Many different kinds of DC magnetic lenses or concentrators have been proposed. Some DC magnetic lenses are designed with ferromagnetic materials such as Ho, Dy, Fe, etc.. However, for a magnetic lens made of ferromagnetic materials, the enhancement is limited by the saturation magnetization [8] . To achieve a higher magnetic field enhancement, a superconductor with a high critical field H c can be used.

However, for a magnetic lens made of ferromagnetic materials, the enhancement is limited by the saturation magnetization.


Data Source: World Bank, DataBank, Energy Imports, net (% of energy use) [66] . Both of these measures are given in oil equivalents. Data Source: World Bank DataBank, CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) [67] .

Data Source: World Bank, DataBank, Energy Imports, net (% of energy use).

Data Source: World Bank DataBank, CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita).


Manufacture of biofuels from plant sugars may provide a sustainable alternative to the problems derived from the extensive utilization of fossil fuels due to their large availability, renewability, and the possibility of reduction of CO 2 -emissions (Tilman et al., 2009) . Sugars are mainly present in plant tissues as soluble or free sugars (monosaccharides or disaccharides), reserve polysaccharides (starch), and structural polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicelluloses). Structural polysaccharides together with lignin are the main cell wall components that constitute what is called lignocellulosic biomass. According to the raw material used to obtain ethanol, crops can be classified into sugar, starchy, and lignocellulosic crops (Fischer et al., 2010) . The main sugar crops are sugarcane in tropical areas, and sugar beet and sweet sorghum in temperate areas. Corn and other cereal crops are being used for starch ethanol production because of their high grain yield and starch accumulation in the grain (Mabee et al., 2011) . Any plant can be used to obtain lignocellulosic ethanol because the vegetative part is made of lignocellulosic biomass. Sugars fermentation is required for the three types of crops, while the hydrolysis of the polymers (saccharification) is also required for starchy and lignocellulosic crops. Besides fermentation and saccharification, the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol requires a mechanical, physicochemical or biological pretreatment to make the polymers accessible to hydrolytic enzymes (Eggleston et al., 2010; RenYong et al., 2010; Takamizawa et al., 2010) . These pretreatments have a relatively high cost which has limited the commercialization of biomass ethanol (Mosier et al., 2008; Krishnan et al., 2010) . Consequently, the energy efficiency is highest in sugar crops, intermediate in starchy crops, and lowest in lignocellulosic crops (Hattori & Morita, 2010; Reijnders, 2010) . The use of food crops for first-generation bioethanol production generates a direct competition between energy and food uses. Similarly, dedicated energy crops like switchgrass or giant miscanthus could also compete indirectly with food production if they are grown on agricultural land (Walsh et al., 2003) . Biofuels production using biomass residues of food crops seems an appealing alternative because it does not compete with food and does not require new inputs for cultivation.

Manufacture of biofuels from plant sugars may provide a sustainable alternative to the problems derived from the extensive utilization of fossil fuels due to their large availability, renewability, and the possibility of reduction of CO 2 -emissions.

According to the raw material used to obtain ethanol, crops can be classified into sugar, starchy, and lignocellulosic crops.

Corn and other cereal crops are being used for starch ethanol production because of their high grain yield and starch accumulation in the grain.

Besides fermentation and saccharification, the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol requires a mechanical, physicochemical or biological pretreatment to make the polymers accessible to hydrolytic enzymes.

These pretreatments have a relatively high cost which has limited the commercialization of biomass ethanol.

Consequently, the energy efficiency is highest in sugar crops, intermediate in starchy crops, and lowest in lignocellulosic crops.

Similarly, dedicated energy crops like switchgrass or giant miscanthus could also compete indirectly with food production if they are grown on agricultural land.


Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly considered as nonprotein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. With the development of biocomputational research tools such as lncRNAdb, ChIPBase, LNCipeida and lncRNAtor, the number of lncRNAs being identified is rapidly increasing [6, 7] . Though thousands of human lncRNAs have been identified, only a small proportion of them have been functionally characterized in detail. Previous researches have shown that lncRNAs widely participate in the regulation of critical cellular functions, including transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation [8, 9] .

With the development of biocomputational research tools such as lncRNAdb, ChIPBase, LNCipeida and lncRNAtor, the number of lncRNAs being identified is rapidly increasing.

Previous researches have shown that lncRNAs widely participate in the regulation of critical cellular functions, including transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation.


In all stages, we found striking similarities between rodent and human data. At the timescale of the whole sleep period, we observed an early high incidence of N3 followed by a progressive decline (Fig.2) . Given that N3 identification is based on the presence of slow waves, this latter result is consistent with the well-described homeostatic regulation of sleep and the observation that slow waves can be used as a marker of sleep pressure (Tobler and Borbély, 1986; Huber et al., 2000; Vyazovskiy et al., 2009) . Conjointly, we observed a progressive increase in the incidence of REM sleep, as reported in human sleep (Dement and Kleitman, 1957; Huber et al., 2000) . Even more remarkably, these similarities still held when looking within a given sleep cycle. As in humans, REM sleep in mice occurred regularly defining sleep cycles that last around 10 min, compared to 90min in humans. In both species, cycles tend to start with N1, followed by N2, N3 and finally REM sleep. Finally, the transitions between sleep substages were also well conserved.

Given that N3 identification is based on the presence of slow waves, this latter result is consistent with the well-described homeostatic regulation of sleep and the observation that slow waves can be used as a marker of sleep pressure.

Conjointly, we observed a progressive increase in the incidence of REM sleep, as reported in human sleep.


The predominance of spa types corresponding to CMRSA-2, a sequence type 5 (ST5) clone, also known as USA100, was not unexpected since it is the leading cause of HA-MRSA in Canada [1, 51] . The distribution of MRSA strains in patient rooms, general ward areas, and patients was similar, albeit with more apparent strain diversity among patients than in the environment. It is unclear whether this indicates that CMRSA-2 is more adapted for surviving in the environment, as strain-dependent environmental persistence has not been investigated.

The predominance of spa types corresponding to CMRSA-2, a sequence type 5 (ST5) clone, also known as USA100, was not unexpected since it is the leading cause of HA-MRSA in Canada.


When concrete is carbonated, free chloride content controls the total chloride content, because the concrete that is not carbonated has no binding capacity [23] . According to Yoon, when carbonation occurs, not only a decrease in pH but also a decrease in the binding capacity of chloride ions is highly possible. These changes will increase the risk of cracks due to corrosion. The effect of carbonation front progress in mortars containing fly ash in the presence of chloride ions has been studied recently [24] . In this paper, the effect of carbonation on the existence of chloride ions in specimens subjected to chloride ion ingress was investigated. Due to the refinement of the pores, it was found that specimens exposed to pure carbonation have more carbonation depth compared with the specimens subjected to chloride ion ingress and then carbonation.

When concrete is carbonated, free chloride content controls the total chloride content, because the concrete that is not carbonated has no binding capacity.

The effect of carbonation front progress in mortars containing fly ash in the presence of chloride ions has been studied recently.


Deterioration of exposed structures, especially the ones made with concrete, may occur due to freezing and thawing cycles, sulfate attack, carbonation, and chloride ion attack [1] . Carbonation in such areas can take place due to pollution and chloride ion attack takes place because of sea water and/or deicing salts. In order to increase the strength and durability of concrete, blended cements or supplementary cementitious materials; that is, fly ash, limestone, silica fume, and so forth, should be used. By using such materials, reduction of carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere from the high energy consuming Portland cement clinker production, which affect environment, cost of production, and use of natural resources, would be achievable.

Deterioration of exposed structures, especially the ones made with concrete, may occur due to freezing and thawing cycles, sulfate attack, carbonation, and chloride ion attack.


Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a warm season, C4 perennial grass that is drought-tolerant and requires little fertilizer inputs to thrive [1] . A prairie grass native to the USA, with a wide adaptation range east of the Rocky Mountains, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada, switchgrass has historically been used as a forage crop [2] . It was not until the early 1990s that the US Department of Energy (DOE) chose switchgrass as a model biofuel feedstock worthy of intensive research with goals for improvement [3] .

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a warm season, C4 perennial grass that is drought-tolerant and requires little fertilizer inputs to thrive.

A prairie grass native to the USA, with a wide adaptation range east of the Rocky Mountains, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada, switchgrass has historically been used as a forage crop.

It was not until the early 1990s that the US Department of Energy (DOE) chose switchgrass as a model biofuel feedstock worthy of intensive research with goals for improvement.


Another major application of rice husk is in the power sector on account of its high calorific value (13,000 -16,000 kj/kg) [4] . The combustion of RH results in production of rice husk ash (RHA). RHA is light in weight and its color varies from grey to white [5] . Its safe disposal is a big liability as it signifies terrific generation of waste, loss of energy and environmental pollution. Thus, an optimum use of RHA has become a great challenge. Silica and carbon are the major components of RHA. Silica claims 80% -85% in RHA produced by heat generating systems and thus it can suitably be used for many applications [6] . One such application can be the production of acid resistant calcium silicate (ARCS).

Another major application of rice husk is in the power sector on account of its high calorific value (13,000 -16,000 kj/kg).

RHA is light in weight and its color varies from grey to white.

Silica claims 80% -85% in RHA produced by heat generating systems and thus it can suitably be used for many applications.


Silica finds numerous applications as an important raw material for assorted types of industries including ceramics, electronics and polymers. It has different sources such as quartz, flint, natural silicates and siliceous agriculture wastes. Rice husk (RH) is an abundantly available agricultural by product in rice producing areas. On weight basis rice husk weighs ~20% of the paddy produced. Rice husk finds multiple applications in a wide range of industries. It is employed as a fertilizer for crops and supplementary material for cement and concrete manufacturing units. It has high percentage of silicon which makes it a valuable starting material for a variety of compounds like silica and its carbides and nitrides [1] [2] [3] [4] .

It has high percentage of silicon which makes it a valuable starting material for a variety of compounds like silica and its carbides and nitrides.


Sometimes the wounds on human's skin could not be treated well and cause severe infections. To assess the wound and identify the correct treatment, patients' body condition is essential to consider [6] . When assessing the wound, the first step is to determine the aetiology of the wound. Recognising the factors that affects patient's ability to heal determines the right treatment and overcome the slow and incomplete healing [7] . Different types of wounds need specific treatment and dressing according to the conditions [8] . The biocompatible keratin hydrogel can be used as a component in wound care and dressings. Hydrogels play an important role in controlling the wound environment and providing a suitable medium for the delivery of biomolecules to stimulate or assist healing. In addition, keratin materials derived from the SFK inhibitor fusion protein (SIFP) protein fraction contain a high amount of sulphide groups which help to absorb the moisture. The keratin composed of structural proteins and in combination with natural products, these become more effective to absorb the moisture or wound exudates [9] . The polymeric material is a necessary aspect for tissue healing in tissue engineering. The proteinaceous polymeric hydrogels have a minimum inflammatory response. However, use of natural material instead of synthetic polymer to make hydrogel is a challenge.

To assess the wound and identify the correct treatment, patients' body condition is essential to consider.

Recognising the factors that affects patient's ability to heal determines the right treatment and overcome the slow and incomplete healing.

Different types of wounds need specific treatment and dressing according to the conditions.

The keratin composed of structural proteins and in combination with natural products, these become more effective to absorb the moisture or wound exudates.


In the present work, keratin is extracted from chicken feather by chemical treatment [14] . The extracted keratin was used to synthesise the hydrogel for wound healing application due to its polymerizing properties. To check the properties of made hydrogel, it was characterised by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), swelling capacity and solubilising capability under standard conditions. This study provides an interesting platform to synthesize the value added products from the waste biomass of chicken feathers in an ecofriendly manner. It also directed the bioremediations of huge poultry waste and synthesis of other useful products.

In the present work, keratin is extracted from chicken feather by chemical treatment.


Chicken feathers are abundantly available as poultry waste. Thus it becomes another advantage to produce the environmentally friendly product. Feather keratins have strong potential to make clinically important biomaterials and have a great tendency to make hydrogel by polymerise in aqueous surroundings. To promote the healing process, aloe-vera, chitosan, and honey are included in the formulation due to their healing property [10] . Chitosan is non-toxic and non-allergic, and its biocompatibility, biodegradability and bioactivity made it a very attractive component for pharmaceutical and medical fields [11] . Honey is a standout among the most continuing materials utilised as a part of wound care, credited to its antibacterial, calming and cancer prevention agent properties [12] . Aloe vera gel has been used throughout history for its therapeutic healing effect on burns, insect bites and other skin injuries [13] .

To promote the healing process, aloe-vera, chitosan, and honey are included in the formulation due to their healing property.

Chitosan is non-toxic and non-allergic, and its biocompatibility, biodegradability and bioactivity made it a very attractive component for pharmaceutical and medical fields.

Honey is a standout among the most continuing materials utilised as a part of wound care, credited to its antibacterial, calming and cancer prevention agent properties.

Aloe vera gel has been used throughout history for its therapeutic healing effect on burns, insect bites and other skin injuries.


Recently, many therapeutic products were developed by pharmaceutical industries for wound healing and to enhance recovery of major injuries. Among these, hydrogels are polymeric materials which can absorb and hold a greater amount of water [1] . They are characterised by hydrophobicity and are not dissolved in water [2] . Usage of biomaterials in these products increased rapidly due to the establishment of a matrix or scaffolding system that reproduce the structure and function of the indigenous tissue. There are many applications of keratins in protein-based biomaterials, biomedical and pharmaceutical sectors [3, 4] . This is mainly, because of their ability to work as an extracellular matrix that facilitates cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. The protein components contained a defined, three-dimensional microstructure that aids in cellular proliferation and cell-guided tissue formation, which are essential characteristics for biomaterial scaffolds. In addition, the strong bioactivities and diverse physiochemical properties of proteinaceous macromolecules are attractive for other biomedical applications such as medical devices, bioactive surfaces, hygienic products, etc. Keratin-based materials have shown promise to revolutionise the biomaterial world due to their intrinsic biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical durability and natural abundance [5] .

Among these, hydrogels are polymeric materials which can absorb and hold a greater amount of water.

They are characterised by hydrophobicity and are not dissolved in water.

There are many applications of keratins in protein-based biomaterials, biomedical and pharmaceutical sectors.

Keratin-based materials have shown promise to revolutionise the biomaterial world due to their intrinsic biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical durability and natural abundance.


In conclusion, vitamin A via its main active metabolite, RA, is involved in regulating brain metabolism and could therefore be considered as a key molecule for preventive strategies in neurodegenerative diseases [15] . Measurements in cortex, hippocampus and striatum of VAD rats and control rats after 10 wk of protocol mRNA and protein levels were obtained from reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR (using GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a house-keeping gene) and Western Blot, as previously described [19] . Data are expressed as % of expression of GAPDH for mRNA and as % of controls for proteins. Controls are expressed for all results as 100%. Means±SEM, *P<0.05 vs control group.

In conclusion, vitamin A via its main active metabolite, RA, is involved in regulating brain metabolism and could therefore be considered as a key molecule for preventive strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.

Measurements in cortex, hippocampus and striatum of VAD rats and control rats after 10 wk of protocol mRNA and protein levels were obtained from reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR (using GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a house-keeping gene) and Western Blot, as previously described.

Means±SEM, *P<0.05 vs control group.


The adult brain possesses all the machinery to metabolize and produce RA from retinol supplied by the blood. The Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR) is a DNA-binding protein which, upon activation by specific RA ligands, induces gene transcription by interacting with distinct promoter sequences in the target genes. Among the many genes whose expression is regulated by RA, there are those coding for two identified neurone-specific kinase susbtrates involved in synaptic plasticity, i.e. neurogranin or RC3 and neuromodulin or GAP 43. In the brain, the highest levels of RA were observed in the striatal region, which strongly expressed (RARβ), one of the RAR isoforms. The hippocampus, a region highly involved in neuronal processes such as synaptic plasticity, long-term depression (LTD) and LTP, is strongly affected by changes in vitamin A availability [4] . Previous studies have shown the presence of retinoid-specific receptors in the hippocampus and have demonstrated that vitamin A deficiency produces a severe deficit in spatial learning and memory, which are linked to proper hippocampal hypofunctioning [8] .

The hippocampus, a region highly involved in neuronal processes such as synaptic plasticity, long-term depression (LTD) and LTP, is strongly affected by changes in vitamin A availability.

Previous studies have shown the presence of retinoid-specific receptors in the hippocampus and have demonstrated that vitamin A deficiency produces a severe deficit in spatial learning and memory, which are linked to proper hippocampal hypofunctioning.


Biomass supply logistics is one of the main challenges for cost-effective and wide use of biomass as an energy source. This includes biomass handling, transportation, size reduction, drying and storage of biomass for different conversion processes. Due to its heterogeneous nature, biomass materials possess high volume and low bulk densities. Densification is essential to reduce the transportation cost of biomass. Biomass size reduction is a pretreatment process that changes the particle size, shape and bulk density of the material. It increases the total surface area of the material and the number of contact points for inter-particle bonding in the compaction process (Drzymala, 1993) . These make the size reduction as the first step of densification.

It increases the total surface area of the material and the number of contact points for inter-particle bonding in the compaction process.


Digitaria insularis (L.) Mez ex Ekman/Fedde, commonly known as sourgrass, is a perennial grass weed indigenous to tropical and subtropical America. It is an important weed infesting annual and perennial crops in Brazil. Sourgrass reproduces by seeds and rhizomes (Carvalho et al. 2011) . In addition, the small hairy seeds with a high percentage of germination allow sourgrass to rapidly increase in numbers (Correia and Durigan 2009) . For those reasons, control sourgrass control is obviously not easy to do in spite of this weed was been killed successfully using glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine). However, in the past years, many growers had observed a lack of sourgrass control using glyphosate, referring to the resistance to this herbicide as the most important issue for managing this grass weed in Brazil.

Sourgrass reproduces by seeds and rhizomes.

In addition, the small hairy seeds with a high percentage of germination allow sourgrass to rapidly increase in numbers.


Rice husk is a by-product of milling paddy rice, Oryza sativa. It consists of fibrous materials such as opaline and lignin, which makes up about 20 -22% of the weight [1] . It is reported to contain 2.9-3.6% crude protein, 8-12% oil, 39-42% crude fibre, 15-22% ash and limited in usage as component of monogastric feed because of its high fibre content [2, 3] .

It consists of fibrous materials such as opaline and lignin, which makes up about 20 -22% of the weight.

It is reported to contain 2.9-3.6% crude protein, 8-12% oil, 39-42% crude fibre, 15-22% ash and limited in usage as component of monogastric feed because of its high fibre content.


In the last section, we are concerned with spaces in which the only Mazur sets are balls and one-pointed sets. Typical examples are the spaces d 1 , for d > 2 [9] . We improve this result by obtaining a complete characterization of the finite dimensional polyhedral spaces satisfying this property. The notion of indecomposability plays a major role in this result. As a main step to achieve this characterization, the Mazur sets in finite dimensional polyhedral spaces are completely determined. Our characterization is in terms of normal fans, on the one hand, and summands of the unit ball, on the other. Using this result, we are able to characterize the finite dimensional polyhedral Mazur spaces X as those for which M is stable.

Typical examples are the spaces d 1 , for d > 2.


Nowadays, our constraints on the matter power spectrum arise from different probes such as the galaxy clustering, weak lensing, abundance of galaxy clusters and the Lyman-α forest. In the near future, observations of the redshifted 21cm radiation from neutral hydrogen will allow us to constrain the matter power spectrum on redshifts not accessible with the above observables with an unprecedented precision [24, 25] . The idea is to study the statistical properties in the integrated emission from unresolved galaxies using low angular resolution surveys; this technique is called intensity mapping. This observable is promising: it is at high redshift and thereby should be closer to sample the linear cut-off in the matter power spectrum induced by WDM; the scales and redshifts addressed here should only be marginally affected by baryonic processes like feedback; the total amount of neutral hydrogen is constrained by data, i.e. absorption lines.

In the near future, observations of the redshifted 21cm radiation from neutral hydrogen will allow us to constrain the matter power spectrum on redshifts not accessible with the above observables with an unprecedented precision.


First the preliminary analysis of the research instruments was carried out. Table  1 presents the descriptive statistics as well as the Cronbach's alpha reliability of the EFL reading comprehension test and appraisal confidence rating scales. In reliability analysis four test items (q3, q7, q9, & q17) contributing negatively for the test reliability were deleted and only 16 items were submitted for further analysis. After removing the four test items, the reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of the EFL reading comprehension test was 0.60. It showed that the test was moderately reliable for the given participants. The moderate reliability estimate can be explained by the restricted range of variability in the students' performance (Phakiti, 2016) . However, the reliability of the appraisal confidence rating scales was very good (i.e. á = 0.90). The skewness and kurtosis statistics for EFL reading comprehension test and appraisal confidence were within the range of ±1 indicating that the data were generally normally distributed. After the analysis of instruments, data were analyzed to answer the research questions raised in the study.

The moderate reliability estimate can be explained by the restricted range of variability in the students' performance.


For the purpose of illustration, consider a hardware clocksynchronization algorithm, which is discussed in more detail in Section 9. We start in the analog world: nodes generate clock pulses. Each node measures the time differences between its own and all other nodes' pulses using Time-toDigital Converters (TDCs). Since this involves entering the digital world, metastability in the measurements is unavoidable [1] . The traditional approach is to hold the TDC outputs in synchronizers, spending time and thus imposing a limit on the operating frequency. But as discussed above, it is possible to limit the metastability of each measurement to at most one bit in BRGC-encoded numbers, where the metastable bit represents the "uncertainty between x and x þ 1 clock ticks," i.e., precision-1.

Since this involves entering the digital world, metastability in the measurements is unavoidable.


Despite improved in vitro rearing protocols, variability in survival success continues to be reported within and between laboratories (Aupinel et al. 2010) . Larvae that are grafted for in vitro risk assessments often come from a small number of source colonies (i.e., three or fewer colonies). Furthermore, the same source colonies are not always used between replicates or experiments over time. We suspected that the source colony from which one-day-old larvae are collected influences the survival percentages seen in experiments conducting in vitro rearing. To test this prediction, we designed a study to evaluate the survival rates of larvae from numerous source colonies in two rearing environments: their parental hive and in vitro.

Despite improved in vitro rearing protocols, variability in survival success continues to be reported within and between laboratories.


The maximum power produced by S-band resonant BWO has attained 5 GW with 100 J energy pulses [1] . With the development of narrowband multi-giga-watt HPM sources operated under vacuum, the power capacity of the HPM horn has become the major factor of limiting HPM transmission and radiation [2] [3] [4] [5] . When the electric field amplitude at the aperture of the horn is higher than the breakdown threshold, secondary electron multipactor and plasma discharge happen at the vacuum side of the dielectric radome, leading to HPM breakdown and pulse shortening [2] [3] [4] [5] . Consequently, in order to prevent breakdown, the aperture field of HPM horn should be uniform and below the breakdown threshold, which is about 30-40 kV/cm for S-X band HPM [6] . The aperture diameter Φ of the horn usually requires 0.8-1 m for the power capacity higher than 3 GW. Besides, as a feed of the reflected antenna, the HPM feed horn need symmetric radiation patterns and low sidelobes. Thus, it is very important to choose and design HPM horn satisfying high power capacity and symmetric radiation patterns.

The maximum power produced by S-band resonant BWO has attained 5 GW with 100 J energy pulses.

With the development of narrowband multi-giga-watt HPM sources operated under vacuum, the power capacity of the HPM horn has become the major factor of limiting HPM transmission and radiation.

When the electric field amplitude at the aperture of the horn is higher than the breakdown threshold, secondary electron multipactor and plasma discharge happen at the vacuum side of the dielectric radome, leading to HPM breakdown and pulse shortening.

Consequently, in order to prevent breakdown, the aperture field of HPM horn should be uniform and below the breakdown threshold, which is about 30-40 kV/cm for S-X band HPM.


Corrugated horn has the advantage of symmetric patterns and low sidelobes [7] [8] [9] . However, the corrugated horn with Φ ∼ 0.8-1 m and length L ∼ 1 m has a weight of several tons even for the aluminum material, leading to difficult processing and expensive cost. What's more, the bottleneck of the power capacity of the corrugated horn is at the section of smooth waveguide flaring to the corrugated wall with small diameter, where the field between the slots is so strong that discharge occurs violently.

Corrugated horn has the advantage of symmetric patterns and low sidelobes.


This integration of deductive and inductive methods implements constructive induction in a controlled fashion to meet the needs of incremental learning. We have explored this approach in a system called LAIR (Watanabe & Elio, 1987) . In addition to using a domain theory to guide induction, LAIR extends its domain theory by adding to it the concept descriptions it learns. Once part of the domain theory, a newly-acquired concept description then becomes prior knowledge to support deduction and constructive induction in the next learning task. This type of learning is known as closed-loop learning (Michalski & Ko, 1988; Michalski & Watanabe, 1988) .

We have explored this approach in a system called LAIR.

This type of learning is known as closed-loop learning.


The contribution of this paper is to provide and validate the physics models and the corresponding material parameter sets of the bulk β-SiC polytype. The importance of this work is further enhanced by recent advancements in grown 3C-SiC crystal quality. Indicatively, a 380nm thick p-type single crystalline 3C-SiC has been grown on a p-type Si (100) substrate [29] . Likewise, a good quality of 1µm 3C-SiC hetero-epitaxially grown on Si has been reported [30] . It is therefore, not unreasonable to argue that 3C-SiC may be an excellent candidate for power devices that can soon become a commercial reality, featuring thin layers of material. Consequently, the existence of an accurate and valid TCAD material model will be of great value for the research on this polytype on such power devices to be lifted up.

Indicatively, a 380nm thick p-type single crystalline 3C-SiC has been grown on a p-type Si (100) substrate.

Likewise, a good quality of 1µm 3C-SiC hetero-epitaxially grown on Si has been reported.


Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors feature a wider bandgap (> 2eV) compared to Silicon (Si). They are of increased interest, because Si technology is reaching its performance limitations especially for power electronic systems [1] . Higher temperature, voltage and frequency operation are among the attributed superior properties the devices can achieve when WBG materials are used. Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) currently stand as the best WBG semiconductor candidates to replace Si [2] . Nonetheless, the SiC process technologies are currently considered more mature [3] .

They are of increased interest, because Si technology is reaching its performance limitations especially for power electronic systems.

Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) currently stand as the best WBG semiconductor candidates to replace Si.

Nonetheless, the SiC process technologies are currently considered more mature.


In real life, doctors and radiologists have limited time to deal with a huge load of work. Human errors and mistakes can take place and cause wrong diagnosis when reading blur or low quality film/image of the patient. Computer-Aid is a solution for fast and accurate diagnosis. Several research work have tried to develop Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) tools [3] . They could help the radiologists in the interpretation of the mammograms and could be useful for an accurate diagnosis. The ultimate goal of CAD is to indicate cancerous locations with great accuracy and reliability. Thus far, most studies support that CAD technology has a positive impact on early breast cancer detection [4, 5] .

Several research work have tried to develop Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) tools.

Thus far, most studies support that CAD technology has a positive impact on early breast cancer detection.


With renewed interest in the control of schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), both by global sponsors and governments in endemic regions, evidence based data on cost effective strategies for mass drug administration are needed to inform control and elimination program managers. Adhering to strategic guidelines issued by the World Health Organization, the main approach has been to use school-based mass treatment for controlling schistosomiasis in highly endemic areas. However, it is recognized that this approach leaves out other members in the community who are also infected and who may be contributing to continued transmission. In recent years, community based treatment has been tested as an alternate approach but community-level programs may be limited by inadequate health care infrastructure at the primary level in many areas of Africa [29, 30] . In Kenya, although the government recognizes the importance of local interventions and having policies for preventive approaches for health care, allocation of health resources has been skewed in favor of tertiary and secondary facilities that offer curative services. This approach ignores rural health facilities that are the first point of patient contact and provide the bulk of the healthcare services [31] .

In recent years, community based treatment has been tested as an alternate approach but community-level programs may be limited by inadequate health care infrastructure at the primary level in many areas of Africa.

This approach ignores rural health facilities that are the first point of patient contact and provide the bulk of the healthcare services.


A first division of WIM systems can be made by distinguishing On-Board WIM from Pavement-or Bridge-based WIM. The first group computes gross vehicle weight solely from measurements of force and acceleration taken through equipment in the vehicle (Chang et al., 2000) . The second group provides an independent measurement with respect to an On-Board WIM system, and it consists of measuring wheel effects in sensors mounted in or on the road pavement or on an existing bridge structure, and estimating the corresponding static loads with appropriate algorithms. Most WIM systems are based on weighing sensors that are embedded in the pavement or placed on top of the road surface and which measure wheel or axle pressure that is applied as the vehicle passes over them (Blab and Jacob, 2000; Caprez et al., 2000) . As the effect of the applied force is recorded during a very short period of time, accuracy is limited by the dynamic nature of the vehicle motion. Additionally, these systems are subject to durability problems owing to traffic and the environment. An alternative approach to pavement WIM, which increases the length of the load-sensitive element and the durability of the system, is to use a bridge as a weighing scale (B-WIM); this approach is the subject of the research reported in this paper.

The first group computes gross vehicle weight solely from measurements of force and acceleration taken through equipment in the vehicle.

Most WIM systems are based on weighing sensors that are embedded in the pavement or placed on top of the road surface and which measure wheel or axle pressure that is applied as the vehicle passes over them.


An ethnographic approach was used as a tool of inquiry for this study. Interviews were conducted with each parent to understand their FLP. These ethnographic interviews were distinct from other interview types because they were based on an established relationship between the researcher and the participants (Heyl, 2001) . In this study, the researcher had an on-going peer relationship of mutual respect with the parents, which allowed open and genuine sharing of views. Specifically, she had known the participants for more than a year before the study commenced and regularly interacted with them in the weekends. It was a common practice for parents to chat with each other while waiting for their children to finish their English classes and the topic of conversation often revolved around the children's English development. Therefore, the interviews were an extension of the conversations that commonly took place between the researcher and the parents. The ethnographic interviews were unstructured to enable the parents to navigate the interview in a way that was meaningful to them. They were only guided to talk about their bilingual parenting experiences chronologically and were not asked directly about their impact beliefs. The study of impact belief was not planned and was only investigated after the parents' impact beliefs emerged during the preliminary analysis of the data. Each hour-long interview was audio-recorded. Field notes were also taken and, whenever possible, keyed into a word processor on the same day.

These ethnographic interviews were distinct from other interview types because they were based on an established relationship between the researcher and the participants.


Although the first scientific use of the term of quality of work life (QWL) roots back to 1970s, activities for improving working conditions to improve workers' productivity and organisation's profitability were started in the first quarter of 1900s. The fuse of this application was lit in 1930s through the Hawthorne experimental kit by Elton Mayo and his friends (Greenberg and Baron 1993) . The idea of the Quality of Work Life took root inside the special context of working conditions of industrialised societies towards the end of 1950s, and emphasised humanisation of the aspects of work and improvement of working conditions of the employees by focusing on the quality of the relationship between worker and working environment at the beginning of 1960s. The notion of the improvement of working conditions was triggered by such problems as "objectivisation of labour", "deskilling of workers", "inhuman cases -dehumanisation" and "alienation" caused by a type of production under the impact of Taylorist and Fordist arguments (Hannif et al. 2008; Davis and Cherns 1975; Martel and Dupuis 2006; Rose et al. 2006) . Rationalism and economic human approach accompanying Taylorism ensured industrial development particularly in Europe and North America, yet brought some unrest with it. Besides several problems such as job dissatisfaction, job alienation, bad working environment and conditions or wage inequality caused by the struggle between employer and employee, global crises as well as political, social and economic changes also made it essential for enterprises to try new ways. The only subject of this change is "human".

The fuse of this application was lit in 1930s through the Hawthorne experimental kit by Elton Mayo and his friends.

The notion of the improvement of working conditions was triggered by such problems as "objectivisation of labour", "deskilling of workers", "inhuman cases -dehumanisation" and "alienation" caused by a type of production under the impact of Taylorist and Fordist arguments.


The requirements for expansion of alternative antimicrobial agents were explored since the appearance of antibiotic resistant microbes [1] . The screening of extracts or isolated compounds from different natural sources is a common way to discover the bioactive metabolites [2] . Marine environment is a pool of bioactive natural compounds that are not found in terrestrial natural products [3] .

The requirements for expansion of alternative antimicrobial agents were explored since the appearance of antibiotic resistant microbes.

The screening of extracts or isolated compounds from different natural sources is a common way to discover the bioactive metabolites.

Marine environment is a pool of bioactive natural compounds that are not found in terrestrial natural products.


The antimicrobial activity of red and green seaweed extracts significantly increased with ethanol and acetone [34] . In contrast, diethyl ether yields higher antimicrobial activity than methanol, acetone and ethanol for extracting 11 seaweeds species from the coast of Urla [35] . For the preparation of algal extract with significant antimicrobial effects, chloroform was the most effective followed by ethanol and petroleum ether [36] . These differences referred to the differences in the solubility of bioactive metabolites in the corresponding solvents [30] . Regarding taxonomic groups, the present data show that species of Chlorophyta showed the highest activity against the tested fungi followed by Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta. In agreement with our results, green algae were the most active species than others [31] [37] . U. lactua (Chlorophyceae) was more active compared with J. rubens (Rhodophyceae) [33] . However, the extracts of red alga Gracilaria dendroides were more efficient against the tested bacterial strains followed by green alga Ulva reticulata, and brown alga Dictyota ciliolate [36] .

The antimicrobial activity of red and green seaweed extracts significantly increased with ethanol and acetone.

In contrast, diethyl ether yields higher antimicrobial activity than methanol, acetone and ethanol for extracting 11 seaweeds species from the coast of Urla.

For the preparation of algal extract with significant antimicrobial effects, chloroform was the most effective followed by ethanol and petroleum ether.

These differences referred to the differences in the solubility of bioactive metabolites in the corresponding solvents.

In agreement with our results, green algae were the most active species than others.

U. lactua (Chlorophyceae) was more active compared with J. rubens (Rhodophyceae).

However, the extracts of red alga Gracilaria dendroides were more efficient against the tested bacterial strains followed by green alga Ulva reticulata, and brown alga Dictyota ciliolate.


Acetone extract of U. linza showed the largest halo (29 mm) against A. flavus and the lowest one (8 mm) with diethyl ether extract on C. albicans which was the most resistant fungus. Acetone was the effective solvent for U. linza followed by ethanol and ethyl acetate (Figure 1) . Although U. reticulata showed the lowest hallows among the tested chlorophytes, it showed its highest potency with ethyl acetate and acetone (26.3 and 23 mm) against C. tropicalis and C. albicans, respectively. The lowest halo was detected in diethyl ether extract on A. niger Ulva have been demonstrated to metabolize biomolecules with pharmacological potential particularly antifungal and antibacterial activity [49] .

The lowest halo was detected in diethyl ether extract on A. niger Ulva have been demonstrated to metabolize biomolecules with pharmacological potential particularly antifungal and antibacterial activity.


The bioactive compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, steroids, glycosides can be extracted using polar solvents such like methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform during phytochemical process. Different solvents extracts show different antimicrobial activity depending on their solubility and polarity. Therefore, chemical compounds should be extracted from wide diversity of marine algae in order to optimize their antimicrobial activity by selecting the best solvent system [17] .

Therefore, chemical compounds should be extracted from wide diversity of marine algae in order to optimize their antimicrobial activity by selecting the best solvent system.


A. niger was the most sensitive fungus to the acetone extract of P. pavonica (27 mm) , followed by A. flavus in ethyl acetate (26 mm), whereas, the lowest hallow was detected in ethyl acetate extract against C. albicans (11.7 mm) (Figure 2 ). In agreement with our results, ethyl acetate extract of P. gymnospora strongly inhibited A. niger whereas, acetone extract was more inhibitory than ethyl acetate against C. albicans [12] . The antifungal efficacy of methanol extract [15] . The antimicrobial activity of Padina extract was referred to the presence of polyunsaturated alcohol [56] . The antimicrobial activity depends on both algal species and the efficiency of the extraction method [35] . Based on such fact, it reported that acetone extract of T. triquetra and P. pavonica showed weak inhibition activity against C. albicans [2] .

In agreement with our results, ethyl acetate extract of P. gymnospora strongly inhibited A. niger whereas, acetone extract was more inhibitory than ethyl acetate against C. albicans.

The antifungal efficacy of methanol extract.

The antimicrobial activity of Padina extract was referred to the presence of polyunsaturated alcohol.

The antimicrobial activity depends on both algal species and the efficiency of the extraction method.

Based on such fact, it reported that acetone extract of T. triquetra and P. pavonica showed weak inhibition activity against C. albicans.


Calponin is a specific marker for myofibroblasts in many tissues. To our knowledge, the present study is the first report of calponin expression in the myofibroblasts of animal kidneys. Our previous report detailed calponin expression in the myofi broblasts of human kidneys (Choi et al., 2008) . In the present study, calponin was induced in some periglomerular myofi broblasts.

Our previous report detailed calponin expression in the myofi broblasts of human kidneys.


Our main contribution is an algorithm for optimal coalescing using 0/1 linear programming (ILP) that outperforms previous approaches, e.g., most recently [6] . Basically, the algorithm only relies on the strict separation of spilling and coalescing, although there is one step that can be handled more efficiently for chordal graphs. Optimization of the ILP solution process is key to obtain suitable solution times. We present optimizations including a preprocessing that reduces the problem size, cutting planes pruning the search space as well as alternative ILP constraints that are most easily generated for chordal graphs.

Our main contribution is an algorithm for optimal coalescing using 0/1 linear programming (ILP) that outperforms previous approaches, e.g., most recently.


In classical analysis, Peano curves are usually thought of as curiosities. It is exciting and counterintuitive that they exist, but they are not useful for solving problems. The purpose of this paper is to show that in fractal analysis, in contrast, Peano curves may play an important role in constructing Laplacians and studying their properties. In fact, this approach has already been used to construct Laplacians on Julia sets of complex polynomials [5] , [2] , [7] .

In fact, this approach has already been used to construct Laplacians on Julia sets of complex polynomials.


Given a finite set of identifications on the circle, we have a natural graph structure where the identified points are the vertices, and the edges join consecutive points around the circle. If we assign positive weights µ(t j ) to the points, thought of as a discrete measure on the set of vertices, and non-negative weights c(t j , t j+1 ) to the edges, thought of as conductances on an electrical network associated to the graph, then we may define a graph Laplacian where the sum is taken over all y neighboring x [9] . For simplicity we may take c(x, y) = 0 if x and y are not connected by an edge. Notice that self-edges are possible if x and y are identified neighboring points, but they do not contribute to the Laplacian. We want the discrete measures on the approximating graphs to converge to some natural measure on X. In all the examples considered here, we will use the simple choice of taking µ(x) = 1 2 (t j+1 − t j−1 ) where the sum is taken over all points in the set of identified points denoted by x. For the conductances, the simplest choice is c (t j , t j+1 ) = 1 tj+1−tj , so the length of the interval [t j , t j+1 ] is taken to be the resistance in the electrical network. This is not always the optimal choice, however, as is apparent in the previous work on Julia sets. In particular we will make a more sophisticated choice for one of our examples, the pentagasket. In order to obtain a Laplacian on X in the limit it will be necessary to renormalize the sequence of Laplacians on the approximating graphs, and this becomes a highly nontrivial problem.

If we assign positive weights µ(t j ) to the points, thought of as a discrete measure on the set of vertices, and non-negative weights c(t j , t j+1 ) to the edges, thought of as conductances on an electrical network associated to the graph, then we may define a graph Laplacian where the sum is taken over all y neighboring x.


Mechanical systems have great significance in defence and civil domains. However, functional failures in mechanical systems due to the increasing severity of faults in one or several components are the main cause of heavy casualties and damage. Preventive maintenance (PM) of mechanical systems is very important for the safe, efficient, and reliable operation (Gao et al., 2014) . Tracking and monitoring the growth of faults in components in mechanical systems using a large number of tests or sensors before they fail is very important to realize PM functions and reduce losses due to failures (Tan et al., 2013) . In actual projects, simply adding test points or sensors is impractical, and will ultimately reduce a system's reliability and increase the monitoring cost. However, if the number of tests is insufficient, the objective of tracking and monitoring the growth of faults cannot be achieved, and false alarms and missed detections may occur. Therefore, many researchers have shown that the application of the concept of design for testability (DFT) to the development of mechanical systems can significantly improve the level of tracking and monitoring fault growth (Biswas and Mahadevan, 2007) .

Preventive maintenance (PM) of mechanical systems is very important for the safe, efficient, and reliable operation.

Tracking and monitoring the growth of faults in components in mechanical systems using a large number of tests or sensors before they fail is very important to realize PM functions and reduce losses due to failures.

Therefore, many researchers have shown that the application of the concept of design for testability (DFT) to the development of mechanical systems can significantly improve the level of tracking and monitoring fault growth.


The finding that different numbers of genes and different loci appear to be involved in tolerance to selenate and selenite may reflect different uptake mechanisms for these two Se species, and different enzymes limiting their assimilation and detoxification in the plant. Three stages can be discerned in Se assimilation: uptake of Se from the environment, reduction of selenate to selenite, and assimilation of selenite into organic Se compounds. Selenate is taken up actively by sulfate transporters and enzymatically converted to selenite, whereas selenite is thought to be taken up passively (de Souza et al., 1998) . These extra activities involved in selenate uptake and reduction may be additional points of control for selenate tolerance, explaining the multigenic nature of selenate tolerance.

Selenate is taken up actively by sulfate transporters and enzymatically converted to selenite, whereas selenite is thought to be taken up passively.


In order to illustrate the strength of the differences between the results of the STA and other algorithms, we also calculated the effect sizes. The Cohen's d value was calculated as the effect size when the T-test was appropriate (0.2: Small Effect, 0.5 : Medium Effect, 0.8: Large Effect). Otherwise, the r value was calculated as the effect size (0.1: Small Effect, 0.3: Medium Effect, 0.5: Large Effect) [5, 19] . The following section presents our statistical analysis for both the VIPS and the BOM segmentation approaches [2, 21] .

Otherwise, the r value was calculated as the effect size (0.1: Small Effect, 0.3: Medium Effect, 0.5: Large Effect).

The following section presents our statistical analysis for both the VIPS and the BOM segmentation approaches.


As the STA algorithm identifies the trending scanpath by analysing the individual scanpaths, the trending scanpath should be similar to the individual scanpaths as much as possible. Unless all the users follow exactly the same path, a 100% similarity to the individual scanpaths cannot be achieved. Furthermore, when the individual scanpaths are entirely different from each other, such as ABC, DEF and GHI, no trending scanpath can be identified. Hence, the similarities between the trending scanpath and the individual scanpaths are strongly associated with the similarities between the individual scanpaths. Table 10 shows the minimum similarities between the individual scanpaths in the test cases. Based on Tables 2, 3 , 6 and 7, we can suggest that the median similarity of the trending scanpaths to the individual scanpaths are greater than the minimum similarity between the individual scanpaths in the most of the cases (VIPS: 9 out of 12 cases, BOM: 8 out of 12 cases). Since there is a limited number of segmentation approaches with a publicly available implementation, we could only investigate the effect of two different segmentation approaches on the STA algorithm in this paper [26] . When there is another segmentation approach available with its public implementation, the same methodology can be applied to investigate its effect on the STA algorithm. However, based on the results presented in this paper, we can suggest that the STA algorithm is likely to provide the most representative scanpath in comparison with other segmentation approaches as it also considers the visual elements which are not shared by all users but get at least the same attention as the shared elements.

Since there is a limited number of segmentation approaches with a publicly available implementation, we could only investigate the effect of two different segmentation approaches on the STA algorithm in this paper.


In our previous work, we also evaluated the STA algorithm by using an eye tracking study and our evaluation showed that the STA algorithm performs better than other existing algorithms in terms of providing the most representative scanpath of users (Section 3) [10] . The degree of representativeness was measured by the sequential similarities between the individual scanpaths and the resulting scanpath. However, in the evaluation, we only used the improved and extended version of the Vision-based Page Segmentation (VIPS) approach to discover the visual elements of the web pages [2] . Therefore, we did not know whether the validity of the algorithm is limited to the VIPS approach. In this paper, we investigate the effect of two different segmentation approaches on the STA algorithm (Section 4). Our experimental results show that the validity of the algorithm is not affected by the segmentation approach used (Sections 6-8). Specifically, the STA algorithm provides the most representative scanpath in comparison with other existing algorithms regardless of the segmentation approach used.

In our previous work, we also evaluated the STA algorithm by using an eye tracking study and our evaluation showed that the STA algorithm performs better than other existing algorithms in terms of providing the most representative scanpath of users (Section 3).

However, in the evaluation, we only used the improved and extended version of the Vision-based Page Segmentation (VIPS) approach to discover the visual elements of the web pages.


Eye tracking provides insights into how users interact with web pages. Hence, it helps to identify problems and improve user experience on the Web. In our previous work, we devel-oped the STA algorithm which analyses multiple scanpaths on a web page and identifies the most commonly followed path in terms of the visual elements of the web page [10] . Although we validated the STA algorithm by using an eye tracking study, we did not know whether the validity of the algorithm could be affected by the segmentation approach used. This paper presents the investigation of the effect of two segmentation approaches on the STA algorithm and illustrates that the validity of the algorithm is not limited to a particular segmentation approach.

In our previous work, we devel-oped the STA algorithm which analyses multiple scanpaths on a web page and identifies the most commonly followed path in terms of the visual elements of the web page.


In a Finnish cost-effectiveness study, the overall cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) in LTx patients was analyzed, with up to 5 years of follow-up [1] . The results showed median annual costs of 141 768€ for the period between listing for transplantation and 1 year after Used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, as well as clinical signs for a heart failure after recent myocardial infarction onset To reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in adult patients with (chronic) heart failure PegIntron Used for the prophylaxis of the Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in CMV-negative adults and children who have received an organ transplant from a CMV-positive donor transplantation. As the waiting time was only 41 days in average, this time frame may be comparable with our time period T2 (median costs 105 566€). The difference in costs between this study and the Finish study might be due to various reasons. For example, the inpatient hospital stay for transplantation is remunerated on the basis of fees (DRGs) in Germany, whereas the inpatient stay and the transplantation procedure are reimbursed separately in the Finnish setting. Furthermore, our Finish colleagues considered costs for organ procurement as well, which was not accounted for in this study. The total cost during the observational period added up to a median of 177 618€ in the Finnish setting, and to a median of 144 424€ within this study. It is interesting to note that the main cost-intensive part in both studies was incurred by the inpatient sector (71-75%).

In a Finnish cost-effectiveness study, the overall cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) in LTx patients was analyzed, with up to 5 years of follow-up.


Ginger is an important spice cash crop of the world. It is one of the earliest known oriental spices and is being cultivated in India for both as fresh vegetable and as a dried spice. Ginger is obtained from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. The ginger family is a tropical group, especially abundant in Indo-Malaysian region, consisting of more than 1200 plant spices in 53 genera. The area under the cultivation in India is 108.6 thousands hectors and the total production of the country is 517.8 thousand tons [8] . Ginger and its products have varied applications in culinary preparation, bakery products, toiletry products, perfume industries, meat products, wine, and soft drinks making. Dried ginger is used both as a spice and medicine. It contains an essential oil, which imparts an aroma, an oleoresin responsible for the pungent smell, starch, gums, proteins, carbohydrate, mineral matter, and fiber [8] . In Ayurveda, it is termed as an important medicine to cure many diseases, such as rheumatism, piles, dyspepsia, alcoholic gastritis, fabric disease, throat problems, cholera morbus, neuralgia, and pulmonary and catarrhal diseases. It is expected that the world demand of ginger will double in the next five years [9] . The quality of ginger produced in India has high content of aroma and pungency and it is also organic. But due to improper postharvest processing most of the ginger is to be consumed as a fresh vegetable and also some of the good qualities such as visual appeal, texture, aroma, flavor, structure, and color of the material get affected.

The area under the cultivation in India is 108.6 thousands hectors and the total production of the country is 517.8 thousand tons.

It contains an essential oil, which imparts an aroma, an oleoresin responsible for the pungent smell, starch, gums, proteins, carbohydrate, mineral matter, and fiber.

It is expected that the world demand of ginger will double in the next five years.


Einstein metrics are important both in mathematics and physics. Some generalizations like conformally Einstein metrics and Ricci solitons play an important role in understanding the AdS/CFT correspondence and the Ricci flow, respectively [2] , [7] . In this paper we focus on another generalization which is related to the study of smooth metric measure spaces. A smooth metric measure space is a Riemannian manifold with a measure which is conformal to the Riemannian one. Formally, it is a triple (M, g, e −f dvol g ), where M is a complete n-dimensional smooth manifold with Riemannian metric g, f is a smooth real valued function on M , and dvol g is the Riemannian volume density on (M, g). This is also sometimes called a manifold with density.

Some generalizations like conformally Einstein metrics and Ricci solitons play an important role in understanding the AdS/CFT correspondence and the Ricci flow, respectively.


The island Samsø is known for being Denmark's Renewable Energy Island in terms of testing and demonstrating sustainable energy solutions [16] . Samsø has been involved in various development projects since 1997 and in both the MATCH and the SMILE project, which have a focus on PV and battery technology. These technologies are addressing the possibility of small consumer involvement, as well as the idea of integrating smart energy technologies for stability and flexibility. The PV/battery combination is but one out of many potential energy technology combinations, but it opens up for the interesting question of a communal vs. a residential approach. By analysing these two development trajectories on a Scandinavian island, local conditions are considered and discussed.

The island Samsø is known for being Denmark's Renewable Energy Island in terms of testing and demonstrating sustainable energy solutions.


As a country with the largest agricultural production, China has once been a major producer and consumer of OCPs, such as dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorbenzene (HCB), and chlordane (Wong et al., 2005) . From the 1950s to 1980s, the productions of HCHs and DDTs in China were 4.9 million t and 0.4 million t, accounting for 33% and 20% of the total world production, respectively . Major portion has been used in eastern and southern China (Wang et al., 2012) . Besides, improper storage and disposal of PCB-containing equipment have resulted in continuing releases there. Until recently, PCBs were still detected in the ambient environment (Chen et al., 2009; Han et al., 2010) .

As a country with the largest agricultural production, China has once been a major producer and consumer of OCPs, such as dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorbenzene (HCB), and chlordane.

Major portion has been used in eastern and southern China.

Until recently, PCBs were still detected in the ambient environment.


The formula (11) allows, in particular, to introduce spectral characteristics r k (λ) related with adiabatic limits which are nontrivial in the nonamenable case. We hope that some invariants of the function r k (λ) introduced above near λ = 0 might to be independent of the choice of metric on M (otherwise speaking, to be coarse invariants), and, moreover, be topological or homotopic invariants of foliated manifolds (just as in the case of Novikov-Shubin invariants [13] ). We discuss these questions and their relationships with the spectral theory of leafwise Laplacian and with noncommutative spectral geometry of foliations in Section 7. The organization of the paper is as follows.

We hope that some invariants of the function r k (λ) introduced above near λ = 0 might to be independent of the choice of metric on M (otherwise speaking, to be coarse invariants), and, moreover, be topological or homotopic invariants of foliated manifolds (just as in the case of Novikov-Shubin invariants).


The emission lines in the Raman effect are sharp spectroscopically well resolved, being characteristics of the emitting material. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy is a power tool for identification of bio-analytes. Infrared absorption spectroscopy can also be used for such identification; meanwhile, the broad bands always present in the infrared spectra make difficult a precise identification of the analytes. The usefulness of infrared absorption spectroscopy is even less when is used to detect the presence in blood or urine because of the strong infrared light absorption of the water present in both [15, 16] .

The usefulness of infrared absorption spectroscopy is even less when is used to detect the presence in blood or urine because of the strong infrared light absorption of the water present in both.


Trust models are mechanisms that enable parties to build trust; a concept usually understood as a degree to which one party has confidence in another within the context of a given purpose or decision [1] . Trust models compute trust on behalf of their users by using various information, such as opinions from other participants, their users' own experiences, social-network information and others. Trust models predict the quality of interactions by estimating the future behavior of potential interaction partners. Thus a good trust model should help its user to avoid participants that do not honor agreements and advise her to select interaction partners that honor them.

Trust models are mechanisms that enable parties to build trust; a concept usually understood as a degree to which one party has confidence in another within the context of a given purpose or decision.


Nevertheless, not all companies have reached the same maturity stage in environmental terms, and some of them have never heard about CE. Moreover, SMEs are the ones that have the greatest difficulty reaching a stage of environmental excellence due to their limited resources (Shi, Peng Liu & Zhong, 2008) . In the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, 95% of companies are small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and generate two-thirds of employment. Specifically in the European Union, SMEs represent 99% of all enterprises (Filipe, Grammatikos, & Michala, 2016) .

Moreover, SMEs are the ones that have the greatest difficulty reaching a stage of environmental excellence due to their limited resources.

Specifically in the European Union, SMEs represent 99% of all enterprises.


December 2015 in order to analyze the environmental management level of the companies and their degree of circular economy implementation. Case studies explore and study real-life phenomena through the detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships (Zainal, 2007) . A total of 43 companies with fewer than 250 workers were contacted by email or telephone, but only 17 were willing to participate in the case studies, which corresponds to a response rate of 39.5%. More than a half of this sample consisted of companies with 50 employees or fewer and only 11.8% were companies that have between 100 and 250 employees (Figure 1 ). Companies with more than 250 employees were not taken into account to limit the research to small and medium enterprises. The analysis of these companies was carried out in two different steps. First of all, an online survey was sent in order to assess the environmental management level of each company. Once the answers were evaluated, face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted at the companies, with meetings and personal interviews which lasted about two hours. This provided in-depth insights into the views of the corporate representatives, and allowed us to gain rich contextual information regarding the implementation of the circular economy among the companies. Questions were open-ended in order to allow a deeper exploration of issues and to allow respondents' own experiences to emerge freely (Aira, Kauhanen, Larivaara & Rautio, 2003; Ingram, 2008) .

Case studies explore and study real-life phenomena through the detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships.

Questions were open-ended in order to allow a deeper exploration of issues and to allow respondents' own experiences to emerge freely.


There was significant consensus between observers in their assessment of the behavioural expression of the cattle, with the GPA consensus profile explaining around half the variation in scores between the observers. This indicates that a reasonable degree of variability in the behavioural assessments was left unaccounted for, which may be due to several underlying reasons, or combination of reasons, which cannot be easily identified without further investigation. Given significant consensus, however, an important measure of the consistency of observer assessments is the ease and clarity with which its main dimensions can be interpreted, and can be used to distinguish between experimental treatments. The observers used terms in a similar way, and it was possible to identify distinct clusters of words with similar meanings on each dimension. Based on the qualitative assessments of cattle behaviour during transport, three main dimensions of behavioural expression were found (dimension 1: 'calm'/'comfortable' versus 'agitated'/'restless'; dimension 2: 'sedate'/'weary' versus 'alert'/'curious'; dimension 3 'weary/soothed' versus 'alert'/'questioning'). The relative position of the cattle on the QBA dimensions varied depending whether they were on their naïve or habituated trip, with the majority of naïve animals scored highly on dimension 1 (i.e. observed to be more 'agitated', 'restless', 'stressed') and the habituated animals scored as low on dimension 1 (i.e. observed to be more 'calm', 'comfortable', 'relaxed'). In previous studies, similar qualitative terms have been used informally to describe cattle behaviour during transport. For example, cattle have been perceived as more anxious and restless during the initial stages of road transport (Knowles 1999) . The use of qualitative behavioural assessment supports these perceptions, therefore enhancing models of animal welfare assessment.

For example, cattle have been perceived as more anxious and restless during the initial stages of road transport.


The approach presented in this paper can be used to monitor any set of behavioural patterns, i.e. we represent processes models as sets of prescribed behavioural patterns and streams as infinite sequences of behavioural patterns. Because of this, the framework is rather abstract and allows us to monitor any possible set of relations. Note that we could also use the organizational perspective, rather than the control-flow perspective. An example relation which might be relevant for monitoring purposes is whenever pairs of activities have to be performed collaboratively and simultaneously (i.e., cooperation [16] ). The provided instantiation automatically extract instances of weak order behavioural patterns out of a Petri net and an event stream. We focus on weak order relations since they are widely used and relatively easy to deduce. Clearly, using more advanced behavioural patterns such as causality, parallism and/or different perspectives, i.e. organizational, requires a corresponding algorithmic design to deduce such patterns from the process model and/or stream under study.

An example relation which might be relevant for monitoring purposes is whenever pairs of activities have to be performed collaboratively and simultaneously (i.e., cooperation).


Everyday large amounts of harmful and toxic pollutants are released to the natural environment as a result of human activity. To curb their amount, numerous legal solutions have been proposed and new technologies aimed at minimisation of pollutants emission have been searched. One of such technologies is based on adsorption, a mass-exchange involving process, as a result of which gases, vapours or dissolved substances accumulate on the surface or in the porous structure of an adsorbent (Bansal and Goyal 2005) .

One of such technologies is based on adsorption, a mass-exchange involving process, as a result of which gases, vapours or dissolved substances accumulate on the surface or in the porous structure of an adsorbent.


The best known and commonly used adsorbents are activated carbons belonging to the group of carbonaceous materials showing strong sorption properties both from gas and liquid phase (Karagöz et al. 2008; Lach et al. 2008; Nakagawa et al. 2003; Przepiórski 2006) . The activated carbons are microcrystalline porous materials characterised by large specific surface area per a mass unit, reaching even a few thousand m 2 /g (Lozano-Castello et al. 2001; Nowicki and Pietrzak 2011) . Their internal structure is an intricate network of pores of diverse shapes and size.

The best known and commonly used adsorbents are activated carbons belonging to the group of carbonaceous materials showing strong sorption properties both from gas and liquid phase.

The activated carbons are microcrystalline porous materials characterised by large specific surface area per a mass unit, reaching even a few thousand m 2 /g.


Systemic infections lead to the development of "sickness behaviour", clinical features of which include fever, depression, apathy, self-reported ill health and attentional deficits [18] . At least in animal models this is, in part, mediated by the transient production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by microglia, in turn activated by cytokines and other inflammatory mediators generated by peripheral immune cells [17, 18] . In humans, the clinical features of sickness behaviour are usually considered benign and transitory. However, animal studies have shown that, when microglia are "primed" by early neurodegeneration, systemic infection can switch the central innate immune response from a hybrid of pro-and anti-inflammatory phenotypes to a more tissue-damaging environment, with enhanced and prolonged pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis in the brain, symptoms of sickness behaviour, and increased neuronal death [15, 16] .

Systemic infections lead to the development of "sickness behaviour", clinical features of which include fever, depression, apathy, self-reported ill health and attentional deficits.

At least in animal models this is, in part, mediated by the transient production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by microglia, in turn activated by cytokines and other inflammatory mediators generated by peripheral immune cells.

However, animal studies have shown that, when microglia are "primed" by early neurodegeneration, systemic infection can switch the central innate immune response from a hybrid of pro-and anti-inflammatory phenotypes to a more tissue-damaging environment, with enhanced and prolonged pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis in the brain, symptoms of sickness behaviour, and increased neuronal death.


Perceived discrimination may be an important source of psychosocial stress which, in turn, may lead to adverse health risk behavior and outcomes [10] [11] [12] . Rural-to-urban migrants often encounter interpersonal and institutional discrimination in employment, housing, policing, education, and social services [13] . Most rural-to-urban migrants do not hold urban residence permits (hukou) and, therefore, are not eligible to receive many state-subsidized services in cities [9] . For example, in many cities, rural-to-urban migrants must pay an additional fee (jiedu fei) for their children to attend public schools [14] . Furthermore, ruralto-urban migrants receive little or no reimbursement through China's rural insurance plan for medical expenses incurred in cities [15] . Rural-to-urban migrants are also commonly stigmatized by urbanites as being loud, dirty, dishonest, violent, and lazy [9] . It is unknown whether perceived discrimination due to migrant status is associated with increased smoking among rural-to-urban women migrants in China.

Perceived discrimination may be an important source of psychosocial stress which, in turn, may lead to adverse health risk behavior and outcomes.

Rural-to-urban migrants often encounter interpersonal and institutional discrimination in employment, housing, policing, education, and social services.

Most rural-to-urban migrants do not hold urban residence permits (hukou) and, therefore, are not eligible to receive many state-subsidized services in cities.

For example, in many cities, rural-to-urban migrants must pay an additional fee (jiedu fei) for their children to attend public schools.

Furthermore, ruralto-urban migrants receive little or no reimbursement through China's rural insurance plan for medical expenses incurred in cities.

Rural-to-urban migrants are also commonly stigmatized by urbanites as being loud, dirty, dishonest, violent, and lazy.


Adolescence is a developmental stage characterized by many corresponding changes, including those in physical, emotional, cognitive, social and moral domains. As youth experience these changes, they often have a decline in self-esteem related to their changing states of self (Arnett, 2010) . Numerous factors have been proven to affect an adolescent's self-esteem, both negatively and positively. Through after school program attendance, the adolescent may not only become more resilient to changes going on around and inside them, but they may also have increased feelings of community connectedness.

As youth experience these changes, they often have a decline in self-esteem related to their changing states of self.


The above formulation of the Freiman-Ruzsa theorem resonates with a classical setting in model theory, namely weakly normal groups. Weakly normal groups, also known as 1-based stable groups, are groups for which every definable set is a boolean combination of instances of weakly normal formulae (see Section 2) . In a weakly normal (stable) group, every definable subset is a boolean combination of cosets of definable subgroups [8] . Furthermore, every type over a model is the generic type of a coset of a (type-)definable subgroup: the subgroup is its modeltheoretic stabiliser. Roughly speaking, a large proportion of a given definable set intersects a coset of a definable group, so they are commensurable.

In a weakly normal (stable) group, every definable subset is a boolean combination of cosets of definable subgroups.


Hip fractures increase exponentially with age and are associated with progressive loss of muscle mass and functional capacity [1] [2] [3] . More than half of subjects with hip fractures lose the ability to walk independently; there is markedly increased morbidity and mortality in women and men with hip fractures [2, 4, 5] . Because the number of patients with hip fractures is expected to increase severalfold in the next 20 to 50 years, it is important to understand what factors contribute to morbidity associated with hip fractures with the goal of optimizing bone health and functional independence after hip fractures [6] .

Hip fractures increase exponentially with age and are associated with progressive loss of muscle mass and functional capacity.

More than half of subjects with hip fractures lose the ability to walk independently; there is markedly increased morbidity and mortality in women and men with hip fractures.

Because the number of patients with hip fractures is expected to increase severalfold in the next 20 to 50 years, it is important to understand what factors contribute to morbidity associated with hip fractures with the goal of optimizing bone health and functional independence after hip fractures.


The electric double layer is always formed at any interface by the unequal distribution of electrical charges between two phases which causes one side of the interface to acquire a net charge of a particular sign and the other side to acquire a net charge of the opposite sign, giving rise to a potential across the interface. At low surfactant concentrations, the adsorption is fundamentally determined by the charge on the electrical double layer. The surfactant adsorption is increased by the commencement of hydrophobic interactions between adsorbed surfactant molecules. At higher surfactant concentrations, it reaches its maxima at the critical micelle concentration (CMC) (Paria et al. 2005) . The charge on these mineral colloids depends on various factors such as the nature of the colloid, pH, ionic strength, and other solution properties; where, pH is the most prominent factor (Paria and Khilar 2004) . In sandstone, the surface charge is typically positive at lower pH and decreases to a negative value as the solution pH shifts to the higher values. The pH value at which the net charge on a surface is zero is termed as point of zero charge (PZC) (Appel et al. 2003) . The anionic surfactants being negatively charge can be used in CEOR process when the surface pH is greater than PZC.

At higher surfactant concentrations, it reaches its maxima at the critical micelle concentration (CMC).

The charge on these mineral colloids depends on various factors such as the nature of the colloid, pH, ionic strength, and other solution properties; where, pH is the most prominent factor.

The pH value at which the net charge on a surface is zero is termed as point of zero charge (PZC).


The ratio of total sum of anions to that of cations ((∑anions)/(∑cations)) isoften considered as an indicator for the completeness of measured parameters (Mouli et al., 2005) . The ratio was 0.91±0.41. Also, for the set of samples considered in this study, linear regression of the relation between cation sum and anion sum gave value RP 2 P = 0.95, indicating that the quality of the data was good.

The ratio of total sum of anions to that of cations ((∑anions)/(∑cations)) isoften considered as an indicator for the completeness of measured parameters.

The ratio was 0.91±0.41.


Tensegrity systems were considered for the first time in 1948 by Snelson, when he was a student of Fuller. In the same period, Emmerich was also independently investigating structures of this kind. Starting in the 1960s, Snelson built several outdoor tensegrity sculptures, with bars never connected to each other. His term, 'floatingcompression', emphasizes this feature. Fuller instead used the words 'tensile integrity' to highlight the fact that cables constitute a connected set. More details about the origin of tensegrities can be found in the study of Gómez Jáuregui [1] .

More details about the origin of tensegrities can be found in the study of Gómez Jáuregui.


Due to advances in mobile phone technology, the lifestyles of students have changed as they have begun to increasingly use it for education. Therefore, it is critical for educational institutions, marketers and designers, to explore the crucial factors influencing the acceptance and continuous usage of mobile devices, bringing them together in the form of small study groups and learning communities. It engages students in learning activities, facilitates students' group collaboration. Thereby it allows the teacher and students to apply technologies to a variety of traditional and innovative learning and teaching activities seamlessly (Liu et al., 2003) . Students tend to adopt mobile learning if they perceive that using the technology and the courses will be enjoyable. By interactive methods, inactive learners change into active learners in the way of sharing information with peers. Interactivity is necessary for the acceptance of m-learning (Ali et al., 2016) .

Thereby it allows the teacher and students to apply technologies to a variety of traditional and innovative learning and teaching activities seamlessly.

Interactivity is necessary for the acceptance of m-learning.


Based on the evaluation results of the use of the SMA mix in the United States of America conducted by NCAT, of the 86 projects that use SMA it was concluded: (i) more than 90% of pavement have ruth depth less than 4 mm, (ii) crack not being a big problem, and (iii) does not prove to cause raveling [4] . Utilization of the SMA mix in Indonesia has started at the end of 90s, but did not develop because of the difficulty in providing the stabilizer that can be spread evenly during the mixing process. The stabilizer is needed to prevent binder draindown during the transport to construction sites. It is also difficult to meet the SMA gradation, especially for aggregate filler which is needed 8-11%, compared with the need for the asphaltic concrete (AC) mix ranging from 4% to 8%, and even then must be added by cement to meet the gradation as required in the specification. Innovation stabilizer that can be suggested is to use Indonesian Rocks Asphalt. It is expected to increase binder viscosity at high temperatures, which in turn reduces the risk of its draindown and also provide additional filler. The natural rock asphalt deposits in Indonesia are found on South Buton Island in southeast Sulawesi island known as Asbuton, abbreviation of Asphalt Batu Buton i.e. Rock asphalt from Buton Island. There is a large reserve of natural rock asphalt in Indonesia containing an asphalt content of 5-30% with an average asphalt content of 20% and asphalt properties as low as 0-0 dmm in Kabungka area and as high as 40-210 dmm in Lawele area [5] . The size of deposit has been variously estimated at up to 677 million tonnes. The deposit is therefore an important national resource with the potential to reduce the need of imported asphalt and generates export income. The types of asbuton product available in the market are granular and refinery asbuton. In the present, the granular type of asbuton product is divided into two types, i.e. Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA) and Lawele Granular Asphalt (LGA). BGA has grain size maximum of 1.16 mm, with penetration asphalt <10 dmm and asphalt content between 18% and 22%, and the LGA has grain size maximum of 9.5 mm, penetration asphalt between 40 and 60 dmm and asphalt content 20-30% [6] .

Based on the evaluation results of the use of the SMA mix in the United States of America conducted by NCAT, of the 86 projects that use SMA it was concluded: (i) more than 90% of pavement have ruth depth less than 4 mm, (ii) crack not being a big problem, and (iii) does not prove to cause raveling.

There is a large reserve of natural rock asphalt in Indonesia containing an asphalt content of 5-30% with an average asphalt content of 20% and asphalt properties as low as 0-0 dmm in Kabungka area and as high as 40-210 dmm in Lawele area.

BGA has grain size maximum of 1.16 mm, with penetration asphalt <10 dmm and asphalt content between 18% and 22%, and the LGA has grain size maximum of 9.5 mm, penetration asphalt between 40 and 60 dmm and asphalt content 20-30%.


Permanent deformation or rutting is a surface depression in the wheel path caused by plastic deformation in any or all the pavement layers [1] . The plastic deformation is typically the result of densification or one-dimensional compression and lateral movement or plastic flow of material from wheel loads. The results of investigations on the 15 mixtures used in Strategic Highway Research Project (SHRP) show deformation due to lateral movement much more dominant than the result of compression, these results are similar to the results of the test using the Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) at the University of California as part of the Caltrans project APT, with result that the lateral movement to contribute majorly for permanent deformation, compared with compression [2] . One type of paving materials that is developed to be more resistant to permanent deformation is the SMA (Stone Matrix Asphalt). The SMA mix has been known since the mid 1960s. Dr. Zichner, a German Engineer was its inventor. It was an attempt to solve the problem of the damage to wearing course caused by studded tires and also is durable enough to have a long service life [3] . The type of composition of aggregate blend is typically called a gap-graded mineral mixture.

Permanent deformation or rutting is a surface depression in the wheel path caused by plastic deformation in any or all the pavement layers.

The results of investigations on the 15 mixtures used in Strategic Highway Research Project (SHRP) show deformation due to lateral movement much more dominant than the result of compression, these results are similar to the results of the test using the Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) at the University of California as part of the Caltrans project APT, with result that the lateral movement to contribute majorly for permanent deformation, compared with compression.

It was an attempt to solve the problem of the damage to wearing course caused by studded tires and also is durable enough to have a long service life.


Asymptomatic shedding of infectious HSV-1 and HSV-1 DNA in tears of healthy individuals without a history of herpetic ocular diseases has been described [27] [28] [29] . A recent study performed on tear samples collected twice daily for 30 consecutive days demonstrated HSV-1 DNA in tears of 47 (94%) of 50 healthy study participants at least once [29] . Studies document that HSV-1 reactivation more commonly leads to asymptomatic corneal HSV-1 shedding compared with corneal disease [27] [28] [29] . Notably, valacyclovir treatment (500 mg daily) of healthy individuals did not reduce the asymptomatic HSV-1 shedding rate and viral DNA load in tears during treatment for 30 days [30] . Corneal HSV-1 isolates contain a mixed virus population, consisting of both ACV S and ACV R genetically related variants [5] . Consequently, ACV prophylaxis may lead to the enrichment of ACV R HSV-1 during asymptomatic corneal shedding and subsequently to the development of ACV-refractory rHK. The presence of latent ACV R HSV-1 in the cornea-innervating trigeminal ganglion poses a life-long risk of subclinical corneal shedding and symptomatic HK recurrences involving reactivated ACV R HSV-1 [5, [27] [28] [29] [30] .

Asymptomatic shedding of infectious HSV-1 and HSV-1 DNA in tears of healthy individuals without a history of herpetic ocular diseases has been described.

A recent study performed on tear samples collected twice daily for 30 consecutive days demonstrated HSV-1 DNA in tears of 47 (94%) of 50 healthy study participants at least once.

Studies document that HSV-1 reactivation more commonly leads to asymptomatic corneal HSV-1 shedding compared with corneal disease.

Notably, valacyclovir treatment (500 mg daily) of healthy individuals did not reduce the asymptomatic HSV-1 shedding rate and viral DNA load in tears during treatment for 30 days.

Corneal HSV-1 isolates contain a mixed virus population, consisting of both ACV S and ACV R genetically related variants.

The presence of latent ACV R HSV-1 in the cornea-innervating trigeminal ganglion poses a life-long risk of subclinical corneal shedding and symptomatic HK recurrences involving reactivated ACV R HSV-1.


The three practices examined here increase the resiliency of production systems to cope with climate risk. Adaptation to climate change requires increased resiliency rather than less (Folke et al. 2002) . Climate patterns and the high elevation of the Andes underscore the importance of these practices (Lobell et al. 2008) . Models predict that weather patterns will become more variable with a later onset of rains and a higher frequency of extreme weather events . Losing these three practices can undermine people's survival by increasing the vulnerability of their farming systems. Adaptation to climate change requires the adoption of practices like those described here. So the abandonment of them increases the vulnerability of smallholders in the region.

Adaptation to climate change requires increased resiliency rather than less.

Climate patterns and the high elevation of the Andes underscore the importance of these practices.


Tractors are a labor-saving device well suited to applying chemical fertilizer, but ill suited for the traditional application method of applying manure around each potato seeded. When a tractor is used, manure must be applied separately from seeding, which requires more labor. Access to tractors is also limited as there are only a few in each community so farmers must rent them and wait in line to use them behind the owners. The decision on planting time depends on when the tractor is available (Valdivia et al. 2003) . The topography and plot size also limit the use of tractors.

The decision on planting time depends on when the tractor is available.


A natural consequence of the development of new agricultural technologies has been the erosion of traditional farming and resourcemanagement knowledge. For many years this process was viewed as an unproblematic aspect of progress, but as concerns over the sustainability of a petroleum-based agriculture have grown, this is no longer the case. Interest in traditional agricultural knowledge has increased because traditional agricultural systems appear to be more sustainable than "conventional" ones (Altieri 2004) . Many practices identified with modern sustainable agriculture are in fact adaptations of traditional practices. Some examples of these adaptations are organic agriculture, crop rotations, grass-fed livestock, local food systems, and heirloom crop varieties.

Interest in traditional agricultural knowledge has increased because traditional agricultural systems appear to be more sustainable than "conventional" ones.


The findings also suggest that we reexamine some assumptions that we make about preservation of agricultural practices in the north and the south. First, we must avoid the temptation to view modern and traditional practices as mutually exclusive. More prosperous farmers have the time and resources to devote to preservation that their poorer neighbors may not. In the Bolivian case we see larger farmers planting multiple commercial and traditional potato varieties, the former to reduce risk and the latter because these varieties are preferred for specific meals and have ritual value (Materer 2001) .

In the Bolivian case we see larger farmers planting multiple commercial and traditional potato varieties, the former to reduce risk and the latter because these varieties are preferred for specific meals and have ritual value.


These designs distinguish experiences of Web shopping. Further initiatives of the firms include marketing on Web boutiques that are on simulation and social networking sites (Hemp, 2006; Jana, 2006) . Marketing on www.secondlife.com is an example of the initiatives.

Further initiatives of the firms include marketing on Web boutiques that are on simulation and social networking sites.


Further implications include the apparently limited importance of accessibility and convenience (mean = 3.34 / 5.00), availability of information (3.26), lack of sociality (3.17) and product selection (3.23) as non-richness factors helpful in the decision of the goal-focused shoppers to buy on the sample of European sites. Control and freedom (3.18) in the buying of the Belgian students was frequently inhibited by the designs of most of the sites, which, except for lack of sociality, contributed to evaluations of the non-richness factors on the European sites that were generally lower than the evaluations of the American students on accessibility and convenience (3.96), availability of information (3.76), product selection (3.38) and control and freedom (3.63) on the American sites (Lawler & Joseph, 2006) . Designs were generally limited in detailed information on the products and in functional interaction with equipped on-line service or sales staff on the sites (Massad, Heckman & Crowston, 2006) .

Control and freedom (3.18) in the buying of the Belgian students was frequently inhibited by the designs of most of the sites, which, except for lack of sociality, contributed to evaluations of the non-richness factors on the European sites that were generally lower than the evaluations of the American students on accessibility and convenience (3.96), availability of information (3.76), product selection (3.38) and control and freedom (3.63) on the American sites.

Designs were generally limited in detailed information on the products and in functional interaction with equipped on-line service or sales staff on the sites.