A difference between the screening case-control studies is the inclusion or exclusion of the first years of screening. Analysis of the steady state gives lower ORs than the studies which included the first rounds of screening. This is also demonstrated in Fielder's study, where the OR including diagnosis in the early years of screening was 0.62 (95% CI 0.47-0.82) and the OR excluding diagnosis in the early years of original article Annals of Oncology screening was 0.49 (95% CI 0.36-0.66). Excluding the early years of screening in the studies by Gabe and Puliti will probably bring the effect on breast cancer mortality closer to the effect found by Allgood and Paap. Roder, however, did not find a large impact of the service screening programme compared with Allgood and Paap. This could perhaps be due to the lower attendance rate in Australia (57%) compared with the UK (75%) and The Netherlands (82%). All case-control studies aimed to ensure an equal opportunity for screening for both the controls and the cases. Fielder showed no alteration in the OR. A sensitivity analysis carried out by Puliti for time lags of 6 months and 1.5 years The analyses for exposure to screening are similar in all casecontrol studies except Paap, who used exposure to the index invitation as their primary analysis instead of using the ever/ never comparison. The screening history should be limited to the period when the cancer is potentially detectable on the mammogram-in the DPCP. The exact duration of the DPCP is not known, but in the future, when service screening has been running for a longer period, the ever/never comparison will overestimate the length of the DPCP, which would cause a false reduction of the size of the benefit of screening [21, 25] . By only using the index invitation, Paap has probably underestimated the length of the DPCP. Extending the exposure to screening, to the invitation preceding the index invitation, resulted in a small change in mortality reduction from 70% to 73% (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.12-0.62).

Fielder showed no alteration in the OR.

The exact duration of the DPCP is not known, but in the future, when service screening has been running for a longer period, the ever/never comparison will overestimate the length of the DPCP, which would cause a false reduction of the size of the benefit of screening.


Consumption of whole lingonberries or juice has been reported to improve postprandial glucose levels, due to delayed digestion of sucrose and consequent slower absorption of glucose, in healthy women (Torronen et al., 2012) . These researchers attributed delayed digestion of sucrose by the enzymatic action of α-glucosidase and consequent slower absorption of glucose. There are reports in the literature of in vitro studies demonstrating that berries and their polyphenols inhibit intestinal a-glucosidase activity and glucose uptake (Hanhineva et al., 2010) . However, there are also reports in the literature demonstrating that water-extractable polysaccharides inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase (Chen et al., 2009; Cui et al., 2015; Wang, Yang, & Wei, 2010) . It therefore appears different components in lingonberry may have similar bioactivity.

Consumption of whole lingonberries or juice has been reported to improve postprandial glucose levels, due to delayed digestion of sucrose and consequent slower absorption of glucose, in healthy women.

There are reports in the literature of in vitro studies demonstrating that berries and their polyphenols inhibit intestinal a-glucosidase activity and glucose uptake.

However, there are also reports in the literature demonstrating that water-extractable polysaccharides inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase.


Carbon materials have been studied extensively as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Activated carbon prepared by heating the mixture of petroleum coke and KOH catalyst in a microwave oven exhibited a specific capacitance of 361 F/g in 6 M KOH [13] . Porous carbon obtained from chemical vapor deposition of ethylene and acetonitrile on zeolite Y templates showed a high capacitance of 146 F/g with tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate salt solution in acetonitrile as electrolyte [14] . Bicontinuous ordered mesoporous carbons, fabricated from a KIT-6 template using aluminosilicate as catalyst and furfuryl alcohol as carbon source, exhibited a specific capacitance of 130 F/g [15] . Micro/mesoporous carbon electrodes derived from Mo2C gave a specific capacitance of 143 F/g with 1 M (C2H5)(3)CH3NBF4 in acetonitrile as electrolyte [16] .

Activated carbon prepared by heating the mixture of petroleum coke and KOH catalyst in a microwave oven exhibited a specific capacitance of 361 F/g in 6 M KOH.

Porous carbon obtained from chemical vapor deposition of ethylene and acetonitrile on zeolite Y templates showed a high capacitance of 146 F/g with tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate salt solution in acetonitrile as electrolyte.

Bicontinuous ordered mesoporous carbons, fabricated from a KIT-6 template using aluminosilicate as catalyst and furfuryl alcohol as carbon source, exhibited a specific capacitance of 130 F/g.

Micro/mesoporous carbon electrodes derived from Mo2C gave a specific capacitance of 143 F/g with 1 M (C2H5)(3)CH3NBF4 in acetonitrile as electrolyte.


Inhomogeneous Planar Layers (IPL) are widely used in electromagnetics as optimum shields and filters and etc. Also, the IPLs potentially provide less scattering, less stress, larger bandwidth and better coupling effects than homogeneous planar layers [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . The differential equations describing IPLs have non-constant coefficients and so except for a few special cases no analytical solution exists for them. The IPLs with variations such as inverse of distance (1/z), inverse of distance with power two (1/z 2 ) and exponential of distance (e z ) are some of these special cases [8] . Of course, the most straightforward method to analyze IPLs is subdividing them into many thin homogeneous layers then using the concept of analysis of multilayer structures [9] .

Also, the IPLs potentially provide less scattering, less stress, larger bandwidth and better coupling effects than homogeneous planar layers.

The IPLs with variations such as inverse of distance (1/z), inverse of distance with power two (1/z 2 ) and exponential of distance (e z ) are some of these special cases.

Of course, the most straightforward method to analyze IPLs is subdividing them into many thin homogeneous layers then using the concept of analysis of multilayer structures.


It is a common perception that size and frequency of soundgenerating devices are inversely related: the larger the tuning fork the lower its pitch. This is also somewhat true of acoustically signalling animals: carrier frequency is often -but not always -inversely related to body size (Gerhart & Huber 2002, p 41) . In this paper I review body size and carrier in acoustic Ensifera (crickets and katydids) in the context of the two basic stridulatory generating mechanisms used by these insects: resonant and nonresonant stridulation (Elsner & Popov 1978) .

In this paper I review body size and carrier in acoustic Ensifera (crickets and katydids) in the context of the two basic stridulatory generating mechanisms used by these insects: resonant and nonresonant stridulation.


Vehicle re-identification (re-id) aims at searching vehicle instances across nonoverlapping camera views by image matching [14] . Influenced by the recent extensive studies on person re-id [6,25,?,10,?,21,?,?,30] , vehicle re-id has started to gain increasing attention in the past two years, which promises the potential for more flexible means for vehicle recognition and search than Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR). However, vehicle re-id by visual appearance is a challenging task due to the very similar appearance of different vehicle instances of the same model type and colour, and a significant visual appearance variation of the same vehicle instance in different camera views.

Vehicle re-identification (re-id) aims at searching vehicle instances across nonoverlapping camera views by image matching.


Under sustainable forest management carbon (C) released from wood combustion would have also been released during decomposition of old trees with subsequent re-fixation due to natural or anthropogenically induced rejuvenation [1] [2] [3] . Therefore, C neutrality is frequently assumed for the use of wood for both energy production as an alternative for fossil fuels and production of industrial goods (timber). However, a holistic view of forest management on greenhouse gas balance and key soil functions of managed forests also needs to consider the effects of silvicultural measures on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks.

Under sustainable forest management carbon (C) released from wood combustion would have also been released during decomposition of old trees with subsequent re-fixation due to natural or anthropogenically induced rejuvenation.


On average, soils contain more than two-thirds of the total C and N stored in forests ecosystems [4] . In many forests, C and N inputs into the soil are exceeding the respective outputs so that SOM tends to accumulate [5] . This accrual is generally assumed to favor soil functions such as fertility, nutrient and water retention, and erosion protection [6, 7] . The latter aspect is of particular importance in European beech forests stocking on calcareous soils (i.e., on steep slopes with karst hydrology) because the a thinning−induced decline of SOC and TN stocks on longer time spans, which has not yet been addressed in beech forest ecosystems in Central Europe.

On average, soils contain more than two-thirds of the total C and N stored in forests ecosystems.

In many forests, C and N inputs into the soil are exceeding the respective outputs so that SOM tends to accumulate.

This accrual is generally assumed to favor soil functions such as fertility, nutrient and water retention, and erosion protection.


The java software tool developed to do this performance evaluation also provides the opportunity for the users to set up different support and confidence threshold apart from what is suggested in this paper. By this way the approach can be tested for different web sites log files. Also the tool allows the user to select the top ranking percentage by which the bottom line is set for selecting interesting rules. By this way there is flexibility to get more interesting rules which might be found useful for the web master [13] . The rules can be categorized as "Expected to cause an action", "Might cause an action" and "Not expected to cause an action". The domain expert can then take the necessary action accordingly.

By this way there is flexibility to get more interesting rules which might be found useful for the web master.


Another concept that is taking the spotlight in the envisioned Semantic Web is the concept of ontology. An ontology is defined as a formal and explicit specification of a shared conceptualization [2, 7, 14] . Ontologies are increasingly seen as key to enabling semanticsdriven data access and processing. They are expected to play a central role to empower Web services with semantics. The combination of these powerful concepts (i.e., Web services and ontologies) has resulted in the emergence of a new generation of Web services called Semantic Web services. Semantic Web services are poised to be the building blocks of tomorrow's Web, i.e., the Semantic Web [10] . Applications "exposed" as Web services would be understood, shared, and invoked by automated tools.

An ontology is defined as a formal and explicit specification of a shared conceptualization.

Semantic Web services are poised to be the building blocks of tomorrow's Web, i.e., the Semantic Web.


Published guidelines and reviews that summarize best practices in oncology and transplantation exist for HSCT healthcare teams (see Figure 1) . The primary objective of the current study was to explore current practice variation in HCST centers and identify the gap between recommended practice and actual practice as reported by HSCT nurses. Patients undergoing HSCT, particularly those experiencing graft-versus-host disease, require greater nursing activity time versus those with other hematologic diseases and treatments (Colombo et al., 2005) . Therefore, practices that promote optimal outcomes for HSCT recipients, contain cost for the organization, and enhance positive psychological and quality-of-life outcomes for patients and their families should be maintained.

Patients undergoing HSCT, particularly those experiencing graft-versus-host disease, require greater nursing activity time versus those with other hematologic diseases and treatments.


This shows that, for LLM geometries with non-vanishing asymptotic discrete torsion l, the first subleading term is O 1 √ N , whereas it is O 1 N when l = 0. We will show that, in the special case of k = 1, all the subleading terms are absent and there is an exact agreement between the results obtained from the classical vacuum solutions and from the holographic methods [9] . In general case of k > 1, the gauge/gravity duality dictates that the vev obtained from the field theory calculations, including all quantum corrections, should agree with the holographic result. Therefore, we will argue that the subleading terms in (1.2) must be matched by the quantum corrections in order to get an agreement with (1.1). The absence of the subleading terms in the k = 1 case reveals some meaningful effect of the orbifold singularity on the nature of the gauge/gravity duality dictionary.

We will show that, in the special case of k = 1, all the subleading terms are absent and there is an exact agreement between the results obtained from the classical vacuum solutions and from the holographic methods.


The method is based on a forward modeling approach that we apply in a Bayesian framework, using Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC). This makes use of wide-field image simulations generated using the Ultra Fast Image Generator (UFig). The approach is an application of the Monte-Carlo Control Loops (MCCL, [15] ) framework. The original description of the MCCL scheme focussed on the shear measurement process, which relies on image simulations for calibration purposes, whereas here, we extend the framework to determine redshift distributions.

The approach is an application of the Monte-Carlo Control Loops (MCCL,) framework.


In contrast, Canada offers a unique opportunity to study the effects of vocational rehabilitation on exit rates from the disability rolls as well as subsequent employment. Canada's disability insurance program, the Canada Pension Plan Disability (CPPD) program, did not introduce its vocational rehabilitation program, the CPPD-VR program, until the mid-1990s. Moreover, when it did introduce this program it did not have any other incentives (e.g., allowable earnings, trial work periods, or automatic reinstatement options for disability beneficiaries who left the disability rolls) available to disability beneficiaries that might increase their employment. However, the CPPD program began to change its strategy and approach for facilitating the attachment of its beneficiaries to the labor market by beginning to introduce these incentives in 2001 (Campolieti and Riddell 2012) . Consequently, there is a short window available in the Canadian data where only vocational rehabilitation services were available to disability beneficiaries. This paper presents estimates of the effect of the vocational rehabilitation program run by the Canada Pension Plan disability (CPPD) program on the labor market outcomes of disability insurance beneficiaries. Our identification strategy relies on "selection on observed variables", bolstered in our case by careful selection of the comparison group and by the institutional knowledge that opportunities for participants in the CPPD VR program do not depend on local labor market conditions. We use administrative data from the CPPD program and obtain our estimates with propensity score matching estimators (kernel and local linear), an inverse probability weighting procedure and a genetic matching estimator. Finally, we also provide some cost-benefit computations from the perspective of the government.

However, the CPPD program began to change its strategy and approach for facilitating the attachment of its beneficiaries to the labor market by beginning to introduce these incentives in 2001.


Generally, most countries use a combination of these sorts of policies in their disability strategies. Consequently, disentangling the impact of greater vocational rehabilitation services from financial and other incentives to encourage employment can be somewhat difficult because a client may have received vocational rehabilitation services and also have a number of other incentives influencing his or her decision to return to the labor market. Moreover, in some countries, like the United States, there is a complicated structure of programs available to persons with disabilities and disability beneficiaries that makes it difficult to design, test and implement initiatives (Wittenburg et al. 2013) .

Moreover, in some countries, like the United States, there is a complicated structure of programs available to persons with disabilities and disability beneficiaries that makes it difficult to design, test and implement initiatives.


Wood is a renewable resource, recently attracting public attention, as an environmentally friendly material. This product is a building material with attractive attributes such as architectural and structural characteristics. Wood is classifi ed in two different botanical terms. The botanical terms, softwoods and hardwoods, indicate the basic structure and cell type of moisture within the tree. Softwoods generally come from the coniferous species (pines, fi rs and spruces, for example) and are generally fi ne textured. Hardwoods (eucalypts and oaks, for example) have broad leaves and the texture ranges from fi ne to coarse. The types of wood include softwoods, hardwoods and glued laminated woods, in the forms of solid wood, plywood and wood-based panels. Due to large variation, type and wood quality, a system of strength classes was established. Each grade of classifi cation is a function of the physical and wood properties. The wood when exposed to accidental actions, such as fi re conditions, presents a surrounding charring layer. However, this layer can delay the heating process from the exposed side to the wood core section, acting as an insulating layer. The wood core section may remain at low temperatures, depending on the fi re exposure and element size therefore. It is important to calculate the value of charring rate and determine the thickness of char layer formation through the section. These parameters are important in fi re safety design because they determine the residual load-bearing cross-section, due to critical external conditions. Safety rules and guidelines should be useful for different wooden structures. The high vulnerability of wood, with respect to fi re, requires a rigorous thermal and mechanical analysis. The study of fi re resistance of wood structures is therefore a topic of great interest. Several researchers have presented experimental and numerical models for the study of wood in the presence of high temperatures [1] [2] [3] . The charring rate of softwood or hardwood material, exposed to fi re conditions, has been studied in different countries, [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Some empirical models for charring rate calculation have been developed by other researchers [4] [5] [6] .

Several researchers have presented experimental and numerical models for the study of wood in the presence of high temperatures.

The charring rate of softwood or hardwood material, exposed to fi re conditions, has been studied in different countries.

Some empirical models for charring rate calculation have been developed by other researchers.


An alternative solution to prevent single vehicle and head on crashes is lane departure warnings in terms of a driver support system, LDW systems. It has been shown that there is a potential to substitute the infrastructure rumble strip with an in-vehicle LDW system [18] . In an investigation of the safety benefits of in-vehicle LDW and LKA (Lane keeping Aid) in real world passenger car injury crashes in Sweden a positive effect in reducing single vehicle crashes (−53%) as well as a total reduction of −30% for all head-on and single vehicle driver injury crashes was shown [19] .

It has been shown that there is a potential to substitute the infrastructure rumble strip with an in-vehicle LDW system.

In an investigation of the safety benefits of in-vehicle LDW and LKA (Lane keeping Aid) in real world passenger car injury crashes in Sweden a positive effect in reducing single vehicle crashes (−53%) as well as a total reduction of −30% for all head-on and single vehicle driver injury crashes was shown.


Another issue is that it is more and more common with invehicle Lane Departure Warning systems with the aim to reduce single vehicle and head-on crashes, and that an increasing rate of cars with LDW systems has affected the results in this study. Very positive effects of in-vehicle LDWs in single vehicle crashes (−53%) have been show [19] . However, since the design of our study considers both a case group (roads with milled rumble strips) and a control group (roads without rumble strips), it is not likely that an increasing rate of cars equipped with LDWs has affected the results in the study.

Very positive effects of in-vehicle LDWs in single vehicle crashes (−53%) have been show.


Another issue not covered here is external noise. In Sweden, a buffer zone of 150 m from buildings is used to prevent noise nuisance. Studies of external noise find that if the general Swedish guideline values for road traffic noise would increase by 5 dB to 65 dB (outdoors) and 40 dB (indoors), in the same way that industrial noise are addressed, possibly resulting in limit values being exceeded at distances of under 140 m (outdoors) and 80 m (indoors) [37] . Some initiatives have used sinusoidal milled rumble strips in combination with, for example, drop-flex lane markings [38] . These initiatives aim both to protect the line markings and reduce the external noise; the results are positive, although the internal noise seems to be reduced considerably [39] . This raises the question of what really awakens and alerts drivers, the noise or the vibrations from the rumble strips. Further studies are needed to answer this question.

Studies of external noise find that if the general Swedish guideline values for road traffic noise would increase by 5 dB to 65 dB (outdoors) and 40 dB (indoors), in the same way that industrial noise are addressed, possibly resulting in limit values being exceeded at distances of under 140 m (outdoors) and 80 m (indoors).

Some initiatives have used sinusoidal milled rumble strips in combination with, for example, drop-flex lane markings.

These initiatives aim both to protect the line markings and reduce the external noise; the results are positive, although the internal noise seems to be reduced considerably.


The Himalaya constitutes one of the richest and most unusual ecosystems on Earth [1] . Indian Himalayan region covers approximately an area of 4,19,873 Km 2 . The unique physiography, climatic conditions, and soil characteristics of the area have resulted in a variety of habitats and a significant biological diversity. The Himalayan region supports about 8000 plant species (47.06% of the total flowering plants of India) of which 30% are endemics among natives, 10.2% trees, 8.44% wild edibles, and over 15% medicinal. The dependence of human and livestock on this rich plant diversity is wellknown phenomenon since time immemorial [2] .

The Himalaya constitutes one of the richest and most unusual ecosystems on Earth.

The dependence of human and livestock on this rich plant diversity is wellknown phenomenon since time immemorial.


The general problem of statistical prediction may be described as that of inferring the value of unknown observable that belongs to a future sample from current available information, known as the informative sample. As in estimation, a predictor can be either a point or an interval predictor. The problem of prediction can be solved fully within Bayesian framework [1] .

The problem of prediction can be solved fully within Bayesian framework.


Pap smear test is extensively used in cervical cancer screening to assist premalignant and malignant grading [11] . By estimating the shape and morphology structure, e.g., nuclei to cytoplasm ratio, cytologists can give a preliminary diagnosis and facilitate the subsequent treatment. Given that this work is timeconsuming and has large intra-/inter-observer variability, designing automatic cell detection and segmentation methods is a promising way towards accurate, objective and efficient diagnosis. However, it remains challenging because the multiple layers of cells partially occlude each other in the Pap smear image, while in H&E image cells do not have multiple layers of translucent overlap. The widely existence of cell clumps along with the translucent cytoplasm raises obstacles to accurately find the cell boundary. In addition, apart from the target cervical cells, other miscellaneous instances such as white blood cells, mucus and other artifacts are also scattered in the image, which requires an algorithm robust enough to identify them from targets.

Pap smear test is extensively used in cervical cancer screening to assist premalignant and malignant grading.


Interaction between laser and optical components can cause permanent changes which are called laser-induced damage (LID) in the material. The laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) is that level of radiation which initiates some alteration of the optics under examination. Damage sites and defects in the beam path cause a loss in transmitted energy to the target. Meanwhile, LID scatters light, which ablates or damages the structural materials in the vicinity of the optics. This in turn can contaminate the optics and initiate further damage [1] [2] [3] . Finally, damage growth beyond a critical size may cause catastrophic failure of optical components [4] .

This in turn can contaminate the optics and initiate further damage.

Finally, damage growth beyond a critical size may cause catastrophic failure of optical components.


It is unlikely that large-aperture optical surfaces without any defects can be manufactured in the near future. Therefore, the useful lifetime of the optics depends largely on the rate at which damage can grow under subsequent illumination. The key point is full understanding of light interaction with the damaged material. Defect-free bulk Figure 1 : Schematic of the subsurface damage [5] .

Defect-free bulk Figure 1 : Schematic of the subsurface damage.


The polymers may also affect the fluid in a more fundamental way, by either delaying or facilitating the onset of turbulence. When undergoing rotational flow, such as Taylor-Couette flow, fluids containing polymers have been found to transition to turbulence at lower Reynolds numbers than their pure solvents (Shaqfeh 1996; Groisman & Steinberg 2000) . Conversely, the presence of polymers in pipe flows has been found to actually delay the onset of turbulence in a small minority of cases (Virk et al. 1967) .

When undergoing rotational flow, such as Taylor-Couette flow, fluids containing polymers have been found to transition to turbulence at lower Reynolds numbers than their pure solvents.

Conversely, the presence of polymers in pipe flows has been found to actually delay the onset of turbulence in a small minority of cases.


Fabrication of various geometries by electron-beam lithography, to obtain transport measurements via a physical properties measurement system (PPMS), is an expensive, tedious and cumbersome process [9] . It has been recently pointed out that these curves, especially when they are needed for a wide range of temperature and magnetic field values, may not be necessarily measured incessantly; instead, they may be obtained using some approximation technique applied on a finite amount of curves already obtained via PPMS [10] [11] [12] . Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been used as the approximation method in each of these solutions to extrapolate the IV curves for unforeseen values of critical parameters. It shall be discussed in Section 2.2 that training the ANN requires two randomly generated networks' coefficients called weights and biases, which are updated in each iteration, until an optimal solution (with the smallest mean-squared error, MSE) is obtained. Mainly due to this randomness in the coefficient generation, ANN tends to converge to one local minima from a pool of possible solutions, which makes training of the ANN a nondeterministic process. The latter, in turn, may lead to inordinately varying values of MSE, number of iterations, and time to converge. In this way, two rounds of training on the same data may result in different prediction accuracies.

Fabrication of various geometries by electron-beam lithography, to obtain transport measurements via a physical properties measurement system (PPMS), is an expensive, tedious and cumbersome process.

It has been recently pointed out that these curves, especially when they are needed for a wide range of temperature and magnetic field values, may not be necessarily measured incessantly; instead, they may be obtained using some approximation technique applied on a finite amount of curves already obtained via PPMS.


The selection of multiple projects under scarcity of resources may also be made by means of a prioritisation approach. Projects are prioritised by their benefit-to-cost ratios and selected until the available budget is exceeded (Edwards 1977; Sharpe, Keelin 1998; Buede, Bresnick 2007; Phillips, Bana e Costa 2007) . This approach is appealing in the context of strategic decision-aiding processes, as it permits straightforward interaction with the decision-makers; however, it is not so suitable for handling programming and multi-period constraints. This is the case of the portfolio decision analysis presented in this paper and developed for EDPD (EDP Distribuição -Energia, S.A.), the main distributor of electricity in Portugal.

Projects are prioritised by their benefit-to-cost ratios and selected until the available budget is exceeded.


Considering the work hardening effect of the rolled piece and work roll flattening during rolling process, a new rolling process model was proposed by Zhao and Ehmann. Through coupling it with mill stand model, three different models were built to explore the regenerative mechanism. The first one is a single stand chatter model. The second one is a two-stand chatter model which only considers the interstand tension coupling effect [7] . The last one is a two-stand chatter model which considers both the interstand tension coupling effect and the strip gauge variation from an upstream stand passed on to downstream stand with time delay. The Routh criterion was employed to formulate the critical velocity of the first and second model. Due to the time delay effect, the third model 2 Shock and Vibration becomes a delay differential system and integral criterion was employed to find its critical velocity. Comparative analysis of the three models presented a potential explanation to the regenerative mechanism [4] .

The second one is a two-stand chatter model which only considers the interstand tension coupling effect.

Comparative analysis of the three models presented a potential explanation to the regenerative mechanism.


Chatter in high speed rolling mills results in unacceptable gauge variations, affects the surface quality of rolled strip, and may damage the mill stand. Many studies have been conducted to explore the chatter mechanism and put forward methods to suppress the vibration [1] . The self-excited vibration in rolling is caused by interaction between mill stand structure and rolling process. Rolling chatter has three main different types: third octave, fifth octave, and torsional vibration. The third octave is the most detrimental [2, 3] . The chatter mechanism in tandem rolling mills can be concluded as four reasons, namely, model matching effect, negative damping effect, mode coupling effect, and regenerative effect. Regenerative effect is the most complex mechanism for instability in tandem rolling mills [4, 5] .

Many studies have been conducted to explore the chatter mechanism and put forward methods to suppress the vibration.

The third octave is the most detrimental.

Regenerative effect is the most complex mechanism for instability in tandem rolling mills.


Computer based approaches to natural language programming provide additional tools with which to summarize and classify narratives. The results of this study build on prior work, suggesting that narratives may be broken down into mathematical objects and interpreted in a manner relevant to safety analysts [6, 7, 25, 27] . The present work suggests that breakdown of the narratives to the sentence level may offer additional assistance in coding reports in multi-level taxonomies. Provided with a larger database-and thus the saturation of each label-it is suggested that the classification accuracy of the approach would improve substantially.

The results of this study build on prior work, suggesting that narratives may be broken down into mathematical objects and interpreted in a manner relevant to safety analysts.


Aviation has moved quickly to being one of the safest modes of transportation. In this century-long history, improvements have often resulted from lessons learned as a result of accidents. Where accidents are frequent or directly attributable, this approach has served the industry well. However, great success with this method has resulted in aircraft accidents becoming infrequent and centered on complex human failings. The study of human error that results in accidents has long been an ad hoc assessment of accident and incident data [1] .

The study of human error that results in accidents has long been an ad hoc assessment of accident and incident data.


The challenge of learning from errors has been compounded by both the reduction in accidents and the simultaneous increase in error data. Where accidents may provide clear guidance of what not to do, volumes of data concerning "what could have gone wrong", complicate assessment [2] . The Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in a 2016 speech highlighted the importance of this challenge to aviation safety. Addressing the World Aviation Training Conference he said, "Simply put, using [big] data to make decisions based on risk is the way of the future" [3] .

Where accidents may provide clear guidance of what not to do, volumes of data concerning "what could have gone wrong", complicate assessment.

Addressing the World Aviation Training Conference he said, "Simply put, using [big] data to make decisions based on risk is the way of the future".


The classification of narrative reports into a taxonomy is a difficult one. When such tasks are given to subject-matter experts, the inter-rater reliabilities are considered acceptable if the label accuracy is above 0.70 [17] . The reliability for a complex taxonomy with many categories, such as contributing cause prediction, is then only expected to be worse [18] . It is not surprising then that the accuracies of automated classifiers are also relatively low.

When such tasks are given to subject-matter experts, the inter-rater reliabilities are considered acceptable if the label accuracy is above 0.70.

The reliability for a complex taxonomy with many categories, such as contributing cause prediction, is then only expected to be worse.


The bats, Pteropus giganteus and Cynopterus sphinx were implicated in damaging sapota and guava fruits in hill and coastal regions of Karnataka. The feeding damage to sapota and guava fruits at patches may be economical. Yet, bats may be conserved for their important ecological roles in cultivated ecosystems (Mickleburgh et al., 1992) . For bats, forests must be made functional in sustaining their food requirements. People living around forest tracts must not encroach forests for cultivation and must learn to tolerate slight damage to fruits.

Yet, bats may be conserved for their important ecological roles in cultivated ecosystems.


The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce the notion of the iso-equivalence up to finite order, which is a precise formulation of the conditions in Question 1.5, and give some immediate examples. The proof of Theorem 1.6 is in Section 3 and the proof of Theorem 1.8 is in Section 4. Only algebro-geometric arguments are employed up to Section 4. The rest of the paper uses differential geometric tools. In Section 5, further examples are given that arise from submanifolds of projective space having contact of finite order. Section 6 presents the theory of G-structures and proves a key technical result, Theorem 6.4, using Morimoto's work [19] . In Section 7, we prove Theorem 1.7 using the result of Section 6 and prove also Theorem 1.9.

The paper is organized as follows.

Section 6 presents the theory of G-structures and proves a key technical result, Theorem 6.4, using Morimoto's work.


In the present paper, four new species and a new variety of rust fungi are described and the taxonomic status and new observations of already known species are reported. The work is mainly based on collections made by A. Rössel, E. Uhlmann and the author in the Western Cape Province of South Africa in 2004 and 2005 . The region has a prevalent winter rainfall regime and supports Fynbos, a heath-like shrubland, and Nama-karoo, an arid dwarf-shrub savannah, as major vegetation types (Cowling et al. 1997) . Most of the collections were made in these vegetation types with some additional ones from coastal scrub and afromontane forest.

The region has a prevalent winter rainfall regime and supports Fynbos, a heath-like shrubland, and Nama-karoo, an arid dwarf-shrub savannah, as major vegetation types.


Antenna measurement ranges are facilities capable to measure the radiation pattern of antennas under test. Compact Antenna Test Ranges (CATRs) are a particular kind of measurement facility which performs measurements in farfield conditions within a reduced, indoor chamber [1] . This compactness is ensured through well studied electromagnetic field collimating schemes, for which diverse implementations have proven to develop test performance [2] .

Compact Antenna Test Ranges (CATRs) are a particular kind of measurement facility which performs measurements in farfield conditions within a reduced, indoor chamber.

This compactness is ensured through well studied electromagnetic field collimating schemes, for which diverse implementations have proven to develop test performance.


As depicted in Table 6 , the flow properties of physical excipient mixtures deteriorated with an increase in the concentration of excipients like EC, HPMC and HPC. This can be attributed to the fact that Eudragit itself has excellent flow properties (measured individually angle of repose < 20 ) whereas the constituent excipients do not (Angle of repose for HPMC~40 , HPC~43 and EC~35 ). Since physical mixing does not employ any specific flowimprovement process, the flow properties of the constituent excipients directly affect the flow of the blend. However, in case of high shear mixer granulation, the effect of processing is clearly visible on the flow properties of excipients blend. The results of spray dried co-processed excipients were also in consonance with the high shear mixer granulation (HSMG) results wherein the good flow properties were exhibited only excipient blends prepared with low polymer concentration [16] .

The results of spray dried co-processed excipients were also in consonance with the high shear mixer granulation (HSMG) results wherein the good flow properties were exhibited only excipient blends prepared with low polymer concentration.


In personal name disambiguation the goal is to disambiguate various people that share the same name (namesakes) [14, 4] . Given an ambiguous name, most name disambiguation algorithms have modeled the problem as one of document clustering, in which all documents that discuss a particular individual of the given ambiguous name are grouped into a single cluster. However, the name disambiguation problem differs fundamentally from that of alias extraction because, in name disambiguation the objective is to identify the different entities that are referred by the same ambiguous name; in alias extraction, we are interested in extracting all references to a single entity from the web. Approximate string matching algorithms have been used for extracting variants or abbreviations of personal names (e.g. matching Will Smith with the first name initialized variant W. Smith) [8] . Rules in the form of regular expressions and editdistance-based methods have been used to compare names. However, an inherent limitation of such string matching approaches is that they cannot identify aliases which share no words or letters with the real name. For example, approximate string matching methods would not identify Fresh Prince as an alias for Will Smith.

In personal name disambiguation the goal is to disambiguate various people that share the same name (namesakes).

Approximate string matching algorithms have been used for extracting variants or abbreviations of personal names (e.g. matching Will Smith with the first name initialized variant W. Smith).


For ecological and economic reasons, the automotive industry must reduce the weight and fuel consumption of vehicles. Consequently, the performance of engine components must be improved to allow them to withstand increasing mechanical loads. The current tendency is to substitute using carbon steels, for which fatigue strength must be increased by an optimised reinforcement treatment. Surface induction heating followed by quenching is one such treatment. One of the main features of surface induction hardening (SIH) is its large fatigue strength improvement [1] . This is also a cleaner process because it uses less toxic products than used in carburizing or nitriding.

One of the main features of surface induction hardening (SIH) is its large fatigue strength improvement.


Surface induction hardening gives rise to a tough core, having tensile residual stresses, and a hard surface layer, having compressive stresses, in the component [2] . This configuration has proven to be very efficient for increasing fatigue strength [3, 4] . However, the effectiveness of residual stresses is quite dependent on their distribution in the component and on their relaxation (if any) during in-service fatigue loading. Depending on both the field of residual stresses and the applied external fatigue loading, cracks can either initiate in the vicinity of the surface or beneath the hardened layer [5] . The great importance of residual stresses to the fatigue strength of materials and structures is now well known.

Surface induction hardening gives rise to a tough core, having tensile residual stresses, and a hard surface layer, having compressive stresses, in the component.

This configuration has proven to be very efficient for increasing fatigue strength.

Depending on both the field of residual stresses and the applied external fatigue loading, cracks can either initiate in the vicinity of the surface or beneath the hardened layer.


Gap constraints are applied in alignment of genome or protein sequences [13] . When computing the optimal alignment of two sequences, scoring functions can be adjusted to give penalties for insertions or deletions. Under this regime, alignments containing bigger gaps are less likely to be chosen. For this paper, we explicitly define the minimal and maximum gap, rather than allowing it to be automatically determined.

Gap constraints are applied in alignment of genome or protein sequences.


The extracted Keyphrases are then used as compact representation of the document in the clustering process instead of the full-Text representation. To illustrate the interest of our proposed Keyphrases extraction method, a series of experiences have been conducted for Arabic documents clustering using Agglomerative Hierarchical algorithm with seven linkage techniques with a variety of distance functions and similarity measures, such as the Euclidean Distance, Cosine Similarity, Jaccard Coefficient, and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient [10] [11] . The obtained results show that our proposed Keyphrases extraction method enhances greatly the quality of the clustering process in comparison with the full-Text representation.

To illustrate the interest of our proposed Keyphrases extraction method, a series of experiences have been conducted for Arabic documents clustering using Agglomerative Hierarchical algorithm with seven linkage techniques with a variety of distance functions and similarity measures, such as the Euclidean Distance, Cosine Similarity, Jaccard Coefficient, and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient.


One stabilizing graph which has not been considered in previous discussions of stabilizing graphs is the on-line nearest neighbour graph, in which random points in B 0 are randomly ordered, and each point (except the first) is connected to its nearest neighbour amongst its predecessors in the ordering. This graph is of recent interest in connection with the modelling of scale-free networks [3, 6] . Unlike methods based on exponential decay, our methods provide central limit theorems for this graph too; see Section 3.4.

This graph is of recent interest in connection with the modelling of scale-free networks.


The optimum pH of 5.0, and 5.5 for cellulase produced from Penicillium artrovenetum in a submerged fermentation condition was documented by other workers [17] . In another related study, it was established that a bacteria cellulase had its optimum activity at a pH of 7.5 [18] . This alkaline pH or near neutral pH condition did Table 4 . Effect of pH on the activities of cellulase of different hours of production and different carbon sources. and development in agro-allied processing.

The optimum pH of 5.0, and 5.5 for cellulase produced from Penicillium artrovenetum in a submerged fermentation condition was documented by other workers.

In another related study, it was established that a bacteria cellulase had its optimum activity at a pH of 7.5.


Because OpenSim is a CPU-intensive virtual world, the team initially investigated CPU-based vertical scaling on the simulator. First, research was performed that compared simulator performance between a legacy 2010 and modern 2015 server [13] . In the work, experiments compared how the different CPU technologies performed with an increased number of concurrent users in the simulation. Results found that there were no significant differences for the number of concurrent users the system was able to support between the tested CPU types. The main conclusion from this work was that the simulator's scalability did not solely improve with the introduction of new CPU technology and research of other methods of vertical scalability was necessary. Based on the results from the first experiment, the team further investigated CPU vertical scaling, this time by analyzing the role of the amount of CPU cores to simulator scalability [12] . In the experiments, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16, and 32 processor cores were evaluated for their impact on how many concurrent users could be supported by the simulator. The results showed that an increase in the amount of cores also did not significantly increase user scalability. However, the work concluded that OpenSim will not meet higher echelon training levels solely with CPUbased vertical scaling due to the non-linear increased scalability of the simulator and its reliance on other types of resources.

First, research was performed that compared simulator performance between a legacy 2010 and modern 2015 server.

Based on the results from the first experiment, the team further investigated CPU vertical scaling, this time by analyzing the role of the amount of CPU cores to simulator scalability.


The next MOSES experiment investigated network bandwidth limitations on the simulator's user scalability [15] . Specifically, simulator performance was evaluated when its bandwidth was restricted in megabits per second (Mbps), testing 3 G (1.4 Mbps), 4 G (6 Mbps), residential broadband (25 Mbps), and commercial T1 (55 Mbps) network speeds. Results showed that the slowest speed (3 G) supported significantly less users than the other tested speeds and that there was no significant performance difference between 4G, broadband, and T1. Additionally, these results provided virtual world developers and administrators with a few noteworthy contributions and observations. First, the work demonstrated the feasibility of conducting training on slower, less expensive bandwidths; although the slowest speed was not able to support large number of trainees, the simulator was operational for lower echelons. Second, the work showed that diminished returns of concurrent users existed when the simulator operated on faster, more expensive networks.

The next MOSES experiment investigated network bandwidth limitations on the simulator's user scalability.


The results of our study has shown that the educational program was effective in improving the knowledge and attitude of CPs towards pharmacovigilance. Similar findings were reported by previous studies [43, 45] . A statistical difference was noted between respondents' gender and the responses to the statement adverse drug reactions are one of the major causes of death in the world and for the sentence about verbal reporting and written forms being preferred methods for ADR reporting (p < 0.001). Significant differences were also seen with the statement regarding involvement of Pharmaceutical industries in reporting ADRs and about the location of the national pharmacovigilance centre. Participant's age, work experience, involvement in any kind of educational intervention has shown an impact on pharmacovigilance activities and ADR reporting as shown in other studies [30, 43, 45] .

Similar findings were reported by previous studies.

Participant's age, work experience, involvement in any kind of educational intervention has shown an impact on pharmacovigilance activities and ADR reporting as shown in other studies.


Lead is a natural compound that exists in elemental, inorganic, and organic forms. Lead is present in trace amounts in all soils, water, and foods. It is soft, malleable, blue-gray in color and is highly resistant to corrosion. These properties, along with the poor ability of lead to conduct heat and electricity, probably contributed to its use in mining, smelting, refining, battery manufacturing, soldering, electrical wiring, home demolition and construction, painting, ceramic glazing, and the making of stained glass [1] .

These properties, along with the poor ability of lead to conduct heat and electricity, probably contributed to its use in mining, smelting, refining, battery manufacturing, soldering, electrical wiring, home demolition and construction, painting, ceramic glazing, and the making of stained glass.


Flotation as a separation process has recently received a considerable interest owing to its simplicity, rapidity, economy, good separation yields (recovery >95% for small impurity agent concentrations (10.6-10.2 mol/L), a large possibility of application for species having different nature and structure, flexibility and friability of equipment and processing for recovery purpose and production of more concentrated sludge, occupying smaller volumes [12, 13] . It is believed that this process will soon be incorporated as a clean technology to treat water and wastewater [14] . For the aforementioned reasons, a combination of adsorption and flotation into a unified operation termed sportive-flotation could be considered as a vital process.

Flotation as a separation process has recently received a considerable interest owing to its simplicity, rapidity, economy, good separation yields (recovery >95% for small impurity agent concentrations (10.6-10.2 mol/L), a large possibility of application for species having different nature and structure, flexibility and friability of equipment and processing for recovery purpose and production of more concentrated sludge, occupying smaller volumes.

It is believed that this process will soon be incorporated as a clean technology to treat water and wastewater.


Second, we use a heuristic optimization approach to parameter identification of the proposed model. Several studies have attempted heuristic optimization approaches for parameter identification of constitutive models for various materials [8] [9] [10] . We will discuss different type of damper, material, and numerical method; however, it can be said that this study is also classified in the similar category of the studies.

Several studies have attempted heuristic optimization approaches for parameter identification of constitutive models for various materials.


Passive dampers such as buckling restrained brace, tuned mass/liquid damper and MR damper are used for seismic design of building frames to absorb the energy during earthquake excitation [1] [2] [3] . It is known that conventional steel tension braces have disadvantages such as pinching or deterioration of stiffness and strength under cyclic loading. Co-authors proposed a new type of elasto-plastic damper [4, 5] . The dampers are placed in the inter-story as shown in Fig. 1 , and it can potentially avoid such pinching or deterioration at a relatively low cost. Main characteristics of the damper are twofold: i) hardening effect caused by geometric nonlinearity, and ii) asymmetric hysteretic restoring force in tensile and compressive loading conditions. This paper about the damper is divided into three parts.

Passive dampers such as buckling restrained brace, tuned mass/liquid damper and MR damper are used for seismic design of building frames to absorb the energy during earthquake excitation.

Co-authors proposed a new type of elasto-plastic damper.


However, knowledge gaps exist regarding the long-term impacts of biomass utilization on understory vegetation. The majority of such studies have focused on overstory vegetation or belowground layers, and several on-going studies are not mature enough to yield long-term assessments of increased biomass harvesting in North America (e.g., Long-Term Soil Productivity research network [17] ). Long-term studies e spanning decades rather than years e acquire an exceptional importance in evaluating the biomass harvesting impacts, because long-term assessment provides a critical asset for understanding complex changes in forest ecosystem function and structure. Knowledge gaps in the northern Rocky Mountain forest are especially great; mill closures in the pulp and panel sectors has degraded the industrial infrastructure for intensive biomass harvesting, and has thereby limited opportunities to evaluate harvested sites and compare them to other forms of forest management (including prescribed fire).

The majority of such studies have focused on overstory vegetation or belowground layers, and several on-going studies are not mature enough to yield long-term assessments of increased biomass harvesting in North America (e.g., Long-Term Soil Productivity research network).


In 1974, an interdisciplinary research project was conducted at the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station's Coram Experimental Forest in Montana to evaluate the ecological consequences of intensified biomass harvesting [18] . About four decades later, this historical research project can now provide clues to the long-term impact of biomass harvesting on understory vegetation. The objective of this study was to identify whether biomass utilization intensity alters understory shrub dynamics. For this, we investigated the temporal changes of shrub recovery (ratio of dry biomass at time t to pre-treatment biomass), species composition, and diversity over time (pre-harvest, 2, 10, and 38 years after harvest) at four different levels of biomass utilization intensity.

In 1974, an interdisciplinary research project was conducted at the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station's Coram Experimental Forest in Montana to evaluate the ecological consequences of intensified biomass harvesting.


Forest understory vegetation (e.g., herbs, shrubs, tree seedlings, and saplings) plays an important role in temperate forest ecosystems, providing wildlife habitat and food resources, sustaining site productivity, and underlying biodiversity [1e4] . For example, huckleberries are well known as the most important food source of grizzly bear (Arctos ursus) in Montana [5] . In addition, shrubs and understory herbs serve critical functions in nutrient cycling [1, 6, 7] . Abundance of understory vegetation is a critical factor in determining tree growth, especially in early stand development stages [8] . From a biodiversity perspective, understory vegetation comprises a large portion of plant diversity in forest ecosystems [9e11] . Thus, considerable efforts have been devoted to understanding impacts of forest management on understory vegetation structure and composition [4] .

For example, huckleberries are well known as the most important food source of grizzly bear (Arctos ursus) in Montana.

In addition, shrubs and understory herbs serve critical functions in nutrient cycling.

Abundance of understory vegetation is a critical factor in determining tree growth, especially in early stand development stages.

Thus, considerable efforts have been devoted to understanding impacts of forest management on understory vegetation structure and composition.


However, these platforms, designed for balance training, do not allow to measuring the ability to maintain balance 1 http://www.standingstrongprogram.com/ neither risk assessment of falls. Falls risk screening and assessment instruments are widely used by clinicians [2] . For example, one-leg stance test (OLST) is a good candidate for predictive measures of fall risks in frail elderly patients [12] . Other assessment instruments could be Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) [10] . Some systems may include an instrumented shoe with displacement actuators like in the Smiling project [11] . In this project, actuators are used to induce disturbances under the feet during balance training. The idea to include a shoe in the balance training program comes from the improvement in balance measures while using foot orthoses [3] .

Falls risk screening and assessment instruments are widely used by clinicians.

For example, one-leg stance test (OLST) is a good candidate for predictive measures of fall risks in frail elderly patients.

Other assessment instruments could be Falls Efficacy Scale (FES).

Some systems may include an instrumented shoe with displacement actuators like in the Smiling project.

The idea to include a shoe in the balance training program comes from the improvement in balance measures while using foot orthoses.


One additional factor which may influence citation counts is whether a given paper was highlighted in a PNAS press release. We were unable to explore this issue because of lack of data regarding which papers received press releases. The effect of press releases, and popular press coverage more generally, on citation counts is an open question which deserves further study [2] . A related issue involves the potential for selection bias in which papers are submitted to PNAS via each track. In addition to the differences in referee selection and review process, authors may choose to submit papers they feel are stronger or weaker through particular tracks. The direction of this effect, however, is unclear. For example, one could hypothesize that weaker papers are submitted through alternative tracks to increase the probability of acceptance, or that stronger papers are submitted through alternative tracks to increase the speed of acceptance. Or perhaps both suggestions are correct. Exploring this issue also merits future study.

The effect of press releases, and popular press coverage more generally, on citation counts is an open question which deserves further study.


In this paper, we have studied the drift-kinetic stability of a pair plasma, of equal positron and electron temperature and density, confined by a dipole magnetic field. The Zpinch and point-dipole limits have both been considered, and the resulting dispersion relations have been derived, solved, and compared. We have found electrostatic instabilities in pure pair plasmas driven by the magnetic curvature, temperature and density gradients. In point-dipole geometry, when the Debye length is taken to be exactly zero, we have found that instabilities exist for the parameters in the domain bounded by Eqs. (5.6) and (5.7). Their growth rate decreases towards the stability boundary defined by Eq. (5.6), and increases towards the singularity boundary defined by Eq. (5.7). Visually, this is seen in Fig. 6 as an increase in the density of the contours of constant growth rate. The singularity can be resolved taking a small but finite Debye length into account. This is associated with a fluid-type mode that is absent if k ⊥ λ D = 0 exactly. In the Z-pinch limit, the stability diagram found is similar. With these observations, Figs. 6 and Fig. 5 describe rather thoroughly the drift-kinetic stability of pair plasmas in dipole geometry. We thereby clarify the role of the stability lines in parameter space, and conclude that both density and temperature gradients drive instability. In Z-pinch geometry, we have also treated the Landau damping problem with a novel integration contour, and found exponential and algebraic damping solutions related to the drift particle motion. The existence of such unstable modes is a collective effect that can provide the background turbulence needed for an inward particle pinch (Isichenko et al. 1996) . Such a pinch could be very helpful for pair-plasma creation. We plan to address this with a gyrokinetic code in future.

The existence of such unstable modes is a collective effect that can provide the background turbulence needed for an inward particle pinch.


Cold resistance for the transgenic grape. Cell membrane damage can cause the leakage of cell components. Electrolyte leakage, a measurement of the extent of cell membrane damage, is commonly accepted as a coldresistance indicator of plants (Jaglo-Ottosen et al., 1998) . Detached leaves of transgenic Lines 3 and 7 as well as wild-type plants were subjected to various subzero temperatures. Leaf cell membrane damage was then estimated by measuring the electrolyte leakage. Our results showed that the electric conductivities of transgenic plants were significantly lower than those of the wild-type plants (Fig.  4) . The conductivity of wild-type plants was remarkably increased at -4°C, whereas such a significant increase in the conductivity of the transgenic plants was found at -6°C. No significant differences in the conductivity were found between Line 3 and Line 7. These results indicated that the transgenic grapevines overexpressing the DREB1b gene were more resistant to cold stress. Table 1 showed that the freezing points of transgenic Lines 3 and 7 were 1.51 and 2.02°C lower than that of wild-type, respectively. In all transgenic lines and wild-type plants, the organs listed in an order of ascended freezing points were root / stem / leaves.

Electrolyte leakage, a measurement of the extent of cell membrane damage, is commonly accepted as a coldresistance indicator of plants.


MYC overexpressing tumors can be targeted through a synthetic lethal interaction with VX-680, a pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor [5] . Here, we undertook a systematic survey to screen for tumor associated genetic chages and pathways that could modify MYC-VX-680 synthetic lethality. We modeled each of the oncogenic alterations individually in RPE-MYC cells and tested this panel of isogenetic cell lines for their sensitivity to VX-680. One benefit to this experimental approach is the abiltiy to examine two distinct types of VX-680-induced death, early apoptotic death and later death of polyploid cells. This later death being associated with an apparently detrimental autophagy.

MYC overexpressing tumors can be targeted through a synthetic lethal interaction with VX-680, a pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor.


Our findings reveal that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are determinants of polyploid cell viability following aurora kinase inhibition in MYC overxpressing cells. It is unknown if the increase we observed in long-term colony formation could correlate with drug resistance in humans, but these observations do suggest a mechanism by which resistance to MYC-VX-680 synthetic lethality might arise through interferance with induction of lethal autophagy. Therapeutic escape of even a few cancer cells could have an enormous effect on patient outcome. BH3-mimetic drugs, such as Venetoclax and Navitoclax, are able to inhibit the interaction between Bcl-2 and Atg6 [28] . Our findings lend weight to the argument that these Bcl-2 inhibitors combined with chromosomal passenger protein complex inhibition could be a potent combination therapy for tumors that overexpress MYC.

BH3-mimetic drugs, such as Venetoclax and Navitoclax, are able to inhibit the interaction between Bcl-2 and Atg6.


The information loss problem of black holes was motivated by semi-classical calculations [1] . Applying quantum field theory in a classical metric of a black hole, it is observed that the black hole is evaporating by emitting Hawking radiations [2] . This calculation poses a very profound question to the unitarity of quantum mechanics. Even though we do not have the final answer due to the absence of quantum gravity, we can advance the problem by constructing and speculating upon different semi-classical black hole solutions.

The information loss problem of black holes was motivated by semi-classical calculations.

Applying quantum field theory in a classical metric of a black hole, it is observed that the black hole is evaporating by emitting Hawking radiations.


In this paper, these two potential concerns answered. First, even though the gravitational constant is changed, if the Planck units are chosen as the fundamental units, the value of the gravitational constant itself will be meaningless for a given universe. Second, to justify the dimensional reduction, we use very well-known results from the brane world scenario [11] [12] . If one assumes a warped geometry, in the low energy limit, the brane will resemble the normal 4-dimensions, even though the other dimensions are not completely compactified [12] . Here, some effects through the orthogonal directions should exist; but as we discuss, it is well known that the effect can be ignored in the low energy large black hole limit [13] . In fact, there are two major branches of research on the brane world scenario. The first is a small black hole, which may be obtained from LHC or future particle accelerators [14] . The second is a large black hole, which is greater than the horizon size of its bulk anti de Sitter space [15] [13] . In this paper, we consider both scenarios.

Second, to justify the dimensional reduction, we use very well-known results from the brane world scenario.

If one assumes a warped geometry, in the low energy limit, the brane will resemble the normal 4-dimensions, even though the other dimensions are not completely compactified.

Here, some effects through the orthogonal directions should exist; but as we discuss, it is well known that the effect can be ignored in the low energy large black hole limit.

The first is a small black hole, which may be obtained from LHC or future particle accelerators.

The second is a large black hole, which is greater than the horizon size of its bulk anti de Sitter space.


Telescopium telescopium have wide distribution in the swamps of the Sundarbans of Bangladesh. It is one of the most commercially important shellfishes in Bangladesh. The species is highly delicious food for the local tribal people, Munda (Zaman et al. 2011) . At present, there is no effort to culture it; in addition the exploitation from the wild and excessive harvest pressure considerably affected the abundance and community structure of the species. In spite of that, it is relatively cheap source of animal protein for the poor tribal people and the shell is used in lime production and calcium source for animal feeds. Presently, the market demand for this mollusc appears to be very high. Knowledge of activities and behaviour such as food and feeding periodicity of the economically important animal is essential for conservation and cultivation of the species.

The species is highly delicious food for the local tribal people, Munda.


Histological analysis of biopsy material from clinical material has identified RSV-infected cells that have undergone fusion in the lower airway and that resemble syncytia [36] . However, it is not clear if these clinical manifestations are identical to the syncytia that is observed in tissue culture. Irrespective, our analysis indicates that syncytia formation is not a direct consequence of virus transmission in the cell monolayer, but that they arise due to indirect virus-induced effects on the cell physiology that follows advanced infection in the monolayer. The F-protein initiates fusion of the virus envelope and cell membrane during the process of virus entry into non-infected cells. Therefore F protein membrane fusion would be expected to mediate the initial phase of virus transmission that leads to the formation of the virus-infected cell clusters. The absence of syncytia formation during this early phase in virus transmission suggests that although virus-induced membrane fusion may contribute to syncytium formation during the later of infection, it may not be the cause of syncytium formation. Changes in cell physiology that follow extensive virus infection may make a greater contribution towards the gross changes in cell monolayer morphology (i.e. syncytium) that are observed at the advanced stages of virus infection. We have not performed an extensive examination of the signaling networks that are activated in this low moi cell infection model. However in the infected cell clusters we have detected that activation of at least 3 signaling pathways that are implicated in mediating changes in cell physiology. This suggests that these signaling pathways may also play a role in syncytium formation at the advanced stages of virus infection, and their formation is an indirect consequence of cell-to-cell virus transmission. In this context, activation of MAPKp38 and JNK signaling pathways following RSV infection can cause cell monolayer disruption by inducing changes in cell membrane properties [37] .

Histological analysis of biopsy material from clinical material has identified RSV-infected cells that have undergone fusion in the lower airway and that resemble syncytia.

In this context, activation of MAPKp38 and JNK signaling pathways following RSV infection can cause cell monolayer disruption by inducing changes in cell membrane properties.


In the clinical context, viruses that are transmitted by direct cell-to-cell contact would have advantages over a predominantly cell-free virus state, for example evasion of the host immune response by HIV-1 during cell-tocell transmission via the immune synapse [32, 33] . In the case of respiratory viruses the direct cell-to-cell transmission during the initial stages of infection could avoid the release of the virus particles into a potentially hostile environment of the mucus-coated upper respiratory tract during this key stage in the infection process, which could potentially impair virus infection and transmission [34] . Interestingly, we have observed a similar spread of infection when non-tissue culture adapted RSV clinical strains were cultured in HEp2 cell monolayers [35] . Although the spread of infection of the clinical stains was significantly slower than that of the RSV A2 isolate, the infection of the clinical strains in HEp2 cell monolayers was manifested by localized cell-to-cell virus transmission in the cell monolayer. This preceded the extensive CPE (e.g. typically appearing as syncythia) that we observed later in the cell monolayers infected with these clinical strains (usually at between 2 and 3 weeks). This suggests that localized virus transmission that we observe is not a specific feature of the RSV A2 isolate, but is likely an inherent property of most RSV strains.

In the clinical context, viruses that are transmitted by direct cell-to-cell contact would have advantages over a predominantly cell-free virus state, for example evasion of the host immune response by HIV-1 during cell-tocell transmission via the immune synapse.

In the case of respiratory viruses the direct cell-to-cell transmission during the initial stages of infection could avoid the release of the virus particles into a potentially hostile environment of the mucus-coated upper respiratory tract during this key stage in the infection process, which could potentially impair virus infection and transmission.

Interestingly, we have observed a similar spread of infection when non-tissue culture adapted RSV clinical strains were cultured in HEp2 cell monolayers.


We have proposed and demonstrated a polarization-independent tunable optical filter with variable 3 dB bandwidth based on SOI waveguides. We use a PSR and a PRC based on adiabatic tapers and ADCs to achieve polarization-independent operation. We adjust the 3 dB bandwidth through the intentional misalignment of the two passbands. We tune the central wavelength of the filter by synchronous tuning of two stages of second-order MRR filters. We fabricate such an optical filter using 193 nm photolithography, with all the four ring cavities tunable independently. We verify the polarization-independent operation with inputs having random polarization states. The 3 dB bandwidth is adjusted from 37.5 to 100 GHz with a step of 12.5 GHz, with the IL varying from −5.4 to −7.9 dB. The FSR of the fabricated device is measured to be about 90 nm. We show the tuning of the central wavelength from 1460 to 1550 nm. The performance of the devices can be further optimized using MRR with higher order. Automatic resonance alignment of high-order MRRs can be employed to facilitate the alignments [56, 57] . This kind of optical filter can be employed to construct gridless ROADM, which is an important subsystem in future agile optical networks.

Automatic resonance alignment of high-order MRRs can be employed to facilitate the alignments.


We will use a specific finite element realization of the more general formulation presented in Equation (1.1) as a starting point for this work. We seek an eigenvalue λ ∈ C and eigenfunction u ∈ V FE h , where V FE h is a finite element space, such that, (κ∇u, ∇v) + λd(u, v) + λ 2 (u, v) = 0, ∀v ∈ V FE h , where the three bilinear forms in the left hand side corresponds to the three matrices K, D, and M in Equation (1.1). In particular we are interested in problems where the coefficient κ varies rapidly in space modeling, e.g., rapid material data variation. It is well known that in order to capture the correct behavior of the solution, the finite element space V FE h has to be large enough to resolve the data variations [2] . In this paper, we will not question the properness of this model. We assume that the parameter h was carefully chosen in an earlier modeling or discretization step.

It is well known that in order to capture the correct behavior of the solution, the finite element space V FE h has to be large enough to resolve the data variations.


There is a global paradigm shift in energy and its related studies within the past decades. Renewable energy research is spearheading in energy and its related studies due to its role as an alternative to fossil-fuel based energy generation and climate change mitigation. Empirical evidence shows the relationship between energy consumption, utilization and environmental pollution in many developing and growing economies [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] .

Empirical evidence shows the relationship between energy consumption, utilization and environmental pollution in many developing and growing economies.


Nevertheless, there are limited studies on Ghana's solar resource analysis. Almost every study depends on the solar and wind energy resource assessment (SWERA) project in Ghana without any alternative [32] . The SWERA project provides no information on the solar resources for concentrating and non-concentrating surfaces nor the losses for the different tracking surfaces. Against this background, the study reviews Ghana's solar energy potential and examine the solar resource potential in some selected locations in Ghana. The study serves as an alternative to the SWERA project with much information on the solar resources for concentrating and non-concentrating surfaces and the losses for the different tracking surfaces in the selected locations. The essence of this research is to serve as a reference material for further academic studies in order to broaden the scope and frontiers of research in this field. Finally, the study will also inform and support the work of policymakers, research analysts, project planners and investors in Ghana.

Almost every study depends on the solar and wind energy resource assessment (SWERA) project in Ghana without any alternative.


A country's energy development is closely linked to climate change variability, economic development, agricultural productivity, food security and quality of life. Several studies in modern economics have established the relationship between Ghana's energy consumption, macroeconomic indicators, environmental pollution and population growth [1] [2] [3] . Thus, meeting the energy requirement of the Ghanaian population will directly affect the country's economic growth. At the end of 2010, Ghana migrated from a low-income to a middle-income country as energy services became available and economically accessible [4] . Access to energy plays a critical role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by developed, developing and least developed countries by 2030 [5] [6] [7] . Certainly, there is a close connection between energy insufficiency and poverty indicators like; illiteracy, life expectancy, infant mortality, total fertility rate, and rapid urbanization in developing countries like Ghana. Rural-urban migration has increased immensely within the last decades in the quest to search for better living conditions and social amenities in the urban areas [8, 9] . Ghana is ranked 140 th (HDI = 0.579) in the Human Index (HDI) Report as a country with a medium human development index. In addition, 30.5% of her population are in multidimensional poverty while almost 80% have access to electricity [10] . Nevertheless, the inadequate energy supply to meet the demand, power outages, and load shedding have been persistent for a decade now [6] . According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), 1.3 billion of the population are inaccessible to electricity and 2.7 billion people depend on traditional biomass for cooking and heating. It is estimated that more than one-third of household expenses is reserved for the costs of fuel in many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Even though biomass is of poor quality and very ineffective but countries in sub-Saharan Africa pays a heavy price for fuel (mainly biomass). Indigenous usage of biomass has been predicted by IEA to decrease in many countries, except South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa in addition to population growth by 2030 [11, 12] .

Several studies in modern economics have established the relationship between Ghana's energy consumption, macroeconomic indicators, environmental pollution and population growth.

At the end of 2010, Ghana migrated from a low-income to a middle-income country as energy services became available and economically accessible.

Access to energy plays a critical role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by developed, developing and least developed countries by 2030.

Rural-urban migration has increased immensely within the last decades in the quest to search for better living conditions and social amenities in the urban areas.

In addition, 30.5% of her population are in multidimensional poverty while almost 80% have access to electricity.

Nevertheless, the inadequate energy supply to meet the demand, power outages, and load shedding have been persistent for a decade now.

Indigenous usage of biomass has been predicted by IEA to decrease in many countries, except South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa in addition to population growth by 2030.


Ballistic impact tests showed that in all cases the bullet energy employed was suffi cient to perforate ionomer or multilayer plates. In the latter materials, however, the presence of a reinforcing fabric or foam effi ciently adherent to ionomer, in some cases, reduced the self-healing effi ciency. The healing mechanism of ionomers is well discussed in the literature [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . It is the result of a 'welding' effect, where the energy dissipation due to material plastic deformation and projectile friction leads to local material melting; the following viscoelastic recovery and material solidifi cation are able to close the hole and seal, at least partially, the damage. Figure 7 shows a thermographic picture of the temperature distribution in a ionomeric plate immediately after a ballistic puncture test with a steel ball. It can be observed that the temperature in correspondence of the impact site reaches the melting temperature of the material, thus allowing the welding and the hole closure. The heating effect is the result of deformation energy dissipation and friction forces.

The healing mechanism of ionomers is well discussed in the literature.


In multilayer wall fuel tanks for aerospace applications, fuel self-sealing after perforation can be obtained as a result of swelling or chemical reaction of rubber/foam layer when it comes in contact with the spilling internal liquid. A usual drawback of these materials is the limited resistance to ageing, which reduces their effectiveness with time. Moreover, the sealing material adds consistent weight to the component, yet giving no or negligible contribution to structural performance. Polymeric materials and composites with intrinsic self-healing capability may become a valid alternative to traditional confi gurations. The combination of aramid fabric or carbon foams with polymers able to restore, at least partially, the continuity of the material, may provide signifi cant protection and fl uid containment capacity even in particularly critical conditions. In this context, ethylene-methacrylic acid based ionomers have widely demonstrated their effi ciency to autonomously repair after bullet punctures and can be taken into consideration as self-healing layers in tanks. Composites and sandwich structures based on ionomeric matrix can also be considered, provided the self-healing capability is maintained [8] . The coupling of such self-healing polymers or composites with rigid cellular fi llers can have multiple benefi ts such as high impact resistance, repeatable and environmentally stable self-healing capability, lightness, mechanical stiffness and strength.

Composites and sandwich structures based on ionomeric matrix can also be considered, provided the self-healing capability is maintained.


The development of self-healing materials has found important scientifi c and technological implications, particularly in relation to cost-effective approaches towards damage management of structures. Thermoplastic materials, such as ionomers based on ethylene-co-methacrylic acid copolymers, partially neutralized with sodium or zinc, have shown self-healing behaviour after ballistic impacts [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . Blends of ionomers with different polymers were also investigated: blending allows to get mechanical properties tuned over a wide range, yet maintaining self-mending ability [15] [16] [17] . However, certain conditions in terms of proper temperature range, bullet speed and shape are necessary for the autonomic healing to occur.

Thermoplastic materials, such as ionomers based on ethylene-co-methacrylic acid copolymers, partially neutralized with sodium or zinc, have shown self-healing behaviour after ballistic impacts.

Blends of ionomers with different polymers were also investigated: blending allows to get mechanical properties tuned over a wide range, yet maintaining self-mending ability.


It is important, therefore, not to come to the wrong clinical conclusions with regard to vaccination. Infections are most probably even more dangerous for patients under TNF blockade. Th e answer, therefore, is certainly not to leave vaccinations out, but to vaccinate more often, more consistently, and everybody with a rheumatic disease [17, 18] . Obviously, vaccination before having to initiate a biological response modifi er will be the best option.

Th e answer, therefore, is certainly not to leave vaccinations out, but to vaccinate more often, more consistently, and everybody with a rheumatic disease.


The northern krill, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, attains the largest body size among the euphausiid species of the northern hemisphere. Its distribution covers an exceptionally wide longitudinal and latitudinal range in North Atlantic waters, spanning from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Aegean Sea and from the Barents Sea to the upwelling zones of the Cape Verde Islands (Mauchline and Fisher 1969) . Accordingly, this krill species is ideally suited for a model study in climatic adaptation.

Its distribution covers an exceptionally wide longitudinal and latitudinal range in North Atlantic waters, spanning from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Aegean Sea and from the Barents Sea to the upwelling zones of the Cape Verde Islands.


Second semi-classical derivation. This derivation considers an electric charge q moving with speedẋ in the field of a monopole g [8, 38] . The associated Lorentz force dp/dt = q ẋ × B/c is used to obtain total (conserved) angular momentum of this system J = x × p − qgr/c. The radial component J ·r = −qg/c is then quantised yielding Dirac's condition.

Second semi-classical derivation.

This derivation considers an electric charge q moving with speedẋ in the field of a monopole g.


In recent years, air transport has grown in significance. In the pre-accession of Poland to the European Union period, in the years 1989-2004, air transport was developing very slowly [5] . After accession, post-socialist countries eliminated the barriers to entering their aviation markets [6, 7] . Moreover, market liberalization resulted in new EU member countries being penetrated by low-cost carriers, which introduced new routes to destinations mainly in Western Europe [8] .

In the pre-accession of Poland to the European Union period, in the years 1989-2004, air transport was developing very slowly.

After accession, post-socialist countries eliminated the barriers to entering their aviation markets.

Moreover, market liberalization resulted in new EU member countries being penetrated by low-cost carriers, which introduced new routes to destinations mainly in Western Europe.


Work in the field of SOA privacy is still young and progressing. Within real world SOA environments, privacy protection is often ignored. Those few attempts at addressing issues of privacy in an industrial SOA setting are often done so unsatisfactory or left incomplete. This is exemplified in the security approach proposed by IBM, in which a privacy standard is referenced that as of yet does not exist [15] . Activity in the academic world has begun to address the issues related to SOA privacy, but has also progressed slowly. The PPFSOA described in this paper moves the field forward by taking a serious look at the unique privacy concerns of SOA and not settling for a solution that was originally designed for different environment. The PPFSOA attempts to take the onus of protecting private information off the individual consumer. In the cases where the consumer is required to perform actions, guidelines and information are provided to assist the consumer in making informed decisions.

This is exemplified in the security approach proposed by IBM, in which a privacy standard is referenced that as of yet does not exist.


Applying building envelope greening and at the same time tackling noise issues can therefore be considered as a highly sustainable goal. A question of main concern is what type of building envelope measure is most efficient in achieving noise abatement. In this numerical study, 3 types of measures are considered namely green roofs, green walls and vegetated lowheight noise barriers positioned near roof edges. Such green measures further help to increase the visual attractiveness of urban areas, which was shown to be important as well based on noise-related surveys [45] .

Such green measures further help to increase the visual attractiveness of urban areas, which was shown to be important as well based on noise-related surveys.


Historically, inverters would connect to an existing stiff AC power grid where a synchronous machine established the voltage and frequency. The proliferation of distributed generation and renewable energy has spurred interest in "grid forming" controls that can create a functioning AC power system using only power converters. However, the synchronous machines that comprise a standard power system have well-understood dynamics that serve to create an oscillating AC waveform and synchronize multiple power sources [5] .

However, the synchronous machines that comprise a standard power system have well-understood dynamics that serve to create an oscillating AC waveform and synchronize multiple power sources.


Seven studies did not report response rates to the modality used to assess symptoms [47, 56, 83, 92, 98, 110, 118] . The mean response rate was 84% when follow-up was ≤6 weeks, 72% when between 6 weeks and 1 year, 70% when between 2 and 5 years and 68% when >5 years. Reported response rates for questionnaires and patient interviews were similar (Supplementary Table 4) .

Seven studies did not report response rates to the modality used to assess symptoms.


Molecular-level processes occurring at solid/liquid interfaces are intriguing not only from a fundamental physical-chemical perspective, but also from a practical perspective since they are an essential part of (photo)electrochemical systems, which are key to future renewable energy storage technologies. This provides a powerful driving force for the development of novel in situ/operando characterization tools that can directly probe the interface [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . For a complete understanding of the solid/liquid interface, it is mandatory to investigate the properties of the solid bulk, the bulk liquid, and the thin interface layer between the solid and the liquid phases [8] . This constitutes the most important part of the solid/liquid junction where specific adsorption of ions, charge transfer dynamics and electrical potential formation occur.

This provides a powerful driving force for the development of novel in situ/operando characterization tools that can directly probe the interface.

For a complete understanding of the solid/liquid interface, it is mandatory to investigate the properties of the solid bulk, the bulk liquid, and the thin interface layer between the solid and the liquid phases.


To complete the model of the solid/liquid interface, a liquid water layer with a thickness of 20 nm was placed atop the sample surface, as schematically reported in Figure 1 . This value has been taken as a realistic representation of the liquid layer thickness typically obtained during "dip and pull" experiments. The water atomic density and band gap used in the SESSA simulations were 1.003 × 10 23 cm −3 and 6.9 eV [28] , respectively.

The water atomic density and band gap used in the SESSA simulations were 1.003 × 10 23 cm −3 and 6.9 eV, respectively.


The atomic density (number of emitters per unit volume) of TiO 2 and APTES used in the simulations were equal to 9.568 × 10 22 cm −3 and 9.522 × 10 22 cm −3 , respectively (the APTES stoichiometry used in the simulations was SiNO 3 C 9 H 23 ). The energy gap between the valence and conduction bands of TiO 2 was set to 3.03 eV [26] . The energy gap between the HOMO and LUMO of APTES was determined from the fluorescence spectrum of APTES, which exhibits an intense band at about 438 nm [27] . The related HOMO-LUMO energy gap was therefore estimated to be equal to 2.83 eV.

The energy gap between the valence and conduction bands of TiO 2 was set to 3.03 eV.

The energy gap between the HOMO and LUMO of APTES was determined from the fluorescence spectrum of APTES, which exhibits an intense band at about 438 nm.


Although all specimens were designed for 30MPa concrete strength, actual concrete strength varied widely across different specimens. As four different concrete pours were used to fabricate the four units (i.e. pairs of specimens), the measured concrete strength was close for the two specimens poured together (e.g. A1 & A2). The average concrete strength obtained from cylinder tests on the day of the beam test for different specimens varied between 21.3MPa and 41.8MPa (see Table 2 for details). Mechanical properties of the steel bars were measured in standard tension tests. The average , maximum tensile strength (f max ), strain at the onset of hardening (ε sh ) and strain at the maximum stress point (ε maxσ ) for different bars are listed in Table 2 . The test results are discussed in detail by Walker [11] . Here, only the general features of the results are summarised with the help of a comprehensive Table listing several key performance parameters for all eight tests. Table 3 lists the maximum drift (θ max ) sustained by all specimens before the defined failure occurred; i.e. when the load reduced to less than 80% of the peak load. Note that the specimens were subjected to larger drift cycles than the reported failure drifts and the tests were terminated only after a terminal damage (such as rebar rupture, excessive buckling, severe crushing of concrete etc) was visible. The table also shows drifts (in both directions) corresponding to yielding (θ y ) and onset of strength degradation (θ de ). The average contribution of shear deformation (∆ s ) during the later inelastic response phase in both loading directions and the maximum elongation (∆l) measured in the tests are also shown in the table. Apart from listing the theoretical (F th ) and experimental (F exp ) strengths in both directions, the table also shows the initial stiffness (K 0 ) calculated as the ratio of the 75% of theoretical strength to the displacement measured at this load level at the end of the first loading phase.

The test results are discussed in detail by Walker.


The remaining five differences in LDL and HDL particle composition (out of 9 detected) were seen in isoforms of apoC3, apoE and SAA4 (Table 4 ). The significant reductions in the ratios of high-to-low MW species of apoC3, apoE, and SAA4 were observed on all three lipoprotein classes (Table 5 ). These differences in apo glycosylation were the novel findings of this study. ApoC3, apoE, and SAA4 are of smaller MW (relative to apoB, for example) and therefore their glycosylated isoforms were readily resolved. We cannot, however, exclude the possibility that the extent of glycosylation of larger MW apos might have been affected as well but were unresolved on the 1D gel. For example, variations in the extent of glycosylation (sialylation) of apoB could not be detected by our method. Although sialylation of apoB is known to contributes 8% to the total amount of sialic acid in VLDL (apoC3 contributes 68% of sialic acid of VLDL), in LDL, apoB carries 60% of the particle sialic acid pool [27] . For the same reason (higher MWs) we were not able to resolve individual sialoisoforms of apoE and SAA4 in 1D electrophoresis.

Although sialylation of apoB is known to contributes 8% to the total amount of sialic acid in VLDL (apoC3 contributes 68% of sialic acid of VLDL), in LDL, apoB carries 60% of the particle sialic acid pool.


Interestingly, in our recent in vitro study, we have shown that the suppression of autophagy in MSCs enhances their survival rate [21] . To further expand our previous findings, herein, we examined whether the autophagy-modulated MSCs would facilitate and accelerate liver recovery after the induction of mice ALF models. Moreover, MSCs can be isolated from many different sources but in this study we used human bone marrow-derived MSCs due to their simple availability and their potentiality of being employed in clinical trials.

Interestingly, in our recent in vitro study, we have shown that the suppression of autophagy in MSCs enhances their survival rate.


Fatigue can be distinguished into three different types according to one's own evaluation: psychological, physical, and neurological [17] . Psychological fatigue refers to central nervous system fatigue and is experienced when one is engaged in a task that requires full attention. Physical fatigue generally refers to muscle fatigue due to physical labor. Finally, neurological fatigue refers to neurological disturbances due to physical and mental labor. In the case of hotel employees, emotional labor, including frequent personal interactions with guests contributes to psychological fatigue, and prolonged periods of maintaining awkward and unnatural posture contributes to physical fatigue. Almost every position available in a hotel accompanies a mix of physical and psychological fatigue risks, although their proportions may vary.

Fatigue can be distinguished into three different types according to one's own evaluation: psychological, physical, and neurological.