So far only the non-commutative product arising in this generalized setting was considered. It can be extracted purely from off-shell correlation functions. However, since string vacua correspond to 2-d conformal field theories, the correlators must finally take shape of the usual simple on-shell form [15] . There is some interesting information which one can gain from passing to on-shell correlators and it is the intention of this article to work out this information.

However, since string vacua correspond to 2-d conformal field theories, the correlators must finally take shape of the usual simple on-shell form.


We have seen that the form of the terms in the tachyonic potential is determined for powers lower than six. For higher powers of the tachyon field one has to calculate the corresponding correlators in order to decide with which relative weight the distinct subsets (e.g. (38)) appear. Of course, a sum over all bracket arrangements would be a natural choice. But in fact, to find out whether this guess is correct, one needs a better understanding of the underlying A ∞ -structure (cf. [9, 14] ).

But in fact, to find out whether this guess is correct, one needs a better understanding of the underlying A ∞ -structure (cf.).


So far, the WENO schemes have found wide applications. The general impression is that the WENO scheme is not sensitive to the fluxes used, such as Lax-Friedrichs or Steger-Warming. The full accuracy of the scheme mainly depends on the order of the reconstruction. One of the purpose of the current paper is to test the effect of flux functions on the performance of high-order schemes. It turns out that besides the high-order initial reconstruction the flux modeling also plays an essential role to capture accurate flow evolution, and to reduce the sensitive dependence of the solution on the initial reconstruction, especially in a barely resolved flow region. All flux functions are equivalent in a well-resolved flow region, because the flux consistency plays a dominant role here. But their performance may deviate from each other in not well-resolved cases, such as 3 or 4 points inside a boundary layer. Currently, in order to increase the accuracy of the WENO scheme, many attempts have been tried to develop hybrid schemes, where the WENO is used in the discontinuous region and high-order compact scheme is used in the smooth region [13, 18] . The aim of the hybrid scheme is to basically develop a method which could make a smooth transition between the upwind and central difference method, because the fundamental basis of the 1st-order Riemann solver for wave decomposition and the flux splitting technique contradicts with the flow physics in the smooth region, where the high-order spatial and temporal evolution are fully coupled. In the smooth region, the traditional central difference approximation with Cauchy-Kowalevskaya technique is far more appropriate to describe flow evolution than upwind concept. The Riemann solution is a low order dynamic model, which is needed to model discontinuous flow in order to introduce enough dissipation. And this amount of dissipation is closely related to the initial jump at the cell interface [26] . Without modifying the 1st-order Riemann dynamic model, the development of high-order schemes becomes a game of reconstruction, since the interface jump is the only freedom many high-order schemes are able to control. Unfortunately, there is no principle to design such an optimal and universal interface jump, and this kind of research will be endless. In order to get out of this dilemma, the use of a high-order dynamic evolution model, which could make a smooth transition between the upwind and central difference scheme, is necessary. For a second order scheme for the inviscid flow, we have such a high-order dynamic model, which is the generalized Riemann solver and the gas-kinetic scheme [1, 11] .

Currently, in order to increase the accuracy of the WENO scheme, many attempts have been tried to develop hybrid schemes, where the WENO is used in the discontinuous region and high-order compact scheme is used in the smooth region.

And this amount of dissipation is closely related to the initial jump at the cell interface.

For a second order scheme for the inviscid flow, we have such a high-order dynamic model, which is the generalized Riemann solver and the gas-kinetic scheme.


Computational Fluid Dynamics has made great progress in 1970s and 1980s due to the development of the concept of the nonlinear limiter and the characteristic wave decomposition of the Euler equations. The 2nd-order schemes are mostly used in practical engineering applications at current stage. On the other hand, with the increasing of computational power and the requirement of accurate solutions for more challenging problems, such as compressible turbulent flow and aero-acoustics, the development of reliable highorder methods has attracted much attention [4] . A direct extension of the concept of nonlinear limiter to high-order is the reconstruction schemes of essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) and weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) methods [7, 10, 14, 17] . There are two versions of WENO schemes: finite difference and finite volume. For the rectangular mesh, the main advantage of the finite difference framework is that multi-dimensional calculations do not increase the complexity of the algorithm and the computational cost is much lower than the finite volume version. As tested, a finite volume WENO scheme is usually 4 times more expensive in 2D than a finite difference WENO method due to many flux calculations at the Gaussian points of a cell interface. Therefore, in simple geometry cases, the finite difference WENO scheme is the top choice. The most widely used WENO scheme is the fifth order WENO method [10] . In comparison with other high-order methods, such as discontinuous Galerkin method (DG), the WENO scheme is much more robust and reliable.

On the other hand, with the increasing of computational power and the requirement of accurate solutions for more challenging problems, such as compressible turbulent flow and aero-acoustics, the development of reliable highorder methods has attracted much attention.

A direct extension of the concept of nonlinear limiter to high-order is the reconstruction schemes of essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) and weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) methods.

The most widely used WENO scheme is the fifth order WENO method.


The soil was then kept moist to maintain high microbial activity and seeded with Italian ryegrass. During the growing season, the soil was maintained at a moisture status that allowed for adequate crop development. Dishes under the pots prevented water losses and nitrate leaching. Two cuts were carried out to measure dry matter and N concentration. Nitrogen released from fertilizers was monitored by recovering the NO 3 − adsorbed in 1 cm × 2 cm strips of an anion exchange membrane (AEM) inserted directly into the soil with the help of a thin spatula (Rodrigues et al. 2006) .

Nitrogen released from fertilizers was monitored by recovering the NO 3 − adsorbed in 1 cm × 2 cm strips of an anion exchange membrane (AEM) inserted directly into the soil with the help of a thin spatula.


Nitrophoska Gold contains nitrogen as 2.5% NO 3 -N, 7.5% NH 4 -N and 5% ISOBU TILEN DIUREA-N (ISODUR). Probably it is the N from ISODUR that was released later in the growing season than Entec 26, urea and hence calcium nitrate. ISODUR hydrolysis is indeed affected not only by temperature, but also by moisture (Trenkel 2007) . Consequently, in June-July, although the temperatures were favorable for ISODUR hydrolysis, the scarcity in soil water postponed N availability from IBDU to the end of the crop cycle. Sulfammo Meta did not favor bell pepper plant dry matter and yield. In the pot experiment, total ANR from Sulfammo Meta was only 32.5% compared to 100% of the other fertilized treatments. Ryegrass DMY was higher in Sulfammo Meta pots as a result of later N release from the fertilizer after the cut of pepper. These results are to be attributed to its longer life.

ISODUR hydrolysis is indeed affected not only by temperature, but also by moisture.


Literature studies have identified some factors as indicators of aggressive care and poor quality of cancer care near the end of life (EoL) [1] . Earle and colleagues categorized some indicators into three major areas: (a) access to the emergency room and admission to hospital or intensive care unit; (b) lack of or very late referral to hospice; and (c) overuse of chemotherapy very near death [2] . Other authors created scoring tools for quantifying the aggressiveness of care based on the prevalence of these indexes [3] [4] [5] [6] .

Literature studies have identified some factors as indicators of aggressive care and poor quality of cancer care near the end of life (EoL).

Earle and colleagues categorized some indicators into three major areas: (a) access to the emergency room and admission to hospital or intensive care unit; (b) lack of or very late referral to hospice; and (c) overuse of chemotherapy very near death.

Other authors created scoring tools for quantifying the aggressiveness of care based on the prevalence of these indexes.


In the nature, there could be a massless gauge boson which is a combination of a photon and a gluon, but electron sees the photon part only [18] . Photons and gluons could have qualitative differences. In QED, we assume that the electro magnetic interaction breaks the triality symmetry, and leptons interacts with photons or gamma rays in the same triality sector. Photons or gamma lays in different triality sector than that of electrons in the detector will be regarded as the dark matter.

In the nature, there could be a massless gauge boson which is a combination of a photon and a gluon, but electron sees the photon part only.


On the shelf off north-western Australia, the fish community changed as the trawl fishery developed. The abundance of the main target species Lutjanus and Lethrinus declined, while Saurida and Nemipterus increased over the period (Sainsbury, 1988) . When part of the shelf was closed to trawling within the framework of an experimental management strategy, the abundance of Lutjanus and Lethrinus increased again. Several possible explanations were suggested, but subsequent analysis showed that a model relating species abundance to habitat structure best explained the trends (Sainsbury et al., 1997) . The change in fish community structure seems most likely to be related to the destruction of large epibenthic organisms (mostly sponges, alcyonarians, and gorgonians) by the trawl gear.

The abundance of the main target species Lutjanus and Lethrinus declined, while Saurida and Nemipterus increased over the period.

Several possible explanations were suggested, but subsequent analysis showed that a model relating species abundance to habitat structure best explained the trends.


Membranes for the separation and concentration of valuable compounds have received significant attention in recent years and that interest shows no signs of slowing in the future [1] . This impetus is due to advancements in membrane technology, increasing cost of raw materials resulting in raw material or product previously wasted now recovered and recycled, and more stringent environmental legislation and regulation [2] . The attributing factors for the rise in popularity of membrane technologies when compared to their rivals are: simplicity, ease of large scale operation, low maintenance costs and relatively low energy requirements with no phase change and excellent selectivity. Ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) are pressure driven membrane separation techniques situated between microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO). These membranes are typically polymeric, asymmetric and consist of a low resistance support layer with a dense porous top layer also referred to as the active layer [3] . The nominal molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of an NF membrane is typically in the range 150-2000 Da, this would suggest when assuming perfect cylindrical pores that the NF membrane active layer has an approximate pore size of 0.3 to 1 nm with UF membranes having larger pores [4] . The separation mechanisms of UF and NF are predominately related to steric and Donnan effects, with NF membranes having additional charge mechanisms such as dielectric exclusion due to the small pore size [5] .

Membranes for the separation and concentration of valuable compounds have received significant attention in recent years and that interest shows no signs of slowing in the future.

This impetus is due to advancements in membrane technology, increasing cost of raw materials resulting in raw material or product previously wasted now recovered and recycled, and more stringent environmental legislation and regulation.

These membranes are typically polymeric, asymmetric and consist of a low resistance support layer with a dense porous top layer also referred to as the active layer.

The nominal molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of an NF membrane is typically in the range 150-2000 Da, this would suggest when assuming perfect cylindrical pores that the NF membrane active layer has an approximate pore size of 0.3 to 1 nm with UF membranes having larger pores.

The separation mechanisms of UF and NF are predominately related to steric and Donnan effects, with NF membranes having additional charge mechanisms such as dielectric exclusion due to the small pore size.


DCD is recognised as a heterogeneous condition with different functional manifestations, and because of this, various authors have attempted to classify DCD into distinct subtypes based on common functional problems. Reports suggest that some groups of children with DCD present with greater difficulties in manual dexterity and others have more difficulties with balance and visuo-perceptual abilities. However, the nature and number of subtypes of DCD vary across studies as the construction of these subgroups are largely dependent on the number and type of variables investigated [12] .

However, the nature and number of subtypes of DCD vary across studies as the construction of these subgroups are largely dependent on the number and type of variables investigated.


Among our original goal was extending CoMeT with a recommendation feature. Given a relatively short-lived nature of colloquia, we focused on a content-based recommender, which can build profile of interest of individual users and recommend new talks immediately after their posting. The first version of our recommender used a traditional keyword vector profiling approach and considered talk abstract and title for profile construction. This version debuted in early 2010 and was explored by some frequent users of the CoMeT. However, the impact of the recommender component was harmed by "undercontribution", a common phenomenon of social systems [6] . While talks posted to the system were getting reasonable number of hits, the number of bookmarks was too small. It caused a lower-than-expected quality of recommendations. Worse, since many users never bookmarked a talk, the system was not able to generate any recommendation for them.

This version debuted in early 2010 and was explored by some frequent users of the CoMeT. However, the impact of the recommender component was harmed by "undercontribution", a common phenomenon of social systems.


In our research, among the dozens of isolates examined, strain IRLM.1 had the strongest ability to grow in MSM supplemented with chlorpyrifos, utilizing it as the sole energy source. According to our results, 140 mg/L chlorpyrifos was completed degraded by isolate IRLM.1 in eight to nine days. Growth of this isolate on chlorpyrifos is comparable with that of other isolates in previous studies, for example, P. aeruginosa isolated in India could degrade 80% of chlorpyrifos (50 mg/L) in liquid medium after 20 days (Lakshmi et al., 2009) .

Growth of this isolate on chlorpyrifos is comparable with that of other isolates in previous studies, for example, P. aeruginosa isolated in India could degrade 80% of chlorpyrifos (50 mg/L) in liquid medium after 20 days.


In addition to that, we have previously developed an in-context annotation tool for the broad audience, namely SpreadCrumbs [8] . Similar to Diigo the tool provides a toolbar that allows users to annotate with a floating sticky note on any Web page. Additionally, users were provided with searching and sharing functionalities within their social networks with great privacy control. In an oriented user study we have evaluated the usability of the tool, and most important, the benefits on online annotations in the tasks of refinding information [9] . The outcomes suggested that users of the annotation tool could refind information over two times faster. Furthermore, the usage of the browsers' 'find' functionality (CTRL+F) drops from an average of 53.5% to only 17.2%.

In addition to that, we have previously developed an in-context annotation tool for the broad audience, namely SpreadCrumbs.

In an oriented user study we have evaluated the usability of the tool, and most important, the benefits on online annotations in the tasks of refinding information.


To additionally indicate how a typical parametric model (PM) behaves in our scenario, we also include SDR values for a state-ofthe-art approach based on spectrally localized Gaussians [7] . Similar to IWH, this approach only models the harmonic part of a recording, i. e. no onset model is included, and, indeed, the average SDR values for both approaches are almost identical (11.3 dB and 11.47 dB SDR, respectively). However, the NMF factorization, using only simple matrix operations, can be computed more efficiently than the parameter estimation required for PM and additionally is easier to implement. For example, to process the whole database consisting of 24 minutes of music, our Matlab implementation takes about 6 minutes on an Intel W3530 for the synchronization and another 6 minutes for the factorization using 100 NMF iterations. Using more optimized implementations, both values could be reduced even further. This is in contrast to many parametric approaches, which often require several hours to process this amount of data. Furthermore, the straightforward integration of an onset model allows for a significant SDR-gain for the I O WH strategy over PM. Since the MIDI files were perfectly aligned to their sonifications in the first experiment, we also investigated how the synchronization accuracy affects the separation performance. To this end, we simulate a low accuracy alignment by shifting each note event randomly by ±Δ seconds. Fig. 4 gives the SDR values for the four initialization strategies and varying values for Δ. Here, we see that all approaches are relatively stable as long as the synchronization error is not larger than tolon (200 ms in our experiments). Beyond tolon, all SDR values drop significantly. However, it should be noted that even with very inaccurate onset information the strategy I O WH stays on a similar level as IWH demonstrating its overall robustness.

To additionally indicate how a typical parametric model (PM) behaves in our scenario, we also include SDR values for a state-ofthe-art approach based on spectrally localized Gaussians.


The ultrasonic agitation has been accepted as a promising useful and green method in cellulose modification by potentially changing structural and functional properties of irradiated cellulose (Tang et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2008) . The ultrasound function including cavitation, heating, dynamic agitation, shear stresses and turbulence contribute to the improving of accessibility and reactivity of cellulose (Vilkhu et al., 2008; Jambrak et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2011a) . However, the literatures about CAS obtained from native celluloses were limited, and the combined effects of ultrasonic irradiation and 4-acetamide-TEMPOmediated oxidation of parenchyma cellulose have not yet been reported.

The ultrasonic agitation has been accepted as a promising useful and green method in cellulose modification by potentially changing structural and functional properties of irradiated cellulose.

The ultrasound function including cavitation, heating, dynamic agitation, shear stresses and turbulence contribute to the improving of accessibility and reactivity of cellulose.


Due to its low environmental requirements, it is being used heavily in re-and afforestation efforts in Turkey, especially in the central Anatolia. Until year 2009, 488 000 ha of land has been planted with Anatolian Black Pine (Atalay and Efe, 2010) . In addition, nearly half of Anatolian Black Pine forests (1.8 million ha) are degraded and need to be rehabilitated via reforestation (Anonymous, 2006) . Since continuous seedling production is essential for this species, as over 100 million Anatolian Black Pine seedlings are produced every year (~25% of Turkey's total seedling production; http://www.agm.gov.tr/AGM/files/ istatistikler2009/3.10.xls), storage of the seeds harvested during seed years is important.

Until year 2009, 488 000 ha of land has been planted with Anatolian Black Pine.

In addition, nearly half of Anatolian Black Pine forests (1.8 million ha) are degraded and need to be rehabilitated via reforestation.


In flooded 'Dusa™' and flooded and infected 'Duke 7' plants it would appear that the photosystems are only damaged once the plants have begun to senesce and it is therefore a long term response to flooding, as has been previously reported (Davies and Flore, 1986; Kozlowski, 1997) . The reduced mesophyll capacity in this study in 'Dusa™' flooded and infected plants is therefore most likely a result of changes in enzyme efficiencies (Kozlowski, 1997) . However, in contrast to the glasshouse study, C i /C a ratios in 'Dusa™' plants within the shadehouse trial decreased in flooded, infected plants (Fig. 4) . This indicates that the decreases in P N could indeed be due to stomatal limitation in these plants. These reductions were also seen in the less tolerant R0.12 and the more tolerant R0.06 rootstocks, suggesting that this is a conserved response between rootstocks. The difference between the two trials could be due to a variation in temperature or light levels, which in combination with the stress imposed by flooding and infection may have limited P N and thus resulted in increased C i /C a in plants in the glasshouse.

In flooded 'Dusa™' and flooded and infected 'Duke 7' plants it would appear that the photosystems are only damaged once the plants have begun to senesce and it is therefore a long term response to flooding, as has been previously reported.

The reduced mesophyll capacity in this study in 'Dusa™' flooded and infected plants is therefore most likely a result of changes in enzyme efficiencies.


Although uninfected plants that were flooded also showed signs of wilting, this was only apparent at a later date. Visible symptoms of stress were generally more severe in 'Duke 7' plants as compared to 'Dusa™', which was also evident in photosynthetic parameters. These symptoms of flooding stress were first observed in 'Duke 7' plants 10 days after flooding was commenced and for 'Dusa™' 16 days after flooding was commenced. These visible symptoms were, however, preceded by differences in P N , g s and E (Fig. 3) , as has previously been described in avocado ). Differences in P N and g s between flooded and control plants were evident as early as 5 days after flooding commenced (12 dpi, Fig. 3 ) in the glasshouse trial and changes in P N and g s were seen within 3 days of the commencement of flooding in the shadehouse trial. The rapidity with which these symptoms appeared and the poor health of the plants by the end of the trial (Fig. 2) was not unexpected, as avocado is considered a flood-sensitive species (Schaffer et al., 1992) .

The rapidity with which these symptoms appeared and the poor health of the plants by the end of the trial (Fig. 2) was not unexpected, as avocado is considered a flood-sensitive species.


In a recent US study, nighttime intensivist staffing was associated with a reduction in risk-adjusted hospital mortality in ICUs with low-intensity daytime staffing [20] . However, among ICUs with high-intensity daytime staffing, nighttime intensivist staffing conferred no benefit. A second, single-center, randomized controlled trial comparing 7 days of nighttime staffing with in-hospital intensivists with daytime intensivists who were available by pager overnight showed no differences in patient outcomes [21] . In our study, greater than 95% of units were high intensity by US definitions, and our finding that the level of experience of the nighttime physician on-call did not influence patient outcomes is consistent with previous work. However, our results should be interpreted with caution, given that very few (n = 4 of 130; 2.6%) had 24-hour in-house (dedicated or cross-covering) intensivist staffing.

In a recent US study, nighttime intensivist staffing was associated with a reduction in risk-adjusted hospital mortality in ICUs with low-intensity daytime staffing.

A second, single-center, randomized controlled trial comparing 7 days of nighttime staffing with in-hospital intensivists with daytime intensivists who were available by pager overnight showed no differences in patient outcomes.


Determination of EBV-infected cells. To determine which cells harbored EBV, PBMCs were fractionated into CD3 + , CD19 + , and CD56 + cells by means of Dynabeads (Invitrogen). The fractionated cells were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. EBV-infected cell fractions were defined as having larger amounts of EBV DNA than of unfractionated PBMCs [14] .

Determination of EBV-infected cells.

EBV-infected cell fractions were defined as having larger amounts of EBV DNA than of unfractionated PBMCs.


The automated recording of real-world speech is crucial because, despite the rise in on-line interactions, face-to-face communication is still people's primary mode of social interaction [Baym et al. 2004] . Unlike methods previously employed for speech data derived from laboratory contexts, our proposed method would capture truly spontaneous speech that arises in situ as people enact their actual, lived relationships. For that reason, we refer to such data as situated speech data-data gathered in the wild-to contrast it with other speech data recorded in constrained or contrived settings.

The automated recording of real-world speech is crucial because, despite the rise in on-line interactions, face-to-face communication is still people's primary mode of social interaction.


A phenomenon as complex and relatively unexplored as male prisoner selfharm (also) requires a more nuanced explanation. An example of this approach is a qualitative study of medically-severe, non-suicidal self-injury in a mixed -but predominantly male -sample of US prisoners, which highlighted the important role of early trauma, loss of control and negative affect relief in the aetiology and maintenance of self-harm (Smith 2015) . However, to date there have been no indepth qualitative analyses of non-suicidal self-harm in a more 'typical' sample of male prisoners, whose injuries are seldom as severe or, in the author's own words, "extreme" as the ones in the aforementioned study.

An example of this approach is a qualitative study of medically-severe, non-suicidal self-injury in a mixed -but predominantly male -sample of US prisoners, which highlighted the important role of early trauma, loss of control and negative affect relief in the aetiology and maintenance of self-harm.


The interview participants generally agreed that any physicians wishing to hide their income will continue to find a way to do so. This is in agreement with a statement issued by the German Society of Haematology and medical Oncology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hämatologie und medizinische Onkologie, DGHO); the society is one of the leading oncology societies in Germany and one may assume that their opinion is shared by other societies, although currently, no society positions itself as clearly as the DGHO. In an official statement, the DGHO "embraces transparency" as a crucial element to allow trust between patients and physicians, but regrets that it is a voluntary participation and calls for governmental intervention as previously mentioned in the literature review [24] .

In an official statement, the DGHO "embraces transparency" as a crucial element to allow trust between patients and physicians, but regrets that it is a voluntary participation and calls for governmental intervention as previously mentioned in the literature review.


There may be a need to hire consulting companies to crunch the numbers and come up with competitive intelligence information. A regression analysis with the dependent variable of hiring an external consulting company for gaining competitive information though the transparency code was also conducted. The regression model (stepwise) resulted in an acceptable fit (R square > 0.6) with one predictor: the statement that the data are useful for KOL analysis. The standardised coefficient was 0.63 which, by definition, is the same as the correlation coefficient and being significant at 0.95 level. One can imagine that the identification of KOLs from the competition is a gift in disguise for any company. Even more so since the return on sales visit per doctor has been declining steadily over the years [25] .

Even more so since the return on sales visit per doctor has been declining steadily over the years.


In addition to formal interviewing, participant observation was conducted throughout the year, so that the experience of the whole cohort of 150 students was taken into account. Being a participant observer involves not only watching a scene but also participating in it and recording events and conversations as they occur (Hammersley and Atkinson 1995) . Examples of observation sites included: the classroom, the corridor, the library, the coffee bar, the canteen, the office, induction, social events organised by the School or University and by students themselves.

Being a participant observer involves not only watching a scene but also participating in it and recording events and conversations as they occur.


With regard to the generalisability of findings, it is acknowledged that a small interviewee sample and the selection of one case will make it difficult to move to general classifications. Nevertheless, ethnographers often feel that similar settings are likely to produce similar data, and that theory-based generalisation can be achieved, involving the transfer of theoretical concepts found from one situation to other settings and conditions (Daymon and Holloway 2002) . The setting for this research was chosen for the researcher's ability to transfer the findings to similar settings, i.e. Higher Education institutions in the UK that recruit international postgraduate students, and also to similar actors, i.e. international postgraduates on a one-year intensive Masters programme. It is possible to infer that such students may well face a similar experience to students in this study, with modifications according to differing external circumstances and personality differences. The review of the literature on adjustment reflects many of this study's findings, and point to a common experience among international sojourners. The present paper aims to convey the individual insider experience of this commonly documented picture.

Nevertheless, ethnographers often feel that similar settings are likely to produce similar data, and that theory-based generalisation can be achieved, involving the transfer of theoretical concepts found from one situation to other settings and conditions.


The relationship between income generation and overseas recruitment in Higher Education has been well documented , with the US, Australia and the UK being the most popular destinations for international students. In the UK, international students make up 16% of the total British student population, and represent almost a third of universities' total fees income (MacLeod 2006) . Increasing overseas recruitment is the target of most universities , and in the UK, this has been encouraged by the Prime Minister's Initiative 2006, which has urged British universities to extend recruitment to 100,000 more international students by 2011.

In the UK, international students make up 16% of the total British student population, and represent almost a third of universities' total fees income.


Accompanying the steady rise in the number of international students in global HE has been a growth in the research dedicated to the international sojourn 1 , with adjustment being one of several interests (Ward 2001) . Given the economic dependence of universities on the fees from international students, it is important that there is a clear understanding of the issues facing them if an optimum service is to be delivered . This is seen as not only the moral duty of institutions seeking to attract full-paying students, but it will also result in improved student retention, positive word of mouth and therefore more successful recruitment (Allen and Higgins 1994; Smith 2006) .

Accompanying the steady rise in the number of international students in global HE has been a growth in the research dedicated to the international sojourn 1 , with adjustment being one of several interests.

This is seen as not only the moral duty of institutions seeking to attract full-paying students, but it will also result in improved student retention, positive word of mouth and therefore more successful recruitment.


Since Artemis allows free control of the temperatures in both furnaces, it is also possible the solidification with constant acceleration [6] . It is similar to real casting where the solidification varies in time and across the casting piece. Such solidification by varying velocity and constant gradient require additional data that can be determined to the above mentioned methodology for solidification with constant velocity [6] .

Since Artemis allows free control of the temperatures in both furnaces, it is also possible the solidification with constant acceleration.

Such solidification by varying velocity and constant gradient require additional data that can be determined to the above mentioned methodology for solidification with constant velocity.


One of the methods for conduction of directional solidification is the aerogel based power down method that uses two controlled heaters [6, 7, 8] . The method applies control of each heater independently introducing in the specimen the projected temperature gradient, cooling rate and velocity of the solidification front. Application of the aerogel crucible allows to control the position of solidification front in time (because of its transparency) and extremely low thermal conductivity maintain plane solidification front in processed specimens.

One of the methods for conduction of directional solidification is the aerogel based power down method that uses two controlled heaters.


Predictions of normalized slip velocity (U § ) slip are presented as a function of Kn in Fig. 6 , and compared to Boltzmann simulation data [31] . First-order slip is a constant, and higher than the Boltzmann result for Kn < 1 and lower for Kn > 1. The second-order NS slip is too high, particularly at large Knudsen numbers. Our PL model and the R26 equations agree well with the Boltzmann solution up to Kn ' 0.5. Both models overpredict the wall-slip velocity for Kn > 0.5, though the deviations are relatively less with the PL model.

Predictions of normalized slip velocity (U § ) slip are presented as a function of Kn in Fig. 6 , and compared to Boltzmann simulation data.


In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that nutrients promote algal production on the peat surface and the release of algal exudates promotes heterotrophic bacteria on plant detritus. Consequently, the release of nutrient constraints on algal production may provide a new and relatively unexplored mechanism to enhance heterotrophic metabolism in boreal peatlands. It is important to note that the strength of the relationship between algae and heterotrophic bacteria observed in our study could be influenced by the natural variation in environmental conditions that occur among northern peatlands. For example, variation in pH has been shown to have a strong influence on the binding capacity of nutrients and on algal community composition, with implications for overall production . Spatial variability in plant community composition will also shape the chemical nature of organic substrates and have consequences for biofilm formation and overall decomposability of litter in surface peat layers (Limpens et al. 2008) . Future studies should consider these factors as well as others including 'brownification' associated with increased inputs of terrestrial organic matter which may limit algal responses to nutrient enrichment through its effects on light penetration. Additional study in these areas coupled with a better understanding of top-down effects (i.e. food-web dynamics) on algal structure and function will improve our understanding of ecosystem dynamics in boreal peatlands. Considering the degree to which algae influenced the presence of heterotrophic bacteria in this current study, future research may benefit by including measurements of algal abundance (i.e. per cent cover) when evaluating spatial and temporal variability in CO 2 flux associated with variable hydrology in boreal peatlands.

Spatial variability in plant community composition will also shape the chemical nature of organic substrates and have consequences for biofilm formation and overall decomposability of litter in surface peat layers.


The transfer of herbicide resistance transgenes from crops to related species through interspecific hybridization is one of the greatest risks of transgenic herbicide-resistant crops (Dale et al., 2002) . Hybridization with wild relatives has been a real issue implicated in the evolution of more aggressive weeds for seven of the world's 13 most important crops (Ellstrand et al., 1999) . Hybridization of herbicide-resistant genetically modified wheat with populations of free living relatives could make these plants increasingly difficult to control, especially if they are already recognized as agricultural weeds and if they acquire resistance to widely used herbicides (Darmency, 1994) . The transfer of herbicide resistance genes from wheat to Aegilops cylindrica Host., a noxious weed in the wheatproducing areas of the western United States, has been detected in the field and created problems for its control (Seefeldt et al., 1998; Wang et al., 2001; Gandhi et al., 2006) .

The transfer of herbicide resistance transgenes from crops to related species through interspecific hybridization is one of the greatest risks of transgenic herbicide-resistant crops.

Hybridization with wild relatives has been a real issue implicated in the evolution of more aggressive weeds for seven of the world's 13 most important crops.

Hybridization of herbicide-resistant genetically modified wheat with populations of free living relatives could make these plants increasingly difficult to control, especially if they are already recognized as agricultural weeds and if they acquire resistance to widely used herbicides.

The transfer of herbicide resistance genes from wheat to Aegilops cylindrica Host., a noxious weed in the wheatproducing areas of the western United States, has been detected in the field and created problems for its control.


Most of the attempts to explain the work hardening in Ti have focused on twinning-dislocation interaction mechanisms and changes in slip length caused by twinning. In contrast, the development of internal stresses at the microstructural scale has mostly been ignored. These new results suggest that internal stresses could play a role in the work hardening behaviour of Ti, both through the development of back stresses between hard and soft oriented grains and twins, and through the twinning process itself. Since these stresses can be accommodated by plastic deformation in the twin, parent grain and even neighbouring grains, there will be a strong effect of slip activity on twinning. This is of great relevance for Al-containing Ti alloys, where slip occurs at much higher stresses [28] .

This is of great relevance for Al-containing Ti alloys, where slip occurs at much higher stresses.


However, the relationships among per-capita pollution emission, per-capita income, and trade openness are a consequence of the production process . Hence, an empirical strategy to regress pollution emissions on income and trade openness fails to understand the underlying production process (Zaim and Taskin, 2000) . As long as pollutants are not freely disposable (weak disposability), reducing pollutants involves a transformation of the production process, which requires sacrificing the output and additional inputs. Environmental efficiency allows us to measure and understand the degree to which production processes are environmentally friendly.

Hence, an empirical strategy to regress pollution emissions on income and trade openness fails to understand the underlying production process.


We investigate relatively simple two-person games with three states and two-sided private information. Players privately observe a state-partition (either one or two of the three states) and must choose whether to bet or not bet. If one player refuses to bet, both players earn a known sure payoff. In some of the games, the no-trade theorem applies (Milgrom and Stokey, 1982) . This theorem shows that if an initial allocation is Pareto-efficient (or there are initial trades to efficiency), and rationality is common knowledge, further trading cannot occur for informational reasons alone. However, in field data-many financial markets, prediction markets, sports events-there appears to be substantial zero-sum trading based on differential information. But it is difficult to rule out the hypothesis that this betting is rational and occurs because of risk preference, hedging motives, or complementarity between betting on events and watching them. These alternative explanations for betting can largely be controlled in laboratory experiments.

In some of the games, the no-trade theorem applies.


The basics of what we today call Total Quality Management, TQM, may be dated to the early 1950s and are based on fundaments from people like Edwards W. Deming, Joseph M. Juran and Kaoru Ishikawa. Learning the basic from Deming and Juran, Japanese companies extended and customized the integrated approach and culture of TQM. Arguable, the economic growth and manufacturing dominance of Japanese industries in the 1980s can be attributed to the successful application of TQM in Japan (Basu, 2004) . Much of the Japanese success was based on the three fundamental tenets of Juran's view of quality programmes: firstly, upper management leadership of quality, secondly, continuous education on quality for all, thirdly, an annual plan for quality improvement and cost reduction -foundations that, by the way, still are valid today (Basu, 2004) .

Arguable, the economic growth and manufacturing dominance of Japanese industries in the 1980s can be attributed to the successful application of TQM in Japan.

Much of the Japanese success was based on the three fundamental tenets of Juran's view of quality programmes: firstly, upper management leadership of quality, secondly, continuous education on quality for all, thirdly, an annual plan for quality improvement and cost reduction -foundations that, by the way, still are valid today.


The agent decision-making mechanism is given in (2.3) . A test scenario is presented in section (3) . Results are detailed and discussed in section (4) . The paper ends with conclusions and the possible further directions of our work.

A test scenario is presented in section.

Results are detailed and discussed in section.


Research regarding Internet financial reporting proceeded from 1996, when the Internet was first used for advertising and commercial purposes (Allam and Lymer 2003) . The first research into Internet financial reporting was conducted in 1996 by Petravick and Gillett using a sample of 150 companies from the USA classified among the Fortune 500 at the time (Petravick and Gillett, 1996) . Later, such research was also undertaken in European countries, and recently in Arabic and Asian countries.

Research regarding Internet financial reporting proceeded from 1996, when the Internet was first used for advertising and commercial purposes.

The first research into Internet financial reporting was conducted in 1996 by Petravick and Gillett using a sample of 150 companies from the USA classified among the Fortune 500 at the time.


Fermi systems do not possess classical analogs. Nevertheless, for such systems, we can define a limit forh → 0, even if, in this limit, we do not have ordinary classical theory. We feel that a description of such a limit would be interesting in view of the possibility to develop a better intuition and to build up new models [1] . Conventionally Fermi systems can be quantized by the path integral method. By introducing semi-classical Grassmann variables, for instance, we get a deeper understanding of this method [2] .

We feel that a description of such a limit would be interesting in view of the possibility to develop a better intuition and to build up new models.

By introducing semi-classical Grassmann variables, for instance, we get a deeper understanding of this method.


Knowing the usefulness of understanding the classical limit, we will investigate, in this article, the structure of the energy-momentum and the spin current of the classical Dirac theory. Of course, the classical Dirac theory can only be made consistent by second quantization [6] . However, for low energy phenomena, when particle creation and annihilation don't play a role, the classical Dirac theory and its non-relativistic limit convey an appropriate picture of the underlying physics.

Of course, the classical Dirac theory can only be made consistent by second quantization.


The challenge of designing in, for and with developing countries has been a long debated subject. The design community's attempts to meet the needs of the world's poor, has seen the emergence of methods including the Appropriate Technology Movement, the Design for Development movement, Design for the Other 90%, Jugaad Innovation, Disruptive Innovation methods, Gentle Action and Design for the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) to name but a few. Although these movements vary in their approach, their authors all agree that to meet the needs of the world's poor, products and solutions must be developed to be contextually appropriate. To achieve this, they argue in favour of ensuring that solutions meet the 'Critical 4' A's outlined by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The 'Critical 4 A's' are: Accessibility, Availability, Affordability and Appropriateness [7] .

The 'Critical 4 A's' are: Accessibility, Availability, Affordability and Appropriateness.


The rst issue focuses on signi cant others in a career. In Bloom's study, it appears fairly easy to discern the important persons in the career of a talented individual. The mentor/teacher/coach is the individual with expertise within the talent domain. The parents are also of signi cance, given their role in supporting the individual in several ways. Parents play a major background role. Bloom's report has very little to say about the role of colleagues or peers. In a study of Dutch athletes, fellow athletes were considered important too, even in the context of so-called individual sports (van Rossum, 1995) . The following questions were posed in the present research: are parents and teachers considered signi cant others in a dance career; should people other than parents and teachers be included amongst signi cant others?

Parents play a major background role.

In a study of Dutch athletes, fellow athletes were considered important too, even in the context of so-called individual sports.


It is remarkable-and not an error of any kind-that parents supposedly do not play any role in the third stage of their talented children's career. According to the information provided by Bloom's subjects, all of them US citizens, the area at the bottom right of Table 1 is not blank by accident. This area, however, was lled in with various parental roles when a large sample of Dutch athletes was questioned. These athletes, being members of a national squad (judo, speed skating, swimming, table tennis), were presumed to be in the third stage of their athletic career. They were asked about the roles their parents had played during the preceding 12 months. A series of important parental roles were pointed out: nancial assistance, household organisation, transportation, presence at games and moral support (van Rossum, 1995) . Parents might thus very well be "present" in the third career stage, although they mostly play a background role.

A series of important parental roles were pointed out: nancial assistance, household organisation, transportation, presence at games and moral support.


The spatial scales of the land-sea breezes and the scale interactions of convective organisation are much smaller than those resolved by climate models, which have a typical grid spacing of 200-400 km. At this resolution, even the largest islands in the Maritime Continent are represented by only a few grid points. Hence, the lack of such processes in these models has been pinpointed as one of the major sources of error in their simulations (Yang and Slingo, 2001; Slingo et al., 2003) . Even when the model resolution is increased by a factor of three, to a grid spacing of approximately 100 km, there is no improvement in the simulation of precipitation over the maritime continent, or its associated global errors .

Hence, the lack of such processes in these models has been pinpointed as one of the major sources of error in their simulations.


The deep convective heating forced a first internal mode gravity wave, with a one-signed temperature anomaly throughout the troposphere. This downwelling gravity wave propagated rapidly offshore at 60 m s −1 during the early afternoon. The adiabatic warming from the passage of the gravity wave stabilised the atmosphere, suppressing convection offshore at this time. The stratiform heating component later in the afternoon forced a higher-order vertical mode gravity wave. The exact details of this mode's vertical structure differed between the models, particularly in the lower troposphere, due to the differing heating profiles from the parametrised and explicit convection. However, in both models this mode propagated slowly, and had a negative temperature anomaly in the lower troposphere that destabilised the column and promoted convection. Additionally, a region of low-level convergence propagated offshore, between the wave fronts of the two gravity waves. This will also favour convection (Mapes, 1993) .

This will also favour convection.


Every individual experiences stress, a pattern of metabolic and behavioral reactions in response to external and internal stimuli. Extreme stress may cause threatened homeostasis leading to the pathogenesis of a variety of disease conditions including depression, anxiety, immunosuppression, endocrine disorders, cognitive dysfunction, peptic ulcer, hypertension and reproductive dysfunctions [1] . Stress effects brain function, impairs memory and disrupts cognitive skills leading to the pathogenesis of various central nervous system diseases [2] . Extreme stress builds up free radicals and induces potential damage to neuronal receptors and a variety of other tissues [3] . Therefore agents that inhibit free radicals may have great potential in mitigation of stress and stressinduced diseases.

Extreme stress may cause threatened homeostasis leading to the pathogenesis of a variety of disease conditions including depression, anxiety, immunosuppression, endocrine disorders, cognitive dysfunction, peptic ulcer, hypertension and reproductive dysfunctions.

Stress effects brain function, impairs memory and disrupts cognitive skills leading to the pathogenesis of various central nervous system diseases.

Extreme stress builds up free radicals and induces potential damage to neuronal receptors and a variety of other tissues.


Earlier reports revealed that antioxidant herbs might be promising in reducing stress [6, 24, 27] . F. vulgare extract scavenged the lipid peroxide free radicals in a concentration dependent manner in both liver and brain homogenates of the rats. The concentration needed for 50% inhibition of lipid peroxides was lower in brain homogenates when compared to liver homogenates suggesting that F. vulgare has potential effects on central nervous system. In both liver and brain homogenates, F. vulgare showed higher lipid peroxide inhibition activity than that of a known antioxidant, ascorbic acid.

Earlier reports revealed that antioxidant herbs might be promising in reducing stress.


Tuberculosis causes a high burden of disease world wide especially in low and middle income countries, despite the availability of efficacious treatment [1] . Tuberculosis treatment revolves around the DOTS strategy [2, 3] . Based on empirical studies as well as prognostic modelling studies, the strategy is considered to be cost-effective despite considerable investments to start-up DOTS [4, 5] . An enduring challenge is how to ensure that tuberculosis patients find their way to tuberculosis treatment. Lack of community awareness and patient knowledge about tuberculosis and its management have been mentioned by other researchers as obstructing factors [6, 7] . Besides these patient factors, health services factors may be obstructing the road to tuberculosis treatment as well [8] . In this respect, insufficient human resources, lack of diagnostic facilities are some of the known barriers. As a consequence, patients may spend an unnecessary length of time before reaching tuberculosis treatment, resulting in worse outcomes and an increased risk of disease transmission. Internationally, efforts have been made to improve the general health services for patients with lung diseases, including tuberculosis. One example is WHO's Practical Approach to Lung Health (PAL) [9] [10] [11] . PAL aims at improving the skills of general primary health care workers and introduces clinical practice guidelines and an implementation strategy. This also includes improving the adequacy of the referral of suspected tuberculosis cases. PAL was recently evaluated in several countries, including Nepal.

Tuberculosis causes a high burden of disease world wide especially in low and middle income countries, despite the availability of efficacious treatment.

Tuberculosis treatment revolves around the DOTS strategy.

Based on empirical studies as well as prognostic modelling studies, the strategy is considered to be cost-effective despite considerable investments to start-up DOTS.

Lack of community awareness and patient knowledge about tuberculosis and its management have been mentioned by other researchers as obstructing factors.

Besides these patient factors, health services factors may be obstructing the road to tuberculosis treatment as well.

One example is WHO's Practical Approach to Lung Health (PAL).


Methods for the analysis of oxyhalides (and inorganic disinfection by-products) in drinking water are usually based on ion chromatography (IC) with conductivity detection [4] [5] [6] . With a large volume injection (hundreds of microliters) and high performance anion electrolytic suppressor, the detection limits of oxyhalides vary between 2 to 10 ng/ml. The LOD can be decreased below 1 ng/ml by use of a postcolumn reaction (e.g., odianisidine, chlorpramazine as post-column reagent) and photometric detection or by pre-concentration of sample (a microwave based evaporation technique).

Methods for the analysis of oxyhalides (and inorganic disinfection by-products) in drinking water are usually based on ion chromatography (IC) with conductivity detection.


Nafion has been used as a medium for dispersion of CNTs in aqueous solution [21, 22] . By the combination of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) and Nafion, a stable electroanalytical nanocomposite film of MWCNTNafion can be prepared by a simple solvent casting process. MWCNT-Nafion-modified glassy carbon electrodes have been applied to electroanalytical applications [23, 24] . The aim of this study is to electrodeposite PtRu nanoparticles in MWCNT-Nafion nanocomposite in order to improve its electrocatalytic behavior for the methanol electrooxidation. The effect of the atomic composition of PtRu on the electrocatalytic ability towards the electrochemical oxidation of methanol is investigated and discussed.

Nafion has been used as a medium for dispersion of CNTs in aqueous solution.

MWCNT-Nafion-modified glassy carbon electrodes have been applied to electroanalytical applications.


Currently, the cost of PET is relatively high; some studies did not encourage it before thyroid surgery [26, 27] . However, there remained other reasons to consider despite this cost-effectiveness. As in larger lesions, the complication rates can be higher (because of extension toward the large vessels, trachea, or recurrent laryngeal nerve), and these patients may benefit most from reassurance of a true-negative PET [23] .

Currently, the cost of PET is relatively high; some studies did not encourage it before thyroid surgery.

As in larger lesions, the complication rates can be higher (because of extension toward the large vessels, trachea, or recurrent laryngeal nerve), and these patients may benefit most from reassurance of a true-negative PET.


Cloisite 30B is methyl, tallow, bis-2 hydroxyethyl, quaternary ammonium, where tallow is 65% C18, 30% C16, and 5% C14. Clay minerals are widely used materials in drug products as delivery agents [22] . Montmorillonite (MMT) can provide mucoadhesive capability for the nanoparticle to cross the gastrointestinal (GI) barrier [23] . MMT is also a potent detoxifier, which belongs to the structural family of 2:1 phyllosilicate. MMT could absorb dietary toxins, bacterial toxins associated with gastrointestinal disturbance, hydrogen ions in acidosis and metabolic toxins such as steroidal metabolites associated with pregnancy [24] .

Clay minerals are widely used materials in drug products as delivery agents.

Montmorillonite (MMT) can provide mucoadhesive capability for the nanoparticle to cross the gastrointestinal (GI) barrier.

MMT could absorb dietary toxins, bacterial toxins associated with gastrointestinal disturbance, hydrogen ions in acidosis and metabolic toxins such as steroidal metabolites associated with pregnancy.


Curcumin is a hydrophobic polyphenol derived from turmeric: the rhizome of the herb Curcuma longa. Chemically, it is a bis-a, b-unsaturated diketone (commonly called diferuloylmethane) that exhibits keto-enol tautomerism, having a predominant keto form in acidic and neutral solutions and a stable enol form in alkaline media. Commercial curcumin is a mixture of curcuminoids, containing approximately 77% diferuloylmethane, 18% demethoxycurcumin, and 5% bisdemethoxycurcumin [25] [26] [27] . Traditionally, turmeric and other curcuminoids have been used in therapeutic preparations for various ailments in different parts of the world. Numerous therapeutic effects of curcumin/turmeric have been confirmed by modern scientific research. Herein, we present a systematic review of the clinical and experimental data on the use of curcumin in the treatment of cancer [28] . Curcumin possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antimicrobial properties, and suppresses proliferation of a wide variety of tumor cells. Several clinical trials dealing with cancer have addressed the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of curcumin in humans. Despite extensive research and development, poor solubility of curcumin in aqueous solution remains a major barrier in its bioavailability and clinical efficacy. Being hydrophobic in nature, it is insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide, and acetone. To increase its solubility and bioavailability, attempts have been made through encapsulation in liposomes, polymeric and lipo-NPs, biodegradable microspheres, cyclodextrin, and hydrogels [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] .

Commercial curcumin is a mixture of curcuminoids, containing approximately 77% diferuloylmethane, 18% demethoxycurcumin, and 5% bisdemethoxycurcumin.

Herein, we present a systematic review of the clinical and experimental data on the use of curcumin in the treatment of cancer.

To increase its solubility and bioavailability, attempts have been made through encapsulation in liposomes, polymeric and lipo-NPs, biodegradable microspheres, cyclodextrin, and hydrogels.


Carrier-mediated drug delivery has emerged as a powerful methodology for the treatment of various pathologies. The therapeutic index of traditional and novel drugs is enhanced via the increase of specificity due to targeting of drugs to a particular tissue, cell or intracellular compartment, the control over release kinetics, the protection of the active agent or a combination of the above. Polymer composites were proposed as drug carriers over 30 years ago and have received growing attention since, mainly due to their stability, enhanced loading capabilities and control over physicochemical properties [1] [2] . In addition to systemic administration, localized drug release may be achieved using macroscopic drug depots close to the target site. Among various systems considered for this approach, in situ-forming biomaterials in response to environmental stimuli have gained considerable attention, due to thenon-invasive character, reduction of side effects associated with systemic administration and better control over biodistribution [3] . In recent years biodegradable polymers have attracted attention of researchers to be used as carriers for drug delivery systems.

Polymer composites were proposed as drug carriers over 30 years ago and have received growing attention since, mainly due to their stability, enhanced loading capabilities and control over physicochemical properties.

Among various systems considered for this approach, in situ-forming biomaterials in response to environmental stimuli have gained considerable attention, due to thenon-invasive character, reduction of side effects associated with systemic administration and better control over biodistribution.


Chitosan (Cs) is a natural polysaccharide formed during the deacetylation of chitin in alkaline condition. It comprises an unbranched chain consisting of β-(1, 4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose, and it is a unique basic linear polysaccharide [4, [7] [8] [9] . The hydrophilicity of the polymer due to amine functionality in most repeat units makes the polymer soluble in dilute acid [10] . Chitosan is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industry and in biotechnology. This polysaccharide has been extensively studied in the field of biomaterials and because of its biological properties, biodegradability, bioactivity and biocompatibility it has attracted much attention [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . Polymer blending is one of the useful ways to have new material with required properties and there have been great scientific and commercial progress in the area of polymer blends. This was driven by the realization that new molecules are not always required to meet the need for new materials and blending can usually be implemented more rapidly and economically than the development of new materials [17, 18] .

It comprises an unbranched chain consisting of β-(1, 4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose, and it is a unique basic linear polysaccharide.

The hydrophilicity of the polymer due to amine functionality in most repeat units makes the polymer soluble in dilute acid.

This polysaccharide has been extensively studied in the field of biomaterials and because of its biological properties, biodegradability, bioactivity and biocompatibility it has attracted much attention.

This was driven by the realization that new molecules are not always required to meet the need for new materials and blending can usually be implemented more rapidly and economically than the development of new materials.


Blends of synthetic and natural polymers represent a new class of materials and have attracted much attention especially in bioapplication as biomaterial. The success of synthetic polymers as biomaterial relies mainly on their wide range of mechanical properties, transformation processes that allow a variety of different shapes to be easily obtained and low production costs [2] . Biological polymers represent good biocompatibility but their mechanical properties are often poor, the necessity of preserving biological properties complicates their processability and their production costs are very high [19, 20] . It is favorable that intermolecular interaction exists between two polymer species. Hydrophilicity of the synthetic polymers has great influence on the blend preparation and properties. Surface and bulk hydrophilicity of blended polymers affect mainly their biological behaviour. Bulk hydrophilicity of polymers may be studied by water uptake ratio, and surface hydrophilicity could be measured by surface tension and water contact angle. The PVA is a hydrophilic and water-soluble polymer and chitosan contains hydroxyl and amine groups. Some aspects, of their blend properties have been studied [21] .

The success of synthetic polymers as biomaterial relies mainly on their wide range of mechanical properties, transformation processes that allow a variety of different shapes to be easily obtained and low production costs.

Biological polymers represent good biocompatibility but their mechanical properties are often poor, the necessity of preserving biological properties complicates their processability and their production costs are very high.

Some aspects, of their blend properties have been studied.


Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) PSCs have been paid much attention as candidates for sustainable solar energy converters because of their unique advantages of low cost, light weight, large area, and simple solution-based fabrication with mechanical flexibility. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) has been extensively enhanced using low-bandgap materials, optimizing the device structures and controlling the morphology of active layers [1] [2] [3] [4] . Although the reported PCEs nearly meet the initial requirements for commercial applications, the poor stability of the PSCs is still a major barrier to realize the commercialization [5] [6] [7] [8] . Improvements are necessary to enhance the stability of these devices.

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) has been extensively enhanced using low-bandgap materials, optimizing the device structures and controlling the morphology of active layers.

Although the reported PCEs nearly meet the initial requirements for commercial applications, the poor stability of the PSCs is still a major barrier to realize the commercialization.


Reconfigurability is an engineering technology that can help realize rapid, cost-effective responses to market and product changes [8] . Systematic and continuous design and acceleration are the cornerstones of the RMS concept and will appear often throughout its life cycle [6] . Much research has been done on problems related to RMSs [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . The reconfigurability of a printing system is mainly reflected in its ability to change production paths based on product requirements and related environmental changes. Here, "environment" mainly refers to the status of the printing press, material reserves, changes in material interaction and temperature, and humidity in the workshop. This article discusses the design of a contextualized intelligent printing system that can intelligently, dynamically, and quickly configure and organize all kinds of manufacturing systems based on different printed product features.

Reconfigurability is an engineering technology that can help realize rapid, cost-effective responses to market and product changes.

Systematic and continuous design and acceleration are the cornerstones of the RMS concept and will appear often throughout its life cycle.

Much research has been done on problems related to RMSs.


Recent numerical simulations on the evolution of orbital debris populations in low-Earth orbit (LEO, 200 to 2000 km altitude) indicate that the population has reached a point where the environment is unstable and population growth is inevitable [1] [2] . The main conclusion from the two studies is that even if no further space launches were conducted, the Earth satellite population would remain relatively constant for only the next 50 years or so. Beyond that, the debris population would begin to increase noticeably due to the production of collisional debris. In reality, the satellite population growth in LEO will undoubtedly be worse than the studies indicate, since spacecraft and their orbital stages will continue to be launched into space and unexpected major breakups may continue to occur. Postmission disposal of vehicles, such as limiting postmission orbital lifetimes to less than 25 years, can certainly slow down the population growth [3] [4] [5] . However, this mitigation measure will be insufficient to prevent further growth of the Earth satellite population. To better preserve the near-Earth environment for future space activities, other alternatives must be considered.

Recent numerical simulations on the evolution of orbital debris populations in low-Earth orbit (LEO, 200 to 2000 km altitude) indicate that the population has reached a point where the environment is unstable and population growth is inevitable.

Postmission disposal of vehicles, such as limiting postmission orbital lifetimes to less than 25 years, can certainly slow down the population growth.


By borrowing from the resource-based theory, authors in the strategic management literature seem to have found a general consensus about the performance implications of business diversification, where a 'business' may refer both to a product (product diversification) or a geographic area in which the firm is operative (international diversification). In particular, when examining financial performance indicators, most of empirical studies have shown that business diversification is positive for firms only up to a certain point. Past a certain level diversification seems to cause performance problems (Hitt et al. 1997; Palich et al. 2000) . The reasons for this curvilinear inverted U-shape relationship can be synthesized as follows. A firm must coordinate different businesses if it is to capture economies of scale and scope and the advantages of diversification. When business diversification is limited, most firms are able to manage their resources efficiently and achieve several positive outcomes from them. However, this becomes increasingly complex when the portfolio includes many businesses. Managerial complexity increases because each product represents a unique mixture of competitive structures, customers and resources. Therefore, moderate levels of business diversification may present the optimal balance of the costs and benefits.

Past a certain level diversification seems to cause performance problems.


The relationship between business diversification and the firm's economic performance has become a particularly prominent issue in the strategic management literature with the development of the resource-based view of the firm. Resource-based theory argues that shared strategic assets or resources within corporate portfolios are critical to firm performance, and corporate strategy relies upon scope economies of that type among businesses (Peteraf 1993) . However, possessing valuable and inimitable resources in a business portfolio is a necessary but insufficient condition to achieve a competitive advantage. Those valuable resources must also be managed effectively to increase performances (Barney, Arikan 2001; Dhaoui 2008; Sirmon et al. 2007) .

Resource-based theory argues that shared strategic assets or resources within corporate portfolios are critical to firm performance, and corporate strategy relies upon scope economies of that type among businesses.

Those valuable resources must also be managed effectively to increase performances.


Physical education classes provide the school children with numerous benefits such as increased ability to move, physical fitness, new information on health issues, positive social skills and important life skills (Pangrazi & Beighle, 2009) . Physical education classes also have essential social functions that help individuals become happy, peaceful, responsible and confident citizens with respectable social status. Additionally, the role of physical education classes in gaining physical exercise habits, embracing sports as a life philosophy, and achieving athletic success internationally is a fact that cannot be underestimated (Dalkiran & Tuncel, 2007) . The modern understanding of physical education focuses on the development of all individuals in a society through participation in physical activities while concurrently adhering to major contemporary philosophical schools in education and psychology (Lumpkin, 2005) . Therefore, in accordance with these theories such as educational progressivism, essentialism, social reconstructivism and perennialism, physical education instruction is differentiated for various age groups and grade levels. For instance in Turkey-based on early 20 th century American curricula-, between ages six and nine the basic physical education activities are comprised of fundamental moves such as climbing, jumping, and playing simple games that require basic motor skills. In older age groups, however, sports activities are geared towards involvement in various team sports and individual sports such as swimming, gymnastics, and track-and-field (Aggon & Yazici, 2010; Lumpkin, 2005; Siedentop, 2001) .

Physical education classes provide the school children with numerous benefits such as increased ability to move, physical fitness, new information on health issues, positive social skills and important life skills.

Additionally, the role of physical education classes in gaining physical exercise habits, embracing sports as a life philosophy, and achieving athletic success internationally is a fact that cannot be underestimated.

The modern understanding of physical education focuses on the development of all individuals in a society through participation in physical activities while concurrently adhering to major contemporary philosophical schools in education and psychology.

In older age groups, however, sports activities are geared towards involvement in various team sports and individual sports such as swimming, gymnastics, and track-and-field.


This study utilized the survey method that is used most commonly in descriptive research models (Thomas & Nelson, 1996) . In the survey method, samples consist of large groups, and each member of the group is asked about his/her opinions in order to learn attitudes on a case, fact or a situation. Researchers try to describe the facts or situations as they are and in their respective conditions (Karakaya, 2009; Karasar, 2005) .

This study utilized the survey method that is used most commonly in descriptive research models.

Researchers try to describe the facts or situations as they are and in their respective conditions.


An intriguing possibility is that there may be a proliferation of IR singular quantum effects in curved spacetime backgrounds in 3+1 dimensions with horizons. These need not be limited to asymptotically AdS spacetimes or to strictly planar horizons. It may be interesting to explore cosmological applications [25, 26] . The 'membrane paradigm' approach to horizons may naturally provide the necessary light hydrodynamic modes. Similarly to what we have seen in this paper, sending these modes around quantum loops may lead to effects familiar from 2+1 dimensional finite temperature physics in flat space. For instance, the shear viscosity diverges in 2+1 dimensions [27] .

It may be interesting to explore cosmological applications.

For instance, the shear viscosity diverges in 2+1 dimensions.


In the present study, we have continuously fabricated fibers made of PICs of natural polysaccharides, CS and CHI, by utilizing microfluidic techniques. Model experiments using the CHI solution as the core solution and pure water as the sheath solution showed that stable laminar flows were formed when the differences in the face velocity between the core flow and the sheath flow were small ( Figure S2 ). Under optimal flow conditions, it was also confirmed that stable laminar flow was formed at both the point where the two flows merged ( Figure S3a ) and the terminus of the device ( Figure S3b ). As expected, hollow fibers were formed by using ultrapure water as a solvent of the sheath solution (Fig. 2c, e) . It was assumed that water-insoluble PICs were rapidly formed at the interface between the core and the sheath flows and blocked further mass transport across the PIC layers, resulting in the formation of hollow fibers (the details will be discussed below). By contrast, core-filled, Dashed lines show that the position of the peak originated from NH 3 + , which is also denoted by an asterisk (*) in (c) and (d) solid fibers were formed by using 20% ethanol as the solvent of the sheath solution (Fig. 2d, f) . It has been reported that formation of PIC through electrostatic interaction was weakened in organic solvent such as ethanol [28] . Therefore, CS could diffuse into the more inner region of the core flow in the presence of ethanol, resulting in the formation of homogeneous solid fibers. Preparation of hollow fibers using microfluidics sometimes requires the use of a special device such as the device that generates double-coaxial laminar flows [2, 22] . On the other hand, the present results clearly showed that both hollow and solid fibers made of PICs were successfully prepared on demand using the same microfluidic device. SEM images (Fig. 3) indicated that both hollow and solid fibers swelled in solutions when prepared and could be handled while maintaining their morphologies in the dry state. FT-IR spectra indicated that both hollow and solid fibers had similar chemical composition and were made of PICs of CS and CHI (Fig. 4) .

It has been reported that formation of PIC through electrostatic interaction was weakened in organic solvent such as ethanol.

Preparation of hollow fibers using microfluidics sometimes requires the use of a special device such as the device that generates double-coaxial laminar flows.


This exact model form premise, which brings up the third factor, is routinely violated through unavoidable assumptions, approximations, and idealizations that must be established in common engineering problems caused by the unavoidable lack of knowledge. One such example of a lack of knowledge is assuming a linear behavior for a system, whereas the dominant behavior is indeed nonlinear. Many such examples can be listed in practical engineering problems. Invariably, models are inexact and model form error exists because of the inaccuracy and incompleteness as to how engineering principles are modeled. Such ubiquitous inexactness results from various sources. For structural engineering problems, for instance, these sources include but are not limited to approximations of the geometry, assumptions of idealized constitutive behavior, and the implementation of idealized boundary and/or initial conditions. The degree to which established assumptions and modeling decisions are incorrect determines the severity of the structural uncertainty (also known as model form error). Therefore, solely calibrating the input parameters of a model to better match the experiments without considering structural uncertainty may yield mathematically viable but physically incorrect solutions. The danger is that errors could be compensating for each other, in which case, the model parameters may be tuned to incorrect values that result in a model which seemingly reproduces the experimental data. Because this third factor is more difficult to reconcile than parameter uncertainty, it has been frequently overlooked in the published literature (Trucano et al. 2006) .

Because this third factor is more difficult to reconcile than parameter uncertainty, it has been frequently overlooked in the published literature.


Although the overwhelming majority regarded educational competence as a necessary skill, they did not obtain it and did not belong to the Adult Trainer Sub-Register. Those remarkable conclusions confirmed the necessity to provide quality and objectivity in Adult Education (Sotiropoulou, 2008) . It was admitted that the participation in training seminars and the presence of certification offered by EOPPEP updated the trainer to seize the opportunity to be developed (Tsopozidou, 2014) . EOPPEP is the first established and organized effort of the Greek state being in a developmental stage (Savvaki, 2016) . Moreover, obtaining educational competence prioritized an adult trainer. EOPPEP proved to be the only organization in our country that promoted professional development, gave prestige and clarified the different concept of adult education. Certification was estimated to lead to socio-economic development, making necessary to alter the underestimated view on adult education due to the existence of unilateral actions.

Those remarkable conclusions confirmed the necessity to provide quality and objectivity in Adult Education.

It was admitted that the participation in training seminars and the presence of certification offered by EOPPEP updated the trainer to seize the opportunity to be developed.

EOPPEP is the first established and organized effort of the Greek state being in a developmental stage.


Life long or continuing learning during adulthood is considered a global phenomenon, sourcing from the rapid changes occurring in the technological, scientific and sociopolitical contexts (Tsopozidou, 2014) . An adult educator is one of the fundamental elements of the non formal educational system. Therefore, a significant voluminous Greek and international literacy is available concerning this complex term. Many academics such as Jarvis, Rogers, Courau etc, attempted to conceptualize the educator"s professional identity and to elucidate the required qualifications.

Life long or continuing learning during adulthood is considered a global phenomenon, sourcing from the rapid changes occurring in the technological, scientific and sociopolitical contexts.


The ABJM model is an N = 6 supersymmetric U(N) × U(N) Chern-Simons theory with opposite levels coupled to matter [1] . Like its cousin N = 4 super Yang-Mills in four dimensions, its two point functions of single trace operators map to an integrable system in the planar limit [2] [3] [4] [5] . For N = 4 SYM, the integrability has been used as a powerful tool to interpolate between strong and weak coupling, where one can see the perturbative behavior of the gauge theory morph into the stringy behavior expected from the AdS/CFT conjecture [6, 7] .

The ABJM model is an N = 6 supersymmetric U(N) × U(N) Chern-Simons theory with opposite levels coupled to matter.

Like its cousin N = 4 super Yang-Mills in four dimensions, its two point functions of single trace operators map to an integrable system in the planar limit.

For N = 4 SYM, the integrability has been used as a powerful tool to interpolate between strong and weak coupling, where one can see the perturbative behavior of the gauge theory morph into the stringy behavior expected from the AdS/CFT conjecture.


Alternatively, one could also apply the superspace formalism to four loops but beyond the SU(2) ×SU (2) sector. This would not give us further information on h 2 (λ, σ), but it would provide a check of higher-loop integrability in both ABJM and ABJ models. One reason that integrability in the ABJ case is not assured is because at strong coupling a nonzero σ would correspond to a nonzero θ-angle for the world-sheet, which is normally thought to destroy integrability. However, at the lowest order in perturbation theory, the spin-chain is integrable in all sectors, even when σ = 0 [10, 11] . It would be interesting to see how this plays out at higher loops.

However, at the lowest order in perturbation theory, the spin-chain is integrable in all sectors, even when σ = 0.


The FRT represents a highly specialized and complex anatomical site where initial infection occurs following intravaginal exposure [25] [26] [27] . Therefore, we used immunohistochemistry to determine whether human lymphocytes and other cells important for HIV-1 infection were present in the vagina, ectocervix, endocervix, and uterus after reconstitution of BLT mice with human HSC. All populations of human cells necessary for HIV-1 infection (CD4 þ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells) were found to be abundant throughout the FRT of BLT mice ( Figure 1 ). Specifically, human CD4 þ cells were distributed throughout the FRT. Also, human CD68 þ monocyte/macrophage cells and clusters of human CD11c þ dendritic cells were identified throughout the FRT. Together, these data establish that in situ differentiation of human HSC leads to reconstitution of the FRT of BLT mice with the human hematopoietic cells relevant to mucosal HIV-1 transmission [28] [29] [30] . We then tested the susceptibility of humanized BLT mice to transmission of HIV-1 administered intravaginally. Prior to HIV-1 exposure, we analyzed the peripheral blood of all humanized BLT mice to be used in our study (8 to 12 wk posttransplant) and determined that, on average, slightly more than half (51.9% 6 7.2%) of all circulating peripheral blood cells were of human origin. We inoculated BLT mice (n ¼ 8) with a single dose of cell-free HIV-1 (CCR5-tropic primary isolate JR-CSF [18] ). BLT mice that did not receive HIV-1 (n ¼ 6) were used as naive controls. In addition, we assessed intravaginal HIV-1 transmission in BLT mice administered a 7-d course of antiretroviral drugs (n ¼ 5). We used emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) because of potency, daily dosing, and favorable profiles for both toxicity and viral resistance [31] . FTC/TDF was administered 2 d prior to intravaginal inoculation, 3 h prior to inoculation, and for 4 d postinoculation. Whereas 88% (7/8) of BLT mice inoculated with HIV-1 became infected ( Figure  2A : Chi square ¼ 7.5, df ¼ 1, p ¼ 0.006), none of the animals (0/ 5) that received FTC/TDF showed evidence of infection (Figure 2A and 2B).

The FRT represents a highly specialized and complex anatomical site where initial infection occurs following intravaginal exposure.

Together, these data establish that in situ differentiation of human HSC leads to reconstitution of the FRT of BLT mice with the human hematopoietic cells relevant to mucosal HIV-1 transmission.

We inoculated BLT mice (n ¼ 8) with a single dose of cell-free HIV-1 (CCR5-tropic primary isolate JR-CSF).

We used emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) because of potency, daily dosing, and favorable profiles for both toxicity and viral resistance.


Without an effective vaccine on the horizon, alternative strategies are urgently needed to prevent the further spread of AIDS. Development and efficacy testing of microbicides and other preventive strategies, such as antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis, necessitate animal models [2] [3] [4] [5] . Currently, the only surrogate animal model used to study intravaginal HIV transmission are macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or SIV/HIV (SHIV) chimeric viruses [6, 7] . This model recapitulates several aspects of human infection, but does not support HIV-1 replication. In addition, the expense of non-human primate experiments is high, the availability of animals (especially females) is limited, and variations in host susceptibility along with disease progression occur because non-human primate colonies are outbred. Consequently, there is significant need to develop animal models to investigate measures to prevent intravaginal HIV-1 transmission.

Development and efficacy testing of microbicides and other preventive strategies, such as antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis, necessitate animal models.

Currently, the only surrogate animal model used to study intravaginal HIV transmission are macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or SIV/HIV (SHIV) chimeric viruses.


Waveguide probes, whether coaxial, rectangular, or circular, have been extensively researched. Existing applications of waveguide probes include subsurface crack detection; electromagnetic characterization of materials, especially liquids and biological tissue; and microwave hyperthermia treatment [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . Nearly all published waveguide probe research focuses on obtaining the reflection coefficient, using a single probe, from an unknown material. While this arrangement is perfect for nondestructively determining complex permittivity of an unknown dielectric, it fails when one wants to fully characterize a magnetic material. Several researchers have developed methods -two thickness method, frequency varying method, and sample added methodto overcome this shortfall; however, these techniques are not always applicable [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . A suitable alternative would be a system which allows the measurement of reflection and transmission coefficients since such measurements are independent over all wavelengths and are the most efficient means of simultaneously determining permittivity and permeability [20] . The focus of this paper is the development of such a system.

Existing applications of waveguide probes include subsurface crack detection; electromagnetic characterization of materials, especially liquids and biological tissue; and microwave hyperthermia treatment.

Several researchers have developed methods -two thickness method, frequency varying method, and sample added methodto overcome this shortfall; however, these techniques are not always applicable.

A suitable alternative would be a system which allows the measurement of reflection and transmission coefficients since such measurements are independent over all wavelengths and are the most efficient means of simultaneously determining permittivity and permeability.


The main contribution of the flanged waveguides technique is that it allows for the simultaneous measurement of reflection and transmission coefficients. Since reflection and transmission coefficients are independent over all wavelengths and are the most efficient means of determining both permittivity and permeability of a material, the ability to simultaneously measure these parameters is a major enhancement over existing single probe methods [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . Another beneficial aspect of the flanged waveguides technique is in sample preparation. Compared with traditional waveguide methods, which require samples to be machined, fully-fill the waveguide cross section, and be normal to the guiding axis, the flanged waveguides technique only requires that samples be lossy enough, or the flanges large enough, to ensure negligible two-way reflection error. The flanged waveguides technique's most promising application would be in the RF materials industry. Its ability to nondestructively measure permittivity and permeability of large sheets of magnetic material would be invaluable as a quality assurance tool.

Since reflection and transmission coefficients are independent over all wavelengths and are the most efficient means of determining both permittivity and permeability of a material, the ability to simultaneously measure these parameters is a major enhancement over existing single probe methods.


In this paper, a nondestructive technique for determining both complex permittivity and permeability of magnetic sheet materials using two flanged rectangular waveguides was presented. This paper began with a theoretical analysis of the measurement geometry in Figure 1 . It was shown that replacing the waveguide apertures with equivalent magnetic currents, in accordance with Love's Equivalence Principle, resulted in a system of coupled MFIEs. This system was then transformed into a matrix equation using the MoM. It was also shown that the spatial integrals of the matrix elements can be evaluated in closed-form and one of the spectral integrals can be represented as an infinite series using complex plane integration. This resulting analysis accelerated convergence and led to enhanced physical insight. Lastly, this paper concluded with experimental results of two magnetic materials comparing the technique to traditional destructive waveguide methods [23, 24] .

Lastly, this paper concluded with experimental results of two magnetic materials comparing the technique to traditional destructive waveguide methods.


Methods other than GLM may better account for the complex effects in these new forms of HR data. On the one hand, organizational entities are hierarchical structures which causes the effects of HRM to occur at and across different levels of analysis simultaneously (Hitt, Beamish, Jackson, & Mathieu, 2007; Wright & Nishii, 2007) . On the other hand, as measurement happens on a more continuous basis, HR data structures often consist of many observations nested within subjects over prolonged periods of time (Angrave et al., 2016; Bersin, 2015) . Acknowledging the above, scholars have been increasingly moving from GLM applied at a single level of analysis towards multi-level techniques (Boselie, Dietz, & Boon, 2005; Sanders, Cogin, & Bainbridge, 2014; Snape & Redman, 2010) . However, the most commonly applied multilevel methods do not work well when examining bottom-up effects, linking individual phenomena to organizational-level outcomes, and they can become overly complex when examining multiple, potentially categorical, variables simultaneously and over prolonged periods of time.

On the one hand, organizational entities are hierarchical structures which causes the effects of HRM to occur at and across different levels of analysis simultaneously.

On the other hand, as measurement happens on a more continuous basis, HR data structures often consist of many observations nested within subjects over prolonged periods of time.

Acknowledging the above, scholars have been increasingly moving from GLM applied at a single level of analysis towards multi-level techniques.


Pickled cabbage generates a large amount of lactic acid mainly by the fermentation of lactobacillus rather than the osmotic pressure of the salt to inhibit the corruption of microorganism. The pickled cabbage uses the saltwater at low concentration or small amount of salt to preserve various fresh vegetables. After fermented by the lactobacillus, it can be made into a kind of sour salted product. As long as the lactate content reaches a certain concentration and makes the product isolated from the air, it can reach the objective of long storage. The salt content of the pickled cabbage is 2 to 4% and it is a kind of low-salt food. Generally speaking, the fiber-rich vegetables or fruits can be made into the pickled cabbage, like cabbage, Chinese cabbage, carrot, white radish, garlic, verdant, cuke, onion, cabbage, etc., (Lim-Chi et al., 2009) . After the pickling and seasonings, the vegetable can have the special flavor and many people regard as a kind of common edible garnish. Therefore, living in the environment with guaranteed food, the modern people are still able to make the pickles. The pickle shadow scatters at all over the world and the flavor varies for different regional variations. The pickled vegetable is rich in the lactobacillus to help digestion. However, making the pickled cabbage has a certain rules, just as it cannot touch the raw water or oil; otherwise it is easy to be corrupted. If eating the contaminated pickled cabbage, it is easy to have diarrhea or food poisoning (Feng-Di et al., 2007) .

Generally speaking, the fiber-rich vegetables or fruits can be made into the pickled cabbage, like cabbage, Chinese cabbage, carrot, white radish, garlic, verdant, cuke, onion, cabbage, etc..

If eating the contaminated pickled cabbage, it is easy to have diarrhea or food poisoning.


Poultry production has remained the main stay of the Nigeria livestock production industry and a major contributor to the economy and the gross national product (GNP). It is however unfortunate that currently, there is a paucity of information regarding the prevalence of endoparasites of chickens and turkeys in study area, despite its numerous importance. For a fast growing economy like Nigeria, however, there is a need to continually revalidate existing data on the health of chickens and turkeys at regular intervals. In addition, as co-factors in other poultry diseases, the knowledge of their prevalence is essential in understanding the epidemiology control measures [1] .

In addition, as co-factors in other poultry diseases, the knowledge of their prevalence is essential in understanding the epidemiology control measures.


The poultry industry occupies an important position in the provision of animal protein (meat and egg) to man and generally plays a vital role in the national economy as a revenue provider. Chicken is one of the most intensively reared of the domesticated poultry species and the most developed and profitable animal production enterprise. Poultry production in Africa and parts of Asia is still distinctively divided into commercialized and village enterprise subsector, each with its peculiarities [1] .

Poultry production in Africa and parts of Asia is still distinctively divided into commercialized and village enterprise subsector, each with its peculiarities.