Its simplicity is related to the fact that DDM is based on an analytical solution assuming periodicity and Griffith's criterion for fracture. It uses only two parameters, the critical energy release rates (ERR) in mode I and II (GIC, GIIC) to predict both initiation and evolution of matrix damage due to both shear and transverse stress. The fiber damage part of the model uses the longitudinal tensile strength of the lamina F1T and the Weibull modulus m of the fiber. When used in finite element analysis (FEA), DDM is an inherently objective constitutive model, i.e., its response is independent of mesh density [27] . Although DDM's simplicity implies some limitations, it has been validated extensively with experimental data from many sources, for several materials and a multitude of laminate stacking sequences (LSS) [22, [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] . DDM has been able to predict crack density, as well as reduction of modulus, Poisson's ratio, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) as a function of applied strain or stress, and crack density, quite accurately. It has also being able to predict the ultimate load of open-hole specimens [27, 33] .

When used in finite element analysis (FEA), DDM is an inherently objective constitutive model, i.e., its response is independent of mesh density.

Although DDM's simplicity implies some limitations, it has been validated extensively with experimental data from many sources, for several materials and a multitude of laminate stacking sequences (LSS).

It has also being able to predict the ultimate load of open-hole specimens.


The effect of using different stacking sequences in open-hole laminates is reflected by a modification in the strength and the failure modes of them. Usually, the most commonly used laminates lay-ups are a combination of 0º, 90º or 45º angles. Since ply thickness of pre-preg is constant, when a thicker laminate is needed, it is expedient to cluster multiple plies with the same orientation (called ply-level scaling). Although this option could be advantageous due to its simplicity and readiness, it may be inefficient in terms of structural behavior [5] . The use of clusters of plies in a laminate increases the effective thickness of each ply-orientation. Another option to increase the thickness of the laminate is to increase the number of sublaminates with the same laminate stacking sequence (LSS) as the original laminate. Increasing the thickness of a laminate by adding sublaminates is called "sublaminate level scaling", whereas increasing the thickness of the laminates by clustering is called "ply-level scaling" or "clustering".

Although this option could be advantageous due to its simplicity and readiness, it may be inefficient in terms of structural behavior.


Cotton is one of the most important fibers in the textile industry and its coloration could be achieved with either dyes, by dyeing or printing in aqueous solution, or with pigment by using a print paste. Printing of cellulosic fibers are considered to account for more than 70% of all printed substrates and pigment printing is a major method [1] . The use of pigments for printing of textile products has dramatically increased over the last 50 years. Pigments are now used to produce printed products for a number of end uses including apparels, home furnishing, crafts and nonwoven articles of the over 18 billion liners yards of printed fabric produced worldwide each years, about 50% of this yardage is pigment printed. In the united state alone, currently about 80% of all printing is done with pigment [2] . There are of course limitations to balance against the substantial advantages of pigment printing. The printer should be fully aware of these, since the use of pigments in applications where dyes are required can bring about a negative attitude to pigments, even in suitable applications [3] . In pigment printing, insoluble pigments, which have no affinity for fibers, are fixed on to the fibers with binding agents or binders [4] . Depending upon the properties required in the binding film (softness, elasticity, plasticity, solvent stability), binders can be tailor-made by choosing suitable base product. It is necessary to copolymerize different monomers. Typically, unsaturated monomers are used, such as vinyl chloride, dichloroethene, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid esters & ethers. The binder used in the pigment printing process is usually based on styrene-butadiene, styrene acrylate or vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer [5] . Binders are the mechanism used to keep the color on the fabric when using pigments for printing textiles. The choice of binders will always depend upon the final fastness requirements as well as the cost requirements of the process. Choosing a binder for pigment coloration is a complex but critical step in developing a recipe which will meet very specific requirements. The place to start to determine which final fabric properties are important as various end use applications may require a different polymer to achieve the desired results [6] . Almost all the binders used in textile pigment printing are the addition polymerization products. They are actually copolymer type; the structure may be represented as Figure 1 [7] .

Printing of cellulosic fibers are considered to account for more than 70% of all printed substrates and pigment printing is a major method.

In the united state alone, currently about 80% of all printing is done with pigment.

The printer should be fully aware of these, since the use of pigments in applications where dyes are required can bring about a negative attitude to pigments, even in suitable applications.

In pigment printing, insoluble pigments, which have no affinity for fibers, are fixed on to the fibers with binding agents or binders.

The binder used in the pigment printing process is usually based on styrene-butadiene, styrene acrylate or vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymer.

The place to start to determine which final fabric properties are important as various end use applications may require a different polymer to achieve the desired results.

They are actually copolymer type; the structure may be represented as Figure 1.


The binder film in pigment print is a three-dimensional structure, the third dimension is rather less important than the other two. The binder is a film-forming substance made up of long chain macromolecules, which when applied to the textile together with the pigment, produces a three-dimensionally network. The links are formed during some suitable fixing process, which usually consists of dry heat and change in pH value, bringing about either self-crosslinking or reaction with other suitable crosslinking agents [8] . Elasticity and improved adhesion of the film to the substrate is achieved by crosslinking. The crosslinking reaction must produce covalent bonds, which are insensitive to hydrolyzing agents (washing liquor, perspiration, industrial atmosphere). The reaction should be activated in dry hot air by curing process [9] . While the prints are being dried, a film is formed from the dispersed binder. Its formation takes place in two stages: flocculation (or coagulation) and coalescence. During the first stage of film formation, water and surfactants are removed from the binder by absorption and evaporation. The dispersed solids coagulate to form a gel-like layer of very tightly packed 'balls', which have only poor solidity and adhesive properties. If the mechanically more stable, more redispersible, dispersion binders are used, these coagulated particles can be brought back to their original form by rubbing them with water. During the second phase, the gel particles flow together to form a continuous film.

The links are formed during some suitable fixing process, which usually consists of dry heat and change in pH value, bringing about either self-crosslinking or reaction with other suitable crosslinking agents.

The reaction should be activated in dry hot air by curing process.


We have implemented the MAC protocol on Rice University's WARP boards [11] . Our MAC implementation uses WARP OFDM Reference Design 14 and is based on the component based MAC development framework [14] . Table 1 lists the parameter values used for our prototype implementation. We expose different MAC parameters to the application, like the initial channel pool, contracted channel pool size, the weighting metric thresholds, CCA durations, backoff window sizes, persistency values, etc. which can be tuned to the application requirements. These parameters have their implications on the MAC performance characteristics as we showed in a demonstration [15] .

We have implemented the MAC protocol on Rice University's WARP boards.

Our MAC implementation uses WARP OFDM Reference Design 14 and is based on the component based MAC development framework.

These parameters have their implications on the MAC performance characteristics as we showed in a demonstration.


External economies are benefits that are created when an activity is conducted by a company or other types of entity, with those benefits enjoyed by others who are not connected with that entity. The entity that is actually managing the activity does not receive the external economies, although the creation of these benefits for outsiders usually has no negative impact on that entity [4] . Wind power engineering projects have external economies which may affect the construction of wind farm, the sustainable development of wind power industry, and even the national energy security [5] . In order to promote the reasonable construction of wind farm and sustainable development of wind power industry, the scientific and effective evaluation on external economies of The ratio (%) Installed capacity (MW) Year Annual installed capacity Cumulative installed capacity The ratio of annual installed capacity in cumulative installed capacity wind power engineering project is necessary. Therefore, the use of certain models to evaluate the external economies of wind power engineering project is particularly important.

The entity that is actually managing the activity does not receive the external economies, although the creation of these benefits for outsiders usually has no negative impact on that entity.

Wind power engineering projects have external economies which may affect the construction of wind farm, the sustainable development of wind power industry, and even the national energy security.


With the development of human society, the important role of energy in people's daily lives is becoming increasingly prominent. Nowadays, the energy supply shortage and environmental pollution issues make exploiting and utilizing renewable energy as the focus of worldwide concerns [1] . As a kind of renewable energy, wind energy has the advantages of having huge reserves and wide distribution and being renewable and pollution-free [2] . In recent years, the installed capacity of wind power in China has been growing rapidly, just as shown in Figure 1 , of which the cumulative installed capacity has increased from 0.3 GW in 2000 to 75.3 GW in 2012. In 2010, the cumulative installed capacity of wind power in China reached 41.827 GW with the annual installed capacity of 16 GW, and China surpassed the United States and ranked the first in terms of cumulative installed capacity of wind power at this year [3] . However, due to the continued growth momentum and the negative impact of large-scale wind power accessing grid, the ratio of annual installed capacity in cumulative installed capacity has shown downward trend in the recent years, and the ratio has declined to 17.21% in 2012 from 53.49% in 2009. In 2007, the ratio of annual installed capacity in cumulative installed capacity reached the top, which is 56.45%.

Nowadays, the energy supply shortage and environmental pollution issues make exploiting and utilizing renewable energy as the focus of worldwide concerns.

As a kind of renewable energy, wind energy has the advantages of having huge reserves and wide distribution and being renewable and pollution-free.

In 2010, the cumulative installed capacity of wind power in China reached 41.827 GW with the annual installed capacity of 16 GW, and China surpassed the United States and ranked the first in terms of cumulative installed capacity of wind power at this year.


Within the framework of environment respect, a significant improvement has been put concerning the actuation technology. Initially hydraulically-powered and valvecontrolled, the actuators have been or are being replaced by electrically supplied, power-on-demand solutions, thanks to the increasing maturity of high power electronics and the progress of rare earth electric motors and their controls. An example is represented by the aerospace industry which in last decade has dedicated itself to development of greener aircrafts: in the commercial transport the recent A380 and the Boeing 787 are considered the first "more electric aircrafts" due to adoption of power-by-wire actuators such as EHAs, electro-backup hydrostatic actuators (EBHAs) and electromechanical actuators (EMAs) principally in backup mode for primary and secondary flight controls, in place of the conventional servohydraulic actuators (SHAs) [1] .

An example is represented by the aerospace industry which in last decade has dedicated itself to development of greener aircrafts: in the commercial transport the recent A380 and the Boeing 787 are considered the first "more electric aircrafts" due to adoption of power-by-wire actuators such as EHAs, electro-backup hydrostatic actuators (EBHAs) and electromechanical actuators (EMAs) principally in backup mode for primary and secondary flight controls, in place of the conventional servohydraulic actuators (SHAs).


Recently the demand for drive solutions with higher force density has again pushed to the fore the electrohydraulic ones. In particular the interest concerns the EHA module concept of speed-controlled fixed-displacement pump driven by a permanent magnet synchronous machine with its inverter ( fig. 1) . By combining the advantages of power-bywire (energy saving) and hydraulics (fluid as a heat conveyor) without requiring a motor power drive per axis, this design makes the injection molding machines more competitive than before [6] . Compared with constant-speed variable-displacement pump, it reveals its advantages of drastic reduction of energy consumption, especially in processes characterized by long phases with no or little oil flow [3] . Therefore, it appears as the principal competitor of the electromechanical modules when accuracy, reliability, flexibility and noise are considered. In particular, maintenance costs are significantly cut as it is cheaper to replace hydraulic seals than ball-screws and bearings.

By combining the advantages of power-bywire (energy saving) and hydraulics (fluid as a heat conveyor) without requiring a motor power drive per axis, this design makes the injection molding machines more competitive than before.

Compared with constant-speed variable-displacement pump, it reveals its advantages of drastic reduction of energy consumption, especially in processes characterized by long phases with no or little oil flow.


While the Global Fund is not the only source of funding available for these multi-country projects, its contributions to overall malaria programme financing in low-and middle-income countries has been estimated to be 45%, well above that of other donors, whether multi or unilateral [2] . Thus the GF plays a significant role in determining which multi-country projects get funded overall. For this reason, this review concentrates on the Global Fund's role in financing multi-country initiatives. Given the importance of regional and cross-border initiatives in the future of malaria control, this review aimed to achieve a better understanding of the Global Fund's support for such initiatives in terms of: 1) the Global Fund's policies and practices for funding multi-country proposals; 2) temporal trends in the submission and funding of multi-country proposals to the Global Fund; and 3) the factors and variables associated with successful proposals.

While the Global Fund is not the only source of funding available for these multi-country projects, its contributions to overall malaria programme financing in low-and middle-income countries has been estimated to be 45%, well above that of other donors, whether multi or unilateral.


After 6-8 weeks of ADSCs and PRP injection of knee joints, some elderly patients complained of knee pain secondary to tenosinovitis and tendonitis. These symptoms usually occurred in elderly patients over the age of 60 (15 of 22 patients), as previously described [44] . These symptoms improved with NSAIDs and resolved with trigger point injections with triamcinolone at third or fourth months. The exact cause of these symptoms is not clear. It can be postulated that knee posture may be the cause. Cartilage regeneration, decreased mobility during the procedure, or increased mobility after the procedure may cause the positioning of the knee joint to be changed, resulting the tendons and ligament to strain, as previously reported [45] .

These symptoms usually occurred in elderly patients over the age of 60 (15 of 22 patients), as previously described.

Cartilage regeneration, decreased mobility during the procedure, or increased mobility after the procedure may cause the positioning of the knee joint to be changed, resulting the tendons and ligament to strain, as previously reported.


The global charcoal database provides information on the variability in fire activity over longer time scales. In these charcoal records, variations which oppose the trend expected due to climatic conditions are interpreted as human driven (Marlon et al 2008) . The increase in charcoal records from 1750-1870 is attributed to human influence, linked to population growth and land-use changes, and a subsequent decrease, due to intensification of land use. The trends in the charcoal record are confirmed by CO ice core records for the Southern Hemisphere (Wang et al 2010) .

In these charcoal records, variations which oppose the trend expected due to climatic conditions are interpreted as human driven.

The trends in the charcoal record are confirmed by CO ice core records for the Southern Hemisphere.


The human influence on fire regimes is also observed locally: analysis of single charcoal records in New Zealand shows a strong change in fire regime, with an increase in fire occurrence, after the arrival of humans (McWethy et al 2010) . In the tropics, land use change is known to influence the fire regime, and has potential to modify large parts of this important biome (Cochrane 1999) . The higher flammability of deforested areas leads to more frequent fire occurrence, and can further damage the surrounding forested areas and amplify the influence of fires set by humans on the vegetation and fire regime (Cochrane 1999) .

The human influence on fire regimes is also observed locally: analysis of single charcoal records in New Zealand shows a strong change in fire regime, with an increase in fire occurrence, after the arrival of humans.

In the tropics, land use change is known to influence the fire regime, and has potential to modify large parts of this important biome.

The higher flammability of deforested areas leads to more frequent fire occurrence, and can further damage the surrounding forested areas and amplify the influence of fires set by humans on the vegetation and fire regime.


The founding idea of pervasive computing is the human-centered computation in which computational resources and services are freely available everywhere and cooperate seamlessly to support users' tasks [15] . In order to fulfill this vision, context is not only used to identify the environment and user characteristics for executing tasks, but it is also exploited to infer new knowledge about users to help them in a transparent and proactive manner. Pervasive computing underlines the need to provide formal context descriptions and rules by which new context features can be extracted.

The founding idea of pervasive computing is the human-centered computation in which computational resources and services are freely available everywhere and cooperate seamlessly to support users' tasks.


The need for expressing preferences on a well-defined domain has introduced the problem of defining domain concepts and relations between them using a machine-readable language, in order to let users of context-aware platforms express their preferences and platforms themselves to create a correspondent context. The Semantic Web and, in particular, ontologies have helped researchers in finding this language [3] . Nowadays, ontologies are the most recognized mean to let applications share, exchange and compose concepts and relations from different domains, and OWL, the Web Ontology Language, is the machine-readable language used to describe them [26] . This paper proposes a novel framework to define and manage context in general environments. The framework highlights a set of functionalities that are nedeed to manage context in information systems. The context is specified using a flexible and extensible ontology-based model. The model is flexible, since it provides a general framework that can be applied to almost every application in which it is needed to manage user context; the model is extensible, since it provides mechanisms to add new domain specifications on which new aspects of the context can be instantiated.

The Semantic Web and, in particular, ontologies have helped researchers in finding this language.

Nowadays, ontologies are the most recognized mean to let applications share, exchange and compose concepts and relations from different domains, and OWL, the Web Ontology Language, is the machine-readable language used to describe them.


The strong association between obesity and diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia or certain cancers is well-known [5] . Meanwhile, obesity is associated with a significant 1.5-to 2-fold increase in the risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms [6] . GERD affects the larynx and causes many patients to develop reflux laryngitis or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) [7] . LPR can be thought to lead to CL [8] . We hypothesized that obesity might play an important role in CL. However, the relationship between obesity and CL has not been recognized. Here, we used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to study the factors associated with CL. The KNHANES is a national surveillance system that has been assessing the health and nutritional status of Koreans since 1998. Based on the National Health Promotion Act, the surveys have been conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [9] .

The strong association between obesity and diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia or certain cancers is well-known.

Meanwhile, obesity is associated with a significant 1.5-to 2-fold increase in the risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms.

GERD affects the larynx and causes many patients to develop reflux laryngitis or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).

LPR can be thought to lead to CL.

Based on the National Health Promotion Act, the surveys have been conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.


We call points of H Theorem B recovers some spaces that have already appeared in literature. Plainly, the space H d g/h (1) is the space of twisted admissible covers of Abramovich, Corti, and Vistoli [2] . In this space, the branch points are forced to remain distinct, and hence the only singularities of C are its nodes over the nodes of P . As decreases, H d g/h ( ) allows more and more branch points to coincide, and thus allows C to have progressively nastier singularities. We highlight that these singularities need not be Gorenstein (Example 6.9)! For d = 2 and h = 0, these spaces are the spaces of hyperelliptic curves constructed by Fedorchuk [7] .

Plainly, the space H d g/h (1) is the space of twisted admissible covers of Abramovich, Corti, and Vistoli.

For d = 2 and h = 0, these spaces are the spaces of hyperelliptic curves constructed by Fedorchuk.


A fascinating aspect of the study of moduli spaces is the exploration of their birational geometry. By varying the moduli functor, one can construct a menagerie of birational models of a moduli space. These models are not only interesting in themselves, but also provide an unprecedented opportunity to explicitly study the Mori theory of some of the most interesting higher dimensional varieties. Pioneered by Hassett and Keel, such a study for the moduli space of curves continues to be a topic of intense current research [8] .

Pioneered by Hassett and Keel, such a study for the moduli space of curves continues to be a topic of intense current research.


In this study, the heart rates of individual L. cornutus of differing degrees of boldness were compared by measuring their heart rates during an acute, stressful event. First, we found that our estimates of individuals' boldness were highly repeatable in L. cornutus, consistent with data collected on dozens of other species of spider (Pruitt and Riechert 2012) . Second, we found that our two species differed in their average boldness. Third, we found a strong, positive association between individuals' boldness and their heart rates for L. cornutus. Thus, we reason that individual differences in key metabolic functions (e.g., metabolic rate, heart rate) may underlie individual differences in boldness in these species.

First, we found that our estimates of individuals' boldness were highly repeatable in L. cornutus, consistent with data collected on dozens of other species of spider.


The argument that some phenotypes will be favored because of their low resource needs bears thematic resemblance to classic resource competition theory (i.e., R*) (Tilman, 1982) . Importantly, the success of R* Theory as a general explanation for competitive dominance in community ecology has been marred by insufficient field tests. Thus, we caution that although the ideas outlined above have intuitive appeal, future studies that orthogonally manipulate resource availability, population density, and ratios of different personality types are badly needed to address whether these models hold true. As a growing number of studies document basic associations between metabolic traits and personality (like this one), the most important, illuminating studies will be those that directly and explicitly test these models' predictions either in laboratory mesocosms or (preferably) in situ. For our study, we must recognize that all of our measurements were taken immediately following an intense feeding bout. It, thus, remains unclear whether the relationship between boldness and heart rate observed here would hold under severe food limitation. Although, the idea that the relationship between basic physiological measurements and animal personality will emerge/disappear as a consequence of system's resource regimes is itself an exciting and little-explored hypothesis.

The argument that some phenotypes will be favored because of their low resource needs bears thematic resemblance to classic resource competition theory (i.e., R*).


Until now, the raw biomasses subjected to torrefaction studies have mainly been stem wood from different wood species, agricultural wastes and short rotation coppice [6] . Only a few studies have been carried out to investigate torrefaction behaviors of tops and branches, bark and stump and their properties after torrefaction treatment [2, 3, 6] . In addition, the studies have focused on the effect of process conditions on the mass loss of biomass and the properties of torrefied biomass for further thermal conversion applications. Less attention has been paid to the change of chemical composition and grindability of biomass upon torrefaction treatment.

Until now, the raw biomasses subjected to torrefaction studies have mainly been stem wood from different wood species, agricultural wastes and short rotation coppice.

Only a few studies have been carried out to investigate torrefaction behaviors of tops and branches, bark and stump and their properties after torrefaction treatment.


In this paper, we present a simplified model to the final model in PKN [13] . Several key terms in our model will be mechanistically formulated. This model is concise and amenable to systematical mathematical analysis of its dynamics. For simplicity, we shall use serum androgen concentration to approximate intracellular androgen. This is reasonable since androgen passively and quickly diffuses through the prostate membrane via concentration gradient [29] . This approach is practical for a typical clinical setting, where the data collected can be applied directly to the model. Most importantly, our model can fit PSA and androgen values simultaneously, which enables us to be more accurate in making future PSA value predictions.

In this paper, we present a simplified model to the final model in PKN.

This is reasonable since androgen passively and quickly diffuses through the prostate membrane via concentration gradient.


Septic arthritis of the hip is the most common septic arthritis in children, with an incidence of about 1:20,000 in developing countries [1] . The prognosis depends on prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, such as surgical decompression and proper antibiotic use. If not treated promptly, septic arthritis of the hip may cause anatomic deformation of various bone and soft tissue structures, which can cause pain from secondary arthritis. Performing total hip arthroplasty (THA) in pediatric patients with septic arthritis of the hip is challenging because of their young age, the anatomical abnormalities of bone and soft tissue, and potential risk of postoperative deep infection. Various special surgical techniques have been designed to achieve THA in severely dysplastic hips in this subset of patients, but they are associated with relatively high rates of complications, including intraoperative femoral fractures, recurrent infection, mechanical loosening, and revisions [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .

Septic arthritis of the hip is the most common septic arthritis in children, with an incidence of about 1:20,000 in developing countries.

Various special surgical techniques have been designed to achieve THA in severely dysplastic hips in this subset of patients, but they are associated with relatively high rates of complications, including intraoperative femoral fractures, recurrent infection, mechanical loosening, and revisions.


It has also been found that Bacillus mucilaginosus can secrete an EPS which may be used as a bioflocculant in wastewater treatment to remove various contaminants [7] . Although it has been several years since EPS from B. mucilaginosus was first discovered, the process for the production has not been thoroughly studied. Many researchers have focused their efforts on the characteristics and the applications of EPS from B. mucilaginosus [8, 9, 10] . However, there are very few reports concerning culture medium and process parameters optimization. Moreover, the high cost and low yields of bioflocculant are the major factors limiting the development of bioflocculants for commercial use in wastewater treatment. Thus, it is also important to reduce the costs of the medium as this may affect the overall process economics.

It has also been found that Bacillus mucilaginosus can secrete an EPS which may be used as a bioflocculant in wastewater treatment to remove various contaminants.

Many researchers have focused their efforts on the characteristics and the applications of EPS from B. mucilaginosus.


Statistical experiment design and data analysis have been applied successfully for optimizing the medium constituents and other critical variables responsible for the production of EPS [11] [12] [13] . Response surface methodology (RSM) is a powerful statistical tool for testing multiple process variables. This methodology could overcome the limitations of single-parameter optimization, which is both time-consuming and cannot assess the complex interactions among the various physico-chemical parameters [14] . Prior to optimization using RSM, PlackettBurman (P-B) design has been frequently used for screening the key factors in recent years [15, 16] . It is successfully used for optimization studies in several biotechnological and industrial processes [17, 18] .

Statistical experiment design and data analysis have been applied successfully for optimizing the medium constituents and other critical variables responsible for the production of EPS.

This methodology could overcome the limitations of single-parameter optimization, which is both time-consuming and cannot assess the complex interactions among the various physico-chemical parameters.

Prior to optimization using RSM, PlackettBurman (P-B) design has been frequently used for screening the key factors in recent years.

It is successfully used for optimization studies in several biotechnological and industrial processes.


Considerable heterogeneity was evident across all of the included studies on the basis of various methodological issues, echoing previous discussions in the literature [14, 52, 61] . Regarding whether the method applied was parametric or non-parametric, the present results revealed that the former method tends to reveal a higher proportion of positive associations between delay discounting and obesity than non-parametric methods. The parametric Mazurhyperbolic discount function and non-parametric AUC methods were the most commonly identified types of analysis and when compared, no substantial differences in the number of significant associations is evident between the two methods. Interestingly, two studies conducted both methods (i.e. Mazur-hyperbolic and AUC) and both reported no differences between the two analyses. However, we observed a significantly higher proportion of significant delay discounting-obesity associations in studies using more flexible discount functions, which nest both exponential and hyperbolic discounting, e.g. Fixed-cost hyperbolic, Quasi-hyperbolic, Generalized-hyperbolic, and Saturating-hyperbolic. All the five included studies that assumed these specifications have reported positive associations.

Considerable heterogeneity was evident across all of the included studies on the basis of various methodological issues, echoing previous discussions in the literature.


One can also consider the ultra-spinning black holes with some of the finite angular momenta non-zero. In odd(even) spacetime dimensions, the metric of an ultra-spinning black hole with all but two(one) of the spins finite and non-zero will reduce to that of a spinning black brane. As we have shown in Section 2, the counterterm method can also be applied to spinning black branes and the results are similar to the ones for the 'seed' spinning black hole solution. We have computed the renormalized action to find the Gibbs potential and we expect similar thermal instabilities as for the corresponding black holes. As we already emphasized, though, in all these examples we expect that the thermodynamic instabilities do not signal a dynamical instability or a new branch, but rather a transition to an infinitesimally nearby solution along the same family of solutions [10] .

As we already emphasized, though, in all these examples we expect that the thermodynamic instabilities do not signal a dynamical instability or a new branch, but rather a transition to an infinitesimally nearby solution along the same family of solutions.


For a black ring with one angular momentum the heat capacity can be positive, but the momentum of inertia is always negative [7] . Therefore, the singly spinning black ring is thermodynamically unstable. As in the case of one angular momentum, the heat capacity of a doubly spinning black ring can be positive in some region of the parameter space. However, there is a key difference when the second angular momentum is turned on. That is, the component of the momentum of inertia associated to S 1 of the black ring can become positive -this is explicitly shown in Figure 3 .

For a black ring with one angular momentum the heat capacity can be positive, but the momentum of inertia is always negative.


Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is an important metabolic enzyme required for the salvage of adenine and methionine. Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is a product of polyamine synthesis and is cleaved by MTAP to produce adenine and methylthioribose-1-phosphate which is further recycled to methionine [1] [2] [3] . MTAP is highly conserved across all Kingdoms, with nearly all organisms expressing either MTAP or 5'-Methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase (MTAN), both of which perform the conversion of MTA to adenine and methionine. Since mammals can only generate AMP via de novo purine synthesis or via salvage of adenosine and adenine, the conversion of MTA to adenine has been thought to provide an important source of adenine for AMP synthesis [4] . Accumulation of MTA is toxic to cells due to feedback inhibition of spermidine synthase; hence MTAP also plays an important function in eliminating this toxic by-product of polyamine synthesis [1, 5, 6] . Located on chromosome 9 directly adjacent to the tumor suppressor, CDKN2a, MTAP is frequently co-deleted in many human tumors, including leukemia, lymphoma, mesothelioma, lung, pancreatic, glioblastoma, and osteosarcoma [7] [8] [9] . Deletion of MTAP creates a unique situation in which the tumor cell is dependent on de novo purine synthesis of AMP to Methylthioadenosine (MTA) Rescues Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase (MTAP)-Deficient Tumors 524 from Purine Synthesis Inhibition in Vivo via Non-Autonomous Adenine Supply support proliferation, growth and survival. Indeed, previous studies have demonstrated that MTAP deficient tumors are more susceptible to inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis, such as L-alanosine, methotrexate and azaserine [10, 11] . These data suggest that targeting MTAP deficient tumors with purine synthesis inhibitors in combination with MTAP substrates, such as MTA or 9-β-D-erythrofuranosyladenine (EFA) would provide greater efficacy and a greater therapeutic window over chemotherapeutic regimens currently in clinical use [12] .

Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is a product of polyamine synthesis and is cleaved by MTAP to produce adenine and methylthioribose-1-phosphate which is further recycled to methionine.

Since mammals can only generate AMP via de novo purine synthesis or via salvage of adenosine and adenine, the conversion of MTA to adenine has been thought to provide an important source of adenine for AMP synthesis.

Accumulation of MTA is toxic to cells due to feedback inhibition of spermidine synthase; hence MTAP also plays an important function in eliminating this toxic by-product of polyamine synthesis.

Located on chromosome 9 directly adjacent to the tumor suppressor, CDKN2a, MTAP is frequently co-deleted in many human tumors, including leukemia, lymphoma, mesothelioma, lung, pancreatic, glioblastoma, and osteosarcoma.

Indeed, previous studies have demonstrated that MTAP deficient tumors are more susceptible to inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis, such as L-alanosine, methotrexate and azaserine.

These data suggest that targeting MTAP deficient tumors with purine synthesis inhibitors in combination with MTAP substrates, such as MTA or 9-β-D-erythrofuranosyladenine (EFA) would provide greater efficacy and a greater therapeutic window over chemotherapeutic regimens currently in clinical use.


Growing environmental concerns coupled with concerns about global crude oil supplies stimulate research on new vehicle technologies. Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEV) appear to be one of the most promising technologies for reducing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions [1] . Indeed, it is well known that the kinetic energy gained by the classical vehicle after an acceleration can not be recuperated when braking. One of the advantage of the hybrid vehicle is its ability to recuperate a part (depending of efficiencies) of this energy, to store it in a battery, and to re-use it latter. This electric energy can therefore be used by an electric motor to power the vehicle and to save fuel.

Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEV) appear to be one of the most promising technologies for reducing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions.


In order to clearly understand the effectiveness of the techniques for both power-saving and performance, a metric that is able to combine them together is useful. We evaluate the leakage energydelay product in a way that is appropriate for our study [20] . Since we are interested in the leakage, we calculated the product as: leakage energy * execution time (Figure 2) . With this metric, we can see that drowsy and decay are almost equivalent: decay provides better leakage saving while drowsy produces less performance loss, but considering these two factors together the techniques are very similar. However they are both far from their theoretical ideal case (more than 10% of difference). Figure 3 shows the leakage breakdown. A benchmark is presented as a case study. As shown, the additional leakage introduced by L0 is negligible. It accounts for about 1% of total leakage. This is actually the extra leakage in which our proposal incurs. However, since the reduction in L1 leakage is considerable, the total leakage (the sum of the leakage in L0 and in L1), is reduced.

We evaluate the leakage energydelay product in a way that is appropriate for our study.

Figure 3 shows the leakage breakdown.


Indirect CP violation in the neutral Kaon system was discovered by Christenson, Cronin, Fitch and Turlay in 1964, who observed the decay of a K L into two pions [1] . This decay would be forbidden in the case of exact CP symmetry. The parameter K measures indirect CP violation and is defined by The ∆S = 2 box-type diagram with internal up, charm, and top contributions is expressed as a sum of box-type diagrams proportional to λ 2 t , λ 2 c , and λ t λ c , respectively, using the GIM mechanism.

Indirect CP violation in the neutral Kaon system was discovered by Christenson, Cronin, Fitch and Turlay in 1964, who observed the decay of a K L into two pions.


To date, some work has focused on the tribochemistry and tribo-induced transfer film-forming properties of colloidal dispersion of graphite. However, a relatively small amount of work has explored the friction-induced products, graphene, from graphite dispersed in a fluid [27] . In this work, we chose esterified bio-oil (EBO) as a medium for graphite. EBO, synthesized by converting the acids to esters in the bio-oil, has shown good potential for reducing the corrosive behavior of the crude bio-oils [28] [29] [30] . However, the lubricity of EBO still needs to be further improved to be used as a fuel. In our previous work, we found that MoS 2 and graphene had a very good synergetic lubricating effect when dispersed in EBO and could enhance its lubricity significantly [30] . Therefore, using graphite as an additive for EBO not only enables the possibility to improve the friction and wear behavior of EBO, but also allows us to explore the friction-induced exfoliation of graphite. The tribological conditions, including the normal load and sliding speed, were investigated to explore their effects during sliding. The corresponding tribological mechanisms were also investigated.

However, a relatively small amount of work has explored the friction-induced products, graphene, from graphite dispersed in a fluid.

EBO, synthesized by converting the acids to esters in the bio-oil, has shown good potential for reducing the corrosive behavior of the crude bio-oils.

In our previous work, we found that MoS 2 and graphene had a very good synergetic lubricating effect when dispersed in EBO and could enhance its lubricity significantly.


The environment of the northwestern Ross Sea shelf The environmental differences between transects and depth strata did not conform to the initial prediction on which the sampling strategy was based. That is, differences among transect groups with respect to chlorophyll a (both in the surface waters and the sediment) did not exhibit the linearity expected; and for depth strata, iceberg scour intensity was almost as great in the deepest stratum as the initially predicted middle depth stratum. It is perhaps not surprising that gradients in the proxy measures of primary productivity were not observed, considering the relatively short distance over which the transects were distributed. Mean surface water and sediment chlorophyll a values are highest for transect 5, the southernmost transect off Cape Hallett, and the lowest for transect 3, off Cape McCormick. However, the pattern among transects was not entirely concordant for the two measures, with relatively high values for surface chlorophyll a for transects 2 and 4 matched by relatively low values for these transects for sediment chl a. A mismatch between the two variables can be expected where the deposition of surface-derived matter to the seafloor is laterally advected by currents (Smith et al., 2006) .

A mismatch between the two variables can be expected where the deposition of surface-derived matter to the seafloor is laterally advected by currents.


Multivariate analyses revealed that macro-infauna, macro-epifauna, and mega-epifauna assemblages all showed significant differences in composition among transects. However, these differences were only pronounced for the mega-epifaunal component, possibly because such mobile and more sparsely distributed organisms may be controlled more closely by environmental variables that operate on large spatial scales (such as productivity) rather than those that vary on smaller scales, for instance, those that describe habitat heterogeneity (Barry et al., 2003) . Pairwise comparisons revealed that for all assemblage types transect 5 was significantly different from transects 3 and 2 in its assemblage composition, and this result provides some support for the energy-diversity hypotheses tested. That is, assemblages from the area of the seabed beneath the most productive waters and receiving a relatively high amount of this overlying productivity (transect 5) were most different from those beneath the least productive waters (transect 3) or the seabed receiving the least of the overlying surface productivity (transects 2 and 3). The relative frequency of occurrence of the bryozoan Tracheloptyx antarctica contributed the most to the measure of dissimilarity between the macroinfaunal assemblages of transects 5 and 3, and the polychaete Scoloplos marginatus mcleani between transects 5 and 2. The bryozoan species was only marginally more frequent on transect 5 than transect 3. This species is not strictly macro-infaunal, rather it is a macro-epifauna species sampled by the grab-presumably on small rock pebbles. Hence, the presence of this discriminating species probably reflects substrate availability more than a response to an environment with a potentially better food supply for these suspension feeding organisms.

However, these differences were only pronounced for the mega-epifaunal component, possibly because such mobile and more sparsely distributed organisms may be controlled more closely by environmental variables that operate on large spatial scales (such as productivity) rather than those that vary on smaller scales, for instance, those that describe habitat heterogeneity.


Tea is a beverage globally consumed due to its pleasant flavor and health benefits against chronic pathologies such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases [1] . The aroma is an important criterion in the evaluation of tea quality. Extensive studies have been conducted to elucidate tea aroma formation [2, 3] . Intact fresh tea leaves hardly have any scent and distinct aromas of differently made teas are formed from their metabolic precursors present in tea leaves over their manufacturing processes [3] . For example, C13-norisoprenoid volatiles such as -ionone and theaspirone are generated from carotenoids due to enzymatic and nonenzymatic degradation [4] . Fresh and greenish odorants such as ( )-2-hexanal and ( )-3-hexanol are derived from lipid oxidation [5] . However, these volatiles generated from tea leaves over the manufacturing process are readily released into air and get lost. Meanwhile, substantial amounts of these volatiles are captured and retained in the tea leaf matrix. Therefore, tea aroma is determined not only by volatiles generation, but also by their retention in the processed tea leaves. It is obvious that odorants generated over the manufacturing processes are partially retained in the tea leaf matrix due to the dynamic volatile adsorption and desorption. Nevertheless, this dynamic process is crucial to tea flavor but is rarely investigated.

Tea is a beverage globally consumed due to its pleasant flavor and health benefits against chronic pathologies such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases.

Extensive studies have been conducted to elucidate tea aroma formation.

Intact fresh tea leaves hardly have any scent and distinct aromas of differently made teas are formed from their metabolic precursors present in tea leaves over their manufacturing processes.

For example, C13-norisoprenoid volatiles such as -ionone and theaspirone are generated from carotenoids due to enzymatic and nonenzymatic degradation.

Fresh and greenish odorants such as ( )-2-hexanal and ( )-3-hexanol are derived from lipid oxidation.


The nature of the intervention meant it could not be evaluated as an individually-randomised controlled trial in a single centre and so we used an interrupted time-series design. While this design is not as robust as randomised controlled trial, it is the most robust of quasi-experimental designs, including a simple before and after study [13] . The intervention could have been evaluated using a stronger research design such as a cluster RCT, or even a stepped-wedge cluster RCT, but this would have meant a much larger scale study which would have been beyond the limit of the resources available. However, we recognise that this study provides only preliminary evidence of effectiveness of the training package and further research of its effectiveness using a stronger research design on a larger scale is merited. Moreover, the focus of this study was to evaluate the impact of a training package on the recognition of stroke by EMDs and on the time between the call to the EMS and arrival at hospital rather than evaluating the impact on clinical outcomes. Further research should also explore any impact that the training may have on other outcomes such as time to CT, thrombolysis rates and survival. We tried to ensure that data capture was over a long period in order to obtain a large enough sample to demonstrate the impact of the intervention. By sampling over 18 months we can be reasonably certain the sample was representative of the annual intake of stroke patients at the centre, and that there was unlikely to be an impact of seasonal variation. In contrast, an 18-months period was a relatively short time series and so has limited the potential for investigation and explanation of underlying trends in the data, for example, in the time from call to arrival at scene and hospital. If resources had allowed we could have increased the time periods over which the data were sampled, which would have allowed further exploration of trends; alternatively, we could have increased the sample size within each observation by sampling for more than seven days. Either or both of these approaches would have increased the numbers and allowed for greater variability in the data. However, this does not invalidate the findings of improved recognition of stroke by the EMDs and the modest reduction in times from Pre-to Post-implementation; effects were estimated with relatively good precision, evinced by the width of the confidence intervals. The accuracy of the recognition of stroke by EMDs was evaluated over seven months in the Post-implementation period; any sustained changes in the level of stroke recognition beyond this time point are not known.

While this design is not as robust as randomised controlled trial, it is the most robust of quasi-experimental designs, including a simple before and after study.


Our data demonstrated that the double BCP mutations were the only independent risk factor for the development of HCC. A prospective cohort of approximately 1600 high-risk individuals in Qidong, China, showed that the double BCP mutations were identified in 50% of HCC cases before cancer detection, suggesting that the variants might indicate a high potential risk for HCC (Kuang et al., 2004) . It has also been reported that such mutations is usually associated with HBV genotype as their prevalence is higher in genotype C than genotype B (Kao et al., 2003) . Although the mechanism of double BCP mutations in hepatocarcinogenesis remains uncertain, several hypotheses have been proposed. The dual BCP mutants may enhance viral replication by creating a specific transcription factor binding site or modulating the relative levels of precore and core RNAs (Hunt et al., 2000) . Furthermore, the presence of the mutants may be associated with decreasing T-cell immune responses (Malmassari et al., 2007) . In addition, mutations in the BCP region, which overlaps the coding sequence for the X gene, may result in amino acid changes in the X protein (Malmassari et al., 2007) . For example, A1762T/ G1764A mutations are corresponding to K130M/V131I in the X protein. These genomic variations could modify the oncogenic potential of the X protein and induce inactivation of p53-mediated apoptosis or impairment of DNA repair (Hussain et al., 2007) .

A prospective cohort of approximately 1600 high-risk individuals in Qidong, China, showed that the double BCP mutations were identified in 50% of HCC cases before cancer detection, suggesting that the variants might indicate a high potential risk for HCC.

It has also been reported that such mutations is usually associated with HBV genotype as their prevalence is higher in genotype C than genotype B.

The dual BCP mutants may enhance viral replication by creating a specific transcription factor binding site or modulating the relative levels of precore and core RNAs.

Furthermore, the presence of the mutants may be associated with decreasing T-cell immune responses.

In addition, mutations in the BCP region, which overlaps the coding sequence for the X gene, may result in amino acid changes in the X protein.

These genomic variations could modify the oncogenic potential of the X protein and induce inactivation of p53-mediated apoptosis or impairment of DNA repair.


Serum vitamin D levels were highest in the group exposed to sunlight on a daily basis as anticipated, but were nevertheless vitamin D deficient. Aside from the conventional factors previously mentioned contributing to vitamin D deficiency, the atmosphere in urban Riyadh is known to be saturated with dust particles and vehicle pollution that may affect the availability of UV radiation; since the dust is composed of mineral particles that both absorb and scatter sunlight and this might affect vitamin D synthesis [35] . Our study acknowledges a few limitations. Data on sun exposure and physical activity were based on administered questionnaires which are subject to recall bias. Data on which body parts were exposed were also not provided. A prospective approach using a more controlled environment (experimental setting) rather than interview questionnaire might provide more definitive answers to the differences observed in the present study. Lastly, serum parathormone was not assessed in the study and it is still debatable whether vitamin D supplementation should be given to those who are deficient in the absence of information on biological consequences and non-availability of serum parathormone level.

Aside from the conventional factors previously mentioned contributing to vitamin D deficiency, the atmosphere in urban Riyadh is known to be saturated with dust particles and vehicle pollution that may affect the availability of UV radiation; since the dust is composed of mineral particles that both absorb and scatter sunlight and this might affect vitamin D synthesis.


With a few notable exceptions, most of these studies have been carried out at the national level. However, an important strand of thought argues that construction markets cannot be considered as a national aggregate, but are better represented as a series of interconnected regional and local markets. There are two aspects of this issue, first, the determinants of construction prices and demand may differ over different socio-economic development levels. Hence, even if the structures of construction markets are identical, there may still be a problem of differences in construction markets from a policy perspective. Secondly, the interactions among regional construction markets could not be ignored. Whether or not spatial effects on regional construction markets need to be considered in the construction price and demand formulation has never been discussed. Recently, spatial autocorrelation has been increasingly used in cross-sectional and panel regression studies, neglecting that spatial autocorrelation in regression models may lead to poor assessment of the estimator (Martellosio, 2011) . In this study, the interrelationship of regional construction markets will be investigated by utilising spatial autocorrelation tests among regional construction prices in Australia. Additionally, the converging property of construction price levels of the eight regional markets will be estimated by using spatial convergence tests.

Recently, spatial autocorrelation has been increasingly used in cross-sectional and panel regression studies, neglecting that spatial autocorrelation in regression models may lead to poor assessment of the estimator.


Construction plays a vital role in many economies not only in generating a conspicuous contribution to economic development, employment and income but also in providing the necessary public infrastructure and private physical structures for government, business, and domestic consumption (Song et al., 2006) . The severity of the global economic impact of the recent financial crises has intensified the needs for modelling linkages between different regional construction markets (Jiang et al. 2013) . It is important for construction firms, developers and policy makers to understand how specific regional market shocks are transmitted to other regions, because it affects their ability of risk hedging though regional investment.

Construction plays a vital role in many economies not only in generating a conspicuous contribution to economic development, employment and income but also in providing the necessary public infrastructure and private physical structures for government, business, and domestic consumption.

The severity of the global economic impact of the recent financial crises has intensified the needs for modelling linkages between different regional construction markets.


On the other hand, it is also known that, in other contexts than Einstein's gravity, the area formula of black hole entropy may not be held. For example, when higher order curvature term appears in some gravity theory, the area formula has to be modified [15] . Modifications to Bekenstein-Hawking formula also appear when quantum gravity effects are included. For example, when a Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP) is taken into account [16, 17] . In this way, it was investigated modifications of the entropic force due to corrections imposed on the area law by quantum effects and extra dimensions [18] . Quantum gravity corrections to Bekenstein-Hawking formula also appear in the context of Loop Quantum Gravity. The most popular form to these corrections appear as logarithmic corrections which arises due to thermal equilibrium fluctuations and quantum fluctuations [19, 20, 21, 22] .

For example, when higher order curvature term appears in some gravity theory, the area formula has to be modified.

For example, when a Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP) is taken into account.

In this way, it was investigated modifications of the entropic force due to corrections imposed on the area law by quantum effects and extra dimensions.

The most popular form to these corrections appear as logarithmic corrections which arises due to thermal equilibrium fluctuations and quantum fluctuations.


Supercooling phenomenon is of particular interest in food industry. While in transport, foods like fruits and vegetables require storage in a cold environment where the temperature is several degrees below freezing point. However, freezing the food would reduce its quality by damaging food cells and changing its color. However, if one can store food in a subfreezing temperature without freezing, there would be no loss of quality. For instance, unpeeled garlic was stored in −6˚C for a week, without freezing [1] . Moreover, supercooling is necessary for the survival of some creatures and plants in nature. When an organism's fluid is cooled below its freezing point, it is probable that ice nucleation happens inside its tissues, which causes lethal freezing. To survive, the specie must either tolerate this freezing or somehow prevent nucleation. For instance, insects are seen to be supercooled to extremely low temperatures of −40˚C. Fish also use the supercooling phenomenon to survive in subfreezing temperatures. The Polar Teleost fish is a good example of a species that supercools to −1.9˚C while its body fluid's freezing point is −0.6˚C [2] .

For instance, unpeeled garlic was stored in −6˚C for a week, without freezing.

The Polar Teleost fish is a good example of a species that supercools to −1.9˚C while its body fluid's freezing point is −0.6˚C.


In 1955, Mossop investigated freezing of supercooled water of high purity. In an experiment, water was supercooled down to −34.5˚C [5] . He discovered that nucleation happens when supercooled water is exposed to air. This was related to freezing nuclei found in the air.

In an experiment, water was supercooled down to −34.5˚C.


We wish to disclose our investigations into using cysteine-functionalized GQDs to provide a fluorescent probe for Trp. N-acetyl cysteine has been used with traditional CdSe/CdS quantum dots to differentiate between different enantiomers of tyrosine [32] . In that case the Nacetylcysteine was absorbed onto the surface of the dots under alkaline conditions forcing the carboxyl group and thiol to be affixed to the surface. However, with tryptophan, we believe the key interaction may involve the carboxylate as a hydrogen-bond acceptor, and either the thiol or amino-hydrogens as hydrogen-bond donors. Either system-free amine or free thiol-can be accessed by using the other functionality to conjugate the amino acid to the GQD. An argument can be made for both ligation techniques and for why the chiral discrimination of either option might be preferred. Consequently, we wished to investigate both a thiol-bound and an amino-bound version of our chiral GQD and determine their potential as chiral fluorescent probes for L-tryptophan.

N-acetyl cysteine has been used with traditional CdSe/CdS quantum dots to differentiate between different enantiomers of tyrosine.


Given the overwhelming evidence for long-time universality, and more generally given the importance of studying quantum chaos in connection to questions in both the condensed matter and the high energy communities, developing a systematic renormalization group (RG) procedure that takes us to long times would be of great interest. This cannot be the usual RG in the sense of Wilson and Kadanoff [16, 17] . For instance, the desired procedure should work in quantum mechanics, i.e. in 0 + 1 dimensions, where there is no analogue of "spin-blocking" available. Another reason is that this procedure should also work for conformal field theories, which are fixed points under Wilsonian RG.

This cannot be the usual RG in the sense of Wilson and Kadanoff.


Ultimately, the study of quantum chaos reduces to understanding the long-time (but not necessarily long-distance) behavior of a quantum system. For instance, spectral statistics of a Hamiltonian can be probed using correlation functions at long times, or, equivalently, by calculating a certain path integral over long classical trajectories that fill up the available phase space [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . By now there exists a wealth of information about the long-time regime of many quantum systems, and many universal properties that diagnose quantum chaos (or lack thereof) are known. In particular, correlators at the longest time scales available in the system govern spacings between nearby eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian, and these spacings are universally captured by simple random matrix theory in all chaotic systems [3, 14, 15] .

For instance, spectral statistics of a Hamiltonian can be probed using correlation functions at long times, or, equivalently, by calculating a certain path integral over long classical trajectories that fill up the available phase space.

In particular, correlators at the longest time scales available in the system govern spacings between nearby eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian, and these spacings are universally captured by simple random matrix theory in all chaotic systems.


In legumes, water impermeability of seeds is acquired through dehydration during seed ripening (Quinlivan, 1971) . Water at first evaporates through the seed coat, but as the internal moisture content drops, the coat becomes impermeable, and further evaporation occurs via the seed hilum. The hilum then acts as a unidirectional valve that allows evaporation when external conditions are dry, but prevents water from entering when conditions are moist (Hyde, 1954) .

In legumes, water impermeability of seeds is acquired through dehydration during seed ripening.

The hilum then acts as a unidirectional valve that allows evaporation when external conditions are dry, but prevents water from entering when conditions are moist.


Oxidant and free radicals participate as both toxic and beneficial to the body [1] . However, excess of free radical production might play a role in immense diseases. Current life style and environment accumulate an over production of ROS and free radicals, such as super oxide anion radical (O2−•), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH•) which introduced into the body as by products in normal metabolic functions. These molecules/radicals are immense factors in cellular injury such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and others which accounted for a major portion of deaths today [2, 3] . The significant contribution as natural antioxidant by medicinal plants has prompted research interest. In distinction, Piper species is one of the medicinal plants used as folk's medicine worldwide.

Oxidant and free radicals participate as both toxic and beneficial to the body.

These molecules/radicals are immense factors in cellular injury such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and others which accounted for a major portion of deaths today.


Angiogenesis related circulating proteins are referred as potential biomarkers in ovarian cancer [18] . In a previous study we have reported the role of circulating Ang-2 in predicting the prognosis of ovarian cancer [19] . However, since angiogenesis is driven by multiple pathways, measuring only one individual circulating protein of a single pathway might not be sufficient. Simultaneous evaluation of the levels of VEGF members and their receptors and angiopoietins may provide more accurate diagnostic and prognostic information. At present, cancer studies in which both the circulating levels of VEGFs, sVEGFRs and angiopoietins are measured and combined are still missing, since only individual angiogenic or lymphangiogenic growth factors and receptors have been reported previously [20, 21] .

Angiogenesis related circulating proteins are referred as potential biomarkers in ovarian cancer.

In a previous study we have reported the role of circulating Ang-2 in predicting the prognosis of ovarian cancer.

At present, cancer studies in which both the circulating levels of VEGFs, sVEGFRs and angiopoietins are measured and combined are still missing, since only individual angiogenic or lymphangiogenic growth factors and receptors have been reported previously.


We found significant associations between common clinicopathological features of ovarian carcinoma and measured angiogenic biomarkers. Overall it was shown that angiogenic markers were associated most often with the dissemination of the disease, with the larger size of primary residual tumor and with the recurrence of the ovarian carcinoma, features that are related to angiogenesis. It was not a surprise that formation of ascites was linked very significantly to high VEGF and high VEGF/ sVEGFR-2 ratio since the role of VEGF in ascites formation has been demonstrated [9] .

It was not a surprise that formation of ascites was linked very significantly to high VEGF and high VEGF/ sVEGFR-2 ratio since the role of VEGF in ascites formation has been demonstrated.


Finally there are interesting questions relating to black-hole physics. First, we have already noted that the dissolving of M2-brane charges into M5-brane fluxes is one of the core ingredients in the microstate geometry program for resolving black hole singularities and obviating the appearance of horizons [4] . Here we are seeing the same thing and indeed the observation just before (6.1) shows that we really do have a "three-charge" family in which all three charges have been set equal, just as in the minimal ungauged supergravity relevant to black-hole physics. Unlike the black-hole story, here the UV families of M2 branes involve only one species and yet there are potentially three sets of M5 branes in the infra-red. In black hole physics, each pair of M5 branes intersect on a common (3 + 1)-dimensional space, but all three species only intersect in a (1 + 1)-dimensional space. In addition, the M5 branes emerging in the infra-red limit of the microstate geometries do not obviously produce a dielectric polarization of the supersymmetry but there are suggestions in which this may indeed be happening on evanescent ergospheres [57] . So we apparently have two rather different polarizations of M2 branes into M5 branes. It would be extremely interesting to see if there is, in fact, a deeper relationship and use the results here to further inform black-hole physics, or vice versa.

First, we have already noted that the dissolving of M2-brane charges into M5-brane fluxes is one of the core ingredients in the microstate geometry program for resolving black hole singularities and obviating the appearance of horizons.

In addition, the M5 branes emerging in the infra-red limit of the microstate geometries do not obviously produce a dielectric polarization of the supersymmetry but there are suggestions in which this may indeed be happening on evanescent ergospheres.


Brane polarization is one of the most remarkable and non-trivial aspects of string theory, arising from the fact that branes couple to forms of all degrees [1] . In the supergravity limit, brane polarization comes about through the Chern-Simons terms: sources of one type of brane can be generated through interactions of fluxes usually associated with other types of branes. Such mechanisms have played a major role in understanding the possible infra-red phase structure of holographic renormalization group (RG) flows and in the fuzzball program in which singular sources of branes that would normally back-react into a black hole can be replaced by smooth cohomological fluxes and thereby generate a smooth, solitonic, microstates geometries.

Brane polarization is one of the most remarkable and non-trivial aspects of string theory, arising from the fact that branes couple to forms of all degrees.


Strikingly, simultaneous analysis of multiple sodium channels further demonstrated that after SNE injury, steady-state NaV1.8 mRNA was significantly increased in the ipsilateral nerve by nearly 11-fold when compared to the contralateral nerve. In contrast, we were unable to observe any changes in ipsilateral mRNA levels of NaV1.3, NaV1.6, NaV1.7, or NaV1.9 (Fig. 5) . It is unlikely that the selective NaV1.8 mRNA increase was the indirect result of ultrastructural changes, as both the fiber number and composition remain unaltered at the sampling location proximal to the injury site [37] . These findings thus suggest a novel mechanism of selective NaV1.8 mRNA accumulation in injured axons.

It is unlikely that the selective NaV1.8 mRNA increase was the indirect result of ultrastructural changes, as both the fiber number and composition remain unaltered at the sampling location proximal to the injury site.


Surface and bulk acoustic resonator devices are attracting increasing attention owning to their use in various novel sensors, including UV sensors, mass sensors, biosensors, and others [1] [2] [3] . Surface acoustic resonators have been developed and examined for potential sensor applications because they are cheap and small. However, surface acoustic resonators suffer from high insertion loss and poor power handling. Therefore, thin film bulk acoustic resonator (TFBAR) devices have been studied globally; they have a low insertion loss, a high power handling capability, small size, and high sensitivity [4] [5] [6] .

Surface and bulk acoustic resonator devices are attracting increasing attention owning to their use in various novel sensors, including UV sensors, mass sensors, biosensors, and others.

Therefore, thin film bulk acoustic resonator (TFBAR) devices have been studied globally; they have a low insertion loss, a high power handling capability, small size, and high sensitivity.


Lakin classified FBAR devices into three types, which were via-isolated resonators, air gap-isolated resonators, and solidly mounted resonators [7] . The general purpose of these structures is to form a free or clamped interface beneath the resonance zone. This work develops a dual-mode TFBAR device based on an adapted via-isolated resonator with piezoelectric thin film whose c-axis is tilted. The back-etched cavity is used as the sensing area.

Lakin classified FBAR devices into three types, which were via-isolated resonators, air gap-isolated resonators, and solidly mounted resonators.


Air cooled condensers (ACCs) have been increasingly developed in large scale thermal power plants around the world, owing to their substantial water conservation [1] . Generally, an ACC consists of dozens of condenser cells in a rectangular array, and each condenser cell is composed by "Λ" frame finned tube bundles with an axial flow fan below so that ambient air can be driven to pass through the heat exchangers to remove the heat rejection from exhaust steam. However, in cold winter, the cooling air can easily take away the entire heat load of the exhaust steam, which result in a freezing risk of the finned tube bundles. In such a case, it is necessary to study the heat transfer mechanism between the cold air and exhaust steam, which may be beneficial to the safe and energy efficient operation of ACC in power plants.

Air cooled condensers (ACCs) have been increasingly developed in large scale thermal power plants around the world, owing to their substantial water conservation.


RingWidth showed an inverse relationship with MOE dyn with correlations of -0.62 at board level, -0.42 at tree level, and -0.71 at compartment level (Table 4) , suggesting that MOE dyn decreases with increasing growth rate. At compartment level, RingWidth was the most influential variable (Table 6) , followed by Density. At tree level, the influence of RingWidth in the model was noticeably lower. As with Density, RingWidth can be measured on increment cores from standing trees. It is correlated to the diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees, although it was slightly surprising to see the moderate-to-low correlation of 0.49 between RingWidth and DBH at a tree level. The sum of all tree ring widths at a particular height level in a stem will in Table 6 Results of sensitivity analyses on the predictive models from Table 5 Independent variables of tree and board-level models were changed from the 5th to the 95th percentile observed value, and for compartment-level models, it was changed from the minimum to maximum observed values. The influence (%) is the relative effect that the change in the individual variable has compared to the range in MOE dyn and MOR fact be the underbark radius of the stem at that point. The poor correlation might be due to the fact that some tree rings occur in up to three boards from a log while others, such as the outer rings, might not be present in any of the boards. RingWidth will thus be biased toward the younger year rings present in several boards. Other causes for the weak correlation might include the fact that the compartments were of slightly different ages and also that boards were recovered from logs from two different heights in a tree. There were moderate and significant negative correlations between Density and RingWidth at all three levels ( Table 4 ). In conifers, large ring widths are often associated with smaller latewood percentage and subsequently a lower density (Seifert et al. 2006) . However, since RingWidth and Density both appear in the models, it clearly suggests that the effect of ring width on MOE dyn is not purely due to its effect on density. It also needs to be emphasized that smaller ring widths ensure that older, more mature rings will be present in boards cut at or close to the pith. For example, if you have two pith boards of the same dimensions, one containing wide year rings from ring 0 (pith) to ring 3 and another containing narrow year rings from ring 0 to ring 10, it is obvious that the second board will in most cases have better mechanical properties simply due to the higher age of the rings present in that board. The ring width was also related to tree shape, which may affect mechanical properties. The role of tree shape is discussed later.

In conifers, large ring widths are often associated with smaller latewood percentage and subsequently a lower density.


This paper reviews the hp-algorithm developed over the last seven years and documented recently in a two volume monograph [11, 14] . We refer to the first volume for multiple references, a detailed description of our hp-technology, multiple examples and copies of 1D and 2D codes. The hp-algorithm differs considerably from that of an h-or a p-adaptive code, and is based on a two-grid paradigm. We compute always with two meshes: a coarse hp mesh and a fine hp mesh that has been obtained from the coarse one by a global, isotropic hprefinement. For hexahedral meshes discussed in this paper, this means that each element in the coarse grid is refined into eight element-sons, and the polynomial order p = (p 1 , p 2 , p 3 ) is increased to (p 1 + 1, p 2 + 1, p 3 + 1). The fine grid solution is used to guide optimal refinements of the coarse grid to produce the next coarse grid. It is the fine grid, however, and not the coarse grid that is our final product. In order to guide the optimal hp refinements, we do not need the coarse grid solution at all. It is the logical structure of the fine grid with the underlying coarse grid that matters. In this context, the algorithm could be classified as an optimal unrefinement algorithm. We first proceed uniformly in all "directions" and then see which refinements we can discard without losing accuracy. The logic of the two grid paradigm lays not only the foundation for hp-adaptivity but provides also a natural framework for a two-grid solver that capitalizes on the structure of the uniform hp-refinement. The difference between the coarse and fine grid solutions provides an excellent error estimate for the coarse grid and, for elliptic problems, some measure of error for the fine grid as well.

This paper reviews the hp-algorithm developed over the last seven years and documented recently in a two volume monograph.


A singular-hyperbolic attractor is an attracting set which is singularhyperbolic and contains a dense orbit. This new class of attractors contains the Lorenz attractor as well the geometric Lorenz attractors [18, 26] . Since then, the strategy adopted was the search of properties of this kind of sets that resemble the properties displayed by the uniformly hyperbolic systems. From the topological point of view this has been very successful [18, 8, 14, 16, 19, 13, 5] .

This new class of attractors contains the Lorenz attractor as well the geometric Lorenz attractors.

From the topological point of view this has been very successful.


In this paper, we report on an unexpected coincidence between two sets of integer lattice points that appear in the study of alternating links and their Seifert surfaces. The first set derives from the first author's sutured Floer homology theory [9] . Given a link L ⊂ S 3 with Seifert surface F , we can associate to it the sutured Floer homology group SF H(S 3 − F, L), where (S 3 − F, L) is the sutured manifold complementary to F . This group decomposes as a direct sum over relative Spin viewed as the Euler characteristic (function) χ(s) = χ(SF H(S 3 − F, L, s)). Indeed, up to an overall sign, χ agrees with the indicator function of S(F ).

The first set derives from the first author's sutured Floer homology theory.


Most of the commercially available ZEV that are today accepted and promoted by the Governments of European Countries are pure electric vehicles powered with batteries (BEV). Ideally, the electricity which feeds this kind of vehicles should be obtained from renewable sources. Even if produced in large powerplants where heavy fuel oil is combusted, at least pollutants are emitted in basically much less populated areas, diminishing the negative health effect on human population. In any case, the main drawback of BEV is their limited range. A very interesting solution is to combine different power sources that can be connected either in serial, parallel, or serial-parallel configurations. This strategy is known as hybridization, and its implementation ensures high values of both energy and specific power [5] . The first hybrid powerplants (HPP) were based on ICEs, and achieved a significant reduction in fuel-oil consumption rates.

This strategy is known as hybridization, and its implementation ensures high values of both energy and specific power.


Other solutions are based on hybrid electric architectures (real ZEVs), which are fed by an energy storage device (batteries or capacitors) and a fuel cell stack, which are usually called fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHV). The use of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) in HPP offers a high efficiency and zero emissions (if the hydrogen is produced using energy from renewable sources) when compared to an ICE. It has the 4 advantage of using hydrogen, which is the most efficient alternative to long-term energy storage of renewable production. Besides, due to the characteristics of batteries in terms of high energy density, compact size and reliability, these have been widely used in hybrid vehicles [9] [10] [11] . This is why FCHEV can be considered a solution for the increasing interest of car manufacturers, also extending the range of BEV. Nevertheless, to make this technology more profitable and affordable, some issues associated to hydrogen economy (production, distribution, storage, and refueling), PEMFC cost and lifetime, have to be improved [12, 13] .

Besides, due to the characteristics of batteries in terms of high energy density, compact size and reliability, these have been widely used in hybrid vehicles.

Nevertheless, to make this technology more profitable and affordable, some issues associated to hydrogen economy (production, distribution, storage, and refueling), PEMFC cost and lifetime, have to be improved.


In many inflationary models, the spacetime is well approximated by a de Sitter space and inflation lasts for sufficiently long for the field fluctuations to equilibrate [40, 41] . In that case, the problem of finding scalar correlators reduces to finding the equilibrium state. The stochastic approach gives an exact expression for the one-point equilibrium probability distribution of the field, from which a spectral expansion for two-point correlation functions can be obtained [30] .

In many inflationary models, the spacetime is well approximated by a de Sitter space and inflation lasts for sufficiently long for the field fluctuations to equilibrate.

The stochastic approach gives an exact expression for the one-point equilibrium probability distribution of the field, from which a spectral expansion for two-point correlation functions can be obtained.


In some application domains, ranking metrics alone cannot fully inform us about the quality of the recommendations. In playlist recommendation, for example, we may want to assess the capability of the recommender in generating good quality transitions between subsequent songs. Given a current track, there may be many other tracks that are almost equally likely good to be played next, and ranking metrics do not take that aspect into account. This can in turn lead to the effect that more popular tracks are favored by an algorithm [58] . Therefore, alternative metrics derived from natural language processing, like the Average Log-Likelihood, can be adopted instead [19, 20] . However, several concerns on the actual quality of the recommendations and on the interpretability of the results with these metrics have been raised [15] .

This can in turn lead to the effect that more popular tracks are favored by an algorithm.

Therefore, alternative metrics derived from natural language processing, like the Average Log-Likelihood, can be adopted instead.

However, several concerns on the actual quality of the recommendations and on the interpretability of the results with these metrics have been raised.


Childhood obesity continues to be a nationwide concern, as approximately one in three children is overweight or obese (Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, Kit, & Flegal, 2012) . Recent studies indicate that obesity rates for children in rural settings are as high as or higher than that of their urban counterparts (Davis, Bennett, Befort, & Nollen, 2011) . During the preteen years, parents have the ability to greatly impact food and nutrition choices, physical activity levels, and socioemotional development of their children, giving them an important role in the development of their children's behavior related to healthy living and the prevention of weight-related problems (Golan, & Crow, 2004; Rhee, 2008) . Because parents play such an important role in the lives of their preteen children, the focus of this research and educational outreach program was to develop an evidence-based educational program to improve the health and quality of life of rural children and families. A review of existing programs was done to assist in program development. Current research suggests that effective family-based interventions include modifications for the home environment, parental role modeling of healthy behaviors, parental encouragement and support for healthy behaviors in children, and using goal setting as a means to create behavior change (Bauer, Berge, & Neumark-Sztainer, 2011; Golley, Hendrie, Slater, & Corsini, 2011) .

Childhood obesity continues to be a nationwide concern, as approximately one in three children is overweight or obese.

Recent studies indicate that obesity rates for children in rural settings are as high as or higher than that of their urban counterparts.

During the preteen years, parents have the ability to greatly impact food and nutrition choices, physical activity levels, and socioemotional development of their children, giving them an important role in the development of their children's behavior related to healthy living and the prevention of weight-related problems.

Current research suggests that effective family-based interventions include modifications for the home environment, parental role modeling of healthy behaviors, parental encouragement and support for healthy behaviors in children, and using goal setting as a means to create behavior change.


Service orientation has been applied for implementing complex business processes in an interoperable and loose coupling way. As part of a business process, services are built in order to satisfy user requirements that can be seen as user intentions pointing out why a user needs a service. In this sense, an intention can be defined as a goal to be achieved by performing a process presented as a sequence of intentions and strategies to the target intention [2] .

In this sense, an intention can be defined as a goal to be achieved by performing a process presented as a sequence of intentions and strategies to the target intention.


In the case of the capacitive switch design the beam acts as flexible electrode of a capacitor. DC bias across the system causes deflection of the beam, a thinner capacitor, an increased capacitance, and ultimately a collapse of the beam onto the other electrode, which must be protected by a dielectric insulator to prevent a short circuit. This collapse is called the pull-in phenomenon, it occurs when the linear elastic restoring force of the beam can no longer resist the 1/g 2 electrostatic force. The voltage when this phenomenon occurs is the pull-in voltage and predicting it has been of enormous interest as some devices, such as switches must function above this voltage and others such as resonators, mixers, microphones etc. must not reach this voltage [6] . In addition to this unique instability there are a variety of other phenomena that have been the subject of much research.

The voltage when this phenomenon occurs is the pull-in voltage and predicting it has been of enormous interest as some devices, such as switches must function above this voltage and others such as resonators, mixers, microphones etc. must not reach this voltage.


The traditional crankshaft grinding process of main journal is similar to the cylindrical grinding. The crankpin is adjusted to the center of the grinding by the eccentric fixture and each crankshaft needs special fixture. It has long auxiliary hours and low processing precision when the clamp is adjusting by the operator [1] .

It has long auxiliary hours and low processing precision when the clamp is adjusting by the operator.


Finally, landmarks have been shown to aid navigation in VEs (Darken & Sibert, 1996; Ruddle et al., 1997) . Participants in the present study looked around more when they used the HMD. Therefore, it is possible that landmarks will be noticed more when an HMD is used and, as a result, will provide a greater aid to navigation.

Finally, landmarks have been shown to aid navigation in VEs.


JAK2V617F, a mutant form of tyrosine kinase JAK2, represents a major molecular defect in MPNs [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . It is found in over 95% of PV and over 50% of ET and PMF cases [1] [2] [3] 18] . In early studies, we have generated JAK2V617F transgenic mice by using the vav-1 promoter which drives transgene expressions in the hematopoietic system. JAK2V617F transgenic mice display MPN-like phenotypes with increased levels of red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells [19] . These mice thus represent a model system to study MPNs and associated complications. In the present study, we investigated cardiac changes and remodeling during the course of MPN phenotype development in these mice. Our data demonstrate that JAK2V617F transgenic mice display cardiac hypertrophy manifest in increased ventricular wall thickness, enlarged cardiomyocytes, and formation of collagen fibrosis in the heart. Our study thus links a chronic blood malignancy directly to heart diseases.

JAK2V617F, a mutant form of tyrosine kinase JAK2, represents a major molecular defect in MPNs.

It is found in over 95% of PV and over 50% of ET and PMF cases.

JAK2V617F transgenic mice display MPN-like phenotypes with increased levels of red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells.


Broiler is increasingly efficient in converting feed into animal protein. However, these animals are often reared under adverse heat stress associated with inadequate levels of relative humidity, typical of tropical countries. Along with this, intensive genetic selection contributed to the emergence of strains more susceptible to heat stress (Brossi et al., 2009) . In this sense, broilers have reduced growth capacity and become weakened from the point of view of animal welfare when in environments with high temperatures.

Along with this, intensive genetic selection contributed to the emergence of strains more susceptible to heat stress.


In the current paper, a mechano-chemical model was developed to simulate the tribo-film growth and concurrent wear in the presence of a ZDDP additive. The growth rate of the tribo-film was calculated using a stress-activated Arrhenius equation. A layered elastic-fully plastic model was used to include the influence of the tribo-film on the contact stress and its growth rate. The model was developed based on the experimental data available in the literature, i.e., measurements of tribo-film growth under an AFM tip and in a macroscale contact. The software for the simulation is available online [26] .

The software for the simulation is available online.


The past 15 years have seen an increasing debate over the linkages between trade and environmental regulations. In part, this debate has reflected concerns in developed countries that their competitive position would be eroded by environmental regulations that encourage pollution-intensive industries to move to countries with lower standards (the so-called pollution haven hypothesis). Environmentalists fear that increasing trade integration and the competition for investment and jobs may lead to a "race to the bottom" on environmental regulations, as national governments find it more difficult to internalize environmental and social costs in prices. Hence, trade unions and environmentalists usually demand binding international environmental standards, preferably within the framework of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to ensure a "level playing field" for all exporters (Grether and De Melo 2003) .

Hence, trade unions and environmentalists usually demand binding international environmental standards, preferably within the framework of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to ensure a "level playing field" for all exporters.


Among many different co-products, lignin, which represents the third largest fraction of agricultural biomass, has been considered as a waste material or a low-value co-product with its utilization predominantly limited to use as a fuel in the production of octane boosters, and in bio-based products and chemical productions (Stewart 2008) . However, the amount of lignin as biofuel co-product will become abundantly available with the growing biofuel production industry. New uses for biomass-derived lignin need to be developed to provide additional revenue streams to improve the economics of the bio-based products and the bioenergy business. This paper proposes the application of biomass-derived lignin for stabilizing soils to provide good foundation for roads.

Among many different co-products, lignin, which represents the third largest fraction of agricultural biomass, has been considered as a waste material or a low-value co-product with its utilization predominantly limited to use as a fuel in the production of octane boosters, and in bio-based products and chemical productions.


The bark and leaves of Cinnamon are commonly used as spices in the home kitchen and their distilled essential oils or synthetic analogs are used as flavoring agents in the food and beverage industry [14] . The major compounds in the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum are cinnamaldehyde, benzaldehyde, limonene, linalool and eugenol [15] . PH values showed the effect of microbial load on minced meat as activation effect of microbial load causes protein hydrolysis with appearance of alkyl group, TBARs values is routinely used as an index of lipid oxidation in minced meat in store and TVN values attributed to the breakdown of proteins as a result of activity of microbial strains and proteolytic enzeymes.

The bark and leaves of Cinnamon are commonly used as spices in the home kitchen and their distilled essential oils or synthetic analogs are used as flavoring agents in the food and beverage industry.

The major compounds in the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum are cinnamaldehyde, benzaldehyde, limonene, linalool and eugenol.


Recently popular theoretically appealing BSM theories are the ones which accommodate the thermal relic dark matter as stable and weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) estimating the tightly constrained observed amount of dark matter density [5] . Hence, this stability of the dark matter in most of the BSM theory is ensured by some discrete symmetry, such as Z 2 symmetry in supersymmetry or many other scenario. Once this symmetry is respected, all the heavy BSM particles in such model has to be produced in pairs; subsequently decaying into some lighter BSM resonance together with SM particles (which may or may not be detected and measured at the detector) in multiple steps of successive decay. Typically at the end of each decay chain lightest BSM particle is produced which is the dark matter particle of that model and escape the detection. Hence, at least two massive and lightest BSM particles remain hidden in these events. The only way to know their presence is the observation of sizable P T in the detector calculated from the imbalance of transverse visible momenta produced in such events. The reconstruction of a dark matter signal at hadronic collider is challenging because of the partial knowledge of the incoming parton momenta further burdened with multiple massive final state particles of unknown mass goes undetected keeping no individual momentum informations at the detector.

Recently popular theoretically appealing BSM theories are the ones which accommodate the thermal relic dark matter as stable and weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) estimating the tightly constrained observed amount of dark matter density.