performed using the dedicated Matlab-based library AnaFlame.


However, forage is limited in supplying energy demand of ruminant due to the low digestibility and high content of cell wall. The lignin content of the maize plant is less than that of forage sorghums, so it also limits the consumption of sorghum by ruminants (Dann et al., 2008) . This condition is caused by the reality that the sorghum used as forage is conventional varieties that are not designed to be used as a feed. Genetic modification of the source of forage is absolutely necessary to increase the availability of energy in the forage.

The lignin content of the maize plant is less than that of forage sorghums, so it also limits the consumption of sorghum by ruminants.


Recently, genetic modification through induced mutation using gamma rays irradiation has been developed in plant breeding technology. Mutation can expand plant genetic diversity to produce several sorghum mutant lines which designed for feed as brown midrib sorghum mutant lines (BMR). BMR usually has lower lignin content (Dann et al., 2008; Astigarraga et al., 2014) . A structure modification in cell wall during mutation process decreases lignin content and increases cellulose content, fiber content in forage (cellulose and hemicellulose) as energy sources for livestock. The decrease in lignin content in BMR sorghum increases the efficiency of energy conversion and nutrition content (Gressel, 2008) .

BMR usually has lower lignin content.

The decrease in lignin content in BMR sorghum increases the efficiency of energy conversion and nutrition content.


In general, forage is the main feed for ruminants with a daily consumption rate reaches 70% of the total ration. Besides of this huge amount, forage also plays a role as the main nutrition source for ruminants, therefore its availability is absolutely necessary. Forages should be maintained in ruminant diets because the production costs for forages are lower than for concentrate and more environmentally friendly, so it is more suitable for the development of sustainable livestock industry. Forage in diets helps maintain rumen function, reduces the risk of acidosis, and improves intake (Sari et al., 2015) .

Forage in diets helps maintain rumen function, reduces the risk of acidosis, and improves intake.


Self-report data of children and adolescents were only available from children older than 9 years (in W2 as baseline). Therefore no conclusions about associations of variables and predictions can be drawn about younger children (below 11 years). Also we did not apply the complete self-report scale of SE in all phases of assessment. Thus a 4-wave longitudinal data evaluation could not be conducted. A further limitation included the assessment of INT and EXT based on shortened versions of the original scales. However, their validity had been confirmed [46] .

However, their validity had been confirmed.


Annual Italian vinegar consumption is stabilized at approximately 1.5 liters per capita. Although the vinegar market is mature, the market's value has grown significantly in the last five years because of an increase in the market share of Modena Balsamic vinegar. This vinegar's status as a protected geographical indication (PGI) of origin has played a key role in expanding its international appeal. The vinegar market is driven by a few oligopolistic companies that are well-known brands among Italians. In particular, vinegar sales are concentrated in the following brands: Ponti earns more than half of sales by volume in hypermarkets and supermarkets, followed by Cirio, Fini and Monari Federzoni. Private labels are also aggressively priced, and their sales account for approximately 19% of the Italian market (MassMarket, 2010) .

Private labels are also aggressively priced, and their sales account for approximately 19% of the Italian market.


Recently, the strategies to degrade formaldehyde photocatalytically under visible light using ZnO have been examined [10] . In one recent detailed study, oxygen reduction reaction in photocatalysis process has been well studied [11] . The catalytic activity of hollow chains of TiO 2 in the presence of platinum for the photodegradation of formaldehyde at room temperature was studied [12] . In one another similar study, the removal of formaldehyde at room temperature in the presence of platinum was analyzed [13] . In one another research, the photocatalytic reaction rate constant in terms of light intensity and humidity was derived, and it was maintained that humidity impact factor effect on photocatalytic rate [14] . In one more study, the modeling has been done to analyze the photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde by fixed bed reactor. Thus, the photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde has been studied by several researchers and it has remained a hot research area for the scientists focusing on indoor air pollution.

Recently, the strategies to degrade formaldehyde photocatalytically under visible light using ZnO have been examined.

In one recent detailed study, oxygen reduction reaction in photocatalysis process has been well studied.

The catalytic activity of hollow chains of TiO 2 in the presence of platinum for the photodegradation of formaldehyde at room temperature was studied.

In one another similar study, the removal of formaldehyde at room temperature in the presence of platinum was analyzed.

In one another research, the photocatalytic reaction rate constant in terms of light intensity and humidity was derived, and it was maintained that humidity impact factor effect on photocatalytic rate.


How and why the initial type 1 stage occurs is not clear. One explanation is that disruption of the internal architecture of the disc causes increased loading and leads to micro fractures of the endplates. However, not all people with a degenerated disc develop VESC. It may be that there are other influential factors, such as gender, physical work load, level of leisure activity, and body weight, which can affect the loading of the lumbar spine [11, 24, 25] . Moreover, vertebral bone strength in adults is influenced by gender and smoking [12, 37, 38] .

It may be that there are other influential factors, such as gender, physical work load, level of leisure activity, and body weight, which can affect the loading of the lumbar spine.

Moreover, vertebral bone strength in adults is influenced by gender and smoking.


Solar UV radiation interacts with an extremely complex networks of cutaneous compartments dedicated to mechanical, photo-chemical, redox, metabolic, and immune defence of the skin and underlying organs. As a first step, UV induces photo-chemical reactions in the outmost superficial skin surface lipids. Then, UV photo-chemically modifies non-viable keratinocytes and intercellular lipids of the stratum corneum. Finally, it reaches directly or by means of photo-chemical mediators the viable layers of epidermis and the underlying dermal compartments [1] . Upon exposure to UV radiation or to photo-chemical mediators, skin keratinocytes mount characteristic inflammatory, metabolic, and proliferative responses in an attempt for self-protection from and adaptation to UV-induced damage [2] . Effective and safe skin protection against damages induced by solar irradiation remains among the unsolved problems of modern dermatology and cosmetology [3] . Currently, plants and marinephenylpropanoids (synonyms, ethylpropanoids) and their derivatives, such as simple polyphenolics (acids, alcohols, and aldehydes), aromatic/poly-aromatic polyphenols (flavonoids, stilbenes, curcuminoids, coumarins, etc.), and glycosides (glycoside moieties, are, mainly, rhamnose, mannose, rutinose, etc.). All these SPMs contain exclusively carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and multiple hydroxyl groups; -terpenoids containing long, mainly, unsaturated C-H chain and nucleus of non aromatic C-H cycle; -nitrogen-containing heterocycles, such as alkaloids, purines, pyrimidines, porphyrins, chlorophylls, flavins, etc.

Finally, it reaches directly or by means of photo-chemical mediators the viable layers of epidermis and the underlying dermal compartments.

Upon exposure to UV radiation or to photo-chemical mediators, skin keratinocytes mount characteristic inflammatory, metabolic, and proliferative responses in an attempt for self-protection from and adaptation to UV-induced damage.

Effective and safe skin protection against damages induced by solar irradiation remains among the unsolved problems of modern dermatology and cosmetology.


Composition of the eel community in southwestern Indian Ocean freshwaters Compositions of the eel community are very similar between these two adjoining islands. A. marmorata largely dominates and can reach high altitude areas, whereas A. mossambica, A. bicolor bicolor and A. nebulosa labiata are much less abundant. If the actual composition of eel communities in the western Indian Ocean rivers are examined, two contrasted communities occur around Madagascar: one northern, dominated by A. bicolor bicolor and A. nebulosa labiata; and one southern, dominated by A. marmorata and A. mossambica (Jespersen 1942; Jubb 1961; Tesch 1977; Bruton et al. 1987; Watanabe 2003) . These differences in the riverine species composition reflect those of the estuarine recruitment, a consequence of the marine routes of the leptocephalus larvae.

If the actual composition of eel communities in the western Indian Ocean rivers are examined, two contrasted communities occur around Madagascar: one northern, dominated by A. bicolor bicolor and A. nebulosa labiata; and one southern, dominated by A. marmorata and A. mossambica.


By applying some tools of algebraic topology and a discrete analogy of differential forms, classical electrodynamics can be constructed from first principles on a lattice [5] . The purpose of this paper is to show that via such geometric discretization of Maxwell equations, the equality (necessary to capture the underlying physics, but often not trivially observed in common discretization schemes) between the number of dynamic degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the electric field and the number of dynamic DOFs of the magnetic field is a simply consequence of Euler's formula for a network of polygons for 2D case (or polyhedra for 3D case). As a by-product, this analysis also unveils a physical interpretation for Euler's formula and a geometrical interpretation for the Hodge decomposition.

By applying some tools of algebraic topology and a discrete analogy of differential forms, classical electrodynamics can be constructed from first principles on a lattice.


The use of solar energy has been increased in recent years due to the declining fossil fuel resources and environmental concerns about global warming and air 31 pollution. Although solar power is expensive relative to conventional sources of energy like natural gas, but its overall cost continues to decrease with a quick rate [1] [2] . One of the main applications of solar energy is solar water heating systemswhich sunlight is transferred to water or working fluid. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%), flat plate collectors (34%); and unglazed plastic collectors (22%) [3] [4] .

Although solar power is expensive relative to conventional sources of energy like natural gas, but its overall cost continues to decrease with a quick rate.

The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%), flat plate collectors (34%); and unglazed plastic collectors (22%).


Effect of reduced temperature parameter on the thermal efficiency is shown in Figure 10 . Increasing the reduced temperature parameter is the result of an increase in inlet temperature of working fluid [13] . By increasing the inlet temperature, the temperature of both absorber and glass increase, but the temperature of absorber enhances faster than the glazing temperature. Therefore, thermal losses through the glass cover are enhanced and consequently thermal efficiency of collector decreases.

Increasing the reduced temperature parameter is the result of an increase in inlet temperature of working fluid.


In comparison with Al2O3/water nanofluid, the viscosity of CuO/water nanofluid is lower. The viscosity of nanofluids increases with increasing the nanofluid concentration, and this enhancement is greater for Al2O3/water nanofluid [35] . When the viscosity of nanofluid increases, the viscous forces are strong enough to overcome the Brownian motion of nanoparticles. The momentum and thermal boundary layer thickness under these conditions increases, therefore, the heat transfer coefficient decreases.

The viscosity of nanofluids increases with increasing the nanofluid concentration, and this enhancement is greater for Al2O3/water nanofluid.


Performing CT before the patient leaves the angiography suite enables the operator to adjust the treatment in real time. For example, if DCR is identified, other blood vessels (hepatic or nonhepatic) can be interrogated to determine if they supply the tumor, or ablation of the underembolized portion of the tumor could be performed. Spasm resulting from guidewire or catheter manipulation in a feeding vessel is another potential cause of a defect in contrast retention and embolization failure [21] . This could be considered at the time of treatment, if DCR is identified, and potentially reversed with vasodilators.

Spasm resulting from guidewire or catheter manipulation in a feeding vessel is another potential cause of a defect in contrast retention and embolization failure.


Considering these limitations, several researches have been directed to the development of new techniques that can be used to produce ultrafine grained materials and provide the understanding of the behavior during the recrystallization process. Between these techniques, the ECAE (equal channel angular extrusion) was developed, or ECAP (equal channel angular pressing). The principle of ECAE is based on severe plastic deformation application, through the imposture of an extremely high strain in a relatively low temperature, without any significant changes in the cross sectional dimensions of the specimen [1, 2] .

The principle of ECAE is based on severe plastic deformation application, through the imposture of an extremely high strain in a relatively low temperature, without any significant changes in the cross sectional dimensions of the specimen.


Equipment selection plays a key role in mining design due to the fact that an inappropriate selection can negatively affect the overall cost and continuity of a mine. Loading and handling equipment are among the most crucial operation impacting production in surface and underground mines and have a substantial share of a total mine costs (Sayadi et al. 2012) . Material handling can account for 30-75% of the total cost, and efficient material handling can be primarily responsible for reducing the operating cost by 15-30% (Sule 1994; Kulak 2005) . Therefore, the outputs of the project depend on the type of selected equipment for handling. Since a wider range of equipment are available today, determination of the best equipment for a given production environment is not an easy task (Paramasivam et al. 2011) .

Loading and handling equipment are among the most crucial operation impacting production in surface and underground mines and have a substantial share of a total mine costs.

Material handling can account for 30-75% of the total cost, and efficient material handling can be primarily responsible for reducing the operating cost by 15-30%.

Since a wider range of equipment are available today, determination of the best equipment for a given production environment is not an easy task.


In an opposing view, PVC is characterized by poor heat and UV resistance due to the presence of some abnormal structures (weak sites) that originate from polymerizations process. Addition of thermal stabilizers is, therefore, required to prevent thermal degradation during process. The poor thermal stability of PVC leads to an extensive discoloration of the polymer and deterioration of its physical and mechanical properties. Because all these changes are accompanied by deterioration on some of the useful properties of the polymer, it has become the practice to process PVC in the presence of this type of PVC additives, namely heat stabilizers [3] [4] .

Because all these changes are accompanied by deterioration on some of the useful properties of the polymer, it has become the practice to process PVC in the presence of this type of PVC additives, namely heat stabilizers.


The principle of torque vs. time measuring is based on making visible of the resistance the sample material opposes to the rotating blades. Torque curves during the course of thermal mixing (4 min) of PVC with these additives were illustrated in Figure 2 . This diagram shows the relationship between torque (melt polymer viscosity) and temperature/time in consideration of structural changes of the material. Thus, during all mixing period the curves into Figure 2 show that there are no significant rise (or decreasing) in the torque values after plateau region and continues at this minimum value which so-called Stable Point (St) [19] .

Thus, during all mixing period the curves into Figure 2 show that there are no significant rise (or decreasing) in the torque values after plateau region and continues at this minimum value which so-called Stable Point (St).


For all PVC samples, the loss modulus is relatively high with fairly steady state and have stable behavior around (1.85E+09Pa) during the temperature from 30˚C to 60˚C until Tg. With increase the temperature, as seen, the modulus drops rapidly (down to about 2.0E08Pa), Table 1 . As the temperature increases from 60˚C to 80˚C, the main relaxation, which occurs after 60˚C is attributed to the Tg of (10 phr plasticized) PVC which appears as sharp drop in the modulus curves, Figure 3 . It is well known, that in glass transition region the polymer sample becomes less hard as storage modulus decreases and tan delta peaks. Tan delta peak height is typically between 0.1 and 1.2. The onset can be taken as the Tg. In leathery region the sample is tough but flexible. Side groups and cooperative segmental motion of the backbone occurs. Tan delta is below 1.0 this is slightly above the Tg. Since here (in the Tg region) the polymer chains obtain more segmental mobility and their state changes from glassy (relatively hard) to rubbery (relatively soft) state by thermal induced [24] [25] .

The onset can be taken as the Tg.

Since here (in the Tg region) the polymer chains obtain more segmental mobility and their state changes from glassy (relatively hard) to rubbery (relatively soft) state by thermal induced.


The torque/time curves of PVC samples present the relationship between the values of torque during the mixing time of PVC with the commercial thermal stabilizer at (2 phr) and with tannin-Ca complex that used in this study, at (1, 2, and 3) phr. It distinctly expressed thermo-mechanical mixings as well as thermal stability of PVC during mixing process based on the shear viscosity. During the first minute, the curve shows the first torque peak or loading peak which represents the intensities of torque depicted values (peaks) simultaneously, of material loaded into the chamber of mixer system. After the start time of mixing process, the sample is now distributed in the hot mixer chamber and the polymer become soft. Because of this, the torques gradually drops until slightly stable at ground value. This behavior can be observed in both PVC stabilized with commercial thermal stabilizer and with tannin derivative. TanninCa complex added to the PVC polymer have the task to catch chlorine ions (and/or HCl) which were separated from the polymer chains. It has a certain capacity to bind those chlorine ions and not allows to HCl to work as auto catalyst for more degradation. Therefore, the tannin derivative makes this polymer more thermal resistance [12] .

Therefore, the tannin derivative makes this polymer more thermal resistance.


In addition to above discussion, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, DMTA is an extremely versatile and sensitive method that enables the complete scan of relaxation mechanisms in viscoelastic materials. Dynamic mechanical testing is considered the most sensitive method for measuring the glass transition and secondary transitions of polymers. Accurate solid state measurements of the material's glass transition temperature Tg, modulus (E') and damping (tan δ) are used to predict practical use temperatures, impact properties, energy dissipation, stiffness and many other performance properties [22] [23] .

Accurate solid state measurements of the material's glass transition temperature Tg, modulus (E') and damping (tan δ) are used to predict practical use temperatures, impact properties, energy dissipation, stiffness and many other performance properties.


Additionally, these transitions are also observed in the damping factor (tan delta) curves, Figures 3-6 . As the temperature increases, the damping goes through a maximum in the transition region and a decrease in the rubbery region [25] . Whereas the samples with commercial thermal stabilizer have rubbery plateau and flowing stage start at about 100˚C, and at about 160˚C, respectively. For PVC with 2 phr tannin-Ca complex this stages start at 90˚C and at 140˚C, respectively. In this stage the PVC polymeric chains mobility occurs and the polymer matrix become more soft and appears as melt.

As the temperature increases, the damping goes through a maximum in the transition region and a decrease in the rubbery region.


Polyvinyl chloride, PVC is one of the main components of modern commodity thermoplastic polymers used for various applications. As examples of PVC applications, it is used in building and constructions, packaging, electrical, automotive and furniture/office equipment, clothing, foot wears, and so on. PVC can be manufactured in a range of flexibilities and rigidities. Also, it can be used in a wide range of temperatures, and it retains its strength and durability at low temperatures. In addition, PVC formulations exhibit excellent strength and toughness, exhibit very good water, fire and chemical resistance and stability, and are also biocompatible for some applications. Following this, PVC is relatively lower cost and high-performance value and it has safety and cost advantages for a wide variety of medical applications, especially for single-use disposable devices [1] [2] .

Following this, PVC is relatively lower cost and high-performance value and it has safety and cost advantages for a wide variety of medical applications, especially for single-use disposable devices.


This experimental evidence for the high stabilizing efficiency of tannin-Ca complex as processing thermal stabilizer. This point suggests that the tannin-Ca complex will provide more process stability for PVC. The torque measurements also have been successful in obtaining qualitative information concerning relative to melt viscosity and mixing processes of the polymers with different additives. The parameter obtained describe the fundamental behavior of this materials [20] [21] . Thus the brabender PolyLab System internal mixer offers a quick and reliable method of examining the performance of these materials.

The parameter obtained describe the fundamental behavior of this materials.


Students use the reading journal to record questions about the text as well as responses to it. When there is a purpose for reading, the students become more critical, thus improving their textbook reading comprehension (Wilson, 1989) . As students read to eliminate their confusion and develop their comprehension, they begin to make connections between passages of the text and their own experiences.

When there is a purpose for reading, the students become more critical, thus improving their textbook reading comprehension.


Many of the patients in this series who underwent surgical treatment for an ulna fracture did so in conjunction with the planned surgical treatment of other orthopedic injuries. This may represent a more surgically aggressive approach to patients who have been previously noted to have higher rates of suboptimal outcomes with non-operative management, but more likely, it is done in the interest of patient "convenience" and surgeon bias [4] . It is not unusual to operate on upper extremity fractures that, in isolation, would not otherwise be treated with surgery in the interest of maximally stabilizing the fracture in preparation for mobilization on crutches, walker, or some other ambulation assist device. Our study demonstrates a significant correlation between concomitant injuries and operative intervention. In this cohort, the most dramatic difference between the operatively and non-operatively treated groups was in concurrent injuries, rather than fracture displacement and angulation.

This may represent a more surgically aggressive approach to patients who have been previously noted to have higher rates of suboptimal outcomes with non-operative management, but more likely, it is done in the interest of patient "convenience" and surgeon bias.


The number one complaint of an IPP patient 6 months after implantation is penile shortening [11, 12] . As penile prosthesis surgery is an elective procedure to reestablish sexual function, patient satisfaction is of utmost importance. Most highvolume prosthetic urologists would agree that many patients complain about penile shortening, even though their IPP functioned well. To try to address this patient-driven problem, the NLMT was developed.

The number one complaint of an IPP patient 6 months after implantation is penile shortening.


Epoxy resin represents some of the highest performance resin due to the mechanical properties and resistance to environmental degradation, which leads to their almost exclusive use in aircraft components. Epoxies are defined as cross-linked polymers in which the cross-linking is derived from reactions of the epoxy group. Epoxy resin usually used in coating industry as surface coating materials which combine toughness, flexibility, adhesion and chemical resistance. In addition, epoxy resin can also be used in both laminating and molding techniques to make fiber reinforcement with better mechanical strength, chemical resistance and electrical insulating properties [1] . Epoxy resin also used with reinforcing fibers for advanced composites application. This is due to the capability of epoxy resin that showed good adhesion to the embedded fiber [2] .

In addition, epoxy resin can also be used in both laminating and molding techniques to make fiber reinforcement with better mechanical strength, chemical resistance and electrical insulating properties.

This is due to the capability of epoxy resin that showed good adhesion to the embedded fiber.


As a general remark, implications of a resource-based approach may be seen at the project management level, such as in R&D projects and in total business management [166] . For the decision-making process, the management control is regarded as dealing with the total operations of the company; the various stages or processes of the "value creation" of the company and on various levels of the company. Thus, the obtained results demonstrated that RBV theory can provide additional insight over traditional organizations' understandings, in response to the doubts exposed by some authors, in particular regarding the specific internal factors allocated to eco-innovation projects.

As a general remark, implications of a resource-based approach may be seen at the project management level, such as in R&D projects and in total business management.


Regarding the projects outcomes, the main environmental result obtained by the companies was the reduction of raw materials and the resource saving. This was also in line with previous results reported in several studies [2, 100, 110, 124, 125, 142, [148] [149] [150] [151] [152] [153] [154] [155] . The project time frame can be considered as relevant, as has been noted previously in works on project management [60] . In addition, it can be noted that the eco-innovation projects do not necessarily involve high levels of investment and that their profitability is clear in all the cases studied.

This was also in line with previous results reported in several studies.

The project time frame can be considered as relevant, as has been noted previously in works on project management.


Al alloys are used in a number of industry applications due to their low density, elevated mechanical strength and good machinability. The addition of Si to Al decreases its melting point and improves abrasion resistance of the component. Al-Si alloys are applied in the production of combustion engine components, which require good machinability, fluidity and low contraction tendency in pressure casting (Trent & Wright, 2000) . During machining operations, tool wear is low due to the elevated heat conduction coefficients of Al-Si alloys and due to the application of lower cutting forces when compared with other engineering materials (Cotterell & Kelly, 2002) .

Al-Si alloys are applied in the production of combustion engine components, which require good machinability, fluidity and low contraction tendency in pressure casting.

During machining operations, tool wear is low due to the elevated heat conduction coefficients of Al-Si alloys and due to the application of lower cutting forces when compared with other engineering materials.


The evolution of tool beating error for both hydraulic and interference-fit systems after drilling parts 1 to 11 500 is presented in Figure 3 . No consistent growth of beating error with respect to the number of drills can be noticed for parts 1 to 6500. Initially, from parts 1 to 500 (which corresponds to approximately 6 hours of machining), the interference fitted tool exhibited an average beating error value of 0.002±0.0001mm in comparison with 0.004±0.005mm observed for the tool fixed with the hydraulic tool holder. However, upon increasing the number of machined parts, probably due to acceleration of tool wear, a sharp rise in beating error is observed for the tool fixed by hydraulic fit (from 0.004mm after 5000 parts to 0.010 after 6500 parts). A similar increase is noticed for the tool fixed by interference fit (from 0.004mm after 8000 parts to 0.007mm after 8000 parts). The plot of VB max with respect to the number of machined parts is presented in Figure 4 . The flank wear behavior of tools fixed using the interference and hydraulic tool holder is, in both cases, similar to the three-stage pattern described by Harris and co-workers (Harris et al., 2003) . In Stage I, a rapid rise in wear in the first seconds of cutting is observed. Stage II, which here encompasses parts 100 to 7000, is characterized by a constant flank wear value. In Stage III, which precedes failure of the drill, flank wear rises again, probably due to an adhesive mechanism (Doyle et al., 1986; Harris et al., 2003) . It can be noticed that while for both tool holders the last stage of tool flank wear starts after approximately 7000 holes, the wear rise in Stage III is higher for the tool fixed by the hydraulic tool holder. The aspect of the outer corner flank wear land after drilling of 500 and 11 500 parts with both tool holders is shown in the SEM micrographs presented in Figure 5(a-d) . From the early stages of tool wear, Figure 5 (a) and 5(b), the presence of adhered material can be observed for both tools, as indicated by the dark arrows. The presence of Al and Si on the drills could also be confirmed by EDS. The images reveal variations of texture of the adhered material and lack of uniformity in wear thickness. Micrographs showing the aspect of the wear land after removal of the adhered material by treatment with the NaOH solution are presented in Figure 6 (a-d). EDX analyses could confirm removal of the previously detected Al and Si. After 500 drills, Figure 6 (a) and 6(b), it can be noticed that chipping of the tool tips took place together with minor wear sulks, for both fixing systems. Additionally, no signs of abrasive wear could be identified. In agreement with the results presented in Figure 4 , no significant difference in wear can be noticed between both of the tools after drilling of 11 500 parts.

The flank wear behavior of tools fixed using the interference and hydraulic tool holder is, in both cases, similar to the three-stage pattern described by Harris and co-workers.

In Stage III, which precedes failure of the drill, flank wear rises again, probably due to an adhesive mechanism.


The flow around ground and airborne transport vehicles is determined by aerodynamic design, manifesting a trade-off between fluid-dynamical and practical requirements, such as usability, safety, reliability and cost (Hucho 2002) . The discipline of aerodynamic design has become mature, owing particularly to potential theory. Small control devices can subsequently be added to improve performance and widen the dynamical envelope by the manipulation of boundary and shear-layer physics (Leder 1992) . Control devices range from passive, active open-loop to active closedloop actuation. This paper is focused on the latter. These flow control approaches have been explored in the community for decades.

The flow around ground and airborne transport vehicles is determined by aerodynamic design, manifesting a trade-off between fluid-dynamical and practical requirements, such as usability, safety, reliability and cost.

Small control devices can subsequently be added to improve performance and widen the dynamical envelope by the manipulation of boundary and shear-layer physics.

This paper is focused on the latter.


A conventional way to study the performance of wireless networks is to utilize the tools of stochastic geometry. According to this approach, the locations of communicating entities are represented by employing a static spatial point process. The metrics of interest, such as the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) moments and distributions, are then obtained by analyzing the distances between a receiver, a transmitter, and other communicating stations [19, 20] . This approach is however limited to static time-averaged measures. At the same time, accounting for the fact that communication sessions are always of finite durations, time-dependent metrics are often of interest.

The metrics of interest, such as the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) moments and distributions, are then obtained by analyzing the distances between a receiver, a transmitter, and other communicating stations.


Recently, Vapnic's SVM theory has been applied successfully for classification and regression problems [8] [9] [10] . SVM solves a constrained quadratic optimization problem, and it is based on statistical learning theory that gives the possibility to control the model's complexity and hence, to control its generalization ability. The advantage over other approaches like artificial neural-network (ANN), SVM is approach based on structural risk minimization (SRM) principle, which consists of minimizing a trade-off between the model's complexity and the generalization ability [11] . The modeling is usually called the SVM regression tasks which support vector regression (SVR). Through using SVR, one can determine the actual permeability of the ferromagnetic material.

Recently, Vapnic's SVM theory has been applied successfully for classification and regression problems.

The advantage over other approaches like artificial neural-network (ANN), SVM is approach based on structural risk minimization (SRM) principle, which consists of minimizing a trade-off between the model's complexity and the generalization ability.


Thus, we now exploit the large and long nature of our longitudinal data to re-estimate Equation (2) including an explicit indicator for 13 five-year cohorts of arrival as a proxy for such "cohort" individual characteristics. This way we account for characteristics that vary across cohorts such as unmeasured dimensions of immigrants' skills or return migration of immigrants that are more or less able. Estimating the earnings gap in such a flexible manner across cohorts of arrival is an important contribution to the existing UK earnings gap literature, where such estimates are largely unavailable. This is in contrast with the international literature, where considerable effort has been put into estimating such cohort effects (Borjas 1985 and 1999) .

This is in contrast with the international literature, where considerable effort has been put into estimating such cohort effects.


Inhibition assays were performed using two probiotic formulations: 1) cell supernatant (by-products) and 2) live cells. An in vitro assay was designed to investigate the probiotic inhibition of S. mutans NCIMB 702062 and C. albicans ATCC 11006. The S. mutans used in this investigation was isolated from carious dentine and was used as a proof of concept for other pathogenic strains. C. albicans was used in its yeast form as opposed to hypha form as that is the phenotype involved in the clinical manifestation of oral candidiasis [21] . The inhibition assay consisted of MRS agar embedded with the oral pathogens, with preformed wells in the agar containing the supernatant or live cells. Clearance zones demonstrated the ability of the supernatant or live probiotic formulation to inhibit the growth of the pathogens. Previous research has demonstrated that probiotic supernatant filtered of the cell contents showed inhibition of oral biofilm due to bacteriocin activity, such as reuterin, originating from L. reuteri [22] . Hence, the first experimental approach undertaken was to use probiotic supernatant to determine whether a secreted factor produced during culturing could inhibit the oral pathogens that contribute to biofilm formation. The results demonstrated no detectable inhibition for either C. albicans or S. mutans. The overnight probiotic cultures were further grown for an extended period of 48 hours to confirm that probiotic supernatants contained enough secreted products for optimum function. However, none of the probiotic supernatants were able to demonstrate any inhibition of S. mutans or C. albicans. As aforementioned, the pH of the supernatant from all the tested probiotic bacterial strains was adjusted to 6.7 by the addition of NaOH. Hence, to rule out the effect of NaOH, both 24 and 48 hours of bacterial supernatants were also tested without the addition of NaOH. The rationale behind these two approaches was first to evaluate the effect of secreted products from the probiotics, by eliminating the possibility of an observed inhibition due to the effect of pH of the tested supernatants and second, to eliminate the possibility of inactivating/modifying the functionality of the probiotic supernatant by the addition of NaOH. An explanation for the lack of inhibition by probiotic supernatant may be due to a number of factors, for example, organic acids or bacteriocins produced by the probiotic may be unstable or degraded or are simply present in too low concentrations. However, when the live probiotic cell cultures were used, all of the tested strains proved capable of inhibiting the proliferation of S. mutans and. C. albicans, with the zones of inhibition variable for each probiotic strain. Further experiments were then performed to evaluate the capability and dose response of different live probiotic cell concentrations to inhibit S. mutans and C. albicans. As expected, a positive correlation between the area of the zones of clearance and the concentration of probiotic cells was observed.

C. albicans was used in its yeast form as opposed to hypha form as that is the phenotype involved in the clinical manifestation of oral candidiasis.

Previous research has demonstrated that probiotic supernatant filtered of the cell contents showed inhibition of oral biofilm due to bacteriocin activity, such as reuterin, originating from L. reuteri.


In China, biomass resources from agriculture and the forestry are quite rich. The total production of straw crop in 2010 was about 720 million tons. It is expected to reach 800 million tons by 2020. The research and appliance of technologies related to biomass utilization are listed as the key scientific research projects continuously in the recent four Five-year Plans of China. By the end of 2013, the cumulative capacity of biomass power generation checked and approved by the Chinese government (checked and approved capacity) was 12,226.21 MW, and the capacity of straw-based power generation connected to the grid (on-grid capacity) reached 7790.01 MW, which accounts for about 63.72% of the total checked and approved capacity. Among the on-grid capacity, agricultural and forestry biomass-based power generation accounted for 53.85%, whose installed capacity was 4195.3 MW [3] .

Among the on-grid capacity, agricultural and forestry biomass-based power generation accounted for 53.85%, whose installed capacity was 4195.3 MW.


Straw-based power generation is a kind of resource-oriented power generation form, which means that the resource has a great influence on the operation and performance. In richer areas for agriculture and forestry biomass resources, the electricity generation cost could be less, because of economies of scale. Operation is also affected by factors related to the resource endowment and production characteristics of different areas. At present, the total installed capacity in Eastern China is 3514.84 MW, accounting for 45.12% of the whole country. The installed capacities in Central China and the southern area of China are 1438 MW and 1096 MW, respectively [3] .

The installed capacities in Central China and the southern area of China are 1438 MW and 1096 MW, respectively.


It is also possible to determine simultaneously the growth mechanism of film and its thickness based only on data of AES measurements and on known data of probing depth. This can be made by means of choosing one of the possible variants of the growth mode and by means of a procedure of fitting the theoretical curve to experimental points. The following iteration procedure of Auger-analysis can be optimal algorithm of the fitting [9] . At the first iteration step, the film thickness is determined initially under small coatings and for the simplest model of the growth mechanism (usually-the layered-character growth). After that, the model of the growth mechanism is corrected and the thickness is determined under bigger coatings. Then this procedure repeats with correction of the growth mechanism and film thickness at each iteration step.

The following iteration procedure of Auger-analysis can be optimal algorithm of the fitting.


For quantitative Auger-analysis of bulk samples, data on element sensitivity coefficients for almost all substances were tabulated [7] . Often, these data are used for analysis of thin films. Although, in the case of the extremely low thickness of films, using these data is not always justified, it is necessary to determine the element sensitivity coefficients on the experimental data for the given probing depth and other measurement conditions.

For quantitative Auger-analysis of bulk samples, data on element sensitivity coefficients for almost all substances were tabulated.


Joint using of AES and EELS also allows determining the change of structure-phase state of the film/substrate interface in the growth process [13] . This is possible if the probing depth for AES and EELS are identical and cover all the film thickness up to the interface. Initially, the thicknesses of film and attenuation function for film/substrate system are determined by AES analysis. Then, the contribution of the substrate and interface layer in the overall signal is subtracted from EELS by using the attenuation function. After this subtraction and then analysis of energy-loss peak position, the changes in electron density in the film can be detected, as well as interface layer.

Joint using of AES and EELS also allows determining the change of structure-phase state of the film/substrate interface in the growth process.


Histology The differences in force output in the uterine biopsies from patients with diabetic pregnancy may be due to structural changes. No obvious differences in cellular abundance or orientation were seen at the light microscopic level, but there was a difference in the amount of muscle present. There have been no other histological studies of diabetic human myometrium and only one electron microscopic study performed in rats [21] . These authors saw no differences in nuclei or mitochondria between streptozotocintreated and control rats but noted, with no quantification or elaboration, that the number and cellular orientation of myofilaments in euglycaemic animals 'appeared different'.

There have been no other histological studies of diabetic human myometrium and only one electron microscopic study performed in rats.


Recently, a novel conception with inserting a mold core into a machining passageway to enhance the polishing rates was been developed. The results indicated that surface roughness of the cylindrical passageway notably decreased to 0.28 μm Ra from an initial value of 1.8 μm Ra after 5 working cycles [6] . Based on experimental study, it was observed that abrasive mesh size and percentage of abrasive concentration in media are the most significant parameters for material removal and improvement in surface roughness. Also viscosity of media was found as significant parameter for material removal for the considered size and shape of the workpiece. Moreover, a unique mechanism with a helical mold was created to build helical flowing paths. This design is an easier modification of mechanism with powerful rotation to raise the radial force in AFM process [7] [8] [9] .

The results indicated that surface roughness of the cylindrical passageway notably decreased to 0.28 μm Ra from an initial value of 1.8 μm Ra after 5 working cycles.

This design is an easier modification of mechanism with powerful rotation to raise the radial force in AFM process.


R-AFF had an approving performance in terms of better polishing and higher finishing rate, but this method may either rise machining cost or limit the machining shapes to process. Furthermore, Magneto-rheological abrasive flow finishing (MR-AFF) is also one of the improving actions as compared to the common AFM process [4, 5] . In MR-AFF, the magnetic field applied to increase the abrasive forces, but this method was limited to the simple geometries of machining workpiece.

Furthermore, Magneto-rheological abrasive flow finishing (MR-AFF) is also one of the improving actions as compared to the common AFM process.


Several wind power forecasting tools have been developed across the world. A Wind Power Prediction Tool (WPPT) is developed to predict the wind power on various time scales, from half an hour to 36 h ahead. This tool is based on adaptive recursive least square estimation with exponential forgetting factor [16] . The WPPT can forecast the wind power production in relatively large geographical regions. For each individual wind farm, it uses statistical models to describe the relationship between observed power production and the weather predictions. Another tool named as the Prediktor developed at Risø mainly uses physical relations to transform the predicted wind into predicted power [17] . The Zephyr tool is the combination of the Wind Power Prediction Tool (WPPT) and Prediktor tool and its main goal is to merge Prediktor and WPPT to obtain synergy between the physical and the statistical approach [17] . The Sipreolico tool, developed by the University of Carlos III of Madrid, consists of nine adaptive nonparametric statistical models that are recursively estimated with either the recursive least squares algorithm or a Kalman filter. The tool is based on Spanish HIRLAM forecasts, taking into account hourly SCADA data from 80 % of all Spanish wind turbines [18] . The EWIND model developed by TrueWind, Inc. applies a once-and-for-all parameterization for the local effect by using the output of the ForeWind NWP model, and it uses either a multiple screening linear regression model or a Bayesian neural network to find out the systematic errors [19] . The Advanced Wind Power Prediction tool (AWPT) was developed by ISET (the institute of "Solare Energieversorgungstechnik") and the tool uses weather forecasts coming from Lokalmodell (LM) of the Deutsche Wetterdienst (DWD) and predicts the wind power with artificial neural networks [20] . Ecole de Mines de Paris (ARMINES) and Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) have developed models for shortterm prediction based on fuzzy-neural networks [20] .

This tool is based on adaptive recursive least square estimation with exponential forgetting factor.

Another tool named as the Prediktor developed at Risø mainly uses physical relations to transform the predicted wind into predicted power.

The Zephyr tool is the combination of the Wind Power Prediction Tool (WPPT) and Prediktor tool and its main goal is to merge Prediktor and WPPT to obtain synergy between the physical and the statistical approach.

The tool is based on Spanish HIRLAM forecasts, taking into account hourly SCADA data from 80 % of all Spanish wind turbines.

The EWIND model developed by TrueWind, Inc. applies a once-and-for-all parameterization for the local effect by using the output of the ForeWind NWP model, and it uses either a multiple screening linear regression model or a Bayesian neural network to find out the systematic errors.

The Advanced Wind Power Prediction tool (AWPT) was developed by ISET (the institute of "Solare Energieversorgungstechnik") and the tool uses weather forecasts coming from Lokalmodell (LM) of the Deutsche Wetterdienst (DWD) and predicts the wind power with artificial neural networks.

Ecole de Mines de Paris (ARMINES) and Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) have developed models for shortterm prediction based on fuzzy-neural networks.


Cardioversion is referred to as the passing of a direct electrical current (shock) through the chest wall or directly over the ventricle, in order to produce rapid normalization of the cardiac conduction pattern. The synchronized shock is given while the QRS wave in the absolute refractory period of an ECG, concurrently at peak R wave [4] . Cardioversion is one of those procedures that can be intensely frightening and painful. Thus, the patient should be adequately sedated before cardioversion is performed. Patients that have not received adequate levels of sedatives and analgesics may experience severe pain and fright [5] . There are numerous intravenous drugs available for inducing sedation and analgesia prior to cardioversion, including Etomidate, fentanyl, midazolam, Propofol, Thiopental, and Methohexital [4] . In high pain and high anxiety procedures such as cardioversion, the best choice for sedation and analgesia is intravenous midazolamfentanyl in adults [2] .

The synchronized shock is given while the QRS wave in the absolute refractory period of an ECG, concurrently at peak R wave.

Patients that have not received adequate levels of sedatives and analgesics may experience severe pain and fright.

There are numerous intravenous drugs available for inducing sedation and analgesia prior to cardioversion, including Etomidate, fentanyl, midazolam, Propofol, Thiopental, and Methohexital.

In high pain and high anxiety procedures such as cardioversion, the best choice for sedation and analgesia is intravenous midazolamfentanyl in adults.


Coping strategies and the ways for controlling or reducing symptoms like abdominal distention; fatigue and pruritus were among the most common educational needs among our patients. These findings indicate that our health care providers including the medical practitioners and nursing staff do not exert enough effort for the patient education. This was also evident in the low level of QoL of both experimental and control groups before the intervention that was lower than the scores of QoL in healthy people reported by the other researchers [7, 8, 22] . So more attention should be paid to this important issue.

This was also evident in the low level of QoL of both experimental and control groups before the intervention that was lower than the scores of QoL in healthy people reported by the other researchers.


To be able to operate a system under a given power budget, it is imperative that it is comprised of components which have the necessary capability to limit their power consumption. Previous Intel processor generations used either a fixed uncore frequency or a common frequency for the core and uncore. The uncore describes the functions of a processor that are not handled by the core, such as the L3 cache and on-chip interconnect. Starting from the Intel Haswell microarchitecture, the core and uncore frequency domains have been decoupled, so that the uncore frequency can be modified independently of the core frequency. The uncore frequency has a significant impact on the on-die cache-line transfer rates as well as on the memory bandwidth. By default, the uncore frequency is set by the hardware and can be specified via the model-specific register (MSR) UNCORE_RATIO_LIMIT [1] . The latest Intel CPUs work with at least two clock speed domains: one for the core (or even individual cores) and one for the uncore, which includes the L3 cache and the memory controllers.

By default, the uncore frequency is set by the hardware and can be specified via the model-specific register (MSR) UNCORE_RATIO_LIMIT.


Getting employed is the ultimate when one gets an education. Children should know how to read, write and compute so that they can get employed. Few would argue with that. Considering the demands that young people will face tomorrow in this technological society, the need for literacy in English Language, Mathematics, Science and History is critical. But being educated or learned does not simply mean the accrual or accumulation of knowledge. To think of it that way is to seriously narrow its scope. However, learning also implies an understanding of how this knowledge can be used. The ability to use one's senses (touching, seeing, hearing, smelling and tasting) freely and creatively can help our learning to be effective, and this can be achieved through art education (Lowenfeld & Brittain, 1970) . This is what good education entails; knowledge to be able to perceive (with the senses), process and translate raw knowledge or data into useable information for oneself as well as communicate it to someone else.

Few would argue with that.

The ability to use one's senses (touching, seeing, hearing, smelling and tasting) freely and creatively can help our learning to be effective, and this can be achieved through art education.


Regarding the reduction of thrombogenicity of the fibrin tubes if used as a vascular graft, the manufacturing process allows for the simultaneous sequential seeding with smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells (EC) resulting in their hierarchical three-dimensional arrangement [8] . The seeding with autologous EC to reduce thrombogenicity of bioartificial cardiovascular devices has been established as a rationale of cardiovascular TE over the last decades. However, a seeding procedure together with the necessary cell-isolation and -expansion in vitro is not only time-and cost-intensive but also complicates the regulatory requirements for clinical approval. More and above, seeded bioartificial cardiovascular implants are considerably limited storable, and thus are only applicable for custom-made engineering before an elective implantation. However, immediate availability have emerged as crucial for a clinical use [9] . Therefore, reduction to the generation and implantation of a simple but fully biocompatible implant, which supports a remodelling process in vivo, seems to be more reasonable with regard to clinical use instead of the complex engineering of a neo-vessel in vitro [10] . In this context functionalization of the fibrin tubes by coating their surface or addition of bioactive factors, such as prostacyclin or heparin to inhibit platelet adhesion or fibrin deposition, appears to be a more feasible approach to ensure graft's antithrombogenicity during remodelling process in vivo and appears to be a key issue of ongoing research in the field of cardiovascular TE. Fibrin has found to be beneficial also for this in situ-TE called concept in terms of adhesion and proliferation of ingrowing cells [11] . The generation of a vascular graft with a minimum effort of time and costs will thereby have the greatest potential for a future clinical use. The developed method represents a powerful tool to consolidate the advantages of fibrin regarding its biocompatibility, the ability of attachment and three-dimensional arrangement of vascular cells inside the matrix and the capability of modelling it in nearly all size and shape in the construction of a clinically usable vascular graft.

Regarding the reduction of thrombogenicity of the fibrin tubes if used as a vascular graft, the manufacturing process allows for the simultaneous sequential seeding with smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells (EC) resulting in their hierarchical three-dimensional arrangement.

However, immediate availability have emerged as crucial for a clinical use.

Therefore, reduction to the generation and implantation of a simple but fully biocompatible implant, which supports a remodelling process in vivo, seems to be more reasonable with regard to clinical use instead of the complex engineering of a neo-vessel in vitro.

Fibrin has found to be beneficial also for this in situ-TE called concept in terms of adhesion and proliferation of ingrowing cells.


Fibrin has found to be a versatile scaffold material for tissue engineering (TE) approaches such as the engineering of bioartificial vascular grafts [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . But poor biomechanical strength has limited the use of fibrin matrices as scaffold material namely in the cardiovascular TE [7] . We recently reported about a novel method for the generation of tubular fibrin segments with a highly increased biomechanical strength [8] . It bases upon compaction of the fibrin in a high-speed rotating custom-made mould. So far the method has been established for the generation of 10 cm long fibrin tubes with a diameter of 5-5.5 mm from only 100 mg fibrin, which were successfully implanted as replacement of a segment of the carotid artery in a first in vivo trial [8] .

Fibrin has found to be a versatile scaffold material for tissue engineering (TE) approaches such as the engineering of bioartificial vascular grafts.

But poor biomechanical strength has limited the use of fibrin matrices as scaffold material namely in the cardiovascular TE.

We recently reported about a novel method for the generation of tubular fibrin segments with a highly increased biomechanical strength.

So far the method has been established for the generation of 10 cm long fibrin tubes with a diameter of 5-5.5 mm from only 100 mg fibrin, which were successfully implanted as replacement of a segment of the carotid artery in a first in vivo trial.


Pre-column derivatisation of α-ODAP, β-ODAP and standard non-protein amino acids by reaction with DEEMM resulted in derivatives that showed a very good chromatographic behaviour in reversed-phase HPLC and were detected at 280 nm with no interference from the reagent (Fig. 1) . Free amino acid profiles of samples showed a predominance of homoarginine, α-and β-ODAP, aspartic and glutamic acids, asparagine and arginine, and they were similar to others previously reported for these species (Fikre et al. 2008) . Fig. 1 HPLC analysis The α-ODAP, β-ODAP and homoarginine DEEMM derivatives were very stable as can be deduced from the low inter-day repeatability of the method, which allows for the storage of samples for several days at room temperature before analysis thus facilitating their processing ( Table 2) . The low LOQ, the wide range of linearity and a high accuracy are also positive aspects of this method, especially in the screening of a large number of samples in breeding programs aimed to select seeds with a reduced content of β-ODAP.

Free amino acid profiles of samples showed a predominance of homoarginine, α-and β-ODAP, aspartic and glutamic acids, asparagine and arginine, and they were similar to others previously reported for these species.


However, these control methods are considered in 2D space. Their recent studies analyzed the dynamics and control of pinching by a pair of two multi-degree-offreedom robot fingers with soft and deformable tips in a 3D object (Arimoto et al. (2007) ). However, this research focuses on grasping, not on manipulation.

Their recent studies analyzed the dynamics and control of pinching by a pair of two multi-degree-offreedom robot fingers with soft and deformable tips in a 3D object).


Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) belong to a ubiquitous group of Zygomycetes and form a symbiotic association with the roots of most land plants. AMF improve plant nutrition mainly by transferring phosphorus (P) from the soil to the plant. The host plants provide the fungi with carbohydrates (Smith and Read 1997) .

The host plants provide the fungi with carbohydrates.


From the impact experiments on the single layer shell model, we obtained the acceleration responses of six nodes under different damage conditions. The sampling frequency was 500 Hz and the recording duration was 20 s. The 10,000 data points from the 5th second to the 25th second were chosen. In order to check the robustness of the method, 3% noise was added to the acceleration signal to build the AR model. Taking GK7, GK8, GK9, and GK10 as examples, a comparison of the first four coefficients of the constructed AR model between the undamaged condition and damaged condition is shown in Table 5 . As we can see from Table 5 , compared with the undamaged condition GK1, the AR model coefficients ϕ i were changed under the damaged condition of GK7, GK8, GK9, and GK10, which indicates that damage has occurred. Damage factors DS i for the damaged conditions and the undamaged condition damage were calculated according to Equation (2) . Based on the training conditions in Table 4 , the network sample database was constructed. The structure of the BPNNs was set as 24 input nodes, 70 hidden nodes, and 5 output nodes. The maximum training times was 500. The training accuracy was 10 −10 , and the learning factor was η = 0.01. The momentum coefficient was α = 0.9 and the transfer function was the logarithmic sigmoid function. The neural networks were able to be established based on the L-M algorithm. After training, the neural networks were able to map any nonlinear relationships between the inputs and the outputs [49] . Then the experimental results were inputted into the BNPP model to identify the damage locations. The training conditions and experiment conditions are shown in Table 4 . The network training process is shown in Figure 8 and the results of the network experiment are shown in Table 6 . From Table 6 , we can conclude that the damage identification method based on the time series model and L-M algorithm for a long-span spatial shell structure can accurately identify the damage locations. It can be proven that this method is accurate, feasible, and has a certain degree of anti-noise ability.

Damage factors DS i for the damaged conditions and the undamaged condition damage were calculated according to Equation.

The maximum training times was 500.

After training, the neural networks were able to map any nonlinear relationships between the inputs and the outputs.