Raman spectra of GEO and RGO are also shown in Figure 2 corresponds to defects in the curved graphene sheet [23] . The G band in GEO spectrum appears at 1596 cm −1 and the D band at 1328 cm −1 . After reduction (RGO spectrum), the G band appears at 1588 cm −1 and the D band at 1320 cm −1 . In addition, both bands are broader in GEO than in RGO. The presence of D and G bands at higher frequencies and the broadening are general observations of disorder [47] . Thus, the red-shifted and narrower peaks in RGO spectrum are clear signals of graphitic order recovery. On the other hand, the intensity ratio for GEO is 1.487. In comparison, D / G ratio of the RGO has been increased to 1.724; D / G increment is explained by the presence of small crystallites or graphitic domains, where borders act as defects [48] . Figure 3 exhibits a comparison of the TEM images of asreceived CNTs (Figure 3(a) ) and CNTOs (Figures 3(b)-3(d) ); some changes in amorphous carbon contained on CNTs are observed in the images after modification (Figures 3(b) and  3(d) ). It is possible to observe in these CNTOs images that the functionalization produces opening up of the tube ends (Figure 3(b) ), generates defects on the sidewalls of nanotubes, and shortens long tubes (Figure 3(d) ). However, the nanotube diameter does not present changes after oxidation by microwave irradiation. TEM micrographs of GEO and RGO are shown in Figures 3(e) and 3(f) , respectively. Both GEO and RGO exhibit a typically wrinkled, sheet-like structure. The morphological structure of the RGO shows no difference from the GEO.

Raman spectra of GEO and RGO are also shown in Figure 2 corresponds to defects in the curved graphene sheet.

The presence of D and G bands at higher frequencies and the broadening are general observations of disorder.

In comparison, D / G ratio of the RGO has been increased to 1.724; D / G increment is explained by the presence of small crystallites or graphitic domains, where borders act as defects.


According to Table 1 , the use of CNMs as adsorbents has been studied to remove diverse phenolic pollutants; however, additional studies are needed to observe the effect of different conditions over the performance of CNMs at their different dimensions, since this allows reaching a deeper understanding of their adsorption mechanism. Besides, it is known that chemical modification produces activated carbon forms of these nanomaterials, and their adsorption performance can change depending on their surface properties. Thus, this research is focused on the performance evaluation of 1-dimension (SWNTs and MWNTs) and 2-dimension (GEO and RGO) CNMs as adsorbents of phenol. CNTs were evaluated as received and after oxidation and graphene materials, GEO and RGO, were distinguished also by their attached oxygenated groups, this latter with the aim of evaluating the activated and nonactivated carbon forms as adsorbents of phenol. In this research, CNMs oxidized forms were produced by environmentally friendly methods, for instance, microwave (MW) assisted modification of CNTs, since MW irradiation has acquired a great deal of attention in domestic, industrial, and medical applications and furthermore it has been used in various environmental applications [37] . Thus, microwave (MW) assisted modification of CNTs was employed as a noninvasive, clean, and simple method, with less reaction time than conventional methods reported for the same purpose. On the other hand, chemical reduction of GEO was carried out using L-ascorbic acid (L-AA). Recently, several "green" agents, such as vitamin C (L-AA), ethylene glycol, aluminum powder, and hydrohalic acid and alkali, have been developed as the reductant reactive in the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide [38] . L-AA is naturally employed as a reductant in living things and has also been used to synthesize nanomaterials [39] .

In this research, CNMs oxidized forms were produced by environmentally friendly methods, for instance, microwave (MW) assisted modification of CNTs, since MW irradiation has acquired a great deal of attention in domestic, industrial, and medical applications and furthermore it has been used in various environmental applications.

Recently, several "green" agents, such as vitamin C (L-AA), ethylene glycol, aluminum powder, and hydrohalic acid and alkali, have been developed as the reductant reactive in the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide.

L-AA is naturally employed as a reductant in living things and has also been used to synthesize nanomaterials.


The spatial density of emission sources found in typical urban environments leads to elevated particle concentrations compared to nearby rural locations. As an example, buildings may influence local meteorology by restricting air circulation (street canyon effect), producing human exposures that are orders of magnitude higher than those predicted by regional dispersion models (Zhou and Levy, 2008) . This provides both acute exposure risk and increased long-term exposure for those passing through regularly, thereby producing a non-negligible impact on public health. To assess the impact of such micro-environments, we here investigate London trace element concentrations in terms of increments, defined as the concentration ratios between an environment of interest and a reference site (Charron et al., 2007; Lenschow et al., 2001) .

As an example, buildings may influence local meteorology by restricting air circulation (street canyon effect), producing human exposures that are orders of magnitude higher than those predicted by regional dispersion models.

To assess the impact of such micro-environments, we here investigate London trace element concentrations in terms of increments, defined as the concentration ratios between an environment of interest and a reference site.


The highly time-resolved data enabled studying diurnal patterns. The cycles of mineral dust elements and coarse Na, Mg and Cl both indicate major concentration enhance-ments during periods of heavy traffic, whereas regionally influenced elements (fine P, S, K, Zn, Br, Pb) showed no enhancements. All traffic-related elements at the kerbside site yielded temporal patterns similar to variations in heavy duty vehicle numbers as opposed to total vehicle numbers, and resulted in enhanced exposure to elements during day time and weekdays. Traffic-related processes therefore exhibit a dominant influence on air quality at the kerbside and urban background sites, and should be the main focus of health effect studies and mitigation strategies. With technological improvements for the reduction of traffic exhaust emissions, the traffic contribution to coarse PM is becoming more important as shown by decreasing PM 2.5 mass trends with no significant changes of coarse PM (Barmpadimos et al., 2012) .

With technological improvements for the reduction of traffic exhaust emissions, the traffic contribution to coarse PM is becoming more important as shown by decreasing PM 2.5 mass trends with no significant changes of coarse PM.


Gerbera is a genus of ornamental plants from the sunflower family (Asteraceae). It has approximately 30 species in the world, extending to South America, Africa, Madagascar, and tropical Asia. Gerbera species bear a large capitulum with striking, two-lipped ray florets in yellow, orange, white, pink or red colors. Gerbera species are commonly grown as potted plants or for cut flowers and it is one of the top 10 traded cut flowers in the world. Gerbera jamesonii is also used in the preparation of traditional Chinese medicine tu-er-feng for curing cold and also for treating rheumatism (Ye et al., 1990) . The demand for tissue cultured plants is increasing more as compared to conventional production of plants. In this genus, genetic variability is relatively limited, which makes it difficult to breed for new flower colors and patterns. There is also limited genetic material that can *Corresponding author. E-mail: atariq@cdfa.ca.gov. be used to improve resistance to biotic and abiotic stress (Orlikowska et al., 1999) . Gerbera plants can be propagated either sexually or asexually. Until recently, they were usually propagated by dividing clumps. However, this technique is too slow for commercial purposes (Murashige et al., 1974) . Nowadays, in vitro propagation is the preferred method (Aswath and Choudhary, 2002; Kumar et al., 2004; Prasanth and Sekar, 2004; Reynoird et al., 1993; Xi and Shi, 2003) . Gerbera plants have been regenerated from calli derived from a variety of explants (Kumar and Kanwar, 2006; Modh et al., 2002; Ray et al., 2005; Tyagi and Kothari, 2004; Zheng et al., 2002) . Adventitious shoots have been regenerated from the flower buds of gerbera plants grown in the greenhouse (Laliberte et al., 1985; Pierik et al., 1975) . Attempts at regenerating shoots using midrib explants were not successful (Pierik and Segers, 1973) . In a study on the G. jamesonii cultivar 'Vulkan', shoots were regenerated in vitro using leaf blade explants (Hedtrich, 1985) .

Gerbera jamesonii is also used in the preparation of traditional Chinese medicine tu-er-feng for curing cold and also for treating rheumatism.

E-mail: atariq@cdfa.ca.gov. be used to improve resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.

However, this technique is too slow for commercial purposes.

Nowadays, in vitro propagation is the preferred method.

Gerbera plants have been regenerated from calli derived from a variety of explants.

Adventitious shoots have been regenerated from the flower buds of gerbera plants grown in the greenhouse.

Attempts at regenerating shoots using midrib explants were not successful.

In a study on the G. jamesonii cultivar 'Vulkan', shoots were regenerated in vitro using leaf blade explants.


Biomechanical workload has received considerable attention in relation to registered work disability, and several studies have examined effects of both mechanical and psychological/social work factors [4, 5, 10, 11] . Based on previous publications it remains somewhat unclear if mechanical workload plays an important role in explaining associations between non-physical occupational factors and work disability. While the main objective was to determine contributions of a broad range of psychological and social work factors to publicly registered disability retirement, the present study also sought to account for effects of mechanical work exposure.

Biomechanical workload has received considerable attention in relation to registered work disability, and several studies have examined effects of both mechanical and psychological/social work factors.


In developed countries, the universities have adopted the cloud increase service efficiency and cost-savings. An example from the University of California (UC) at Berkeley, found cloud computing to be attractive for use in one of their courses which was focused exclusively on developing and deploying Software as a service (SaaS) applications [2] , [5] . The Medical College of Wisconsin Biotechnology and Bioengineering Centre in Milwaukee found the use of cloud computing in their research has provided an astounding computing power. Researchers at the center have been doing protein research which has been made more accessible to scientists from anywhere in the world. This is due largely to renting Google's cloud-based servers. Some universities have adopted cloud computing for economic reasons. The Washington State University's School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) has suffered cuts in its budget. However, the EECS claims that despite the challenging economic climate, cloud computing has actually enabled it to expand the services it offers to faculties and students [2] , [7] . The usage of cloud services in UK and European universities is growing dramatically in comparison with the Saudi universities. The Saudi University has just begun the initial phase in order to offer teaching through cloud computing [8] . Many industry experts believe that cloud computing will be widely used in higher education [9] . At the same time, it is important to understand the distinctive features of higher education and this requires a careful evaluation of how and what kind of solution can be adopted [10] .

An example from the University of California (UC) at Berkeley, found cloud computing to be attractive for use in one of their courses which was focused exclusively on developing and deploying Software as a service (SaaS) applications.

However, the EECS claims that despite the challenging economic climate, cloud computing has actually enabled it to expand the services it offers to faculties and students.

The Saudi University has just begun the initial phase in order to offer teaching through cloud computing.

Many industry experts believe that cloud computing will be widely used in higher education.

At the same time, it is important to understand the distinctive features of higher education and this requires a careful evaluation of how and what kind of solution can be adopted.


This study analysed the spatial-temporal status of PTB in Zhaotong city, northeast Yunnan, using the smallest administrative unit in the city-wide scale. Hence, it is the first study to analyse PTB risk at the town level in a highly epidemic area of Yunnan. The identification of TB risk areas using surveillance data based on the geographic unit is advantageous for policymakers [18] . Systemic utilisation of cluster detection techniques for regular surveillance of TB is useful to effectively carry out TB control programmes [19] . Therefore, it is important to equip policymakers with information on the spatial-temporal status of PTB to help guide the provision, planning and optimisation of PTB control strategies in Zhaotong.

The identification of TB risk areas using surveillance data based on the geographic unit is advantageous for policymakers.

Systemic utilisation of cluster detection techniques for regular surveillance of TB is useful to effectively carry out TB control programmes.


The main application of metamaterial based quantum nanophotonics would involve the coupling to quantum emitters such as nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond [21, 37] . Their broadband emission are not ideally suited to the optical cavity based approach for enhancement. In spite of the absorption losses, an optimized design can lead to efficient single photon sources based on hyperbolic metamaterials [22, 38] . The issue of spontaneous emission near a hyperbolic metamaterial is also pertinent to the problem of loss compensation. A large number of emitters would emit preferentially into metamaterial modes leading to active photonic devices. Finally, we expect this review to pave the way for future work on non-classical light interaction with metamaterials.

The main application of metamaterial based quantum nanophotonics would involve the coupling to quantum emitters such as nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond.

In spite of the absorption losses, an optimized design can lead to efficient single photon sources based on hyperbolic metamaterials.


In pursuit of the above goal, this paper specifically compares the optimal fuel and electricity consumption costs associated with two supervisory control strategies for PHEVs. The first strategy, blending, uses fuel and electricity together for propulsion throughout a given drive cycle [2] [3] [4] . The second strategy is dubbed EV/CS because it operates in "Electric Vehicle" mode first, then switches to "Charge Sustenance" at a predefined SOC threshold [4, 5] . We compare these strategies using deterministic dynamic programming to ensure fairness, and implement the DDP algorithm in a novel manner using a backward-looking powertrain model instead of forward-looking models used in previous research [2, 3, 6] .

The first strategy, blending, uses fuel and electricity together for propulsion throughout a given drive cycle.

The second strategy is dubbed EV/CS because it operates in "Electric Vehicle" mode first, then switches to "Charge Sustenance" at a predefined SOC threshold.

We compare these strategies using deterministic dynamic programming to ensure fairness, and implement the DDP algorithm in a novel manner using a backward-looking powertrain model instead of forward-looking models used in previous research.


This paper examines the problem of optimizing the cost of the fuel and electricity consumed by a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. The paper is motivated by the fact that PHEVs make it possible for two major infrastructures, the transportation infrastructure and the power grid, to exchange significant amounts of energy. In doing so, PHEVs make it possible to replace some of the petroleum currently being used for propulsion with other sources of energy [1] . To maximize this synergy, our overarching goal is to simultaneously optimize the cost of fuel and electricity consumption for a PHEV.

In doing so, PHEVs make it possible to replace some of the petroleum currently being used for propulsion with other sources of energy.


Previous research has shown that blending optimizes combined fuel and electricity costs for both parallel and power split PHEVs [2, 3, 6, 7] . Blending attains this optimality by employing the engine to slow down battery charge depletion, thereby minimizing the amount of time spent in charge sustenance. This is important because in the charge sustenance mode, the engine must (i) meet driver power demand, (ii) regulate battery SOC, while (iii) being mechanically coupled to the final drive. This combination of three requirements and constraints can tax engine efficiency significantly, making charge sustenance undesirable [3, 6] . In a series powertrain, the engine is mechanically decoupled from the final drive. We therefore conjecture -and show rigorously -that the difference in fuel and electricity cost between the blending and EV/CS strategies is not as pronounced for a series vehicle.

Previous research has shown that blending optimizes combined fuel and electricity costs for both parallel and power split PHEVs.

This combination of three requirements and constraints can tax engine efficiency significantly, making charge sustenance undesirable.


Generally, the highest degree of minors d k (A str ) of polynomial matrices can be computed by elimination algorithms, such as Gaussian elimination algorithm [6] . However, this algorithm requires so many symbolic manipulations on rational functions that it is very costly [7] . So, such algebraic elimination approaches are not suitable for polynomial matrices which arise from large-scale dynamical systems. In order to solve this difficult problem faced by the algebraic elimination algorithms, this paper presents an efficient algorithm for computing the highest degree of minors d k (A str ). As the zero/nonzero structure of the structural matrix is similar to the adjacent matrix of a graph and the process of elimination for the matrix can be completed by traversing the paths in the graph we transform the problem of computing the d k (A str ) to the maximum weighted matching problem of bipartite graph. The details of how to transform the problem of the highest degree of minors to the maximum weighted matching problem of bipartite graph are described in section 3.

Generally, the highest degree of minors d k (A str ) of polynomial matrices can be computed by elimination algorithms, such as Gaussian elimination algorithm.

However, this algorithm requires so many symbolic manipulations on rational functions that it is very costly.


With the development of information society, building mathematical models and simulating those models in the computer becomes a way to quickly design complex products without building costly physical prototypes in industry. Modeling and simulation technology is widely used in economic, electric networks, mechanical systems, robotics, automotive, aircraft, etc. These dynamic systems are often described by general DAEs(differential algebraic equations) via modeling, such as Modelica modeling [1] . And the process of simulation is solving these DAEs. So, solving the general DAEs is a key part of the modeling and simulation.

These dynamic systems are often described by general DAEs(differential algebraic equations) via modeling, such as Modelica modeling.


Driving automation technologiesarereceiving an increasing amountof media attention, presented as a panacea in driving safety, effectively reducing accidents and increasingroad network efficiency, whilst reducing the environmental impact of driving. Vehicle manufacturers such as Volvo, Jaguar, BMW, Google, Tesla and Mercedes are racing towards putting an automated vehicle on the road. Before fully automated vehicles can be seen on public roads, changes to current legislation will have to be made as it requires drivers to be able to control their vehicle at all times [1] . This will likely lead to an intermediate level of "Highly Automated Driving" (HAD) where the vehicle is able to act as an autonomous agent within certain areas such as highways where complexity is low [2, 3] . The vehicle will therefore have to hand back control to the driver when the operational limits of the automation is reached.Either due to geographical constraints being approached, deterioration of sensor readings due to weather, or to a driver takeover request orother external circumstances.

Before fully automated vehicles can be seen on public roads, changes to current legislation will have to be made as it requires drivers to be able to control their vehicle at all times.

This will likely lead to an intermediate level of "Highly Automated Driving" (HAD) where the vehicle is able to act as an autonomous agent within certain areas such as highways where complexity is low.


Until 2004, this transformation evoked little response at a national level. Academic research and the proposal to introduce new liquor licensing legislation provoked some interest. The House of Commons of the British Parliament conducted a scrutiny committee inquiry into the evening economy and the urban renaissance [6] . The Inquiry heard evidence from local authorities, the police, trade organisations, health charities, residents and other pressure groups about the threats posed to the revitalisation of town centres by the expansion of what has come to be known as the 'night-time economy'. Anecdotal evidence was brought forward about the problems of litter, noise, and cleansing, as well crime and disorder [7] .

The House of Commons of the British Parliament conducted a scrutiny committee inquiry into the evening economy and the urban renaissance.

Anecdotal evidence was brought forward about the problems of litter, noise, and cleansing, as well crime and disorder.


The study presented here has several methodological limitations. First, this investigation focuses on a subset of training programs. Thus, the data do not include school psychology, counseling psychology, or other non-CUDCP clinical or other professional psychology training programs (e.g., National Council of Schools and Programs of Professional Psychology) that may provide considerably different results and to whom self-care practices are no less relevant. Nevertheless, the results presented here are an important example emanating from a specific type of training program. Focusing on this one group allows a specific examination of CUDCP programs without the need to compare across program types, which might shift the focus to cross-program analyses and is not the aim of the research presented here. Although there are similarities across types of psychological training programs, particularly between clinical and counseling psychology, the historical roots of these specialties, with greater or lesser emphasis on psychopathology or a holistic approach, may influence the training approach for students (Morgan & Cohen, 2008) .

Although there are similarities across types of psychological training programs, particularly between clinical and counseling psychology, the historical roots of these specialties, with greater or lesser emphasis on psychopathology or a holistic approach, may influence the training approach for students.


In March 1997, four replicate plots (5 x 3m) at two Lincoln sites (a high fertility deep Wakanui silt loam at site A, and a low fertility shallow Lismore silt loam at site B) were sown at 20 kg/ha. At sites A and B, seed derived from plants of 'Grasslands Advance' (Advance sel.) inoculated with endophyte strains AR501 and AR502, and 'Kentucky 31' infected with the wild type endophyte, were sown. An endophyte-free 'Advance' selection was sown as a control at both sites. At site B, two plots (1 x 5m) of an experimental tall fescue line infected with AR542 were also sown. Endophyte infection levels in each plot were monitored using tissue print immunoblot (Gwinn et al. 1991) .

Endophyte infection levels in each plot were monitored using tissue print immunoblot.


The artificial derivation of three of the associations (AR501, AR502 and AR542) in the present study did not appear to weaken the adverse effect of the endophytes against pasture mealy bug. This is a significant result, as these three associations expressed atypical alkaloid profiles compared to the wild type association. Specifically, associations containing AR501, AR502 and AR542 did not contain ergovaline, the alkaloid implicated as the cause of fescue toxicosis and heat stress problems in livestock (Fletcher and Easton 1997) . Thus, it appears possible to develop novel tall fescue-endophyte associations that do not cause health problems in grazing animals, but which are resistant to pasture mealy bug.

Specifically, associations containing AR501, AR502 and AR542 did not contain ergovaline, the alkaloid implicated as the cause of fescue toxicosis and heat stress problems in livestock.


Large-scale systems (LSS) that are often defined as interacting subsystems, such as communication, banking, supply chain, process & chemical and electrical power systems, are some of the cornerstones of modern society. Over the last decade, the prominence of the Internet has led to increased demands for local and scalable algorithms that can achieve global objectives within typical LSS [1] . Decentralised and distributed control architectures have become attractive alternatives to conventional centralised approaches due to growing complexities within LSS [2, 3] . Despite this, centralised control architectures have well-known design criteria for guaranteeing performance and stability [4, 5] . A key issue of LSS is to guarantee global asymptotic stability (GAS) and suitable performance of closed-loop coupled subsystems when equipped with decentralised controllers [6] .

Over the last decade, the prominence of the Internet has led to increased demands for local and scalable algorithms that can achieve global objectives within typical LSS.

Decentralised and distributed control architectures have become attractive alternatives to conventional centralised approaches due to growing complexities within LSS.

Despite this, centralised control architectures have well-known design criteria for guaranteeing performance and stability.

A key issue of LSS is to guarantee global asymptotic stability (GAS) and suitable performance of closed-loop coupled subsystems when equipped with decentralised controllers.


To circumvent small-gain conditions, the neutrality of interaction terms can be determined if state-space interconnection models are skew-symmetric. Recent developments have used linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to ensure interactions are neutral [7, 11, 12, 13] . LMIs are framed within a convex optimsation problem where the state-feedback control gains are solved such that the solution to local structured Lyapunov equations render interconnection terms close to zero and maintain GAS. However, this approach is also performed offline, and hence does not consider dynamic stability during topology changes i.e. plug-and-play operations, interconnection faults.

Recent developments have used linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to ensure interactions are neutral.


Despite the high performance and ethanol yield of controlled fermentations, spontaneous fermentations with uncontrolled microflora which may contain yeasts, bacteria and moulds are still used in some winery [8] . Some winemakers prefer uncontrolled yeasts for alcoholic fermentation beacause of their low costs. Indeed, the variability of the strains involved in spontaneous fermentation would favor the production of more important aromatic complexities of wine and of more undesirable products [9] . Moreover, spontaneous fermentation would lead to obtaining distinct styles of wines reflecting the diversity of a specific region of vintage [10] . Consummers seem to appreciate the wines or other alcoholic beverage depending on their origin or the producing district.

Despite the high performance and ethanol yield of controlled fermentations, spontaneous fermentations with uncontrolled microflora which may contain yeasts, bacteria and moulds are still used in some winery.

Indeed, the variability of the strains involved in spontaneous fermentation would favor the production of more important aromatic complexities of wine and of more undesirable products.

Moreover, spontaneous fermentation would lead to obtaining distinct styles of wines reflecting the diversity of a specific region of vintage.


There has been a growing recognition of the value and benefits that can accrue from mobile technology and in particular smart phones and tablets for people with disability (Alper, Ellcessor, Ellis, & Goggin, 2015; Goggin, 2012) . This paper researched the outcomes of a pilot project that brings together a smart phone and tablet platform together with customisation and 24/7 Help Call Centre (24/7HCC). The mobile technology platform (referred to VilTech™ in the paper as a pseudonym) was developed by a not-for-profit disability service organisation, Village Networks [pseudonym] that is a provider of accommodation and community support for people with significant disability. The organisation in conjunction with a government grant developed VilTech™ that is affordable, accessible and relevant by design to increase users autonomy, community independence and participation with the added assistance of hardware and software customisation together with a 24/7HCC.

There has been a growing recognition of the value and benefits that can accrue from mobile technology and in particular smart phones and tablets for people with disability.


The effect of the technology on the social participation and, hence, disability citizenship of those involved was central to the research. To assist in contextualising assistive and information communication technology (ICT) a framework for analysis was developed combining social approaches to disability, and the PHAATE model (policy, human/person, activity, assistance, technology and environment) (Cooper, 2007) . This paper briefly examines our understanding of disability, before examining the literature on the use of mobile technology and discussing the research design for the project.

To assist in contextualising assistive and information communication technology (ICT) a framework for analysis was developed combining social approaches to disability, and the PHAATE model (policy, human/person, activity, assistance, technology and environment).


Another solution is to adopt the homomorphic encryption technique [24] . This technique supports ciphertext data management under privacy protection, which can be used to realize various operations such as direct search, computation, and statistics of ciphertext at cloud, and the result can be returned to the user in the form of ciphertext. Compared to the traditional encryption algorithms, this method does not require frequent encryption and decryption operations between the cloud and user, which can reduce the overhead of communication and computation resources. The user's private data are saved in the form of ciphertext at cloud, and the service provider cannot know the data content, which can prevent them from exploring user's privacy through illegal embezzling and tampering of user data. It has provided a security basis for the users to fully utilize the cloud computing resources to conduct massive data analysis and processing, and in particular, it can be combined with the secure multi-party computation protocol to well solve the privacy security issue when the user outsources the computation service.

Another solution is to adopt the homomorphic encryption technique.


For energies larger than 10 15 eV, cosmic rays are studied by observing the atmospheric showers produced when they interact with the air molecules. Therefore composition has to be inferred indirectly from parameters measured in air shower observations. The observables most sensitive to the primary mass are the depth of the shower maximum and the number of muons generated during the cascade process. While the maximum depth is observed with fluorescence telescopes, the muons are measured at ground level and underground with surface and buried detectors respectively. Besides composition, hadronic interactions can also be studied with muons. At the highest cosmic ray energies the hadronic interactions are unknown, so models that extrapolate accelerator data at lower centre-of-mass energy are used in shower simulations. As the number of muons * Corresponding author: diego.ravignani@iteda.cnea.gov.ar predicted by simulations strongly depends on the assumed interaction model, the muon data can be used to discriminate among different scenarios [6, 7, 8, 9, 10] .

As the number of muons * Corresponding author: diego.ravignani@iteda.cnea.gov.ar predicted by simulations strongly depends on the assumed interaction model, the muon data can be used to discriminate among different scenarios.


AMIGA measures the fall of the muon density with the distance to the shower axis, i.e. the so-called lateral distribution function (LDF). The LDF evaluation at a reference distance is a long-established method to characterise the size of an air shower [13] . In the surface arrays of the cosmic ray observatories, the LDF is fitted to the detector data by either minimising a χ 2 or by maximising a likelihood function [14, 15] . The used likelihood, modelling the detector response to incoming particles, is specific to each detector type. In this paper we present a likelihood suitable for a particular detector, namely a segmented particle counter with time resolution like that used in AMIGA.

The LDF evaluation at a reference distance is a long-established method to characterise the size of an air shower.

In the surface arrays of the cosmic ray observatories, the LDF is fitted to the detector data by either minimising a χ 2 or by maximising a likelihood function.


Close to the shower core the muons are accompanied by energetic electrons and gammas. However the soil shielding significantly reduces the contamination of the detector signals by these electromagnetic particles. The soil density at the AMIGA site, 2.4 g cm −3 , entails a shielding of 22 radiation lengths at 2.5 m underground. Using these parameters, shower simulations including the propagation of particles underground show that the electromagnetic contamination is negligible in AMIGA but very close to the shower core [12] .

Using these parameters, shower simulations including the propagation of particles underground show that the electromagnetic contamination is negligible in AMIGA but very close to the shower core.


However, to date, there has been little serious analysis of these initiatives in terms of their long-term developmental impact. Despite the fact that economic growth in India since the 1980s has been one of the fastest in the world and social indicators have steadily improved, India remains faced with a large number of challenges that are typical of developing countries. For the majority of people in India, clean water, sufficient power supply, earning a daily wage as labourers, providing basics for the family, and decent health services are priorities (Castro & Chopra, 2000; Jayal & Pai, 2001) .

For the majority of people in India, clean water, sufficient power supply, earning a daily wage as labourers, providing basics for the family, and decent health services are priorities.


In this paper, we argue that a more focused approach is needed to ensure that citizens derive true benefits from such investments. A host of factors relating to the ability of individuals and communities within developing countries to avail themselves of e-governance services have hitherto been neglected. These factors depend upon resources, skill-levels, values, beliefs and motivations of a range of actors involved in the implementation of the projects including institutions of local government (such as panchayats), civil society organizations (ranging from international NGOs to cooperatives and civic associations), and private corporations. Such a need has been recognised from recent evaluations of projects in which issues of long-term impact on human development have been raised (Kanungo, 2002; Harris et al., 2002) .

Such a need has been recognised from recent evaluations of projects in which issues of long-term impact on human development have been raised.


System reference is 100 MVA at 230 KV A load growth scenario was assumed: Loads at buses 3, 5, and 6 grow at 5%, 3%, and 2% respectively. A merit order dispatch was assumed: Generator 1 was first dispatched until it reached a limit of 60 MW, then Generator 2 was dispatched. The point of cascading overloads was obtained using LRCA's program PFLOW [11] . At this point, the critical transmission line causing the overloads was identified as line 1-4, and the system Jacobian, bus voltages and angles were obtained. Equation (1) now estimates the change in power transfer capacity with respect to different levels and location of series compensation. To verify this, we attempted series compensation in every line (excepting the transformer line 3-4) and for various compensation levels, and computed the actual change in transfer capacity as a result of the compensation.

The point of cascading overloads was obtained using LRCA's program PFLOW.


Analyses of networks and available transmission capability often assume that the facilities that comprise the grid are known, and remain fixed over time. This is of course a poor representation of network facilities, which assume a long term time dimension. Indeed, networks evolve as they respond to changing states of demand and supply, both of which are specific to location. Networks are continually redesigned and modified, subject to cost, timing and siting considerations. One of the most effective means to modify the grid is series compensation devices. These devices alter the series impedance of lines and transformers, thus altering the flows in the grid, sometimes in dramatic ways [10] .

These devices alter the series impedance of lines and transformers, thus altering the flows in the grid, sometimes in dramatic ways.


Over the past two decades, the Internet experienced an explosive growth from the advent of numerous network applications such as peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing, voice communications, and video over IP. At present, healthcare, financial, communication, and entertainment industries rely heavily on Internet-based computing and data processing. By some estimates, the amount of data being processed is doubling every year, leading to a projection for a 1000-fold increase in ten years [1] . Almost the entire structure of the Internet is based upon a client-server model which is chiefly designed around board-to-board connections via copper cables. However, these copper cables are becoming the bottleneck in improving the speed and power efficiency of the computers and data servers [2] . The speed of a server connection needs to keep up with increasing Internet traffic demand at data transmission rates of 10 Gbps or even higher at 100 Gbps [2] . The current copper cables are limited by speed and size, which is a direct result of parasitic resistance, capacitance, and inductance. At low frequencies, the series resistance and shunt capacitance of a circuit board copper trace dominate the communication behavior determining the transition times and thereby limiting the data transmission rate. At higher frequencies, the wire's series inductance becomes more dominant than the resistance as an impeding factor contributing to the same end resulta limit on the rate at which the trace can transmit signal pulses. All these parasitic factors depend heavily on the geometry of the wire, especially the physical length. Resistance, for instance, is proportional to the wire's length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. Because of this dependence on geometry, a simple wire's ultimate bitrate turns out to be proportional to its cross section, but falls with the square of its length. So, thinner and especially longer cables results in a lower data transfer bitrate. Transition-time limitations can be addressed by several alternatives that are unfortunately not compatible with noise minimization, power requirements, and thermal management [3] . The heat generated by the cables requires more than 50% of the total energy consumed by the cooling devices [4] . If the data transfer rate is increased, the heat generated by the cables occupies a larger percentage of the cooling power and significantly contributes to lowering the system efficiency.

By some estimates, the amount of data being processed is doubling every year, leading to a projection for a 1000-fold increase in ten years.

However, these copper cables are becoming the bottleneck in improving the speed and power efficiency of the computers and data servers.

The speed of a server connection needs to keep up with increasing Internet traffic demand at data transmission rates of 10 Gbps or even higher at 100 Gbps.

Transition-time limitations can be addressed by several alternatives that are unfortunately not compatible with noise minimization, power requirements, and thermal management.

The heat generated by the cables requires more than 50% of the total energy consumed by the cooling devices.


Our beam tracking QPD design is based on a widely used mechanism in conventional optical data storage technology including CD and DVD devices [14] . A misaligned beam incident on a QPD induces a voltage representing the tracking error. The tracking devices are then activated to scan and search initially on horizontal then vertical directions, in order to stay locked and in focus. Between two servers, several tens to hundreds of channels are expected to communicate through the free space in the form of linear or square arrays Scheme 1 has the advantage of monitoring the positions of all of the data channels separately and offers considerable redundancy. Considering the fact that a large number of channels is required between two servers, deploying a pair of quadrant and data photodiodes for each channel would be prohibitively costly making it an unattractive option. Scheme 2 has one QPD with embedded DPDs at each corner of the array. A QPD in one corner monitors the position while it is counterpart in another corner monitors angular misalignment. An additional redundant pair of quadrant photodiodes is used for monitoring two active quadrant photodiodes. Although this scheme is more attractive compared to Scheme 1, its drawback is the low accuracy of the position monitoring which is limited by the size of the data photodiode at the center, which is 50 µm × 50 µm in our case for demonstration purposes.

Our beam tracking QPD design is based on a widely used mechanism in conventional optical data storage technology including CD and DVD devices.


The omission of P resulted in the reduction of P and Ca contents in the shoots, compared with the complete treatment Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test at 0.05 probability level Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test at 0.05 probability level (Table 3 ). The omission of both N and P affected the behavior of Ca, because the addition of N and P in the medium favors Ca accumulation in the leaves (Malavolta, 2006) . Thus, the absence of these nutrients may have damaged the absorption of Ca by the plants.

The omission of both N and P affected the behavior of Ca, because the addition of N and P in the medium favors Ca accumulation in the leaves.


The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Forest Nursery of the Federal University of Lavras, in Lavras-MG, Brazil (21º 14' S; 44º 00' W; 919 m). The baru seeds were collected in the region of Bom Jesus do Araguaia, MT, Brazil, and placed to germinate on a shallow tray (5 cm deep), covered with vermiculite and moistened with deionized water. These seeds are orthodox and their germination occurs between 7 and 14 days (Davide & Silva 2008) .

These seeds are orthodox and their germination occurs between 7 and 14 days.


The stock solutions of the nutrients were prepared using AR (analytical reagent) reagents and deionized water. Since baru is a slow-growing forest species and due to the use of a cultivation solution with high concentration of nutrients, this solution was renewed every 15 days (Epstein & Bloom, 2006) . In this interval of renewal, the volume of the pots was daily monitored and replenished always when necessary using deionized water.

Since baru is a slow-growing forest species and due to the use of a cultivation solution with high concentration of nutrients, this solution was renewed every 15 days.


Inter-Organizational Workflow (IOW) is a key concept to support the cooperation between distributed and heterogeneous processes running in different autonomous organizations [2] . It thus requires specific features such as autonomy, decentralization, definition of the universe of discourse through a repository (to solve the various semantic conflicts that are bound to occur between the involved processes) and capability of interaction among processes. Dynamic IOW refers to applications where partners (i.e. organizations) are not necessarily known before IOW execution; these partners can also be unable to provide anymore the required service, they can provide it with a bad quality of service or they can be temporarily unavailable. Dynamic IOW also takes into account specific additional features: openness and flexibility. Openness refers to the freedom the partners have to join or leave the cooperation while flexibility corresponds to the ability of the IOW to face changes that occur in its environment [3] .

Inter-Organizational Workflow (IOW) is a key concept to support the cooperation between distributed and heterogeneous processes running in different autonomous organizations.

Openness refers to the freedom the partners have to join or leave the cooperation while flexibility corresponds to the ability of the IOW to face changes that occur in its environment.


A limitation of our study is that it has a limited sample size (N = 34), which is somewhat smaller than the other conducted validation studies in this field [8] [9] [10] [11] . Another potential limitation is that venous glucose was measured in serum samples. However, the samples were centrifuged immediately after clotting, thus preventing glycolysis. The main strength is that the data with both sampling methods comprise glucose levels collected over a 24-hour period. This way, the validity of the sampling method could be studied in more detail. Furthermore, within the 24-hour study period, environment, physical activity, sleeping and feeding conditions were standardized. The study population was therefore more homogenous.

A limitation of our study is that it has a limited sample size (N = 34), which is somewhat smaller than the other conducted validation studies in this field.


Tissue culture methods can effectively improve the breeding of rye. However, their application is highly limited by the absence of efficient procedures for plant regeneration in vitro, because rye is one of the most recalcitrant cereals with regard to the tissue culture response, and successful regeneration is highly dependent on the genotype (Targońska et al. 2013) . Alternatively, substantial changes to centromeric histone H3 (CENH3), such as replacing the hypervariable N-terminal tail of CENH3 with the tail of conventional histone H3 and fusing it to GFP (producing "tailswap-cenh3"), or complementing the cenh3.2-null mutant with homologs from the mustard family CENH3s creates haploid inducer lines in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Haploidization occurred only when such a haploid inducer was crossed with a wild-type plant. The haploid inducer line proved to be stable upon selfing, suggesting that competition between modified and wildtype centromeres in the developing hybrid embryo results in the inactivation of the centromeres from the inducer parent. Consequently, chromosomes from the inducer parent are lost, and progeny can be recovered that retain only the haploid chromosome set of the wild-type parent (Karimi-Ashtiyani et al. 2015) . CENH3 is almost universal in eukaryotes, so this method has the potential to produce haploids in any plant species. Some in vitro techniques (ovary, anther, and microspore culture) appear to be more promising than traditional breeding techniques. Hybridization involving interspecific and intergeneric crosses encounters numerous obstacles, mainly concerning pre-and postzygotic barriers (Rybczyński 1990) . Rye wide hybridization and the utilization of ovary or embryo culture for rye doubled haploid (DH) production have either never been investigated or their failures have not been published.

However, their application is highly limited by the absence of efficient procedures for plant regeneration in vitro, because rye is one of the most recalcitrant cereals with regard to the tissue culture response, and successful regeneration is highly dependent on the genotype.

Consequently, chromosomes from the inducer parent are lost, and progeny can be recovered that retain only the haploid chromosome set of the wild-type parent.

Hybridization involving interspecific and intergeneric crosses encounters numerous obstacles, mainly concerning pre-and postzygotic barriers.


Computer game addiction is excessive or compulsive use of computer and video games that may interfere with daily life (Weinstein, 2010) . Rather than engaging in the real world, an addicted user devotes the majority of his or her time to gaming. Clinicians working in the field have identified some key indicators of gaming addiction such as: being unable to stop playing games, compensating lack of success in real life with success in games, procrastinating responsibilities because of playing computer games, and preferring games over other activities (Horzum, 2011) .

Computer game addiction is excessive or compulsive use of computer and video games that may interfere with daily life.

Clinicians working in the field have identified some key indicators of gaming addiction such as: being unable to stop playing games, compensating lack of success in real life with success in games, procrastinating responsibilities because of playing computer games, and preferring games over other activities.


Among the positive effects of computer games is the improvement of visual, motor and spatial skills due to the spatiotemporal nature of computer games (Boot, Kramer, Simons, Fabiani, & Gratton, 2008) . Besides this, evidence shows that online gaming allows players to develop skills related to memory, attention and problem solving (Boot, Kramer, Simons, Fabiani, & Gratton, 2008) . Furthermore, games may function as educational tools, while relieving stress and fostering social interaction (Bowman & Tamborini, 2012) . Despite the positive effects of playing computer games for adolescents, there are also negative effects, especially when gaming turns to an addiction (Witt, Massman, & Jackson, 2011) .

Among the positive effects of computer games is the improvement of visual, motor and spatial skills due to the spatiotemporal nature of computer games.

Besides this, evidence shows that online gaming allows players to develop skills related to memory, attention and problem solving.

Furthermore, games may function as educational tools, while relieving stress and fostering social interaction.

Despite the positive effects of playing computer games for adolescents, there are also negative effects, especially when gaming turns to an addiction.


Shipbuilding is a global industry competing in the world extent [1] . In recent years, the shipyards attempt to improve their production processes in order to yield advantages against their competitors by manufacturing the ship as soon as possible. Geoje Samsung Shipyard is able to manufacture 40 ships per year in South Korea and it is also known as one of the most efficient shipyards in the world [2] . As compared with the other shipyards, Samsung shipyard has a great competitive advantage against its competitors. So, the point is that the shipyards have to investigate their production system and do some improvements in order to keep the competitive power.

Shipbuilding is a global industry competing in the world extent.

Geoje Samsung Shipyard is able to manufacture 40 ships per year in South Korea and it is also known as one of the most efficient shipyards in the world.


Although there is a widespread agreement about the use of VaR as a general measure of market risk and the economic loss that banks and other financial institutions may suffer due to exposure to the market risk, there is no consensus on the preferred approach to VaR's calculation. The difficulties in obtaining reliable VaR estimates derive from the fact that all the existing approaches involve certain compromises and simplifications (Boudoukh, Richardson and Whitelaw, 1998) . They are based on certain assumptions which greatly simplify the real market conditions. The assumptions on which these approaches are based represent a compromise between the efficiency of implementation, on one hand, and the statistical precision of market risk estimates on the other. Hence, determining the best approach to VaR estimation is an empirical question and a question of implementation. In other words, the choice of the optimal approach represents a decision between the efficiency of implementation and the statistic reliability of the approach. It may depend on the number and types of assets in portfolios and their sensitivity to changes in risk factors. The validity of the VaR models application primarily depends on a degree of compatibility between the characteristics of the real environment and the assumptions on which the models are based. Apart from that, the VaR estimates do not always fulfill all the characteristics of the coherent risk measures. The VaR estimates do not universally exhibit sub-additivity. The risk of a portfolio can be greater than the sum of the stand-alone risks of its components.

The difficulties in obtaining reliable VaR estimates derive from the fact that all the existing approaches involve certain compromises and simplifications.


Despite the significant differences which derive from the differences in theoretical postulates on which approaches are based, a common feature of the most popular VaR approaches is their inability to be simultaneously effective in capturing leptokurtosis and strong time-varying volatility. In general, it can be said that nonparametric approaches are effective in capturing kurtosis and fat tails, but they will not be successful in capturing heteroscedasticity. On the negative side, nonparametric approaches depend too much on the historical data set, react slowly to changes in the market and are subject to predictable jumps in their forecasts of volatility (Zikovic, 2010) . On the other hand, parametric approaches can be expected to be successful in capturing the dynamics of the time series of returns, but also quite unreliable when empirical distribution is deviates from the theoretical.

On the negative side, nonparametric approaches depend too much on the historical data set, react slowly to changes in the market and are subject to predictable jumps in their forecasts of volatility.


The Newtonian method of the CCA uses basically one thermocouple placed in the center of the test sample [5, 9] . In some cases two thermocouples are used, placed on and off the center of the test sample, in order to provide an additional information about the solidification process [10] . Recently investigators have used two thermocouples and Fourier method to analyze the data and generate the zero curve [2, 4, 12] . Both procedures, Newtonian and Fourier, were used in this study to determine the latent heat and solid fraction formation history during the freezing of the 356 (Al-7 wt%Si) alloy. The Newtonian and Fourier analysis techniques for determination of the zero curves are briefly described below.

The Newtonian method of the CCA uses basically one thermocouple placed in the center of the test sample.

In some cases two thermocouples are used, placed on and off the center of the test sample, in order to provide an additional information about the solidification process.

Recently investigators have used two thermocouples and Fourier method to analyze the data and generate the zero curve.


Orbital friction vibration actuators (OFVA) have become a core part of orbital friction welding technology whose applications fall into many industries [1] [2] [3] [4] . As the force-supply unit of the orbital friction welding machine, the OFVA should generate higher thrust force when it operates in relatively high frequency. A permanent magnet (PM) OFVA composed of four identical PM LOAs and springs is proposed, as shown in Figure 1 , for orbital friction welding machine. The performance of the OFVA is mostly determined by the thrust force characteristics of the LOAs. The parameters of LOA have a significant influence on the thrust force and its fluctuation. In this paper, the stator configurations of PM LOAs are thoroughly investigated to increase the force and suppress the fluctuation. There are two LOAs distributed in the x direction and two more in the y direction of the OFVA to control motion in x and y directions, separately. Due to the decoupled relationship between x and y direction movement, only one LOA was here analyzed.

Orbital friction vibration actuators (OFVA) have become a core part of orbital friction welding technology whose applications fall into many industries.


Another complication is that the residual stresses in thin films are dynamic: they change over time with accompanying changes in the microstructure of the film [7] . Possible mechanisms include recrystallization within the film, micro-structural variations in the film-substrate interface or other phase transformations. If the amount of mechanical energy stored inside the film is considerably large (several GPa), it may further be released by crack generation, crack propagation and peeling of the layer from the substrate. Stability under normal environmental conditions over time, thus investigation of stress dynamics, is crucial for sustainable thin-film device performance.

Another complication is that the residual stresses in thin films are dynamic: they change over time with accompanying changes in the microstructure of the film.


Collagen, a component of the organic phase of bone is known to impart flexibility and toughness to a construct [14] . Collagen exhibits a number of attractive characteristics which favour it for use as a biomaterial. It has a high tensile strength, high affinity for water, low antigenicity, hemostatic properties, controllable biodegradation, low inflammatory and cytotoxic properties and the ability to promote cellular attachment, growth and differentiation [15, 16] .

Collagen, a component of the organic phase of bone is known to impart flexibility and toughness to a construct.

It has a high tensile strength, high affinity for water, low antigenicity, hemostatic properties, controllable biodegradation, low inflammatory and cytotoxic properties and the ability to promote cellular attachment, growth and differentiation.


Life cycle assessment is a rapidly developing area of applied environmental science. One of the recent activities in the field of LeA is the development of a methodological framework. Within this framework five components may be distinguished: goal definition, inventory, classification, valuation and improvement analysis [3, 4, 5] .

Within this framework five components may be distinguished: goal definition, inventory, classification, valuation and improvement analysis.


In the classification, scientific knowledge of environmental processes is used to estimate the contribution of all extractions and emissions to a limited number of generally recognized environmental problems. For emissions of substances, this is achieved by multiplying emissions by a classification factor, which is defined per type of problem and per mass unit of a substance emitted. The aim of the classification factor is to provide a scientific basis for the comparison of products on potential environmental effects. It is not an indicator of the actual effects. Classification and valuation are sometimes treated as a unitary component under the heading impact analysis [6] .

Classification and valuation are sometimes treated as a unitary component under the heading impact analysis.


Recently, photonic crystal (PC) waveguides have been investigated because they allow the optical properties of the material to be modified. PC components have been developed in the optical region [25] [26] [27] [28] . PCs in the THz region are also of interest because they could contribute to the development of THz technology. In contrast to passive devices, such as filters and PC fibers, few active devices have been investigated [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] . PC-embedded waveguides in the THz region make it possible to enhance the nonlinear optical effect, such as DFG in GaP, due to the strong phonon-polariton confinement in the PC waveguides.

PC components have been developed in the optical region.

In contrast to passive devices, such as filters and PC fibers, few active devices have been investigated.


The assumption of elasticity on all scales does not play a crucial role in the current findings. The reason is that the contact stress at any particular scale has the order of magnitude ≈ * ∇ /2, where ∇ is the rms surface gradient corresponding to this scale [19] . The breakdown of the elastic behavior occurs therefore at the smallest scales corresponding to the largest rms surface gradient. The contact stiffness, on the contrary, is determined by the large wavelength in the power spectrum of the surface roughness and is not sensitive to the occurrence on the atomic scale.

The reason is that the contact stress at any particular scale has the order of magnitude ≈ * ∇ /2, where ∇ is the rms surface gradient corresponding to this scale.


It is clear that heat equation is a macroscopic phenomenon, emerging after a diffusive rescaling of space and time. It is also clear that non-linearities of the microscopic dynamics are necessary, since in a linear system of interacting oscillators energy may disperse ballistically and thermal conductivity results infinite [10] . Non linearities of the interaction should give enough chaoticity and time mixing such that locally the system, in the macroscopic time scale, is in a state of local equilibrium. This should be intended in terms of a scale parameter ε: in a region of linear size ε, at a large time scale ε −b t, the system should be close to equilibrium with temperature given by the local average of kinetic energy. This statement of local equilibrium should be intended in the stronger sense that locally the dynamics is close to an equilibrium dynamics. Since energy is a conserved quantity, it can only evolve by moving between different regions of linear size ε −1 through energy currents. Because of the size of the regions and the fact that in equilibrium energy currents have null average, one should look at time of the order ε −2 t in order to see some exchange of energy between boxes at different temperature. In other words a central limit theorem for the energy currents is involved, and the thermal conductivity is then given by the space-time integral of the current-current correlation (Green-Kubo formula). This conductivity will be convergent if the system in equilibrium has enough mixing properties.

It is also clear that non-linearities of the microscopic dynamics are necessary, since in a linear system of interacting oscillators energy may disperse ballistically and thermal conductivity results infinite.


Concurrent programming is challenging. Arbitrary interleavings of concurrent threads lead to non-determinism with data races imposing significant integrity and consistency issues [1] . Moreover, in many application domains such as safetycritical systems, determinism is indeed a matter of life and death. In a medicaldevice software, for instance, the same input sequence from the sensors (with the same timing) must always result in the same output sequence for the actuators, even if the run-time software architecture regime is unpredictable.

Concurrent programming is challenging.

Arbitrary interleavings of concurrent threads lead to non-determinism with data races imposing significant integrity and consistency issues.


This study investigated the potential for biological control of Aphanomyces root rot using spore-forming bacteria. Samples of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were rich in spore-forming bacteria. A small percentage (4.4%) of the bacteria isolated were found to be antagonistic towards A. euteiches, inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen in dual-culture assays. Bacterial isolates that suppressed mycelial growth were further screened for inhibition of zoospore germination and germ-tube growth, as isolates exhibiting dual-modes of pathogen suppression in vitro were considered to have a greater chance of suppressing the pathogen in vivo. Furthermore, the main mycelial-growth phase of the pathogen occurs post-infection (i.e. within the root tissue), with the zoospore being the infective propagule (Papavizas and Ayers 1974) . Suppression of the zoosporic phase (germination or germtube growth) is, therefore, more likely to result in disease control than suppression of mycelial growth.

Furthermore, the main mycelial-growth phase of the pathogen occurs post-infection (i.e. within the root tissue), with the zoospore being the infective propagule.


Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than petroleum diesel fuel, no aromatics, and no sulfur and contains 10% to 11% oxygen by weight [18] . Some of the researchers suggested that this higher oxygen content of oil leads to complete combustion [19] [20] [21] [22] . These characteristics of biodiesel reduce the emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and particulate matter in the exhaust gas compared with diesel fuel [23] . But the differences in physical properties between diesel and biodiesel fuels affect the combustion and heat release characteristics. Because the combustion and HRR characteristics of biodiesel must be known in order to achieve the reduction of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and emission while keeping other engine performance parameters at an acceptable level. However, most of the researchers so far have correlated the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel against test parameters such as biodiesel fraction blend, engine-speed, engine load, injection timing, injection pressure, and engine compression ratio. But there are very few works that have been reported on the engine combustion characteristics and heat release phenomena corresponding to different biodiesels and its blends. Moreover, much more research has been done using methyl ester than ethyl ester. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the combustion characteristics and heat release rate phenomena of a compression ignition engine running with Jatropha ethyl ester blends at different compression ratios.

Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than petroleum diesel fuel, no aromatics, and no sulfur and contains 10% to 11% oxygen by weight.

Some of the researchers suggested that this higher oxygen content of oil leads to complete combustion.

These characteristics of biodiesel reduce the emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and particulate matter in the exhaust gas compared with diesel fuel.


Among these, chemically transforming the plant oils to biodiesel by alcoholysis (transesterification) was considered as the most suitable modification because technical properties of esters are nearly similar to diesel [16] . Through transesterification, plant oils are converted to the alkyl esters of the fatty acids present in the oil [17] . Furthermore, the methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids can be burned directly in unmodified diesel engines with very low deposit formation.

Among these, chemically transforming the plant oils to biodiesel by alcoholysis (transesterification) was considered as the most suitable modification because technical properties of esters are nearly similar to diesel.

Through transesterification, plant oils are converted to the alkyl esters of the fatty acids present in the oil.


The program is exclusive and the selection process competitive. Criteria include: completion of a Master's degree, the position of a certain rank-(faculty applicants must have associate, field service, or clinical status); staff applicants must be an Assistant Director or above, earning a certain pay grade, and three years of completed employment with the university. Since the program's inception, participation has been open to both faculty and staff thereby fostering "a new dialogue and a cross-fertilization of ideas" [11] . The application requires submission of a resume or curriculum vitae, a letter of recommendation from a supervisor, and a statement of interest that outlines how the program can support the applicant's development. If accepted into the program, applicants' home departments invest $100 of financial support.

Since the program's inception, participation has been open to both faculty and staff thereby fostering "a new dialogue and a cross-fertilization of ideas".


The heart rate may be high before anesthesia in healthy horses because of psychological conditions; therefore, the values of the ECG results (heart rate, systolic pressure, mean pressure, diastolic pressure) may be higher than normal [15] . In our study, systolic pressure before anesthesia was observed to be higher than normal in all groups. This showed that the changes in heart rate during anesthesia could be due to psychological factors. Regarding the electrolyte parameters evaluated in the study, there was a statistical difference detected in Na values between 90 min after induction of anesthesia and 24 h after induction of anesthesia in group IV. However, in previous studies, the changes in Na values did not influence the cardiac pressure during general anesthesia. In our study, significant changes were not seen in any electrolyte parameters except Na, and atrioventricular block was not detected in ECG traces.

The heart rate may be high before anesthesia in healthy horses because of psychological conditions; therefore, the values of the ECG results (heart rate, systolic pressure, mean pressure, diastolic pressure) may be higher than normal.


Dr. Balas established a research infrastructure at University of Minnesota (UMN) within the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Laboratory to study ASE vehicles. Details on this infrastructure are given in Section 2. Prof. Balas heartedly embraced a "research through development" philosophy for ASE aircraft. He partnered with NASA to "bring back the spirit of learning by flying" envisioned for the future fixed wing research (Warwick, 2014) . Through this partnership, Dr. Balas obtained a small flexible UAV and initiated the development of UMN's own research platform. Based on those two platforms, his research focused on the modeling and control of this type of systems. Specifically, LPV models have been developed for these platforms and he worked on LPV order reduction schemes which are suitable for large scale ASE systems, see Section 3. Moreover, Dr. Balas worked on the design of LPV controllers to address flutter suppression and mode attenuation (Section 4). Dr. Balas had ambitious goals for the coming years. An extensive flight testing campaign is planned and UMN, along with other project partners, will design, develop and fly a performance adaptive aeroelastic wing, see Section 5. Dr. Balas also highly valued a philosophy of open source development and availability of its resources to the larger aerospace community. Therefore, all the research data as well as the software used to obtain said data for the ASE research can be downloaded from (http://www.aem. umn.edu/~AeroServoElastic/). The ASE research group hopes that this data becomes an important resource and a future benchmark for researchers in the field.

He partnered with NASA to "bring back the spirit of learning by flying" envisioned for the future fixed wing research.


Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an effective method in chronic heart failure accompanied by ventricular dyssynchrony [14] . CRT has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects with a decreased volume overload and an improved renal function [15] [16] [17] . Given these systemic effects, it is surprising that comprehensive data are not available as concerns how circulating biomarkers associated with organ functions, such as serum uric acid, BUN, albumin, cholesterol, or various liver enzymes, are affected by CRT as a function of time.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an effective method in chronic heart failure accompanied by ventricular dyssynchrony.

CRT has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects with a decreased volume overload and an improved renal function.


As noted in the introduction, the only case in which analytic solutions describing braneworld black holes are available is for a 3+1 dimensional bulk. The same is true for nearhorizon geometries of static extremal black holes. This is because the general static near-horizon geometry solution of the Einstein equation (with cosmological constant) in 3+1 dimensions is known [20] . It is an analytically continued version of the Schwarzschild-(A)dS metric. This metric could be used to construct the near-horizon geometry of static extremal brane-world black holes on a 2+1 dimensional brane.

This is because the general static near-horizon geometry solution of the Einstein equation (with cosmological constant) in 3+1 dimensions is known.


In 1999, Randall and Sundrum (RS) discovered a new way of reconciling extra dimensions with observation [1] . In their model, our Universe is a 3+1 dimensional brane living in a 4+1 dimensional bulk with a negative cosmological constant. The bulk solution is locally anti-de Sitter space (AdS) and the direction transverse to the brane is non-compact. Nevertheless, at low enough energy, perturbative Newtonian gravity is recovered on the brane at distances large compared to the AdS length [1, 2] .

In 1999, Randall and Sundrum (RS) discovered a new way of reconciling extra dimensions with observation.

Nevertheless, at low enough energy, perturbative Newtonian gravity is recovered on the brane at distances large compared to the AdS length.


Thermal energy storage (TES) is a key technology for implementing renewable energies, enabling grid applications and for efficiently utilizing energy for various applications within the areas of buildings and transportation; however, cost reduction is necessary [4] . It is an emerging technology market, which recently has been identified as a key enabling storage method for more efficient energy use in heating and cooling applications. The key challenge is that the materials currently used are not efficient enough and of too high a cost. Materials development programs are needed to improve performance, but materials research needs to go hand in hand with systems engineering to design the most efficient systems.

Thermal energy storage (TES) is a key technology for implementing renewable energies, enabling grid applications and for efficiently utilizing energy for various applications within the areas of buildings and transportation; however, cost reduction is necessary.


A part of non-communicable disease burden in the world, physical inactivity was also investigated in breast cancer. The prevalence of physical inactivity in the breast cancer population was found to be 38.8% in this study (Lee et al., 2012) . This prevalence was similar to our study as our data showed that 40% of breast cancer patients have a sedentary lifestyle. This results support lack of exercise and increasing body weight in the breast cancer. In a meta-analysis evaluating 73 studies on physical activity and breast cancer demonstrated that increasing physical activity level reduced the risk of breast cancer by 25% (Courneya and Friedenreich, 2011; Lynch et al., 2011) .

The prevalence of physical inactivity in the breast cancer population was found to be 38.8% in this study.

In a meta-analysis evaluating 73 studies on physical activity and breast cancer demonstrated that increasing physical activity level reduced the risk of breast cancer by 25%.


The process of cutaneous wound healing overall consists of stages of so-called hemostasis, proliferation, and maturation [1] [2] [3] . The stage of "hemostasis" is the first stage preventing excessive blood loss and the trigger events that lead to local inflammation by neutrophils and then macrophages. The inflammation is followed by the performance of local tissue cells, that is, keratinocyte and fibroblast. The former cells first migrate into the injured area for the primary coverage and start to proliferate to recover the stratification. The latter transforms to the myofibroblast that is capable of producing extracellular matrix (ECM) and of tissue contraction. Both cell migration of keratinocytes and fibroblast-myofibroblast conversion largely depend on the activity of a potent growth factor, transforming growth factor (TGF ), although a set of growth factors are believed to orchestrate the whole process of tissue repair [3] .

The process of cutaneous wound healing overall consists of stages of so-called hemostasis, proliferation, and maturation.

Both cell migration of keratinocytes and fibroblast-myofibroblast conversion largely depend on the activity of a potent growth factor, transforming growth factor (TGF ), although a set of growth factors are believed to orchestrate the whole process of tissue repair.


In the past SpCC has been thought to be a collision tumour between carcinoma and sarcoma. Virchow was the first person to introduce the term carcinosarcoma for this group of lesions. Kettle E. H., in the beginning of 20th century described that many authors were of the opinion that the spindle cell component is actually epithelial cells being transformed into mesenchymal cells [2] .

Kettle E. H., in the beginning of 20th century described that many authors were of the opinion that the spindle cell component is actually epithelial cells being transformed into mesenchymal cells.


Population settlements bring forth groups of buildings in determined places and of specific qualities. In the last century, the process of urbanization has grown considerably globally due to the fact that currently half of the world's population resides in urban areas [1] . As a result, urbanization has been the main cause of the irreversible loss of land [2] [3] [4] . In this context, some cities have grown without a clearly defined ordinance, and over time this type of growth should be regulated through official building regulations with the aim of achieving sustainable medium-and long-term growth, according to new trends and population demands. In such cases-and especially for those areas where no type of regulated planning exists, i.e., countries with large populations and few resources-serious environmental and social problems appear. The rectification of this problem is the main challenge for planners of the 21st century [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . In Spain, there has also been an intense period of urbanization in recent decades-especially between 1995 and 2007-incited by a time of high economic activity during which large metropolitan areas in both large-and medium-sized cities were expanded and consolidated.

In the last century, the process of urbanization has grown considerably globally due to the fact that currently half of the world's population resides in urban areas.

As a result, urbanization has been the main cause of the irreversible loss of land.

The rectification of this problem is the main challenge for planners of the 21st century.


Today's steadily growing numbers of contractor selection methodologies is the results of the awareness of the construction industry for increasing its procurement process and performance (Wong et al., 2003) . There have been tremendous models developed for contractor selection decisions, which are based on the idea of decision-making process (Demirtas & Stun, 2008) . Among those well-known methods, MCDM is relatively new for selection of contractors (Cheng & Li, 2004) .

Today's steadily growing numbers of contractor selection methodologies is the results of the awareness of the construction industry for increasing its procurement process and performance.

There have been tremendous models developed for contractor selection decisions, which are based on the idea of decision-making process.

Among those well-known methods, MCDM is relatively new for selection of contractors.


A sequence of combinations of the two mentioned features is finally used to assess the gait normality. The remaining of this paper is organized as follow: the approach is presented in Section 2, Section 3 describes our experiments and evaluation, and the conclusion is shown in Section 4. An overview of the proposed approach is shown in Fig. 1 . Our setup consists of two mirrors, a treadmill and a ToF depth camera to capture a frontal view of the subject. A typical raw depth map is displayed in Fig. 2 . The input of the processing flow is a sequence of enhanced (frontal view) depth maps of the subject walking on the treadmill. These enhanced depth maps are formed by a combination of 3 parts of the raw depth map (see Fig. 2 ) corresponding to the real body on the treadmill and two additional views provided by the two mirrors. These parts are highlighted by 3 ellipses in Fig. 2 . A point appearing in a mirror is simply reflected through it to obtain its true 3D position [6] . This combination of depth information improves the quality of the depth map of the subject. In addition, some pixels inside a mirror are not considered due to depth measurement ambiguities which occur from unwanted multiple reflections [2, 6] . The final result is an enhanced frontal view depth map of the subject walking on a treadmill.

A point appearing in a mirror is simply reflected through it to obtain its true 3D position.

In addition, some pixels inside a mirror are not considered due to depth measurement ambiguities which occur from unwanted multiple reflections.


Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have attracted considerable research interests due to their predetermined selectivity toward a given analyte or a group of structurally related species. Typically, MIPs are prepared in the non-covalent approach, hydrogen bonds and other polar interaction between template molecules and functional monomers. The classical way of synthesizing MIPs is by bulk polymerization following tedious time-and laborintensive protocols. The procedure involves crushing, grinding and sieving these resultant monoliths to an appropriate particle size for the particular studies which will be undertaken [1] . These irregular particles generally give less efficient column packing for chromatography and often prove troublesome in chromatography process, therefore, when MIPs are used as affinity-based chromatography media, HPLC stationary phases or solid-phase extraction (SPE) media, it is desirable to prepare the spherical and mono-dispersed beads.

The procedure involves crushing, grinding and sieving these resultant monoliths to an appropriate particle size for the particular studies which will be undertaken.


Memory B cells represent a heterogeneous group of antigen-experienced B lymphocytes that exhibit a low proliferation rate in physiological conditions but rapidly expand in response to previously encountered invading organisms. Different lymphocyte subsets with opposing functions are now known to be part of the memory B-cell compartment, and their involvement in human autoimmune diseases has been studied extensively [20] . IgD + CD27 + nonswitched memory B cells with anti-inflammatory properties, for instance, are reduced in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and reconstitute after immunosuppressive treatment [20, 21] . Conversely, proinflammatory IgM with SLE and rheumatoid arthritis, and their levels correlate with disease activity [20, 22] . In IgG4-RD, increases of IgG4 + memory B cells and a decrease of IgM + IgD + memory B cells and of IgG1 + memory B cells were recently described by Heeringa and colleagues, but a clear correlation with IgG4-RD activity was not established [23] . In this sense, although we currently ignore which memory B-cell subset expands following glucocorticoid therapy in relapsing patients with IgG4-RD, our work is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to show an association between memory B cells and IgG4-RD activity. In particular, we hypothesize that an imbalance between anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory memory B-cell subpopulations might be responsible for disease remission and disease recurrence, respectively.

Different lymphocyte subsets with opposing functions are now known to be part of the memory B-cell compartment, and their involvement in human autoimmune diseases has been studied extensively.

IgD + CD27 + nonswitched memory B cells with anti-inflammatory properties, for instance, are reduced in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and reconstitute after immunosuppressive treatment.

Conversely, proinflammatory IgM with SLE and rheumatoid arthritis, and their levels correlate with disease activity.

In IgG4-RD, increases of IgG4 + memory B cells and a decrease of IgM + IgD + memory B cells and of IgG1 + memory B cells were recently described by Heeringa and colleagues, but a clear correlation with IgG4-RD activity was not established.


Patients, disease activity assessment, and treatment Thirty patients with active untreated IgG4-RD referred to our tertiary care center between September 2014 and December 2016 were consecutively included in the present prospective monocentric study. IgG4-RD was diagnosed according to the consensus statement on the pathology of IgG4-RD and the comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RD [13, 14] . Patients with pancreatic involvement who did not undergo histological confirmation were diagnosed with "definite" IgG4-RD according to the international consensus diagnostic criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis [15] . All patients were treated with oral prednisone at an initial dose of 0.6-1 mg/kg for 1 month. Prednisone was then tapered in accordance with international guidelines and withdrawn whenever possible after 4-6 months [3] . IgG4-RD activity was assessed by means of the immunoglobulin G4-related disease responder index (IgG4-RD RI) [16] . Active disease was defined by an IgG4-RD RI ≥ 3. Complete response vs. disease remission was defined by an IgG4-RD RI < 3 in the presence or absence of concomitant corticosteroid treatment, respectively. A reduction of the IgG4-RD RI but still with a total score ≥ 3 was considered a partial response to treatment. Relapses were defined as increases in the IgG4-RD RI ≥ 2 and/or the need for the reinstitution of treatment. Blood samples for immunological studies were drawn at baseline and every 6 months for 2 years after the initiation of glucocorticoid treatment. Twenty healthy age-and sex-matched subjects were studied as control subjects. All subjects enrolled provided written informed consent for the analyses performed. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and approved as a descriptive noninterventional study by the ethics committee of the San Raffaele Scientific Institute.

IgG4-RD was diagnosed according to the consensus statement on the pathology of IgG4-RD and the comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RD.

Patients with pancreatic involvement who did not undergo histological confirmation were diagnosed with "definite" IgG4-RD according to the international consensus diagnostic criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis.

Prednisone was then tapered in accordance with international guidelines and withdrawn whenever possible after 4-6 months.

IgG4-RD activity was assessed by means of the immunoglobulin G4-related disease responder index (IgG4-RD RI).


In order to achieve a compensation for the poor positive locking of tibial parts, cement pockets inserted in their retention surface are discussed. However, it is argued that those cement pockets will result in additional residual stresses in the cement layer partly claiming the bond strength between prosthesis and bone [28] . Contrary to those arguments, post mortem investigations revealed that those pockets may indeed help to improve the retention between the osseous tibial head and the tibial part of the prosthesis [11] .

However, it is argued that those cement pockets will result in additional residual stresses in the cement layer partly claiming the bond strength between prosthesis and bone.

Contrary to those arguments, post mortem investigations revealed that those pockets may indeed help to improve the retention between the osseous tibial head and the tibial part of the prosthesis.


Aseptic loosening due to wear of the artificial inlay machined out of UHMWPE (ultra high molecular weight polyethylene) is one important reason for revision surgery in the field of knee endoprosthetics. In simplified terms the pathogenetic sequence may be described as follows. Wear particles due to interaction between the surface of the prosthesis and the inlay distribute into the synovia fluid, and via this fluid penetrate the interface between implant and adjacent bone. Macrophages are activated which differentiate as osteoclasts dissolving and absorbing bone. The gap between implant and adjacent bone widens even more accelerating the dissolving and absorption process. This vicious circle leads to destabilization and finally to the loss of the implant [4] . Note that there are materials which as a bulk are biocompatible, and their wear particles, however, have not this property inevitably [5] .

This vicious circle leads to destabilization and finally to the loss of the implant.

Note that there are materials which as a bulk are biocompatible, and their wear particles, however, have not this property inevitably.


After nearly two centuries of decline of the Hawaiian biocultural resource management system, there has been a resurgence of interest-from within academia and the policy realm, as well as at the community level-in reviving that system to restore biocultural resource abundance [27] . This renaissance has inspired an attempt to align traditional Hawaiian biocultural resource management with contemporary frameworks of ecosystem-based management that re-establish the cohesive links between terrestrial and marine systems, encompassing integrated ecological and social processes from ridge-to-reef [28] [29] [30] . There has been a growing focus on a land-division scale known as moku to revive traditional resource management in a localized context as a means for communities to engage in biocultural restoration. Ahupua'a are social-ecological communities nested within moku, which are delineated as land-divisions that often extend from the mountains to the sea and exist within the context of the Hawaiian system of governance and biocultural resource management [27] . Motivations by Hawaiian communities to employ contemporary ICCAs include access to and restoration of biocultural resources, security of land and resource tenure, security from outside threats, financial benefit from resources or social-ecological system functions, participation in management, empowerment, capacity building and cultural identity and cohesiveness [8, 11, 31] . Perpetuating ancestral practices related to food systems provides roles for community members of all ages, while maintaining relationships and balance with the natural world in specific areas [32, 33] .

After nearly two centuries of decline of the Hawaiian biocultural resource management system, there has been a resurgence of interest-from within academia and the policy realm, as well as at the community level-in reviving that system to restore biocultural resource abundance.

This renaissance has inspired an attempt to align traditional Hawaiian biocultural resource management with contemporary frameworks of ecosystem-based management that re-establish the cohesive links between terrestrial and marine systems, encompassing integrated ecological and social processes from ridge-to-reef.

Ahupua'a are social-ecological communities nested within moku, which are delineated as land-divisions that often extend from the mountains to the sea and exist within the context of the Hawaiian system of governance and biocultural resource management.

Motivations by Hawaiian communities to employ contemporary ICCAs include access to and restoration of biocultural resources, security of land and resource tenure, security from outside threats, financial benefit from resources or social-ecological system functions, participation in management, empowerment, capacity building and cultural identity and cohesiveness.

Perpetuating ancestral practices related to food systems provides roles for community members of all ages, while maintaining relationships and balance with the natural world in specific areas.


The 2030 Agenda is an action plan designed for the prosperity of people and the planet. In the current economic, political, and social context, the Agenda promotes global peace, eradicates poverty in all its forms and dimensions, and represents the world's greatest challenge today. In addition, it is an indispensable requirement for sustainable development [1] .

In addition, it is an indispensable requirement for sustainable development.


In this context, it was absolutely necessary to create a government department-the Department for Sustainable Development, which was created in 2017 by Government Decision no. 313/2017. Along with this, there are also mandatory associations, including representatives of civil society and active in all areas to inform, implement, monitor, and analyze how economic, social, and environmental activities are conducted in accordance with 2030 Agenda requirements. By adopting good international practices, Romania could pay more attention to e-services delivery, quality, and reliability, so the government should initiate different programs to disseminate knowledge on the use, adoption, and benefits of e-government (e-services) to increase the chances of reaching the proposed targets [41] .

By adopting good international practices, Romania could pay more attention to e-services delivery, quality, and reliability, so the government should initiate different programs to disseminate knowledge on the use, adoption, and benefits of e-government (e-services) to increase the chances of reaching the proposed targets.


Future mobile networks will face an even faster growth of mobile data demand [1] . Nevertheless, drastic temporal and geographical variations of traffic, in addition to the shortage of network capacity, put a very challenging situation to operators [2] . The common provisioning approach used in Radio Access Networks (RANs) of considering only busy hours is no longer acceptable. It leads to an inefficient resource usage with high CAPital and OPerational Expenditures (CAPEX and OPEX, respectively) costs. Thus, operators have to find a practical, flexible, and cost-efficient solution for their networks, in order to address this issue, as they have scarce radio resources available. On the other hand, the appearance of Virtual Network Operators (VNOs), which aim to provide specific services without owning an infrastructure can be seen as a definitive trend. The combination of these two challenges lead to the motivation of the current paper, addressing the need of an efficient management of varying radio resources shared among multiple VNOs, guaranteeing agreed Service Level Agreements (SLAs).

Future mobile networks will face an even faster growth of mobile data demand.

Nevertheless, drastic temporal and geographical variations of traffic, in addition to the shortage of network capacity, put a very challenging situation to operators.


Our work also relates to the research on separation of concerns [21] . The aim of separation of concerns is to elicit modeling information or code that relates to individual concerns. For instance, a concern could be a nonfunctional requirement that has to be satisfied. By separating concerns, it is hoped that it becomes possible to manipulate them without affecting one another. Our approach is a natural complement to separation of concerns. We believe that it is possible to define scenarios based on concerns. By using our approach, one can then find model elements and source code related to individual concerns.

Our work also relates to the research on separation of concerns.


We use a soccer video along with a list of 50 automatically extracted audio hot-spots in the following experiments. We only provide some representative results here. Their corresponding videos and more experimental results are available in the supplemental material associated to this paper [18] .

Their corresponding videos and more experimental results are available in the supplemental material associated to this paper.


The most common types of CAM used were multivitamins, cinnamon, prayer and coenzyme q10. Of these treatments, cinnamon has had conflicting data on efficacy in the reduction of serum glucose levels. It is apparent that some of the survey respondents are aware of a potential benefit and are using this medication as an adjunct treatment for their diabetes. However, further clinical trials into the effect of cinnamon in addition to the use of conventional pharmacological treatment are warranted [15, 16] .

However, further clinical trials into the effect of cinnamon in addition to the use of conventional pharmacological treatment are warranted.