In recent years, as an advanced system with high autonomy, UAVs have been widely applied in the fields of both civilian and military. When a single UAV accomplishes tasks individually, it will be more likely to reduce mission success, due to its limited information accessing ability. In comparison, multiple UAVs collaborating with each other maintain a certain formation during the flight, which provides them with full access to environmental information, increases resistance to external attack capability, improves working efficiency and robustness of the system, and so forth, so it has attracted wide attention [1] [2] [3] . Formation flight is an important aspect of multiple UAVs cooperative control. When the formation shape maintains or changes according to the mission requirements, it is necessary to control the relative position, attitude, and speed between UAVs, and so forth. However, UAV's control system is a nonlinear coupling system, coupled with complex operational environment constraints, putting forward higher design requirement for formation controller. So it is essential to propose an effective control strategy to solve those problems.

In comparison, multiple UAVs collaborating with each other maintain a certain formation during the flight, which provides them with full access to environmental information, increases resistance to external attack capability, improves working efficiency and robustness of the system, and so forth, so it has attracted wide attention.


Patients with mixed P. vivax/P. falciparum infections in Indonesia were at greater risk of recurrent gametocytemia than those with vivax monoinfections. This contrasts with mixed species asexual infections in Thailand, which have been associated with a lower risk of P. falciparum gametocytemia [29] . In Indonesia, mixed infections are more severe than monoinfections with either species [3] . Malarial illness has been hypothesized to precipitate P. vivax relapses [9, 43, 44] . Therefore, the increased risk of recurrent gametocytemia following mixed infection may relate to greater pathophysiological derangement and hence greater stimulation of dormant liver-stage parasites. Alternatively, mixed infection in Indonesia may reflect poor immunity, which in turn is associated with a greater risk of relapse. As we made multiple comparisons, the possibility of a chance finding must also be considered.

This contrasts with mixed species asexual infections in Thailand, which have been associated with a lower risk of P. falciparum gametocytemia.

In Indonesia, mixed infections are more severe than monoinfections with either species.

Malarial illness has been hypothesized to precipitate P. vivax relapses.


The removal of the most abundant proteins from plasma increased the preparation time and moderate and low abundant proteins might be lost in this step due to non-specific binding. However, depletion could contribute to protecting the chromatographic system from overload, minimizing the matrix interferences and improve the analytical reproducibility. Our previous results showed that the depletion step did not significantly increase the variation of the sample preparation but in addition improved the measurement precision [30] .

Our previous results showed that the depletion step did not significantly increase the variation of the sample preparation but in addition improved the measurement precision.


The targets of the assay herein described are identical to the assay we reported earlier [28] . However, due to different instrumentation the assay parameters, such as transition selection, collision energy, and cycle time, were newly optimized. The triple quadrupole instrument allows us to monitor more transitions without losing the appropriate amount of data points across the peak and in addition, provides wider dynamic range and improved sensitivity. The reproducibility of the MRM assay performed on the TSQ Vantage instrument was considerably better than that in the previous assay executed on a linear ion trap instrument. The precision of the assay was dependent on protein concentration and on the concentration of the spiked internal standard. The relative standard deviation of the triplicate measurements was much lower when the concentration ratio of the endogenous compound and the corresponding internal standard was close to 1, as illustrated in Fig. 5 . This observation agrees well with the finding of Borchers' group [29] . The best precision was achieved by the measurements of C3 and CFB, where the average endogenous/standard ratios were kept at 2.3 and 0.5, respectively, while the poorest relative standard deviations were measured for CFH and CRP with average endogenous/standard ratios of 0.08 and 0.04, respectively.

The targets of the assay herein described are identical to the assay we reported earlier.

This observation agrees well with the finding of Borchers' group.


The acquired images need to be precisely aligned in 2D and 3D to enable further automatic and semi-automatic processing. For this, we apply a compute-intensive stitching mechanism [50] . This process needs to be monitored and debugged, and parameters need to be fine-tuned. During this process, we store each modification of the input data as a copy so that we can revert back to the original input.

For this, we apply a compute-intensive stitching mechanism.


Although more than half of this cohort was on ART for more than 2 years, only 6% of patients were tested for HIV viral load after 6 months of second-line therapy. This can explain the lower rates of virological failure and may indicate the under-diagnosis of second-line treatment failure. In addition, the evidence suggests that most of the second-line treatment failure cases are not actually resistant to second-line therapy in the initial years of treatment and they have high viral loads due to problems with drug adherence [26] .

In addition, the evidence suggests that most of the second-line treatment failure cases are not actually resistant to second-line therapy in the initial years of treatment and they have high viral loads due to problems with drug adherence.


Fern signs were faint in this victim due to his dark colored skin. The reason for the transient nature and exact mechanism is unknown [14] . In the current case, fern signs were found over the shoulders and the anterior abdominal wall. Although the temperatures associated with thermal injury are extremely high, the heat is rapidly dissipated and most resultant skin burns are superficial with little effect on deep tissue [15] . Although difficult to determine with certainty, injuries found in the current case were likely caused by a side flash mechanism, as the victim was mostly injured when charge from a nearby object or animal moved through the air to him. Other mechanisms are difficult to determine by analysis of the scene of death. In addition, absence of entry and exit wounds mostly exclude the direct strike as the main cause of death. In addition, erythema with some erosive lesions and denuded skin were scattered all over the body surface from the chin to the ankle with singed hair in different areas of the body, mainly in the pubis and over both forearms. Erythema seen in the current case was mainly steam burn due to steaming of the rainwater causing erythema with some areas of denuded skin.

The reason for the transient nature and exact mechanism is unknown.

Although the temperatures associated with thermal injury are extremely high, the heat is rapidly dissipated and most resultant skin burns are superficial with little effect on deep tissue.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common neoplasm in the world and the leading cause of death among cirrhotic patients. Any focal liver lesion in a patient with cirrhosis is suggestive of HCC. Alpha-fetoprotein assay is the most frequently used biochemical screening test, but its accuracy in detecting HCC remains poor. Early detection may allow curative treatment in 30-40 % of patients and therefore better survival results [1] . The most widely used radiological modality for screening is ultrasonography, which has a sensitivity of around 60 % (even though this is considerably lower for small nodules) [2, 3] . High-resolution contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer higher sensitivity: around 70 and 80 %, respectively [2, 4] . However, an additional 30-50 % of unknown intra-hepatic sites of HCC, mostly \2 cm in size, are found only at pathology after transplantation [2, 5] .

Early detection may allow curative treatment in 30-40 % of patients and therefore better survival results.

The most widely used radiological modality for screening is ultrasonography, which has a sensitivity of around 60 % (even though this is considerably lower for small nodules).

High-resolution contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer higher sensitivity: around 70 and 80 %, respectively.

However, an additional 30-50 % of unknown intra-hepatic sites of HCC, mostly \2 cm in size, are found only at pathology after transplantation.


SnS thin film solar cells with the structure glass/Mo/SnS/Zn(O,S)/ZnO/ITO were deposited by pulsed chemical vapor deposition (pulsed-CVD) followed by ALD deposition of a Zn(O,S) buffer layer [50] . A certified efficiency of 2.04% was obtained, with J sc = 19.4 mA/cm 2 , V oc = 244 mV, and FF = 43.0%. Upon optimization of the SnS absorber and Zn(O,S) buffer, the same group reported an improved cell efficiency of 2.9% [51] . Moreover, by depositing the SnS absorber via ALD and implementing a series of five solar cell optimization steps (aimed at reducing the photo-generated charge carriers' recombination) the same authors were able to achieve a record efficiency of 4.36% for SnS-based solar cells [10] . A slightly lower efficiency of 3.88% was obtained by the same group by vacuum evaporation [9, 52] . A small list of the best efficiencies reported in literature is shown in Table 1 .

SnS thin film solar cells with the structure glass/Mo/SnS/Zn(O,S)/ZnO/ITO were deposited by pulsed chemical vapor deposition (pulsed-CVD) followed by ALD deposition of a Zn(O,S) buffer layer.

Upon optimization of the SnS absorber and Zn(O,S) buffer, the same group reported an improved cell efficiency of 2.9%.

Moreover, by depositing the SnS absorber via ALD and implementing a series of five solar cell optimization steps (aimed at reducing the photo-generated charge carriers' recombination) the same authors were able to achieve a record efficiency of 4.36% for SnS-based solar cells.

A slightly lower efficiency of 3.88% was obtained by the same group by vacuum evaporation.


The properties of independence by higher order statistic are much stronger than the properties of un-correlatedness that form principle component analysis (PCA) based on the second order statistic [45] . The filters and features learning from PCA generates the spatially global properties (the whole) instead of the local properties (details, parts) based on ICA. In the brain and cognitive sciences, the cells firstly extract the essential local features accompanied with ignoring the shift and rotation transformation. Then a global structure is constructed with the combination of the local feature so as to improve the effectiveness in coping with practice issues.

The properties of independence by higher order statistic are much stronger than the properties of un-correlatedness that form principle component analysis (PCA) based on the second order statistic.


The fact that the text positioned next to the logos received a higher number of fixations and a longer amount of fixation compared to the Faces prototype supports the lower task completion time using the Faces prototype. This behavior suggests that the presence of faces allowed users to process the textual information needed for the task with less effort, leading to a lower fixation amount and duration. According to the theory of visual rhetoric, graphics can help to deliver a message more effectively [21] . The results indicate that, in our study, the images of faces were more effective than logos in delivering the intended message.

According to the theory of visual rhetoric, graphics can help to deliver a message more effectively.


Heat maps showed that, while users were attracted to the area in which images were located, there was little or no fixation on the images of the faces or logos themselves. Rather, there was fixation on the text next to images. The lack of direct fixation on images can be explained by the task-based nature of the study and web page. Literature provides evidence that, when completing tasks on a web page, users have fewer direct fixations on images than when they are browsing [26] .

Literature provides evidence that, when completing tasks on a web page, users have fewer direct fixations on images than when they are browsing.


The purpose of rehabilitation is to help the patient reach the highest level of function by preventing complications, reducing disability, and improving independence [8] . The ADL should be directly trained in order to improve the functional recovery after stroke, implying that therapy needs to be focused primarily on relearning functional skills that are relevant to individual patients. In practical terms this amounts to the administration of task-oriented therapy relevant to the patients' ADL [9] .

The purpose of rehabilitation is to help the patient reach the highest level of function by preventing complications, reducing disability, and improving independence.

In practical terms this amounts to the administration of task-oriented therapy relevant to the patients' ADL.


Edible berries have been a part of man's diet for centuries. Berries are one of the most important dietary sources of fibre and essential vitamins, minerals and vast number of phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides and flavan-3-ols [26, 33] . It has been reported that berry extracts have cardioprotective effects and beneficial effects on platelet aggregation, they are very effective inhibitors of low density lipoprotein oxidation and inhibitors of the growth of cultured cancer cells [3] . Research at the Scottish Crop Research Institute and the University of Ulster has shown that berry extracts can inhibit the initiation, progression, and invasiveness of colon cancer cells [40] . Different berry components are responsible for the inhibition of ␣-glucosidase and ␣-amylase, which suggests considerable potentiation of effects on blood glucose levels [34] . Similar effects on lipid digestion have been noted [35] .

Berries are one of the most important dietary sources of fibre and essential vitamins, minerals and vast number of phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides and flavan-3-ols.

It has been reported that berry extracts have cardioprotective effects and beneficial effects on platelet aggregation, they are very effective inhibitors of low density lipoprotein oxidation and inhibitors of the growth of cultured cancer cells.

Research at the Scottish Crop Research Institute and the University of Ulster has shown that berry extracts can inhibit the initiation, progression, and invasiveness of colon cancer cells.

Different berry components are responsible for the inhibition of ␣-glucosidase and ␣-amylase, which suggests considerable potentiation of effects on blood glucose levels.

Similar effects on lipid digestion have been noted.


Many of the human age-related degenerative diseases are associated with oxidative processes. Many edible plants are capable of producing natural chemopreventive compounds which have no synthetic counterparts and play a protective role in human health maintenance. It has been well established that many of the phytochemicals present in plant derived foods have antioxidant capacity, i.e. are able to remove damaging radical species, as shown by a range of in vitro assays. Fruits, vegetables and teas contain a wide range of antioxidant compounds, including phenolic compounds and vitamins [41] . Phenolic secondary metabolites play an important role in plant-derived food quality, as they affect quality characteristics such as appearance flavour and health-promoting properties.

Fruits, vegetables and teas contain a wide range of antioxidant compounds, including phenolic compounds and vitamins.


Biological properties of the bilberry fruit extract include antioxidant capacity, astringent and antiseptic properties, ability to decrease the permeability and fragility of capillaries, inhibition of platelet aggregation, inhibition of urinary tract infection and strengthening of collagen matrices via cross linkages [15] . Bilberry crude extracts are marketed as pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of both ophthalmological diseases and blood vessel disorders. More recently, they have been used for the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, and mouth and throat inflammations [48] .

Biological properties of the bilberry fruit extract include antioxidant capacity, astringent and antiseptic properties, ability to decrease the permeability and fragility of capillaries, inhibition of platelet aggregation, inhibition of urinary tract infection and strengthening of collagen matrices via cross linkages.

More recently, they have been used for the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, and mouth and throat inflammations.


Compounds present in the fruits of Vaccinium species are reported to have beneficial influence on human health [38, 44] . Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is a member of the Eriacaceae family and is also known as European blueberry, huckleberry, whortleberry or blueberry. Fruits of wild bilberry have a well-established role in pharmacognosy and it has been used as food for centuries, due to its high nutritive value [48] . Bilberry is a rich source of anthocyanins, and its extracts are extensively used in food/dietary supplements and pharmaceutical products.

Compounds present in the fruits of Vaccinium species are reported to have beneficial influence on human health.

Fruits of wild bilberry have a well-established role in pharmacognosy and it has been used as food for centuries, due to its high nutritive value.


The development of biosimilars offers many potential benefits to patients, physicians and healthcare providers, including enhanced affordability and increased access to expensive biological treatments. However, the arrival of biosimilars in the clinic has not been without debate, and several questions have been raised over their use [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . These concerns have focused on issues related to consistent product quality and efficacy, immunogenicity, safety, labelling, traceability, automatic substitution, and extrapolation to other indications. As it has been over 5 years since the first biosimilar was approved in Europe, it now seems an appropriate time to review the evidence relating to these topics. Here, we perform this task and report a pooled analysis of post-approval studies of Zarzio® used for the prevention of neutropenia in patients with cancer undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy.

However, the arrival of biosimilars in the clinic has not been without debate, and several questions have been raised over their use.


Frequency-derived measures were extracted from the results of the Welch's averaged modified periodogram method of spectral estimation performed on the acceleration data and used for assessment of stride-to-stride variability in PD patients and healthy controls in real-life settings [5] . They defined four parameters for the main peak of the power spectral density function: its frequency, the amplitude, the width at half of its amplitude and the slope from the point of the peak's maximum to the point of half of the peak's amplitude. Body motion of PD patients was also assessed by using a maximum-likelihoodestimator-based fractal analysis method for triaxial accelerometer data [6] . Freeze of gait in patients with PD was quantified from the power spectral density of the shank acceleration [7] . Researchers defined a new index, named Frequency Ratio as the square of the total power in the 3-8 Hz band, divided by the square of the total power in the 0.5-3 Hz band. Results showed that the defined parameter can be used for better differentiation between patients than traditional gait spatial measures.

Frequency-derived measures were extracted from the results of the Welch's averaged modified periodogram method of spectral estimation performed on the acceleration data and used for assessment of stride-to-stride variability in PD patients and healthy controls in real-life settings.

Body motion of PD patients was also assessed by using a maximum-likelihoodestimator-based fractal analysis method for triaxial accelerometer data.

Freeze of gait in patients with PD was quantified from the power spectral density of the shank acceleration.


The integrated multiwavelength DFB semiconductor laser array (MLA) is one of the most important elements in the photonic integrated circuits (PICs) [1] - [3] . For practical applications, accurate lasing wavelength of laser array is required to meet the ITU-T standard. With the increase of the channel number in the dense Wavelength Division Multiplex (DWDM) system, the wavelength spacing between two adjacent lasers becomes smaller and smaller, such as from 0.8 nm to 0.4 nm. Thus, each lasing wavelength needs to be controlled precisely. So the massive fabrication of such array is still a problem. Up to now, the most commonly used method is the electron beam lithography (EBL) [1] , [4] . It can accurately write the grating line by line to generate the complex grating patterns. But it is time consuming as well as of high cost. Besides, it is also limited by finite writing field and vulnerability to outside influences such as the temperature variation and vibration [5] . So it is still a challenge for EBL to exactly control wavelength spacing of two adjacent lasers. Therefore, the additional wavelength tuning is usually required in actual applications [6] , [7] . Some other methods are also proposed to fabricate the MLA, such as the asymmetric sampled grating, bent waveguide and varied waveguide width [3] , [8] , [9] . But both methods of bent waveguide and the varied waveguide width have very limited lasing wavelength range and are also lack of uniformities due to the different waveguide structures of each laser. As a result, it is hard to simultaneously realize flexibility, reliability and low cost with both methods.

The integrated multiwavelength DFB semiconductor laser array (MLA) is one of the most important elements in the photonic integrated circuits (PICs).

Up to now, the most commonly used method is the electron beam lithography (EBL).

Besides, it is also limited by finite writing field and vulnerability to outside influences such as the temperature variation and vibration.

Therefore, the additional wavelength tuning is usually required in actual applications.

Some other methods are also proposed to fabricate the MLA, such as the asymmetric sampled grating, bent waveguide and varied waveguide width.


The real revolution in mathematical physics in the second half of twentieth century (and in pure mathematics itself) was algebraic topology and algebraic geometry [1] . In the nineteenth century, mathematical physics was essentially the classical theory of ordinary and partial differential equations. The variational calculus, as a basic tool for physicists in theoretical mechanics, was seen with great reservation by mathematicians until Hilbert set up its rigorous foundation by pushing forward functional analysis. This marked the transition into the first half of twentieth century, where, under the influence of quantum mechanics and relativity, mathematical physics turned mainly into functional analysis, complemented by the theory of Lie groups and by tensor analysis. All branches of theoretical physics still can expect the strongest impacts from use of the unprecedented wealth of results of algebraic topology and algebraic geometry of the second half of twentieth century [1] .

The real revolution in mathematical physics in the second half of twentieth century (and in pure mathematics itself) was algebraic topology and algebraic geometry.

All branches of theoretical physics still can expect the strongest impacts from use of the unprecedented wealth of results of algebraic topology and algebraic geometry of the second half of twentieth century.


A statistical manifold, the Riemannian connection used to model the information, the fields of information geometry, as such a generalization of the Riemannian manifold equipped with a relatively new mathematics branch, uses the differential geometry tool to examine the statistical inference, information loss and prediction [6] . In 1975, The role of differential geometry in statistics was first emphasized by Efron [12] . Later, Amari used differential geometric tools to develop this idea [1] , [2] .

A statistical manifold, the Riemannian connection used to model the information, the fields of information geometry, as such a generalization of the Riemannian manifold equipped with a relatively new mathematics branch, uses the differential geometry tool to examine the statistical inference, information loss and prediction.

In 1975, The role of differential geometry in statistics was first emphasized by Efron.

Later, Amari used differential geometric tools to develop this idea.


For global comparative analysis, it is important to obtain reliable data on numerous metabolites related to multiple chemical classes and metabolic pathways (metabolites profile), currently available mass spectrometry techniques with high mass resolution and accuracy are required [24] . Direct injection mass spectrometry as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods may be the best choice for such metabolomics studies of complex biofluids due to their sufficient sensitivity. Both techniques are widely used for comparative untargeted analysis (metabolite profiling), but DIMS provides a more high-throughput system for metabolite profiling, because a large number of samples can be analyzed in a given period of time, and at the same time reflects the difficulty in maintaining reproducibility of the LC-MS technique, where chromatographic drift or small changes in instrument performance can impair the data analysis [14, 25] .

For global comparative analysis, it is important to obtain reliable data on numerous metabolites related to multiple chemical classes and metabolic pathways (metabolites profile), currently available mass spectrometry techniques with high mass resolution and accuracy are required.

Both techniques are widely used for comparative untargeted analysis (metabolite profiling), but DIMS provides a more high-throughput system for metabolite profiling, because a large number of samples can be analyzed in a given period of time, and at the same time reflects the difficulty in maintaining reproducibility of the LC-MS technique, where chromatographic drift or small changes in instrument performance can impair the data analysis.


Studying the animals showing signs of negligible senescence may suggest effective defenses against the mechanisms underlying the degenerative process of ageing, and fishes provide an ideal model to such investigations because they show all three types of senescence. Lampreys, eels and Pacific salmonids show rapid senescence and in majority dead after first spawning. Many other teleosts including the guppy, red panchax, medaka, platyfish, and Indian murrel fish exhibit gradual senescence, as observed in most of the vertebrates. A number of fishes (e.g., sturgeons, paddlefish, female plaice, flatfish, rockfish) with continued growth and maintained reproduction over the majority of their lifespan is considered to be as very slow or negligible senescence species [10] .

A number of fishes (e.g., sturgeons, paddlefish, female plaice, flatfish, rockfish) with continued growth and maintained reproduction over the majority of their lifespan is considered to be as very slow or negligible senescence species.


The levels of triglycerides (metabolites 3 and 7) showed significant differences between negligible, gradual and rapid ageing fishes. The TG's ion with m/z 482.4210 was detected in rapid ageing fishes only (Figure 3 ). An increase of TGs is a typical feature of the ageing process due to the poor TG metabolism [30] . Diacylglycerol (DG) is a lipid intermediate believed to be the true lipotoxic culprit underlying the known detrimental effect of TG on many age-related metabolic disorders, e.g., atherosclerosis and diabetes. In support of this, elevated levels of DGs in the rapid ageing fishes ( Figure 3 metabolites 4-6) were revealed in our study. An important aspect of ageing is the occurrence of age-related changes in biological functions involving metabolism and membrane transport, and these glycerolipids can be considered as second messengers that impair insulin and/or transmembrane signaling, both of which are known to be involved in the process of ageing [31] .

An increase of TGs is a typical feature of the ageing process due to the poor TG metabolism.

An important aspect of ageing is the occurrence of age-related changes in biological functions involving metabolism and membrane transport, and these glycerolipids can be considered as second messengers that impair insulin and/or transmembrane signaling, both of which are known to be involved in the process of ageing.


It was found that plasma levels of four metabolites (9, 11, 14 and 15) matching PCs, PS and PEs were significantly increased in gradual and negligible ageing fishes. These most abundant metabolites founded in all living organisms represent the backbone of most biological membranes. Phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) elevated in the negligible ageing fishes are ether-linked phospholipids required for normal developmental, physiological, and cognitive functions [34] . In addition, they are proposed to act as antioxidants and may also influence intracellular signaling and membrane dynamics. For example, PE has been reported as a positive regulator of autophagy; lifespan of yeast and mammalian cell culture reportedly grew up with an increased level of intracellular PE [35] .

Phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) elevated in the negligible ageing fishes are ether-linked phospholipids required for normal developmental, physiological, and cognitive functions.

For example, PE has been reported as a positive regulator of autophagy; lifespan of yeast and mammalian cell culture reportedly grew up with an increased level of intracellular PE.


Metabolomics provides a promising tool to study ageing because it provides a powerful means of cataloguing changes in an organism at the molecular level over time. Through the measure of numerous small molecules that ideally represent the whole range of metabolic pathways, metabolomics can potentially aid in the identification of processes that are associated with ageing or even lead to it [13] [14] [15] . Typically ageing studies with metabolomics analyses have been conducted in animal models and have employed blood plasma as a sample that is relatively easy to obtain in a non-life-threatening manner [16] [17] [18] . Blood serum or plasma are the choice for ageing studies in humans providing novel and specific information on age-related metabolite concentration changes in human homeostasis [19, 20] .

Through the measure of numerous small molecules that ideally represent the whole range of metabolic pathways, metabolomics can potentially aid in the identification of processes that are associated with ageing or even lead to it.

Typically ageing studies with metabolomics analyses have been conducted in animal models and have employed blood plasma as a sample that is relatively easy to obtain in a non-life-threatening manner.

Blood serum or plasma are the choice for ageing studies in humans providing novel and specific information on age-related metabolite concentration changes in human homeostasis.


Although the revealed differences in blood plasma abundance of metabolites can be partly associated with differences in environment and diet of the studied fish species, the fact that the detected metabolites are well consistent with already known pathophysiological mechanisms of ageing and are in full agreement with previous studies, suggesting the biological plausibility of our findings. Detection of the above metabolites with different levels in blood plasma of fishes with various ageing rate demonstrates the complexity of pathophysiological processes occurs in the organism with ageing and highlights a number of the related metabolic conditions that may serve to assess these processes. Blood is one of the most used biofluids in metabolomics and using blood plasma sampling for the study as a primary carrier of small molecules in the body provides information about main physiological processes, which allows for extrapolating the findings to the whole organism. However, for approving and deep insight of ageing mechanisms in studied fishes additional studies using different tissues and organs and techniques other than DIMS with electrospray ion source are needed. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Table 2 presents the characteristics of the analyzed cohorts with the values of mean lifespan and pubertal timing and the highest reported age of the species being studied. Sex of all fish species was determined based on gonads (testis or ovary) [36] . Age of each fish was determined by analyzing the growth rings on the scales [37] . About ten scales were removed from the middle section of a fish body, between a dorsal fin and a lateral line. They were purified and examined using a binocular microscope. The rings that continued around the entire circumference of the scale were counted and the total number of these rings was used to estimate the age of each specimen. All fish species were at the adult stage that means that they were all ready for reproduction (they all had visible developing gonads). In all studied groups, the species both before and after spawning were presented. For all fish species, the hematology and biochemical measures (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides etc.) were performed to show their health status (data not shown). Blood sampling was performed by clipping of the tail and using EDTA (1.5 mg Na2EDTA per 1 mL blood). As sampling was performed directly at the place of fishing the tubes with collected blood were immediately placed in the fridge bag and then (15-30 min after blood sampling) taken to the lab where they were centrifuged at 1600× g for 15 min at room temperature and frozen before shipment in special thermos-containers. All centrifuged blood samples then stored at −80 • C until analysis. Since the samples were frozen without subdivision of resultant plasma, addition centrifugation of thaw samples was performed before sample preparation.

Sex of all fish species was determined based on gonads (testis or ovary).

Age of each fish was determined by analyzing the growth rings on the scales.


When students share ideas in a discussion, the feedback they receive from classmates will often cause cognitive dissonance because it conflicts with their original views. The dissonance encourages students to revise their views and test their revised views in light of further peer review among the class (Knowlton, Knowlton, & Davis, 2000) . The mediation of technology in this context involves technology acting as intermediary agent in effecting communication among learners in an online environment. In such an environment, teachers play major roles in designing the educational experience, facilitating the learning and providing direct instruction (Anderson, Rourke, Garrison & Archer, 2001; Jamaludin & Quek, 2006) .

The dissonance encourages students to revise their views and test their revised views in light of further peer review among the class.

In such an environment, teachers play major roles in designing the educational experience, facilitating the learning and providing direct instruction.


Technology plays an increasingly important role in education. It has, among its benefits, the value of making the knowledge construction process explicit, thereby helping learners to become aware of that process (Brown & Campione, 1996) . It serves as a mediation tool or agent facilitating the learning process. Much of the research on mediation tools like text based online communication has involved asynchronous media such as discussion forums and bulletin boards (Dabbagh & Bannan-Ritland, 2004) . The participants in asynchronous online discussions have more flexibility, can draw on more resources for composing responses, and have the time to reflect on their messages (Jonassen & Kwon, 2001; Ng & Cheung, 2007) .

It has, among its benefits, the value of making the knowledge construction process explicit, thereby helping learners to become aware of that process.

Much of the research on mediation tools like text based online communication has involved asynchronous media such as discussion forums and bulletin boards.

The participants in asynchronous online discussions have more flexibility, can draw on more resources for composing responses, and have the time to reflect on their messages.


Participation in discussion forums provides opportunities for responsible and active learning (Hopperton, 1998) . Participants in virtual conferences construct knowledge through the shared experiences that each brings to the collaborative discussions. This is an example of using technology as a cognitive tool which stimulates cognitive learning strategies and critical thinking (Jonassen, 1998) . Effective participation occurs where communication facilitates the development of a deep understanding of the material through sharing and critically evaluating ideas, and where connections are made between elements of the learning material (Klemm & Snell, 1996) .

Participation in discussion forums provides opportunities for responsible and active learning.

This is an example of using technology as a cognitive tool which stimulates cognitive learning strategies and critical thinking.

Effective participation occurs where communication facilitates the development of a deep understanding of the material through sharing and critically evaluating ideas, and where connections are made between elements of the learning material.


Both the parameters a and c are significantly different for the two models, and the value of the parameter b estimated for the CP model cannot be approximated to zero at all. The high R 2 of the PQ model confirms that it is sufficient to adequately approximate the retarding forces in the testing range of speeds. The use of the CP model gives only a marginal improvement to the fitting in such a range, but its slightly higher R 2 confirms that the additional parameter is not useless. The difference becomes significant when comparing the required power at the wheel versus speed that is predicted by the two models ( Figure 4 ). The two curves significantly overlap below 100 km/h (as a consequence of the fitting procedure below 70 km/h), but they significantly diverge beyond such speed, showing a difference up to 100 W close to the current world record speed. The role of the new term b can be quantified for the case study by plotting the contribution of each term to the overall power-speed curve ( Figure 5 ). In this case, b gives a contribution comparable to the quadratic term (cubic for power) up to 60 km/h and gets closer to the constant term (linear for power) after 100 km/h. It is to be stressed again that in the CP model, unlike the PQ model, none of the terms are self-sufficient to quantify the air-drag or the rolling-resistance power. Only by keeping in mind this point, it is possible to fully understand Figure 5 and to avoid misunderstandings. In the following, through comparison with the literature and simulation data, it will be verified whether the estimated value of b can be addressed to a single contribution among the three of equation (21) .

In the following, through comparison with the literature and simulation data, it will be verified whether the estimated value of b can be addressed to a single contribution among the three of equation.


Most research works given above adopted, in motion control, predefined torque for each joints. However, In this case, the dynamic of robot is neglected. Therefore, the conventional methods, developed for motion generation, are not suitable for this kind of problem because they simplify golf swing planning and they lead to low robot dynamic performance. For these reasons, other researchers are centralized on how to determine the whole torque necessary to reflect the golfer arm's movement. Hence, that allowed realizing hyper dynamic manipulation with smart and versatile robot using unique mechanism design and control methods [1] , [2] , [6] , [7] , [8] .

Hence, that allowed realizing hyper dynamic manipulation with smart and versatile robot using unique mechanism design and control methods.


Suppose house prices, housing completions, sales, and inflation rates interact within a unique housing market. Long-run equilibrium forms among these variables. To investigate the possible long-run equilibrium relationship(s) between house prices and potential price determinants, we conducted cointegration tests using the Johansen multivariate trace test [83] [84] [85] . Cointegration implies a long-run equilibrium relationship between time-series variables. ECM can represent the long-run relationship [86] . Cointegration between house prices and trading volume has been suggested [21, 22] .

To investigate the possible long-run equilibrium relationship(s) between house prices and potential price determinants, we conducted cointegration tests using the Johansen multivariate trace test.

ECM can represent the long-run relationship.

Cointegration between house prices and trading volume has been suggested.


This study aims to take advantage of the empirical success and the eco-nomic intuition of Markov regime switching models. We propose stock market regimes as a dynamic conditional information variable for a CAPM and we focus on two main objectives. On one hand our model attempts to account for the justified criticisms and to improve the standard version of CAPM by accommodating the need for "... factors, state variables or sources of priced risk, beyond movements in the market portfolio ..." (Cochrane, 1999) . And on the other hand, it provides a potentially powerful tool for investors to enhance the portfolio performance by timing asset selection on conditional information about the moments of stock returns. We simulate several dynamic portfolio strategies of sector subindices and evaluate their performance to check for model accuracy.

On one hand our model attempts to account for the justified criticisms and to improve the standard version of CAPM by accommodating the need for "... factors, state variables or sources of priced risk, beyond movements in the market portfolio ...".


The nanofiltration (NF) due to its ionic rejection characteristic can be an effective technology for the treatment of groundwater with high contents of salinity and fluoride [4] - [8] . Furthermore, the low pressure required for the functioning process facilitates its application in rural and isolated areas where grid power is not supplied, by using photovoltaic energy generated by solar cells [9] . The aim of our study was to investigate, at laboratory scale, the performance of two commercial nanofiltration membranes namely TFC-SR3 and SelRo MPF-34 for a partial removal of fluoride and salinity from groundnut basin of Senegal.

The nanofiltration (NF) due to its ionic rejection characteristic can be an effective technology for the treatment of groundwater with high contents of salinity and fluoride.

Furthermore, the low pressure required for the functioning process facilitates its application in rural and isolated areas where grid power is not supplied, by using photovoltaic energy generated by solar cells.


The mass spectrometric method uses the isotopic dilution technique to measure the concentrations of the burnup monitor and the residual heavy elements present in the spent fuel to deduce the burn-up. The criteria for choosing a particular fission product monitor stems from the desired nuclear properties such as fission yield, neutron absorption cross section, decay constant and its migration into the fuel matrix to give reliable burn-up value [1] . By far the most widely used burn-up monitor for mass spectrometric measurements is 148 Nd based on the above considerations [1, 2, 6] .

The criteria for choosing a particular fission product monitor stems from the desired nuclear properties such as fission yield, neutron absorption cross section, decay constant and its migration into the fuel matrix to give reliable burn-up value.

By far the most widely used burn-up monitor for mass spectrometric measurements is 148 Nd based on the above considerations.


An easy, fast and sensitive method for broad analysis of different growth promoters, with reduced consumption of chemicals and disposables, was developed. The compounds analysed with this method are different classes of steroids, corticosteroids, gestagens and resorcylic acid lactones. So far, no other published method is able to analyse these different classes of compounds in meat in a single method at levels below 1.0 μg kg −1 as recommended by EFSA (Panel, 2013) .

So far, no other published method is able to analyse these different classes of compounds in meat in a single method at levels below 1.0 μg kg −1 as recommended by EFSA.


To put this inequality in a global perspective, the disparity in per capita income in 2011 between and the perennially poorest U.S. State of Mississippi (at $20,670) and the richest state of Connecticut (at $37,807) was far less stark. Disparities in most other developed countries are less pronounced than in the U.S. The richest Australian state (Western Australia) had a per capita GDP of 26,962 (in Australian Dollars) while the poorest state (Tasmania) had a per capita GDP of 18,779 (in Australian Dollars) in 2012. Even smaller disparities are found in Europe's most developed countries. In Holland, the richest region (Hovedstaden) had a per capita GDP of $55,616 while the poorest region (Nordjylland) had a per capita GDP of $48,268 in 2010. In 2013 in Norway, the world's wealthiest country, the richest region (Oslo) had a per capita GDP of approximately 254,000 (Norwegian Kroner), while the poorest region (Ostmark) had a per capita GDP of 211,000 (Norwegian Kroner). Thus, the wealthiest region (province) in China on a per capita basis was 5.8 times richer than the poorest, this compared to 1.8 times in the U.S., 1.4 times in Australia and 1.2 times in Holland and also in Norway. Of course, GDP per capita is not the only, or even the best possible measurement of wealth, especially personal wealth. In developed countries there are several other measures available in particular household income and personal income these can be adjusted for income before or after taxes. However, whatever index of wealth is chosen, wealth disparities in the most developed nations between rich and poor regions are relatively small. Possessing such small income disparities are an index of national and regional development and are used for example as one of many factors in determining ranking in the United Nation's human development index where in 2013 Norway was ranked first, Australia second, the U.S. third, Holland fourth and China was ranked 101st out of 187 nations [6] .

Possessing such small income disparities are an index of national and regional development and are used for example as one of many factors in determining ranking in the United Nation's human development index where in 2013 Norway was ranked first, Australia second, the U.S. third, Holland fourth and China was ranked 101st out of 187 nations.


In contrast to Holland and to a lesser extent Norway, China is characterized by vastness in size. In contrast to Australia and even the U.S., it has a huge and ethnically and linguistically diverse population. Thus regional inequalities exist among provinces and groups of provinces but also within provinces. This means that research on inequality in China should also be conducted within a province. In order to understand inequality, research must be conducted at finer-scales than nationally. Useful analysis can therefore be conducted at the intra-provincial level [2, 7] . This paper selects three geographical scales (county, municipality and region) to measure wealth inequality in Zhejiang province during the period from 1990 to 2010. In addition, it also analyzes the spatial aggregation and dynamics of wealth inequality using spatial autocorrelation and spatial Markov chain.

Useful analysis can therefore be conducted at the intra-provincial level.


Achieving a more balanced territorial distribution of wealth is among the challenges for regional policy design in China. Issues of regional inequality have been particularly important in China, which inherited an unbalanced economy from its imperial history and as a vestige of a past troubled by colonialism, civil war and pestilence. Since regional inequality may threaten national unity and social stability, it has become a burning issue in China, attracting considerable attention from policy makers and scholars [3] . Geographers are involved in these discussions and are intrigued by questions, such as identifying regions or places that are rich and others that are poor and determining causal factors. Questions such as: Is geographic inequality widening and why? What can be done to reduce poverty and spatial inequality? Will wealth be shared by people in all regions and places?

Since regional inequality may threaten national unity and social stability, it has become a burning issue in China, attracting considerable attention from policy makers and scholars.


China has been the fastest-growing major economy in the world for the past three decades with an average annual GDP growth rate about 10%. However, there are various layers and dimensions to the transition, and scholars have been very concerned with the social and spatial ramifications of reforms. Research on China has unfolded a complex landscape of regional inequality, and the significance of globalization, institutions, and local agents in regional development [11, 12] .

Research on China has unfolded a complex landscape of regional inequality, and the significance of globalization, institutions, and local agents in regional development.


China's mounting importance in the world economic system since the launch of reforms in the late 1970s has long been the subject of intense academic debates, in terms of its remarkable growth and poverty reduction. Such phenomenal development has been a hallmark of China's growth, and has been gaining attentions and recognition [3] . The speed and unevenness of economic restructuring and development in favor of specific regions, is truly unprecedented and merits a careful examination and assessment both theoretically and methodologically. Scholars have been intensely debating the impacts of the reform on regional convergence and inequality [1, 3] . Research has revealed that patterns of regional inequality differ with geographical scales, thus creating a multi-scalar typology of regional inequality in China. Multi-scale and multi-mechanism approach has been adopted, with a synthesis of global, state and local forces in understanding the process of regional development [1, 10] .

Such phenomenal development has been a hallmark of China's growth, and has been gaining attentions and recognition.

Scholars have been intensely debating the impacts of the reform on regional convergence and inequality.

Multi-scale and multi-mechanism approach has been adopted, with a synthesis of global, state and local forces in understanding the process of regional development.


Control landscapes are proving to be valuable for providing insights into quantum optimal control theory [1] . A simplification can be achieved by observing that the dynamical landscapeJ : K → R (i.e. the objective functional) -a map taking a control function as input and producing the value of the observable at some final time T -can be written as a composition of a kinematic landscape J and a control →propagator map V T . Here the kinematic landscape J : U(N ) → R is a smooth real-valued function on the unitary group, and V T : K → U(N ) is defined implicitly through the Schrödinger equation and returns the unitary time evolution operator at the final time T for each given input control function. The goal of quantum optimal control is generally to maximize the dynamical landscapeJ = J • V T .

Control landscapes are proving to be valuable for providing insights into quantum optimal control theory.


The present paper considers one aspect of the optimal control of a quantum mechanical observable on a N -level system. Such observables can be defined for an ensemble of initial states (whose collective state is described by a density matrix ρ) by the kinematic landscape J(U ) = Tr(U ρU † O), where the observable is represented by a Hermitian matrix O. It is known that, in addition to a single global minimum submanifold and a single maximum submanifold, this kinematic landscape generally contains a large number of saddle submanifolds [7] . The number of saddles depends on the eigenstructure of ρ and O and generally increases with the size N of the quantum system. By continuity, each saddle submanifold is surrounded by a neighborhood in which the norm of the gradient is small. Any trajectory of the gradient flow entering such a neighborhood will be slowed by this small gradient and reach the global maximum less efficiently than trajectories that never enter such neighborhoods. However, since the gradient flow is not attracted to saddles as it is to local maxima, the magnitude of the impact of these saddles on the overall gradient flow of this landscape is unclear.

Such observables can be defined for an ensemble of initial states (whose collective state is described by a density matrix ρ) by the kinematic landscape J(U ) = Tr(U ρU † O), where the observable is represented by a Hermitian matrix O. It is known that, in addition to a single global minimum submanifold and a single maximum submanifold, this kinematic landscape generally contains a large number of saddle submanifolds.


During the last few years the use of fitness mobile apps is becoming popular around the world and especially by people suffering from obesity and want to lose weight to have a better lifestyle. According to a recent study the international fitness technology market is estimated to be worth around 19 billion U.S dollars in 2014 [11] . According to a report undertaken by Nielsen's Mobile NetView, one-third (46 millions) of US smartphone owners use fitness mobile apps [12] . Around the world, 16% of all Internet users use health and fitness mobile apps [13] . In 2014, the mobile app business had expanded by 15% overall. Regarding average daily usage, the number of health and fitness apps increased by 62% [14] .

According to a recent study the international fitness technology market is estimated to be worth around 19 billion U.S dollars in 2014.

According to a report undertaken by Nielsen's Mobile NetView, one-third (46 millions) of US smartphone owners use fitness mobile apps.

Around the world, 16% of all Internet users use health and fitness mobile apps.

Regarding average daily usage, the number of health and fitness apps increased by 62%.


Chemotherapy involves the use of low molecular weight drugs to selectively destroy tumor cells or at least limit their proliferation. Antitumor drugs can be classified according to their mode of action, such as DNA-interactive agents, antimetabolites, antitubulin agents, molecular targeting agents and other biological agents [1] . In spite of the advancement in the pharmaceutical industries of producing chemotherapeutic agents, cancer treatment is still challenging. In fact, the chemotherapeutic agents have several delivery issues including poor selectivity for target tissues, severe side effects in healthy tissues, rapid clearance, and susceptibility to induce drug resistance [2] .

Antitumor drugs can be classified according to their mode of action, such as DNA-interactive agents, antimetabolites, antitubulin agents, molecular targeting agents and other biological agents.

In fact, the chemotherapeutic agents have several delivery issues including poor selectivity for target tissues, severe side effects in healthy tissues, rapid clearance, and susceptibility to induce drug resistance.


The main focus of monitoring observations has traditionally been the deepwater pelagic zone of Lake Baikal [1, 7] . The shallow coastal zone has received much less attention. However, shallow zones are the places that are affected by the negative impacts of economic and recreational activity especially.

The main focus of monitoring observations has traditionally been the deepwater pelagic zone of Lake Baikal.


Immersed tunnels typically serve as a vital infrastructure. They are mainly built at soft sites subject to seismic hazards. Since the development of the Detroit River tube tunnel (the first real immersed tunnel) in 1910, immersed tunnels have been developed in quick succession all over the world owing to their numerous advantages [1] [2] [3] . During the earthquakeresistance design process of an immersed tunnel, an evaluation of the seismic effects in terms of the structural acceleration, strain, and earthquake wave propagation in soft soil is essential to reveal the seismic performance of an immersed soil-tunnel system.

Since the development of the Detroit River tube tunnel (the first real immersed tunnel) in 1910, immersed tunnels have been developed in quick succession all over the world owing to their numerous advantages.


Our contribution is three-fold. First, we formalize how supply-side moral hazard can cause an energy efficiency gap and examine two little-discussed policy remedies: energy-savings insurance, a private solution, and minimum quality standards, a public one. The analysis builds on a double-moral-hazard framework borrowed from the literature on warranties (Cooper and Ross 1985) . We articulate the mechanism by which asymmetric information induces the contractor to cut quality in equilibrium. This deters adoption of energy efficiency measures. Both policy solutions are found to be second-best: energy-savings insurance reduce marginal energy expenditures, which induces demand-side moral hazard and therefore requires incomplete coverage in equilibrium; minimum quality standards incur enforcement costs.

Our contribution is three-fold.

The analysis builds on a double-moral-hazard framework borrowed from the literature on warranties.


Scholarships should be given to eligible and appropriate recipients to obtain them [4] . The detailed criteria set by the UNNES Charity House beneficiaries to the scholarship recipients are parent's job, parent's income, the tuition fee / single tuition fee, and the cumulative grade point value. In the assessment each criterion has a score with a range of 1 to 5. The results of interviews of researchers with the management of UNNES Charity House Lazis, informed that there is still a distribution of scholarships that are not on target. There are scholarships reserved for economically disadvantaged students, but sometimes there are still relatively wealthy students who also receive scholarships. This is one of them caused by still manual selection process scholarships conducted by the management of Charity House Lazis UNNES. So far, the selection of scholarships is done at the faculty level by collecting data of prospective scholarship recipients based on specified criteria. Scholarship applicants collect the scholarship registration application file. From the file, the scholarship selection officer compares the informant's information among scholarship applicants manually. Once selected, the selected student data is separated and incorporated into a special scholarship data storage application. In general, the scholarship selection process that has been implemented is less effective and less valid to determine the scholarship recipients.

Scholarships should be given to eligible and appropriate recipients to obtain them.


Therefore, required a system that can help the selection process scholarships at the House of Charity Lazis UNNES. In this research, a decision support system is implemented. Application of decision support system is widely used to provide solutions to a problem in decision making [5] . The problem that often occurs in decision-making is due to the inaccuracies and ignorance of decision makers [6] . Decision support system can give priority consideration to certain scholarship recipients. Decision support system takes into account all the criteria that support decision making to assist, accelerate, and simplify the decision-making process. Decision support system in this research using Analytic Network Process (ANP) method. The ANP method is chosen because it is a decision support model where the equipment of the camel is a functional network structure with the main input of human perception, ie in this case the person who is expert in the scholarship problem or the one who understands the scholarship problem. It is hoped that the results of the decision support system for determining scholarship recipients using ANP method can assist in selecting the recipients of the UNNES Charitable Funds at the Charity House.

Application of decision support system is widely used to provide solutions to a problem in decision making.

The problem that often occurs in decision-making is due to the inaccuracies and ignorance of decision makers.


While local and regional control were excellent after SRT, development of metastases remained a common event with 20% of the men in our present cohort developing metastatic disease by 8-years post-SRT. Furthermore, men with NCCN high-risk disease had nearly a 30% rate of DM at 8-years post-SRT. There are multiple potential explanations for these findings. First, these patients underwent SRT with a median time between RP and SRT of 24 months. This time interval potentially allows locally persistent disease to spread to regional or distant sites. This raises the question of whether ART may be ideal to not only achieve excellent local control, but also improve rates of DMFS by eradicating local disease before it can disseminate. This idea is supported by a detailed patterns of failure analysis of the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) 8794 randomised trial of RP AE ART, where at a median follow-up of 10 years only 7% of patients who received ART had developed metastases [1] . Patients in our present analysis also had a median pre-SRT PSA level of 0.7 ng/mL. Recent evidence suggests improved metastasis-free survival when men receive SRT when the PSA level is ≤0.5 ng/mL, and even further improved when the pre-SRT PSA level is ≤0.2 ng/mL [16, 17] . As such, the elevated pre-SRT PSA levels in our present cohort may have in part contributed to the overall high rate of metastatic progression, and when possible we would recommend initiation of SRT at the time of biochemical recurrence before the pre-SRT PSA level elevated above 0.5 ng/mL and preferably with the pre-RT PSA level as close to 0.2 ng/mL as possible.

This idea is supported by a detailed patterns of failure analysis of the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) 8794 randomised trial of RP AE ART, where at a median follow-up of 10 years only 7% of patients who received ART had developed metastases.

Patients in our present analysis also had a median pre-SRT PSA level of 0.7 ng/mL. Recent evidence suggests improved metastasis-free survival when men receive SRT when the PSA level is ≤0.5 ng/mL, and even further improved when the pre-SRT PSA level is ≤0.2 ng/mL.


Local failure after RP monotherapy or definitive RT (AEADT) is the most common site of recurrence and is estimated to occur in 10-50% of patients based on pre-treatment characteristics. Furthermore,~50% of all recurrences are local [1] [2] [3] . We demonstrate that when using two forms of local therapy (i.e. RP and SRT), as in our multicentre cohort, that only 5.5% of all recurrences had a local component to them. Furthermore, the cumulative 8-year radiographic local failure rate was only 2.2%. These data show the high efficacy of SRT to eliminate local disease, and as such, that further doseescalation beyond 68.4 Gy is unlikely to result in demonstrable improvements in local control.

Furthermore,~50% of all recurrences are local.


Median and 75th percentile were applied as suitable measures for highly skewed Olive Tail Moment distributions. Median values for leachate before treatment were significantly higher than after treatment (P < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA rank model) (Figures 1 and 2) . We conclude that analysis of median comet metrics from experiments at different exposure rate levels is certainly an efficient way to statistically demonstrate a leachate genotoxic effect. This approach is similar to that suggested by Duez [12] . Comparison of Figure 1 (Figures 2(a) and 2(b) ). The same situation relates to significant heterogeneity of DNA damage for Me45 line where OTM ranged from 3.06 for cells exposed to 10% effluent concentration after 120 min to 65.35 for 1% influent concentration after 0 min (Figures 1(a)  and 1(b) ). In most cases number of damages was proportional to a growing concentration of leachate (Tables 1 and  2 ). Genotoxic potential of leachate, especially for leachate before treatment in highest concentration, may be lowered because of the marked presence of big hedgehog comets that did not allow properly damages classification and consequently the genotoxicity determination. The limitations in apoptotic cells classification were also noted by other authors [12] .

This approach is similar to that suggested by Duez.

The limitations in apoptotic cells classification were also noted by other authors.


A criterion in selecting our sites was the wadeability of the river to allow for a quantifi cation of the fi sh abundance. Other researchers were confronted with the same problem and chose a mixed sampling approach . However, since in our study population density was the most crucial endpoint, we decided for a quantitative fi shing method along the whole river (De Lury, 1947) . Accordingly, small rivers were selected which were most often not long enough to allow a selection of more than three sites far apart enough to allow a distinction.

However, since in our study population density was the most crucial endpoint, we decided for a quantitative fi shing method along the whole river.


The river LBK was characterized by the poor situation at the site D1, where high concentrations of ammonia, nitrite and high percentage of wastewater, together with unsuitable winter temperature affecting survival of offspring all contribute to poor health and brown trout abundance. Additionally, at this site, the highest concentrations of fl ame retardents were measured in fi sh. Since concentrations are low in the WWTP effl uent, inputs from agriculture or atmospheric deposition have to be considered (Hartmann et al., 2006) . Possibly, the high histological liver index at this (and the further downstream site) is due to this poor water quality. Increased histological liver and kidney indices, together with the occurrence of liver tumours were reported in previous studies (Bassi et al., 2001; Schneeberger, 1995) .

Since concentrations are low in the WWTP effl uent, inputs from agriculture or atmospheric deposition have to be considered.

Increased histological liver and kidney indices, together with the occurrence of liver tumours were reported in previous studies.


Every planetary body in the inner s olar s ystem is continually bombarded by interplanetary dust particles (IDP) originating primarily from asteroid collisions and cometary activities. Thick atmospheres protect Venus, Earth, and Mars, ablating the incoming IDPs into 'shooting stars' that rarely reach the surface. The surfaces of airless bodies near 1 AU are directly exposed to the high-speed, v 1 km/s, impacts of IDPs with a characteristic radius of a 100 μm and mass flux of F 1 . 5 × 10 −15 kg/m 2 /s ( Grün et al., 1985 ) .

The surfaces of airless bodies near 1 AU are directly exposed to the high-speed, v 1 km/s, impacts of IDPs with a characteristic radius of a 100 μm and mass flux of F 1 . 5 × 10 −15 kg/m 2 /s.


The argument in section 6 raises a puzzle to which we do not have an answer. Other recent results suggest that it is possible to compute the same amplitudes solely from connected instantons [9] . Why might it be possible to compute the same amplitudes from connected instantons or from completely disconnected ones? Perhaps in some topological string theory, it is possible to choose one integration contour in field space that picks up only the connected instantons and another one that picks up only the completely disconnected instantons.

Other recent results suggest that it is possible to compute the same amplitudes solely from connected instantons.


In some systems, an agent may be working in the presence of other agents, either automated or human. These types of systems are called multi-agent systems (MAS), and are currently an active area of research. One important motivation behind the research is to find techniques that allow multiple agents to coordinate their actions so that individual rational actions do not adversely affect the overall system efficiency [1] . Effective coordination among agents in dynamic environments may be achieved by extending the agents' learning ability to recognize the capabilities, desires, and beliefs of other agents present in their environment [6] .

One important motivation behind the research is to find techniques that allow multiple agents to coordinate their actions so that individual rational actions do not adversely affect the overall system efficiency.

Effective coordination among agents in dynamic environments may be achieved by extending the agents' learning ability to recognize the capabilities, desires, and beliefs of other agents present in their environment.


When we draw a block diagram or circuit diagram we define an input or output. However fast hardware is the gates or other things we have inside the circuit there will be a finite delay in the transmission of a signals this time is defined as propagation delay, of course depends on the length of the signal path as soon as the gates start switches transmission starts. When we want to design the fast circuit or fast system naturally we have to go for some solutions. By reducing the path of the transmission if we reduce the path so that we can reduce the delay and can increase the operation of the circuit. For the given technology we want to maximize the speed then we want to go for this type of scheme by cutting the short length. In the full adder circuit carry has to travel from state to state. Previous states carry need to require for the present state to do the operation. So, naturally when we increase the number of bits the propagation delay and the delay of each stage increases. Now if we don't have to depend on the transmission of the carry we can predict the carry of each stage. Now a day our computers speed is fast high in terms of GHz. So conceptually we need to improve the speed for the given design by decreasing several numbers of stage or gates. SSB Carry Select Adder (CSLA) has a more balanced delay, and requires lower power and area [1] , [4] , [8] . The basic idea of this work is to use Binary to Excess-1 Converter (BEC) instead of RCA with in the regular CSLA to achieve lower area and power consumptions [1] , [2] , [6] , [7] . However the CSLA needs more area because of using multiples of Ripple Carry Adder for generating sum and carry on the dependency of carry input Cin=0 and Cin=1 [5] . Then the final results of sum and carry are selected by the multiplexers from bit to bit going to increase. Finally reliable results at the output will depend upon the number of stages.

SSB Carry Select Adder (CSLA) has a more balanced delay, and requires lower power and area.

The basic idea of this work is to use Binary to Excess-1 Converter (BEC) instead of RCA with in the regular CSLA to achieve lower area and power consumptions.

However the CSLA needs more area because of using multiples of Ripple Carry Adder for generating sum and carry on the dependency of carry input Cin=0 and Cin=1.


Nonadienal and other volatile C9 compounds are characteristic compounds of cucumber fruits and seedlings. Their biosynthesis is proposed to take place by cleavage of 9-hydroperoxi-octadecadienoic acid which results from the action of lipoxygenase on linoleate (Feußner and Kindl 1992) . But when we eat cucumber,could not feelthe similar smelllikethe odour ofsoybean. Therefore,cucumbermaybe contain inhibitory compound on lipoxygenase activity.

Their biosynthesis is proposed to take place by cleavage of 9-hydroperoxi-octadecadienoic acid which results from the action of lipoxygenase on linoleate.


There are three histopathologic stages -edema and eosinophilic infiltration of the dermis are seen in acute stage, subacute stage is characterized by eosinophils and flame figures, consisting of histiocytic and the healing stage when a group of foreign body giant cells forms microgranulomas [3, [7] [8] [9] . The histopathologic findings are characterized by flame figures, which are composed of eosinophil major basic protein deposited on collagen bundles that was found in our case but was not specific [3, [7] [8] [9] [10] . The papulonodular form, a rare form of Wells' syndrome, is considered with clinical and histological findings in our case. In the series of 19 pediatric patients, the classic plaque-type variant proved to be the most common presentation in children but not in adults, who more frequently had the annular granuloma-like variant. The course was recurrent, although slowly progressing, with a mean duration of disease of 5 years for adults and 3 years for children [5] .

There are three histopathologic stages -edema and eosinophilic infiltration of the dermis are seen in acute stage, subacute stage is characterized by eosinophils and flame figures, consisting of histiocytic and the healing stage when a group of foreign body giant cells forms microgranulomas.

The histopathologic findings are characterized by flame figures, which are composed of eosinophil major basic protein deposited on collagen bundles that was found in our case but was not specific.

The course was recurrent, although slowly progressing, with a mean duration of disease of 5 years for adults and 3 years for children.


Studies have suggested that society and stakeholders have been increasingly patronising firms that utilise an active approach regarding the principles of sustainable development [5] . This is accomplished through new actions such as decreasing the firm's carbon footprint or water usage, improving on education commitments, and community engagement [6] . Thus, firms should focus on transforming their activities across the whole organisation and find new means to produce value for both the firm and their proximal communities [6] . As far as the concept and phenomenon of sustainable development is concerned, many visions and deliberations from various spheres of life abound in this context [7] . However, operationalisation of sustainable development is vitally needed and calls are being made for businesses to go beyond visions and goals by considering actions and behaviours that transform how firms interact with the outside world [5] . The major challenge is in implementing sustainable development, particularly with attention being provided to the three dimensions of sustainable development, namely, economic, social, and ecological [7] [8] [9] .

Studies have suggested that society and stakeholders have been increasingly patronising firms that utilise an active approach regarding the principles of sustainable development.

This is accomplished through new actions such as decreasing the firm's carbon footprint or water usage, improving on education commitments, and community engagement.

Thus, firms should focus on transforming their activities across the whole organisation and find new means to produce value for both the firm and their proximal communities.

As far as the concept and phenomenon of sustainable development is concerned, many visions and deliberations from various spheres of life abound in this context.

However, operationalisation of sustainable development is vitally needed and calls are being made for businesses to go beyond visions and goals by considering actions and behaviours that transform how firms interact with the outside world.

The major challenge is in implementing sustainable development, particularly with attention being provided to the three dimensions of sustainable development, namely, economic, social, and ecological.


In this study, the institutional theory guides the theoretical review as well as empirical enquiry into institutional isomorphism. The institutional theory of isomorphism relates that from a broader spectrum, institutions constitute cognitive, normative, and regulative structures and events that offer constancy and meaning to social behaviour [18] . Under institutional isomorphism-also called institutional similarity-coercive pressures are exerted on a firm by other organisations which they depend on. Coercive pressures refer to outlined regulative processes such as rule setting, monitoring, and sanctioning activities. These forces come from regulatory bodies and the prevalent rules and laws which determine the firms' behaviours in relation to a practice in the business environment, in this case sustainable development [11] . Normative pressures come as firms reinforce and spread norms of behaviour as they interact. Professionalisation is the main contributor of normative isomorphism. Professionalisation has been identified as "the collective struggle of members of an occupation to define the conditions and methods of their work as well as to establish a cognitive base and legitimisation for their occupational autonomy" [18] . Mimetic pressures emanate when a firm imitates the behaviour and practices of successful counterparts within the same industry. Through isomorphic pressures, one unit in a population conforms to other units in the population that deal with similar situations [11, 12] . This study focuses on the mimetic pressures from the three isomorphism types.

The institutional theory of isomorphism relates that from a broader spectrum, institutions constitute cognitive, normative, and regulative structures and events that offer constancy and meaning to social behaviour.

These forces come from regulatory bodies and the prevalent rules and laws which determine the firms' behaviours in relation to a practice in the business environment, in this case sustainable development.

Professionalisation has been identified as "the collective struggle of members of an occupation to define the conditions and methods of their work as well as to establish a cognitive base and legitimisation for their occupational autonomy".

Through isomorphic pressures, one unit in a population conforms to other units in the population that deal with similar situations.


As such, if firms are to survive and attain their objectives they need to adapt to their normative environments. This study holds that in the isomorphism context, as firms interact, they tend to influence each other's behaviours and practices within their social spheres. In line with this premise, firms have joined the sustainable development movement initially as a response to external pressures and criticisms from government entities and organisational civil societies that blamed businesses for environmental degradation [5] . The isomorphic process explains why eventually firms will transform towards similarity in behaviour and practices due to being communally intertwined [11] . Coherently, in response to social change in the society, social networks play a significant part in assessing, predicting, responding to, and adapting to global social and environmental change [14] . Of which, sustainable development is an example of such a global change.

In line with this premise, firms have joined the sustainable development movement initially as a response to external pressures and criticisms from government entities and organisational civil societies that blamed businesses for environmental degradation.

The isomorphic process explains why eventually firms will transform towards similarity in behaviour and practices due to being communally intertwined.

Coherently, in response to social change in the society, social networks play a significant part in assessing, predicting, responding to, and adapting to global social and environmental change.


Wireless communication systems face high level of ISI which originates from multipath propagation and inherent delay spread. A multicarrier based technique such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be used for extenuating ISI to improve capacity and spectral efficiency (bps/Hz) in a wireless system [2] . In addition, MIMO systems are promising techniques to increase performance with acceptable bit error rate (BER) by using a number of antennas [3] . A MIMO-OFDM system transmits OFDM modulated data from multiple antennas at the transmitter. Data transmitted with subcarriers at different antennas are mutually orthogonal. The receiver extracts different data stream from different subcarriers after OFDM demodulation and MIMO decoding. Flat fading MIMO algorithms reduce computational requirement and make MIMO-OFDM attractive for mobile applications [1] .

A multicarrier based technique such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be used for extenuating ISI to improve capacity and spectral efficiency (bps/Hz) in a wireless system.

In addition, MIMO systems are promising techniques to increase performance with acceptable bit error rate (BER) by using a number of antennas.

Flat fading MIMO algorithms reduce computational requirement and make MIMO-OFDM attractive for mobile applications.


The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) comprises the most polymorphic loci in vertebrates and its molecules present antigenic peptides to clonotypic T cell receptor in order to start an immune response [1] . These proteins evolve rapidly and are quite different in primary sequence of different species [2] . However, certain aminoacid residues are conserved in MHC class I molecules from reptilian to humans for keeping the overall tertiary structure [3] .

The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) comprises the most polymorphic loci in vertebrates and its molecules present antigenic peptides to clonotypic T cell receptor in order to start an immune response.

These proteins evolve rapidly and are quite different in primary sequence of different species.

However, certain aminoacid residues are conserved in MHC class I molecules from reptilian to humans for keeping the overall tertiary structure.


In complex material models, these derivatives are difficult to obtain analytically, because there is a high coupling between stresses and internal variables. This is the situation, for instance, for the MRS-Lade model [2, 3] . This model is used to describe the behaviour of granular materials, such as sand, under both low and high confinement stresses [5] . It features a yield surface consisting of a cone and a cap, hardening and softening variables based on dissipated plastic work and a non-associated flow rule in the meridian plane of the cone region.

This is the situation, for instance, for the MRS-Lade model.

This model is used to describe the behaviour of granular materials, such as sand, under both low and high confinement stresses.


A nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) is defined as a lumped transmission line containing a series inductor and a shunt Schottky varactor in each section [1] . NLTLs are used for the development of solitons and are employed in high-speed electronic circuits such as an electrical shock generator [2] . Recently, we consider the weakly dispersive coupled NLTLs [3] . It is well-known that the c mode and π mode are two different propagation modes on a linear coupled line. We find that both modes can support soliton-like pulses, and small c-mode pulses are generated by the collision of two π-mode pulses traveling in the opposite directions. It is expected that similar properties can be observed in strongly dispersive nonlinear lines.

A nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) is defined as a lumped transmission line containing a series inductor and a shunt Schottky varactor in each section.

NLTLs are used for the development of solitons and are employed in high-speed electronic circuits such as an electrical shock generator.

Recently, we consider the weakly dispersive coupled NLTLs.


We consider composite right-and left-handed (CRLH) transmission lines [4] . Several interesting managements of dispersive properties of propagating waves have been investigated [5, 6] . A CRLH line also receives attention as a platform for pulse managements [7] . Wave properties in purely LH transmission lines whose series capacitors are replaced by the varactors have also been investigated [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . We considered the situation where each shunt capacitor was replaced with the Schottky varactor, such that the dispersion of CRLH lines can be compensated through the nonlinearity introduced by the varactors, resulting in a soliton-like envelope pulse [13] . As expected, we found that the collision of two nonlinear envelope pulses leads to the development of a pair of envelope pulses (one travels forward and the other backward). This paper discusses the detailed properties of this newly developed envelope pulses.

We consider composite right-and left-handed (CRLH) transmission lines.

Several interesting managements of dispersive properties of propagating waves have been investigated.

A CRLH line also receives attention as a platform for pulse managements.

Wave properties in purely LH transmission lines whose series capacitors are replaced by the varactors have also been investigated.

We considered the situation where each shunt capacitor was replaced with the Schottky varactor, such that the dispersion of CRLH lines can be compensated through the nonlinearity introduced by the varactors, resulting in a soliton-like envelope pulse.


There are many cascaded MLI topologies, which contain two parts; level generator and polarity generator as shown in Fig. 1a [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . The level generator is a cascaded connection of series cells, which is responsible to generate multilevel unipolar voltage while the polarity generator converts this unipolar voltage into bipolar voltages [5, 27, 28] . While level generator structure is unique for different topologies, the structure of polarity generator has been always an H-bridge connection involving four semiconductor switches. The number of cascaded cells in the level generator may be increased to enhance the number of voltage levels in the output without any change in the polarity generator [5, 27] . The level generator switches may work with high frequency, but the polarity generator switches always work with line voltage frequency [27] .

There are many cascaded MLI topologies, which contain two parts; level generator and polarity generator as shown in Fig. 1a.

The level generator is a cascaded connection of series cells, which is responsible to generate multilevel unipolar voltage while the polarity generator converts this unipolar voltage into bipolar voltages.

The number of cascaded cells in the level generator may be increased to enhance the number of voltage levels in the output without any change in the polarity generator.

The level generator switches may work with high frequency, but the polarity generator switches always work with line voltage frequency.


A challenge to the field of biomedical applications, and in particular of tissue engineering, is currently the design of synthetic matrices that can mimic the structure and biological functions of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Human cells can attach and organize well around fibers with suitable diameters. In this regard, nanoscale fibrous scaffolds can provide an optimal template for cells to seed, migrate, and grow. The utilization of biomaterialsboth natural and synthetic-is enabling to develop scaffolds specifically designed for many medical applications [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . The production methods for preparing such devices are wide ranging, and each method has its unique characteristics. Of particular interest in tissue engineering is the creation of reproducible and biocompatible three-dimensional scaffolds resulting in biomatrix composites useful for various applications, as medical prostheses, wound dressing, and tissue template. In each specific application the ability to shape materials on different length scales, including the nanoscale, is of the utmost importance.

The utilization of biomaterialsboth natural and synthetic-is enabling to develop scaffolds specifically designed for many medical applications.


Linear aliphatic polyesters such as polyglicolide (PGA), polylactide (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), as well as their copolymers, are more and more often used as the base materials for tissue engineering [16] . These materials meet several controlled release criteria; that is, they are biocompatible and biodegradable, beside they can provide high efficiency of drug loading. The release profiles of entrapped drugs can be finely tuned by controlling the degradation 2 Journal of Nanomaterials rate of the polymer matrix through molecular weight and distribution, material composition, and porosity of the carriers. However, the successful encapsulation of water soluble agents in these hydrophobic polymers still presents challenges in high drug loading and avoiding their denaturation during the formulation process. Electrospun polymer nanofibers have been designed for pharmaceutical compositions either integrating the drug and carrier materials into one kind of fiber containing both components or electrospinning the carrier material into a tubular form in which the drug particles are encapsulated. However a possible limit of these systems is a rapid release of the drug, making it available for a too short period [17, 18] .

Linear aliphatic polyesters such as polyglicolide (PGA), polylactide (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), as well as their copolymers, are more and more often used as the base materials for tissue engineering.

However a possible limit of these systems is a rapid release of the drug, making it available for a too short period.


Recently electrospinning, able to produce nonwoven membranes of nanofibres, characterized by a high surface-tovolume ratio, has been demonstrated as a successful means of producing scaffolds having many of the desirable and controllable properties. It is applicable to a wide variety of polymers and composite polymers, both natural and synthetic. In this technique polymer nanofibers are produced from an electrostatically driven jet of polymer solution or melt. The discharged polymer solution jet undergoes a whipping process wherein the solvent evaporates and the highly stretched polymer fiber deposits on a grounded target. A number of experimental parameters control the fiber diameter and morphology. The nanofibers, with diameters ranging from microns down to hundreds of nanometers or less, can be fabricated into a variety of forms such as membranes, coatings, and films and therefore can be used in several applications [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .

The nanofibers, with diameters ranging from microns down to hundreds of nanometers or less, can be fabricated into a variety of forms such as membranes, coatings, and films and therefore can be used in several applications.


We found that participants use higher mean pitch levels during sequential continuations and lower levels during sequential transitions. Such a result suggests regular alternations in the overall levels of the participants' affective engagement in the task at hand, high mean pitches being associated with a high level of such engagement and low mean pitches with a low level of such engagement (Gupta, Bone, Lee, & Narayanan, 2016; Scherer, 2003; Waaramaa, Laukkanen, Airas, & Alku, 2010) . Notably, however, sequential context alone had no statistically significant effect on the similarity in the participants' use of pitch register across speaker changes.

Such a result suggests regular alternations in the overall levels of the participants' affective engagement in the task at hand, high mean pitches being associated with a high level of such engagement and low mean pitches with a low level of such engagement.


Human interpersonal coordination happens at multiple time scales ranging from fast automatic reactions to interpersonal cues, across behavioral and gestural coordination of action within sequences of action during single encounters, to the long-term interactional patterns associated with interaction histories and personal relationships (De Jaegher, Peräkylä, & Stevanovic, 2016) . From this point of view, we are still far away from being able to outline anything but small parts of the big picture of the phenomenon. We therefore need interdisciplinary collaboration between different kinds of "local" and "global" approaches to better understand the mechanisms, resources, and consequences of human interpersonal coordination. We have here tried to build a bridge between two such approaches, traditionally associated with two separate research fields. Still, to unravel the mysteries of human connectedness, many more such bridges need to be built.

Human interpersonal coordination happens at multiple time scales ranging from fast automatic reactions to interpersonal cues, across behavioral and gestural coordination of action within sequences of action during single encounters, to the long-term interactional patterns associated with interaction histories and personal relationships.


Our approach is original because it was guided by the hypothesis of horizontal epidemiology, namely that there are PSDs experienced in common across brain disorders [8] . The selection of PSDs and questions to operationalize them was a multi-stage process governed not only by statistical considerations, but also by the opinions of persons with brain disorders and by clinical experts working with them. We are confident that the metric properties of the final measure with 24 questions are very good because of the thorough process with which those questions were selected and because most of them were from validated instruments and had already been tested. Our intention was to produce an original tool in terms of the development process and the scope of applicability, but without repeating the work that other authors have carried out in the past.

Our approach is original because it was guided by the hypothesis of horizontal epidemiology, namely that there are PSDs experienced in common across brain disorders.


This enigma motivates a deeper understanding of the dynamics of density currents-in particular, whether they might have wavelike characteristics or somehow mimic (even if fortuitously) the behavior of gravity waves. In particular, the potential roles of environmental stratification and continuous solar forcing of the surface, which are crucial to wave theories, have not been carefully examined in studies of density currents. Indeed, previous observational and numerical simulation studies of seabreeze and other density currents have typically compared their behavior to that of very simple laboratory analogs not considering either of these two effects, and have often found discrepancies (Crossman and Horel 2010) .

Indeed, previous observational and numerical simulation studies of seabreeze and other density currents have typically compared their behavior to that of very simple laboratory analogs not considering either of these two effects, and have often found discrepancies.


Midlatitude and subtropical cold fronts resemble density currents near the frontal position, with the front location propagating relative to the background wind field and a low-level, relative flow into the front from the cold side, as found in a classical density current. Such fronts often obey the current speed equation even though the model underlying the equation does not appear applicable in general (Smith and Reeder 1988) . Indeed, such systems are complex and are dominated by rotation (i.e., geostrophic), whereas the successful results noted earlier by RSG11 were obtained without rotation (and apply to tropical and subtropical storms). Surface heating has been found in models to significantly affect the behavior of fronts as they come onshore from the ocean (Reeder 1986; Thomsen et al. 2008) .

Such fronts often obey the current speed equation even though the model underlying the equation does not appear applicable in general.

Surface heating has been found in models to significantly affect the behavior of fronts as they come onshore from the ocean.