In the considered WSNs, data packets are required to reach the sink within a given time; i.e., the E2E delay of packets is bounded by an application-specific demand. For example, an application may require 95% of transmitted packets to arrive at the sink within 30 s [21, 23] . More formally, in this work, a deadline success ratio (DSR) is defined as the ratio between the number of packets delivered to the sink within the given delay bound and the total number of transmitted packets (e.g., the application may require a 95% DSR with a delay bound of 30 s).

For example, an application may require 95% of transmitted packets to arrive at the sink within 30 s.


Fourthly, a multitude of different performance metrics have been employed within and between studies. The ranking of models, by performance, changes according to the metrics that are employed because different metrics emphasise different characteristics of model performance. To overcome this issue we use a novel integrated metric [28] [29] [30] [31] .

To overcome this issue we use a novel integrated metric.


Finally, the ensemble mean (EM) is often used to summarise the performance of several models because it has been shown that the EM often performs better than the majority of the individual models from which it is derived [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] . However, not all studies have provided a comprehensive analysis of the performance of the EM relative to individual models, at global (table 1) and continental scales [39, 40] . Therefore, we evaluate the performance of six models individually, as well as the EM.

Finally, the ensemble mean (EM) is often used to summarise the performance of several models because it has been shown that the EM often performs better than the majority of the individual models from which it is derived.

However, not all studies have provided a comprehensive analysis of the performance of the EM relative to individual models, at global (table 1) and continental scales.


The word "supernilpotence", with a specific meaning, entered the general commutator theory lexicon just over a decade ago [1] . The name suggests that some equation of the form (1.1) supernilpotence = nilpotence + ε should be true, but no such equation has ever been shown to hold except in restricted settings. Equation (1.1) is meant to express that supernilpotence implies nilpotence, but that nilpotence does not always imply supernilpotence.

The word "supernilpotence", with a specific meaning, entered the general commutator theory lexicon just over a decade ago.


The ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) is a powerful and noninvasive tool that can provide long-term cardiac information for the diagnosis of cardiac functions. Because the classification of heartbeats based on manpower is very costly and time consuming, many studies have contributed their efforts to the design of automatic classification systems to identify normal beats, supraventricular ectopic beats, ventricular ectopic beats, fusion beats, and other abnormal heartbeats [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . The classification results can also provide valuable information for the diagnosis of the risk of arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death such as the presence of ventricular premature beats and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and for further inspection, for example, for longterm heart rate variability and heart rate turbulence [1] .

Because the classification of heartbeats based on manpower is very costly and time consuming, many studies have contributed their efforts to the design of automatic classification systems to identify normal beats, supraventricular ectopic beats, ventricular ectopic beats, fusion beats, and other abnormal heartbeats.

The classification results can also provide valuable information for the diagnosis of the risk of arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death such as the presence of ventricular premature beats and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and for further inspection, for example, for longterm heart rate variability and heart rate turbulence.


Factorial designs are very efficient for studying two or more factors [7] . The effect of factors can be referred to as the change in response produced by a change in the level of the factor, known as the main effect. On the other hand, in some cases, it may be that the difference in the response between levels of one factor was fluctuated at all levels of the other factors, a situation known as an interaction effect between factors. Collectively, main effect and interaction effect can be called factorial effect.

Factorial designs are very efficient for studying two or more factors.


Polymeric nanocarriers find versatile applications in drug solubilization, minimization of drug toxicity, improvement in drug stability, modulation of pharmacokinetics, sustained drug release, targeting, intracellular trafficking, and theranostics [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Natural and synthetic polymers are being explored as nanoparticle-forming materials [6] . Among them, the most widely used polymers in FDA-approved drug products and medical devices are poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) [7] . Hereinafter, these polymers are abbreviated as PLGA in text. PLGA-based drug products currently available in the market are implants and microspheres. Physicochemical property, biodegradation rate, and in vivo behavior of PLGA can be altered to fit a particular purpose by manipulating molecular weight, lactic acid : glycolic acid ratio, and end group. Diblock or triblock copolymers, such as PLGA-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), PLGA-PEG-PLGA, and PEG-PLGA-PEG, have also been developed to meet the need for better carrier functionality [8, 9] .

Polymeric nanocarriers find versatile applications in drug solubilization, minimization of drug toxicity, improvement in drug stability, modulation of pharmacokinetics, sustained drug release, targeting, intracellular trafficking, and theranostics.

Natural and synthetic polymers are being explored as nanoparticle-forming materials.

Among them, the most widely used polymers in FDA-approved drug products and medical devices are poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid).

Diblock or triblock copolymers, such as PLGA-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), PLGA-PEG-PLGA, and PEG-PLGA-PEG, have also been developed to meet the need for better carrier functionality.


There are many different emulsion-templated nanoencapsulation techniques used to prepare PLGA nanoparticulate carriers [10] [11] [12] . Representative examples are single or double emulsion solvent evaporation/extraction, nanoprecipitation, salting-out, membrane emulsification, microfluidic technology, and flow focusing. Each nanoencapsulation technique has distinct advantages and disadvantages. All these nanoencapsulation methods share a common feature of mixing a PLGA dispersed organic phase (in the form of either bulk or droplets) with antisolvent. Solvent removal is usually performed by evaporation, extraction, and/or combination of both. A newly coined nanoencapsulation term is often proposed to represent the principle of solvent removal.

There are many different emulsion-templated nanoencapsulation techniques used to prepare PLGA nanoparticulate carriers.


An alternative approach to IGF targeting involves modulation of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). IGFBPs downregulate IGF-1R activity by decreasing the extracellular availability of unbound ligand [15] . In contrast, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), a cell membrane-associated protease, cleaves and inactivates IGFBP-4 and -5 to increase the local concentration of IGF ligand available to bind to IGF-1R [16, 17] . Expression levels of PAPP-A vary from non-detectable to relatively high in OC [18] . Overexpression of PAPP-A in OC cell lines triggers tumorigenesis and cellular invasion; SKOV-3 cell lines transfected with a wildtype PAPP-A vector demonstrated higher cellular growth in soft agar gels and higher cell counts in chamber assay membranes compared to cells transfected with an empty vector [19] .

IGFBPs downregulate IGF-1R activity by decreasing the extracellular availability of unbound ligand.

In contrast, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), a cell membrane-associated protease, cleaves and inactivates IGFBP-4 and -5 to increase the local concentration of IGF ligand available to bind to IGF-1R.

Expression levels of PAPP-A vary from non-detectable to relatively high in OC.

Overexpression of PAPP-A in OC cell lines triggers tumorigenesis and cellular invasion; SKOV-3 cell lines transfected with a wildtype PAPP-A vector demonstrated higher cellular growth in soft agar gels and higher cell counts in chamber assay membranes compared to cells transfected with an empty vector.


The main purpose of this paper is to develop a procedure for studying railway track dynamics that makes use of both space-time and wavenumber-frequency techniques. The railway track is modelled in the space-time domain using the FE method, whilst the ground is modelled in the frequency-wavenumber domain. The railway track and ground are coupled through a series of rectangular strips located at the surface of the ground; their vertical interaction is described by a frequency-dependent dynamic stiffness matrix whose elements are represented by discrete lumped parameter models [17, 18] . The framework for deriving this dynamic stiffness matrix is developed, and an iterative curve-fitting routine is adopted to obtain the parameters required to formulate the lumped parameter models. Through-ground coupling in the track/ground model is included within this framework, and the effect of this on ground vibration is also investigated. The mixed formulation is assessed using both frequency and time domain analyses and for linear and nonlinear track parameters. Subsequently, the interaction forces at the ballast/ground interface are calculated in the space-time domain, transformed to the wavenumber domain, and used as input to the ground model for calculating the vibration in the free field.

The railway track and ground are coupled through a series of rectangular strips located at the surface of the ground; their vertical interaction is described by a frequency-dependent dynamic stiffness matrix whose elements are represented by discrete lumped parameter models.


In general, climatic conditions, particularly temperature, are among the main abiotic factors explaining variations in rates of decomposition, with low temperatures directly affecting metabolism of decomposing organisms, and thus reducing their activity and the intensity of mass decay (Meentmeyer, 1978; Gholz et al., 2000) . Other important abiotic factors that influence rates of decomposition in mangroves as well are tides and salinity (Chale, 1993; Aké-Castillo et al., 2006; Alvarez & Bécares, 2006) . Periods of periodic flooding, which induce cycles of anoxia with subsequent inhibition of decomposition, promote the accumulation of organic matter in the sediment (Pool et al., 1975) .

In general, climatic conditions, particularly temperature, are among the main abiotic factors explaining variations in rates of decomposition, with low temperatures directly affecting metabolism of decomposing organisms, and thus reducing their activity and the intensity of mass decay.

Other important abiotic factors that influence rates of decomposition in mangroves as well are tides and salinity.

Periods of periodic flooding, which induce cycles of anoxia with subsequent inhibition of decomposition, promote the accumulation of organic matter in the sediment.


Among the biotic factors, the diversity and abundance of bacteria and fungi have shown a high importance in the decomposition, especially for leaf tissues that have compounds that inhibit the action of predators and decomposers (Chapin III et al., 2002) . These compounds include tannins among other secondary metabolic compounds, demonstrating the importance of the substrate's quality. Rhizophora mangle has leaves with higher tannin content rendering them more resistant to degradation compared to Laguncularia racemosa (Lacerda et al., 1986) . Aquatic invertebrates, such as crustaceans, also play an important role, especially in the removal and reduction of leaf litter size, thus facilitating the decomposition process (Meentmeyer, 1978) .

Among the biotic factors, the diversity and abundance of bacteria and fungi have shown a high importance in the decomposition, especially for leaf tissues that have compounds that inhibit the action of predators and decomposers.

Rhizophora mangle has leaves with higher tannin content rendering them more resistant to degradation compared to Laguncularia racemosa.

Aquatic invertebrates, such as crustaceans, also play an important role, especially in the removal and reduction of leaf litter size, thus facilitating the decomposition process.


It implies integrability. The main role of this assumption is that it forces the Poisson manifold to be (Hausdorff) integrable around the leaf. Actually, under such an integrability assumption, the normal form is much easier to establish, and the vanishing condition is not needed-see our Proposition 2.1, which can also be deduced from Zung's linearization theorem [32] . Note however that such an integrability condition refers to the germ of π around S (and not the first order jet, as desired!); and, of course, Conn's theorem does not make such an assumption.

It implies integrability.

Actually, under such an integrability assumption, the normal form is much easier to establish, and the vanishing condition is not needed-see our Proposition 2.1, which can also be deduced from Zung's linearization theorem.


According to the conservation of angular momentum, the reduction of duct radius intensifies the induced swirl. It can lead to preswirl angles which exceed vane setting angles [4] . Therefore, it is possible to reduce a vane setting angle that leads to essential decreasing of pressure loss coefficient. It can be used for providing a demanded flow angle. The main role of the annular duct is to increase swirl angle of the flow moving from the annular cascade, set on a larger radius, to the smaller radius, where the entrance to the impeller is located. Ideally, the IGV duct will be designed with a spherical section hub and shroud. The use of a spherical surface hub and shroud resulted in minimal constant blade clearance at the hub and shroud for any vane setting angle. If the hub and shroud are designed to be spherical sections, the duct through the IGV section must converge from the radius at the vanes to the radius of the impeller. Consequently, there is a need to design the s-shaped duct.

It can lead to preswirl angles which exceed vane setting angles.


The study of the units of an integral group ring ZG for a finite group G has begun in G. Higman's thesis [29] . G.Higman classified the finite groups G whose integral group ring has only trivial units. The aim of this article is to present recent work on the structure of torsion subgroups on the unit group of ZG which has been achieved especially with the aid of algorithmic tools.

The study of the units of an integral group ring ZG for a finite group G has begun in G. Higman's thesis.


Because of the availability of the CRRES data, the original simulation focused on reproducing the integral flux measurements. However, a phasespace density profile versus L is subject to greater physical restraints, and because of this, would allow us further insight into the processes involved in shock induced radial transport. Phasespace density is based on the canonical coordinates of the system, from which the adiabatic invariants can be derived. Liouville's theorem states that, in the absence of sources and losses, phasespace density, f , is conserved along the trajectory of a particle, or f = constant (Walt, 1996) . Because of the implications of Liouville's theorem and conservation of the adiabatic invariants, phasespace density is a more physically meaningful parameter than flux or count, which are more natural for the particle detector. Because no phasespace density profile is available observationally, we must reconstruct it from the information we do have.

Liouville's theorem states that, in the absence of sources and losses, phasespace density, f , is conserved along the trajectory of a particle, or f = constant.


On the other hand, among the carbonaceous materials, graphene nanosheet (GNS) has recently gained a substantial amount of attention owing to its good electrical conductivity, high theoretical specific surface area (SSA; 2630 m 2 g −1 per single layer), and excellent chemical stability and mechanical flexibility [27] [28] [29] . However, GNS tends to aggregate and restack together due to the van der Waals interaction among graphene layers, resulting in severe decrease of the electrochemically active surface area and the access of electrolyte ions to the surface of graphene sheets. Consequently, capacitive performance is diminished drastically, particularly the rate capability and cycling stability.

On the other hand, among the carbonaceous materials, graphene nanosheet (GNS) has recently gained a substantial amount of attention owing to its good electrical conductivity, high theoretical specific surface area (SSA; 2630 m 2 g −1 per single layer), and excellent chemical stability and mechanical flexibility.


Supercapacitors (SCs), also called as electrochemical capacitors, have been well known for one promising energy storage device due to the high power density, fast charge/discharge capability, long lifespan, and low maintenance cost [1] [2] [3] [4] . With these encouraging features, SCs has been adopted widely in many fields where high power density and long cycling stability are highly desirable [5, 6] . However, compared with rechargeable batteries, the energy density of commercial SCs is still too low (usually < 10 Wh kg -1 ) to come into practical applications [7] .

Supercapacitors (SCs), also called as electrochemical capacitors, have been well known for one promising energy storage device due to the high power density, fast charge/discharge capability, long lifespan, and low maintenance cost.

With these encouraging features, SCs has been adopted widely in many fields where high power density and long cycling stability are highly desirable.

However, compared with rechargeable batteries, the energy density of commercial SCs is still too low (usually < 10 Wh kg -1 ) to come into practical applications.


Wheelchair operation is based on navigation, which, in this case, is defined as safe transport from the starting point to a given destination. The wheelchair, comparing to the exoscelet, are a more general medical device and a much simpler one. Thus, the wheelchairs are used more often [1] . Nevertheless, only patients with healthy upper extremities (paraplegics) can successfully operate standard electric wheelchairs. The patients who cannot use any of their extremities (quadriplegics) cannot operate these [2] .

Thus, the wheelchairs are used more often.

The patients who cannot use any of their extremities (quadriplegics) cannot operate these.


When the proposed regenerative supercritical-subcritical DORC is coupled with a CNG engine, the design point should be selected based on the driving conditions. The simulations show that fuel efficiency can be improved by more than 8% for in most of the engine's operating regions. It is therefore inferred that the proposed regenerative supercritical-subcritical DORC system, together with other technologies such as combustion and gas flow optimisation, friction reduction, and electrically controlled pumps, could potentially improve the overall thermal efficiency of a CNG engine to around 55% as targeted by Department of Energy of the United States [33] .

It is therefore inferred that the proposed regenerative supercritical-subcritical DORC system, together with other technologies such as combustion and gas flow optimisation, friction reduction, and electrically controlled pumps, could potentially improve the overall thermal efficiency of a CNG engine to around 55% as targeted by Department of Energy of the United States.


To address this challenge, BMW proposed a dual-loop Rankine cycle system which uses water and ethanol as working fluids for the high-temperature (HT) and low-temperature (LT) cycles, respectively [19] . Since then, several studies have been conducted proposed a regenerative DORC and evaluated its performances using water, siloxane, toluene, decane, cyclohexane, and D4 for the high-temperature loop, while using R143a, R125, R218, and R41 for the low-temperature loop [23] . DORC can utilise the waste heat of both the exhaust gases and coolant. Although two expanders are required for a DORC system, the expansion ratio of each is small and thus a higher efficiency can be achieved. So far, some working fluids have been considered for DORC systems due to their good thermodynamic performance, but they are either toxic or not environmental friendly. More efforts are then needed to identify or develop new working fluids for such applications.

To address this challenge, BMW proposed a dual-loop Rankine cycle system which uses water and ethanol as working fluids for the high-temperature (HT) and low-temperature (LT) cycles, respectively.

Since then, several studies have been conducted proposed a regenerative DORC and evaluated its performances using water, siloxane, toluene, decane, cyclohexane, and D4 for the high-temperature loop, while using R143a, R125, R218, and R41 for the low-temperature loop.


The problem is not unique to computational science. The issue of increasing complexity and associated development cost has been a significant software engineering topic for the last 30 years. Ironically, in the late 80s, the mathematical software community was acclaimed for the successful early adoption of reuse (for example the blas libraries) [1, 3] . This success has been attributed to this form of mathematics (linear algebra) possessing a rich, standard nomenclature [1] . However, modelling of geodynamics, is not so well defined and understood. It is experimental-the code changes. There are no further "obvious" opportunities for reuse.

Ironically, in the late 80s, the mathematical software community was acclaimed for the successful early adoption of reuse (for example the blas libraries).

This success has been attributed to this form of mathematics (linear algebra) possessing a rich, standard nomenclature.

It is experimental-the code changes.


To create something with originality and an added novelty value, other aspects besides geolocation and audio playback have to be implemented. This work attempts to achieve just that by developing a prototype that combines different elements of media playback, geolocation and various sensor capabilities of smartphones to allow the creation of interactive geolocated storytelling and at the same time increase the narrative potential of the application. Interactive storytelling allows a gaming experience in which the form and content of the story is adapted to the player in real time, providing a sense of control over the course of the narrative (Bostan and Marsh 2010) . This kind of media can be described as a non-linear location-based audio book or an interactive audio-based augmented reality platform.

Interactive storytelling allows a gaming experience in which the form and content of the story is adapted to the player in real time, providing a sense of control over the course of the narrative.


Carbon quantum dots (CQD) are nanomaterials with excellent water solubility, strong fluorescence emission, high photostability, non-toxicity, and good biocompatibility. In past few years, CQD have been used in different applications such as biomedicine delivery systems, biosensors, dye-sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, supercapacitors, light-emitting devices, and photocatalysts [30] [31] [32] . Recently, CQD have been used for reduction of palladium salt, formation of palladium nanoparticles and applied as an efficient catalyst in Suzuki and Heck coupling reactions [33] . Very recently, we have also reported modification of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles with CQD and its application for the stabilization of palladium nanoparticles in the Suzuki reaction [34] . Despite the high efficiency of our reported catalyst, quenching of fluorescence in CQD@Fe 3 O 4 NPs is the drawback of this material. For instance, this problem prohibited further application of the material in fluorescence active reactions. Herein, we wish to report novel MgO-CQD as a fluorescence active composite for formation and stabilization of PdNPs (referred as Pd@MgO-CQD throughout the text of this article) and its application as highly dispersible catalyst in very mild Suzuki reaction of aryl bromides and chlorides in water.

In past few years, CQD have been used in different applications such as biomedicine delivery systems, biosensors, dye-sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, supercapacitors, light-emitting devices, and photocatalysts.

Recently, CQD have been used for reduction of palladium salt, formation of palladium nanoparticles and applied as an efficient catalyst in Suzuki and Heck coupling reactions.

Very recently, we have also reported modification of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles with CQD and its application for the stabilization of palladium nanoparticles in the Suzuki reaction.


Robot movement and control are confronted with great challenges in the unstructured environment such as marsh, liquid and loose surface. But biological snakes are able to adapt to such environment and to motion with ease. Imitating the real snake body structure, the snake-like robot came into being. Snake-like robot is an important branch of the robot research field, and many different models have been proposed [1] [2] [3] . Compared to the traditional snake-like robot, amphibious snake-like robot has the advantage of aquatic environment adaptability [4] [5] [6] . However, few such prototypes have been developed.

Snake-like robot is an important branch of the robot research field, and many different models have been proposed.

Compared to the traditional snake-like robot, amphibious snake-like robot has the advantage of aquatic environment adaptability.


It is by now well established that the Wilson lines are the proper degrees of freedom for describing scattering in QCD at sufficiently high energies. For instance, in the collision between a dilute projectile and a dense target -such as in deep inelastic scattering at small Bjorken x, or in proton-nucleus collisions at the LHC -, the forward scattering amplitude can be computed by associating a Wilson line to each of the partons composing the projectile. Similarly, to compute the (partonic) crosssection for particle production in a dilute-dense collision, one must associate Wilson lines to all the partons that are produced in the final state -separately in the amplitude and in the complexconjugate amplitude. A Wilson line is a path-ordered phase built with the color field of the target which describes the change in the wavefunction of a parton (notably, its color precession) due to its multiple scattering off the target, as computed within the eikonal approximation. To obtain the physical amplitudes or cross-sections, one must also average the (gauge-invariant) product of Wilson lines describing the scattering 'in a given event' (i.e. for a given configuration of the color fields in the target) over all such configurations. The effective theory for the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) provides an appropriate weight function -a functional probability distribution -to that aim [1] [2] [3] .

The effective theory for the Color Glass Condensate (CGC) provides an appropriate weight function -a functional probability distribution -to that aim.


Numerous computer resources have been developed to reinforce knowledge and understanding of statistics. These applications have evolved from forms that are quite similar to conventional printed material to the development of interactive simulations that give students a hands-on learning experience of specific statistics concepts, e.g., the central limit theorem or sampling distributions [11] . However, integrated capstone experiences for students to apply statistics are not so common.

These applications have evolved from forms that are quite similar to conventional printed material to the development of interactive simulations that give students a hands-on learning experience of specific statistics concepts, e.g., the central limit theorem or sampling distributions.


Although one of the possible limitations of this study is the fact that it was carried out in a laboratory context, which does not allow for generalization in the real working context owing to the lack of ecological validity, most studies carried out in relation to psychological contracts have been conducted using correlational methodologies, applying questionnaires, and self-reporting, which has attracted some critical comments. Hence, the methodology used to date has not enabled researchers to understand the dynamic creation process of the psychological contract, although past research has helped to provide a theoretical assumption (Conway & Briner, 2005) . Also, it would be interesting to study the effect of task-versus relationship-oriented leadership on other complex tasks with a stronger relationship request, communication processes, and agreement between group members. A strong effect of relationship-oriented leadership and the relational contract would be expected. Therefore, further research is required using longitudinal designs within the organizational context.

Hence, the methodology used to date has not enabled researchers to understand the dynamic creation process of the psychological contract, although past research has helped to provide a theoretical assumption.


The receding-horizon nonlinear Kalman filter (RNK) is another nonlinear state estimator. It is based on the prediction and update steps of the Kalman filter (Rengaswamy et al., 2013) . In the update step, an optimization problem is solved using a time window of past measurements. The RNK method differs from the MHE methods in the sense that the optimization problem does not require solving differential equations, which considerably reduces the computational burden. This paper formulates the state estimation problem in terms of vessel extents, which allows exploiting additional shape constraints associated with the extents. In certain cases, the shapes are known a priori, while for other cases, a data-driven approach can be used to formulate appropriate constraints. The objective of the paper is to compare state estimation in the (original) concentration domain with state estimation in terms of extents, in particular the advantage that results from being able to use additional shape constraints. Since the objective is not to compare the performance of various nonlinear estimators, the RNK method is chosen here for its computational simplicity. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 briefly reviews the representation of chemical reaction systems in terms of both numbers of moles and vessel extents. In Section 3, the shape properties of extents are discussed. Section 4 formulates the RNK in terms concentrations and extents. In Section 5, the performance of these two estimator formulations are compared via a case study, while Section 6 concludes the paper.

It is based on the prediction and update steps of the Kalman filter.

This paper is organized as follows.


Ultrasonication has been frequently reported as a means for particle dispersion both before and during composite electrodeposition, which is summarised in a review [15] . The ultrasonic source may be a custom-made transducer for industrial trials, and an ultrasonic bath or probe for small bench operations. The outcome of ultrasonication may be influenced by ultrasonic bath/probe setup, sample position, ultrasound frequency and power density at the sample surface, etc. Under suitable conditions, ultrasonication may provide a more effective particle dispersion than magnetic stirring, enabling more uniform composite coatings to be achieved. The drawbacks of ultrasonication may include noise pollution and heating of the bath. Adequate ear protection must 4 be provided when working in the presence of strong ultrasonic sources and an additional cooling system for heat management may add to the cost of the operation.

Ultrasonication has been frequently reported as a means for particle dispersion both before and during composite electrodeposition, which is summarised in a review.


Low-power ad hoc medium access control (MAC) protocols have come into existence upon the emergence of WSNs. A radio transceiver is the most power consuming component 2 EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing in a WSN node [21] . WSN MAC protocols achieving the lowest power consumption minimize radio usage by accurately synchronizing transmissions and receptions with their neighbors. Typically, the protocols are designed for relatively static network environment, and the energy-efficiency of mobile nodes is degraded. This is problematic in localization point of view, since many located objects can be mobile.

A radio transceiver is the most power consuming component 2 EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing in a WSN node.


Fashion and textile is one of the most polluting industries in the world. Every stage of the fashion and textile supply chain threatens our planet and resources [1] . For example, more than 20,000 L of water are consumed to produce one kg of cotton, many chemicals are used in manufacturing fabric for dyeing and finishing processes, and large amounts of carbon dioxide are emitted to produce one t-shirt [2] . Consumers are aware of the importance of sustainability and are willing to purchase sustainable fashion products even though they are more expensive than conventional ones [3] .

Every stage of the fashion and textile supply chain threatens our planet and resources.

For example, more than 20,000 L of water are consumed to produce one kg of cotton, many chemicals are used in manufacturing fabric for dyeing and finishing processes, and large amounts of carbon dioxide are emitted to produce one t-shirt.

Consumers are aware of the importance of sustainability and are willing to purchase sustainable fashion products even though they are more expensive than conventional ones.


Recycled materials in Patagonia's product line include recycled polyester, nylon, cotton, and down. The collection line of jackets, vests, and pants is not 100% made from recycled materials, but it is close [53] . Recycled polyester is the most used material at Patagonia (as shown in Table 1 ). Based on the information on recycled polyester on the Patagonia website, soda bottles, unusable manufacturing waste and worn-out garments are used in producing recycled polyester. Recycled polyester is used to develop shell jackets, board shorts and fleeces. Using recycled polyester helps prolong landfill life and reduce toxic emission from incinerators. It is beneficial to build up a more sustainable ecosystem.

The collection line of jackets, vests, and pants is not 100% made from recycled materials, but it is close.


Our paper has potential contributions from the managerial perspective as well. In practitioner contexts it is increasingly acknowledged that organisations as entities, and corporate brands, have become means of differentiation and strategic resources for competitive advantage (Abratt, Kleyn 2012) . Moreover, the importance of corporate identity and various forms of identifications is also growing (Balmer 2011) . Hence, with addressing the above-stated objectives of our research this paper will provide some implications to the practitioners in terms of what activities in relation to employees work best to reinforce commitment, which can be seen as an internal resource for corporate branding.

In practitioner contexts it is increasingly acknowledged that organisations as entities, and corporate brands, have become means of differentiation and strategic resources for competitive advantage.

Moreover, the importance of corporate identity and various forms of identifications is also growing.


Hence, the contribution of this paper over previous studies is to fill in the research gap by studying the simultaneous influence of PEP on different foci of organisational identification and such other organisational outcomes as commitment. Following this, the present study has three objectives: (1) to examine whether employees adopt both corporate and group focus of identification, (2) to test which focus is more beneficial for the organisation in terms of its relation to commitment and finally, (3) to explore how PEP influences identification with an organisation as an entity and, simultaneously, what is its relation to commitment. The relations between concepts will be examined using the structural equation modelling (SEM). SEM allows for simultaneous assessment of the quality of construct measurement in terms of reliability and validity, while at the same time estimating the strength of a relationship between constructs (Heinecke 2011: 65) . The method is appropriate as the size of our sample ensures an adequate level of statistical power of the model (McQuitty 2004) .

The method is appropriate as the size of our sample ensures an adequate level of statistical power of the model.


Decentralised paradigms, on the other hand, have more desirable properties such as scalability, better resource utilisation and flexibility. This is often achieved by filtering sensor histories individually thereby maintaining a linear O(N ) cost for filtering. The filtered posteriors are then communicated and combined using fusion algorithms leading to a trade-off between the estimation accuracy and scalability. This perspective has parallels with the use of message passing schemes for distributed estimation [13] [14] [15] . The structure of the problem we consider, however, differs in that the parameter likelihood does not readily factorise into local functions implying a Markov model as in this line of work.

This perspective has parallels with the use of message passing schemes for distributed estimation.


For the individuals with DS and with UnDD, testing involved two sessions of 30-45 min, each session being separated by at least 2 days. On the first day of the study, pure tone audiometry and an assessment of receptive language ability, using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary (Form L), was carried out. At the beginning of the second session, handedness was assessed by examining preferred hand use on three tasks from a standard handedness questionnaire (Bryden, 1977) . Specifically, we identified the preferred hand for the performance of (a) writing their name, (b) eating soup with a spoon, and (c) throwing a ball. While the individuals from the general population reported their hand preference for these tasks, the individuals in the other two groups were required to demonstrate the tasks after the particular implements were placed directly in front of them along the midline of their body. For inclusion in the study, the right hand was required to be the preferred hand for each of these tasks. The final screening procedure was a color recognition task that involved the individual pointing to "blue" and "green" circles randomly placed on a white piece of paper among an equal number of other red and yellow circles. These tests were completed to ensure that participants in the two developmentally delayed groups had similar receptive language abilities and handedness and to ensure that all participants possessed the ability to perform the experimental task. Following these final screening tests, the participant immediately began the experimental phase of the study. For the individuals from the McMaster community, all testing was completed in one session lasting approximately 45 min. The session began with the hearing test (pure tone audiometry), color discrimination test, and adapted handedness questionnaire. Upon the completion of these tasks, this group immediately began the experimental phase of the study.

At the beginning of the second session, handedness was assessed by examining preferred hand use on three tasks from a standard handedness questionnaire.


Grape seeds extract (GSE) contains polyphenols including proanthocyanidins and procyanidins that showed antioxidant and free radical scavengers, being more effective than either ascorbic acid or vitamin E [47] [48] [49] . Their effects include the ability to increase intracellular vitamin C levels, decrease capillary permeability and fragility and scavenge oxidants and free radicals. Several studies have indicated that extracts obtained from grape seed inhibit enzyme systems that are responsible for the production of free radicals [13, 50] . Red grape seed extract also blocks cell death signaling [51] . Many studies have provided evidence that proanthocyanidin has potent radical scavenging ability, antioxidant properties and significant neuroprotective as well as cardiovascular protective effect [52] [53] [54] .

Grape seeds extract (GSE) contains polyphenols including proanthocyanidins and procyanidins that showed antioxidant and free radical scavengers, being more effective than either ascorbic acid or vitamin E.

Several studies have indicated that extracts obtained from grape seed inhibit enzyme systems that are responsible for the production of free radicals.

Red grape seed extract also blocks cell death signaling.

Many studies have provided evidence that proanthocyanidin has potent radical scavenging ability, antioxidant properties and significant neuroprotective as well as cardiovascular protective effect.


An interesting statistical signal processing alternative is to evaluate directly the frequencies of interest. In this case only those frequencies have to be estimated instead of the whole spectrum. This provides a reduction in computing time and effort facilitating real time estimation. In this study, characteristic bearing defect frequencies are extracted from the pole frequencies of a parametric time series AR model [12] .

In this study, characteristic bearing defect frequencies are extracted from the pole frequencies of a parametric time series AR model.


Winged beans is a tropical crop that is listed as one of the under-exploited legumes [10] . Winged beans have exceptionally high protein content and have been suggested as a potential food source for the tropics [4, 11] . It is unique among leguminous crops in that, several parts of the plant-leaves, pods, seeds and tubers-are edible and rich in protein [8] .

Winged beans is a tropical crop that is listed as one of the under-exploited legumes.

Winged beans have exceptionally high protein content and have been suggested as a potential food source for the tropics.

It is unique among leguminous crops in that, several parts of the plant-leaves, pods, seeds and tubers-are edible and rich in protein.


In general, business processes are defined as "a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined business task" [4] . Technically, business process is often defined as a collection of activities, where each activity composes an input, a method and an output. By this definition, business process standards are often promoted to enable business activities to be performed between business partners. For example, popular business process standards can be found in OMG.org (e.g. BMM, BPDM and BPMN), OASIS-open.org (e.g. WSBPEL), Microsoft (e.g. BizTalk), and ebXML.org (e.g. ebBP). These business process languages assume that business partners are able to interoperate with each other in their given business process standards.

In general, business processes are defined as "a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined business task".


We did not detect an association between prenatal PCE exposure and overall ischemic placental disease. When pregnancy complications were assessed individually, we observed modestly elevated risk ratios for vaginal bleeding, and, in certain samples, stillbirth and placental abruption. Future investigation of drinking-water contamination and ischemic placental disease is necessary, as drinking water contamination remains common [48, 49] .

Future investigation of drinking-water contamination and ischemic placental disease is necessary, as drinking water contamination remains common.


The finite-difference time-domain method has been widely used in solving many electromagnetic problems including those concerned with plasma media [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . There has been considerable interest in the scattering of electromagnetic wave from conductive target covered with plasma, because it can be applied in plasma stealth technology. It is well known that plasma can attenuate the energy of incident ME wave. Much work concerning the scattering of the electromagnetic (EM) wave by conductive target covered with plasma have been discussed [9] [10] [11] . Recently frequency shifting of an EM wave in time-varying plasma has been extensively studied and the reflections of the conductive target covered with inhomogeneous plasma were calculated [12] [13] [14] . For there is an externally applied magnetic field cases, the plasma exhibits anisotropic behavior and its permittivity takes a tensor form. Wave propagation and scattering in an anisotropic medium are nonreciprocal and the implementation of the conventional FDTD method is difficult [15] . Over the last decade, the FDTD and various algorithms have been extended to simulate anisotropic media [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] .

The finite-difference time-domain method has been widely used in solving many electromagnetic problems including those concerned with plasma media.

Much work concerning the scattering of the electromagnetic (EM) wave by conductive target covered with plasma have been discussed.

Recently frequency shifting of an EM wave in time-varying plasma has been extensively studied and the reflections of the conductive target covered with inhomogeneous plasma were calculated.

Wave propagation and scattering in an anisotropic medium are nonreciprocal and the implementation of the conventional FDTD method is difficult.

Over the last decade, the FDTD and various algorithms have been extended to simulate anisotropic media.


The sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.), which belongs to the Poaceae family, is an annual species originated from southern Egypt and Sudan and cultivated in hot climates. Its purpose is to serve as fodder for animal feed and soil cover plant. The sudangrass is considered a rustic plant and is tolerant of acid soils, low fertility, and water deficit (SATTELL et al., 1998) .

The sudangrass is considered a rustic plant and is tolerant of acid soils, low fertility, and water deficit.


An important metabolic pathway for homocysteine is the remethylation cycle; in this reaction homocysteine is converted into methionine by methionine synthase. The folic acid-methionine pathway is particularly relevant to the control of genome stability, and involves a number of critical enzymes for which several polymorphisms have been identified. The activity of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) can be reduced by polymorphisms of MTHFR that alter its affinity for the substrate or cofactor [12] . There were several studies on the association between hyperhomocysteinemia and H. pylori infection, but the results were inconsistent [1, 2, [13] [14] [15] [16] .

The activity of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) can be reduced by polymorphisms of MTHFR that alter its affinity for the substrate or cofactor.

There were several studies on the association between hyperhomocysteinemia and H. pylori infection, but the results were inconsistent.


Mysids were observed in the food of each length-class of analyzed fish, but their role decreased in longer A. fallax. No M. mixta were found in the diet of medium and large shads caught in the Vistula River mouth, either because these mysids did not occur in that habitat at all, or because A. fallax prefers feeding on fish. The diet of the medium shad caught from the Vistula River mouth (preferred food items were fishes) was different from the shad caught from the inshore area of the Gulf of Gdansk (preferred food items were mysids). The share of fish (frequency of occurrence) in the diet of twaite shads from the Vistula mouth (88.9%; clearly dominated by Sprattus sprattus) was as high as in the diet of A. fallax from the River Tagus Estuary (83.15%) (Assis et al. 1992) . Fishes (mainly Engraulis encrasicolus, S. sprattus) also are preferential food items for twaite shads from the Bay of Biscay (Taverny, Elie 2001) . Different results were obtained for the River Severn Estuary and Cardigan Bay. In the first case the fish in the diet of post-spawning twaite shad adults amounted to 5.9% (P. flesus, S. sprattus and Gobiidae). The shads mainly fed on mysids (N. integer), Gammaridae (Gammars zaddachi), and Decapoda (Crangon crangon). The mysid Schistomysis spiritus dominated in the diet, followed by fish (0+ clupeids), which were 13.6% of the diet in Cardigan Bay at the end of September/start of October (Aprahamian 1989) .

The share of fish (frequency of occurrence) in the diet of twaite shads from the Vistula mouth (88.9%; clearly dominated by Sprattus sprattus) was as high as in the diet of A. fallax from the River Tagus Estuary (83.15%).

Fishes (mainly Engraulis encrasicolus, S. sprattus) also are preferential food items for twaite shads from the Bay of Biscay.

The mysid Schistomysis spiritus dominated in the diet, followed by fish (0+ clupeids), which were 13.6% of the diet in Cardigan Bay at the end of September/start of October.


During recent years, single-atom catalysis has become one of the most attractive new frontiers in catalysis as a model bridging homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . With the aid of recent advances in synthetic methodologies, atomic-resolution characterization techniques and theoretical modelling, various single-atom catalysts (SACs) were produced and studied for catalysis [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . Compared with clusters and nanocatalysts, SACs usually exhibit superior activity and excellent selectivity in a wide variety of catalytic reactions owing to their maximum atom efficiency, unsaturated coordinate environment and particular electronic structures [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] . Thus, single-atom catalysis provides an ideal platform and opportunity to develop more efficient catalysts.

During recent years, single-atom catalysis has become one of the most attractive new frontiers in catalysis as a model bridging homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.

With the aid of recent advances in synthetic methodologies, atomic-resolution characterization techniques and theoretical modelling, various single-atom catalysts (SACs) were produced and studied for catalysis.

Compared with clusters and nanocatalysts, SACs usually exhibit superior activity and excellent selectivity in a wide variety of catalytic reactions owing to their maximum atom efficiency, unsaturated coordinate environment and particular electronic structures.


Aberration-corrected HAADF-STEM study was further carried out to elucidate the exact form of Co atoms. As shown in Fig. 1d , the isolated bright dots corresponding to individual Co atoms dispersed in the carbon support could be clearly discerned due to the different atom Zcontrast. Synchrotron radiation XAFS was performed to identify the chemical state and coordination structure of Co atoms in CoSAs/NCNS. As shown in the XANES profiles (Fig. 1f) , CoSAs/NCNS shows very similar lines to that of CoO standard sample, indicating the valence state of Co single atoms is close to Co 2+ , in accordance with XPS analysis (Fig. S5) . Further structural information associated to Co atoms can be obtained from the EXAFS. As shown in Fig. 1g , the peaks of Co-Co or Co-O coordination are absent in the Fourier transform curves of CoSAs/NCNS, showing that the Co species are atomically dispersed. EXAFS curve fitting analysis reveals that the coordination number of Co-N is 4.3 at a distance of 1.99 Å (Fig. S6 and Table S1 ), indicating the squareplanar configuration of cobalt atoms in CoSAs/NCNS [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] .

EXAFS curve fitting analysis reveals that the coordination number of Co-N is 4.3 at a distance of 1.99 Å (Fig. S6 and Table S1 ), indicating the squareplanar configuration of cobalt atoms in CoSAs/NCNS.


Such rhythms may bias abundance estimates (owing to variations in catchability) and other population parameters that are derived from periodic sampling programmes. Whenever populations are sampled for stock assessment purposes, the influence of such rhythms needs to be considered (Vance and Staples 1992) . This can be achieved by (a) using sampling gear that is not susceptible to the changes in behaviour, (b) setting the sampling periodicity to coincide with specific physiological or behavioural events, (c) standardizing the data after they have been obtained, or (d) a combination of a, b and c. The last three alternatives require some understanding of the physiological and behavioural rhythms of the organisms examined.

Whenever populations are sampled for stock assessment purposes, the influence of such rhythms needs to be considered.


SIS is a biologic material with immunogenicity, which may induce more early immune responses than polypropylene in open inguinal hernia repair. However, in rat models, the results were opposite to our findings [40, 41] . Therefore, our study provides a reference for abdominal surgeons, when they select meshes in open inguinal hernia. How to eliminate immunogenicity completely in biologic materials may become an area for future research.

However, in rat models, the results were opposite to our findings.


For instance, Fano-resonant nanodevices are one of the most popular design modalities to induce nonlinear features. Taking advantage of strong hotspots and near-field coupling in Fano-resonant systems, highly intense nonlinear responses have already been achieved [9, 10] . Although there have been significant achievements in the nonlinear plasmonics, these systems still suffer from poor selectivity. In other words, the generation of both odd and even harmonics using a single integrated system would help to develop miniature lasers and multifunctional nonlinear metadevices. To address this shortcoming, graphene monolayers with the ability to tune the induced plasmonic response have been proposed for extreme nonlinear photonics using Kerr nonlinearity [11, 12] . However, graphene-based nanostructures are not fully functional, owing to complex and expensive fabrication techniques, and lack of mechanical flexibility [13, 14] .

Taking advantage of strong hotspots and near-field coupling in Fano-resonant systems, highly intense nonlinear responses have already been achieved.

To address this shortcoming, graphene monolayers with the ability to tune the induced plasmonic response have been proposed for extreme nonlinear photonics using Kerr nonlinearity.

However, graphene-based nanostructures are not fully functional, owing to complex and expensive fabrication techniques, and lack of mechanical flexibility.


Indoor air pollution may have many sources in an office building, and IAQ can vary widely. Suspended particles are seen by many as one of the most critical air pollutants and some estimates suggest that particles are responsible for up to 10,000 premature deaths in the United Kingdom each year [12] . Thus, when planning a building refurbishment, energy efficiency issues should be merged with the IAQ exigencies.

Suspended particles are seen by many as one of the most critical air pollutants and some estimates suggest that particles are responsible for up to 10,000 premature deaths in the United Kingdom each year.


The theory of micropolar elasticity was introduced and developed by Eringen [1] . The theory of micropolar continuum mechanics gives consideration to the microstructure. Micropolar theory is useful in structure materials with a fibrous, lattice, or granular micropolar structure. The main difference of micropolar elastic material from the classical elastic material is that each point has extra rotational degrees of freedom independent of translation and the material can transmit couple stress as well as usual force stress.

The theory of micropolar elasticity was introduced and developed by Eringen.


A simple rule about NO's role was established in the early 1990s. Low levels of NO, as produced by the constitutive NOS isoforms (NOS1 and NOS3), are involved in physiological homeostatic processes, whereas high levels, as produced by the inducible NOS isoform (NOS2), are involved in pathological processes, that is, altered physiologic conditions such as inflammation due to upregulation of NOS2 and NO production with indirect proinflammatory interactions [4] . NO exerts beneficial effects by acting as an antibacterial, antiparasital, antiviral, and antitumoricidal agent. Nonetheless, it has some detrimental effects if uncontrolled high levels of NO are present. High amounts of NO can react with superoxide anions generating highly toxic compounds. When NO is released simultaneously with superoxide, it forms the peroxynitrite anion, which is responsible for many of its cytotoxic effects, as it contains both reactive nitrogen as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) [5] . Peroxynitrite has been shown to induce lipid peroxidation, and damage to proteins and nucleic acids, which results in DNA strand breaks.

Low levels of NO, as produced by the constitutive NOS isoforms (NOS1 and NOS3), are involved in physiological homeostatic processes, whereas high levels, as produced by the inducible NOS isoform (NOS2), are involved in pathological processes, that is, altered physiologic conditions such as inflammation due to upregulation of NOS2 and NO production with indirect proinflammatory interactions.

When NO is released simultaneously with superoxide, it forms the peroxynitrite anion, which is responsible for many of its cytotoxic effects, as it contains both reactive nitrogen as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS).


Negative values of ω are often ruled out because of the wrong sign before the kinetic term in the action leading to a ghost. Nevertheless a plenty of researchers consider ω < 0 for the following reasons. Firstly, the scalar filed can be treated geometrically along with the Einstein tensor in the field equations, so that the no-ghost requirement renders meaningless. Secondly, the latest observational data indicates that phantom nature of dark energy is more likely [2] . Combining WMAP+eCMB+BAO+H0+SNe data yields to w DE 0 = −1.17(+0.13 − 0.12) for the flat Universe at the significance level of 68%. Such a trend also occurs for a non-flat Universe model and for different dataset combinations. Finally, consideration of a scalar field as an effective description for the theory with positive defined energy could eliminate the quantum contradictions [14, 15] . All these arguments make the consideration of BD theory with ω < 0 reasonable, since it leads to a phantom cosmology. Modern observational bounds limit the absolute value of ω. Modeling the gravitational collapse does not rule out negative ω values as well [16] . The considered model is interesting since it can provide no-ghost but phantom cosmology for specific parameter values.

Secondly, the latest observational data indicates that phantom nature of dark energy is more likely.

Finally, consideration of a scalar field as an effective description for the theory with positive defined energy could eliminate the quantum contradictions.

Modeling the gravitational collapse does not rule out negative ω values as well.


ASP is a form of declarative programming, similar in syntax to traditional logic programming and close in semantics to non-monotonic logic, that is now widely recognized as a valuable tool for knowledge representation and reasoning. On the one hand, ASP is fully declarative in the sense that the program specifications resemble the problem specifications, the semantics is very intuitive, and there is extensive theoretical work that facilitates proving several properties of answer-set programs. On the other hand, ASP is very expressive, allowing for compact representations of all NP and coNP problems, or even more complex ones if disjunctive programs are used [7] . Other important characteristics of ASP include the use of default negation to allow for reasoning with assumptions and incomplete knowledge, as well as the existence of a number of well studied extensions such as preferences, revision, abduction, etc. More relevant for this work, are the recent results on M KN F + hybrid knowledge bases where a faithful, tight and flexible integration of description logics and rules has been achieved [13] . The integration of rules with ontologies is also possible with dlprograms [8] . Finally, there are very efficient ASP solvers available (e.g. Clingo, DLV, Smodels, etc.).

On the other hand, ASP is very expressive, allowing for compact representations of all NP and coNP problems, or even more complex ones if disjunctive programs are used.

More relevant for this work, are the recent results on M KN F + hybrid knowledge bases where a faithful, tight and flexible integration of description logics and rules has been achieved.

The integration of rules with ontologies is also possible with dlprograms.


To examine the use of CNTs in heat dissipation, the heattransfer performance of CNT/water nanofluids (CNWNFs) was measured [24] . The measurements revealed that using CNTs at a concentration of 0.5 wt.% in a horizontal tube enhanced heat transfer by 350%. Studies on the heat-transfer performance of an MWCNT/W nanofluid in a horizontal shell with a tube heat exchanger indicated that the nanofluid enhanced heat-dissipation effectively [25] . Moreover, the effects of the coolant temperature on the viscosity and convective coefficients of several nanofluids were compared, revealing that an increase in viscosity increased the amount of pumping power consumed [26, 27] .

To examine the use of CNTs in heat dissipation, the heattransfer performance of CNT/water nanofluids (CNWNFs) was measured.

Studies on the heat-transfer performance of an MWCNT/W nanofluid in a horizontal shell with a tube heat exchanger indicated that the nanofluid enhanced heat-dissipation effectively.

Moreover, the effects of the coolant temperature on the viscosity and convective coefficients of several nanofluids were compared, revealing that an increase in viscosity increased the amount of pumping power consumed.


It is becoming increasingly apparent that obesity is a complex problem which needs to be addressed urgently. GPs can play a vital role in managing obesity as the gatekeepers to the health system. There are very few recent Australian studies looking at the role of the GP [2, 16] . There are moves being made by the Australian Health System for a team approach in primary care for the management of obesity. This is with the introduction of the Enhanced Primary Care Program (EPC) which can fund the GP and the team in treating complex and chronic conditions such as those associated with obesity related co-morbidities. But a way to co-ordinate this in primary care and in "multi-disciplinary share clinics has not been established. Effective communication skills and training in managing weight are other key issues that must be addressed if primary care weight management is to be improved. Hence, further studies evaluating the GPs opinion on weight management, effective strategies that can be implemented in primary care, the co-ordination of multi-disciplinary clinics for weight management and the impact of the team approach with the involvement of the GP need to be done.

There are very few recent Australian studies looking at the role of the GP.


Because of expressing the variation of displacement components through the thickness by continuous functions, all the strain components obtained from single layer theory are continuous and all the stress components are discontinuous at the layer interfaces. In a laminated structure, in-plane strains and out of plane stresses are continuous at the layer interfaces whereas in-plane stresses and out of plane strains are discontinuous [18] [19] [20] . Therefore, single layer theory is not able to model the behavior of a composite structure properly.

In a laminated structure, in-plane strains and out of plane stresses are continuous at the layer interfaces whereas in-plane stresses and out of plane strains are discontinuous.


In the induced strain models, approximate theories have been employed to incorporate the piezoelectric effects [1] [2] [3] [4] . In these models, the electric potential is neglected as a state variable in the formulation. However, the induced strain models encounter limitations that arise from the use of force approximation to represent the piezoelectric strains. This approximate representation is not able to capture the coupled mechanical and electrical response and limits these models only in predicting the actuator behavior of piezoelectric materials.

In the induced strain models, approximate theories have been employed to incorporate the piezoelectric effects.


The above construction can be generalized in a number of ways. In particular, one can replace the vacuum state |0 by any other pure or mixed state, and choose the submanifold of IR d , A, to be different than (1) . In this paper we will restrict to the choices above, which are sufficient for our purposes.

In particular, one can replace the vacuum state |0 by any other pure or mixed state, and choose the submanifold of IR d , A, to be different than.


One more example which unveils some of the relevant structures is to consider a T 3 with N units of H-flux (from here on this will be referred to as T 3H3). This is not a conformal background since it clearly does not satisfy Einstein's equation, however it can be rendered conformal by embedding it is the full ten dimensional string theory and this retains the essential features relevant for the current discussion [5] . This background appears to admit three isometries however when one utilizes any one of these to perform T-duality, there are apparently then only two isometries of the background. This disagrees with intuition garnered from a mountain of previous work on dualities in string theory. One of the known duality frames is a twisted torus and another is a prime example of a non-geometric background known as the Q-space. We will discuss this example at some length in the current work and in fact we use it as inspiration for some formal developments. However the structures developed here are not restricted to this example and are ultimately best thought of as somewhat independent from it.

This is not a conformal background since it clearly does not satisfy Einstein's equation, however it can be rendered conformal by embedding it is the full ten dimensional string theory and this retains the essential features relevant for the current discussion.


The motivation for the current work comes from a class of string backgrounds which have been known as non-geometric backgrounds since the pioneering work [1] . This moniker comes from the fact that unlike manifolds, which are sewn together patch to patch by diffeomorphisms, these backgrounds allow for the possibility that they are sewn together using more general elements of the stringy duality group. On circle bundles over circles this duality group is O(d, d).

The motivation for the current work comes from a class of string backgrounds which have been known as non-geometric backgrounds since the pioneering work.


The pooling problem is a network flow problem for allocating gas flow in pipeline transportation networks with minimum cost. It arises from applications in the petroleum industry. Networks of the pooling problem have three types of nodes: sources, blending tanks called pools and plants. Gas flows from the sources are blended in the blending tanks and plants to produce the desired final products. To model such blending, the pooling problem is formulated as bilinear nonconvex optimization problems, thus nonconvex quadratically constrained quadratic problems (QCQPs) [11] .

To model such blending, the pooling problem is formulated as bilinear nonconvex optimization problems, thus nonconvex quadratically constrained quadratic problems (QCQPs).


Dread is defined in this article as the apprehension of the negative consequences of an event. This perception of dread in cyberspace is often attributed to increasing technological dependence and the strategic exploitation by state actors. The literature analyses this phenomenon mainly through the lens of rational choice theory, while underemphasizing individual cognitive processes (Dean & McDermott, 2017; Edwards, Furnas, Forrest, & Axelrod, 2017; Gartzke & Lindsay, 2015) . Consequently, this article explores dread in response to cyber operations as a reflection of heuristic usage resulting in sub-optimal judgements.

The literature analyses this phenomenon mainly through the lens of rational choice theory, while underemphasizing individual cognitive processes.


The chemical composition of CDC includes 4MU (also named Dantong) and four kinds of Chinese herbal medicines, including Herba Isodonis Lophanthoidis (Xihuangcao), Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (Yinchen), Herba Andrographis (Chuanxinlian), and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (Dahuang). The content of 4MU is one of the main quality indexes of CDC [21] . Earlier, the spectrophotometric method was applied for the determination of 4MU in CDC according to the absorbance of 4MU at 372 nm [19] . Later, since the interference of coexistent components, high performance liquid chromatographic methods (HPLC) were developed for the determination of 4MU in CDC [21] [22] [23] . So far, no fluorimetric method was reported for the determination of 4MU in CDC and other medicinal samples.

The content of 4MU is one of the main quality indexes of CDC.

Earlier, the spectrophotometric method was applied for the determination of 4MU in CDC according to the absorbance of 4MU at 372 nm.

Later, since the interference of coexistent components, high performance liquid chromatographic methods (HPLC) were developed for the determination of 4MU in CDC.


The plasma osmolality in marine fish tends to decrease after exposure to hypoosmotic conditions (Sampaio and Bianchini, 2002) . In the present study, the plasma osmolality in olive flounder exposed to hypoosmotic conditions was decreased significantly in all diet groups, but the osmolality was higher after treatment with quercetin (Diets 2 and 3) for 30 and 60 days, compared with Diet 1 (Figure 7 ). There have been few studies on plasma osmolality changes with salinity stress after treatment with antioxidants. We hypothesize that quercetin affects the plasma osmolality by reducing the stress induced by hypoosmotic conditions.

The plasma osmolality in marine fish tends to decrease after exposure to hypoosmotic conditions.


Near Earth objects (NEOs) have been generating a growing scientific interest because, as primordial remnants of our solar system, they preserve precious information on its formation, composition and evolution. Besides, their collision with the early Earth would have influenced the shape and composition of our planet. Some NEOs are especially attractive targets for low-cost missions, because of their orbital accessibility with current technologies. This easy accessibility suggests the possibility to use them as source of raw materials and for the settlement of future human outposts (Seboldt et al., 2000) . At the same time, NEO collisions with the Earth represent a possible threat to mankind. In particular, small size asteroids pose a concrete threat on the short term, with significant expected damages at regional level. Advances in orbit determination and theoretical studies on hazard characterisation have increased the capability of predicting potential impacts (Chapman et al., 1994) . The manipulation of asteroid, instead, still remains an open problem. Increasing our capabilities in asteroid orbit and attitude manipulation is therefore required, both for reducing the collision hazard and for future asteroid exploitation.

This easy accessibility suggests the possibility to use them as source of raw materials and for the settlement of future human outposts.

Advances in orbit determination and theoretical studies on hazard characterisation have increased the capability of predicting potential impacts.


In the past two decades, different techniques for asteroid manipulation have been studied and compared; among them, surface ablation was shown to be theoretically one of the most promising methods (Sanchez et al., 2009) . Ablation is achieved by irradiating the asteroid with a high intensity light source. Within the illuminated spot area, the absorbed energy increases the temperature of the asteroid, enabling it to sublimate. The ablated material then expands to form an ejecta plume. The resulting thrust induced by the ejecta plume pushes the asteroid away from its original trajectory.

In the past two decades, different techniques for asteroid manipulation have been studied and compared; among them, surface ablation was shown to be theoretically one of the most promising methods.


Many manufacturer and service organisations depend on each other when producing goods and supplying services. If it is assumed that continuous progress of any organisation depends on the ratio of quality superiority of its products or services in comparison to competitors, it may be concluded that such advantage could not be gained without cooperation with an appropriate partner. For this reason, companies usually attempt to conclude an alliance contract with smaller companies as strategic alliance partners under companies' business brand. This type of business cooperation or acquisition is aimed at production of enhanced competitive products using more advanced technologies of smaller companies that would make the holding company more active and thriving in the competition against large rival companies (Cummings, Holmberg 2012) . Accordingly, the most important factor is the selection of appropriate partners for holding companies to attain success in a dynamic business environment. Even the superior alliance management may be insufficient to overcome poor initial partner screening and selection efforts (Ashayeri et al. 2012) . There are several reasons for the successful implementation of strategic alliances, but the importance of partner selection has been emphasised (Medcof 1997; Ding et al. 2013) .

This type of business cooperation or acquisition is aimed at production of enhanced competitive products using more advanced technologies of smaller companies that would make the holding company more active and thriving in the competition against large rival companies.

Even the superior alliance management may be insufficient to overcome poor initial partner screening and selection efforts.

There are several reasons for the successful implementation of strategic alliances, but the importance of partner selection has been emphasised.


Conventional bearing fault detection techniques require additional mechanical sensors and data acquisition equipment to implement [2] . The most commonly used sensors are vibration sensors, such as accelerometers. These sensors are mounted on the surface of WTG components, which are situated on high towers and are difficult to access during WTG operation. Moreover, the sensors and equipment are inevitably subject to failure, which could cause additional problems with system reliability and additional operating and maintenance costs. Current-based (mechanical-sensorless) fault detection techniques do not require additional sensors above those already used for monitoring, control, and protection of the WTG systems. Moreover, current signals are reliable and easily accessible from the ground without intruding the WTGs. Therefore, current-based fault detection techniques have great economic benefits and potential to be adopted by the wind energy industry.

Conventional bearing fault detection techniques require additional mechanical sensors and data acquisition equipment to implement.


The resins based on polyesters are widely used in the impregnation industry to provide mechanical and electrical insulating support to the windings of rotating machines. Unsaturated polyesters (UP) are used because of their good mechanical and electrical properties, as well as high temperature resistance [1] . With the technical developments of recent decades, the constraints applied to electrical devices (especially rotating machines such as motors) have increased substantially. The components subjected to increasing temperatures involve the use of varnishes, which are increasingly resistant to heat. This requirement has led to the establishment of thermal classes corresponding to the maximum operating temperature of insulating systems. This performance is meant to develop products of higher thermal classes and has led to the development of new resins' families, such as polyesterimide based ones. The challenge is to improve the heat resistance of the impregnating resins while considering the implementation aspect. In particular, the final product must be a single component with a viscosity at room temperature less than 2000 mPa·s. They must also be crosslinked according to an industrially applicable thermal cycle. Because of energetic costs, the thermal cycle is preferably of a few hours, with a temperature around 150°C. In addition, environmental constraints require the reduction of the volatile organic compounds (CoVs) to agree with the new REACH's standards.

Unsaturated polyesters (UP) are used because of their good mechanical and electrical properties, as well as high temperature resistance.


The reconstructed images can appear to show artefacts, for instance between the person's legs. This problem is due to multipath propagation of the waves. A typical multipath example is when the emitted EM wave hits a leg, and is then reflected onto the other leg, and from there reflected into the receiving antenna. If the reconstruction method assumes all reflections have come from a single surface reflection then this "second order" reflection echo will be seen as an imaging artefact. It may be possible to remove this multipath artefact using a higher order reconstruction algorithm [6] . In order to detect low reflectivity objects in the presence of strong multipath signals, the reconstruction algorithm needs to model the multipath signals correctly; this would prevent the strong signal from remaining in pixels where there is no object. This would also enable a high reconstructed image dynamic range.

It may be possible to remove this multipath artefact using a higher order reconstruction algorithm.


Although a within-subjects crossover design is more complex than a betweensubjects design, it offers the advantage of increased statistical power. When the correlation between a measure in Period 1 with the same measure in Period 2 is zero, the statistical power of the within-subjects crossover design is twice as large as the power of a between-subjects design ( Cotton, 1989 ) . When this correlation is positive, power further increases as a function of the correlation size. However, if the main effect of the variable of interest-in this case the effect of honest versus SA instructions-in the first period differs from the main effect in the second period, an asymmetric transfer problem arises. A significant Treatment × Period interaction, that is, asymmetric transfer (not to be confused with a Treatment × Order interaction), has at least two alternative causal interpretations (see Cotton) . If a significant asymmetric transfer is found, Cotton recommended that only data from the first period be analyzed, as in a betweensubjects design. Table 1 contains descriptive statistics and intercorrelations among the various scales (collapsed across periods of administration). Table 2 shows the means for all three experimental conditions.

When the correlation between a measure in Period 1 with the same measure in Period 2 is zero, the statistical power of the within-subjects crossover design is twice as large as the power of a between-subjects design.


Our job-knowledge manipulation was weak; only slight changes in the instructional sets were made to convey the job title of the target position. Researchers will need to examine the effects of alternative manipulations reflecting naturally occurring conditions. For example, different recruiting methods and information are often used in different labor markets ( Wanous & Colella, 1989 ) . The likelihood of both SDR and specific response biases occurring may vary depending on the type of recruiting and the job information given.

For example, different recruiting methods and information are often used in different labor markets.


Among various gauge/gravity duality conjectures that have been proposed so far, we are interested in the one that has been studied most intensively, which claims that type II superstring theory in the near horizon limit of the black p-brane geometry is equivalent to a maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in (p + 1)-dimensions [7, 8] . The super Yang-Mills theory is realized on N Dp-branes and it is characterized by the rank of the gauge group N and the 't Hooft coupling λ = g 2 YM N. On the gravity side, N is the number of black p-branes, and the 't Hooft coupling is written as λ = (2π) p−2 ℓ p−3 s g s N in terms of the string coupling constant g s and the string length ℓ s = α ′1/2 . The near horizon limit is taken by α ′ → 0 with λ and the energy scale U of the super Yang-Mills theory kept finite. The above gauge/gravity duality has been tested in detail at N → ∞ and λ → ∞. In this limit, superstring theory is well approximated by supergravity, which makes classical analyses applicable. While the super Yang-Mills theory becomes strongly coupled in this region, one can nevertheless extract the information of BPS states, which are protected by supersymmetry, and confirm the gauge/gravity duality in various ways.

Among various gauge/gravity duality conjectures that have been proposed so far, we are interested in the one that has been studied most intensively, which claims that type II superstring theory in the near horizon limit of the black p-brane geometry is equivalent to a maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in (p + 1)-dimensions.


One of the most important directions in theoretical physics is to clarify the quantum nature of gravity, which is crucial in understanding the beginning of our Universe and the final state of a black hole. Superstring theory is considered the most promising candidate of a quantum gravity theory due to its UV finiteness in striking contrast to the conventional field theoretical approach to quantum gravity, in which one faces with nonrenormalizable UV divergences. So far, superstring theory is defined only perturbatively around simple backgrounds such as flat spacetime, and it does not seem to be straightforwardly applicable to the studies of a strongly gravitating spacetime such as the black hole geometry. However, this difficulty has been partly surmounted by the discovery of D-branes [1] . Some extremal black holes were constructed by combining different kinds of D-branes, and the origin of their entropy was understood by counting the microstates of the D-branes [2] . Also there are several proposals for nonperturbative formulations of superstring theory based on super Yang-Mills theory in low dimensions [3, 4, 5, 6] .

However, this difficulty has been partly surmounted by the discovery of D-branes.

Some extremal black holes were constructed by combining different kinds of D-branes, and the origin of their entropy was understood by counting the microstates of the D-branes.

Also there are several proposals for nonperturbative formulations of superstring theory based on super Yang-Mills theory in low dimensions.


Our objective in this paper is to propose optimal scheduling schemes that are fast and can be used for problems with practical sizes and without simplifying assumptions. We propose an algorithm based on the A* search technique with an effective yet computationally efficient cost function. The proposed A* algorithm is also equipped with several highly effective state-space pruning techniques, which can dramatically reduce the required scheduling time. The effectiveness of these pruning techniques are analyzed experimentally. We also propose an efficient parallelization methodology for our proposed algorithm. Since a parallel program is executed on multiple processors, it is natural to utilize the same processors to speedup the scheduling of the program. Indeed, using multiple processors to search for an optimal solution not only shortens the computation time but also reduces the memory requirement and allows for a larger problem size. Surprisingly, very little amount of work has been done in parallelizing scheduling algorithms [13] . We also propose a variation of our algorithm which does not provide an optimal solution but guarantees a bounded degradation of the solution quality and is much faster. This algorithm can be useful if efficiency, but not an optimal solution, is the primary goal.

Surprisingly, very little amount of work has been done in parallelizing scheduling algorithms.


In our article we have presented an indirect and a direct method of measuring the contact resistance in electroconductive woven textiles. The first method is based on a comparison between infrared thermography, and a computer model of the power distribution in electroconductive fabrics, while the other one is a 4-point measurement. Both methods give very similar results and can be used complementarily. These results are also a very good verification of our model of current distribution in electroconductive textiles, which has been already presented in one of our earlier papers [5] . Furthermore, we found the contact resistance in Bekintex to be non-linear, what we attribute to the burning out of the passivation layer of Cr2O3, which is always present on stainless steel. We are planning to continue our research on infrared thermography of electroconductive textiles with an emphasis on the design of electroconductive textile electrodes for blood flow electrostimulation.

These results are also a very good verification of our model of current distribution in electroconductive textiles, which has been already presented in one of our earlier papers.


Detoxification of ammonia to urea is the other pathway that can be utilised by many fish species (Wood 1993) . After 27 days of ammonia exposure, acclimated seabass expressed a lower growth than control fish at all ammonia levels. At that time, in all the treatments, the fish could not compensate for the initial growth delay recorded at day 13.

Detoxification of ammonia to urea is the other pathway that can be utilised by many fish species.


In previous work, we have investigated the use of wavelength tunable laser (WTL) for long distance RF signal transmission [20] , [21] . The WTL is used as the only adjustable part to cancel the time delay variation of the fiber link, since optical carriers with different wavelengths propagate at different velocities in the fiber. This method has the advantage of very large tunable delay range which is in proportion to the length of the fiber link; therefore, a very long delivery distance can be expected [20] . However the delay tuning granularity is also in proportion to the length of the link, which will result in a large delay adjusting step when the delivery distant becomes very long. Meanwhile the tuning speed of the WTL is rather slow. The short term stability is slightly degraded compare to a free running link [21] . We propose here an improved scheme for phase stabilized RF signal transmission. To solve the short term stability problem and further improve the transmission performance, in this paper, we introduce a PZT to work together with the tunable laser to compensate the delay variation. The fast and small part of the delay fluctuation is cancelled by the PZT, benefitting from its short response time and fine adjusting granularity. The slow and large part of the delay variation is used to alter the tunable laser, as the dispersion induced tunable optical delay line has a large compensation range. Improved stability and phase noise suppression have been experimentally demonstrated.

In previous work, we have investigated the use of wavelength tunable laser (WTL) for long distance RF signal transmission.

This method has the advantage of very large tunable delay range which is in proportion to the length of the fiber link; therefore, a very long delivery distance can be expected.

The short term stability is slightly degraded compare to a free running link.


Another possible mechanism for the enhanced PL could be the strain field around the GBs. The strain may lead to direct bandgap Si, which helps boost radiative recombination and eliminate phononmediated recombination [21, 22] . An excellent correlation between potential change, structure, and stress at individual GBs has also been reported in the literature [23] .

The strain may lead to direct bandgap Si, which helps boost radiative recombination and eliminate phononmediated recombination.

An excellent correlation between potential change, structure, and stress at individual GBs has also been reported in the literature.


We have recently investigated the structural and electronic/ electrical properties of individual GBs in polycrystalline thin films with grain sizes in micrometer order, where the depletion of carriers on the GBs was measured by scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) due to its fine resolution of tens of nanometers [7, 8] . The electrical and structural properties were well correlated. Due to the large grain sizes of mc-Si we in this paper employed PL imaging for the electrical property study, and found consistent relationship between the structural and electrical properties in these Si-based materials.

We have recently investigated the structural and electronic/ electrical properties of individual GBs in polycrystalline thin films with grain sizes in micrometer order, where the depletion of carriers on the GBs was measured by scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) due to its fine resolution of tens of nanometers.


Photoluminescence (PL) is an important technique for measuring the defect density and lifetime in association with the material purity and crystalline quality of semiconductors [3] . Compared with other PL techniques such as PL spectroscopy and PL mapping, PL imaging has recently been demonstrated to be a rapid contactless characterizing technique with relatively high special resolution, which makes it a useful tool for studying mc-Si wafers [4, 5] . On the other hand, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) is a technique that is often used to examine the crystallographic orientation of crystalline materials from electron-diffraction patterns [6] . Combining these two techniques will then allow us to determine the correlation between the PL behaviors and the misorientation of GBs in UMG-Si wafers. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens can be prepared from specifically selected GBs using a dual-beam focused ion beam (FIB) workstation; the specimen can then be further investigated by TEM at high resolution.

Photoluminescence (PL) is an important technique for measuring the defect density and lifetime in association with the material purity and crystalline quality of semiconductors.

Compared with other PL techniques such as PL spectroscopy and PL mapping, PL imaging has recently been demonstrated to be a rapid contactless characterizing technique with relatively high special resolution, which makes it a useful tool for studying mc-Si wafers.

On the other hand, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) is a technique that is often used to examine the crystallographic orientation of crystalline materials from electron-diffraction patterns.


In a previous study, it has been reported that the catalytic reduction of dyes was carried out by using gelatin stabilized gold nanoparticles (GNPs), where the entire reduction process was completed in 150 s at room temperature with only 0.12 mg GNPs [19] . In another report, it has been described that nanoscale nickel particles (Ni NPs) are highly efficient catalysts for reduction of congo red (CR, 20 M) dye from aqueous medium, where 100% reduction/degradation of dye was observed in a very short time (50 s) by the addition of only 0.2 mg Ni NPs in the presence of reducing agent (100 mM NaBH4) [20] . Hence, the literature demonstrated that nanostructured Ni catalysts are highly efficient and important alternative to the already available catalysts while being able to be easily recovered for use through several cycles without loss of catalytic efficiency. Further studies have been carried out giving much attention to probing control over the morphology and growth patterning of Ni NSs and the effect of different parameters on catalytic efficiency in terms of reaction kinetics. However, the prime objective of this present study is to explore the synthesis of Ni NSs and their catalytic activity for the degradation of environmentally toxic and hazardous organic dyes.

In a previous study, it has been reported that the catalytic reduction of dyes was carried out by using gelatin stabilized gold nanoparticles (GNPs), where the entire reduction process was completed in 150 s at room temperature with only 0.12 mg GNPs.

In another report, it has been described that nanoscale nickel particles (Ni NPs) are highly efficient catalysts for reduction of congo red (CR, 20 M) dye from aqueous medium, where 100% reduction/degradation of dye was observed in a very short time (50 s) by the addition of only 0.2 mg Ni NPs in the presence of reducing agent (100 mM NaBH4).


Final remarks and future model developments. For the reasons cited along the text, we expect our method to give an interesting contribution in the development of multiscale approaches to the modeling of cell phenomena. However, the presented mathematical framework has still some important limitations, whose improvements would represent relevant modeling refinements. First, in most of the proposed sets of simulations cell activation occurs when two conditions are satisfied: (i) the concentration of the chemical locally (i.e., at x s ) exceeds a given threshold and (ii) there is enough cell mass around that point (i.e., over I xs ). These assumptions are reasonable from a biological point of view, since most intracellular pathways are affected by the local presence (and amount) of the molecular substance of interest (e.g., at a given membrane receptor). However, the use of a local thresholding control for cell differentiation may lead to discrepancies between different computer-based realizations (i.e., in the exact location of cell differentiation). They depend from the presence of an artificial/numerical diffusion which is in turn related to the computational method, time step and characteristic grid size used to solve Eq. (7) . In this respect, it would be useful to perform a detailed study on how to reduce such numerical artifacts. On the other hand, some other non-local rules for cell activation could be considered (e.g., a control of the chemical amount over a given neighborhood of x s , maybe over I xs itself). However, such regulatory mechanisms, and underlying assumptions, should be carefully validated by experimental evidence.

They depend from the presence of an artificial/numerical diffusion which is in turn related to the computational method, time step and characteristic grid size used to solve Eq..


Social networks is an approach for representing relations between individuals, groups or organization [1] . The concept of social networks extraction is designed to map the relationship of entities among them that can be observed, to mark the patterns of ties between social actors, to measure the social capital: the values obtained by the entities individually or in groups, to present a variety of social structures according to the interests and its implementation, based on different domains or information sources [2] . The extracted social networks can further be processed in information systems, i.e., in data mining systems that detect valuable trends in the social networks, in cases when selecting content based on certain semantic classes, or in expert systems that reason with the extracted knowledge in order to support government decision making. For example, in counterterrorism and the terrorism require networks for learning exchange of information and actions [3] . In scientometric, so extraction of academic social networks aims to see the performance of human resources for example in education [4] .

Social networks is an approach for representing relations between individuals, groups or organization.

The concept of social networks extraction is designed to map the relationship of entities among them that can be observed, to mark the patterns of ties between social actors, to measure the social capital: the values obtained by the entities individually or in groups, to present a variety of social structures according to the interests and its implementation, based on different domains or information sources.

For example, in counterterrorism and the terrorism require networks for learning exchange of information and actions.

In scientometric, so extraction of academic social networks aims to see the performance of human resources for example in education.