Patient satisfaction with cosmetic result, preservation of body image and QoL is mostly assessed by QoL questionnaires that mainly originate from plastic surgery reduction techniques that are not specifically validated for breast cancer patients undergoing BCS [25] . The BREAST-Q questionnaire is a validated survey instrument especially developed for patients undergoing breast surgery, measuring QoL (sexual, mental and physical wellbeing and satisfaction with breast). Recently the BREAST-Q BCT module was developed, which is specifically designed for patients undergoing BCS [26] .

Patient satisfaction with cosmetic result, preservation of body image and QoL is mostly assessed by QoL questionnaires that mainly originate from plastic surgery reduction techniques that are not specifically validated for breast cancer patients undergoing BCS.

Recently the BREAST-Q BCT module was developed, which is specifically designed for patients undergoing BCS.


Channel assignment in IEEE 802.11 WLAN has received significant attention in the past few years [1] . The 802.11 wireless LAN operate in the unlicensed ISM frequency, and all access points share the same frequency. The increase in deployment of access points (APs) has led researchers to develop channel assignment algorithms in order to reduce co-channel and adjacent channel interferences from neighboring APs, which causes an overall throughput degradation of the network.

Channel assignment in IEEE 802.11 WLAN has received significant attention in the past few years.


Wine is considered to be one of the most complex aromatic products. It is composed of a large amount of aroma compounds and yet only a fraction of them are responsible for the bouquet. These compounds can be volatile, with these being the fragrant compounds, or non-volatile, with these being the compounds which are responsible for the taste sensations [1] . The final aromatic bouquet of the wine is the result of various factors: the raw material (variety, climate, vine management, and ripeness, etc.), the vinification choices, and the effect of microorganisms (yeast and lactic bacteria) [2] . In addition to the aromatic composition of the wine, it is important to note that each human has their own flavor perception. This perception is an interaction between three factors: the food properties, the in-mouth environment, and the psycho-social effects. As the aroma flavors lead to preferences for particular choices, the final bouquet of the wine plays a non-negligible role for the consumer taste [3] .

These compounds can be volatile, with these being the fragrant compounds, or non-volatile, with these being the compounds which are responsible for the taste sensations.

The final aromatic bouquet of the wine is the result of various factors: the raw material (variety, climate, vine management, and ripeness, etc.), the vinification choices, and the effect of microorganisms (yeast and lactic bacteria).

As the aroma flavors lead to preferences for particular choices, the final bouquet of the wine plays a non-negligible role for the consumer taste.


Building interest targeting products on social and microblogging platforms is an important research topic, discussed previously by several researchers [14] . However, due to its distinct characteristics, Tumblr poses novel challenges, which we explain in detail in this paper. In particular, the content and language used on Tumblr have distinct characteristics that needed to be accounted for during the modeling. For instance, users often use tags to summarize the text in their posts. However, the language styles used in the tags and post text are different (e.g., the tag "hp" and the word "hp" found in posts have different meanings, "Harry Potter" and "Hewlett-Packard", respectively). Moreover, unlike the popular social platform Facebook, which contains a large amount of social interactions but a limited amount of content, or the microblogging platform Twitter, which contains an intermediate amount of social interaction and content, Tumblr represents a unique combination of a rich and diverse content platform and a dynamic social network. To make use of this vast advertising potential, in this paper we propose to classify user-generated Tumblr content into a standard multi-level general-interest taxonomy 3 that advertisers commonly use for defining their targeting campaigns, opening doors to high-quality audience segmentation and modeling for purposes of ad targeting. However, inferring categories of user posts is a challenging task, given huge quantities of unlabeled data being posted every day and very limited amount of labeled data, typically obtained by editorial efforts. To this end, we propose a novel semi-supervised neural language model, capable of jointly learning embeddings of post keywords, post tags, and category representations in a common feature space. The neural model was trained on a large-scale data set comprising 6.8 billion posts, with only a fraction of manually categorized content.

Building interest targeting products on social and microblogging platforms is an important research topic, discussed previously by several researchers.


Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic that has an excellent safety profile when taken in doses of 4 g/day or less [1] . However, several studies have found that a significant percentage of subjects who ingest 2-4 g of acetaminophen per day for more than 4 consecutive days develop asymptomatic elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . These studies generally stopped dosing before the ALT elevations resolved. Multiple clinical studies have not identified any cases of liver failure with long-term acetaminophen use [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . In contrast to prospective studies that found no cases of liver failure, there are anecdotal reports of patients who develop liver failure while allegedly taking therapeutic doses [12] . Given the widespread use of acetaminophen, if asymptomatic elevations of aminotransferase activity with therapeutic doses can progress to liver failure, even rarely, there is a substantial risk to public health.

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic that has an excellent safety profile when taken in doses of 4 g/day or less.

However, several studies have found that a significant percentage of subjects who ingest 2-4 g of acetaminophen per day for more than 4 consecutive days develop asymptomatic elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity.

Multiple clinical studies have not identified any cases of liver failure with long-term acetaminophen use.

In contrast to prospective studies that found no cases of liver failure, there are anecdotal reports of patients who develop liver failure while allegedly taking therapeutic doses.


Enzyme production by any organism is influenced by many factors such as pH, incubation temperature, incubation time, growth rate of culture and medium composition [4] . Currently, the overall cost of enzyme production is high and the growth medium accounts for about 30% -40% of the production cost [5] . Reducing the cost of enzyme production by optimization of fermentation medium and process parameters is the major goal of basic research for industrial applications [6] . To this extent, the search for inexpensive carbon and nitrogen sources such as agricultural residues and marine by-products for use in media composition for protease production has been continuous.

Enzyme production by any organism is influenced by many factors such as pH, incubation temperature, incubation time, growth rate of culture and medium composition.

Currently, the overall cost of enzyme production is high and the growth medium accounts for about 30% -40% of the production cost.

Reducing the cost of enzyme production by optimization of fermentation medium and process parameters is the major goal of basic research for industrial applications.


Since ancient times, hops (Humulus lupulus L. Cannabaceae) have been used in traditional medicine for their antiinflammatory, antiseptic, antidiuretic, aphrodisiac, hypnotic, sedative, and stomachic properties. The German Commission E approved a monograph on hops for use in mood and sleep disturbances. Similar indications are described in an ESCOP (European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy) monograph. Today, a wide range of the preparations containing hops extracts or hops-derived products are available on the market, in particular for use in the phytotherapy of sleep disorders or pain relief and in postmenopausal therapy. Increasing evidence reveals that the so-called hops bitter acids, which represent up to 30% of the total lupulin content of hops, prenylflavonoids and xanthohumol exhibit interesting effects on human health [1] [2] [3] [4] . Also, it is well-known that hops and the brewing industry are strongly linked. Compounds derived from hops have several effects on beer. The resinous compounds, α-and β-acids give a bitter taste to beer, while essential oils are responsible for the specific aroma. Tannins may play a part in the clarification of beer by precipitating proteins during boiling. Hops bitter acids may protect the beer against lactic acid bacteria (genera of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus) and add to the improvement of the stability of beer foam [5] . Much of attention has been devoted to the polyphenolic content of hops, and specific compounds, such as xanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin, have been identified as multipotent bioactive compounds. According to the pronounced bioactive effects associated with most of the hops secondary metabolites, the pharmaceutical industry has considered it as a potential source of new plant derived medicines.

Increasing evidence reveals that the so-called hops bitter acids, which represent up to 30% of the total lupulin content of hops, prenylflavonoids and xanthohumol exhibit interesting effects on human health.

Hops bitter acids may protect the beer against lactic acid bacteria (genera of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus) and add to the improvement of the stability of beer foam.


Hops use as beer additive goes back to the German monks in the 12 th century. It was quickly realized that hops not only added bitterness and aroma to beer, but also played an important role as a preservative. In the early 1900s, Brown and Clubb first described the antiseptic properties of hops [6] . Subsequently, α-and β-acids (humulones and lupulones), constituents of the essential bitter resin of hops, were identified as strong antibiotics against Grampositive bacteria.

In the early 1900s, Brown and Clubb first described the antiseptic properties of hops.


Apart from the two rendering applications discussed above, the proposed methodology has potential for diverse applications in fields such as imaging, finance, biology,... As an application example, the interested reader can have a look at our recent preprint on the generation of sampling schemes in magnetic resonance imaging [6] . The remaining of this paper is structured as follows. We first describe the notation and some preliminary remarks in Section 2. We propose a mathematical analysis of the problem for generic sequences of measures spaces (M N ) N ∈N in Section 3. We propose a generic numerical algorithm in Section 4 and derive some of its theoretical guarantees. In Section 5, we study the particular problem of continuous line drawing from a mathematical perspective. Finally, we present some results in image rendering problems in Section 6.

As an application example, the interested reader can have a look at our recent preprint on the generation of sampling schemes in magnetic resonance imaging.


Catalytic conversion of CO 2 to methanol (CH 3 OH) is considered as a promising way that might offer a comprehensive solution to the issues of greenhouse gas control and depletion of fossil fuels respectively. Methanol is a significant starting product for a number of valuable chemicals and can be applied as a clean fuel and fuel additive. Additionally, it can also be converted into aromatics, ethylene, and propylene as well as to other value-added petrochemicals that are nowadays mainly derived extracted from crude oil [9] . Moreover, methanol was mainly applied as a starting feedstock in the chemical industries and it could also be an efficient sustainable and alternative synthetic fuel if anthropogenic CO 2 and regenerative hydrogen are used as reagent for its synthesis. One of the most effective ways of accomplishing this goal is to explore high selective and active catalysts for methanol synthesis due to its thermodynamic stability of CO 2 .

Additionally, it can also be converted into aromatics, ethylene, and propylene as well as to other value-added petrochemicals that are nowadays mainly derived extracted from crude oil.


Despite the benefits of antenatal care, adolescents are less likely to use antenatal care services compared to older women [3, 11] . The reasons for low utilisation of antenatal care services among pregnant adolescents include several issues such as, health worker judgmental attitudes and lack of training in and understanding of adolescents' reproductive needs [12] . There is also fear of humiliation and having to respond to unpleasant questions and procedures during antenatal care. Furthermore, there is lack of respect, privacy and confidentiality within the health care system [3] . Some parents and guardians for adolescent mothers maybe upset in the initial stages of the pregnancy as a result there is limited support from parents to adolescents with regard to proper guidance on attending antenatal care services. This lack of support and guidance is challenging especially in cases where adolescents depend on their parents for financial support to enable them access health care services [5, 13] .

Despite the benefits of antenatal care, adolescents are less likely to use antenatal care services compared to older women.

The reasons for low utilisation of antenatal care services among pregnant adolescents include several issues such as, health worker judgmental attitudes and lack of training in and understanding of adolescents' reproductive needs.

Furthermore, there is lack of respect, privacy and confidentiality within the health care system.

This lack of support and guidance is challenging especially in cases where adolescents depend on their parents for financial support to enable them access health care services.


In the proof of Theorem 1, we follow the strategy from the paper of the first author [5] . Namely, we first transform the problem into solving a system of simultaneous Pellian equation, which reduces to finding intersections of binary recurring sequences of polynomials. We will assume that we have an irregular polynomial Diophantine quadruple {a, b, c, d} with minimal d. This will lead, by using congruence relations and a gap principle, to a very precise determination of the initial terms of the recurring sequences. From this we will be able to prove our main result.

In the proof of Theorem 1, we follow the strategy from the paper of the first author.


Crisis events are acute occurrences, but can have long-term effects on the environment as well as policy implications for business and government. While there is an abundance of growing literature in the area of crisis management, there is little that links it to sustainable development. Perhaps this is not surprising because crisis management has traditionally focused on high-profile events that attract a great deal of public attention in the short-run, but are soon forgotten when the next big crisis occurs. Sustainable development addresses a larger macro level and does not necessarily focus on any one particular event. It is more of a philosophy on how to sustain the environment while promoting economic growth (Stead and Stead, 2004) .

It is more of a philosophy on how to sustain the environment while promoting economic growth.


Wind is one of the cleanest sources of energy. During its transformation processes, it releases approximately 9 g of polluting substance per kilowatt-hour [1] . But, even if clean and inexhaustible, wind is very fluctuating. It generates a non-permanent and variable power to the loads. Most of the times, to ensure continuity of power to the loads, the wind turbine is either connected to a non-corporate/public network, other forms of electrical energy sources (solar, diesel generator, etc.), autonomous or hybrid networks [2, 3] .

During its transformation processes, it releases approximately 9 g of polluting substance per kilowatt-hour.

Most of the times, to ensure continuity of power to the loads, the wind turbine is either connected to a non-corporate/public network, other forms of electrical energy sources (solar, diesel generator, etc.), autonomous or hybrid networks.


We should note here that Hawking radiation is substantially different from the radiation emitted, e.g. by a burning piece of coal. In the latter case, the emitted quanta stem from the burning material itself so, once created, they bounce off the atoms still remaining in the coal and then carry away the information left behind in these atoms. So, at the end, all quanta collected at infinity are entangled with themselves and manage to carry all information existed in the initial piece of coal. However, in the case of black holes, the quanta rise from vacuum at a considerable spatial distance from where all matter is, therefore one should indispensably address the question about the mechanism capable of transferring information from the singularity to the outgoing quanta [7] .

However, in the case of black holes, the quanta rise from vacuum at a considerable spatial distance from where all matter is, therefore one should indispensably address the question about the mechanism capable of transferring information from the singularity to the outgoing quanta.


Although there are various SE methods, they were not developed to address the limitation number of real-time measurement devices in traditional distribution network. Furthermore, most of the SE methods were developed for transmission system, which has plenty number of real-time measurement as compared to distribution system. Number and placement of real-time measurements are very important to identify the accuracy of estimation [14] . Implementation of SE in distribution network can be utilized for automation and control. Hence, enables an electric utility dispatcher to remotely monitor distribution components in a reliable and optimal mode [8] .

Number and placement of real-time measurements are very important to identify the accuracy of estimation.

Hence, enables an electric utility dispatcher to remotely monitor distribution components in a reliable and optimal mode.


This paper has presented SOLAR, a Social Link Advanced Recommendation System based on a knowledge based architecture built on three design principles, supporting the Semantic Link Network concept [15, 17] . Subsequent to an extensive study of the state of the art, it was determined by the researchers that the combination of Semantic Web technology with emotional valence values could provide added-value features for the Internet user. A real-life case study accompanied by evaluation results verified that users demonstrated satisfaction with the system according to a number of evaluation parameters. The work is supported by a proofof-concept implementation. Areas for future research include optimizing the data infrastructure, reasoning strategies and including a data crawler. A crawler is a web spider that would also extract information from non-structured data sources on the Web which could extend the scope of SOLAR beyond structured or semistructured data resources. A latter effort the authors are intending to approach in the future is the inclusion of formative assessment apart from the summative assessment supported now on SOLAR.

This paper has presented SOLAR, a Social Link Advanced Recommendation System based on a knowledge based architecture built on three design principles, supporting the Semantic Link Network concept.


Proteolysis of aII-spectrin in the cortex by calpain, but not caspase-3 after TBI In the ipsilateral cortex, TBI resulted in decreased protein levels of aII-spectrin (280 kDa) that were associated with concomitant accumulation of calpain-generated 150 and 145 kDa aII-SBDPs (Fig. 1) . However, there was little to no detectable increase in the caspase-3-genearated 120 kDa aII-SBDP. These results replicate our previous investigation that reported calpain but not caspase-3 processing of aII-spectrin following a moderate level of lateral controlled cortical impact TBI (Pike et al. 1998a) . Decreased aIIspectrin (280 kDa) protein levels were 65%, 48% and 39% of sham-injured protein levels at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after TBI, respectively (Fig. 2) . Increased 150 kDa aII-SBDP levels were 189%, 157%, and 153% of sham-injured levels at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after TBI, respectively, while increased 145 kDa aII-SBDP levels were 237%, 203% and 198% of sham-injured levels at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after TBI, respectively (Fig. 2) .

These results replicate our previous investigation that reported calpain but not caspase-3 processing of aII-spectrin following a moderate level of lateral controlled cortical impact TBI.


It is not strange that the BCJ relations at 1-loop are the relations among integrands but not amplitudes, when we turn to the other formula of BCJ relation-the Jacobi-like identity among kinematic factors [2] . This formula of BCJ relation has been suggested at both tree level and loop levels. When we consider the Jacobi-like identity at loop levels, they are the relations among kinematic factors in the integrands. These Jacobi-like identities must impose relations among the integrands. In general, the coefficients of integrands are functions of both external momenta and loop momenta, thus they cannot be separated from the loop integral. Therefore, the BCJ relation at 1-loop must be the relation among integrands.

It is not strange that the BCJ relations at 1-loop are the relations among integrands but not amplitudes, when we turn to the other formula of BCJ relation-the Jacobi-like identity among kinematic factors.


The maximum likelihood ratio test may be employed to determine the functional form of the hedonic price model. Maximum values of the likelihood function of the restricted and unrestricted models are used to test the significance of the parameter transformation in the unrestricted model. The test statistic employed to determine the confidence interval for λ: (4) where λ is the restricted lambda, λ* is the unrestricted lambda, L max is the value of the likelihood function that is related to each model, and α is the level of significance (Halvorsen and Pollakowski 1981) . This test statistic (4) may be used to test the H 0 , which asserts that the correct functional form is double-log (λ = 0) or linear (λ = 1).

The test statistic employed to determine the confidence interval for λ: (4) where λ is the restricted lambda, λ* is the unrestricted lambda, L max is the value of the likelihood function that is related to each model, and α is the level of significance.


More than half of the Australian national CF is attributable to consumption in the five large city studies, with many of those GHG emissions embodied in international imports of goods and services. Neglecting this latter part of emissions would lead to underestimation of the national CF in the order of one quarter. This suggests that the current focus on territorial emissions would be ineffective at reducing city, national and even global emissions in the absence of mechanisms to monitor and report emissions embodied in imported goods and services. Whilst cities are traditionally seen as drivers of emissions, there are already signs that cities can act as frontrunners of positive change in this respect [1] .

Whilst cities are traditionally seen as drivers of emissions, there are already signs that cities can act as frontrunners of positive change in this respect.


More and more global cities are joining the Carbon Neutral Alliance aiming at achieving carbon neutrality [11] . The Australian Government is planning to extend its carbon neutral program that Consumption from a city's immediate hinterland may also drive substantial trans-boundary emissions via trade [39] . Cities and their hinterlands often provide goods and services to other major cities around the world, thus instigating significant cross-boundary flows of embodied carbon. More needs to be done to study inter-regional trade linkages in detail to better understand embodied carbon flows between cities [40] . The present article is a contribution to this area of research.

More and more global cities are joining the Carbon Neutral Alliance aiming at achieving carbon neutrality.

The Australian Government is planning to extend its carbon neutral program that Consumption from a city's immediate hinterland may also drive substantial trans-boundary emissions via trade.

More needs to be done to study inter-regional trade linkages in detail to better understand embodied carbon flows between cities.


More than half of the global population now resides in cities [1] . As urban areas continue to sprawl, with the global urban population expected to increase by two to three billion this century, affluence-driven urbanization has been singled out as one of the key drivers of energy demand and climate change [2] [3] [4] . In trying to respond to these trends, cities have become major players in assisting national governments in fast tracking transformative action for global climate change mitigation [5, 6] . Cities even often lead the way in implementing mitigation strategies when there is lack of national abatement policies [7, 8] . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has decided that a Special Report on Climate Change and Cities will be included in the Assessment Report Cycle [9] .

More than half of the global population now resides in cities.

As urban areas continue to sprawl, with the global urban population expected to increase by two to three billion this century, affluence-driven urbanization has been singled out as one of the key drivers of energy demand and climate change.

In trying to respond to these trends, cities have become major players in assisting national governments in fast tracking transformative action for global climate change mitigation.

Cities even often lead the way in implementing mitigation strategies when there is lack of national abatement policies.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has decided that a Special Report on Climate Change and Cities will be included in the Assessment Report Cycle.


Schwannomas (neurilemmomas) are benign encapsulated nerve sheath neoplasms composed of schwann cells first described by Verocay in 1908 [3] . They can arise from any cranial, peripheral or autonomic nerve [4] . A total of 25-45% of Schwannomas are seen in the head and neck region. Only 1% are intraorally located [1] . In the oral cavity, the tongue is the most common site followed by floor of the mouth, palate, gingiva, vestibule and lips [5] . In the present case, the neoplasm was seen in the soft palate on the right side. This neural tumour can present at any age. However, it is more common between the second and third decades of life [6] . Regarding gender distribution, William and others found a male predominance whereas other studies showed equal distribution between both sexes [5, 7] . Our patient was a 43-year-old male.

Schwannomas (neurilemmomas) are benign encapsulated nerve sheath neoplasms composed of schwann cells first described by Verocay in 1908.

They can arise from any cranial, peripheral or autonomic nerve.

Only 1% are intraorally located.

In the oral cavity, the tongue is the most common site followed by floor of the mouth, palate, gingiva, vestibule and lips.

However, it is more common between the second and third decades of life.

Regarding gender distribution, William and others found a male predominance whereas other studies showed equal distribution between both sexes.

Our patient was a 43-year-old male.


To achieve excellent long-term durability of THA, the interfacial stability between bone and implant (cement) is important. In cementless implants, macro-anchoring between bone and implant is achieved by surface structures, such as porous coating. Additional HA coating provides direct bonding to bone. However, there is possibility of the absorption and disappearance of the HA coating in the long term, because HA used for cementless implants contains amorphous HA [5] . The question is posed about the superiority of the clinical results of HA-coated acetabular cups in the middle to long term [6] .

However, there is possibility of the absorption and disappearance of the HA coating in the long term, because HA used for cementless implants contains amorphous HA.

The question is posed about the superiority of the clinical results of HA-coated acetabular cups in the middle to long term.


IBBC technique is the cementing method to improve long-term clinical results of THA used in fixation of THA implants to bone [3] [4] . However, the difference between IBBC and conventional method, including radiographic changes, was unclear. In the present report, we have investigated the middle-term clinical results and radiographic changes of THA using IBBC technique, and investigated the difference from conventional cementing technique.

IBBC technique is the cementing method to improve long-term clinical results of THA used in fixation of THA implants to bone.


Despite its importance, the production of hot pepper in Ethiopia has shown a progressive decrease through years. This is caused by several abiotic and biotic factors (Welderufael, 2016) . One of the major constraints that contribute to the low productivity of hot pepper is bacterial wilt disease, caused by a soil borne bacterium R. solanacearum (Smith) (Yabuuchi, Kosako, Yano, Hotta, & Nishiuchi, 1995) . The pathogen is the most destructive disease of the crop. It is xylem inhabiting that clogs the tissue and blocks water and mineral transport in the plant. This results in rapid wilting especially young and succulent plants. The first visible symptom appears on the youngest leaves followed by stunting, downward curling of leaflets and petioles (Singh, Singh, Kumar, & Birah, 2014) . Currently, the common management strategies include mechanical removal of infected plant materials and the application of bactericidal chemicals. However, the continuous use of chemicals results in indiscriminate damage and accumulation of harmful residues in the soil, water and grains (Grubben & Denton, 2004) . This shows the need to investigate alternative, ecofriendly, biodegradable and easily accessible disease controlling strategies. Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of methanol leaf extracts from Burcea antidysenterica, Eucalyptus citriodora, Justicia schimperiana, Lantana camara, Melia azedarach and Ricinus communis and characterize the chemical composition of the extracts.

This is caused by several abiotic and biotic factors.

One of the major constraints that contribute to the low productivity of hot pepper is bacterial wilt disease, caused by a soil borne bacterium R. solanacearum (Smith).

The first visible symptom appears on the youngest leaves followed by stunting, downward curling of leaflets and petioles.

However, the continuous use of chemicals results in indiscriminate damage and accumulation of harmful residues in the soil, water and grains.


The four pulse spatiotemporal amplitude couplings are important in many aspects. As in Table 1 , these four couplings are pulse-front tilt, spatial chirp, angular dispersion, and ultrafast lighthouse effect. Each of the four effects occurs in one particular domain, representing the pulse energy distribution in that domain, and their relations are described by Fourier transforms [12] .

Each of the four effects occurs in one particular domain, representing the pulse energy distribution in that domain, and their relations are described by Fourier transforms.


In addition to explaining two different sources of the pulsefront tilt, this theoretical framework also provides insight into an interesting pulse amplitude coupling effect in the spatialfrequency-temporal k; t domain, termed the "ultrafast lighthouse effect" [12] . The ultrafast lighthouse effect is a pulse amplitude effect that relates the spatial-frequency domain to the time domain. It describes the pulse amplitude propagation direction change as a function of time (also known as "time versus angle") [14] . In analytical field expressions, this effect comes in a form of real coefficient before the product of spatial frequency k and time t in the exponential. The name "lighthouse" follows from an analogy between the ultrashort pulse propagation with such coupling and the light emanated from a lighthouse-with different propagation directions at different time, generating a light pattern spiraling out from the center.

In addition to explaining two different sources of the pulsefront tilt, this theoretical framework also provides insight into an interesting pulse amplitude coupling effect in the spatialfrequency-temporal k; t domain, termed the "ultrafast lighthouse effect".

It describes the pulse amplitude propagation direction change as a function of time (also known as "time versus angle").


For the Eulerian case, time series of instantaneous 3D velocity vector fields were determined, while the threedimensional distribution of the vorticity and k 2 fields are represented as iso-surfaces, which highlight the topology of individual vortical substructures, their evolution in time and the induced flow. Here, k 2 is the negative of the locally computed eigenvalues of the velocity gradient tensor decomposed into strain and spin and squared (S 2 ? X 2 ), which is a measure for rotation excluding shear vorticity (Zhou et al. 1999) . It has to be mentioned that the relatively coarse spatial resolution for the buffer and log-layer region in the measurement volume enables only the representation of vortical structures above a certain spatial extension. Nevertheless, the main topologies such as hairpin-like vortices and streaky low-and high-speed regions have been sufficiently resolved.

X 2 ), which is a measure for rotation excluding shear vorticity.


With this in mind, a valid focus to take is to study the LC process in a two-step iterative process: in the beginning, the main process parameters mentioned earlier must be evaluated in order to obtain those with which quality clads with appropriate dilution [15] . Afterwards, and based on these parameters, the overlapping of single clads is studied. For this purpose, transient changes of the parameters must be considered (power decrease in time, overlapping percentage between clads, etc.) in order to minimize the probability of obtaining defects. Following this approach, the main goal of the current work is to present an introductory study of laser cladding, with the aim of achieving a high production manufacturing process window. In order to achieve this goal, the influence of each parameter on the LC process is studied in individual and overlapped clads, as well as the followed strategy when manufacturing solid pieces.

With this in mind, a valid focus to take is to study the LC process in a two-step iterative process: in the beginning, the main process parameters mentioned earlier must be evaluated in order to obtain those with which quality clads with appropriate dilution.


In order to perform the experimental tests, a coaxial nozzle was used for powder deposition and a fiber 6 kW IPG YLS-6000 is used as the laser power source with a 5 mm diameter spot. With the configuration of this nozzle it is possible to deliver the powder flux coaxially with the laser beam, thus applying almost equally distributed amounts of powder radially. The latter makes it possible to deposit material in all directions and, therefore, it makes easier to control the accumulated temperature on the workpiece, so that the coaxial laser cladding process may be considered to be independent of the laser track direction [16] . As for the materials used, carbon steel S355 served as substrate for making clads composed of AISI 316L deposited and molten powders.

The latter makes it possible to deposit material in all directions and, therefore, it makes easier to control the accumulated temperature on the workpiece, so that the coaxial laser cladding process may be considered to be independent of the laser track direction.


Our surveys provided small but important clarifications of range boundaries for the diurnal and cathemeral lemur species of south-eastern Madagascar, and revealed the large extent of the E. f. rufus x E. albocollaris hybrid zone in and around Andringitra (Johnson & Wyner, 2000; Johnson, 2002; Wyner et al., 2002) . We were able to estimate regional population size for seven of 10 taxa considered. These estimates reveal a wide range of population sizes (from <8,000 to almost 100,000 individuals) and indicate clear conservation priorities. Similarly, although the overall proportion of protected habitat is relatively high, species vary widely in the size of their protected population.

Our surveys provided small but important clarifications of range boundaries for the diurnal and cathemeral lemur species of south-eastern Madagascar, and revealed the large extent of the E. f. rufus x E. albocollaris hybrid zone in and around Andringitra.


Smart shirts and belts for ECG measurement can be categorized by the number of electrodes. The number of the electrodes relates to the method of ECG measurement. Different methods of the ECG measurement employ bipolar leads, unipolar leads, standard limb leads, and unipolar precordial leads. Almost all existing smart shirts and belts adopt unipolar leads to measure the ECG signal, with the use of three electrodes being the simplest method [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . Unipolar leads allow the measurement of the signal of a simple ECG signal but cannot be used to measure the signal of a detailed ECG. A few smart shirts have six electrodes on the chest with unipolar precordial leads for the measurement of the signal of a detailed ECG [1, 8, 9] . However, existing smart shirts that adopt unipolar precordial leads have not yet been discussed in terms of the subject's motion. There are two problems to overcome in conducting an ECG measurement using the smart shirt if the subject moves. The first problem is the size of the electrode on the smart shirt. Each electrode has to be small enough to avoid contact between neighboring electrodes, yet a stable measurement of the ECG signal is difficult if the electrode is small. The second problem relates to the positions of the V1 and V2 electrodes. These electrodes are placed on a concave area of the chest. Thus, these electrodes on the smart shirt are not in stable contact with the subject's skin. This problem is difficult to resolve because it originates from the structure of the human body. To resolve this problem, a novel electrode that can fill the gap between the smart shirt and body is required.

Almost all existing smart shirts and belts adopt unipolar leads to measure the ECG signal, with the use of three electrodes being the simplest method.

A few smart shirts have six electrodes on the chest with unipolar precordial leads for the measurement of the signal of a detailed ECG.


Interestingly, when we analyzed the effect of age and familiarity with pet animals (i.e., pet-ownership) to explore the role of experience in modulating individual responses to stimuli presented, we found that pet ownership had no effect on children's preferences for infantile features present either in dogs or in cats; although, familiarity with a species was able to modulate species-specific preferences. In fact, overall children showed a preference for images of dogs over those of cats, but the likelihood of choosing images of cats (independently from infantile features) over those of dogs was higher in children who had cats at home than in those who did not. Moreover, the likelihood of a child choosing pictures of adult cats without infant featureswhich represented the least favourite stimulus and not preferred over an inanimate object (teddy bear) -was more likely in older children. These results seem to suggest that children learn to appreciate non-preferred animals through age and familiarity. However, this notion should be treated with caution, especially in consideration of the small number of cat owners enrolled in this study. Future studies should consider not only information on the presence/absence of animals at home, but also children's attachment to pets, which may better inform about the effects of growing with animals on children attitudes (Daly & Morton, 2009; Zasloff, 1996) . Moreover, since home environment seems to impact children's perspectives, the effects of living with siblings (in particular infant siblings) should be taken into account in future studies.

Future studies should consider not only information on the presence/absence of animals at home, but also children's attachment to pets, which may better inform about the effects of growing with animals on children attitudes.


Although results from the present study may represent a further step towards understanding those factors underlying human preference for other animal species and its development, a note of caution must be offered. The original set of pictures has been classified only on the basis of the Facial Index, which gives one objective aspect of the baby schema; it does not measure other characteristics such as large eyes (Archer & Monton, 2011) . Moreover, pictures were subjectively selected by the authors, have different backgrounds (as well as colouration and expression), and the set was limited to two images per category, so that pictures might not be highly representative of each category. Although we used this set of images in order to compare and contrast our data with previous results, future studies should utilize stimuli with objectively quantified baby schema that retain all the characteristics of the portrait (Glocker et al., 2009a) . This standardization could be of help in future systematic research of this subject. For example, comparative studies of different breeds of dogs in terms of their possession of baby facial features and its association with behavioural neoteny are lacking (Coppinger et al., 1987) .

The original set of pictures has been classified only on the basis of the Facial Index, which gives one objective aspect of the baby schema; it does not measure other characteristics such as large eyes.

Although we used this set of images in order to compare and contrast our data with previous results, future studies should utilize stimuli with objectively quantified baby schema that retain all the characteristics of the portrait.

For example, comparative studies of different breeds of dogs in terms of their possession of baby facial features and its association with behavioural neoteny are lacking.


Several string-based prefiltering techniques have been developed to improve the performance of RegEx matching [5, [13] [14] [15] [16] . To the best of our knowledge, the most outstanding one is sigMatch [5] . The sigMatch technique organizes a signature set into a (processor) cache-efficient q-gram index structure, called the sigTree. For a given signature set, sigMatch requires that each signature has at least one string of length b to construct its sigTree. For these signatures that do not satisfy the requirement, sigMatch rewrites them into multiple signatures that have at least one string of length b in enumerating idea. Then, for each signature, sigMatch picks exactly one discriminative substring (without any meta-characters of RegExes) of length b + β as its fingerprint. The first b bytes of the substring map the signature to a sigTree node, and the next β bytes following the b bytes in the substring are used to hash into the Bloom Filter at that node using a "set" of hash functions. Linked lists are used in sigTree nodes for short signatures that do not have a substring of length b + β.

Several string-based prefiltering techniques have been developed to improve the performance of RegEx matching.

To the best of our knowledge, the most outstanding one is sigMatch.


Although all isoflavones are efficiently absorbed from the intestinal tract, there are differences in the fate of aglycones and beta-glycosides in terms of absorption [5] . Aglycones of isoflavones have higher bioavailability than corresponding glycoside forms, as glycosidicisoflavones are not directly transported across the gastro intestinal tract [5] . Most soyfood products have a complex mixture of glycoside conjugates (genistin, daidzin, and glicytin). These isoflavone glycosides are hydrolyzed by intestinal, mucosal, and bacterial beta glucosidase. Probiotics such as Latobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been known to possess endogenous beta glucosidase. Thus, depending on the hydrolysis, the profile of isoflavone can be changed. This hydrolytic action leads to increase of bioactive isoflavone aglycones, which are then either absorbed directly or further metabolized by intestinal microflora in the large intestine into other metabolites [6] .

Although all isoflavones are efficiently absorbed from the intestinal tract, there are differences in the fate of aglycones and beta-glycosides in terms of absorption.

Aglycones of isoflavones have higher bioavailability than corresponding glycoside forms, as glycosidicisoflavones are not directly transported across the gastro intestinal tract.

This hydrolytic action leads to increase of bioactive isoflavone aglycones, which are then either absorbed directly or further metabolized by intestinal microflora in the large intestine into other metabolites.


In this study, to make nutritional tofu with increased concentrations of bioavailable aglycone, a modified standard tofu making processing was used. Therefore, the effect of applying acid hydrolysis to the standard tofu procedure was determined. By using the HPLC-DAD analysis, four isoflavones in tofu were quantified including aglycones (daidzein, genestein) and ß-glycosides (daidzin, genistin). In our preliminary experiment, the isoflavone profile of defatted soybean meal was confirmed to have a higher content of isoflavone ß-glycosides than general soybeans. We observed that the concentrations of genistin and daidzin in soybean meal were 17 and 9 times higher than in whole soybean. In addition, the ratio of isoflavone glycoside to aglycone is much higher in soybean meal than in whole soybean. In other words, as an ingredient source soybean meal was the optimal raw material for acid-hydrolyzed tofu. As a result, the concentration of isoflavone aglycones had a significant increase in the modified tofu made with the acid-hydrolysis than tofu made with the standard procedure. Hydrolyzed tofu and standard tofu were made by two ingredients: soybean and defatted soybean meal. As shown in Table 1 , in the hydrolyzed soybean tofu and defatted soybean meal tofu, the mean total isoflavone aglycone concentrations were found to be 203 μg/mg and 556 μg/mg, respectively. Without hydrolysis, in the normal soybean tofu and defatted soybean meal tofu, the mean total isoflavone aglycone concentrations were 140 μg/mg and 138 μg/mg, respectively, and the average total aglycone concentration in commercial tofu was 253 μg/ mg. On average, the aglycone concentration of tofu made by soybean meal was increased 4 fold during acid hydrolysis, and the defatted soybean meal provided by Northern Crops Institute contained the highest value of aglycone (707 μg/mg). In detail, in the hydrolyzed soybean meal tofu, isoflavone aglycone concentrations of genistein increased 1-to 8-fold, and daidzein, 6-to 12-fold in all the samples. Although the total aglycone concentrations ranged widely, according to the report of tofu-type soy varieties, ratios of genistein to daidzein were stable around 1.4 [10] . However, in the hydrolyzed soybean tofu, only sample prosoy had 610 μg/mg of daidzein, and none of the isoflavone aglycones were detected in other types of soybean such as ND1005T and P.91M10. This may occur, because the tofu may get overboiled, and the over-boiling may cause severe acid hydrolysis leading aglycone to be changed into a different form.

Although the total aglycone concentrations ranged widely, according to the report of tofu-type soy varieties, ratios of genistein to daidzein were stable around 1.4.


Isoflavone is defined as a class of isoflavonoids that characteristically has apolyphenolic structure [3] . They are found in legumes, and grains such as wheat, corn, and oats. Among these crops, soybean has the highest isoflavone concentration. According to USDA, the total isoflavone (genistein, daidzein, and glycitein) concentration of raw soybean mature seeds is 155 mg/100g. To date, 19 soybean isoflavones have been reported, and 12 types of isoflavones are regarded as the major isoflavones. It can be classified into four types depending on the chemical structure. Each type has three compounds [i.e., malonyl glycoside (malonyl genetin, malonyl daidzin, malonyl glycitin) and acetyl-beta glycosides, beta glycosides, and aglycones (genestein, daidzein, glycitein)] [4] .

Isoflavone is defined as a class of isoflavonoids that characteristically has apolyphenolic structure.

Each type has three compounds [i.e., malonyl glycoside (malonyl genetin, malonyl daidzin, malonyl glycitin) and acetyl-beta glycosides, beta glycosides, and aglycones (genestein, daidzein, glycitein)].


In the 1960s, Japan started using defatted soybean meal in tofu preparation [7] . However, today, instead of soybean meal, whole soybeans are widely used in tofu preparation to obtain richer tofu flavor and nutritional value. The mealy texture deprives tofu of some of its cohesiveness, making it more breakable [7] . So far, there are no data available on the soybean meal tofu nutritional profiles. The evaluation of soybean meal tofu nutritional profiles is still important, especially, for developing countries as soybean meal based tofu might have potential to provide more nutritious, high protein based food source with less cost.

In the 1960s, Japan started using defatted soybean meal in tofu preparation.

The mealy texture deprives tofu of some of its cohesiveness, making it more breakable.


The proposed solution is going to be applied to a classical control problem: the double rotary 22 V. Casanova, J. Salt, R. Piza, A. Cuenca inverted pendulum (also known as double Furuta pendulum, see figure 2 ). This is a classical textbook example of non-linear, non-minimum phase plant. The plant to be controlled has one input (the control action to the motor) and three outputs (the angular position of the motor shaft, the angular position of the first rod of the inverted pendulum and the angular position of the second rod). The goal of this control problem is to keep the pendulum angles as close to zero as possible, avoiding disturbances and to follow a certain reference with the shaft angle. So, four signals are involved between control and plant and four different time delays are going to be considered. As it is well known, this plant is quite sensitive to delays between controller and plant becoming unstable even with small delays. This sensitivity makes the Furuta pendulum quite appropriated to the proposed environment. The controller used in ideal conditions (i.e. no delays) must be properly modified to remove the delay influence in the feedback loop. In addition, the plant is an unstable and non-minimum phase one which makes more difficult the delay compensation. The single and double inverted pendulums have been widely used as a test-bed for different control strategies ( [20] , [21] , [22] ). The paper begins with a description of the plant to be controlled (section 2), followed by the controller used in ideal conditions (section 3). In section 4 the controller is modified to remove the influence of the delays, considering different control-plant delays for each one of the signals involved. Simulated results are presented in these sections to compare the behavior in ideal conditions, the nearly-unstable behavior when delays are included and the behavior when delay influence is removed from the loops. Results from a real plant are presented in section 5 showing how the proposed structure works when real disturbances and noise are present in the system. Finally, in section 6 conclusions and future work are presented.

The single and double inverted pendulums have been widely used as a test-bed for different control strategies (,,).


A preliminary storage in marine water was performed for 48 hours. Macrophytes were exposed to varying concentrations of Cu, Hg, Zn and MBAS (dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt C 18 H 29 NaO 3 S). Trace elements were selected on the basis of their environmental impact, while dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt is a linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS) and constitutes the main component of laundry detergent. It is considered representative of methylene-blue active substances (MBAS), a family of chemicals directly related to domestic uses that generate toxicity [23] . Ecotoxicological effects induced after 7 and 14 days of exposure compared to controls were evaluated. , 10 mg•L −1 for MBAS. Tested concentrations for Cu and Zn were selected due to their ecotoxicological effect on cell fluorescence, evidenced by previous research involving unicellular algal species [11] . Mercury concentrations ranged within values measured in highly polluted sites within the Orbetello lagoon. Concerning surfactants, exposure concentrations selected in this paper are respectively lower and higher than average levels measured in water of the Orbetello lagoon [18] . Prior to exposure, the tissue integrity of collected species was verified by means of light microscopy.

It is considered representative of methylene-blue active substances (MBAS), a family of chemicals directly related to domestic uses that generate toxicity.

Tested concentrations for Cu and Zn were selected due to their ecotoxicological effect on cell fluorescence, evidenced by previous research involving unicellular algal species.

Concerning surfactants, exposure concentrations selected in this paper are respectively lower and higher than average levels measured in water of the Orbetello lagoon.


In order to capture the effects of climate-induced changes in crop productivity, the structural approach relies greatly on the results of crop simulation models. These models are a powerful tool as their high geographic resolution and combination of climate and soil data allows researchers to develop highly-specific scenarios to better capture local conditions. The detailed nature of the models, however, requires large input datasets, including a thorough description of crop variety characteristics, management practices, and soil properties. This can be a challenge even for regions with strong data collection institutions (Thornton et al., 2010; Rosegrant et al., 2014) .

This can be a challenge even for regions with strong data collection institutions.


A combined, structural approach provides a flexible, scenariobased framework which can offer a more complete understanding of the complex and diverse impacts of climate change on agriculture and food security. In the face of potential future changes, such an approach can inform better investment decisions by estimating gains from adoption measures. Studies based on this approach have showed that, from a purely biophysical standpoint, climate change effects by 2050 could reduce global maize, rice and wheat yields by as much as 25% compared to a no-climate-change (no CC) baseline before economic adjustments are considered (Rosegrant et al. 2014) . Market effects moderate the impacts of climate change through price mechanisms. When changes in prices and global trade are included, yields of major crops (coarse grains, rice, wheat, oilseeds, and sugar) in 2050 are instead projected to be 11% lower compared to a scenario of perfect mitigation in the same year (Nelson et al., 2014b) . These studies also showed that-in response to drivers such as population, income, and climate-commodity prices are expected to increase significantly over time, even accounting for the development of new technologies. The flexibility of the structural approach in linking climate and crop models together with socioeconomic analysis also has the potential to open up new research areas and avenues for collaboration. Use of the structural approach can contribute to better targeting and prioritization of plant breeding, which represents a large share of the investments by national and international agricultural research institutions.

Studies based on this approach have showed that, from a purely biophysical standpoint, climate change effects by 2050 could reduce global maize, rice and wheat yields by as much as 25% compared to a no-climate-change (no CC) baseline before economic adjustments are considered.

When changes in prices and global trade are included, yields of major crops (coarse grains, rice, wheat, oilseeds, and sugar) in 2050 are instead projected to be 11% lower compared to a scenario of perfect mitigation in the same year.


Figures 2, 3 and 4 show photographic sequences of the current and wave-field evolution under different but representative initial conditions. Figures 2 and 3 were taken from video sequences and show the flow evolution for large and small values of R, respectively. Figure 2 is the most straightforward to describe. As will be shown in detail later, the gravity current is moving at a value of Fr greater than 1/π = 0.318, that is it has an initial velocity that is faster than that of the linear, mode-one, long wave in the wave guide, i.e. (NH/π). This state is usually referred to as being 'supercritical' (Long 1955) . The head of the current and the wave are locked together and there is no obvious wave generation behind the head. In the case shown here the initial Fr is 0.438. This velocity is maintained for a distance of approximately 16h (see below), and thereafter begins to slow. The Froude number becomes 'critical', i.e. Fr = 1/π, at frame 602. Then as the current slows further the wave field begins to slowly separate from the current head and move upstream. By frame 902 (where the position of the leading edge of the current, x, is 155 cm and the time, t, is 22 s after initiation) there is the slightest suggestion of a second, weak wave forming downstream of the head. This sequence was typical of runs for which the initial Fr was supercritical in this relatively short tank.

This state is usually referred to as being 'supercritical'.


Further study of figures 12 and 13 shows quite clearly, as alluded to above, that the length of the dammed region (L), for the range considered, does not seem to play a role in determining the transition length, as it does in the classical case (Rottman & Simpson 1983) . This is true even for large R where the constant-velocity regime appears to be approaching that of the classical gravity current. Now the appropriate length scale is the height of the damned region. There is a change in behaviour at the critical value of Fr. For supercritical, increasing Fr the transition distance remains a constant multiple of h while the transition time decreases. An explanation in terms of a reflected wave, as in the classical gravity current, is unlikely to be relevant. For the subcritical case both the dimensionless X tr and T tr increase with increasing Fr. The major difference between the two types of behaviour is that in the latter case the slowing is due to the interaction with the trough of the first generated wave, while in the former it appears to be due simply to the fact that an energetic primary wave has to be generated and this removes enough energy from the current itself to slow it. Based on this simple argument the trend of X tr and T tr in the subcritical regime can be rationalized. When Fr is small the wave generated by the initial release has a speed of order NH/π so that it quickly catches up with the slowly moving current, slows it further and X tr and T tr are small. As Fr increases, the difference between the current speed and the wave speed (which remains constant at NH/π) decreases so that X tr and T tr increase. As the two speeds approach equality, i.e. Fr approaches 1/π, this argument would suggest that the current speed would never change. Clearly other effects arise before this can happen and more detailed experiments are needed to sort out the relative importance of the various mechanisms discussed here. Based on all of the results presented here it appears that the critical condition Fr = 1/π delineates two regions of quite different flow. On the subcritical side, wave generation dominates the dynamical picture. The release of the current not only generates the waves but its subsequent motion is, in turn, greatly affected by them. On the other hand a release in the supercritical regime generates at least one initial wave but subsequent waves, if they exist, are weak and do not appear to affect further current motion. This latter statement is subject to possible revision since the experimental tank may not be long enough to observe all the interactions that might be possible in a longer one.

Further study of figures 12 and 13 shows quite clearly, as alluded to above, that the length of the dammed region (L), for the range considered, does not seem to play a role in determining the transition length, as it does in the classical case.


Additionally, there are two patterns of correlation between BAS Scales and defensive direction away from threat and defensive direction towards threat. The BAS Scales that correlate positively with defensive direction towards threat and not with defensive direction away from threat are: Drive, Fun-seeking, BAS (Jackson 5), Reward Interest and Impulsivity (RST-PQ), and BAS (RSQ). A near-opposite pattern of correlation was observed with Reward Responsiveness, Goal-Drive Persistence and Reward Reactivity. These results support previous findings of the existence of two BAS types of scale (Krupić & Corr, 2014; Krupić, Gračanin, & Corr, 2016; Smillie, Jackson, & Dalgleish, 2006) .

These results support previous findings of the existence of two BAS types of scale.


The interest in vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) as an alternative to the conventional horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) has been growing in recent years [1] . This is due to the potential of VAWTs to decrease the cost of wind energy [2, 3] . VAWTs have several advantages over HAWTs: the generator of a VAWT can be located at the ground level, therefore excluding the concerns over the mass and size of the generator. The advantage of the lower center of mass (compared to HAWTs) is very important for floating platforms [4] . Additionally, the yawing mechanism is excluded for VAWTs, since they are omni-directional. Thus, the simplicity of the concept with only a few moving parts is one of the main advantages of VAWTs over HAWTs.

The interest in vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) as an alternative to the conventional horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) has been growing in recent years.

This is due to the potential of VAWTs to decrease the cost of wind energy.

The advantage of the lower center of mass (compared to HAWTs) is very important for floating platforms.


This study assesses measurements from 2014 on a straight-bladed VAWT, which operates at an open site with the average Reynolds number of 300, 000 [17, 18] . A study on the power coefficient (C P ) of this VAWT from 2011 has shown that the turbine reaches its maximum C P of 0.29 at the TSR of 3.3 [19] . However, the turbine diameter has increased from 6 to 6.5 m after mounting the load cell assembly, and the power coefficient is expected to be slightly different for the modified turbine as the turbine solidity has decreased. New experimental data on the normal forces on this VAWT are presented. The goal of the study is to describe the simulation model and to validate it against the experimental data. The normal forces are compared for the range of TSRs from 1.8 to 4.6, covering the dynamic stall region and the region of high flow expansion. The results and the capability of the model are analyzed.

This study assesses measurements from 2014 on a straight-bladed VAWT, which operates at an open site with the average Reynolds number of 300, 000.

A study on the power coefficient (C P ) of this VAWT from 2011 has shown that the turbine reaches its maximum C P of 0.29 at the TSR of 3.3.


The mean BMI and ASA score of the studied patients did not differ from published populations, indicating that our cohort represents a normal population of THA patients. As in previously published studies, patients with a higher BMI, a higher ASA score and longer operating time had a significantly increased risk of PJI in our entire cohort. These patients are at risk irrespective of the incision site [12, 13] .

These patients are at risk irrespective of the incision site.


In the Planets preservation planning environment, planning decisions are taken following a systematic workflow supported by the web-based planning application Plato which serves as the frontend to a distributed architecture of preservation services [4] . The architecture enables flexible integration of migration services from different sources and service providers [3] . However, emulation so far had to be carried out manually in an external environment.

In the Planets preservation planning environment, planning decisions are taken following a systematic workflow supported by the web-based planning application Plato which serves as the frontend to a distributed architecture of preservation services.

The architecture enables flexible integration of migration services from different sources and service providers.


In fact, nonlinear systems for modeling the behavior of many engineering systems, such as offshore platforms, earthquake dynamics, electronic circuits, and so on have been widely explored. In some practical nonlinear systems, there are many kinds of nonlinearities, and it is quite difficult to handle all nonlinearities in a single unified framework. Therefore, specialized state observers are designed for different nonlinearities in nonlinear systems [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Time-delay naturally appears in most real world systems, for instance, aircraft stabilization, ship stabilization, chemical engineering systems, nuclear reactor, population dynamic model, neural network, biological modeling, electrical networks and systems with lossless transmission lines. It is well known that the existence of time-delay may be the cause for instability and poor performance of the system. Therefore, the problem of stability of time-delay systems has thus received considerable attention during the past several decades [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] .

Therefore, specialized state observers are designed for different nonlinearities in nonlinear systems.

Therefore, the problem of stability of time-delay systems has thus received considerable attention during the past several decades.


XRD shows that high lead excess modifies the preferential (100) orientation to a mixed state dominated by (111), in agreement with previous results [33, 34] . However, the Pb chemistry is the same at the surface of PZT30 and PZT10. Thus, despite the difference of lead excess, in both cases reacted PbO has formed the perovskite making it unlikely that the secondary phase includes Pb. Furthermore, the nanostructures appear only at the surface, they presumably form at the end of the PZT growth and therefore do not influence the crystallographic orientation.

XRD shows that high lead excess modifies the preferential (100) orientation to a mixed state dominated by (111), in agreement with previous results.


In the current study, successfully completing a temporal relational task did not correlate with the Working Memory index or with any of its constituent subscales. This finding is quite important, because it seems to conflict with Halford and colleagues' assertion that the ability to deal successfully with relations of increasing complexity requires increasing working memory (Halford, Baker, McCredden, & Bain, 2005) . The current study, however, did not measure relational complexity in Halford's terms. The task employed in the current study requires an individual to abstract the temporal relation between stimuli and to respond to temporal relations in the presence of specific stimuli, but it does not require the individual to remember any stimuli or to satisfy simultaneous relations as would be required to operationalize the levels of relational complexity proposed by Halford. Nevertheless, the task employed was explicitly relational and the pattern of correlations observed fits well with RFT predictions. The current study investigated the relational abilities of participants in the absence of working memory requirements, and thus it is likely that the variance explained by relational ability in the current study was over and above that which would have been explained by working memory. More technically, the fact that the current task does not load on working memory and yet does correlate with verbal ability suggests that there may be distinct behavioral repertoires (e.g., different types of relational responding) that contribute to different complex human behaviors (e.g., remembering and problem solving) and that these behavioral repertoires may come under distinct sources of control.

This finding is quite important, because it seems to conflict with Halford and colleagues' assertion that the ability to deal successfully with relations of increasing complexity requires increasing working memory.


From a theoretical perspective, the current study does not allow us to distinguish between the various interpretations of the relationship between relational responding and language. Whether relational responding is the basis for complex language behavior, as suggested by RFT, or linguistic complexity facilitates relational complexity, one would expect the current findings. As an explanation, however, the former is preferable from a behavioral perspective, because relational responding is a discrete malleable behavioral process that can be trained and improved. Indeed, a number of studies have trained derived relational responding in young children using specific behavioral interventions (Lipkens, Hayes, & Hayes, 1993; Peláez et al., 2000) . Nevertheless, further research is required to decide between the two alternative hypotheses supported by the current study. Procedures that improve the flexibility and the complexity of relational responding for individuals will empower future experimental studies to judge whether relational ability underlies linguistic ability or vice versa.

Indeed, a number of studies have trained derived relational responding in young children using specific behavioral interventions.


Over recent years, the population of universities has increased throughout the world and a considerable number of institutions have moved toward becoming more sustainable in order to reduce their own negative impacts on the environment, economy, and society [18, 19] . These educational institutions, with an interest in developing their role in society, aim to be sustainable models for other communities [12] . Unwittingly, one of their weakest points in modelling sustainability is the daily movement of their populations by automobiles to and from, and within the campus [18, 20, 21] . Transportation issues are, therefore, one of the biggest challenges within university campuses and their surrounding communities [22] . For these reasons, numerous universities have started to plan a shift in their transportation sectors away from the use of private automobiles and towards the use of sustainable modes of transportation [18, 22, 23] .

Over recent years, the population of universities has increased throughout the world and a considerable number of institutions have moved toward becoming more sustainable in order to reduce their own negative impacts on the environment, economy, and society.

These educational institutions, with an interest in developing their role in society, aim to be sustainable models for other communities.

Unwittingly, one of their weakest points in modelling sustainability is the daily movement of their populations by automobiles to and from, and within the campus.

Transportation issues are, therefore, one of the biggest challenges within university campuses and their surrounding communities.

For these reasons, numerous universities have started to plan a shift in their transportation sectors away from the use of private automobiles and towards the use of sustainable modes of transportation.


Universities are unique communities with rapidly-expanding populations in need of transportation options; simultaneously they are capable of engendering an educational milieu for sustainability [9] [10] [11] [12] . As a result of increased university attendance, the number of commuters to and from university campuses has likewise increased. Disproportionately, the majority of these commuters use private 1.

Universities are unique communities with rapidly-expanding populations in need of transportation options; simultaneously they are capable of engendering an educational milieu for sustainability.


In recent years, the application of statistical approaches and the study of statistics-based methods in natural language processing as well as in machine translation have been rapidly increasing. Statistical linguistics basically relies on the study of frequencies of various linguistic units, including word-forms, lexemes, morphemes, letters, etc., in a sample corpus on the basis of which to calculate their probability, so that various linguistic problems such as ambiguity can be solved. Statistics-based approaches rule out the need for computational mechanisms and extensive linguistic knowledge for solving linguistic problems. Hence, the computational cost of a statistics-based approach is much lower than a knowledge-based or a rule-based approach (Su and Chang, 1990) . A statistics-based system needs a large database or corpus to guarantee its reliability. Nevertheless, with the availability of many tagged and untagged text corpora, acquiring linguistic knowledge from a large sample corpus is no longer an impossible task (Garside et al., 1987) .

Hence, the computational cost of a statistics-based approach is much lower than a knowledge-based or a rule-based approach.

Nevertheless, with the availability of many tagged and untagged text corpora, acquiring linguistic knowledge from a large sample corpus is no longer an impossible task.


The coupling of geometrical computations with symbolic reasoning can be anticipated if the thematic (i.e., terminological) representation in the semantic layer of a system is complemented by a spatial representation. Ideally, the spatial representation uses topological relations which are compliant with the OGIS standard. It should also be based on a formalism which allows inferring implicit knowledge from the knowl-edge explicitly represented. Both requirements are fulfilled by the Region Connection Calculus (RCC) [2, 3] .

Both requirements are fulfilled by the Region Connection Calculus (RCC).


The new element of this paper is that we numerically test the new method on the reconstruction of the medium with the varying function c(x) compared with the reconstruction of small inclusions of previous works [2, 3] . Our numerical results show that the adaptive globally convergent algorithm can image only the maximal contrast of the reconstructed function compared to the background medium. Nevertheless, this is obvious in the practical applications, when only maximal values of the media should be known.

The new element of this paper is that we numerically test the new method on the reconstruction of the medium with the varying function c(x) compared with the reconstruction of small inclusions of previous works.


Technology has become an important aspect of the teaching and learning process across the world. In South Africa teaching and learning through technology has to consider the existing challenges of the South African classroom context. The lack of technology to facilitate the blended learning perspective and the use of multiple languages affecting the content used in the technologies are important factors affecting learning in the country (Jantjies & Joy, 2015) .

The lack of technology to facilitate the blended learning perspective and the use of multiple languages affecting the content used in the technologies are important factors affecting learning in the country.


The level of principled moral reasoning college students achieve is positively linked to postgraduation levels of community involvement and sense of civic responsibility (Rest, Thoma & Edwards, 1997) . Recent studies on students' real-world behavior also highlight the need for focusing additional attention on college students' moral reasoning skills and the importance of developing high-quality teaching and learning resources to support instructors in meeting that need. For example, a 2006 survey of over 36,000 high-school students revealed "entrenched habits of dishonesty" and marked inconsistencies between reported ethical values and actual conduct (Josephson Institute of Ethics). Evidence from numerous studies also shows a significant positive correlation between students' exposure to moral reasoning activities in college courses and the acquisition of principled moral reasoning skills (Good & Cartwright, 1998; Gielen & Markoulis, 1994; Schlaefli, Rest, & Thoma, 1985) . Research further indicates that a single ethics course only minimally impacts progress towards deeper, more reflective ethical thought processes or students' use of principled moral reasoning (Smith & Oakley, 1996; Ponemon, 1993) . Given the importance of graduating students with moral reasoning competency, my research investigates the level of developmental progress that students actually make in a one semester ethics course.

The level of principled moral reasoning college students achieve is positively linked to postgraduation levels of community involvement and sense of civic responsibility.

Evidence from numerous studies also shows a significant positive correlation between students' exposure to moral reasoning activities in college courses and the acquisition of principled moral reasoning skills.

Research further indicates that a single ethics course only minimally impacts progress towards deeper, more reflective ethical thought processes or students' use of principled moral reasoning.


In pervasive environments the user is surrounded by a large number of devices which cooperate together to create a context-aware environment that supports her in everyday activities, e.g., business, health care, or education. In this respect, the user will enjoy a new experience in a nonobtrusive way as the existing infrastructures will be more proactive and dynamically adaptable to current situations; user preferences; and environmental context in a less intrusive way [1] . However, since the pervasive environments discover and take advantage of contextual information (such as user activity, location, time of day, nearby devices) to make decisions about how to dynamically provide services to meet user requirements, the user privacy protection and enforcement naturally becomes a main concern and obstacle prohibiting the wide spread of the pervasive environment paradigm.

In this respect, the user will enjoy a new experience in a nonobtrusive way as the existing infrastructures will be more proactive and dynamically adaptable to current situations; user preferences; and environmental context in a less intrusive way.


Susceptibility and resistance is measured by reproduction, not by galls (TAYLOR; SASSER, 1978) . However, difference in the hospitality of the nematode M.enterolobii was observed, and they were classified as highly resistant or immune (mume), resistant (Okinawa, Capdeboscq, Aldrigui, Tsukuba), and moderately resistant (Flordaguard), based on the number of galls in the root system (Table 1) . Neither galls nor M. enterolobii eggs were observed in the mume rootstock and the plant was therefore considered immune. Galls and eggs were found in the other peach rootstocks, but they were still classified as resistant because they presented reproduction factors smaller than 1.00 (Table 1) .

Susceptibility and resistance is measured by reproduction, not by galls.


There are several strengths in the design and methods of this study. Our population-based data reflect the survival experience of people diagnosed with major types of cancer in NSW Australia. We used a well-established ecological study design and statistical methods, as used previously and recommended for measuring socioeconomic inequalities in health [6, 11] . In addition, we provide two measures of socioeconomic disparity, one relative (RER) and one absolute (number of lives potentially extendable). The availability and adjustment for stage of disease at diagnosis data further strengthens our analysis, as stage is widely known to be an important predictor for cancer survival [21, 22] .

We used a well-established ecological study design and statistical methods, as used previously and recommended for measuring socioeconomic inequalities in health.

The availability and adjustment for stage of disease at diagnosis data further strengthens our analysis, as stage is widely known to be an important predictor for cancer survival.


Twenty-three studies were identified that met the selection criteria. These were categorised according to participant characteristics, context, country and method (see Table 1 ). The studies included the perspectives of 75 students with autism (4 primary, 41 secondary), and 30 adults providing retrospective data on their school experience; 347 parents of students with autism and 749 education professionals including principals, special education teachers, general teachers, teacher assistants, school psychologists, specialists and school district officers. The studies were conducted in the USA (9) and the UK (7), Australia (3), Canada (2), Turkey (1) and India (1). Studies reported in Table 1 include nine from primary, six from secondary, seven across primary and secondary, and one not specified. Semi-structured interviews were the predominant method of data collection, used in 10 studies. Four studies included quantitative data analysis (Humphrey and Symes 2013; Loiacono and Palumbo 2011; Segall and Campbell 2012; Whitaker 2007) .

Four studies included quantitative data analysis.


While most educators support a rights-based approach to inclusion in principle and advocate the education of all in mainstream classrooms and the avoidance of labelling, there are tensions among educators, in particular in relation to the provision of autism-specific adaptations or autism-specific staff training. This is considered to be potentially exclusionary by rights-based inclusionists. In contrast, there are those who take a needs-based perspective who are more likely to advocate for students with autism to be identified and for staff to have autism-specific training. Educators with a needsbased perspective are also likely to advocate for the provision of a range of autism-specific educational placements including segregated provision for some (Ravet 2011) .

Educators with a needsbased perspective are also likely to advocate for the provision of a range of autism-specific educational placements including segregated provision for some.


The tested plant-aphid associations were all attractive to E. balteatus. These results are in partial accordance with previous works on beneficials. A too low concentration of volatiles liberated by the aphid and host plant samples has often been considered to explain a lack of attraction for predators such as ladybirds or parasitoids. The foraging behaviour of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi was shown to be influenced by semiochemicals emitted by aphid-infested plants only when a certain threshold of infestation has been reached in terms of number of aphids and hours of feeding activity (Guerrieri et al., 1999) . A volatile dose-dependent response of another predatory beetle, C. septempunctata towards prey-host plant complex has also been observed: significant differences towards odour source and control in a Y olfactometer were only observed when the seven-spot ladybird was exposed to at least 30 aphid damaged shoots with 1200 tea aphids. Below this amount of volatile emitted from biological sample, no significant attraction on the predator was observed (Han & Chen, 2002) . In the current work, the presence of whole aphids of whatever species, with the plant samples was sufficient to ensure hoverfly orientation. E. balteatus was able to locate every tested potential prey when associated with the host plant.

The foraging behaviour of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi was shown to be influenced by semiochemicals emitted by aphid-infested plants only when a certain threshold of infestation has been reached in terms of number of aphids and hours of feeding activity.

Below this amount of volatile emitted from biological sample, no significant attraction on the predator was observed.


Our findings suggest that no frameworks based on metrics and indicators have been used for the evaluation of the three dimensions of sustainability in AFNs. This is surprising considering that AFNs are largely regarded as being more sustainable than the 'conventional' food system. This suggests that more efforts are needed to establish a common language of sustainability for the study of AFNs. There is a need to develop more transparent and comparable frameworks that can start to explore the sustainability assumptions within diverse AFNs. There is also an opportunity to test existing frameworks for the assessment of farming systems and supply chains and networks in the context of AFNs. This could shed some light on how AFNs are actually alternative or oppositional to the 'conventional' food systems in regards to sustainability. Although AFNs are supposed to enhance re-distribution of value for producers and to promote sustainable production, little attention is put on the value creation mechanisms [67, 68] .

Although AFNs are supposed to enhance re-distribution of value for producers and to promote sustainable production, little attention is put on the value creation mechanisms.


Investigating stream systems at multiple spatial scales is important for understanding the range of habitat necessary for populations to persist through time (Wiens 1989; Schlosser 1995; Fausch et al. 2002) . Ecological processes that alter demographic parameters are context-sensitive and frequently operate in concordance with spatial and temporal scales (Dunning et al. 1992; Wiens 2002) . Ideally, the scale at which a biological response (e.g., survival) is investigated should be related to the range of scales of the hypothesized explanation(s) for that response (Cooper et al. 1998) . Furthermore, the ability to detect scale-dependent differences in survival should theoretically be improved by using a hierarchal approach (e.g., seasons within years, patches within landscapes) that can provide a more complete understanding of factors influencing demographics.

Investigating stream systems at multiple spatial scales is important for understanding the range of habitat necessary for populations to persist through time.

Ecological processes that alter demographic parameters are context-sensitive and frequently operate in concordance with spatial and temporal scales.

Ideally, the scale at which a biological response (e.g., survival) is investigated should be related to the range of scales of the hypothesized explanation(s) for that response.


Also as predicted, the direction of the trend for age at marriage and Bible Belt categorization occurred among both men and women. The age disparity between genders for mean age at marriage is likely representative of the general cross-cultural trend for men to be older than women in marriages (Hatfield & Rapson, 2005) . It is worth noting that mean martial ages for both genders was slightly higher than the ideal reported in the 2006 Gallup Poll, with more evangelical regions having a mean age at marriage closer to the perceived ideal.

The age disparity between genders for mean age at marriage is likely representative of the general cross-cultural trend for men to be older than women in marriages.


In recent years there has been an increasing interest in powerful and versatile broadband light sources for bio-imaging, spectroscopy, microscopy, and sensing applications [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . A principal candidate to fulfil these requirements is optical fiber-based supercontinuum generation (SCG) and specifically mid-infrared (MIR) SCG to cover the molecular fingerprint region (5-15 µm) . This region contains most of the strong and distinct fundamental vibrational absorption bands of molecules, which may contribute to a more reliable and accurate molecular analysis. One of the main limitations for achieving fiber-based SCG across the fingerprint region is the need for low-loss optical fibers that are both highly nonlinear and transparent at these wavelengths. Unfortunately, only few types of optical fibers are able to guide light in the fingerprint region, such as polycrystalline silver halides, dielectric coated hollow-cores, chalcohalides, and chalcogenides [7] . While silver halides have been used for beam delivery in e.g. spectroscopic applications they are not suitable for SCG due to the difficulty with producing low-loss, small-core fibers to achieve high nonlinearity [8] . Hollow-core fibers (HCF) have been used primarily for high power laser beam delivery, and while gas-filled HCFs have been demonstrated to produce broadband SCG spanning from UV to MIR this requires ultrashort, megawatt peak power pulses and the extension into the MIR has so far been limited to less than 5 µm [9, 10] . On the other hand, chalcohalide and chalcogenide glasses has been shown to produce low-loss and highly nonlinear fibers with a wide MIR transparency, which is why they are considered prime candidates for MIR SCG.

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in powerful and versatile broadband light sources for bio-imaging, spectroscopy, microscopy, and sensing applications.

Unfortunately, only few types of optical fibers are able to guide light in the fingerprint region, such as polycrystalline silver halides, dielectric coated hollow-cores, chalcohalides, and chalcogenides.

While silver halides have been used for beam delivery in e.g. spectroscopic applications they are not suitable for SCG due to the difficulty with producing low-loss, small-core fibers to achieve high nonlinearity.

Hollow-core fibers (HCF) have been used primarily for high power laser beam delivery, and while gas-filled HCFs have been demonstrated to produce broadband SCG spanning from UV to MIR this requires ultrashort, megawatt peak power pulses and the extension into the MIR has so far been limited to less than 5 µm.


Among the family of chalcogenides, Te-based glasses have the highest nonlinearity and longest wavelength transmission edge, but Te on its own is not a good glass former. The ternary Ge-As-Te system is known as a poor glass former due to its small glass formation regions [29] [30] [31] . Adding Se to the ternary Ge-As-Te system results in a compromise between stable glass forming region and long wavelength transparency [21] . It is reported that a Te content of the Ge-As-Se-Te glass system close to 50 at.% produces the most stable glasses with lowest optical fiber losses. The minimum optical loss for a Ge-As-Se-Te unstructured fiber has been reported to be 0.11 dB/m at 6.6 µm wavelength, with high absorption of H-Se at 4.55 µm and Ge-H at 5 µm wavelength [32] . The minimum optical losses for Ge-As-Se-Te core/cladding fiber have been reported as low as 0.15 dB/m at 6.6 µm wavelength, with intense Se-H impurity bands at 3.5, 4.1 and 4.57 µm wavelength [33] .

The ternary Ge-As-Te system is known as a poor glass former due to its small glass formation regions.

Adding Se to the ternary Ge-As-Te system results in a compromise between stable glass forming region and long wavelength transparency.

The minimum optical loss for a Ge-As-Se-Te unstructured fiber has been reported to be 0.11 dB/m at 6.6 µm wavelength, with high absorption of H-Se at 4.55 µm and Ge-H at 5 µm wavelength.

The minimum optical losses for Ge-As-Se-Te core/cladding fiber have been reported as low as 0.15 dB/m at 6.6 µm wavelength, with intense Se-H impurity bands at 3.5, 4.1 and 4.57 µm wavelength.


Elucidating mechanisms underlying susceptibility of the aged host is difficult because of multiple factors associated with aging [9] . We were able to model the increased severity of disease in older patients using our mouse model of CDI, with higher mortality and persistent weight loss. The model enabled us to evaluate the possible mechanisms underlying differences in outcome. Pathogenesis of CDI involved 3 key steps: (1) colonization with toxigenic C difficile, (2) production of TcdA and/ or TcdB, and (3) mucosal injury and inflammation [1] . We investigated each step of pathogenesis as potential key elements in CDI in the elderly, including C difficile bacterial load, toxin levels, and cellular and cytokine markers of immune responses. Our results showed that the difference in mortality with aging does not seem to result from differences in infection burden or toxin production. However, there were significant differences in early innate immune response between young and aged mice. Aged mice had lower levels of total WBC count, total neutrophil count, intestinal neutrophil count, and intestinal cytokine levels. These results appear to contradict what is observed from human studies that have shown higher inflammation associated with worse outcome [10] [11] [12] [13] . However, the weaker inflammatory response in aged mice in our study was observed before the peak of infection, a time point that may have been missed in human studies. Later on in the infection, aged mice had higher inflammation as measured by tissue cytokine mRNA expression, neutrophil infiltration, and histopathology.

Elucidating mechanisms underlying susceptibility of the aged host is difficult because of multiple factors associated with aging.

Pathogenesis of CDI involved 3 key steps: (1) colonization with toxigenic C difficile, (2) production of TcdA and/ or TcdB, and (3) mucosal injury and inflammation.

These results appear to contradict what is observed from human studies that have shown higher inflammation associated with worse outcome.


Here, we show that the enriched maximum entropy shape functions are suitable for this class of problems. Moreover, this method is more accurate than standard XFEM and does not require the so-called blending elements (the elements near the crack tip). When compared to usual meshfree methods for crack propagation, such as Element Free Galerkin (EFG), the method presented here can more easily deal with essential boundary conditions, due to the fact that the shape functions satisfy a weak Kronecker delta property. The shape functions are also very smooth (COO), which results in an accurate numerical integration with a relatively low number of integration points, especially for Gauss-Legendre quadrature [5, 8, 10] . Moreover, smooth and non-negative basis functions, such as those used in isogeometric analysis are gaining impetus.

The shape functions are also very smooth (COO), which results in an accurate numerical integration with a relatively low number of integration points, especially for Gauss-Legendre quadrature.


Hemophilia A (HA, OMIM 306700) is an X-linked bleeding disorder caused by heterogeneous mutations in the factor VIII gene (F8). The FVIII protein is required for propagation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway [1] . Hemophilia A, or congenital factor VIII deficiency, is the most common of the inherited bleeding disorders, its incidence is estimated to be between 1:5,000 and 1:10,000 in men [2, 3] .

The FVIII protein is required for propagation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway.

Hemophilia A, or congenital factor VIII deficiency, is the most common of the inherited bleeding disorders, its incidence is estimated to be between 1:5,000 and 1:10,000 in men.


Clinical knowledge of a patient's and a particular species osmolality is helpful for the administration of fluid therapy. Many of the commonly used fluids, including lactated ringers solution and 0.9% NaCl (physiologic saline), are formulated based on human plasma osmolality. Documented plasma osmolalities for dogs and cats range from 290 to 310 mOsm/kg and from 290 to 330 mOsm/kg, respectively (Macintire et al., 2005; DiBartolla, 2006) . To our knowledge, there is no information about the plasma osmolality in the bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps).

Documented plasma osmolalities for dogs and cats range from 290 to 310 mOsm/kg and from 290 to 330 mOsm/kg, respectively.


Rapid growth in the retail sector and the accompanying spectre of fierce competition imposes a greater burden on retailers in differentiating their retail offerings (Chen & Hsieh, 2011) . Retailers are also challenged by the emergence of more informed and sensitive customer segments (Im & Ha, 2011) . In this situation it is very clear that the role of traditional marketing tools such as merchandising and pricing is much diminished and often the shopping environment itself becomes a powerful tool of market differentiation and of gaining a competitive advantage (Baker, Grewal, & Levy, 1992; Morrison, Gan, Dubelaar, & Oppewal, 2011) .

Rapid growth in the retail sector and the accompanying spectre of fierce competition imposes a greater burden on retailers in differentiating their retail offerings.

Retailers are also challenged by the emergence of more informed and sensitive customer segments.

In this situation it is very clear that the role of traditional marketing tools such as merchandising and pricing is much diminished and often the shopping environment itself becomes a powerful tool of market differentiation and of gaining a competitive advantage.