Networks of fluid structures, such as tangles of vortex filaments in turbulent flows or braided magnetic fields in magnetohydrodynamics, are examples of physical systems that by their own nature are fundamentally structurally complex [1] . This is the result of many contributing factors, among which the highly nonlinear character of the governing equations, the simultaneous presence of different space scales in the emerging phenomena, and the spontaneous self-organization of the constituent elements. In this respect ideal vortex dynamics offers a suitable theoretical framework to develop and apply methods of structural complexity to investigate and analyze dynamical properties and energy-complexity relations.

Networks of fluid structures, such as tangles of vortex filaments in turbulent flows or braided magnetic fields in magnetohydrodynamics, are examples of physical systems that by their own nature are fundamentally structurally complex.


High concentration of salts is an important characteristic of the soils of semi-arid and arid regions of the world and is a continuing threat to crop production [1] - [3] . It has been estimated that high soil salinity brought about by mismanaged irrigation systems undermines the yield productivity of at least one-third of the world's irrigation lands [4] . Recent trends and future projections suggest that the need to produce more food and fiber for the expanding population will lead to an increase in the use of salt-prone water and land resources for crop-production systems, and this will be met by using salt-tolerant crops or halophytes [5] [6] . Biosaline agriculture is now becoming a reliable strategy for using saline environment [7] .

High concentration of salts is an important characteristic of the soils of semi-arid and arid regions of the world and is a continuing threat to crop production.

It has been estimated that high soil salinity brought about by mismanaged irrigation systems undermines the yield productivity of at least one-third of the world's irrigation lands.

Recent trends and future projections suggest that the need to produce more food and fiber for the expanding population will lead to an increase in the use of salt-prone water and land resources for crop-production systems, and this will be met by using salt-tolerant crops or halophytes.

Biosaline agriculture is now becoming a reliable strategy for using saline environment.


Coronary artery disease (CAD) is responsible for one out of every six deaths in the United States. Each year, approximately 800,000 Americans have a new coronary event resulting in approximately one death per minute [1] . This extraordinary burden of disease necessitates early diagnosis and treatment.

Each year, approximately 800,000 Americans have a new coronary event resulting in approximately one death per minute.


The comparison of rotifer communities between lakes free from human activity, located in the Wielkopolska National Park, and urban recreational lakes near Poznań showed that in recreational lakes rotifer species diversity was lower, while abundance was higher [10] . In contrast, in the recreational pond B, both species richness was higher and rotifer abundance was much greater. These disparities result from differences in the character of the water bodies, their genesis, degree of transformation, size, depth, and the catchment area.

The comparison of rotifer communities between lakes free from human activity, located in the Wielkopolska National Park, and urban recreational lakes near Poznań showed that in recreational lakes rotifer species diversity was lower, while abundance was higher.


Researchers at EPFL created a variant of VoltDB that used the OS's virtual memory to support large-than-memory databases [22] . The DBMS divides its address space into pinned and unpinned regions (using madvise). The former is used to store cold tuples that the OS is allowed to evict, whereas the pinned region is for hot data that the OS is prohibited from moving to disk. Similar to anti-caching, the DBMS collects statistics about how transactions access tuples. However, it uses a separate background thread to analyze this information off-line. Instead of explicitly moving the data to disk as done in anti-caching and Siberia, the DBMS moves the cold tuples to the unpinned region. The advantage of this approach is that the DBMS does not need to track evicted tuples. It is susceptible, however, to stalls due to page faults.

Researchers at EPFL created a variant of VoltDB that used the OS's virtual memory to support large-than-memory databases.


The main challenge in supporting larger-than-memory databases on an in-memory DBMS lies in accessing the data stored on a secondary storage device without slowing down the regular in-memory operations. That is, allowing the DBMS to move data back and forth between memory and disk without relying on a buffer pool and other legacy components [17] . We now describe how previous systems achieve this. There are other DBMSs that claim to support Figure 6 : Additional Workloads -Throughput measurements for H-Store with anti-caching when using the optimal hardware-dependent policy configuration for each storage device compared to a default configuration.

That is, allowing the DBMS to move data back and forth between memory and disk without relying on a buffer pool and other legacy components.


However, the environments in which many children perform homework are often poorly structured which means that many of these students perform the assignments alone, without guidance and appropriate support, and are therefore easily distracted. The absence of active parental involvement or low investment and the lack of support and adequate monitoring in the fulfillment of homework lead to the loss of opportunity to use this educational action as a moment of modeling and learning (Rosário et al., 2005) . Generally considered an academic success factor, it should be noted that, especially for elementary children, homework can contribute to perpetuate inequalities in education, because the "more disadvantaged children get less help from their parents with their homework and so it can amplify existing inequalities through complementarities with home inputs " (Rønning, 2011, p. 55) .

The absence of active parental involvement or low investment and the lack of support and adequate monitoring in the fulfillment of homework lead to the loss of opportunity to use this educational action as a moment of modeling and learning.


Based on this view, a decision making capability for unidirectional flow has been incorporated in the Social Force Model in order to enhance the pedestrians' abilities of avoiding some anticipated blocked situations in their front areas (Zainuddin & Shuaib, 2010) . However, such capability has not been considered for bidirectional flow. In this article, we improve this investigation capability to be incorporated into the Social force Model to introduce realistic motion in bidirectional flow. This paper is organized as follows. In the next section we introduce the decision making capability in the Social Force Model for unidirectional flow, and the arguments for the shortcomings of the model in modeling decision capability in bidirectional flow. In the third section, a model of the effects of the repulsive attributes of the pedestrian's investigation area on his/her decision is introduced. Finally, the relevant simulations to demonstrate the results of our work are performed.

Based on this view, a decision making capability for unidirectional flow has been incorporated in the Social Force Model in order to enhance the pedestrians' abilities of avoiding some anticipated blocked situations in their front areas.

This paper is organized as follows.


The electric-power industry, a basic industry supporting state construction, plays an increasingly important role in our daily life. Stable and uninterrupted high-quality electric energy provides a guarantee for the stable operation of industry and society [1] . Therefore, in order to ensure the stable operation of the power system and provide economic and reliable power for the market, it is necessary to accurately predict the change of load when planning the power system. Furthermore, the prediction also guides a reasonable production schedule.

Stable and uninterrupted high-quality electric energy provides a guarantee for the stable operation of industry and society.


Electricity load forecasting is a process of predicting future load changes by analyzing historical load data. It explores the dynamic changes of load data by qualitative and quantitative methods, such as statistics, computer science, and empirical analysis [2] . Based on the time horizon of prediction, the load forecasting can be classified into four categories: long-term forecasting, medium-term forecasting, short-term forecasting, and ultra-short-term forecasting [3] . Short-term electricity load forecasting is one of the main tasks for the grid dispatching operation department, and its accuracy is closely related to the formulation of dispatching plans and the proposal of transmission schemes. However, many factors affect the change of short-term load, which causes the load series to be highly non-linear and non-stationary, thus high-precision prediction of short-term load is a challenging task [4] .

It explores the dynamic changes of load data by qualitative and quantitative methods, such as statistics, computer science, and empirical analysis.

Based on the time horizon of prediction, the load forecasting can be classified into four categories: long-term forecasting, medium-term forecasting, short-term forecasting, and ultra-short-term forecasting.

However, many factors affect the change of short-term load, which causes the load series to be highly non-linear and non-stationary, thus high-precision prediction of short-term load is a challenging task.


Existing fault detection approaches can be roughly classified into model-free approaches, i.e., approaches based on statistical analysis, neural networks, and/or expert systems; and approaches based on the analytical redundancy, resorting to the available mathematical model of the process [4] . Statistical techniques do not require a model of the system but only a good database of historical data regarding normal operating conditions is needed, since statistical tests on the measured data are used to detect any abnormal behavior. This is, of course, the main disadvantage of these methods in that they need a large amount of plant data that are collected along a quite large window of operating time and are used to construct a statistical model of the process [5] .

Existing fault detection approaches can be roughly classified into model-free approaches, i.e., approaches based on statistical analysis, neural networks, and/or expert systems; and approaches based on the analytical redundancy, resorting to the available mathematical model of the process.

This is, of course, the main disadvantage of these methods in that they need a large amount of plant data that are collected along a quite large window of operating time and are used to construct a statistical model of the process.


As discussed earlier, in the EKF-based method, the bias in the residuals resulted from modeling uncertainties and disturbances can be misinterpreted as a response to a fault in the sensor. In spite of the importance of robust FDI, the issue of robustness has not been sufficiently addressed for chemical processes fault detection and isolation in the literature [1, 5] . Sotomayor & Odloak, designed a robust FDI scheme based on UIO for tow chemical processes, but in their work robustness to disturbance and uncertainty has not been shown [5] . The objective of this paper is to design a robust sensor fault detection and isolation scheme for a chemical process. An unknown input observer is designed for a linearized model of jacketed CSTR. The ability and performance of the UIO is investigated for abrupt fault detection and isolation in a highly nonlinear chemical process. It is shown that this method can discriminate disturbance and a certain degree of model uncertainty from faulty sensors.

In spite of the importance of robust FDI, the issue of robustness has not been sufficiently addressed for chemical processes fault detection and isolation in the literature.

Sotomayor & Odloak, designed a robust FDI scheme based on UIO for tow chemical processes, but in their work robustness to disturbance and uncertainty has not been shown.


In the real world, no system can work perfectly at all time under all conditions. In chemical plants faulty sensors may cause process performance degradation (e.g., lower product quality) or fatal accidents (e.g., temperature run away) [1] . A report estimates that the loss to petrochemical industries in the U.S. alone is $20 billion/year [2] . While, petrochemical plants are becoming larger, loss and maintenance costs will increase. Besides the economic loss, irreparable damage to human operators should be considered. Therefore, it is essential that a fault detection scheme can be developed so as to be able to detect and identify possible faults in the system as early as possible [3] . Then, the system can be maintained and kept reliable by means of this early warning enabling repair or replacement to take place at the earliest or most convenient time, with the minimum of loss of time or productivity. Today, fault detection and diagnosis have become inseparable parts of modern complex systems.

In chemical plants faulty sensors may cause process performance degradation (e.g., lower product quality) or fatal accidents (e.g., temperature run away).

A report estimates that the loss to petrochemical industries in the U.S. alone is $20 billion/year.

Therefore, it is essential that a fault detection scheme can be developed so as to be able to detect and identify possible faults in the system as early as possible.


In terms of hit rates, although effects were marginal, four exposures of Icehouse, and both four and six exposures of Mercury had a greater likelihood of being recognized. These results support the previous finding that recognition measures improved with number of repetition (Danaher & Mullarkey, 2003; Drèze & Hussherr, 2003; Grohs et al., 2004; Singh & Rothschild, 1983) . In addition, these results indicate that repetition of virtual advertising affects all aspects of viewers' awareness similar to other marketing communication media. However, when controlling for false-alarm rates, effects of repetition of brands on brand awareness diminished. This indicates that several respondents had mistakenly associated filler companies as actual sponsors of the game. This research does not address the extent of the effects of false-alarm rates; however, future research should investigate the effects of, and control for, false-alarm rates in advertising and sponsorship studies in sport settings.

These results support the previous finding that recognition measures improved with number of repetition.


The single constantly effective factor predicting viewers' awareness levels was the individuals' demand artifact during the experiment. This factor was significant (or with marginal effect) in most of the analyses (with one exception being aided recall of Champion), consistently increasing the likelihood of recall and recognition. This factor was included in this study because demand characteristics need to be controlled when conducting experiments (Sawyer, 1975; Shimp et al., 1991) . Given the artificial setting of this study, subjects memorizing the sponsors of the event is somewhat expected. Nonetheless, in the current study, main effects (repetition, baseball involvement, and team identification) were present despite this tendency, which we believe are important contributions to the field of sport marketing.

This factor was included in this study because demand characteristics need to be controlled when conducting experiments.


The level of magnetic activity also affects the location of the inner edges of the electron and the ion plasma sheets (Ejiri et al., 1980; Burke et al., 1998; Wang et al., 2008) . They are also located farther from the Earth during quiet magnetic periods. Furthermore, they are expected to be located closer to each other during periods of extended low activity (Newell and Meng, 1987; Larsen et al., 2007) .

The level of magnetic activity also affects the location of the inner edges of the electron and the ion plasma sheets.

Furthermore, they are expected to be located closer to each other during periods of extended low activity.


Many students come back to study quite late, so their ideas of the research environment and intensity of study may be unrealistic. Another potential source of mismatched or unrealistic expectations is change at a systemic level. In recent years there have been changes in enrolment patterns and pathways into doctorates, new types of doctorates, and a pronounced shift in candidate career intentions away from academe (Edwards et al., 2010; Klein & Rowe, 2008; Pearson et al., 2011; Watts, 2009) . Furthermore, there are new pressures facing student researchers brought about by increased student enrolments, uncertain financial conditions for student loans and fees, accelerated pace of research, and new regimes of accountability (Engebretson et al., 2008; Ylijoki, 2013) . These changes may give rise to unexpected pressures on the student-supervisor relationship, and study-work-life balance.

In recent years there have been changes in enrolment patterns and pathways into doctorates, new types of doctorates, and a pronounced shift in candidate career intentions away from academe.

Furthermore, there are new pressures facing student researchers brought about by increased student enrolments, uncertain financial conditions for student loans and fees, accelerated pace of research, and new regimes of accountability.


This paper directly addresses student expectations about their learning, anticipated experience of doing research, and their identification of the type and direction of any mismatch. Also of interest is whether experience of mismatch is reflected in student satisfaction with candidature. There is some evidence that realization of expectations contributes to satisfaction with doctoral candidature and there is a positive relationship between satisfaction and completion (Bair & Haworth, 2004) . The first section of the paper examines the literature on expectations in postgraduate research, followed by the mixed methods design that was adopted. The design draws on both telephone interviews and a survey, including a description of the analysis process. The results section presents respondent demographics and qualitative findings relating to types and direction of match/mismatch and the experience of mismatch, followed by the statistical analysis that links the direction and type of mismatch identified in the interviews with the satisfaction scales from the survey. The final sections of the paper comprise the strengths and limitations of the study, conclusions and discussion.

There is some evidence that realization of expectations contributes to satisfaction with doctoral candidature and there is a positive relationship between satisfaction and completion.


PhD candidates are adult learners with a broad range of educational and career experience (Pearson, Cumming, Evans, MacCauley, & Ryland, 2011) . However, relatively little is known about candidate expectations when they enter candidature, if these expectations are met, and the impact on the candidate if they are not. Expectations here refer to the candidate's preconceived ideas of what will occur in relation to, or as an outcome of, their candidature. These might range across expectations connected with career and success through to those connected with supervision, the learning environment and demands of Material published as part of this publication, either on-line or in print, is copyrighted by the Informing Science Institute. Permission to make digital or paper copy of part or all of these works for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that the copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage AND that copies 1) bear this notice in full and 2) give the full citation on the first page. It is permissible to abstract these works so long as credit is given. To copy in all other cases or to republish or to post on a server or to redistribute to lists requires specific permission and payment of a fee. Contact Publisher@InformingScience.org to request redistribution permission.

PhD candidates are adult learners with a broad range of educational and career experience.


Doctoral study is irrefutably hard, and many seemed to underestimate the difficulty and other intellectual and emotional pressures. This accounts for the shock described by some candidates who may have already worked autonomously or had done preparatory degrees, yet found they were not as prepared as they had believed they were. Other authors have also pointed out that candidates are unable to envisage the demands of a PhD (Kandiko & Kinchin, 2012) . Helping them do this is clearly a priority.

Other authors have also pointed out that candidates are unable to envisage the demands of a PhD.


In addition to nominating areas of expectation, candidates had been asked to comment about their subsequent experience. These comments were examined to detect evidence of match or mismatch and the orientation of mismatch. More than one third of the 104 interviewees nominated instances of match. They indicated that doing a PhD was hard or challenging but no more or less than expected. There was a small group who indicated situations where the experience was better than expected (referred to in this paper as positive mismatch). The majority of comments, however, identified situations of negative mismatch, where things were not measuring up or were more difficult or challenging than candidates had expected. Bearing in mind that the interviews were undertaken in the context of learning, the primary source of mismatch for approximately half of those interviewed was in relation to the 'Task'. Supervision, which is arguably a closely related area, received relatively little emphasis in terms of stated expectations. While mentions of supervision were fewer than the authors anticipated given the emphasis in previous literature, when candidate satisfaction with supervision is examined in relation to comments about mismatch, it is evident that they are strongly indicative of low satisfaction − a finding that supports previous research that emphasizes the importance of supervision in student experience (Moxham et al., 2013; Pole et al., 1997; Zhao et al., 2007) .

While mentions of supervision were fewer than the authors anticipated given the emphasis in previous literature, when candidate satisfaction with supervision is examined in relation to comments about mismatch, it is evident that they are strongly indicative of low satisfaction − a finding that supports previous research that emphasizes the importance of supervision in student experience.


Armed with these results, one can investigate the thermodynamics and phase diagram of the hairy black hole solutions. In particular, we show that there are first order phase transitions that lead to a discontinuity in the entropy. Similar results were obtained for a general class of black holes solutions in a theory with a conformal invariant scalar field Lagrangian [39] .

Similar results were obtained for a general class of black holes solutions in a theory with a conformal invariant scalar field Lagrangian.


Asymptotically Anti-de Sitter (AdS) black holes play an important role in understanding the dynamics and thermodynamics of holographic dual field theories via AdS/CFT duality [1] . In particular, these black holes are dual to thermal states of the 'boundary' field theory. First order phase transitions in the bulk can be related to confinement/deconfinement-like phase transitions in the dual field theory [2] . Since scalar fields appear as moduli in string theory, it is important to understand the generic thermodynamic properties of hairy black holes.

Asymptotically Anti-de Sitter (AdS) black holes play an important role in understanding the dynamics and thermodynamics of holographic dual field theories via AdS/CFT duality.

First order phase transitions in the bulk can be related to confinement/deconfinement-like phase transitions in the dual field theory.


The nutritional and functional properties of food proteins have been investigated for many years. The nutritional quality of a protein depends on its amino acid content and on the physiological utilization of specific amino acids after digestion and absorption. In terms of their functional properties, proteins contribute to the physicochemical and sensory properties of various protein-rich foods. Furthermore, the possibility to release biologically active peptides from food proteins has gained a lot of interest. Mucuna pruriens is an underutilized tropical legume grown in Africa, South America and Asia as a green manure/cover crop. It is rich in protein (23% -35%) and has good potential as a cheap and alternate source of protein [1] . Bioactive peptides are inactive within the sequence of the parent protein and can be released by proteolytic enzymes during gastrointestinal digestion or during food processing. Once they are liberated in the body, bioactive peptides can affect numerous physiological functions of the organism [2] .

It is rich in protein (23% -35%) and has good potential as a cheap and alternate source of protein.

Once they are liberated in the body, bioactive peptides can affect numerous physiological functions of the organism.


Among the different classes of bioactive peptides, the antihypertensive peptides are the best known. The main group of the antihypertensive peptides corresponds to the inhibitors of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) [2] . ACE is a membrane-bound exopeptidase and is localized on the plasma membranes of various cell types, including vascular endothelial cells, microvillar brush border epithelial cells (e.g., renal proximal tubule cells), and neuroepithelial cells. It is this membrane-bound ACE that is thought to be physiologically important. ACE also exists in a soluble form in plasma, but this form may simply reflect turnover and clearance of membrane-bound ACE. ACE (also known as kininase II) converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into a potent vasoconstrictor, the octapeptide angiotensin II and metabolizes a number of other peptides, including the vasodilator peptides bradykinin and kallidin, to inactive metabolites. Thus, functionally, the enzymatic actions of ACE potentially result in increased vasoconstriction and decreased vasodilation [3] .

The main group of the antihypertensive peptides corresponds to the inhibitors of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE).

Thus, functionally, the enzymatic actions of ACE potentially result in increased vasoconstriction and decreased vasodilation.


Both because of the competency of building the new smart-eco New Songdo City in Incheon, and the failure to address a proper partnership network for its financing while facing local oppositions, the Seun Green Corridor megaproject faced years of delay in its development. In 2013, the Seoul Metropolitan Government, specifically the Department of Managing Historical City, presented a new proposal, for an Alternative Seun Development Plan [47] . This proposal is the result of a long participatory process, consisting of 14 workshops, specialist consultations, a citizen symposium, and face-to-face talks with local residents. In contrast to the large scale projects-based planning perspectives of the Urban Renaissance Master Plan for Downtown Seoul and the Restoration of NS-Green Network, the Alternative Seun Development Plan focuses on comparable small-scale redevelopments, strengthening the specific characteristics of the Seun district and the surrounding areas [47] . Such a paradigm shift has been also influenced by the regulations of UNESCO for the Jongmyo Royal Shrine World Heritage site (see Figure 1) , according to which the maximum building height may not exceed 62 m in the northern part of the Seun area. Furthermore, the redevelopments should be based on mixed residential and commercial use and also include different housing sizes, including a considerable number of small apartments with less than 60 m 2 . The original city structure (roads and historical streams) should be conserved, the building height should be limited (see above), and the development of green areas should be considered within a small-scale development, avoiding the complete demolition of larger areas, and facilitating flexible upgrade and stepwise development. The average FAR should be 6, but depending on the area it might be 100%-200% higher or lower [47] .

In 2013, the Seoul Metropolitan Government, specifically the Department of Managing Historical City, presented a new proposal, for an Alternative Seun Development Plan.

In contrast to the large scale projects-based planning perspectives of the Urban Renaissance Master Plan for Downtown Seoul and the Restoration of NS-Green Network, the Alternative Seun Development Plan focuses on comparable small-scale redevelopments, strengthening the specific characteristics of the Seun district and the surrounding areas.

The average FAR should be 6, but depending on the area it might be 100%-200% higher or lower.


The sensitivity of plants to different compounds can be used in toxicity tests to identify toxicants. Plant bioassays are well-established systems used for screening and monitoring of environmental pollutants. Phytotoxicity is the impact of various compounds or pollutants on seed germination and subsequent growth, while plant genotoxicity tests detect a wide range of genetic damage, including gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations [8] .

Phytotoxicity is the impact of various compounds or pollutants on seed germination and subsequent growth, while plant genotoxicity tests detect a wide range of genetic damage, including gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations.


Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) that block PD-1/ PD-L1 or CTLA-4 have transformed the treatment of many cancers and their use continues to expand. Anti-CTLA-4 was approved for treatment of melanoma followed by inhibitors of PD-1 or PD-L1, which have been approved to treat, in addition to melanoma, multiple tumor types [1] . In addition to use as single agents, dual CTLA-4/PD-1 inhibiting regimens have been approved for melanoma and renal cell carcinoma [1] .

Anti-CTLA-4 was approved for treatment of melanoma followed by inhibitors of PD-1 or PD-L1, which have been approved to treat, in addition to melanoma, multiple tumor types.

In addition to use as single agents, dual CTLA-4/PD-1 inhibiting regimens have been approved for melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.


After online completion of the socio-demographic and personality traits questionnaires, each group participated in a lesson that was conducted according to one of the three experimental conditions described above (i.e. face-to-face, one-way or two-way videoconferencing). The lesson (~25 min), entitled 'Charisma of Politicians = Vision + Presentation' was delivered by an expert instructor, experienced in both face-to-face and synchronous teaching and unaware of the research hypotheses. The topic was chosen, among other reasons, because it frames common knowledge of the participants about politics in an unusual way, providing students with a new perspective through which politics can be understood, while enabling them to express their own opinions. In each condition, the lesson contained two similar key pedagogical components: (1) presentation -a frontal lecture without explicit attempts by the instructor to encourage interactions with the students (although students could interrupt the instructor and initiate interactions to comment or ask questions) and (2) activities that were explicitly designed to increase learning-related dialogue: instructor-student interactions, student-instructor communication and interactions between the students themselves (by asking and encouraging questions and promoting discussions between the participants) (Marquart et al. 2016) . The two pedagogical components were chosen to enable generalisation of the research findings to both presentations in large introductory courses and to highly interactive teaching in small advanced courses.

In each condition, the lesson contained two similar key pedagogical components: (1) presentation -a frontal lecture without explicit attempts by the instructor to encourage interactions with the students (although students could interrupt the instructor and initiate interactions to comment or ask questions) and (2) activities that were explicitly designed to increase learning-related dialogue: instructor-student interactions, student-instructor communication and interactions between the students themselves (by asking and encouraging questions and promoting discussions between the participants).


Traditional coee plantations have been reported to contain up to 100 species of shade trees that are used to protect traditional coee varieties from extremes in temperature and humidity, as well as to increase the nitrogen pool in the soil though nitrogen ®xation and to diversify farm products (Espinoza, 1983; Babbar, 1993) . The traditional system follows the common pattern of agroforestry, with a variety of shade tree species, frequently interspersed with fruit trees forming a`canopy' above the coee bushes. The more rustic of these plantations share many structural attributes normally associated with forests, including high plant diversity, multistrata structure, constant leaf-litter cover, and constant canopy cover which regulates microclimatic conditions in the understorey. Furthermore, some of these rustic plantations are established by simply cleaning the understorey of the forest and planting coee under the canopy of the already established trees (Perfecto et al., 1996) .

Traditional coee plantations have been reported to contain up to 100 species of shade trees that are used to protect traditional coee varieties from extremes in temperature and humidity, as well as to increase the nitrogen pool in the soil though nitrogen ®xation and to diversify farm products.

Furthermore, some of these rustic plantations are established by simply cleaning the understorey of the forest and planting coee under the canopy of the already established trees.


Public-key cryptography based solutions: These solutions rely on public-key based key exchange protocols such as Diffie-Hellman or RSA [5] [6] [7] . In DiffieHellman based schemes, devices exchange their Diffie-Hellman components and derive a key from them. In RSA-based schemes, one of the devices selects a secret key and encrypts it under the other device's public key. The main problem of these solutions is performance. They require that devices perform CPU-intensive operations such as exponentiation, which are prohibitive for CPU-constrained devices such as RFID tags.

Public-key cryptography based solutions: These solutions rely on public-key based key exchange protocols such as Diffie-Hellman or RSA.


The predicted values by Eq. (2) are also shown in the figure. The experimental data agree well with the predicted values by Eq.(2) for the pressures lower than 0.4 MPa. However, the data are lower for the higher pressures. Fig.4 shows the effect of the pressure on the heated surface temperatures at CHFs. With increase in pressure, the heated surface temperatures increase up to critical temperature and are kept constant for the pressure higher than 0.7 MPa. Therefore, it is assumed that the transition to film boiling would occur at the heat flux lower than that caused by hydrodynamic instability and be dominated by the heated surface temperature [5] . It seems that, with increase in subcooling from ∆Tsub = 0, the CHFs increase in proportional to subcooling. The CHF for subcooled pool boiling, qcr,sub, is predicted by Kutateladze's equation as follows [8] .

Therefore, it is assumed that the transition to film boiling would occur at the heat flux lower than that caused by hydrodynamic instability and be dominated by the heated surface temperature.

The CHF for subcooled pool boiling, qcr,sub, is predicted by Kutateladze's equation as follows.


Snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops, and is classified as a salt sensitive plant and suffers from growth and yield loss between 10% and 50% at salinity level from 1 to 3 dSm À1 (Maas and Hoffman, 1977) . There was a 85% growth reduction on a dry weight basis of bean plants subjected to 96 mM NaCl (Wignarajah, 1990) . About 20-30% of the bean-production areas in the Middle East including Egypt are affected by soil salinity, which could be caused by (1) poor irrigation water which contains considerable amounts of salts that accumulate in the soil surface layer, (2) poor drainage, (3) poor water management, and (4) low rainfall and high evaporation rate, which led to capillarity rise of salts from underground water into the root zone (Bayuelo-Jime´nez et al., 2002) .

Snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops, and is classified as a salt sensitive plant and suffers from growth and yield loss between 10% and 50% at salinity level from 1 to 3 dSm À1.

There was a 85% growth reduction on a dry weight basis of bean plants subjected to 96 mM NaCl.

About 20-30% of the bean-production areas in the Middle East including Egypt are affected by soil salinity, which could be caused by (1) poor irrigation water which contains considerable amounts of salts that accumulate in the soil surface layer, (2) poor drainage, (3) poor water management, and (4) low rainfall and high evaporation rate, which led to capillarity rise of salts from underground water into the root zone.


The function of the prosternal glands also remains unknown for H. erato phyllis. They might be involved in defense, as previously suggested for notodontids [24] [25] [26] . Larvae of H. erato phyllis are solitary feeders, behave aggressively toward other heliconian larvae, and are cannibalistic [1, 40, 41] . The early stages of heliconians in general are preyed upon by ants, against which they have developed complex defense mechanisms [42] [43] [44] . When the anterior portion of its body is gently touched, the larva of H. erato phyllis assumes a defensive posture, moving its head and elevating its front legs, and protruding the sac containing the paired prosternal glands.

They might be involved in defense, as previously suggested for notodontids.

Larvae of H. erato phyllis are solitary feeders, behave aggressively toward other heliconian larvae, and are cannibalistic.

The early stages of heliconians in general are preyed upon by ants, against which they have developed complex defense mechanisms.


For the first time, mixed wood panel adhesive formulations for interior-grade applications were developed in which lignin is in considerable proportion, 50%, of the wood panel binder and in which no "fortification" with synthetic resins, such as isocyanates and phenol-formaldehyde resins used in the past, is necessary to obtain results satisfying relevant standards. Furthermore, environment-friendly, nontoxic polymeric materials of natural origin constitute as much as 94% of the total panel binder formulation. The wood panel itself is then constituted of 99.5% natural materials. The 0.5% non natural material is composed of glyoxal, a non-toxic and non-volatile aldehyde, and of hexam-ine that has already been proven and accepted as a nonformaldehyde-yielding compound when in presence of a condensed tannin adhesive (Pichelin et al. 2006) . As for the tannin/hexamine binders alone these panels also present an effective zero formaldehyde emission when tested by the dessicator method (JIS A5908).

The 0.5% non natural material is composed of glyoxal, a non-toxic and non-volatile aldehyde, and of hexam-ine that has already been proven and accepted as a nonformaldehyde-yielding compound when in presence of a condensed tannin adhesive.


TiO2 active phase was analyzed by XRD and its crystalline phases were obtained. Table 1 shows the percentage of anatase and rutile phase, observing that TiO2 Degussa P25 is composed mainly by the photocatalitically active anatase phase [24, 25] . In addition, Table 1 presents the textural parameters of TiO2 Degussa P25, which were examined by N2 adsorption-desorption porosimetry and mercury porosimetry. The textural parameters included in this table are: BET specific area (ABET), total pore area (A), porosity (ε) and density (ρ). Prior to the study of the photocatalytic process, experiments in the stirred photoreactor have been performed in order to quantify the photolytic effect of the UV light on the paracetamol degradation in wastewater (pH = 8) and the adsorption of the emergent contaminant molecules onto the TiO2 surface. Figure 1 shows the degree of paracetamol removal from wastewater by means of both phenomenon in the photoreactor: Photolysis or adsorption. It can be concluded that the photolytic process has relatively low effect in the paracetamol removal from wastewater under UV light irradiation. The adsorption capacity of the studied photocatalytic material, TiO2 Degussa P25, can be observed in Figure 1 , evaluating its degree of contribution in the global process of elimination of the contaminant. As can be seen, the adsorption capacity of tested material is negligible (achieving only a 2%-3% of paracetamol removal from wastewater after 4 h of adsorption treatment) for all tested TiO2 quantities.

Table 1 shows the percentage of anatase and rutile phase, observing that TiO2 Degussa P25 is composed mainly by the photocatalitically active anatase phase.


Despite numerous experimental and theoretical studies on dispersion there is a lack of fundamental understanding of how complexity in flow field in high Reynolds number can influence on the dispersion and how these processes are influenced by heterogeneity of the porous media. Boundary of flow regimes would be varied among different experimental systems, because of the geometry-dependent manifestation of inertial effects, particularly from the transition to turbulence (Reddy et al. 1998) . Importance of specifying a transition boundary between these regimes where fluid field gradually evolves from linear to nonlinear, and from laminar to turbulent flow are recognized when appropriate method should be used for transport modelling and calculation of dispersion coefficient.

Boundary of flow regimes would be varied among different experimental systems, because of the geometry-dependent manifestation of inertial effects, particularly from the transition to turbulence.


Reciprocal bianisotropic particles can be conveniently classified based on the symmetry properties of the magnetoelectric coefficients. The case of symmetric matrices a [1] . Recently, it was found that balanced particles, such that all the polarizablities have equal strength, possess very special, and extreme properties.

The case of symmetric matrices a.


In recent years, the underutilization of the frequency spectrum has inspired the use of reconfigurable radio concepts, such as cognitive radio (CR) [10] . In category A of CR systems, two antennas were used. A wideband antenna to feed a receiver for spectrum sensing and a narrow band (NB) antenna to feed the front end, which can be tuned to the second band [11] . A number of antennas that integrated wideband and NB antennas have successfully been designed for this application [12] [13] [14] [15] . They are mainly based on the planar monopole and slot antennas.

In recent years, the underutilization of the frequency spectrum has inspired the use of reconfigurable radio concepts, such as cognitive radio (CR).

A wideband antenna to feed a receiver for spectrum sensing and a narrow band (NB) antenna to feed the front end, which can be tuned to the second band.

A number of antennas that integrated wideband and NB antennas have successfully been designed for this application.


The boundary layer method was proposed [3] . A saturation function is adopted to the SMC strategy, which will increase the steady tracking errors. The high-order sliding modes approach is to hide the discontinuity in its higher derivatives [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . The disturbance estimation method can also be used to attenuate the chattering [9] . The idea of this method is to use the disturbance estimation based on higherorder sliding mode techniques to design a continuous sliding mode control that features second-order nonlinear dynamics in the boundary layer. Chattering-free sliding mode control was proposed for discrete-time system [10] . To avoid the chattering phenomenon, a nonsmooth term (continuous function) was employed instead of the switching term and a reach process is added. Chattering-free terminal sliding mode control was proposed [11] . The singularity problem in terminal sliding mode control system and the chattering problem in both conventional linear sliding mode control and the terminal sliding mode control had been all solved, but this control strategy only gets a continuous control input not a smooth one which is needed in most of process control.

The boundary layer method was proposed.

The high-order sliding modes approach is to hide the discontinuity in its higher derivatives.

The disturbance estimation method can also be used to attenuate the chattering.

Chattering-free sliding mode control was proposed for discrete-time system.

Chattering-free terminal sliding mode control was proposed.


Sliding mode control (SMC) is an effective control method to deal with the plants model uncertainty, load disturbance, and parameters mismatch. And it has been widely studied in the research community. It has been applied in some industrial processes successfully, such as electrical, mechanical, chemical, and aerospace engineering [1] . In SMC, a switching term is adopted, which can cause high frequency oscillations in the system inputs. Due to the chattering phenomenon, its application in practical systems is greatly limited. So elimination of chattering has been one of the main motivations for SMC algorithm, and a number of methods for chattering elimination have been studied [2] .

It has been applied in some industrial processes successfully, such as electrical, mechanical, chemical, and aerospace engineering.

So elimination of chattering has been one of the main motivations for SMC algorithm, and a number of methods for chattering elimination have been studied.


Due to the strong load disturbance, model uncertainties, and parameters mismatch, it is usually difficult to control drum water level of the boiler. And a number of methods have been developed. An adaptive Grey predictor based method was proposed [12] . And through this method, three main problems ((1) effect of "false water level, (2) controller parameter mismatches due to variant working condition, and (3) signal noise caused by uncertainties of drum water level") in drum water level control system were resolved. By employing generalized predictive control structures for inner and outer loops, a cascade model predictive control scheme for boiler drum water level control was designed [13] . In order to reject disturbances generated in boiler, a fuzzy supervisory scheme was proposed [14] . A robust multivariable controller using ∞ loop-shaping techniques was designed [15] . Due to the inaccessibility of some state variables of boiler system, a minimum-order observer was designed based on Luenberger's model to gain an estate state [16] . In this scheme a local controller was designed using Linear Quadratic Gaussian with Loop Transfer Recovery. The set points to the controller were modified whenever necessary 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering by a supervisor partially based on fuzzy logic. An adaptive control application was applied to a 765 MW large thermal power plant, and the control strategy decreased the operating costs and increased the quality of the generated electricity [17] .

An adaptive Grey predictor based method was proposed.

By employing generalized predictive control structures for inner and outer loops, a cascade model predictive control scheme for boiler drum water level control was designed.

In order to reject disturbances generated in boiler, a fuzzy supervisory scheme was proposed.

A robust multivariable controller using ∞ loop-shaping techniques was designed.

Due to the inaccessibility of some state variables of boiler system, a minimum-order observer was designed based on Luenberger's model to gain an estate state.

An adaptive control application was applied to a 765 MW large thermal power plant, and the control strategy decreased the operating costs and increased the quality of the generated electricity.


All the isolates had their maximum growth at 30ºC; however, they showed considerable growth at 20ºC also. The growth of black yeasts from nature is limited to temperatures below 32°C, where as phylogenetically related species which are agents of human infections may grow at temperatures up to 37°C. For physiologically active and fully hydrated colonies, the lethal temperature is between 35 and 75°C, but dehydrated colonies can withstand up to 120°C which when transferred to fresh medium retains growth (Sterflinger, 1998) . The isolates in the present study showed maximum growth at salinities between 30 and 60 ppt and considerable growth up to 100 ppt. This proves the halophilic nature of these organisms and the fact that they are excellent eukaryotic counter parts for studies regarding salt tolerance (Kogej et al., 2005) .

For physiologically active and fully hydrated colonies, the lethal temperature is between 35 and 75°C, but dehydrated colonies can withstand up to 120°C which when transferred to fresh medium retains growth.

This proves the halophilic nature of these organisms and the fact that they are excellent eukaryotic counter parts for studies regarding salt tolerance.


Indeed, the growth rates of crowdfunding have been impressive (Tomczak and Brem, 2013) . Even though systematic figures are scarce, there is an estimated $2,7 billion raised worldwide, in different types of platforms, with $1,6 billion in North America, $945 million in Europe, and 110 million in the rest of the world 1 . In 2014, €12,5 billion was crowdfunded worldwide, with €7,3 billion in North America, €2,5 billion in Europe, and €2,6 billion in Asia 2 .

Indeed, the growth rates of crowdfunding have been impressive.


Our motivation to carry out this study was the prediction that emission of CO2 and possibly also CH4 from decaying heartwood in living Norway spruce trees could amount to regionally significant levels, especially when considering that on average every 4th tree is affected by root and stem decay in most mature stands of Norway spruce [14] . Due to fungal respiration, the recorded stem CO2 concentrations could be over two-fold higher in trees with heartwood decay in comparison to healthy trees. In contrast to CO2, the low stem concentrations of CH4 recorded in both healthy and decaying trees can be considered as insignificant. The performed up-scaling of CO2 efflux measurements from six Norway spruce trees with heartwood based decay columns caused by Heterobasidion annosum s.l. suggests that the balance between carbon sequestration and emission could be significantly influenced at stands with high frequency of advanced root and stem heartwood decay. However, large scale studies with more intensive measuring of CO2 fluxes from decaying heartwood are warranted to obtain robust estimates about the impact of fungal mineralization of wood on carbon budgets in Norway spruce stands. Our hope is that the pilot up-scaling exercise carried out now will stimulate further studies on this poorly explored topic.

Our motivation to carry out this study was the prediction that emission of CO2 and possibly also CH4 from decaying heartwood in living Norway spruce trees could amount to regionally significant levels, especially when considering that on average every 4th tree is affected by root and stem decay in most mature stands of Norway spruce.


The main phenolic compounds in fruits include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and tocopherols [5] . These phenolics can act as antioxidants, directly or indirectly preventing the formation of free radicals that contribute to many chronic health issues. Polyphenols can be extracted while using different organic solvents while their antioxidant potential can be varied depending upon the type of extraction, conditions, and the choice of solvents [6] .

The main phenolic compounds in fruits include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and tocopherols.

Polyphenols can be extracted while using different organic solvents while their antioxidant potential can be varied depending upon the type of extraction, conditions, and the choice of solvents.


Strictly defined distance between two fiber-optic interferometers can be used to determine the desired speed of the object [1] . Speed is calculated using a time interval between interferometers. Interferometers can be also used for the detection of vehicle axles. This fact is proved further in this article in the section focused on the methods of the speed measurement.

Strictly defined distance between two fiber-optic interferometers can be used to determine the desired speed of the object.


The developments in the internet and communication technologies have brought radical changes in all facets of our life. They have changed the way we communicate, gather and disseminate information. They have also changed the traditional recruitment process by having job boards and corporate career web pages (De Meo et al., 2007) . They offer several advantages over traditional approach by allowing Human Resources Agencies to target a very wide audience at a small cost. In traditional approach, HR agencies need to allocate human resources to manually scrutinise the candidate resumes and evaluates the applicants' suitability for the positions at hand. This is a time-consuming process. E-recruitment can automate the process of assessing the applicant profiles with maximum efficiency and small cost. This is already proved for SAT telecom (Pande, 2011) . The finding of the study on SAT telecom reported that 44% of cost savings and a drop in the average time needed to fill a vacancy from 70 to 37 days. There is no need to rely on recruitment consultants and search agents. The cost per hire has dropped drastically.

They have also changed the traditional recruitment process by having job boards and corporate career web pages.

This is a time-consuming process.

This is already proved for SAT telecom.


This selection heuristic is theoretically justified in that variable elimination algorithms are known to have a complexity that is exponential only in the width of the elimination order used [14] . In the context of symbolic SAT solving, the width plus 1 translates into the maximum number of variables any intermediate BDD can have. Choosing an order with a smaller width therefore helps minimize the size of these intermediate BDDs.

This selection heuristic is theoretically justified in that variable elimination algorithms are known to have a complexity that is exponential only in the width of the elimination order used.


The study searches a complexity metric to study the dynamic complexity of a system. The complexity metric uses the times series called work in process (WIP) from the system of manufacture. The measurement of the dynamic complexity of the studied productive systems delivers the sensitivity of the systems to variables related to the productive structure of the system. Productive systems with a high level of dynamic complexity with values closer to one (1) are related to stochastic structures of unpredictable behavior [30] .

Productive systems with a high level of dynamic complexity with values closer to one (1) are related to stochastic structures of unpredictable behavior.


After chromosome 22 anomalies, aberrations of the short arm of one chromosome 1 are the most frequent alterations detected by cytogenetic analysis of meningiomas [3, 4, 8, 21, 24, [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] . In a former study, we introduced the GPS established by cytogenetic analysis, as a marker for tumor progression. The GPS of a tumor is defined as the estimated average waiting time of its observed genetic pattern in a timed oncogenetic tree model. Using Cox regression analysis we demonstrated that for meningiomas the GPS has prognostic value with respect to clinical outcome and recurrence (p,0.001) [3] .

After chromosome 22 anomalies, aberrations of the short arm of one chromosome 1 are the most frequent alterations detected by cytogenetic analysis of meningiomas.

Using Cox regression analysis we demonstrated that for meningiomas the GPS has prognostic value with respect to clinical outcome and recurrence (p,0.001).


At the end of the experiment, the subjects were asked to comment upon their cognitive strategies when evaluating the virtual and the real springs, and to tell whether they used the red marks or not, as they sometimes used them and sometimes did not pay any attention to them. The answers make it difficult to know whether the red mark was always used as a terminal force cue for the virtual/real spring comparison or not. The 13.4% JND should thus be compared with 8% and 22% JNDs previously found by Tan in fixed and roving squeezing distance experiments [18] . The herein result seems consistent with previous studies concerning manual discrimination of compliance. Nevertheless all previous experiments were carried out within a single environment while in this experiment, the transition between the RE and the VE is also to be taken into account and has probably had a negative influence on the result of the performance.

The 13.4% JND should thus be compared with 8% and 22% JNDs previously found by Tan in fixed and roving squeezing distance experiments.


In four-dimensional superconformal field theories (SCFTs) the problem was solved via the a-maximization procedure [1] . It was shown that the exact R symmetry is the most general linear combination of all the global abelian symmetries which locally maximizes the coefficient a of the conformal anomaly. The latter result is based on the fact that the coefficient a is non-perturbatively known [2] . A similar argument does not seem to apply to three-dimensional field theories, for which there is no anomaly.

In four-dimensional superconformal field theories (SCFTs) the problem was solved via the a-maximization procedure.

The latter result is based on the fact that the coefficient a is non-perturbatively known.


Celiac disease (CD) is a complex pathologic condition involving the small intestine mucosa resulting from intolerance to gluten assumption [1] . More specifically, it is considered a genetic and autoimmune condition that can affect patients of any age and gender with a great variability of symptoms and clinical signs. Although the final diagnosis of CD is always based on a biopsy with the detection of severe villous atrophy coupled with crypt hyperplasia, the diagnostic pathway leading to this conclusion can often be long and winding [1, 2] . This pathology, initially considered as typical of the European population, is nowadays distributed worldwide. Epidemiological analysis has reported a prevalence of celiac disease as varying greatly between the western and the eastern parts of the world, so that CD is today considered as the most common genetic disorder in the west with a prevalence of 1%, while it is relatively unknown in Asian countries [1, 3] . This irregular distribution in different countries has been related to genetic and alimentary factors. CD is actually an intestinal enteropathy whose symptoms are determined by the ingestion of gliadin in genetically predisposed patients [1] . Gliadin is a prolamin, a class of peptides highly resistant to gastrointestinal enzymes, which causes histological changes in the small intestine mucosa of the celiac patient, leading to a malabsorption syndrome. This abnormal response of the intestinal mucosa is linked to a specific genetic predisposition; almost all the patients affected by CD carry a HLA-DQ2 molecule which is highly frequent in the west and absent in Asian countries. Infections represent another environmental factor identified in the understanding of the CD pathogenesis: the presence of different virus has been described by several authors as a possible cause of pathology development after gluten introduction in the diet [1, 4, 5] .

Celiac disease (CD) is a complex pathologic condition involving the small intestine mucosa resulting from intolerance to gluten assumption.

Although the final diagnosis of CD is always based on a biopsy with the detection of severe villous atrophy coupled with crypt hyperplasia, the diagnostic pathway leading to this conclusion can often be long and winding.

Epidemiological analysis has reported a prevalence of celiac disease as varying greatly between the western and the eastern parts of the world, so that CD is today considered as the most common genetic disorder in the west with a prevalence of 1%, while it is relatively unknown in Asian countries.

CD is actually an intestinal enteropathy whose symptoms are determined by the ingestion of gliadin in genetically predisposed patients.

Infections represent another environmental factor identified in the understanding of the CD pathogenesis: the presence of different virus has been described by several authors as a possible cause of pathology development after gluten introduction in the diet.


To address these problems in today's electric power systems, a new concept of next generation electric power system, a smart grid, has been proposed. The smart grid is an advanced electric power grid, which provides improved productivity, high reliability, and safety by the help of modern communications and advanced sensing technologies [9] . Because of strict application and business requirements, reliable and online information is the core of the smart grid infrastructure. To this end, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can offer a cost-effective solution for electric power network monitoring and control instead of traditional wired systems [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . WSNs bring important advantages over traditional power systems, including rapid deployment, flexibility, and aggregated intelligence via parallel processing [16, 17] . However, the realization of smart grid depends on the communication capabilities of deployed sensor network in harsh power grid environments, which pose communication challenges for reliability and energy efficiency in WSNs.

The smart grid is an advanced electric power grid, which provides improved productivity, high reliability, and safety by the help of modern communications and advanced sensing technologies.

To this end, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can offer a cost-effective solution for electric power network monitoring and control instead of traditional wired systems.

WSNs bring important advantages over traditional power systems, including rapid deployment, flexibility, and aggregated intelligence via parallel processing.


Wi-Fi-based indoor positioning can be divided into two categories according to the working basis. One consists of the localization algorithms based on signal propagation model [6] [7] [8] . The other includes those algorithms based on position fingerprint [9] [10] [11] . The former uses the signal propagation model to convert measured signal strength into distance information. Then, the target coordinates can be calculated according to the distance between the moving target and the multiple access points with known coordinates. To accomplish that, it is necessary to perform coordinate planning on the areas to be localized and accurately obtain the coordinates of Wi-Fi access point. For ordinary multistory building, the actual deployment of Wi-Fi access points is irregular, since it is seriously influenced by some factors such as the building structure. Thus, it is very complex to fulfill the establishment and calculation of the AP coordinates. At the same time, in the procedure of signal transmission, Wi-Fi signal is vulnerable to environmental factors such as walls, doors, and windows, even the movement of people. Besides, the degree of attenuation is closely related to the obstacles' shape, size, and material. Therefore, in the indoor environment with complex structure, the signal propagation model cannot accurately describe the relationship between actual distance and the signal strength.

One consists of the localization algorithms based on signal propagation model.

The other includes those algorithms based on position fingerprint.


Section 2 provides a brief introduction to TypePlug using an example of a nonnil type system. In Section 3 the TypePlug framework is described in some detail. Section 4 discusses experience using TypePlug to define a class-based type system and a confinement type system. Section 5 discusses the results obtained in the context of related work. We conclude in Section 6 with some remarks on future work. This article is an extension of our previous work [8] . The current paper adds an in-depth presentation of the confinement type system (Section 4.2).

This article is an extension of our previous work.


A. gigas (pirarucu) is endemic to the Amazon basin and is the longest freshwater fish in the world, reaching 3 m in length and more than 200 kg in weight (Castello, 2004) . Because of its high economic importance in the fisheries of Northern Brazil, A. gigas has recently been introduced into fish farms to facilitate its reproduction and rearing in captivity. This effort has increased in recent years due to the ability of A. gigas to adapt to a confined environment and improvements in facility management. Because A. gigas is the largest freshwater scaled fish in the world, it has high commercial value and has been overexploited for more than two decades (Viana et al., 2007) . Near the principal cities of the Brazilian Amazon, A. gigas is considered commercially extinct, and fishermen have reported difficulties in catching A. gigas in certain areas (Goulding, 1980; Castello, 2008; Oliveira et al., 2005) .

A. gigas (pirarucu) is endemic to the Amazon basin and is the longest freshwater fish in the world, reaching 3 m in length and more than 200 kg in weight.

Because A. gigas is the largest freshwater scaled fish in the world, it has high commercial value and has been overexploited for more than two decades.

Near the principal cities of the Brazilian Amazon, A. gigas is considered commercially extinct, and fishermen have reported difficulties in catching A. gigas in certain areas.


An extensive study is completed by the authors on the steeltype failure, which occurs when the steel part is relatively weak comparing to the concrete part and the failure hereby is governed by steel embossment yielding and failure. Excluding the concrete damage, an experimental and numerical analysis is accomplished on an individual enlarged embossment [8] . On the basis of the verified model a parametric numerical study is completed to determine the effect different parameters on the behaviour.

Excluding the concrete damage, an experimental and numerical analysis is accomplished on an individual enlarged embossment.


Efficient and effective genetic improvement of stress tolerance of crops such as maize and common bean requires easy to measure markers that have a higher heritability than selective synthesis of approximately 20 proteins. Among these anaerobic proteins were enzymes involved in glycolysis and related processes. However, inducible genes that have different functions were also found; these may function in other, perhaps more long-term, processes of adaptations to flooding, such as aerenchyma formation and root-tip death (Subbaiah and Sachs, 2002) .

However, inducible genes that have different functions were also found; these may function in other, perhaps more long-term, processes of adaptations to flooding, such as aerenchyma formation and root-tip death.


Discriminant analysis is useful for situations where the building of a predictive model of group membership based on observed characteristics of each case is desirable. The procedure generates discriminant functions based on linear combinations of the predictor variables, which provide the best discrimination between groups. The functions are generated from a sample of cases for which group membership is known. The functions can then be applied to new cases with measurements for the predictor variables but unknown group membership (Bantte and Prasanna, 2003; Cardi, 1998; Daoyu and Lawes, 2000; Figlivolo et al., 2001; Somersalo, 1998; Teshome et al., 1997) . The use of this kind of analysis for differentiation of non-stressed or stressed plants is a novel aspect of this report that can be applied for early selection of plant tolerance to abiotic factors.

The functions can then be applied to new cases with measurements for the predictor variables but unknown group membership.


The executive functions are a complex range of several cognitive processes that interact with other cognitive functions, for example, memory, language and attention. Therefore, distinct tasks like verbal fl uency of spelling category and the WCST are considered evaluation measures of executive functions (Ardila, Piñeda, & Rosseli, 2000; Lezak et al., 2004) . In this study, there was a correlation between the total number of correct responses of WCST and the score obtained in the verbal fl uency of NEUPSI-LIN. Generally, this WCST score demands the discovery of an adequate answer through feedback, an adequate response and the strategy maintenance afterwards, until the next change of rule, when the process starts again. The verbal fl uency with spelling criteria task demands the maintenance of the presented rule and the inhibition of the interference words (not requested by the examiner). Both processes are necessary for the satisfactory execution of the WCST, justifying the positive correlation. Besides, the creation of the semantic strategies in the task of verbal fl uency qualitatively seems to strengthen the speed of the words spoken, the same way that the maintenance of the correct strategy in WCST produces success.

Therefore, distinct tasks like verbal fl uency of spelling category and the WCST are considered evaluation measures of executive functions.


The aim of this paper is to obtain insightful knowledge about the temperature dependencies of the critical physical parameters, such as density and viscosity of commonly used vegetable oils, including rapeseed, sunflower, soybean, palm, corn and grapeseed. This includes the most significant vegetable oils produced worldwide during 2009, i.e. palm, soybean, rapeseed and sunflower [26] . The results presented in this study will allow adjusting the density and viscosity values of the vegetable oils with that of other fuels currently being used in diesel engines. Mathematical expressions of temperature dependences of these physical parameters are given to characterize the vegetable oils studied. Additionally, the densities and viscosities of the vegetable oils analyzed are compared with those of commercial pure biodiesel and automotive diesel fuel in order to compare their physical parameters. From this comparison and from the limit values proposed in Section 2.2, the heating temperature to match the density and viscosity values of automotive diesel and biodiesel is obtained.

This includes the most significant vegetable oils produced worldwide during 2009, i.e. palm, soybean, rapeseed and sunflower.


Observations gathered using SVO as fuel in unmodified diesel engines draw attention to the need to fit the most relevant physical properties, which narrows this study to density and viscosity [23] . When using SVO as fuel in an unmodified diesel engine, its viscosity has to be lowered to allow appropriate atomization. If not, incomplete SVO combustion and carbonization will eventually damage the engine. Consequently, when using SVO in these engines, some precautions must be taken. Often, vegetable oils are preheated to reach appropriate density and viscosity values before reaching the injectors by using a heater. Once heated, SVO becomes very similar to diesel fuel in terms of physical properties, which will be discussed further in this study.

Observations gathered using SVO as fuel in unmodified diesel engines draw attention to the need to fit the most relevant physical properties, which narrows this study to density and viscosity.


A prominent source of bias in data-driven systems is the data itself, a phenomenon colloquially known as "racism in -racism out". For example, it has been shown that machine learning models trained on biased data will produce biased results, further propelling historical discrimination [16] . Naturally, the effects of biased data are not limited to machine learning scenarios, but also impact processes that are directly designed and validated by humans. Perhaps the most immediate example of such a process is a score-based ranker. In this paper we consider the task of designing a fair score-based ranking scheme.

For example, it has been shown that machine learning models trained on biased data will produce biased results, further propelling historical discrimination.


Molecular dynamics computer simulation has the ability to deliver more detailed information. It is an impressive device to investigate the mechanism of self-assembly [11] [12] [13] [14] . Conventional molecular dynamics (MD) uncovers maximum features however they are limited to small time scales.

It is an impressive device to investigate the mechanism of self-assembly.


Solution of phospholipid molecules can demonstrate more than one micellar structures, namely, spherical micelles, rodlike structures, liposomes, bilayers, and others due to their surfactant-like features [1] [2] [3] [4] . These structures play important role in drug delivery systems as well as in biological systems [5, 6] . Micellar structures rely on the molecular species, composition, and also on the self-assembly pathways affected by the initial configuration [7] [8] [9] [10] . A great deal of experimental research has been done to study self-assembly of phospholipid molecules. Nevertheless the dynamics information about the liposome formation is still hard to achieve experimentally.

Solution of phospholipid molecules can demonstrate more than one micellar structures, namely, spherical micelles, rodlike structures, liposomes, bilayers, and others due to their surfactant-like features.

These structures play important role in drug delivery systems as well as in biological systems.

Micellar structures rely on the molecular species, composition, and also on the self-assembly pathways affected by the initial configuration.


Dry deposition has been found to also be an important source of several solutes in other ecosystems (Ignatova 1995) . Several investigators have proposed that dry fallout between storms dominates the chemical input in throughfall (Fenn and Bytnerowicz 1997; Fenn et al. 2000) . Air concentrations are related (amongst other things) to dust emissions associated with traffic on unpaved roads or agricultural tillage, and natural particle emissions. Therefore surface area and form of the canopy are prime factors influencing throughfall chemistry that may explain the largest net flux contribution of P. ebano and A. berlandieri. In general, shrubs with the largest aboveground biomass components produced the largest total annual fluxes for all chemicals measured in this study.

Dry deposition has been found to also be an important source of several solutes in other ecosystems.

Several investigators have proposed that dry fallout between storms dominates the chemical input in throughfall.


The semi arid, sub tropical soils are generally deficient of microelements such as Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Mo (Vlek 1985) . The addition of micronutrients as fertilizers increases crop productivity in arid and semi arid soils (Rashid and Ryan 2004) . In the northeast of Mexico, shifting cultivation is a common land use with duration between rotations of 10-20 years. Loss of fertility is the main cause of land abandonment and peasants call this practice 'to let the land rest for a while'. Shrubs studied in this research are pioneer plant species that colonize first abandoned lands and their contribution to increase micronutrients in throughfall in contrast to rainfall was noted by the net flux equation. The net flux of Cu, Fe, and Mn was from one to close to three orders of magnitude in throughfall in contrast to the net flux in gross rainfall.

The semi arid, sub tropical soils are generally deficient of microelements such as Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Mo.

The addition of micronutrients as fertilizers increases crop productivity in arid and semi arid soils.


These multiple sessions are serviced by single source. A typical example of the multiple sessions is lecture webcasting [17] . In the webcasting, one video streaming shows the speaker and a second streaming shows the presentation material. Each session of video streaming service has a group of members whose join and leave actions are centrally controlled by the source. Our objective is to build a reliable multicast tree for each session that satisfies some common constraints of an overlay network, which includes the end-to-end delay bound.

A typical example of the multiple sessions is lecture webcasting.


One stream of video is sent to a multicast router and the router sends the packet to one segment of the network on which there is a receiver. Traditional IP multicast which runs at network layer is not widely deployed because of technical and economical reasons [7, 8] . Difficulty of inter-domain communications, scalability problem and additional software requirements on routers hindered the deployment of IP multicast. Overlay multicast is an emerging technology appearing as a break-through to solve these problems. Overlay multicast, which runs at the transport layer, is a scalable unicastbased multicast technique among group members. Since overlay multicast resides on top of densely connected IP network, it can be easily deployed by effectively reducing complexity of network routers.

Traditional IP multicast which runs at network layer is not widely deployed because of technical and economical reasons.


Wood burning is known to be a significant source of PM 2.5 in a number of cities throughout Scandinavia and Europe. The major source of these particles is from domestic home heaters. Estimates of the contribution of domestic home heating to PM 2.5 emissions vary from city to city but Oslo has an estimated contribution of up to 80% from wood combustion [3] . In Denmark wood burning accounts for around 47% of all Danish PM 2.5 emissions [4] . Cities such as Helsinki have less significant contributions with wood burning estimated to account for just 24 % of the local emissions [5] . However, in smaller cities in Finland and even Denmark wood burning is estimated to be the dominating emissions source.

Estimates of the contribution of domestic home heating to PM 2.5 emissions vary from city to city but Oslo has an estimated contribution of up to 80% from wood combustion.

In Denmark wood burning accounts for around 47% of all Danish PM 2.5 emissions.

Cities such as Helsinki have less significant contributions with wood burning estimated to account for just 24 % of the local emissions.


Current emission rates of PM 2.5 from wood burning are based on estimates of consumption and emission factors. These factors are taken from measurements of direct emissions from a variety of wood burning ovens [6, 7] . Consumption can be calculated from surveys or from total wood consumption distributed over the population. There is a large uncertainty in these estimates, for both the consumption of wood and the emission factors.

These factors are taken from measurements of direct emissions from a variety of wood burning ovens.


While inductive power transfer is well understood in general use, the challenges and constraints involved in inductive power transfer to devices on the human body have received limited attention. This is particularly true with regard to the health and safety constraints. This paper makes several contributions. Firstly, we show how to develop an on-body power transfer system compliant with the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines on electromagnetic energy exposure [12] . Secondly, our approach takes account of important human factors for wearable devices and defines a design space in which designers can make choices that balance power transfer with factors including the size and bulkiness of on-body sensors. Finally, we describe a rapid and robust experimental approach for estimating the optimal on-body placement of an inductive power transfer devices, based on radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. This approach allows designers to explore how human factors and day-to-day behaviour impact on the theoretical versus actual power transfer of an on-body inductive power transfer system. Overall, this paper demonstrates that it is feasible to design on-body sensors that use inductive charging, thus enabling more continuous sensing, whilst adhering to the most stringent international safety guidelines and also delivering devices that are wearable and provide sufficient power for use in a wide variety of on-body sensors and healthcare systems.

This paper makes several contributions.

Firstly, we show how to develop an on-body power transfer system compliant with the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines on electromagnetic energy exposure.


Ensuring engineering and technology projects are on a sound footing will of course need to involve assessment of the performance of the project (in regard to schedule, expenditure and quality outputs) and this can be related to the maturity of the project methodology employed (Jin, Chai & Tan, 2014) . A key determinant of project success therefore rests on the adoption and implementation of supporting process methodologies. However, project performance can be viewed as being a function of a wider set of factors beyond the use of fixed project methodologies, guidelines and procedures. Consequently, a more systemic perspective would allow the full range of critical success factors for projects to be captured. Indeed assessing the performance and health of engineering projects from the construction sector has been related to a series of key performance indicators (KPIs), including a cost performance indicator that provides a 'snap-shot' view of the project's cost performance on the day of the project health check (Mian, Humphreys & Sidwell, 2004) . The authors also identify seven primary themes of critical success factors (CSFs) that can be considered in regard to assessing the health of a construction sector project and these are as follows: cost, time, quality, relationships, safety, environment and stakeholders. Achieving time, cost and quality (including safety) targets for an engineering project can be addressed through process implementation, whereas maintaining effective relationships and stakeholder management needs to draw on softer, more people-oriented inputs to the project. Process implementation is therefore an essential part of project performance assessment although there are other determinants that can be considered as being part of the overall project context. This represents a holistic view of projects, whereas traditional project management approaches rest on delivery of project outputs within the so called 'iron triangle' of constraints, i.e. according to fixed budget, schedule and quality or performance parameters (Jha & Iyer, 2007) . These parameters are important but some studies have indicated wider criteria that although encompass these constraints also seek to establish a more holistic view. Developing an improved approach to the assessment of performance for engineering projects will benefit from taking an integrated systems view allowing such a holistic perspective to be incorporated.

Ensuring engineering and technology projects are on a sound footing will of course need to involve assessment of the performance of the project (in regard to schedule, expenditure and quality outputs) and this can be related to the maturity of the project methodology employed.

Indeed assessing the performance and health of engineering projects from the construction sector has been related to a series of key performance indicators (KPIs), including a cost performance indicator that provides a 'snap-shot' view of the project's cost performance on the day of the project health check.

This represents a holistic view of projects, whereas traditional project management approaches rest on delivery of project outputs within the so called 'iron triangle' of constraints, i.e. according to fixed budget, schedule and quality or performance parameters.


In the second part of the paper, we propose a dynamical mechanism for the excision of the region in Gödel space that contains closed timelike curves 2 . In string theory, singularities in the effective supergravity description can often be shown to be artifacts of the low-energy limit which are resolved when carefully taking into account the dynamics of the full underlying theory. The mechanism for resolution often involves the inclusion of nonperturbative degrees of freedom that become light in the problematic region of spacetime and should be included in the effective description. Such objects will tend to condense at the locus where their tension becomes zero, effectively forming a domain wall which excises the spacetime singularity. A well-understood example of such a resolution mechanism is the excision of repulson singularities [22] . In that example, the branes that produce the supergravity background are, when considered as probes, found to become tachyonic in a region of space surrounding the singularity. On the locus where the tachyonic instability appears, these branes are tensionless, and thus provide additional massless modes that should be included in the low energy description. An effective description of this effect is to consider a thin shell of smeared branes on this locus, its backreaction leaves a regular geometry inside the shell and excises the repulson singularity.

A well-understood example of such a resolution mechanism is the excision of repulson singularities.


One field in which data augmentation is especially important is that of medical imaging, where the lack of available public data is a ubiquitous problem since access to individual medical records is heavily protected by legislation and appropriate consent must be given. In most cases this process is hindered by bureaucracy and/or high costs, while the resulting collection is greatly imbalanced towards normal subjects. Several authors employ Machine Learning techniques to learn directly from the available data and surpass the state-of-the art in problems as diverse as generating benchmark data, image normalization, super resolution, or cross-modality synthesis (Frangi et al., 2018) .

Several authors employ Machine Learning techniques to learn directly from the available data and surpass the state-of-the art in problems as diverse as generating benchmark data, image normalization, super resolution, or cross-modality synthesis.


In this Letter we investigate in the landscape of AdS/CFT duality, the emergence of the thermodynamic arrow of time on the field theory side and how is reflected in the geometric structure of the dual spacetime. Consequently, we start, on the CFT side, in a low-correlation environment with the two copies of CFT in a product state. In this case, the mutual information and consequently the entropy can only increase, such that we are in the situation considered in the formulation of the second law of thermodynamics [6] , [13] , [14] . Specifically, the arrow of time is oriented toward the standard thermodynamic arrow. Additionally, the time is oriented in opposite directions in the individual CFTs.

In this case, the mutual information and consequently the entropy can only increase, such that we are in the situation considered in the formulation of the second law of thermodynamics.


In contrast, in a high-correlation environment with the two CFT copies entangled in thermofield double state allow the individual entropies to change in both directions. In this scenario, the initial entangled state between the two copies of field theory permits the individual entropies to increase or decrease, depending on the initial mutual information. Under these circumstances, we argue that on the composite system there is no preferred orientation of time, there is no opportunity for the dominance of one direction of time over the other [5] , [12] .

Under these circumstances, we argue that on the composite system there is no preferred orientation of time, there is no opportunity for the dominance of one direction of time over the other.


The initial conditions of the correlations between the CFTs influence the dual geometry of spacetime. Therefore, the initial product state of the CFTs (no initial correlation between the two quantum subsystems) is dual to two disconnected AdS spacetimes, while classical connectivity between the spacetime pair arises as result of initial entangled states. In the latter case, it turns out that varying (increasing or decreasing) the degree of entanglement between the two copies of field theory, thus the entanglement entropy, results in varying the degree of connectivity in the dual spacetime [3] , [4] .

In the latter case, it turns out that varying (increasing or decreasing) the degree of entanglement between the two copies of field theory, thus the entanglement entropy, results in varying the degree of connectivity in the dual spacetime.


Silybins A and B (4 and 5) are the major components in the active extract of milk thistle (silymarin) and have been linked previously to skin cancer prevention effects via anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory mechanisms (Katiyar, 2005) . Our study results now reveal that all seven major compounds in silymarin show good EBV-EA inhibition activities. In our testing model, silychristins A and B (1 and 2) and isosilybins A and B (6 and 7) had better inhibition effects compared with b-carotene, and silybins A and B (4 and 5) showed lower activity compared with the other flavonolignans in silymarin. Further in vivo testing on mouse skin papillomas is ongoing.

Silybins A and B (4 and 5) are the major components in the active extract of milk thistle (silymarin) and have been linked previously to skin cancer prevention effects via anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory mechanisms.


The proposed method includes two new approaches: our approach to the multiscale analysis and approach to the segmentation of small objects. It is known that the best segmentation of different objects can be executed at different scales of a gradient image [6] . The proposed multiscale algorithm allows to segment different objects combining information from different scales. Algorithm of small objects segmentation allows to segment objects that can not be segmented by traditional watershed algorithm due to their small size.

It is known that the best segmentation of different objects can be executed at different scales of a gradient image.


In today's retailing market, many consumers consider the credit card payment as an important, dominating means to shop from merchants. As the Nilson Report indicates, 795.5 million MasterCard and Visa cards were held by the U.S. consumers in 2004 [13] . The consumers who intend to buy now and pay later are more likely to complete transactions with credit cards. In the United States, the aggregate credit card transaction amount was 1.7 trillion in 2003, and this number has been quickly growing [13] .

As the Nilson Report indicates, 795.5 million MasterCard and Visa cards were held by the U.S. consumers in 2004.

In the United States, the aggregate credit card transaction amount was 1.7 trillion in 2003, and this number has been quickly growing.


As a result, the merchant's sales revenue is (1 d) total transaction amount. For speci…c examples illustrating the credit card operation, see, e.g., Hunt [20] . The two-step credit card transactions. Note that d and f denote the merchant discount rate and the interchange fee rate, respectively.

For speci…c examples illustrating the credit card operation, see, e.g., Hunt.

The two-step credit card transactions.


On the other hand, large amounts of unused agricultural residues, widespread throughout the world, are waiting for effective use due to low-cost, availability, and biodegradability. Over time, many attempts have been made to find cheap and effective anion exchangers based on agricultural residues [2, 5] . Various studies have shown that many agricultural materials, such lignocellulosic biomass, can be modified into anion exchangers and used for this purpose [2, 6] . Anion exchangers based on the biomasses represent a potential alternative to commercial resins due to their specific properties, such as chemical stability and high reactivity due to the presence of reactive hydroxyl groups in the lignocellulosic matrix.

Over time, many attempts have been made to find cheap and effective anion exchangers based on agricultural residues.

Various studies have shown that many agricultural materials, such lignocellulosic biomass, can be modified into anion exchangers and used for this purpose.


A population-based household survey in the mid1990s in São Paulo, Brazil, one of the most economically developed urban centers of Latin America, demonstrated that endemic child anemia was not restricted to poor settings. It found that more than 49% of children aged 6 to 59 months, and nearly 68% of children aged 6 to 23 months, were anemic. Data collected by the same survey suggest that a diet with insufficient available iron (only 23.3% of children received the recommended daily intake of 10 mg of iron) plus a pattern of physical growth (and therefore, normal iron requirements) which resembled the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) standards were the main factors contributing to the high risk of child anemia. Fewer than 11% of the children had intestinal parasites, which were mostly Giardia and Ascaris; no child had hookworms [7] .

Fewer than 11% of the children had intestinal parasites, which were mostly Giardia and Ascaris; no child had hookworms.


The forces involved in interactions between our body and the environment are important for many tasks in daily life. For example in sports, the magnitude, application and effectiveness of forces involved in a given task are a key factor for success [1] [2] [3] . Likewise, in many situations, such as physical labour, loadings need to stay within safe limits to prevent injuries [4] [5] [6] . To quantify the exerted forces on e.g. a hand, miniature force sensors distributed on the hand which can measure normal force and shear forces are essential. Measuring these forces is not only important for humans but also for robots which physically interact with the environment. Miniature force sensors integrated in a robotic hand enable robots to perform precise grasping tasks whenever accurate assessment of the interaction forces is required [7] [8] [9] .

For example in sports, the magnitude, application and effectiveness of forces involved in a given task are a key factor for success.

Likewise, in many situations, such as physical labour, loadings need to stay within safe limits to prevent injuries.

Miniature force sensors integrated in a robotic hand enable robots to perform precise grasping tasks whenever accurate assessment of the interaction forces is required.


A miniature capacitive force-torque sensor is designed and realized for the measurement of forces and moments. The sensor has a measurement range of up to 60 N in normal direction, ± 30 N in shear direction and ± 25 N mm for moments in x-and y-direction. Models for the capacitance as function of the applied loads are presented. Using these models, the measured full scale error for F x and F y are less than 1.4%, for M x and M y it is less than 2.8% when a correction model is used. The measured full scale error for F z is less than 1% . Eventually, several sensors will be integrated in a glove which can reconstruct the motion and orientation of the hand [13] . With a combination of both the loads determined by our sensor and measurement of the kinematics, an estimation of the power transfer and load between the hand and the environment can be made.

Eventually, several sensors will be integrated in a glove which can reconstruct the motion and orientation of the hand.


Diabetes currently is a major health problem for the people of the world. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism characterized by elevation of both fasting and post prandial blood glucose levels. The synthetic oral hypoglycemic agents can produce serious side effects (Akhtar and Iqbal., 1991; Holman and Turner., 1991) . The increases in number of diabetic patients have motivated scientists to find new methods to cure diabetes (Adeghate E., 1999) . STZ is an antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces achromogenes. It possesses diabetogenic properties mediated by pancreatic β-cell destruction; hence this compound has been widely used to induce diabetes mellitus in experimental animals (Junod A., 1969) . Low dose of STZ was used in the present study resulting in partial destruction of β-cells resembling type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans.

The synthetic oral hypoglycemic agents can produce serious side effects.

The increases in number of diabetic patients have motivated scientists to find new methods to cure diabetes.

It possesses diabetogenic properties mediated by pancreatic β-cell destruction; hence this compound has been widely used to induce diabetes mellitus in experimental animals.