It is inevitable for each individual to come across different hardships and obstacles in their academic life. It is a known fact that while some individuals get through negative situations, some cannot cope. Individuals who cope with the obstacles despite the hard conditions they face, are named as academically resilient individuals in the literature (Morales & Trotman, 2011) . These individuals are seen to be able to reach positive results despite negative conditions. Academic resilience is an individual's struggle despite situations in which the individual can be unsuccessful or face negative life conditions, and achieving academic success throughout the education process (Alva, 1991) .

Individuals who cope with the obstacles despite the hard conditions they face, are named as academically resilient individuals in the literature.

Academic resilience is an individual's struggle despite situations in which the individual can be unsuccessful or face negative life conditions, and achieving academic success throughout the education process.


Different authors and organizations defined the e-government and/or e-governance with different perspectives. The e-government or electronic government can be defined as: Government activities that take place over electronic communications among all levels of government, citizens, and the business community, including: acquiring and providing products and services; placing and receiving orders; providing and obtaining information; and completing financial transactions [1] . Hence, e-government is a way for governments to use the most innovative information and communication technologies, particularly web-based Internet applications, to provide citizens and businesses with more convenient access to government information and support services, to improve the quality of the services and to provide greater opportunities to participate in democratic institutions and processes. E-governance is beyond the scope of e-government. While e-government is defined as a mere delivery of government services and information to the public using electronic means, e-governance allows citizen's direct participation of constituents in political activities going beyond government and includes e-democracy, e-voting, and participating political activity online. The concept of e-governance can cover government, citizens' participation, political parties and organizations, parliament and judiciary functions [1] .

The e-government or electronic government can be defined as: Government activities that take place over electronic communications among all levels of government, citizens, and the business community, including: acquiring and providing products and services; placing and receiving orders; providing and obtaining information; and completing financial transactions.

The concept of e-governance can cover government, citizens' participation, political parties and organizations, parliament and judiciary functions.


E-governance is an application of electronic means in the interaction between: government (G) and citizen (C), government (G) and business (B), government (G) and government (G) to simplify and improve governance and enable people's participation in governance through the Internet [3] . According to the author, ICT has been visualized by some as having much deeper and wider impact on society and even capable of affecting the quality of life and nature of democracy. The author also noticed the significant issues that have become highly relevant for large scale implementation of ICT in governance. Some of these issues are: security, privacy, vulnerability of public ICT infrastructure to crime, potential for abuse and terrorism.

E-governance is an application of electronic means in the interaction between: government (G) and citizen (C), government (G) and business (B), government (G) and government (G) to simplify and improve governance and enable people's participation in governance through the Internet.


Opinion mining can be made appropriately as a subdiscipline of computational linguistics that exactly concentrates on extracting people's opinion from the web, surveys and others which are available digitally [9] . In this paper they have tried to evolve the opinions towards e-government projects and policies on the basis of opinion collected from the people. They tried to analyze the effectiveness of e-governance using the concept of opinion mining.

Opinion mining can be made appropriately as a subdiscipline of computational linguistics that exactly concentrates on extracting people's opinion from the web, surveys and others which are available digitally.


Lignin is a complex molecule composed by fenilpropan units and connected to three dimentional structure which is difficult to be biodegradabled. Lignin is hard to be degradabled both of chemically and enzymatically. Soft wood contains more lignin than hard wood and mostly agriculture residue. Since there is chemical bonding between lignin and hemicellulose in fermentation so it makes lignocellulose to be resistant for chemical and biological degradation [7, 8] .

Since there is chemical bonding between lignin and hemicellulose in fermentation so it makes lignocellulose to be resistant for chemical and biological degradation.


Microfibril is connected to macrofibril. This special and complicated structure caused cellulose being resistant to biology and chemistry treatments. Cellulose is available in lignocellulose or purified into paper or pure cellulose, such as cotton or blended by other materials [6] .

Cellulose is available in lignocellulose or purified into paper or pure cellulose, such as cotton or blended by other materials.


Diluted acid hydrolysis perhaps is common method used in pretreatment method. It can be used well in lignocellulose pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis, or as actual sugar hydrolysis method. These processes and different aspects from diluted acid hydrolysis have been reviewed [13, 17] . In a limit temperature (140-190 °C) and low acid concentration (0.1-1 % sulfuric acid), the pretreatment can reach high reaction rate and increase cellulose hydrolysis significantly. Almost 100 % removing hemicellulose is done by diluted acid pretreatment. Pretreatment is not effective to dissolve lignin but it can interfere lignin and increase cellulose suspectibility for enzymatic hydrolysis [14, 18] .

These processes and different aspects from diluted acid hydrolysis have been reviewed.

Pretreatment is not effective to dissolve lignin but it can interfere lignin and increase cellulose suspectibility for enzymatic hydrolysis.


A good or excellent response to levodopa therapy is strongly suggestive of a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. In patients presenting for diagnosis tests of dopaminergic responsivity, a single dose of levodopa or apomorphine can be helpful in confirming Parkinson's disease. However, a negative test does not rule out a positive response to longer-term oral treatment and patients with parkinsonism not due to Parkinson's disease can respond initially to dopaminergic drugs [18] .

However, a negative test does not rule out a positive response to longer-term oral treatment and patients with parkinsonism not due to Parkinson's disease can respond initially to dopaminergic drugs.


In information systems based on the concept of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA), business processes are implemented as higher-level compositions of Web services (service compositions [1] ). Providers of service compositions often guarantee certain quality characteristics using service level agreements (SLAs). Basically, SLAs are collections of target qualities (service level objectives, SLOs) and monetary penalties that go into effect if the promised target quality cannot be achieved. Hence, providers of service compositions have strong incentives to prevent cases of SLA violation. One promising approach to achieve this is predicting violations at runtime, before they have actually occurred, and using adaptation to prevent these violations [2, 3] . Evidently, an important part of runtime adaptation is deciding which adaptations to apply. We argue that this decision should be based on both, the costs of violation (the penalties associated with SLOs), and the costs of adaptation. We have presented a formalization of this decision process as an optimization problem as part of our work on the PREvent (Event-Based Prediction and Prevention of SLA Violations) project [4] . However, a limitation of the PREvent approach so far is that it is inherently assumed that the optimization problem can be solved in time, before the first adaptation has to be applied. Even using fast meta-heuristics this is not guaranteed, especially so for shorter service compositions.

In information systems based on the concept of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA), business processes are implemented as higher-level compositions of Web services (service compositions).

One promising approach to achieve this is predicting violations at runtime, before they have actually occurred, and using adaptation to prevent these violations.

We have presented a formalization of this decision process as an optimization problem as part of our work on the PREvent (Event-Based Prediction and Prevention of SLA Violations) project.


Interest-only mortgages in particular have often been used in association with other developments in mortgage products, notable in the context of remortgaging (Whitehead & Gaus, 2007) . Remortgaging of itself should be neutral with respect to the interest rate except where larger sums are borrowed against a given level of security. This capacity to mix and match different products carries with it both increased complexity and, potentially, increased risk. To this extent although interest-only and longer-term mortgages of themselves reduce initial costs they may be packaged with other attributes which further increase risk.

Interest-only mortgages in particular have often been used in association with other developments in mortgage products, notable in the context of remortgaging.


There are many variables that may impinge on knowledge of hypertension. Literature shows that studies on knowledge of hypertension examined socio-demographic factors of age, race, level of education, parity, gender, income, location, occupation and marital status (Hamdan, Saeed, Kutbi, Choudhry and Nooh, 2010) . However the present study was concerned with demographic factor of level of education.

Literature shows that studies on knowledge of hypertension examined socio-demographic factors of age, race, level of education, parity, gender, income, location, occupation and marital status.


Let R be a commutative noetherian local ring. The central result in this paper, Theorem (2.3), establishes vanishing of Tate homology Tor R * (M, N ) as a sufficient condition for the equality (B) to hold for a pair of R-modules (M, N ), where M has finite Gorenstein projective dimension. The Tate homology for such a pair vanishes if M has finite projective dimension over R, and if R is complete intersection, then Tor-independence implies vanishing of Tate homology. Thus the main theorem subsumes all of the aforementioned generalizations of Auslander's depth formula. In fact, it goes further and subsumes several other generalizations obtained over the half-century that has passed since [3] appeared.

In fact, it goes further and subsumes several other generalizations obtained over the half-century that has passed since appeared.


Mechatronic components have been first employed in automobiles in the 1970s, when the electronic voltage regulator and electronic ignition were introduced. The employment of mechatronic systems increased over time, with particular concern for engine management and control [1] . Today, mechatronic still represents a significant growth area in the motor vehicle branch, even if many engine and safety systems are considered standard equipment in vehicles [2] . The reason for this trend is twofold: on one side, customers require automobiles equipped with high efficiency and low fuel consumption engines; on the other side, as the number of vehicles in the world increases, stricter emission standards are necessary to reduce pollutant emissions [3] . Furthermore, electronic components are usually lighter than the mechanical components they replace, leading to lower fuel and power needed. However, customer satisfaction is not the only target in the development of mechatronic systems; they also must be implemented into the manufacturing processes in an efficient way, with minimum costs for the manufacturer.

The employment of mechatronic systems increased over time, with particular concern for engine management and control.

Today, mechatronic still represents a significant growth area in the motor vehicle branch, even if many engine and safety systems are considered standard equipment in vehicles.

The reason for this trend is twofold: on one side, customers require automobiles equipped with high efficiency and low fuel consumption engines; on the other side, as the number of vehicles in the world increases, stricter emission standards are necessary to reduce pollutant emissions.


Even more recently, an empirical study evaluated how many known bugs are missed by three industrial-strength static bug detectors [33] . An important difference with our approach is that the checked properties in this study did not necessarily lie within the capabilities of the analyzers. In contrast, we synthesize numerical properties, which should be handled by all analyzers we tested.

Even more recently, an empirical study evaluated how many known bugs are missed by three industrial-strength static bug detectors.


Although the two survey versions were distributed randomly to participants in each cultural group, participants from Survey Version 2 scored consistently higher on religiosity as well as personal and prescriptive value ratings than participants from Version 1. We can only speculate what might account for these differences. It might be that in countries in which students participated in this study as an in-class exercise, one side of the classroom was randomly assigned to complete Survey Version 1 whereas the other side completed Version 2. Participants sitting together are likely to be friends and therefore more similar in their attitudes and values than those sitting apart, as values and attitudes are among the most important determinants of attraction (Byrne, 1971) . Given the complexity of cross-cultural research and the fact that researchers often cannot collect the data themselves, it might be desirable to develop a detailed manual for the data collection process that ensures some consistency in the procedure. Note that despite possible inconsistencies and significant differences between versions in some variables, the main results were replicated across survey versions.

Participants sitting together are likely to be friends and therefore more similar in their attitudes and values than those sitting apart, as values and attitudes are among the most important determinants of attraction.


Template-based methods attempt to discover the relations between entities by frequent-used language patterns. For instance, Timothy introduced a method to recognize five types of semantic relations between verbs using non-ambiguous language template [5] . For certain types of relations, the method works well. However, it has the following deficiencies: difficulties in defining templates, dependence on domains, poor scalability.

For instance, Timothy introduced a method to recognize five types of semantic relations between verbs using non-ambiguous language template.


Aiming at the above problems, this paper proposed a big data analysis method of distributed marine green energy resources grid-connected system based on closed-loop information fusion and auto correlation characteristic information mining. This method realized the big data closed-loop operation and maintenance management of grid-connected system, and firstly built the big data information collection model of marine green energy resources grid-connected system, and reconstructs the feature space of the collected big data, and constructed the characteristic equation of fuzzy data closedloop operation and maintenance management in convex spaces, and then used the adaptive feature fusion method to achieve the auto correlation characteristics mining of big data operation and maintenance information, and improved the ability of information scheduling and information mining of distributed marine green energy resources grid-connected system, finally, we got valid conclusion from the simulation experiment analysis of big data analysis, which show the superior performance of this method in improving the big data analysis and operation and maintenance management ability of distributed marine green energy resources gridconnected system. In order to realize the integrated feature extraction and data fusion scheduling of big data of distributed marine green energy resources grid-connected system, we achieve the big data operation and maintenance management and pattern recognition of marine green energy resources grid-connected system through big data analysis method. Firstly, we build big data information acquisition model of marine green energy resources grid-connected system, and carry out the feature space reconstruction of collected big data, and combines with feature extraction methods for data mining, achieving the selective preference and data mining of big data feature in marine green energy resources grid-connected system. Data mining is used to analyze big data of grid-connected system. Data mining (DM) is the process of finding target data from massive data [12] . The massive data has a lot of interference options and the fuzziness and randomness. The location of target data is unknown, which is hidden in massive data, and the class is unknown. In the big data analysis of green energy resources grid-connected system, we need to perform the data screening, the data preprocessing, the pattern extraction, the pattern analysis and the data application, to achieve the big data mining of marine green energy resources grid-connected system [13] . According to the above analysis, we build the big data analysis model of marine green energy resources grid-connected system, as shown in Fig. 2 .

Data mining (DM) is the process of finding target data from massive data.

In the big data analysis of green energy resources grid-connected system, we need to perform the data screening, the data preprocessing, the pattern extraction, the pattern analysis and the data application, to achieve the big data mining of marine green energy resources grid-connected system.


The Internet has become the backbone of today's information society. The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) fulfills most needs for data communication [1] . Due to its own success, the IPv4 address space is gradually getting exhausted as IP-enabled terminals grow in use and number. The situation will be even more strain as users increasingly require their terminals to be 'always-on' (i.e. always globally addressable). Eventually operators and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) will be forced to deploy IP version 6 (IPv6) [2] .

The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) fulfills most needs for data communication.

Eventually operators and Internet Service Providers (ISPs) will be forced to deploy IP version 6 (IPv6).


Employee engagement and transformational leadership are closely studied in the context of working environment and studies conducted on organizational settings. Association of transformational leadership and employee engagement are also supported in the literature with highly positive results. Transformational leadership develops and enhances employee involvement in the organization (Avey, Hughes, Norman, and Luthans, 2008) . Employee involvement showed positive impact on employee performance; employee involvement is also positively related to employee commitment employee commitment is positively associated with employee performance in terms of greater accountability and trust (Dose and Klimoski, 1995) . This discussion shows that employee engagement and employee engagement and involvement discussed in terms of leadership style both show positive relationship with employee performance and positive outcomes in the organization. Findings of this study show that employee engagement practices have positive relationship with employee performance thus proving the second hypothesis of our study.

Transformational leadership develops and enhances employee involvement in the organization.

Employee involvement showed positive impact on employee performance; employee involvement is also positively related to employee commitment employee commitment is positively associated with employee performance in terms of greater accountability and trust.


We have defined the O(N ) singlet sector of the SYK model in terms of bi-local field Ψ and a dynamical time coordinate f (t). The latter introduces a time-reparametrization gauge symmetry which is used to define the theory in the IR limit and eliminate the associated zero mode problem. This exact representation of the bi-local theory with a dynamical time variable and a reparametrization symmetry which is present even away from the IR exhibits similarity with AdS gravity and will be of relevance for establishing the dual correspondence [43] [44] [45] [46] . There are a number of topic that can be part of further studies. First, concerning the 3-vertex (and also higher point vertices) the question of AdS locality is of definite interest. Some indications that this might be possible to achieve were given, this question is also closely related to the external leg redefinitions of the scalar field. A continuing study of finite temperature extension of the formalism is of major relevance. For this, the formalism of TFD (Thermo-Field dynamics) applies and can be implemented in parallel to recent TFD O(N ) vector model studies [47, 48] .

This exact representation of the bi-local theory with a dynamical time variable and a reparametrization symmetry which is present even away from the IR exhibits similarity with AdS gravity and will be of relevance for establishing the dual correspondence.

For this, the formalism of TFD (Thermo-Field dynamics) applies and can be implemented in parallel to recent TFD O(N ) vector model studies.


Most austenitic stainless steels transform to martensite by intense local plastic straining. For example, the piercing of a small hole into the AISI304 stainless steel sheets caused a massive transformation from γ-to α'-phase with high plastic straining around the hole [20] . The massively transformed α'-zones in the phase mapping were surrounded by the highly strained zones in the KAM distribution. In the reverse phase transformation of martensitic to authentic phases, by releasing the induced strains via the heat treatment, the γ-grains were also massively transformed from the α'-grains. Hence, the present transformation into γ-nanolaminates was not driven by plastic straining or by releasing the strains in α'-grains.

For example, the piercing of a small hole into the AISI304 stainless steel sheets caused a massive transformation from γ-to α'-phase with high plastic straining around the hole.


A plasma nitriding process below 700 K makes nitrogen supersaturation into stainless steels with a higher nitrogen solute content than 1 mass% and without nitride precipitates [6] . This low temperature plasma nitriding was first characterized by the formation of the nitrided layer with a thickness more than 80 µm-even at 673 K for 14.4 ks [7, 8] . Large α'-phase peak shifts, as well as new peaks for γ-phase, were detected by XRD analysis to prove that α'-lattices expanded in the c-axis and elastically strained enough to make the transformation to γ-phase [9] [10] [11] . CrN and γ'-Fe 4 N were not detected in the trace level; the detected γ-phase lattices were formed by the phase transformation from α' to γ since the nitrogen solute worked as a γ-phase stabilizer and as an alloying element in stainless steels [12] . In addition, the plastic straining was also induced to compensate for the strain compensate for the strain incompatibility between nitrogen saturated and unsaturated '-lattices [13] . The original coarse grains were refined by this large plastic distortion so that the nitrogen supersaturated layer consisted of an '- two-phase, fine-grained structure [14] [15] .

A plasma nitriding process below 700 K makes nitrogen supersaturation into stainless steels with a higher nitrogen solute content than 1 mass% and without nitride precipitates.

This low temperature plasma nitriding was first characterized by the formation of the nitrided layer with a thickness more than 80 µm-even at 673 K for 14.4 ks.

Large α'-phase peak shifts, as well as new peaks for γ-phase, were detected by XRD analysis to prove that α'-lattices expanded in the c-axis and elastically strained enough to make the transformation to γ-phase.

CrN and γ'-Fe 4 N were not detected in the trace level; the detected γ-phase lattices were formed by the phase transformation from α' to γ since the nitrogen solute worked as a γ-phase stabilizer and as an alloying element in stainless steels.

In addition, the plastic straining was also induced to compensate for the strain compensate for the strain incompatibility between nitrogen saturated and unsaturated '-lattices.

The original coarse grains were refined by this large plastic distortion so that the nitrogen supersaturated layer consisted of an '- two-phase, fine-grained structure.


In this paper, we present a planar MA which operates over microwave frequencies. It can absorb the EM wave at nearly 5.6 GHz and 6 GHz with absorption rates of 97% and 99%, respectively. The two absorptions are at C band. The physics of MAs has been explained by different mechanisms [8] [9] [10] [11] . We use a numerical way to explore the absorption mechanism in this absorber structure and verify that the high absorption originates from the destructive interference of the reflection waves, but not the intrinsic electromagnetic resonance loss of the structure [12] . The full-wave simulations, numerical calculations, and experimental results support the proposed absorber's performance. Numerical simulations are performed using full-wave electromagnetic solver, CST Microwave Studio.

The two absorptions are at C band.

The physics of MAs has been explained by different mechanisms.

We use a numerical way to explore the absorption mechanism in this absorber structure and verify that the high absorption originates from the destructive interference of the reflection waves, but not the intrinsic electromagnetic resonance loss of the structure.


Poor I/O performance is a critical hurdle in HPC systems, especially for dataintensive applications. These applications often exhibit small and noncontiguous accesses, and it is important to deliver high performance for these accesses. Data sieving remains a critical approach to improve the performance of small and noncontiguous accesses [17] [18] . The existing data sieving strategy, however, suffers large memory requirement pressure and is static. This study proposes a new performance model directed (PMD) data sieving approach and addresses the drawbacks. The proposed approach is essentially a heuristic data sieving approach directed by the performance estimation given from a performance model. The PMD data sieving approach dynamically makes the decision on when and how to perform data sieving based on different access patterns. The experimental results have confirmed its benefits and advantages over the widely used conventional method. It improves the I/O performance and reduces the memory requirement. Given the importance of a data sieving approach to improve the performance of small and noncontiguous I/O, the PMD data sieving approach will have an impact on high performance I/O systems.

Data sieving remains a critical approach to improve the performance of small and noncontiguous accesses.


The variation in seed yield showed that production of diploid red clover seeds is less problematic. One of the reasons why tetraploids yield lower seed can be longer floral tube together with genetic peculiarities related to seed set (Taylor and Quesenberry, 1996) . Under Lithuanian conditions, the only honey bee race 'Caucasian' is available as an efficient pollinator of red clover. The other honey bee races are inefficient pollinators due to a shorter tongue. The lower flower number per flower head also can negatively influence seed yield of tetraploids (Muntean, 2008) . Seed yield of diploids was twice higher than that of tetraploids in three years of four. Seed weight was twice higher for tetraploids. Therefore, seed number of tetraploids was lower by four times. This indicates that seed set in tetraploids is very problematic. Decrease of plant number after winter should not highly negatively influence seed yield. Diseases damaging above ground parts of red clover is much more harmful for seed production than that for forage yield due to a much longer period of diseases development on seed crop. The high level of disease is very harmful to red clover under Lithuanian conditions. Seed yield of cultivars susceptible to many diseases can be lost totally in years favourable to diseases. In many cases these favourable conditions are due to rainy weather. These conditions also cause severe lodging of crops which in turn complicates harvesting the remaining seeds. It seems that only directed disease resistance breeding can help to improve seed yield of red clover. Visual evaluation of individually grown plants should allow selecting the most resistant plants possessing a complex of desirable traits also in the case of selection for forage yield.

One of the reasons why tetraploids yield lower seed can be longer floral tube together with genetic peculiarities related to seed set.

The lower flower number per flower head also can negatively influence seed yield of tetraploids.


Microactuators have been constructed with out-of-plane and in-plane motion, and actuation by thermal, electrostatic, piezoelectric and magnetic drives [11] . Thermal actuation does not require sophisticated materials, and is more compact than an electrostatic drive. Out-of-plane actuators were originally developed as bimorphs, based on media with differing thermal properties [12] [13] [14] [15] . Their dynamics are well understood [16, 17] . However, long travel can only be obtained by removing the substrate.

Microactuators have been constructed with out-of-plane and in-plane motion, and actuation by thermal, electrostatic, piezoelectric and magnetic drives.

Out-of-plane actuators were originally developed as bimorphs, based on media with differing thermal properties.

Their dynamics are well understood.


Further improvements may be obtained by improving the thermal efficiency and extending the bandwidth of the transducer itself. In fact, the actuators demonstrated here already have sufficiently large deflections to provide the basis for a moving waveguide bar code scanner, making them suitable for this application. Further work is therefore now under way to combine silica-based guides with bonded silicon-on-insulator cantilever drive mechanism to construct a prototype scanner. Suitable waveguides have been developed, and a 4-mask process defined; the main difficulty is to protect the guides during sacrificial etching [32] .

Suitable waveguides have been developed, and a 4-mask process defined; the main difficulty is to protect the guides during sacrificial etching.


Figure 1(a) shows the method of scanning in a piezoelectric fibre device [9] . Since the distance L I moved by the image is L I = L O × M (where L O is the distance moved by the object and M is the lens magnification), the scan length is optimized by maximizing L O and M. Figure 1(b) shows signal collection in a confocal system. Here, the numerical aperture NA S of the measurable scattered power is related to the numerical aperture NA C of the collector optics by NA S = NA C /M. Since the collected power is proportional to NA 2 S , the signal is optimized by maximizing NA C and minimizing M.

Figure 1(a) shows the method of scanning in a piezoelectric fibre device.


The growth of renewable energy sources (RES) in the electricity grid together with the increasing use of electricity for transport and heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning requires a new vision for future transmission and distribution grids. The Global Smart Grid Federation report claims that the existing power grid networks are not well equipped to meet the demands of the 21st century [1] . Increasing the complexity and variability of generation introduces a new type of electric grid, which needs further innovation to solve its challenges and manage its expansion.

The Global Smart Grid Federation report claims that the existing power grid networks are not well equipped to meet the demands of the 21st century.


Pulmonary complication is the most common non-pancreatic complication, which is caused by various mechanisms. Acute respiratory distress syndrome may be associated with a complex cascade of events including inflammation that start with early acinar cell damage in AP [42] . Besides, it was observed in rat model that dexamethasone could down-regulate the inflammatory mediators in the lung but failed to hinder the lung injury or complication, which might be attributed to the leukocyte recruitment [43] . So we assumed that early EN which could reduce the release of inflammatory mediators from the gut was not enough to reduce pulmonary complications. And this was proven by our analysis that the incidence of pulmonary complications did not differ between early EN group and late EN or TPN group. More studies on effective strategies to reduce the pulmonary complications are needed.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome may be associated with a complex cascade of events including inflammation that start with early acinar cell damage in AP.

Besides, it was observed in rat model that dexamethasone could down-regulate the inflammatory mediators in the lung but failed to hinder the lung injury or complication, which might be attributed to the leukocyte recruitment.


Due to stringent environmental regulations, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are always challenged to meet new effluent quality requirements [1] . In such context, the use of online sensors for control and optimization in the wastewater treatment plants is indispensable. Measurements from instrumentation shall be available 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. However, even reliable instrumentation can fail during operation, which can have serious consequences if the instrumentation is used in the closed form. The huge amount of correlated data adds more complexity to this problem, thus making manual expert-based quality evaluation infeasible [2] . The development of methods that allow us to extract useful information for automatic detection of faults and identifying their root cause is urgently needed.

Due to stringent environmental regulations, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are always challenged to meet new effluent quality requirements.

The huge amount of correlated data adds more complexity to this problem, thus making manual expert-based quality evaluation infeasible.


This paper presents an original adaptive random field discretization dedicated to the approximation of extreme value statistics. The proposed approach is based on a representation of the random field by Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE) and Kriging interpolation. Taking advantages of some of the Kriging properties, we define a criterion that allows to construct iteratively the design of experiments (doe) where the uncertainty quantification by PCE must be performed, in order to bring relevant information with respect to the extreme value statistics of the random field. An efficient and accurate numerical estimation of this criterion is also proposed. Finally, Algorithm 1 presents the global strategy leading to the construction of an hybrid PCE-Kriging approximation of the random field (note that two random field representations are proposed and compared). Closed form expressions of these representations are given by Eq. (10) and by Eq. (15) . Moreover, partial derivatives with respect to the parametric variable x can be derived analytically for both representations which make them very efficient for the estimation of extreme value statistics by direct Monte Carlo method. The efficiency of the proposed approach is illustrated on 2 Gaussian examples in spatial dimension 1 and 2 and stochastic dimension equal to 23 and 3 respectively. A non Gaussian example, of spatial dimension 1 and stochastic dimension 3, dealing with the parametric study of an aircraft wing and involving the computation of aerodynamics loads by a numerical code is also presented.

Closed form expressions of these representations are given by Eq. (10) and by Eq..


The number of dermal formulations has grown in recent decades. According to a market analysis conducted in 2016, profits from transdermal preparations will increase significantly by 2024 [1] . The basic reason for their success is that they have numerous benefits. These include, for example, non-invasive treatment, gastrointestinal tract protection, and avoiding the first pass metabolism of the liver. Topical semisolid preparations are complex formulations. The physical characteristics of the product depend on numerous factors, including the particle size of dispersed particles, the surface tension between the phases, the fractional distribution of the drug between the phases, and rheological behavior. These attributes collectively determine the in vitro release profile, together with additional characteristics. The quantity of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) released in vitro is an essential characteristic of a product.

According to a market analysis conducted in 2016, profits from transdermal preparations will increase significantly by 2024.


The integral floating display which is composed of a display device, a lens array, and a floating lens has been verified by several analyses that it can enhance the viewing parameters of the volumetric 3D image including the depth expression. Thus, there have been ideas to implement a volumetric AR device using that advantage by adopting a convex half mirror or a freeform prism as variations of a floating lens [9] , [10] . However, even the most advanced ideas above are still under the fundamental limitation that the image volume (the depth expression of the volumetric image) is restricted around the image plane of the floating optics. Thus, a novel method to provide expanded image volume is needed for providing a realistic experience to the observer. For that purpose, we proposed an AR device which is expressible switchable integrated spaces to present dual 3D volumetric images using a bi-focal integral floating display synchronized with an active polarization switching device (APSD).

Thus, there have been ideas to implement a volumetric AR device using that advantage by adopting a convex half mirror or a freeform prism as variations of a floating lens.


In general, it appears as a singular benign lesion; however there are rare cases that are malignant or multicentric forms [5] [6] [7] . The benign form shows polygonal cells with granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm and small nuclei. The malignant form, however, is associated with a high mitotic index and pleomorphic cellular tissue, tends to grow rapidly, and invades adjacent tissue [8] .

In general, it appears as a singular benign lesion; however there are rare cases that are malignant or multicentric forms.

The malignant form, however, is associated with a high mitotic index and pleomorphic cellular tissue, tends to grow rapidly, and invades adjacent tissue.


Apart from future financial and employment problems, this can be a contributing factor towards negative self-esteem. Teenagers are often afraid to tell friends, parents or other family members about the pregnancy which can lead to further anxiety, feeling of shame and withdrawal from society. Most of the pregnancy may not have any particular person to claim responsibility hence fear of having bastard-child may lead to abortion or death. The boy or man who perhaps is responsible for it may deny such. Teenager-mothers are at a higher risk of poverty, inability to maintain a stable job, ending up in abusive homes, having children who perform poorly in school and having daughters with the higher risk of also becoming pregnant during their teenage years and eventually become lone parents (Odu & Ayodele, 2007b) .

Teenager-mothers are at a higher risk of poverty, inability to maintain a stable job, ending up in abusive homes, having children who perform poorly in school and having daughters with the higher risk of also becoming pregnant during their teenage years and eventually become lone parents.


These services include day care facilities that are affordable and convenient to home and for work. Various forms of counseling, child care enrichment, after school programme and parent education. Consistent differences appear between groups of children who have father and those who do not, those who have mothers and those who do not have, and moreover those who spend part of their lives in a step-family (Odu & Ayodele, 2007b) .

Consistent differences appear between groups of children who have father and those who do not, those who have mothers and those who do not have, and moreover those who spend part of their lives in a step-family.


Life option for opportunity cost theory suggests that adolescents engage in risky sexual behaviour because they believe that they have little to lose. Adolescents who experience educational and job success and perceive positive future opportunities for themselves should have stronger motivation for avoiding early pregnancy and parenthood. To some extent, intervention that focuses on enhancing educational achievement and providing apprenticeship and employment appear to be effective. Another limit of current intervention is their lack of attention to males but focuses on females, also it fails to consider the role of males in teen pregnancy at all. Parents are more likely to talk about sex with daughters than with sons, teens talk about sex more with their friends than with their parents (Albert & Flamingen, 2003) .

Parents are more likely to talk about sex with daughters than with sons, teens talk about sex more with their friends than with their parents.


Sexual content appears in two-thirds of all television programmes, 14% of programmes portray sexual intercourse. This encourages teens to become sexually active when it portrays sex as more central to daily life than it actually is, a process known as media cultivation. Social learning theory predicts that teens who watch portrayal of sex without consequence will be more likely to become sexually active. The probability of breast and gender touching is 50% higher among teens who watch large amount of television than among of those who do not. Older tends are more likely than younger teens to say that morals and values are more important at health information in preventing sexual activities. Hana Margaret teenage pregnancy can lead to negative psychological effects including depression and resentment, drop out of schools (Kunkel, Eyel & Biely, 2003) .

Hana Margaret teenage pregnancy can lead to negative psychological effects including depression and resentment, drop out of schools.


General perturbation methods, also analytical theories, refer to the analytical integration of the equations of motion, using perturbation theories based on series expansions [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . General perturbation methods provide analytical solutions valid for any set of initial conditions. These solutions are explicit functions of time, constants of the problem, and integration constants, which are mainly characterized by retaining the essential behavior of motion. Provided that the position and velocity of the orbiter at an initial instant 0 are known, their determination for any other instant requires only one evaluation of the analytical solution.

General perturbation methods, also analytical theories, refer to the analytical integration of the equations of motion, using perturbation theories based on series expansions.


In a previous study, we generated the RGD-rmhTNF-a molecule, confirmed that it could bind to avb3 integrin in vitro, and found that its bioactivity was similar to that of rmhTNF-a [20] . With the aim of further improving the potential clinical application of RGD-rmhTNF-a, we hypothesized that coupling the RGD-4C peptide to rmhTNF-a would selectively target it to tumor vessels in vivo, increase tumor vessel permeability, and promote the antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic agents within the tumor microenvironment. In the present study, we addressed our hypothesis in the murine H22 hepatoma and S180 sarcoma allografted tumor models. We found that intratumoral levels of RGD-rmhTNF-a were significantly higher than that of rmhTNFa. Furthermore, RGD-rmhTNF-a enhanced tumor vessel permeability. When combined with the traditional chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin, RGD-rmhTNF-a increased intratumoral doxorubicin levels and synergized with doxorubicin to enhance the antitumor activity of this chemotherapy. These results suggested that targeted delivery of low doses of RGD-rmhTNF-a to the tumor vasculature increased the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs for solid tumors.

In a previous study, we generated the RGD-rmhTNF-a molecule, confirmed that it could bind to avb3 integrin in vitro, and found that its bioactivity was similar to that of rmhTNF-a.


Accordingly, the Korean government has strived to create a smart city infrastructure; for instance, the "Ubiquitous City Comprehensive Plan" was established as early as 2003 for investment in the research and development (R&D) of relevant technologies. Furthermore, the "Korean Ubiquitous-Eco-City Project" was launched to develop ICT-based eco-technologies (EcoT) for the sustainable growth of the city in 2007 [13] . In addition to these technology-promoting programs, the government has focused on facilitation of the smart city market through several market-pull policies like demonstration programs for enhancing industrial competitiveness, as well as the sustainable growth of the city. The Korean government has concentrated on industrial convergence with IoT technologies based on short-and mid-term ICT plans, including "The Master Plan for Building the Internet of Things (IoT)" and "The K(Korea)-ICT Strategy" [14] . The Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (MSIP) has built a test complex for the smart city with an investment of more than four million dollars, in cooperation with a municipality (Busan city) and a telecommunication company (SK Telecom). Additionally, the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement (KAIA) launched a program to build a demonstration complex of the smart city based on a living laboratory collaborating with a municipality (Daegu city), public research institutes and universities.

Furthermore, the "Korean Ubiquitous-Eco-City Project" was launched to develop ICT-based eco-technologies (EcoT) for the sustainable growth of the city in 2007.

The Korean government has concentrated on industrial convergence with IoT technologies based on short-and mid-term ICT plans, including "The Master Plan for Building the Internet of Things (IoT)" and "The K(Korea)-ICT Strategy".


Although applications of the IoT technology vary according to the scholar, they in general include smart energy, smart health, smart buildings, smart transport, smart living and the smart city, covering the domains of individuals, societies, environments, industries and governance [5] [6] [7] . The smart city, one such IoT application, is designed for citizens to use intelligent services in an environment where transport, environment, energy, living, governance and civic components are integrated; it not only enhances quality of life on the individual level, but also operates the city in a smart and efficient manner. As a result, several governments expressed interest in the smart city, the establishment of which is expected to resolve a number of problems associated with the deterioration of a city due to excessive urbanization.

Although applications of the IoT technology vary according to the scholar, they in general include smart energy, smart health, smart buildings, smart transport, smart living and the smart city, covering the domains of individuals, societies, environments, industries and governance.


In other words, this study suggests that the establishment of the ICT industry is crucial if the national and municipal policies for sustainable cities back up the implementation of a smart city. Such a significance of service industry sectors facilitated by ICT infrastructure appears in accordance with previous studies, which empirically showed that a wide spectrum of ICT applications led to the accumulation of intellectual capital, ultimately resulting in wealth creation by means of interconnecting human and social capital via activated knowledge networks [11, 12, 30, 31] . For instance, this study found the high induction coefficients of employment of the smart city industry in service industry sectors, including Professional, scientific and technical activities and Administrative and support service activities, supporting the idea that human and social capital can be leveraged by ICT-based public administration and education, thus improving the competitiveness of a smart city [11] . In this regard, such service industries need to be based on the actual demand for ICT services, which enables maximized efficiency with minimized cost, rather than the public services that are likely to be supplier-oriented, leading to failure in persistence due to an inappropriate revenue model. Another interesting characteristics of in this study is that the smart city industry shows a significantly high forward linkage effect with regard to the service industries such as Wholesale and retail trade, Finance and insurance, Real estate and business services, Professional, scientific and technical activities from the viewpoint of the industrial production value chain of Korea. Considering both the forward and backward linkage effects, i.e., overall supply and demand for all of the industries, smart cities are ranked in the top five industries, indicating again the importance of the smart city industry in the production value chain of Korea. Considering the impact of the smart city industry's growth, both the forward and backward, including its services, industries and policies, the smart city is expected to play a key role not only in the sustainable city, but also in the growth of the national economy.

Such a significance of service industry sectors facilitated by ICT infrastructure appears in accordance with previous studies, which empirically showed that a wide spectrum of ICT applications led to the accumulation of intellectual capital, ultimately resulting in wealth creation by means of interconnecting human and social capital via activated knowledge networks.

For instance, this study found the high induction coefficients of employment of the smart city industry in service industry sectors, including Professional, scientific and technical activities and Administrative and support service activities, supporting the idea that human and social capital can be leveraged by ICT-based public administration and education, thus improving the competitiveness of a smart city.


Until recently, most RE and CR toolkits have been evaluated on the ACE datasets (Doddington et al., 2004) . The ACE guidelines restrict possible mentions to be considered to specific semantic types (PERSON, LOCATION and so on). Moreover, mentions are annotated with their minimal and maximal span, allowing for relaxed matching between gold and automatically extracted boundaries. In such a setting, the mention detection task can be cast as a tagging problem, similar to the named entity recognition and classification task. A number of systems have followed this scenario, demonstrating reliable performance (Florian et al., 2004; Ittycheriah et al., 2003; Zitouni and Florian, 2008) .

Until recently, most RE and CR toolkits have been evaluated on the ACE datasets.

A number of systems have followed this scenario, demonstrating reliable performance.


Samples for BSi (ca . 30 mg) were weighed and leached with Na2 CO 3 at 85'C . After 2, 3, and 4 hr of leaching, samples were withdrawn for analysis of soluble silica on a Technicon Auto Analyzer with the hetropoly blue method . A linear regression of these time course data extrapolated to zero time was used to correct for mineral interference (Krausse et al., 1983) .

A linear regression of these time course data extrapolated to zero time was used to correct for mineral interference.


BK virus is one of the polyomaviruses. Serological evidence of BK virus infection in 70-90% of asymptomatic healthy adults demonstrates its high prevalence in studied populations [2] [3] [4] . The primary route of transmission remains unclear, with both respiratory and oral routes proposed [2, 5] . Despite rarely presenting as a clinical problem, reactivation of latent BK infection in the renal tubular epithelial and urothelial cells can occur in the setting of cellular immunosuppression. A nonspecific inflammatory reaction is triggered by virus mediated cell lysis, and in immunocompetent hosts both cellular and humoural immunity is subsequently activated [4] .

BK virus is one of the polyomaviruses.

Serological evidence of BK virus infection in 70-90% of asymptomatic healthy adults demonstrates its high prevalence in studied populations.

The primary route of transmission remains unclear, with both respiratory and oral routes proposed.

A nonspecific inflammatory reaction is triggered by virus mediated cell lysis, and in immunocompetent hosts both cellular and humoural immunity is subsequently activated.


The ability to act in complex and purposive ways is a central attribute of higher animals, and is essential to the understanding of intelligence and cognition. Over the last several decades, neuroscientists and cognitive scientists have elucidated many of the mechanisms underlying motor control. Experiments with primates have shown that complex voluntary movements are encoded at multiple levels in the cortex, brainstem and the spinal cord [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . However, the overall process by which such movements are generated remains a subject of significant debate [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] .

Experiments with primates have shown that complex voluntary movements are encoded at multiple levels in the cortex, brainstem and the spinal cord.

However, the overall process by which such movements are generated remains a subject of significant debate.


Second, we explore the range of ways in which human trafficking has been portrayed over time, and the impact of each prominent portrayal on support for anti-trafficking efforts in a survey experiment. The various forms of human trafficking, as well as a legacy definition that focusses on women and prostitution, have created space for human trafficking to be redefined and interpreted in alternative ways, and at times misinterpreted (Jahic and Finckenauer 2005) . Through an analysis of print media over the past five decades, we find that human trafficking can be, and has been, politicised as a human rights or forced labour issue, a foreign issue, an immigration issue, a gendered, sex-exploitation issue and a security issue. The relative impact of the five different messages indicates that support can be enhanced with certain types of messaging strategies. Seeing human trafficking as sex trafficking, general labour/human rights issue or an immigration issue does not necessarily translate to greater activism or a demand for policy change. Interestingly, highlighting that human trafficking includes exploitation that is not sexual in nature does not positively or negatively alter public support. However, emphasising that human trafficking is a local problem (downplaying that human trafficking is a foreign issue that takes place abroad and/or involves immigrants if it takes place within the US border) and a security issue elicits a greater demand for policy action and increased motivation to take actions to combat trafficking.

The various forms of human trafficking, as well as a legacy definition that focusses on women and prostitution, have created space for human trafficking to be redefined and interpreted in alternative ways, and at times misinterpreted.


Consumer behavior study is much more complex for services than for goods, due to their intrinsic characteristics: intangibility, inseparability of production and consumption, heterogeneity, and perishability (Zeithaml, Parasuraman, & Berry, 1985) . Tourist consumer behavior is particularly complex because the final decision of buying tourist services presents distinctive aspects. First, the acquisition process has a strong emotional component for consumers. Second, purchasing is often the culmination of a long process of planning, choice, evaluation and assessment of alternatives by a large number of people. More importantly, this intangibility of tourist services creates uncertainty and perceived risk in the consumer's mind (Hugstad, Taylor, & Bruce, 1987; Zeithaml, 1981) . So, before buying a tourist service, consumers acquire a large quantity of information and anticipate the consumption, creating images and expectations.

Consumer behavior study is much more complex for services than for goods, due to their intrinsic characteristics: intangibility, inseparability of production and consumption, heterogeneity, and perishability.

More importantly, this intangibility of tourist services creates uncertainty and perceived risk in the consumer's mind.


In recent years, formation control for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems has attracted considerable research interest, and has performed well in a variety of areas, such as target seeking, telecommunication relay, environment monitoring, earthquake rescue, and so on. Compared with single UAV working, multi-UAV coordinated formation working has overwhelming superiority of high efficiency in accomplishing tasks, strong robustness and better flexibility (Xue et al., 2016) . The main challenges in formation control for multi-UAV systems are switching communication network, the practical demand of time-varying formation, large time delay, and the rigid requirement of fast convergence speed. Therefore, how to deal with these challenges has become the common concern of researchers from the control engineering and robotics communities.

Compared with single UAV working, multi-UAV coordinated formation working has overwhelming superiority of high efficiency in accomplishing tasks, strong robustness and better flexibility.


Frame selection strategies. We compare the strategies of selecting frames on the IRD and ICVL-4 datasets: the proposed informative frame sampling and the existing uniform sampling. Informative samples are selected from the informative frame selection strategy, and uniform samples are obtained from the uniform sampling strategy used in ST-GCN [39] . The uniform sampling selects T frames at the same interval from a video. The comparisons between uniform and informative samples are performed using the human pose (HP) stream and the object-related human pose with hands connection (OHP-hands) stream. Our results, as observed in Table 1 , show that the informative frame selection is a better strategy than uniform sampling. In particular, the informative frame selection in HP stream achieves a 5.5% (on IRD) and a 8% (on ICVL-4) improvement compared to ST-GCN using uniform samples. We argue that the improved performance comes from building more meaningful graphs by ignoring redundant information and focusing on accurate poses. Our methods use the informative frame selection strategy for the following experiments.

Frame selection strategies.

Informative samples are selected from the informative frame selection strategy, and uniform samples are obtained from the uniform sampling strategy used in ST-GCN.


These findings also have potential implications for the attraction, selection, and training of personnel. First, organizations could attempt to attract individuals of high integrity by emphasizing the importance of integrity in recruitment materials. Second, organizations could assess LC, CMD, or both when selecting managers for positions requiring ethical decision making. These measures may be difficult to implement for selection purposes, however. Problems similar to those encountered in integrity testing can be expected (Sackett, 1985; Sackett, Burris, & Callahan, 1989; Sackett & Harris, 1984) . Measures of LC and CMD may be particularly useful for targeting training resources. Organizations could attempt to increase managers' CMD through training. Although CMD level is considered a relatively stable individual characteristic, it can be increased through training (Goldman & Arbuthnot, 1979; Hersh, Miller, & Fielding, 1980; Penn & Collier, 1985) .

Problems similar to those encountered in integrity testing can be expected.

Although CMD level is considered a relatively stable individual characteristic, it can be increased through training.


This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of the Japanese energy efficiency standards for air conditioners. The CO 2 reduction effect estimated through 2040 was 330 Mt CO 2 . When applying a discount rate of 3%, CO 2 abatement cost realized through the standards was estimated to be negative value of -13,700 JPY/t CO 2 , suggesting its certain excellence as an energy efficiency policy measure, which supports the view shown by the previous research [9] . According to the result of the sensitivity analysis, however, the net cost turns from negative into positive at a discount rate of 26% or higher. The results also revealed that the "excellent" cost-effectiveness of the standards largely depends on that of the 1 st standard, and that the estimated CO 2 abatement cost of the 2 nd standard was considerably high value of 26,800 JPY/t CO 2 in 2040.

When applying a discount rate of 3%, CO 2 abatement cost realized through the standards was estimated to be negative value of -13,700 JPY/t CO 2 , suggesting its certain excellence as an energy efficiency policy measure, which supports the view shown by the previous research.


In the current case, three steels with different sulfur contents are melted and solidified using an SSCT experiment. The chemical compositions of the steels are listed in Table 1 . After the aforementioned sample preparation process, the inclusions in the samples are measured using automated SEM/EDS analysis. This method has been widely applied to investigate the steel cleanness [40] [41] [42] . These measurements employed a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (ZEISS Ultra55) equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS) (Oxford Instruments).

This method has been widely applied to investigate the steel cleanness.


The present paper proposes a comprehensive model of MnS formation during the solidification of steel. A deeper understanding of the nucleation and growth of manganese sulfide during the solidification of steels is desirable to reduce, control, and even benefit from the formation of MnS. For that purpose, the development of a comprehensive modeling approach for inclusion formation is continued. As a first step, a microsegregation model linked to thermodynamic databases has been developed [17, 18] . Second, coupled with the proposed microsegregation model, the thermodynamics of inclusion formation during the solidification process has been simulated [19] . In the present case, the modeling of inclusion formation is conducted by simultaneously considering the kinetics, microsegregation, and thermodynamics.

As a first step, a microsegregation model linked to thermodynamic databases has been developed.

Second, coupled with the proposed microsegregation model, the thermodynamics of inclusion formation during the solidification process has been simulated.


In the present work, the submerged split chill tensile (SSCT) experiment was used to simulate the solidification process of steel. The SSCT experiment was initially developed to investigate the high-temperature mechanical properties of alloys [36] [37] [38] . The Figure 3 Schematic illustration of the particle-size-grouping: the particles are divided into j groups (G 1 …G i to G j ) and each group has its radius range defined by R; the groups are characterized by the corresponding mean radius (r 1 …r i to r j ) and the total number (n 1 …n i to n j ); in the calculation, the size and number changes of the groups in the solid (with the superscript S) resulted from particle entrapment; and changes of groups in the residual liquid (with the superscript L) are caused by inclusion nucleation, growth, and collision.

The SSCT experiment was initially developed to investigate the high-temperature mechanical properties of alloys.


Studies of transient wave resistance go back a long time. Whenever a ship undergoes changes in velocity during acceleration or manoeuvring, transient waves are emitted, and the wave radiation force correspondingly will be time dependent for the duration during which the created transient ring-wave remains in the immediate vicinity of the ship. A century ago, Havelock studied the wave resistance in 2 dimensions due to a suddenly appearing ship, modelled as a distribution of additional pressure at the water's surface, suppressing the free surface approximately as would a ship [12] . The resistance force was found to increase from zero to a peak value before relaxing in an oscillatory manner to its static value. The speed of relaxation was found to depend closely on the aspect ratio of the disturbance, since the bow and stern waves from a more slender ship tend to cancel, causing a quicker relaxation to steady conditions and a more stable steady wave resistance. On the other hand a circular "ship" with little such interference, experienced a very slow relaxation rate. A study of the resistance felt by a submerged cylinder starting suddenly from rest revealed similar results [13] . Studies of ships in various kinds of acceleration is a related classical problem [14, 15] .

A century ago, Havelock studied the wave resistance in 2 dimensions due to a suddenly appearing ship, modelled as a distribution of additional pressure at the water's surface, suppressing the free surface approximately as would a ship.

A study of the resistance felt by a submerged cylinder starting suddenly from rest revealed similar results.

Studies of ships in various kinds of acceleration is a related classical problem.


Two of us recently showed that the wave resistance acting on a ship in steady motion can be significantly altered by the presence of a shear current beneath the water surface [10] . In conditions with no shear, wave resistance typically becomes important for Froude numbers around 0.3 and peaks in the vicinity of 0.5 before decreasing again as the wake becomes dominated by diverging waves. When a sub-surface shear current is present, however, both the Froude number at which wave resistance sets in, and the value at which it peaks, are in general changed, with opposite effects whether the ship travels along, against, or across the current [10] . Moreover, subsurface shear causes the angle made by the ship waves to differ from Lord Kelvin's classic 19.47 • , being smaller for shear-assisted and larger for shear-inhibited motion, and asymmetric around the line of motion when the angle with the current is oblique [11] . In the latter case momentum is imparted to the water at different rates to starboard and port, and the corresponding wave radiation force experienced by the ship obtains a lateral component in addition to the conventional sternward wave resistance [10] . No corresponding phenomenon exists in rectilinear motion if the current has depth-uniform velocity profile.

Two of us recently showed that the wave resistance acting on a ship in steady motion can be significantly altered by the presence of a shear current beneath the water surface.

When a sub-surface shear current is present, however, both the Froude number at which wave resistance sets in, and the value at which it peaks, are in general changed, with opposite effects whether the ship travels along, against, or across the current.

Moreover, subsurface shear causes the angle made by the ship waves to differ from Lord Kelvin's classic 19.47 • , being smaller for shear-assisted and larger for shear-inhibited motion, and asymmetric around the line of motion when the angle with the current is oblique.

In the latter case momentum is imparted to the water at different rates to starboard and port, and the corresponding wave radiation force experienced by the ship obtains a lateral component in addition to the conventional sternward wave resistance.


Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) have received considerable attention as promising energy storage systems because they offer desirable characteristics for storing electrical energy: a long cycle life, a flexible design, high safety, no cross-contamination and independence of energy and power densities [2] . Nonetheless, for VRFBs to be competitive with other energy storage devices their size and cost need to be reduced and they must display higher energy efficiency values. Energy efficiency mainly depends on the structural, physical and chemical properties of the electrodes integrating the devices as they act as supports for the vanadium redox reactions involved in the charge and discharge processes. Hence, improving the electrochemical performance of the electrodes of the VRFB is a suitable strategy to enhance battery performance [3] .

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) have received considerable attention as promising energy storage systems because they offer desirable characteristics for storing electrical energy: a long cycle life, a flexible design, high safety, no cross-contamination and independence of energy and power densities.

Hence, improving the electrochemical performance of the electrodes of the VRFB is a suitable strategy to enhance battery performance.


When investigating potential accident sequences, the time between the occurrences of events can be an important parameter [1] . This type of system could be characterized as one with various shutdown mechanisms that are initiated given the presence of some initiating event, e.g. when a pressure limit is exceeded. In order to identify all relevant accidents for a such a system, Nielsen stated that the safety assessment tool used must be able to determine the possible causes of the accident event and identify the possible consequences given that one or more of the accident limiting provisions could fail.

When investigating potential accident sequences, the time between the occurrences of events can be an important parameter.


In the 21 st century, researchers have become concerned about the influencing factors of SINPD (Walter, 2003) . SINPD, while enhancing firm performance, has also made management more complicated. There are many factors which can make or break SINPD, such as conflict of management and mutual coordination (Fliess and Becker, 2006) . The influencing factors of SINPD are divided into driving factors and enabling factors. However, most of the extant studies on the influencing factors of SINPD are based on case study or literature analysis, while empirical research is lacking.

In the 21 st century, researchers have become concerned about the influencing factors of SINPD.

There are many factors which can make or break SINPD, such as conflict of management and mutual coordination.


In recent years, a growing number of Chinese companies have started to implement SINPD. However, in order to implement SINPD more effectively, they must identify the influencing factors of SINPD first. Due to differences in economic, political, and cultural environments, the influencing factors for SINPD in Chinese enterprises might be different from factors identified in foreign literature. The situation might be the same for driving and enabling factors of SINPD (Fliess and Becker, 2006; McIvor and Humphreys, 2004; Petersen, Handfield and Ragatz, 2003; Petersen, Handfield and Ragatz, 2005; Wagner and Hoegl, 2006; Walter, 2003) . This paper attempts to identify and confirm the driving and enabling factors of SINPD in China. It also explores the different implementation of SINPD in various types of companies, and further studies the impact of influencing factors on SINPD implementation. It aims to enrich the theory of SINPD in the Chinese culture and guide Chinese manufacturing enterprises to implement SINPD more effectively. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 is a literature review on the influencing factors of SINPD. Section 3 explores the influencing factors of SINPD in Chinese enterprises. Section 4 builds a theoretical model of the relationship between influencing factors of SINPD and implementation of SINPD, and evaluates the model using regression analysis. Managerial suggestions and implications are provided in the last section.

The situation might be the same for driving and enabling factors of SINPD.


Biological tissues are heterogeneous mixtures of various materials and quantities such as water, ions, membranes, and macromolecules with a broad variety of profiles. Therefore, their interaction with electromagnetic radiation takes place in different relaxation processes including (i) reorientation of water and protein-bound water molecules, (ii) interfacial polarization arising by the presence of two or more regions with different electrical properties, (iii) ionic diffusion, (iv) tumbling motion of the protein molecules, and (v) relaxations due to the nonspherical shape. These phenomena cause a frequency dispersion pattern of permittivity and conductivity which is characterized by a series of steps as the frequency increases [16, 17] .

These phenomena cause a frequency dispersion pattern of permittivity and conductivity which is characterized by a series of steps as the frequency increases.


Recently, multifrequency and ultrawideband microwave technologies have receiving increasing attention due to their promising applications in biological and medical domains [1] [2] [3] . Several studies concern microwave dielectric spectroscopy and imaging since their represent potential solutions for early-stage cancer detection and treatment as well as for cancer investigations and diagnostic [4, 5] . Many research activities are focused on the use of electromagnetic waves for discriminating malignant tissues from healthy ones. Moreover, recent applications employing electromagnetic technology include medical implant communication service, wireless medical telemetry service, and medical body area network [6] [7] [8] . Electromagnetic wave technologies have also been introduced as a rapid method of delivering high temperatures to destroy the cancer cells during thermal ablation [9] . Finally, continuous and pulsed electric field are successfully used in a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic applications such as hyperthermia, electroporation, and treatment of specific diseases [10] .

Recently, multifrequency and ultrawideband microwave technologies have receiving increasing attention due to their promising applications in biological and medical domains.

Several studies concern microwave dielectric spectroscopy and imaging since their represent potential solutions for early-stage cancer detection and treatment as well as for cancer investigations and diagnostic.

Moreover, recent applications employing electromagnetic technology include medical implant communication service, wireless medical telemetry service, and medical body area network.

Electromagnetic wave technologies have also been introduced as a rapid method of delivering high temperatures to destroy the cancer cells during thermal ablation.

Finally, continuous and pulsed electric field are successfully used in a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic applications such as hyperthermia, electroporation, and treatment of specific diseases.


The Debye model has been widely used to describe the dielectric response arising by the dipolar relaxation [18, 19] . However, this simple exponential law cannot describe a wide class of relaxation processes occurring in biological materials since the intrinsic structural disorder and the ion-ion interaction induce anomalous dynamics based on nonexponential temporal decay. As a consequence, a number of empirical dispersion functions, such as Cole-Cole, ColeDavidson, Havriliak-Negami, and Raicu spectral models, have been developed to accurately fit the fractional powerlaw decays of the dielectric response [17] .

The Debye model has been widely used to describe the dielectric response arising by the dipolar relaxation.

As a consequence, a number of empirical dispersion functions, such as Cole-Cole, ColeDavidson, Havriliak-Negami, and Raicu spectral models, have been developed to accurately fit the fractional powerlaw decays of the dielectric response.


As in mass spectrometry analysis the spectral information is most important, beside the optimization of MS analyzer, the selection of data acquisition method is crucial here. Therefore, first of all, it was decided to compare the most often used method of registration of spectral data -MS (TOF) mode with the FPS MS and auto MS/MS methods. In the case of the first method, all the analysis have to be carried out twice, one time in the negative polarity and one time in the positive polarity. This methodology often requires repeating the analysis often several times, especially when in a further step the targeted MS/MS analysis should be performed. In the FPS technique MS spectra are recorded in both polarizations at the same time, which allows a reduction in the number of repetitions of the analysis. However, in this case we also do not have information about MS/MS fragmentation. Therefore, it seems that the third method (auto MS/MS) is the most powerful technique. MS spectra is recorded in parallel to the MS/MS spectra, however, as in the first method (MS) the spectra are recorded only in one polarization. In order to get a simple comparison of the above Q-TOF data acquisition method, the registered profiles from the same urine sample were treated by MFE algorithm and the total number of generated compounds was summarized. Additionally, the accurate masses of the extracted features were searched with the use of the METLIN database (Table 1) . It was observed, that regardless of the mode of ionization, the TOF mode is the most efficient way to register urine profiles. With the use of this method, the largest number of generated substances generated from the registered profiles, as well as the matched metabolites were obtained (Fig. 2) . The advantage of the TOF mode over the other methods is beyond dispute, however, more false positive results can be expected here [11, 12] . FPS and auto MS/MS modes are more adducible and faster than the MS mode, but the number of the potential metabolites identified by these methods is several times lower, especially in the case of the auto MS/MS method. In this method it can be seen that most of the work time of the analyzer is dedicated to the fragmentation MS/MS and this drastically reduces the number of MS scans. Some important compounds were not found by the use of auto MS/MS. The most important examples to mention are: adenosine, allysine, caffeine, norleucine, uridine (positive ionisation) and ribulose, sebacic acid, kynurenic acid, methylxanthine (negative ionisation). Although for FPS method, additional compounds were found, comparing to auto MS/MS (norleucine, uridine, methyxanthine), the TOF method is significantly better for compound identification.

The advantage of the TOF mode over the other methods is beyond dispute, however, more false positive results can be expected here.


Nowadays, mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with chromatographic methods is one of the fastest developing and most commonly used techniques in metabolomics/ metabonomics research. The use of modern hybrid and high resolution MS analyzers and advanced modes of spectral data acquisition as well as chemometric tools enables capture of a suitably specific metabolomic profile and identification of characteristic metabolites [3, 4] . A commonly used strategy in the metabolomic analysis is the registration of the metabolic profiles in MS mode (preferably in high resolution -TOF), and next chemometric analysis and database searching, then performing additional analysis in targeted MS/MS mode in order to identify characteristic metabolites [5] [6] [7] . However, this procedure is time consuming and requires multiple repetitions of the analysis of the biological samples in MS and MS/MS mode as well as in different ionization modes (positive and negative). Therefore in currently reported metabolomics studies the more advanced data acquisition techniques such as fast/rapid polarity switching (FPS) or auto MS/MS mode are sometimes used [4, 8, 9] . In the case of FPS technique MS spectra are recorded in both polarizations at the same time, however MS/MS analysis should be finally performed separately. In auto MS/MS mode after MS scan MS/MS fragmentations are "on-line" performed for automatically selected precursor ions.

The use of modern hybrid and high resolution MS analyzers and advanced modes of spectral data acquisition as well as chemometric tools enables capture of a suitably specific metabolomic profile and identification of characteristic metabolites.

A commonly used strategy in the metabolomic analysis is the registration of the metabolic profiles in MS mode (preferably in high resolution -TOF), and next chemometric analysis and database searching, then performing additional analysis in targeted MS/MS mode in order to identify characteristic metabolites.

Therefore in currently reported metabolomics studies the more advanced data acquisition techniques such as fast/rapid polarity switching (FPS) or auto MS/MS mode are sometimes used.


Laser-based measurement techniques, including LII, are widely known to be subjected to beam-steering effects due to gradients in refractive index caused by local changes in gas composition as well as temperature [17] [18] [19] [20] . In the case 212 Page 2 of 11 of Rayleigh scattering, an approach to correct for beamsteering effects has been proposed [17] . Fortuitously, with Rayleigh scattering imaging, it is possible to image the laser sheet throughout the entire flow field and, therefore, enables ray tracing to facilitate correction in the post-processing. In the case of LII, the laser path is only imaged, where soot is present-the propagation of the laser elsewhere is unknown. While it is conceivable to implement a separate Rayleigh scattering detection system to enable ray tracing of the LII laser sheet to account for beam steering, the Mie scattering from the soot in the measurement volume would overwhelm the Rayleigh signal. Instead, other approaches have been suggested to mitigate the effects of beam steering, such as using diffused back-light illumination to measure soot concentration [21] .

Laser-based measurement techniques, including LII, are widely known to be subjected to beam-steering effects due to gradients in refractive index caused by local changes in gas composition as well as temperature.

In the case 212 Page 2 of 11 of Rayleigh scattering, an approach to correct for beamsteering effects has been proposed.

Instead, other approaches have been suggested to mitigate the effects of beam steering, such as using diffused back-light illumination to measure soot concentration.


VP2 has been postulated to be an RNA binding protein [8] . To act as an effective mediator of genome release, we consider that it is indeed likely to associate with one end of the viral genome. There is however no evidence of an interaction between VP2 and VPg, a protein found covalently linked at the 5' end of the viral genome that functions both to prime RNA synthesis and initiate translation [29] [30] [31] . VP2 is however, known to bind to the capsid interior in noroviruses [14] . We propose that VP2 likely binds both the viral genome and the capsid interior at a single three-fold symmetry axis. Upon receptor engagement conformational changes at the capsid exterior trigger rearrangement of VP1 loop 293-307 at the three-fold axis, to form a pore through which VP2 can exit the virion and assemble the portal structure. Rotation of the P domains about the portal axis, leads to a closing together of the P1 domains while structural rearrangements in the P2 domain of VP1 at loop 436-448 stabilise the interaction with fJAM-A and open a cleft on the surface of P2 to which helix b of VP2 binds. Once the first conformer of VP2 is anchored to the capsid, addition of VP2 molecules in their second conformation leads to the assembly of the complete portal.

VP2 has been postulated to be an RNA binding protein.

There is however no evidence of an interaction between VP2 and VPg, a protein found covalently linked at the 5' end of the viral genome that functions both to prime RNA synthesis and initiate translation.

VP2 is however, known to bind to the capsid interior in noroviruses.


Many viruses enter their host cells by triggering endocytosis following receptor engagement [1] . Enveloped viruses, such as influenza A virus, escape the endosome by fusing their viral membrane with the endosomal membrane [2] . This process is mediated by dedicated fusion proteins embedded in the viral envelope and leads to the formation of a pore through which the virion contents pass into the cytosol [3] . Despite the critical nature of this stage of the infectious process, little is known about mechanisms of endosome escape in non-enveloped viruses such as the caliciviruses.

Many viruses enter their host cells by triggering endocytosis following receptor engagement.

Enveloped viruses, such as influenza A virus, escape the endosome by fusing their viral membrane with the endosomal membrane.

This process is mediated by dedicated fusion proteins embedded in the viral envelope and leads to the formation of a pore through which the virion contents pass into the cytosol.


There are many factors affecting enzyme production during koji fermentation, such as substrates, inoculum size of starter culture, moisture content of substrate, and cultivation temperature [5, 6] . Even though soybean and wheat bran have been used as substrates for traditional soy sauce production, few reports illustrated enzyme production using the combination of these two substrates. In this study, the effects of various combinations of soybean and wheat bran as the substrate and the inoculum size of A. oryzae S. spore on biochemical change, especially enzyme production during koji fermentation period were investigated.

There are many factors affecting enzyme production during koji fermentation, such as substrates, inoculum size of starter culture, moisture content of substrate, and cultivation temperature.


Koji fermentation is also a kind of SSF system. Koji producing is the first step in making fermented foods such as soy sauce, miso, mirin and sake [2] . In traditional soy sauce fermentation, soybean has been used as the protein source for koji. The koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae S.) breaks down carbohydrates and proteins on soybean to synthesize enzymes. There are various extracellular proteins produced from the culture by A. oryzae AS 3.951 in soybean koji including leucine aminopeptidase, TAKA-amylase (α-amylase), oryzin (alkaline protease), glutaminase, alanyl dipeptidyl peptidase, X-Prolyl aminopeptidase, and methallopeptidase [3] . Moreover, wheat is the most suitable starchy material or carbon source in koji fermentation [4] .

Koji producing is the first step in making fermented foods such as soy sauce, miso, mirin and sake.

There are various extracellular proteins produced from the culture by A. oryzae AS 3.951 in soybean koji including leucine aminopeptidase, TAKA-amylase (α-amylase), oryzin (alkaline protease), glutaminase, alanyl dipeptidyl peptidase, X-Prolyl aminopeptidase, and methallopeptidase.

Moreover, wheat is the most suitable starchy material or carbon source in koji fermentation.


The solid-state fermentation (SSF) has been a common method in traditional fermentation. It is characterized as a fermentation process carried out on a solid medium with low moisture content (a w ), typically 0.4-0.9, in nonseptic and natural state. Various agricultural materials such as wheat straw, rice hulls, and corncobs have been used as substrates for SSF [1] .

Various agricultural materials such as wheat straw, rice hulls, and corncobs have been used as substrates for SSF.


Indoor OW systems are classified into two main configurations: direct line-of-sight (LOS) and diffuse systems. Direct LOS links improve power efficiency and minimize multipath dispersion, but inherently require transmitter-receiver alignment and can suffer from shadowing. Diffuse systems offer robust links and reduce the effect of shadowing, but suffer multipath dispersion in addition to higher path losses compared to direct LOS links. Transmitter beam diversity has been shown to be an attractive technique that combines the advantages of both direct LOS and pure diffuse links leading to reduced multipath dispersion and shadowing mitigation [3] . Static multibeam intensities can be practically produced by using computer generated holograms (CGHs). Furthermore, diversity reception has been introduced as an effective scheme that helps combat the destructive effects of multipath dispersion and ambient light interference. The combination of spot-diffusing technique such as a line strip multibeam system (LSMS) and diversity receivers can offer an improvement in link performance compared to conventional diffuse system (CDS) [4] . However, mobility and shadowing can significantly degrade the SNR of spot-diffusing optical wireless systems [5] .

Transmitter beam diversity has been shown to be an attractive technique that combines the advantages of both direct LOS and pure diffuse links leading to reduced multipath dispersion and shadowing mitigation.

The combination of spot-diffusing technique such as a line strip multibeam system (LSMS) and diversity receivers can offer an improvement in link performance compared to conventional diffuse system (CDS).

However, mobility and shadowing can significantly degrade the SNR of spot-diffusing optical wireless systems.


The benefit of the vibrotactile display is evident when pilots are under high workload conditions, that is, when visual attention is diverted and ,,~ working memory is overtaxed. These are the same conditions that are expected to negatively impact SA. In the current study, pilots were able to maintain time on target significantly longer when receiving spatial awareness input (velocity and gross position) via TSAS. Integration and interpretation of tactile information, a highly underutilized channel in aviation and other operational environments, can aid primary spatial tasks without negatively impacting performance on other secondary activities. Also, the combination vibrotactile/visual display could be expected to decrease reaction times over current visual cockpit displays. The lack of subjective SA improvement seen may be due to overconfidence in this subject pool or lack of experience with poor SA (mean with secondary task only = 2.41, mean with secondary task and TSAS = 2.11 out of a 5 point scale). In addition, we utilized this metric retrospectively during fixed pauses between hover tasks, as used in other SA measurement methods (Endsley, 1995b) . While CLSA was designed for use in actual flight, where pausing is not practical, retrospective scores were used to determine SA following the TSAS hover test flights with promising results (mean CLSA score without TSAS=4.4, with TSAS=1.7). Future research will address the degree of accuracy with which spatial information can be relayed via the tactile channel. Also, objective metrics will be added to evaluations of the effects of tactile cueing on SA. Planned investigations will employ tactile cues for other aspects of fixed and rotary wing flight. The development of a robust tactile interface that can provide increased safety and reduced workload when integrated into the cockpit will ultimately result from this research.

In addition, we utilized this metric retrospectively during fixed pauses between hover tasks, as used in other SA measurement methods.


The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma varies widely between regions. In Asian populations and Chili, parasitic infections are strongly associated with PHC, showing a peak incidence in Thailand of 87 per 100,000 [3, [5] [6] [7] . In Western populations the incidence is considerably lower, 1-2 per 100,000, and PHC is mainly associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) [8, 9] .

In Asian populations and Chili, parasitic infections are strongly associated with PHC, showing a peak incidence in Thailand of 87 per 100,000 [3.

In Western populations the incidence is considerably lower, 1-2 per 100,000, and PHC is mainly associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC).


In recent years, we have seen a surge in the implementation of collaborative, patientcentred service delivery models as part of ongoing healthcare reform [1] . The objective of these implementations is to achieve interprofessional (IP) collaboration, defined as a process that involves different professional groups working together to improve healthcare [2] . The key for sustaining IP collaboration is to create a continued need for collaboration and ways to embed collaboration through all aspects of the organization [3] . This means that, ideally, efforts to improve service delivery are ongoing and collaboration becomes integrated into the workplace.

In recent years, we have seen a surge in the implementation of collaborative, patientcentred service delivery models as part of ongoing healthcare reform.

The objective of these implementations is to achieve interprofessional (IP) collaboration, defined as a process that involves different professional groups working together to improve healthcare.

The key for sustaining IP collaboration is to create a continued need for collaboration and ways to embed collaboration through all aspects of the organization.


The underlying manifold can be approximated by creating a graph from the point cloud. Indeed, it has been shown that if a graph is constructed from points that are samples drawn from a manifold, the geometry of the graph is similar to the geometry of the manifold. In particular, the Laplacian of the graph converges to the Laplace-Beltrami operator of the manifold [2] .

In particular, the Laplacian of the graph converges to the Laplace-Beltrami operator of the manifold.


Email address: <onur@onuryilmaz.me> (Onur Yılmaz ) 1 worldwidewebsize.com Considering this necessity, in this paper a Turkish-language tag-based recommendation system which is based on similarity, tag weight, tag popularity; where semantic properties of tags are taken into account is proposed. In this method, tag weight is used for measuring tag representativeness; and tag popularity is used for checking frequency. Other than semantics, most of the calculation method is adapted from paper of Durao & Dolog [4] . Semantic properties of tags included by the help of a synonym dictionary for Turkish. In addition, spellchecking and stemming operations are done on tags to create a semi-controlled environment.

Other than semantics, most of the calculation method is adapted from paper of Durao & Dolog.


Users in social bookmarking networks tag the resources themselves and use their own language in general. When the potentially increasing internet markets are analyzed, it is found out that Turkey shows an exponential increase in the last years [1] . In spite of this increase, English Proficiency Index lists Turkey as 32nd country with the mark of low proficiency [2] . This figure shows that most of the internet users in Turkey cannot use English efficiently. In addition, it can be inferred that internet users in Turkey, tag resources using Turkish which is a very different language than English. Difference between these languages mostly based on agglutinative property and grammatical structure [3] . Thus, there is necessity of recommendation systems that incorporate Turkish language and consider usage styles of Turkish people.

When the potentially increasing internet markets are analyzed, it is found out that Turkey shows an exponential increase in the last years.

In spite of this increase, English Proficiency Index lists Turkey as 32nd country with the mark of low proficiency.

Difference between these languages mostly based on agglutinative property and grammatical structure.