Related to the computation of the radius and the eccentricity is finding the network center. To the best of our knowledge, within similar bounds for space and processing complexity per round, the fastest algorithm so far to find network center nodes was proposed by Korach, Rotem and Santoro [6] . This algorithm builds on a simpler algorithm to find a center of a tree, and the observation that the center of a general network must also be the center of its own BFS tree: the initiator node triggers BFS generation at all nodes, picks a center among all candidates which are centers of their own BFS, and later disseminates this information to all nodes. The closest center node c to the initiator node i will receive the confirmation that it is indeed a center of the network by round 4 radius(G)+d(i, c)+1, with total message complexity of Θ(|V | |E| log |V |) bits. Notice that, in contrast to this, our algorithm is fully symmetrical, not requiring a distinguished node as initiator (which would have to be chosen in some way, e.g. by a leader election). Even discounting this factor, our more general algorithm has no time penalty: in fact, it can be shown that it even improves this upper bound by at least one round.

To the best of our knowledge, within similar bounds for space and processing complexity per round, the fastest algorithm so far to find network center nodes was proposed by Korach, Rotem and Santoro.


Our finding of the essential function of MRG-1 in C. elegans germline development may provide insights into the functions of the conserved family of MRG-1-like proteins in other species. In humans, MRG15 was identified based on the similarity of its gene sequence to that of MORF4, a protein that induces cellular senescence in some immortal cell lines (Bertram et al., 1999) . Considering that it contains a chromodomain, like MRG-1, MRG15 may be involved in regulating gene expression that supports cell proliferation, and MORF4 may regulate MRG15 negatively, thereby exerting a mortality function, because the major difference of MORF4 from MRG15 is the absence of the chromodomain. Assuming that specific determinants are commonly used to produce PGCs, MRG15 may have an identical role to MRG-1 in germ cell development in Drosophila. The fission yeast MRG-1-like protein Alp13 may have a more fundamental role in cell proliferation in this unicellular organism. Further studies of the functions of these proteins, including MRG-1, may provide important clues for understanding general mechanisms underlying the regulation of cell proliferation.

In humans, MRG15 was identified based on the similarity of its gene sequence to that of MORF4, a protein that induces cellular senescence in some immortal cell lines.


The electronic health record (EHR) has evolved as a central repository of patient information and as a tool for communication with patients and coordination between health care teams. As a result, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) has advocated utilizing the EHR in order to generate and provide SCPs to survivors and primary care providers [2] . In previous research, we reported that primary care providers identified receipt via the EHR as the preferred method for delivery of SCPs [3] . However, a significant percentage of primary care providers lacked knowledge of SCPs or were unaware that they received one for a survivor followed by their practice. The Engineering, Primary care, and Oncology Collaborative for Survivorship Health (EPOCH) formed to address ongoing survivorship health needs, such as improvements in SCP design and provision, at the University of Wisconsin. This Collaborative seeks to incorporate unique primary care perspectives into optimizing the care of cancer survivors.

As a result, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) has advocated utilizing the EHR in order to generate and provide SCPs to survivors and primary care providers.

In previous research, we reported that primary care providers identified receipt via the EHR as the preferred method for delivery of SCPs.


The degree of spatial variability for each variable can be determined by geostatistical methods using semivariogram model [9] . Classical statistics requires the validity of some basic hypotheses, such as the independence between observations, due to the randomness of variations from one place to another. In addition, geostatistics, based on the theory of regionalized variables, enables the interpretation of results based on the structure of spatial dependence within the sample space [10] .

The degree of spatial variability for each variable can be determined by geostatistical methods using semivariogram model.

In addition, geostatistics, based on the theory of regionalized variables, enables the interpretation of results based on the structure of spatial dependence within the sample space.


Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory tries to predict and explain the basic reasons, outcomes and other variables of being accepted and rejected by parents. In other words, it investigates the possible outcomes of parental acceptance and rejection on the behavioural, cognitive and emotional developments of children (Khaleque, & Rohner, 2002) . In parental acceptance, parents love, caress, cuddle their child, share her/his feelings and meet her/his needs. In parental rejection, on the other hand, parents delay meeting the physical and mental needs of the child and become hostile towards her/him (Yavuzer, 2000) . In parental rejection, parents fail to exhibit affinity and love towards the child, ignore her/his interest and care, and cause both physical and psychological damage in her/him (Rohner, & Khaleque, 2005) . Parental acceptance or rejection affects the childhood and other periods of life. There are more than 200 studies that were conducted by a number of researchers in different societies with various methods, which supports the importance of the theory (Khaleque, & Rohner, 2001) .

In other words, it investigates the possible outcomes of parental acceptance and rejection on the behavioural, cognitive and emotional developments of children.

In parental rejection, on the other hand, parents delay meeting the physical and mental needs of the child and become hostile towards her/him.

In parental rejection, parents fail to exhibit affinity and love towards the child, ignore her/his interest and care, and cause both physical and psychological damage in her/him.

There are more than 200 studies that were conducted by a number of researchers in different societies with various methods, which supports the importance of the theory.


History of sexual risk behavior was present in about forty six percent of the adolescents. Having a history of sexual risk behavior was significantly associated with presence of co-morbid psychiatric and medical diagnoses. Having a history of sexual risk behavior was also significantly associated with level of religion activities and marital status of the parents, with 'moderate' to 'high' level of religion activities and married status of the parents offering protective effect on exhibiting sexual risk behaviors. The prevalence of 45.7% history of sexual risk behavior found in adolescents with bipolar disorder in this study is significantly higher than the observation of prevalence rates of 25.0 to 29.3% documented among healthy adolescents of comparative age drawn from the general population in one study [11] . This suggests that the presence of diagnosis of bipolar disorder in adolescents in this environment may make them more prone to exhibiting sexual risk behavior and its attendant consequences.

The prevalence of 45.7% history of sexual risk behavior found in adolescents with bipolar disorder in this study is significantly higher than the observation of prevalence rates of 25.0 to 29.3% documented among healthy adolescents of comparative age drawn from the general population in one study.


Currently attention is focusing on the energy harvesting technologies to electrify the small-rated electric devices by environmental energy such as waste heat energy and machine vibration. One of the power generation methods by waste heat energy is the thermoelectric power generation by Seebeck effect of thermoelectric power module (TM) [1] . The TM can generate the electric power at low-temperature difference. However the thermoelectric power generation has some problems, such as the energy conversion efficiency, thermal leakage, and internal resistance. It is necessary to improve the energy conversion efficiency from thermal energy to electric energy, to suppress the thermal leakage and to track the maximum power point voltage of TM.

One of the power generation methods by waste heat energy is the thermoelectric power generation by Seebeck effect of thermoelectric power module (TM).


The present study revealed a positive correlation between SAS scores and OSDI scores in both SSDE and non-SSDE groups, which was in agreement with Li's study [10] . Moreover, SAS scores had negative correlation with S1T, which was not shown before. Since SS was the most common cause for tear-deficiency dry eye, S1T test might be more meaningful with regard to the diagnosis of SSDE. In addition, many studies confirmed a significantly negative correlation between anxiety and educational level [10, 30] . It was in agreement with our findings. More medical information through various paths and a better understanding of the disease is of great importance to improve SSDE patients' cooperation with the doctors and alleviate their symptoms of ocular discomfort and anxiety effectively.

The present study revealed a positive correlation between SAS scores and OSDI scores in both SSDE and non-SSDE groups, which was in agreement with Li's study.

In addition, many studies confirmed a significantly negative correlation between anxiety and educational level.

It was in agreement with our findings.


As part of the main competencies, the professional competence of the teacher becomes an important spotlight especially for the target teacher as an implementer of the curriculum [15] . Teachers who are not competent in their profession, they are clearly going to face obstacles in the implementation of 2013 curriculum. To anticipate this government has attempted to provide continuous training to the teachers. The trainings that are conducted by the government are still not enough to provide adequate knowledge and understanding to the teachers [9] , [5, 7, 15] .

As part of the main competencies, the professional competence of the teacher becomes an important spotlight especially for the target teacher as an implementer of the curriculum.

The trainings that are conducted by the government are still not enough to provide adequate knowledge and understanding to the teachers.


Additionally, in the implementation of the 2013 curriculum in the classroom, several obstacles were found in many fields, including related to the unpreparedness of teachers as implementers in the classroom. The problems are mainly in the form of lesson planning, implementation of the lesson plan and assessment [17] , [9, 12, 19] . The teachers are required to be really dedicated to their profession to be able to implement the lesson plan and the assessment properly. The assessment in particular as the curriculum suggested it should be more towards assessment for learning [20] , [1, 21] . To able to implement the curriculum, teachers are required to have pedagogic competence, personality competence, social competence and professional competence [2] , [3, 10, 11] .

The problems are mainly in the form of lesson planning, implementation of the lesson plan and assessment.

The assessment in particular as the curriculum suggested it should be more towards assessment for learning.

To able to implement the curriculum, teachers are required to have pedagogic competence, personality competence, social competence and professional competence.


In implementing a curriculum in a real classroom setting, having a good lesson plan is a highly vital component of the teaching-learning activity. Appropriately designed lesson plan certainly keeps teachers manage the classroom learning activities correctly, thus it makes easier for the teachers to help the students to reach objectives [2] , [3, 7, 8, 21] . A lesson plan at least contains competence standards, learning objectives, learning material, learning experience, learning methods, assessment and source of learning.

Appropriately designed lesson plan certainly keeps teachers manage the classroom learning activities correctly, thus it makes easier for the teachers to help the students to reach objectives.


In addition, mot teachers were found to have insufficient competence in determining the teaching methods to be used in teaching. They found it difficult to figure out what appropriate teaching method in line with the principle of scientific approach as suggested by the 2013 curriculum. They still confused whether the scientific approach should be done merely using scientific teaching method or other methods which lead to more social activities, such as communicative learning methods, cooperative learning and community learning. A good understanding on the use of teaching methods is certainly highly essential for the teachers to be successful in teaching [7] , [5, 12, 11, 14] .

A good understanding on the use of teaching methods is certainly highly essential for the teachers to be successful in teaching.


Teachers in this study were found to have insufficient competence in determining the suitable learning materials and learning media. They did not know exactly the appropriate learning materials, this is due to the learning materials provided by the government are considered too difficult for the students and are not contextual to the students' learning environment. Ideally, teachers should strongly comprehend the learning materials to be taught to their students [17] , [5, 6, 11] .

Ideally, teachers should strongly comprehend the learning materials to be taught to their students.


Many industrial applications, which belong to cutting and packing problems, have been found. Each application incorporates different constraints and objectives. For example, in wood or glass industries, rectangular components have to be cut from large sheets of material. In warehousing contexts, goods have to be placed on shelves. In newspapers paging, articles and advertisements have to be arranged in pages. In the shipping industry, a batch of objects of various sizes has to be shipped to the maximum extent in a larger container, and a bunch of optical fibers has to be accommodated in a pipe with perimeter as small as possible. In very-large scale integration (VLSI) floor planning, VLSI has to be laid out. These applications have a similar logical structure, which can be modeled by a set of pieces that must be arranged on a predefined stock sheet so that the pieces do not overlap with one another, so they can be formalized as the packing problem [1] . For more extensive and detailed descriptions of packing problems, the reader can refer to [1∼3] .

These applications have a similar logical structure, which can be modeled by a set of pieces that must be arranged on a predefined stock sheet so that the pieces do not overlap with one another, so they can be formalized as the packing problem.


Classical molecular dynamics leads naturally to simulations under a constant number of particles, constant volume and constant energy (NVE) ensemble. More often one is however interested in simulations under constant temperature (NVT) or constant pressure and temperature (NPT) conditions. Extended variable formulations are among the most popular avenues to turn an NVE formulation into one that either samples from the corresponding NPT or NVT ensemble [3] . In this paper we focus on the Nosé-Hoover thermostat for constant temperature molecular dynamics simulations [18, 8] .

Extended variable formulations are among the most popular avenues to turn an NVE formulation into one that either samples from the corresponding NPT or NVT ensemble.

In this paper we focus on the Nosé-Hoover thermostat for constant temperature molecular dynamics simulations.


Importantly, PRV and HRV, which capture different physiological readouts of cardiac variability, are highly correlated during resting conditions (Hayano, Barros, Kamiya, Ohte, & Yasuma, 2005; Schäfer & Vagedes, 2013) . We first tested the hypothesis that elevated PTSD symptoms would be associated with reduced resting HF-PRV. Follow-up analyses revealed that this hypothesized relationship was most prominent for re-experiencing symptoms of PTSD. Second, we hypothesized that reduced vmPFC activation during safety from shock would be associated with lower resting HF-PRV. We identified this relationship in a sector of the vmPFC (BA10) in which we previously demonstrated a correlation between reduced activation and elevated reexperiencing symptoms (Grupe et al., 2016) . Our results suggest a common neural substrate for reduced PRV and elevated re-experiencing symptoms in the same combat-exposed veterans, providing preliminary support for a hypothesized brain-body mechanism that could serve as a novel treatment target in future intervention studies.

Importantly, PRV and HRV, which capture different physiological readouts of cardiac variability, are highly correlated during resting conditions.

We identified this relationship in a sector of the vmPFC (BA10) in which we previously demonstrated a correlation between reduced activation and elevated reexperiencing symptoms.


This paper aimed to examine athletes' prototype perceptions of PES users and non-users using, for the first time, a combination of implicit and explicit measures. The contrasting outcomes between explicit and implicit measures of PES user prototypes, along with the lack of correlation between the explicit and implicit measures, were in line with previous research combining implicit and explicit measures of the same construct (Nosek, 2007) . Yet an interesting pattern within the implicit measures emerged, which could be explained by the behavioural choices participants explicitly endorsed. We discuss this explanation first. The alternative, or complementary explanation lies with the implicit test construction and procedure. Following a detailed account by cluster groups based on the PES status, we highlight the key methodological issues that could have had an effect on participants' performance in the BIATs independent of their PES-related behaviour or intention. It is important to note that we have chosen to focus more heavily on the B-IAT findings, not because we think that they are less valid or reliable than the self-report findings but because if we can understand them correctly, they offer an alternative insight into doping prevention.

The contrasting outcomes between explicit and implicit measures of PES user prototypes, along with the lack of correlation between the explicit and implicit measures, were in line with previous research combining implicit and explicit measures of the same construct.

We discuss this explanation first.


Practical tomography systems have been developed and implemented in a way that the multidimensional images of the target object are successfully obtained from electromagnetic scattering with various waveforms [27] [28] [29] . The requirement when using this method is the need for mechanical rotation of either the body or the antenna in order to obtain measurements in different views [30] [31] [32] . Every object, when inserted into an electromagnetic field, causes a well-defined field change, and diffraction occurs when the wavelength of the radiation is of the order of the dimension of the object. A one-to-one relationship relating the scattered field to the object complex permittivity can be obtained within the Born approximation, via a Fourier transform using the so-called Fourier diffraction theorem [33] [34] [35] .

Practical tomography systems have been developed and implemented in a way that the multidimensional images of the target object are successfully obtained from electromagnetic scattering with various waveforms.

The requirement when using this method is the need for mechanical rotation of either the body or the antenna in order to obtain measurements in different views.

A one-to-one relationship relating the scattered field to the object complex permittivity can be obtained within the Born approximation, via a Fourier transform using the so-called Fourier diffraction theorem.


This study thus aims to explore informal land development in China, taking a perspective that is quite different from the conventional approach to informal land development, which considers it to be the result of the existing dual urban-rural land ownership system [2, 4, 13, 19] . In contrast, the study addresses the failure of the implementation of state government land development regulations in rural areas. The paper focuses on the roles of township government, villages and private developers in the context of the process of decentralization and marketization in China, looking at the specific case of informal land development in Doudian town in the rural area of the municipality of Beijing. Officials from the township government were interviewed for the purpose of the study. It is on the basis of these interviews that the communication and interaction between various levels of government and the conflict between state regulations and the township government's responses to informal land development in villages under its jurisdiction will then be discussed.

This study thus aims to explore informal land development in China, taking a perspective that is quite different from the conventional approach to informal land development, which considers it to be the result of the existing dual urban-rural land ownership system.


These preliminary findings reinforce the need to discuss some basic questions often raised in the microfinance debate. Although microfinance seems to be having little to do with divorce, it is possible that with the development of mobile banking, urbanized males send money back to their rural spouses by phone (instead of travelling) and this may break down marriages (Morawczynski and Pickens 2009) . Thus, any pressure on divorce created by microfinance could pave the way for suicide. This pressure may also come from the changing role of women and men, creating stress for men as their traditional privileges are taken away, since microfinance loans are mainly to women.

Although microfinance seems to be having little to do with divorce, it is possible that with the development of mobile banking, urbanized males send money back to their rural spouses by phone (instead of travelling) and this may break down marriages.


In traffic accidents, human heads usually suffer from serious injury by impacting on windshield, and this situation frequently occurs in pedestrians or cyclists involved accident [1] [2] [3] . PolyVinyl Butyral (PVB), a typical polymer material, is the prior choice of the interlayer material in laminated windshield with its excellent optical clarity, adhesive property, toughness, and flexibility [4] [5] [6] . Open literatures have pointed out that an effective way to reduce the head injury is to enhance the protection of the laminated windshield [7, 8] . On the other hand, it is of great need to design and build ultrastrong laminated glass panels in architecture such to maintain integrity subject to impact or blast. The polymeric interlayer provides the fundamental protection during the impact mainly due to its viscoelasticity [9, 10] . Therefore, investigating the mechanical viscoelasticity of PVB interlayer becomes a great interest to the relevant fields.

In traffic accidents, human heads usually suffer from serious injury by impacting on windshield, and this situation frequently occurs in pedestrians or cyclists involved accident.

PolyVinyl Butyral (PVB), a typical polymer material, is the prior choice of the interlayer material in laminated windshield with its excellent optical clarity, adhesive property, toughness, and flexibility.

Open literatures have pointed out that an effective way to reduce the head injury is to enhance the protection of the laminated windshield.

The polymeric interlayer provides the fundamental protection during the impact mainly due to its viscoelasticity.


Qualitative data can provide rich insight into local knowledge and perspectives which can help form an additional layer of insight into the real and often emotional experiences of individuals who have experienced HABs. By taking the time to understand the nuance of sociocultural impacts of HABs, more suitable responses and management practices can be devised. This may be even more pressing in future as along with rising population numbers, it is expected that public demand for attractive, healthy coastal access areas will continue to increase. The increasing movement of the population to coastal areas has increased 'coastal consumer and business exposure, which in turn, has increased the economic impacts of these naturally-occurring environmental stressors' ( [36] : 854). The pathways from stressor to impacts needs to be much better contextualised in order that cultural insights are paired with ecological and economic changes to arrive at a broad picture of HAB impacts which can be better addressed through more locally appropriate solutions.

The increasing movement of the population to coastal areas has increased 'coastal consumer and business exposure, which in turn, has increased the economic impacts of these naturally-occurring environmental stressors' (: 854).


Another important aspect we shall investigate is the asymptotic behavior of the solutions. Under a hypothesis of polynomial divergence, which can be posed even before finding the wormhole structure, we shall determine analytically whether the solutions are asymptotically anti-de Sitter and we shall contrast the analytical result with the numerical solution. We give in advance that the asymptotia we find (at one branch of the wormhole) is not exactly anti-de Sitter, but rather a deformation of it. At the other branch there is an essential singularity similar to the one found in the inner branch of the Λ = 0 case [15, 16] .

At the other branch there is an essential singularity similar to the one found in the inner branch of the Λ = 0 case.


Over the last decade, significant investments have been made to establish HIV/AIDS programs in LMICs [33] . If left unaddressed, NCDs may undermine the effectiveness of these programs [34] . The need to confront the emerging NCD crisis presents a unique opportunity to leverage the substantial investments made in the existing HIV health systems to deliver enhanced HIV care to achieve a sustainable reduction in preventable deaths. To do this, researchers, policymakers, public health officials, healthcare providers, and other stakeholders need to build the evidence base for NCD epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostics, prevention, and treatment among PLHIV. Four NCDs that are likely to account for the greatest comorbidity among PLHIV in LMICs are cardiovascular disease, cervical cancer, depression, and diabetes. We conducted a review to determine the burden of these four NCDs and the evidence-based approaches for their management among PLHIV in LMICs. Furthermore, we elicited the gaps in knowledge and identified a research agenda to facilitate successful HIV/NCD integrated care.

Over the last decade, significant investments have been made to establish HIV/AIDS programs in LMICs.

If left unaddressed, NCDs may undermine the effectiveness of these programs.


To adequately address the needs of PLHIV in whom NCDs and its risk factors co-exist, we propose a research agenda to facilitate NCD and HIV care integration ( Table 2 ). This agenda focuses on research at the population and individual levels and includes an epidemiological, behavioral, and health systems focus [203] [204] [205] . It also addresses the call for focus in four main areas: defining the burden of NCDs among PLHIV, understanding the impact of modifiable risk factors, evaluating effective and efficient care strategies at individual and health systems levels, and evaluating costeffective prevention strategies [206] .

This agenda focuses on research at the population and individual levels and includes an epidemiological, behavioral, and health systems focus.

It also addresses the call for focus in four main areas: defining the burden of NCDs among PLHIV, understanding the impact of modifiable risk factors, evaluating effective and efficient care strategies at individual and health systems levels, and evaluating costeffective prevention strategies.


The sea, and more particularly the aquatic systems (e.g. estuaries), are the ultimate respository of man's wastes. The highly dynamic nature of the marine environment allows for very rapid assimilation of these materials by processes such as dilution, dispersal, oxidation, degradation or sequestration into sediments. However, the capacity for such assimilation is limited. Understanding this process of 'absorption' by the oceans and thereby determining their 'assimilative capacities' has been the main challenge of marine pollution research during the last few decades. There is little doubt that significant successes have been achieved in reducing the contamination of our natural waters. However, these gains have in part been offset by the increasing number and total volume of marine discharges. This situation arises from the increasing individual demands for a higher standard of living (Lord, 1989) .

This situation arises from the increasing individual demands for a higher standard of living.


A previous general programme for marine pollution monitoring along the coast of South Africa has been described in detail (Cloete and Watling, 1981) . The aims of this programme were to discover and monitor resources of marine pollution, to establish coastal monitoring stations and to institute a national data centre where all the information from the current studies can be stored and utilised most effectively. The identification and continued monitoring of the effects of industrial and urban coastal developments is necessary if indigenous flora and fauna are to be protected (Watling and Watling, 1983) .

A previous general programme for marine pollution monitoring along the coast of South Africa has been described in detail.

The identification and continued monitoring of the effects of industrial and urban coastal developments is necessary if indigenous flora and fauna are to be protected.


A further problem is that even though not many research projects have focused on the relationship between multiple intelligence abilities and personal factors such as gender, age level, working experience, grade of service, job position in school and academic background, the findings of those that have been done are inconsistent (Mirzazadeh, 2012; Gale, 2012; Adrian and Shagabutdinova, 2012; Adrian, Shahriar and Bahman, 2012; Adrian, Agata and Petrides, 2005) . This raises the two questions investigated here. The first is concerned with what level of multiple intelligence abilities is achieved by Malaysian school leaders. The second is whether the multiple intelligence abilities of school leaders are significantly associated with their personal variables. These speculations need further research evidence before any wider generalization can be made. The objectives of this study are therefore to identify multiple intelligence abilities and their relationship with personal factors. It also examines the predictors for the multiple intelligence abilities of Malaysian school leaders.

A further problem is that even though not many research projects have focused on the relationship between multiple intelligence abilities and personal factors such as gender, age level, working experience, grade of service, job position in school and academic background, the findings of those that have been done are inconsistent.


The limitations of early research on intelligence and leadership can be traced to the focus on traditional IQ-based notions of intelligence (Gale, 2012) . Some researchers today prefer to link educational leadership to multiple intelligences. This is because educational institutions are demanding effective leaders who have developed multiple intelligences, knowledge and skills, who are capable of setting and achieving their goals, who know how to search for information to improve performance and achievement, and who know how to work cooperatively and effectively with large numbers people with different characteristics and styles and from different backgrounds, including parents, teachers and students.

The limitations of early research on intelligence and leadership can be traced to the focus on traditional IQ-based notions of intelligence.


High strength steels (HSS), with yield strengths in excess of 460 MPa, are being increasingly utilised in construction, and in particular in structural applications where long and column-free spans are an important design requirement [1] . The use of high strength steels, in place of ordinary carbon steels, can enable the selection of structural elements with smaller cross-section sizes, resulting in significant material savings. This, combined with lower transportation and construction costs, bring clear advantages for high strength steel as a sustainable and economical construction material.

High strength steels (HSS), with yield strengths in excess of 460 MPa, are being increasingly utilised in construction, and in particular in structural applications where long and column-free spans are an important design requirement.


Localization of models was considered both using geographical regions and similarity-based neighbourhoods in this study. When the study material was divided according to vegetation zones, the results were not promising in most cases. The results were rather surprising though many stand characteristics, such as tree growth and stem form, are known to vary regionally in Finland (Gustavsen, 1998) . However, when the study material was divided, there was rather a low number of observations left in the vegetation categories and it may not have been possible to find an adequate number of suitable neighbours. This suggestion is also supported by the fact that when only the weighting matrix was calculated locally and neighbours were searched from the whole material the regional results were most accurate, at least, in the case of estimates of the number of stems.

The results were rather surprising though many stand characteristics, such as tree growth and stem form, are known to vary regionally in Finland.


In most of the experiments carried out with leguminous trees, the role of genotype on somatic embryogenesis induction is poorly documented (Trigiano et al., 1999) . Among the different genotypes that we have analyzed in carob, no statistically significantly differences were found in the ability to form somatic embryos. However, it should be noted that in highly heterozygous explants of dioecious species, such as those used in our experiments, the analysis of the role of the genotype on a morphogenic process is difficult to establish, since the explants originating from the same tree are themselves genetically different. In addition, the male parents of the explants have not been identified. These data do not mean that cultivars with superior capabilities to undergo somatic embryogenesis could not exist but they seem to indicate that, at least in carob, culture conditions and explant type can overcome the role of genotype in displaying the embryogenic potential.

In most of the experiments carried out with leguminous trees, the role of genotype on somatic embryogenesis induction is poorly documented.


In addition to the function types used as an expository example here, the strict bidirectional system extends easily to handle polymorphism, dependent function types, recursive types, recursive functions, and any other construct that can be handled with a normal bidirectional type system [5] . The reason for this extensibility can be understood by observing that bidirectional type checking simply provides a framework for eliminating redundant information in terms, without regard to the particular nature of the terms or their types. The strict variant of the bidirectional system then provides a mechanism for using information from non-local contexts within the bidirectional framework.

In addition to the function types used as an expository example here, the strict bidirectional system extends easily to handle polymorphism, dependent function types, recursive types, recursive functions, and any other construct that can be handled with a normal bidirectional type system.


Low moisture, amorphous or semi-crystalline biomaterials, such as flours, behave as meta-stable systems, where molecular mobility plays a major role on the kinetics of (desirable or undesirable) chemical and biochemical reactions. The state of the matrix components and its structure is therefore a key factor in the definition of the mechanical properties, stability or reactivity of a given system. Changes in molecular mobility and viscosity that take place relatively close to the state transition known as glass transition affect the physical stability and processability of the amorphous fractions of foods and the rate of chemical reactions (del Pilar-Buera et al., 1995) . The glass transition of biopolymers is, thus, a key parameter for defining the mechanical and storage properties of foods .

Changes in molecular mobility and viscosity that take place relatively close to the state transition known as glass transition affect the physical stability and processability of the amorphous fractions of foods and the rate of chemical reactions.


Malaria is a dangerous infectious disease caused by a Plasmodium parasite, which can be transmitted to humans through bites from infected Anopheles female mosquitos. The symptoms usually appear after one to two weeks and include fever, sweating, shivering or cold, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, and muscle aches (Infodatin [14] ). Based on the 2017 World Malaria Report, the number of malaria cases in the world increased to 216 million in 2016. Those cases were mostly located in Africa (90%), Southeast Asia (7%), and the Eastern Mediterranean (2%) (WHO [22] ). From 2015 to 2016, malaria cases in Indonesia reached 217,025 and were mostly found in Papua, Papua Barat, West Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, and North Maluku (Infodatin [14] ).

The symptoms usually appear after one to two weeks and include fever, sweating, shivering or cold, vomiting, headache, diarrhea, and muscle aches (Infodatin).

Those cases were mostly located in Africa (90%), Southeast Asia (7%), and the Eastern Mediterranean (2%) (WHO).

From 2015 to 2016, malaria cases in Indonesia reached 217,025 and were mostly found in Papua, Papua Barat, West Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, and North Maluku (Infodatin).


Our results have implications for National Health Service planners, as the increased prevalence of the disease in developed countries is mainly due to population aging, obesity, and the improved survival of people with diabetes [1] [2] [3] [4] . Healthcare costs associated with diabetes will increase steadily in the coming years, and will have a profound impact on society and on National Health System expenditures. This trend has been highlighted in several studies and should be taken into account by decision makers when allocating health resources.

Our results have implications for National Health Service planners, as the increased prevalence of the disease in developed countries is mainly due to population aging, obesity, and the improved survival of people with diabetes.


Electro-osmotic and electro-kinetic flows have stimulated significant interest for several decades, owing to advances in microfluidics technology. In such flows, the application of an external electric field mobilizes bulk flow of electrolytes due to Coulombic forces exerted on ions present in the electric double layer. Developments in electro-osmotic pumping devices have been motivated not least due to new progress in astronautical systems e.g. heat pipes and alternative pumping systems for space stations [1] [2] [3] . They also find applications in medicine, industrial micro-flow control, actuators, mixing processes and chromotography [4] [5] [6] . The ever-growing sophistication of microfluidic devices requires enhanced levels of fluid control in microchannels. The application of an electric field in micro-channels (on microelectrodes) successfully generates electro-kinetic pumping. The most popular systems for electrically induced pumping exploit DC electro-osmotic phenomena and therefore need quite large voltages. Electro-osmotic pumping systems have the great advantage over other systems in that no moving parts are required which greatly reduces maintenance problems, especially for remote applications (space missions) [7, 8] . These pumps can also achieve consistently high flow rates and pressures per device volume and are capable of functioning compactly with many different types of working fluid e.g. deionized water, acetone, buffered aqueous electrolytes, methanol etc. In many of these systems, the operating fluid is non-Newtonian i.e. it does not obey the Navier-Stokes viscous flow model. Working fluids may be doped with suspensions, additives and other agents. These result in shear-stress strain characteristics which deviate from the Newtonian model. Although many models have been developed for simulating the rheological behaviour of fluids in electro-osmotic micro-devices, the couple stress model offers characteristics which cannot be captured with other models (viscoplastic, viscoelastic, shear-thinning etc). The presence of the micro-structures in many fluids employed in electrokinetics suggests that the particle-size effect is significant and this is best described with a micro-structural or micro-continuum model of which couple stress fluids are a simple case.

Developments in electro-osmotic pumping devices have been motivated not least due to new progress in astronautical systems e.g. heat pipes and alternative pumping systems for space stations.

They also find applications in medicine, industrial micro-flow control, actuators, mixing processes and chromotography.

Electro-osmotic pumping systems have the great advantage over other systems in that no moving parts are required which greatly reduces maintenance problems, especially for remote applications (space missions).


IL-1β appears to play a central role in OA pathogenesis. It is implicated in the degeneration of articular cartilage due to its induction of proteoglycan loss and matrix degradation [5] . Elevated levels of IL-1 occur in the synovial fluid and cartilage tissue of patients with OA [6] . IL-1 receptor antagonist, a natural competitor of IL-1, suppresses cartilage degradation, further supporting the role of IL-1 in cartilage breakdown [7] . Therefore, there is an interest in developing diseasemodifying OA drugs (DMOADs) for treating OA, which may inhibit both IL-1β-mediated inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation.

It is implicated in the degeneration of articular cartilage due to its induction of proteoglycan loss and matrix degradation.

Elevated levels of IL-1 occur in the synovial fluid and cartilage tissue of patients with OA.

IL-1 receptor antagonist, a natural competitor of IL-1, suppresses cartilage degradation, further supporting the role of IL-1 in cartilage breakdown.


A qualitative description of the control and optimization of ohmic loss is worth reviewing here. On an electrode/ electrolyte layer with a fixed area, using small current collectors can expose a larger membrane area to reactant gases, therefore extracting greater current from the electrochemical reaction. However, a smaller current collector has a small contact area to electrodes and also makes the pathway for current conducting along the in-plane direction of electrode layers longer. This increases the ohmic loss. To strike the best balance between the two competing effects, an optimal arrangement of the current collectors on a bipolar plate is needed. This raises issues about optimization of the size of a current collector and the area from which the current due to electrochemical reaction is collected [11, 12] . Obviously, the objective of this optimization is to obtain a maximum power density on an electrode/electrolyte membrane in a fixed area.

This increases the ohmic loss.

This raises issues about optimization of the size of a current collector and the area from which the current due to electrochemical reaction is collected.


It is also found that a higher optimized power density is available from a smaller control area. The maximum power density at the optimal current collector size of d c = 0.72 mm in the case of d o = 2 mm is higher than that obtained in the case of d c = 2.77 mm when d o = 6 mm. This feature is observed even when different contact resistances, ranging from R cont = 0.001 to R cont = 0.015, are applied. These results strongly suggest that densely distributed small-sized 3D-type current collectors in a gas delivery field are preferable. To give a clear comparison of the obtained results, Table 5 includes the optimal current collector size and the maximum available power density in different control areas. Figure 6 shows the results given in Table 5 . Firstly, the contact resistance has a significant effect on the maximum available power density. With the decrease of the contact resistance, the maximum output power density increases. The contact resistance is related to many parameters such as clamping force, elastic modulus, thickness of MEA, the pressure of fuel and oxidant, temperature, and humidity [21] . Of these various parameters, the clamping force is relatively important. If the clamping force is unreasonably small, the interfacial contact resistance between the gas diffusion layer and current collector will increase and the maximum power output will decrease [22, 23] . The curves of d o versus d c in Figure 6 show that ideal current collector sizes exist for the specific contact resistance. This result reminds fuel cell manufacturers that the assembly of PEM fuel cell components should be carefully considered in order to attain the optimal compaction pressure for the appropriate contact resistance. If the contact resistance varies significantly, the effect of optimization of the current collectors may not be maintained.

The contact resistance is related to many parameters such as clamping force, elastic modulus, thickness of MEA, the pressure of fuel and oxidant, temperature, and humidity.

If the clamping force is unreasonably small, the interfacial contact resistance between the gas diffusion layer and current collector will increase and the maximum power output will decrease.


There are several published papers that present optimization of the flow channels and current collecting ribs using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods [6, 10, 13] . The models and methods used in these papers are CFD-based and inconvenient for a quick design optimization as might be incidentally required. To avoid the heavy-load numerical computations, the current paper presents a model that can be easily implemented. It considered typical flow channel and current collector structures as they possess the common features of current collection processes in PEM fuel cells. The model and results presented are of significance to the practical design of fuel cells when heavy CFD analysis is unavailable.

There are several published papers that present optimization of the flow channels and current collecting ribs using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods.


Lattice gauge theory on hypercubic Euclidean lattices provides a powerful ab initio approach to strongly coupled field theories with increasingly accurate predictions for lattice Quantum Chromodynamics. However there are applications in quantum field theory and condensed matter physics that would benefit from equally powerful methods on curved manifolds. One example is the recent suggestion to apply lattice methods to the radial quantization of conformal field theories [1] [2] [3] .

One example is the recent suggestion to apply lattice methods to the radial quantization of conformal field theories.


Various researchers have effectively implemented multicriteria decision model (MCDM) for accurately identifying the groundwater potential zones [1] [2] [3] [4] . The major factors that influence the groundwater potential are lithology, rainfall, slope, drainage density, lineament density, and so forth. The factors' values are mostly continuous; however, the predecessors mostly divided the continuous factors into several discrete levels according to the relationship with groundwater potential, causing a great loss of the original information. In the previous research, we have established the fuzzy membership functions to analyze each factor's impact on groundwater enrichment from the perspective of continuity [11] .

Various researchers have effectively implemented multicriteria decision model (MCDM) for accurately identifying the groundwater potential zones.

In the previous research, we have established the fuzzy membership functions to analyze each factor's impact on groundwater enrichment from the perspective of continuity.


Cancer is the prominent cause of death in developed countries as well as the second leading cause of death in developing countries. The burden of cancer is increasing in economically developing countries as a result of population aging and an adoption of cancer-associated lifestyle choices including smoking, physical inactivity, and westernized diets. Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide [5] . Lung cancer survival rate is poor with only 15% of patients surviving 5 years after diagnosis. New chemotherapy drugs and radiotherapy have improved survival and quality of life of patients, but the overall effect in the last decade has been mainly on palliation rather than reduction in mortality. The antitumor effect of Topo I inhibitors suggests that the accumulation or prolongation of Topo I cleavable complexes results in irreversible DNA replication defects and subsequent cell cycle arrest followed by cell death [6] . Consequently, tumors that express significantly high levels of Topo I enzyme are presumed to be easy targets for Topo I inhibitors.

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide.

The antitumor effect of Topo I inhibitors suggests that the accumulation or prolongation of Topo I cleavable complexes results in irreversible DNA replication defects and subsequent cell cycle arrest followed by cell death.


There are two types of programmed cell death that have been well defined in both normal cells as well as cancer cells. Type I programmed cell death (apoptosis) has been studied extensively at the morphological and biochemical level. Type II programmed cell death (autophagy) is involved in the formation of autophagosome, which then fuses with lysosomes to form single-membrane autophagolysosomes, followed by degradation through liposomal hydrolases. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process in which long-lived proteins and intact organelles are engulfed within double-membraned vacuoles (autophagosomes) and then degraded after the vacuoles fuse with lysosomes (autophagolysosomes or autolysosomes). At the end of the process, the degradation products are released into the cytosol and reutilized for metabolism. The molecular machinery of autophagy is tightly regulated by diverse signaling pathways that are activated in response to various stimuli. Under physiological conditions, autophagy occurs at a basal level to maintain homeostasis. However, autophagy can result in cell death if it is massively activated under certain stresses [9] . The autophagy pathway is controlled by autophagy-related protein Atg which is involved in autophagosome formation [10] . MAP 1 (microtubule-associated protein 1) LC 3 (light chain 3), the mammalian homologue of yeast Atg8, plays a role in activation of LC3 I which is then converted to LC3 II by protease and is targeted to the autophagosome membrane. Hence, LC3 II has been used as an autophagosome marker [11] .

However, autophagy can result in cell death if it is massively activated under certain stresses.

The autophagy pathway is controlled by autophagy-related protein Atg which is involved in autophagosome formation.

Hence, LC3 II has been used as an autophagosome marker.


Previously, we identified that GSPE could inhibits autoimmune arthritis via affecting T cell differentiation and cytokine secretion in CIA mice [18, 37] . In the previous studies, the anti-inflammatory property of GSPE was investigated on classical (lean) CIA mice. On the other hand, obese CIA mice model is a new animal model of autoimmune arthritis, which shows the amplified inflammatory responses, specifically through Th17 deviation. The number of Th17 cells and IL-17 mRNA expression of the splenocytes were higher in obese CIA mice than those of lean CIA animals [19] . The mechanism that obesity aggravated the inflammation of CIA mice was reversely the same as the immunological change after treatment with GSPE in obese CIA mice. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory effect of GSPE shown in this study is not an incidental or independent phenomenon, but an essential mechanism to treat exaggerated inflammation by obesity. This is the first study that demonstrated the therapeutic potential of GSPE in an experimental murine model of obesity (DIO) and obesity-associated autoimmune arthritis via induction of Treg differentiation and decreased differentiation of Th17 cells.

Previously, we identified that GSPE could inhibits autoimmune arthritis via affecting T cell differentiation and cytokine secretion in CIA mice.

The number of Th17 cells and IL-17 mRNA expression of the splenocytes were higher in obese CIA mice than those of lean CIA animals.


Fuzzy processing has been widely accepted for use in microcalcification detection tasks [8] , [9] , [10] . In the present work, we propose an original method using fuzzy particles to account for ambiguities in shape and appearance of microcalcifications for the purpose of modeling and identification. The use of a fuzzy set description enables us to maintain the evidence, and the strength of the evidence, gathered from each DBT projection image for each potential finding without making hard decisions in isolation. The final decision as to the presence or absence of calcification is then made in 3D through aggregation of all available information from all projections.

Fuzzy processing has been widely accepted for use in microcalcification detection tasks.


UML is a general-purpose and most famous modeling language for software engineering, which is standardized by OMG [1] . Requirements modeling manner in UML consists of the use case diagram, sequence diagram, state diagram and activity diagram. UML provides standard notation for modeling software analysis and design. But a common and fair criticism of UML is that it is gratuitously large and complex, imprecise semantics, and a dysfunctional diagram interoperability standard (XMI). As another OMG standard, SysML acts as a general-purpose modeling language for systems engineering applications [17] . SysML is based on UML, and it reduces UML's size and software bias while extending its semantic to model requirements and parametric constraints. These capabilities are essential to support requirements engineering and performance analysis.

UML is a general-purpose and most famous modeling language for software engineering, which is standardized by OMG.

As another OMG standard, SysML acts as a general-purpose modeling language for systems engineering applications.


Monitoring changes in ash condition following the invasion of forests by EAB is critical for predicting future changes to the ash component. Initial efforts to assess the biological control impact on ash health, based on the decline rate and survival of ash trees and saplings >5 cm DBH, have detected a significant reduction in EAB density in saplings due to the released biocontrol agent T. planipennisi, but have failed to demonstrate the direct effect of the biocontrol agent on ash health and survival [36] . However, higher densities of ash saplings (<5 cm DBH) were found in proximity to EAB biocontrol release plots, suggesting that T. planipennisi may be protecting ash saplings from EAB and potentially favoring the recruitment of native hardwood regeneration over invasive plant species [37] .

Initial efforts to assess the biological control impact on ash health, based on the decline rate and survival of ash trees and saplings >5 cm DBH, have detected a significant reduction in EAB density in saplings due to the released biocontrol agent T. planipennisi, but have failed to demonstrate the direct effect of the biocontrol agent on ash health and survival.

However, higher densities of ash saplings (<5 cm DBH) were found in proximity to EAB biocontrol release plots, suggesting that T. planipennisi may be protecting ash saplings from EAB and potentially favoring the recruitment of native hardwood regeneration over invasive plant species.


In recent years, numerous people are paying high attention to the environment and sustainable development. This accentuates the continuous development and advancement of mechanisms towards protecting and safeguarding the environment. Recycling and remanufacturing has therefore become a key tool by which many enterprises enhance their core competitiveness [1] [2] [3] .

Recycling and remanufacturing has therefore become a key tool by which many enterprises enhance their core competitiveness.


Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is an important aromatic spice. Clove has a light yellow or brown colour, it produces a pleasant aroma, and has a wide spectrum of medicinal properties [14] . In fact, extracts from clove have antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, analgesic, anticoagulation, anti-inflammation and antioxidant properties and is used as a flavouring agent and antimicrobial material in some industries such as pharmacy, fragrance, cosmetics and food [15, 16, 17] . Its major constituent is eugenol as well as eugenyl acetate, α-humulene, and β-caryophyllene.

Clove has a light yellow or brown colour, it produces a pleasant aroma, and has a wide spectrum of medicinal properties.

In fact, extracts from clove have antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, analgesic, anticoagulation, anti-inflammation and antioxidant properties and is used as a flavouring agent and antimicrobial material in some industries such as pharmacy, fragrance, cosmetics and food.


Another material that presents potential applications is mesoporous silica, such as SBA-15. This silica is a suitable inorganic support due to its uniform wide channels that can immobilize organic molecules. Its stability leads to better dispersion, biocompatibility and subsequent functionalization to obtain a useful system to be applied in the field of food, medical and cosmetics industries [35, 36, 37] . The specific surfaces of SBA can be used to provide sites for the adsorption and diffusion of targets and enhance the local concentration [38] . In fact, the possibility of using siliceous ordered mesoporous materials for controlled delivery systems has been reported for a wide range of drugs [39] .

Its stability leads to better dispersion, biocompatibility and subsequent functionalization to obtain a useful system to be applied in the field of food, medical and cosmetics industries.

The specific surfaces of SBA can be used to provide sites for the adsorption and diffusion of targets and enhance the local concentration.

In fact, the possibility of using siliceous ordered mesoporous materials for controlled delivery systems has been reported for a wide range of drugs.


Conventional methods of extraction such as, steam distillation and solvent extraction often require quite large solvent volumes and extended extraction times. This work focuses on the use of the microwave extraction method (MAE) for the extraction of eugenol from clove. MAE is more advanced than the traditional extraction method, it heats the matrix internally and externally without a thermal gradient and thus, functional compounds can be extracted in a careful and efficient manner [22, 23] . MAE is based upon the selective and rapidly localized heating of moisture in the sample by microwave. Due to the localized heating, pressure builds up within the cells of the sample, leading to a fast transfer of the compounds from the cells into the extracting solvent [24] . MAE is gaining an important role in sample preparation techniques because it offers a considerably reduced usage of organic solvents and extraction times, and it increases sample numbers through the use of multi-vessel systems that allow the simultaneous extraction of multiple samples [25] . In this work, Taguchi's method was applied to know the best conditions of extraction by microwave. Taguchi´s methodology provides a complete knowledge of every factor affecting the performance by employing a special set of orthogonal arrays which examines a huge quantity of variables [26] .

MAE is more advanced than the traditional extraction method, it heats the matrix internally and externally without a thermal gradient and thus, functional compounds can be extracted in a careful and efficient manner.

Due to the localized heating, pressure builds up within the cells of the sample, leading to a fast transfer of the compounds from the cells into the extracting solvent.

MAE is gaining an important role in sample preparation techniques because it offers a considerably reduced usage of organic solvents and extraction times, and it increases sample numbers through the use of multi-vessel systems that allow the simultaneous extraction of multiple samples.

Taguchi´s methodology provides a complete knowledge of every factor affecting the performance by employing a special set of orthogonal arrays which examines a huge quantity of variables.


Several studies have recently shown that encapsulation has become a technique of increasing interest since it offers numerous benefits, including ease of handling, enhanced stability, protection against oxidation, retention of volatile ingredients, taste masking, controlled release, consecutive delivery of multiple active ingredients, change in flavour character, longlasting organoleptic perception, reduced toxic side effects, improved water solubility of hydrophobic ingredients, and enhanced bioavailability and efficacy revealed [27] . Microencapsulation allows getting microparticles with a size between 1-1000 µm comprising an active agent embedded in a natural or synthetic material. Microcapsules are composed of two parts, namely the core and the shell. The core (the internal part) contains the active agent, while the shell (the external part) protects the core from the outer environment. Encapsulation can be achieved by a wide range of methods or techniques, providing isolation, entrapment, protection or controlled release of sensitive or reactive materials from/across the surrounding matter.

Several studies have recently shown that encapsulation has become a technique of increasing interest since it offers numerous benefits, including ease of handling, enhanced stability, protection against oxidation, retention of volatile ingredients, taste masking, controlled release, consecutive delivery of multiple active ingredients, change in flavour character, longlasting organoleptic perception, reduced toxic side effects, improved water solubility of hydrophobic ingredients, and enhanced bioavailability and efficacy revealed.


For three weeks before the tests, the team performed a program to protect players from injuries (Faigenbaum et al., 2009; Fry et al., 1991) . The program included strength, flexibility and endurance exercises. Also in this period the players familiarized with the tests which accomplished in an indoor sport hall.

For three weeks before the tests, the team performed a program to protect players from injuries.


Today the soccer is becoming more dynamic and the power has become an important aspect of condition for soccer players of all ages. If we take a look at typical movement sequences in soccer (abrupt stops and changes of direction, quick sprints, ball kicking and explosive shots) makes it clear that depend on the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) characteristics of the involved muscles (Manolopoulos et al., 2004) . Such actions generate explosive release and impact in a repetitive manner use the SSC and require rapid force production and high power output.

If we take a look at typical movement sequences in soccer (abrupt stops and changes of direction, quick sprints, ball kicking and explosive shots) makes it clear that depend on the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) characteristics of the involved muscles.


Although photographs provided novel insight, our approach has limitations. For example, we acknowledge that those who post photographs online might be especially achievement-oriented and/or particularly committed to hunting (Bryan, 1977) . On the other hand, given the ubiquitous nature of social media today, we suggest that it is unlikely that a small subset of particularly achievement-oriented hunters post hunting photographs online. We also acknowledge that we do not know when during the hunting trip the photographs were taken, and that pictures without prey might have been earlier in the hunt. If this is the case, one might expect more smiles with prey than without. Accordingly, there might have been less time for affiliative and appreciative satisfactions to accumulate, influencing the probability of a true smile. Finally, although we assume that these photographs provide insight into the activity-specific aspect of harvesting an animal, the satisfaction shown might additionally be related other elements of achievement, such as competence testing and skill development.

For example, we acknowledge that those who post photographs online might be especially achievement-oriented and/or particularly committed to hunting.


We speculate that contemporary hunters display the evolutionary legacy of those coupled behavioral-emotional systems. Specifically, achievement associated with securing prey-particularly large, dangerous, and rare items-likely had fitness benefits in ancestral environments (Hawkes & Bliege Bird, 2002) . Such prey would signal greater costs of acquisition and, accordingly, stronger competitive ability. Moreover, our hypothesis is consistent with interpretations related to other seemingly achievement-oriented "costly" modern behaviors, such as the purchase and display of luxury objects (e.g., expensive automobiles, designer clothes, valuable jewellery), as vestigial forms of competitive signaling (Griskevicius et al., 2007) .

Specifically, achievement associated with securing prey-particularly large, dangerous, and rare items-likely had fitness benefits in ancestral environments.

Moreover, our hypothesis is consistent with interpretations related to other seemingly achievement-oriented "costly" modern behaviors, such as the purchase and display of luxury objects (e.g., expensive automobiles, designer clothes, valuable jewellery), as vestigial forms of competitive signaling.


What is more, for simulation experiment, a challenging task is to vary the parameters of the model continuously and discover the impact of different parameter setting on simulation results. For example, if we want to check whether the critical density is independent of the system size as many pedestrian simulations have done, we need to run the model with all combinations of parameters setting exhaustively. It is generally time consuming and not feasible. So in this paper, the new soft tool BehaviorSearch is introduced and applied to explore the parameter space of model, and thus a new method and idea of performing this work for pedestrian flow simulation is provided [20] .

So in this paper, the new soft tool BehaviorSearch is introduced and applied to explore the parameter space of model, and thus a new method and idea of performing this work for pedestrian flow simulation is provided.


The fact that limber pine trees in nature are structured into kin groups indicates the potential for kin selection and/or competition. Kin selection theory predicts that genes for decreased intersib competition or altruism are favoured by natural selection if r exceeds the ratio of fitness cost to benefit (Hamilton, 1964) . While the average r value within clusters at Pawnee is 0.19, relatedness between pairs of individuals will either be 0, 0.25 or 0.5, and can actually take on a wider range of values due to occasional selfing and inbreeding. Thus kin-selected traits, which operate only between the more closely related trees within clusters, could evolve more easily than generalized within-cluster traits, provided that trees possess some means of recognizing kin. Our data indicate that grafting occurs mainly between the more genetically similar trees within clusters, and thus limber pines appear to have some ability to detect relatedness of neighbours.

Kin selection theory predicts that genes for decreased intersib competition or altruism are favoured by natural selection if r exceeds the ratio of fitness cost to benefit.


Image-guided navigation (IGN) represents a rapidly advancing technology in providing computer-based support for surgical procedures. It has specifically been developed in order to support the surgeons' spatial orientation within and navigation through the anatomy of a patient. Based on a (preoperative) digital computer or magnetic resonance tomography dataset of the patient's anatomy, a threedimensional (3D) camera, a specific registration device and sophisticated tracking technology, these systems can automatically display the location of the surgical instrument in relation to the specific anatomical structure of a patient on a screen. In order to get this information, the surgeon just needs to bring a specific navigation pointer to the same location as the surgical instrument. First systems of this kind were developed in the 1980s and have now been in clinical use for more than a decade. The most prominent areas where these systems have been applied, thus far, include neurosurgery, functional endoscopic sinus surgery and other skull base surgeries (Koele, Stammberger, Lackner & Reittner, 2002) .

The most prominent areas where these systems have been applied, thus far, include neurosurgery, functional endoscopic sinus surgery and other skull base surgeries.


M. haemophilum is a slow growing NTM that has potential for causing infection, most notably in immunocompromised hosts [1, 2] . M. haemophilum has a predilection for the skin due to its optimal growth temperature of 30 ∘ C; however, disseminated infections have been reported [1] [2] [3] . Like all NTM, M. haemophilum is an environmental pathogen with some suggestion of water as a reservoir for the organisms [2] . M. haemophilum cutaneous infections manifest as painless erythematous papules, plaques, and nodules that may coalesce into annular formations and can progress to necrotic abscesses and chronic ulcers. Early lesions are typically painless, though they become painful if they progress to abscesses or ulcers [2, 3] . There is a broad differential for the variable skin manifestations including various NTM species, deep fungal infections, cutaneous lymphoma, and the varied spectrum of cutaneous leprosy manifestations. Histopathology often shows granulomatous or mixed suppurative and granulomatous inflammation and AFB are usually present on acidfast stains, but this pattern is not specific for any species of NTM [4] . Diagnosis of NTM is challenging and requires culture often aided by molecular testing such as rDNA sequencing. The growth of M. haemophilum requires incubation at 30 ∘ C and addition of iron or hemin to the culture medium [1, 2] . Treatment for M. haemophilum typically consists of combination of clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and a rifamycin for typically 6 weeks to 6 months and up to 2 years in immunosuppressed patients [2, 3] . The specific regimen may have to be tailored and closely monitored due to the significant potential for drug interactions with immunosuppressive regimens.

M. haemophilum is a slow growing NTM that has potential for causing infection, most notably in immunocompromised hosts.

M. haemophilum has a predilection for the skin due to its optimal growth temperature of 30 ∘ C; however, disseminated infections have been reported.

Like all NTM, M. haemophilum is an environmental pathogen with some suggestion of water as a reservoir for the organisms.

Early lesions are typically painless, though they become painful if they progress to abscesses or ulcers.

Histopathology often shows granulomatous or mixed suppurative and granulomatous inflammation and AFB are usually present on acidfast stains, but this pattern is not specific for any species of NTM.

The growth of M. haemophilum requires incubation at 30 ∘ C and addition of iron or hemin to the culture medium.

Treatment for M. haemophilum typically consists of combination of clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and a rifamycin for typically 6 weeks to 6 months and up to 2 years in immunosuppressed patients.


External auditors play an essential role in the business environment. They provide reasonable assurance to interested users of financial statements in whether the audited financial statements reflect faithfully and clearly the actual financial situation of the company. In addition to that, they provide if the financial statements are free from material misstatement. Indeed, in the Kuwaiti setting, the role of external auditors is not limited to certifying financial statements. External auditors are also legally required to examine and report on a company's compliance with Kuwaiti's Commercial Companies Law and the company's Articles of Association. More specifically, auditors of Kuwaiti companies function as an attorney for the shareholders (as shareholder's agents), they are responsible for the correctness of the particulars contained in their reports, ascertaining and certifying the financial statements, ascertaining the full compliance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) and full implementation of all local legal requirements by the companies (Alanezi & Albuloushi, 2011) .

More specifically, auditors of Kuwaiti companies function as an attorney for the shareholders (as shareholder's agents), they are responsible for the correctness of the particulars contained in their reports, ascertaining and certifying the financial statements, ascertaining the full compliance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) and full implementation of all local legal requirements by the companies.


Team-based decision-making is becoming more common in health services, as evidenced by recent trends in both research and practice. Teams face increasingly complex decision-making due to a rise in the prevalence of chronic conditions that span time, organizations, and providers (e.g., autism, asthma, diabetes). Providers have recognized the necessity of team-based medicine for meeting the needs of patients with complex and chronic conditions involving long-term treatment [14] , p. 21.

Providers have recognized the necessity of team-based medicine for meeting the needs of patients with complex and chronic conditions involving long-term treatment, p. 21.


However, these approaches have certain drawbacks: The use of a penalty force prevents real contact. The force is typically an artificial force and involves the choice of penalty parameters. If they are chosen too small, the structures might overlap in a numerical simulation. If they are chosen too large, the contact dynamics might be significantly perturbed [8] . In the case of Lagrange multipliers, additional variables are introduced on the contacting surfaces and an inf-sup condition is needed to ensure the well-posedness of the system. To tackle the variational inequality numerically, an extra loop is usually used in each time step (for example within an active-set strategy), meaning in particular that the system of equations has to be solved several times in each time step.

If they are chosen too large, the contact dynamics might be significantly perturbed.


Modulo the vanishing tension, the conservation of torque provides a quadrature for the dimensionless variable κ /κ 2 with a potential controlled by the parameters M and S. This determines κ (and τ ) as a function of arc-length; so in principle, one could stop here and use the fundamental theorem of curves to reconstruct the trajectory in space [12] . If one's primary interest were to render trajectories, it would not be remiss to stop here; but we would be at a loss to understand the strikingly consistent self-similar structure they reveal. This is provided by the special conformal current, and as explicitly as one could have hoped for. In a tension-free state, this current may not be translationally invariant in equilibrium, but it transforms by a constant vector. If the origin is located at the spiral apex, the current vanishes. Modulo the torque quadrature, this vector identity reveals internal structure of the spiral geometry that is not evident in its Frenet data: irreducible cycles are identified describing how the spiral nutates between two fixed circular cones, their common apex coinciding with the spiral apex, their common axis aligned (or anti-aligned) with the torque direction. The precession of this pattern about the torque axis proceeds without switchbacks; the spiral grows monotonically out from its apex. Scaled and rotated accordingly, the complete spiral is generated by iterating a single cycle.

Modulo the vanishing tension, the conservation of torque provides a quadrature for the dimensionless variable κ /κ 2 with a potential controlled by the parameters M and S. This determines κ (and τ ) as a function of arc-length; so in principle, one could stop here and use the fundamental theorem of curves to reconstruct the trajectory in space.


Planar logarithmic spirals are the simplest self-similar curves. They also form the most prominent morphological feature of galaxies and weather patterns, the shells of mollusks and the seed heads of plants. Both the cochlea of the inner ear and the pattern of nerve cells in the cornea also display this unmistakable pattern. It would appear that logarithmic spirals are found in nature on any scale in which one can meaningfully speak of a curve. The process of formation of each of these structures is clearly very different; the self-similarity they share would, however, appear to implicate conformal symmetry-invariance under transformations preserving angles-in the process, or emergent within it. This point was grasped in the context of biological growth by D'Arcy Thompson over a hundred years ago in his groundbreaking treatise On Growth and Form [1] . We will argue that self-similar patterns are the tension-free states of conformally invariant energies, the vanishing tension breaking this symmetry.

This point was grasped in the context of biological growth by D'Arcy Thompson over a hundred years ago in his groundbreaking treatise On Growth and Form.


Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) techniques and complex computational analysis, have led to the advancement in machine condition monitoring. Artificial intelligence has several advantages as compared to the traditional mathematical modelling and statistical analysis. This includes dispensing of the necessity for detailed system behavior knowledge which can be replaced by relatively simple computational methods [4] .

This includes dispensing of the necessity for detailed system behavior knowledge which can be replaced by relatively simple computational methods.


The consequences of lost production and decreased reliability due to unplanned shutdown have a serious impact; thus machine performance monitoring is increasingly important in industry. The first step to monitor any deterioration is to establish a monitoring programme which can guide maintenance decisions. A number of monitoring methods for machinery with rotating components are available, including monitoring the lubrication, vibration, and acoustic emissions [2, 3] .

A number of monitoring methods for machinery with rotating components are available, including monitoring the lubrication, vibration, and acoustic emissions.


The decision to apply ANN modelling in this research was based on its suitability and potential existence in wide range of applications to recognize specific patterns that can lead to the detection, classification, and diagnosis of changes in performance [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . The particular application used is to identify and characterize the gear failure [1, 3] . In order to identify the regime and estimate the performance of the oil film thickness, feed-forward and Elman neural networks are suitable to monitor gear operations and potentially can accurately diagnose faults. These methods analyze the RMS and temperature as an input and the oil film thickness as the predicted output. By adopting an ANN-based system, the analysis is efficient and the incidence of error is low. Figure 1 shows the flowchart indicating the process of applying ANN to monitor the condition of gear. This work represents the first attempt to apply ANN in monitoring oil film thickness in spur gear depending on the temperature and acoustic emission signal only to assess the oil film thickness condition of the gear. The designed ANN shall facilitate the identification of oil film regime and the gear tooth wear and surface failure can be controlled before fault development. It is anticipated that this area of research can potentially result in a wide range of applications in preventing fatal breakdown in the rotating machinery.

The decision to apply ANN modelling in this research was based on its suitability and potential existence in wide range of applications to recognize specific patterns that can lead to the detection, classification, and diagnosis of changes in performance.

The particular application used is to identify and characterize the gear failure.


In contrast, generative summarization builds semantic representation of a document and creates a summary with sentences not necessarily presenting in the original document explicitly. When the generated summary is required to be a single compact sentence, we name the summarization task as headline generation (Dorr et al., 2003) . Most previous works heavily rely on modeling latent linguistic structures of input document, via syntactic parsing and semantic parsing, which always bring inevitable errors and degrade summarization quality.

When the generated summary is required to be a single compact sentence, we name the summarization task as headline generation.


Building on this dual tendency, we draw here on a contrapuntal distinction between risky behaviour and compassionate rationality, inspired by a study of masculinity in rescue work (Weinestål, Bondestam, and Berg 2011) . Exposing oneself to risk, experiencing risk or participating in violent situations is often linked to masculinity constructs. Based on the heroic figure as essential to masculinity constructs, firefighters, for example, must be strong, intelligent and brave. But this hero status also depends on exercising compassion to the victims they rescue. This compassionate rationality constitutes an essential counterpoint to risky behaviour. In the catering business, the concept of risk is relevant too, since working environments in professional kitchens are often characterised by a high tempo and by the handling of extremely hot objects and liquids, sharp knives and other tools that risk damaging the chef physically and mentally. On the other hand, compassionate rationality is represented by the care that the chef must take in preparing food nutritiously and hygienically.

Building on this dual tendency, we draw here on a contrapuntal distinction between risky behaviour and compassionate rationality, inspired by a study of masculinity in rescue work.


This study therefore takes its starting point from research that has shown how the broad popularity of the culinary profession -almost exclusively represented through male chefs in Denmark -seems to be attracting more male trainees to catering programmes (Friche 2010) . Previous research indicates, however, that there is a risk of unfulfilled expectations when catering trainees realise the hard work involved in working in a professional kitchen. It is this contrast between the media portrayal and the practical reality of a profession like cookery that we wish to explore from the trainees' perspective.

This study therefore takes its starting point from research that has shown how the broad popularity of the culinary profession -almost exclusively represented through male chefs in Denmark -seems to be attracting more male trainees to catering programmes.


Simplifying a text can require a wide range of transformation operations including lexical changes, syntactic changes, sentence splitting, deletion and elaboration (Coster and Kauchak, 2011; Zhu et al., 2010) . In this paper, we examine a restricted version of the text simplification problem, lexical simplification, where text is simplified by substituting words or phrases with simpler variants. Even with this restriction, lexical simplification techniques have been shown to positively impact the simplicity of text and to improve reader understanding and information retention . Additionally, restricting the set of transformation operations allows for more straightforward evaluation than the general simplification problem (Specia et al., 2012) .

Simplifying a text can require a wide range of transformation operations including lexical changes, syntactic changes, sentence splitting, deletion and elaboration.

Additionally, restricting the set of transformation operations allows for more straightforward evaluation than the general simplification problem.


To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to focus on the role of regulation and rents in the literature on inequality and intergenerational mobility. Indeed, the overwhelming majority of existing empirical studies that examine the factors responsible for the observed intergenerational persistence are focused on nature versus nurture and on the mediating role of the education system (Black and Devereux, 2011) . Surprisingly, the role of regulation, which may heavily affect economic returns and barriers to entry in certain professions, is largely neglected.

Indeed, the overwhelming majority of existing empirical studies that examine the factors responsible for the observed intergenerational persistence are focused on nature versus nurture and on the mediating role of the education system.


Clinically relevancy for this task is especially well exemplified by HCC for which has many competing treatment options but no universally accepted clinical guidelines (Han et al., 2011) . Moreover, HCC progresses differently across various age groups, ethnicities, lifestyles, and associated co-mordidities (McGlynn and London, 2011) . Automatic staging may facilitate evidencebased research for targeted disease management by leveraging the EMR for best outcomes. Its scaleable nature would allow the process to be adapted for volumes of historical data, efficiently unlocking more information than comparable prospective trial studies.

Clinically relevancy for this task is especially well exemplified by HCC for which has many competing treatment options but no universally accepted clinical guidelines.

Moreover, HCC progresses differently across various age groups, ethnicities, lifestyles, and associated co-mordidities.


ECESD has been recently considered as a controversial topic, particularly concerning the way in which this education could be provided for children. Based on the findings of this research, it is thought that activities such as drama and games through which children's active participation is achieved are more useful for their learning (McNaughton, 2004) . The importance of the educational procedures in which children actively take part is observed once again. ESD already focuses on the child and the child's active participation, right to speak, and leadership. It can be recommended when considered all these studies that drama can be used efficiently as a method in the implementations of ECESD.

Based on the findings of this research, it is thought that activities such as drama and games through which children's active participation is achieved are more useful for their learning.


Not all isolates of Z. radicans produced resting spores, which is in agreement with previous studies (Pell et al. 1993) . The formation of resting spores can be an undesirable characteristic in fungi intended for use as swift acting mycoinsecticides, since these spores are not available to infect new hosts immediately. It is unclear why resting spores were formed in larvae infected with New Zealand isolates but not in larvae infected with isolate NW250. More research is needed to determine the factors which affect formation of resting spores in individual hosts.

Not all isolates of Z. radicans produced resting spores, which is in agreement with previous studies.


In addition to the heightened incidence of overeducation, this study has shown that immigrants suffer a larger earnings disadvantage from overeducation than the Canadian-born. In fact, relative to Canadian-born workers, the low economic returns accruing to years of surplus schooling basically negate any advantage normally associated with extra years of schooling. Thus, with respect to earnings, a proper job match is relatively more important for recent immigrants than for the Canadian-born. This finding is consistent with research exploring the wage impacts of immigrant overeducation using Canadian census data (Galarneau and Morissette 2004) .

This finding is consistent with research exploring the wage impacts of immigrant overeducation using Canadian census data.


Animal 2 presented with lymphoma of the DLBCL type located at the urinary bladder neck leading to bilateral urethral obstruction and death due to acute uremia. Lymphoma of the urogenital tract is rare, and a primary extranodal lymphoma in the urinary bladder is even less common (Venyo, 2014) . The most common type is the extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type (MALT lymphoma) and the DLBCL (Bates et al., 2000) . The latter develops through transformation of the MALT lymphoma. In an earlier study at our center, just 1 out of 16 SIV-infected rhesus macaques with lymphoma developed a tumor in the urinary bladder (Kahnt et al., 2002) .

Lymphoma of the urogenital tract is rare, and a primary extranodal lymphoma in the urinary bladder is even less common.

The most common type is the extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type (MALT lymphoma) and the DLBCL.

In an earlier study at our center, just 1 out of 16 SIV-infected rhesus macaques with lymphoma developed a tumor in the urinary bladder.


Because BECCS research and development is still in the early stages and its deployment is expensive, it will require robust financial incentives to make it competitive with other technologies [1] . As such, public support for and understanding of BECCS and the role it can play in the transition away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy and climate change mitigation will be important for gaining policy support for BECCS deployment. Given the proliferation of bioenergy crops in the United States and the nascent BECCS industry's potential for climate change mitigation, it is important to understand perceptions of the two suites of technologies, bioenergy (i.e., liquid fuels) and CCS, independently before considering perceptions of their coupling in the form of BECCS. Media analyses serve as a useful method for examining public discourse about new technologies by examining their benefits as well as risks [13] . Relatively little research has examined media representations of either bioenergy or CCS [14] [15] [16] . Because BECCS is in its infancy, no research has done so. The goal of this study is to contribute to the nascent literature examining media representations of these technologies by exploring media representations of CCS and second generation bioenergy, as well as cross utilization of CCS technologies for bioenergy production in states pursuing these energy technologies. These representations inform public opinion, knowledge, and acceptance of technologies such as BECCS because of media's role as a source of information on science and technological findings [17] . We focus on the state-level for this analysis in order to capture state and federal-level context impacting technology R&D and commercialization. We use media as a means for exploring a generalized public discourse on energy systems in a carbon constrained world and to gain a better understanding of how energy technologies related to climate mitigation are framed for a public readership by mass media outlets. Using newspaper data collected from previous analyses on CCS and woody/warm season biomass respectively, we will examine: (1) social systems emphasized in media coverage of the two technologies individually including their positive and negative framing; and (2) the presence and context of cross references of the technologies in the two data samples.

Because BECCS research and development is still in the early stages and its deployment is expensive, it will require robust financial incentives to make it competitive with other technologies.

Media analyses serve as a useful method for examining public discourse about new technologies by examining their benefits as well as risks.

Relatively little research has examined media representations of either bioenergy or CCS.

These representations inform public opinion, knowledge, and acceptance of technologies such as BECCS because of media's role as a source of information on science and technological findings.


Achieving global climate change mitigation goals will require a transition towards a sustainable energy system based on a reliable supply of low carbon fuel sources. To meet the most stringent mitigation scenarios, low carbon and renewable energy sources will need to be coupled with novel technologies to further reduce CO2 emissions and atmospheric concentrations. Recent scholarly work and policy reports suggest deployment of the combination of bioenergy and carbon capture and storage (BECCS) as a means for keeping atmospheric CO2 concentrations below 450 ppm will be necessary [1] . In the United States, bioenergy development has expanded rapidly over the last decade, driven by federal policies designed in part to mitigate climate change such as the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard. While using biomass for energy production has a long history (e.g., wood stoves), recent emphasis has been placed on the development of liquid and other drop-in biofuels that can be placed into existing distribution and conversion infrastructure, including replacing gasoline, co-firing biomass with coal in power plants, and coupled heat and power in small industrial buildings using efficient biomass boilers. Thus far, much of the biomass output for bioenergy has been corn production for ethanol in the U.S. Midwest [2] . However, significant research and national and sub-national policies have been directed at developing perennial energy crops (often termed second generation) such as shrub willow, hybrid poplar, and switch grass as a viable replacement for fossil fuels [3] . The U.S. Billion Ton Update estimates that by 2030 perennial energy crops could supply as much as 61% percent of biomass output in the United States and could possibly replace up to 30% of petroleum feedstocks.

Recent scholarly work and policy reports suggest deployment of the combination of bioenergy and carbon capture and storage (BECCS) as a means for keeping atmospheric CO2 concentrations below 450 ppm will be necessary.

Thus far, much of the biomass output for bioenergy has been corn production for ethanol in the U.S. Midwest.

However, significant research and national and sub-national policies have been directed at developing perennial energy crops (often termed second generation) such as shrub willow, hybrid poplar, and switch grass as a viable replacement for fossil fuels.


Despite that a business model reasoning can be useful for company to successfully leverage, coordinate and align all the changes required to "servitize". In this paper we propose a framework to describe service oriented BMs: the proposed framework considers components aligned with the general BM literature, by adopting as a starting point the nine building blocks of the BM Canvas [12] . The framework proposes for each component a service-oriented configuration, identifying the elements that need to be taken into account to govern the implementation of PSS BMs. In this way, the framework becomes a tool that can be used by companies to understand the transformation needed towards servitization, guiding new PSS initiatives. In particular, companies can use the proposed framework to understand where they want to go and thus point out and address the relevant gaps needed to successfully deploy the new BM configuration. Moreover, the case application shows how the new service-oriented business model framework can be used as a management method that helps companies to comprehend and formalize in a structured and integrated way a new service oriented business idea. This paper presents some limitations that suggest future research developments. First of all, further research is needed to refine and empirically test the comprehensiveness of the proposed business model framework. A second research direction concerns the use of this framework to develop and configure a spectrum of different BM options between pure product sales and pure service provision.

In this paper we propose a framework to describe service oriented BMs: the proposed framework considers components aligned with the general BM literature, by adopting as a starting point the nine building blocks of the BM Canvas.