The third column in Fig. 3 displays the images obtained with the LT method [17] , [18] . Unlike the Rytov method, LT does not use the approximation that the detected signal is the result of a single scattering of the illuminating beam. With reference to Fig. 5 , each slice acts as a thin transparency modulating the light incident on it. The propagation from one slice to another is accounted for by a free space propagation step. Given the current estimate of the 3D complex index of the object, the BPM gives a prediction for the field incident on the detector. This prediction is then compared to the experimental measurement and an optimization method similar to what is used in multi-layer neural networks gives the estimate for the 3D distribution of the complex index of refraction. The images obtained with LT do not have any defocusing since the propagation model accounts for the entire propagation through the sample.

The third column in Fig. 3 displays the images obtained with the LT method.


Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by chronic endobronchial infection and inflammation, typically caused by bacteria such as S aureus and P aeruginosa [1] . It has been reported several decades ago, that CF patients with severe lung disease have raised levels of immunoglobuline G (IgG) [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] . All IgG subclass levels are also raised in these patients [6, 7, 8] . On the other hand old reports document hypo-gammaglobulinemia in up to 10.8 % of children with CF [2, 9] . Although the latter finding is still poorly understood, a relation with malnutrition was suspected.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by chronic endobronchial infection and inflammation, typically caused by bacteria such as S aureus and P aeruginosa.

It has been reported several decades ago, that CF patients with severe lung disease have raised levels of immunoglobuline G (IgG).

All IgG subclass levels are also raised in these patients.

On the other hand old reports document hypo-gammaglobulinemia in up to 10.8 % of children with CF.


Taking the abovementioned as a whole, we see that the concepts of cultural intelligence and social skills can be effective in different dimensions and levels in different areas of life. The most prominent of these areas is education. When reviewing literature, we can find studies on cultural intelligence and social skills, which usually deal with each concept separately or address them in relation to other subjects (Ekici, 2017; Şenol, 2015; Kalafat, 2006; Mercan, 2016; Şahin & Gürbüz, 2012) . However, there is no study that examines the concepts of cultural intelligence and social skills and their reflection in education at the same time.

When reviewing literature, we can find studies on cultural intelligence and social skills, which usually deal with each concept separately or address them in relation to other subjects.


One of the issues related to the mental health of ethnic minorities pertains to the study of psychological and behavioral research on acculturation among immigrant groups in U.S., which has tended to revolve around two concepts: ethnic attachment (ethnic identification) and acculturation. Ethnic attachment refers to an individual's identification with and maintenance of the original ethnic identity [22, 23] . On the other hand, acculturation refers to the acquisition of cultural traits of the host society [12] .

Ethnic attachment refers to an individual's identification with and maintenance of the original ethnic identity.

On the other hand, acculturation refers to the acquisition of cultural traits of the host society.


Some researchers have found that acculturation scores are good predictors of ethnic self-identification [48] [49] [50] . A person who believes that ethnic attachment and acculturation are two sides of the same spectrum (the one-dimensional model) would expect that only one or the other would be significant. However, the present study explored the confluence of ethnic attachment and acculturation on mental health. The important finding is that some aspects of ethnic attachment and acculturation are significant even when they are in the model together. This means that we need to know about both ethnic attachment, and acculturation, in order to predict depressive symptoms of Korean Americans. In this respect, immigrants' depressive symptoms are subjected to the interplay between acculturation and ethnic attachment [51] .

Some researchers have found that acculturation scores are good predictors of ethnic self-identification.

In this respect, immigrants' depressive symptoms are subjected to the interplay between acculturation and ethnic attachment.


Most of the empirical research on mental health of Korean Americans has been conducted since 1976 [4] . Korean Americans have levels of stress, depressive symptoms, and other mental health problems, that are higher than white Americans [5] [6] [7] . Studies have generally found that stressful experiences, such as family violence, alcoholism, juvenile delinquency, alienation of the elderly, marital and intergenerational conflicts contribute significantly to the mental health problems of Korean immigrants [8] [9] [10] .

Most of the empirical research on mental health of Korean Americans has been conducted since 1976.

Korean Americans have levels of stress, depressive symptoms, and other mental health problems, that are higher than white Americans.

Studies have generally found that stressful experiences, such as family violence, alcoholism, juvenile delinquency, alienation of the elderly, marital and intergenerational conflicts contribute significantly to the mental health problems of Korean immigrants.


It was also hypothesized that a bicultural identification would be associated with a decreased level of depressive symptoms, possibly because of increased ethnic social support and enhanced adaptive limitations by acquisition of cultural traits of the host society [26, 47] . The data were consistent with these hypotheses. When acculturation was measured from a multidimensional view that assessed simultaneous involvement in both cultures, bicultural respondents were least depressed than other respondents followed by assimilated, separated, and marginalized respondents. There were no interactions between acculturation and ethnic attachment; however bicultural individuals have the lowest CES-D scores in this study population.

It was also hypothesized that a bicultural identification would be associated with a decreased level of depressive symptoms, possibly because of increased ethnic social support and enhanced adaptive limitations by acquisition of cultural traits of the host society.


Although there are contradictory findings by different researchers, in general studies reported that those who are the least acculturated experience the greatest stress [28] . They are also most likely to be the first-generation group. The most acculturated individuals tend to be those who experience the least stress and are more likely to be third/ later generation students who were born in U.S. With respect to length of residence, anxiety tends to decline as length of residence increases: "As the difficulties are ironed out, as the economic conditions improve, the anxiety diminishes down to the level of the surrounding population" [29, p. 54 ]. The primary goal of the current inquiry is to test the hypothesis that while controlling for length of residency immigrants with greater acculturation to the U.S. will report fewer depressive symptoms.

Although there are contradictory findings by different researchers, in general studies reported that those who are the least acculturated experience the greatest stress.


A productive agricultural economy relies upon a well prepared agricultural workforce (Samy, 2003) . To address that concern, the Value-Chain Training Project in Egypt was developed as part of an ongoing initiative funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) through the Midwest Universities Consortium for International Activities, Inc. (MUCIA). The project is designed to improve the quality and effectiveness of educational programs in the Agricultural Technical Schools (ATS) of Upper Egypt, serving more than 100,000 students, to increase student employability and improve the agricultural sector of the Egyptian economy (Samy, 2003) . The project includes three components: improving the learning environment, developing supervised internship/ownership programs, and enhancing career skill development. This paper focuses on the supervised internship sector of the project.

A productive agricultural economy relies upon a well prepared agricultural workforce.

The project is designed to improve the quality and effectiveness of educational programs in the Agricultural Technical Schools (ATS) of Upper Egypt, serving more than 100,000 students, to increase student employability and improve the agricultural sector of the Egyptian economy.


The MUCIA project for ATS instructors (MUCIA, n.d.) provided for workshops offered to ATS instructors in 50 schools in Upper Egypt. Workshop leaders from the MUCIA team prepared the workshop materials and activities and then delivered the workshop to university faculty. Those faculty, in turn, taught the ATS instructors throughout the region. In order to provide evaluation feedback to the funding agency and to identify changes to be made in subsequent workshops, workshops should be evaluated (Ayers, 1989) . Workshop evaluations provide guidance in developing additional short-term learning experiences for the participants, encourage the utilization of active learning, and meet the needs of the learners (Myers & Roberts, 2004) .

In order to provide evaluation feedback to the funding agency and to identify changes to be made in subsequent workshops, workshops should be evaluated.

Workshop evaluations provide guidance in developing additional short-term learning experiences for the participants, encourage the utilization of active learning, and meet the needs of the learners.


The costs and risks of unforeseen failure may be reduced through the introduction of advanced maintenance strategies, such as Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) [2] . The major benefit of CBM is that the repair or replacement of components may be scheduled in consideration of the current or projected failure risks. Unnecessary replacement activities are avoided, and complex tasks requiring specialized human resources, tooling, or spare parts may be planned well in advance. In order to support such diagnostic activities, available information such as Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) operational logs, service documentation, inspection results and historical failure rates may be exploited. SCADA data are of special interest for wind turbine's condition monitoring, as 10-minute values of different signals provide readily available information relating to turbine health.

The costs and risks of unforeseen failure may be reduced through the introduction of advanced maintenance strategies, such as Condition Based Maintenance (CBM).


Wind turbine industry has been expanding rapidly during the last 15 years. Today many European nations produce a significant amount of wind energy [1] . This expansion has been accompanied by an ongoing technological evolution, with the power rating, scale, and complexity of individual machines having increased continuously.

Today many European nations produce a significant amount of wind energy.


In this paper, we present a modeling concept for industrial wind turbines that is based on expert knowledge already available. The existing information comprises a componentbased expert assessment of conditions promoting damages, as well as the causal links between said damages and the observed SCADA data. As abductive diagnosis depends on a formalization of the relationship between specific failures and their effects, it provides an intuitive approach for fault diagnosis in our case. We show how the available knowledge can be incorporated into the abductive framework proposed by Wotawa, Rodriguez-Roda and Comas [9] . To the best of our knowledge, there is no such case, where abductive diagnosis has been used within this domain before.

We show how the available knowledge can be incorporated into the abductive framework proposed by Wotawa, Rodriguez-Roda and Comas.


The method of gynogenesis is used for production of the generations with female genetic materials, easily conduction of genetic analysis of characters in living creatures and information gathering relevant to the issues such as nutrition and disease resistance when accurate clones are produced [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] . This study was conducted for biotechnology and molecular genetic studies. The problems encountered in here have been created in order to attain more comfortable solutions as mentioned above.

The method of gynogenesis is used for production of the generations with female genetic materials, easily conduction of genetic analysis of characters in living creatures and information gathering relevant to the issues such as nutrition and disease resistance when accurate clones are produced.


Proteases are the most important industrial enzymes accounting for about 50% of the total industrial enzymes (Rao et al., 1998) . They are the class of enzymes which occupy a pivotal position due to their wide-spread application in detergent, pharmaceutical, photography, leather, laundry, food and agricultural industries. These enzymes are also used in baking, brewing, meat tenderization, peptide synthesis, medical diagnosis, cheese making, and bioremediation process and as treatment against inflammation and virulent wounds (Anwar and Saleemuddin, 1998; Gupta et al., 2002) . Microbial enzymes find a broad spectrum of application due to their broad biochemical diversity, ease of mass culture that is, rapid growth in limited space and genetic manipulation (Adsul et al., 2007; Das and Prasad, 2010) . Among the various proteases, bacterial proteases are most significant compared to animal and fungal proteases. Amongst bacteria, Bacillus species are specialized producers of extracellular proteases. Most of the commercial alkaline proteases were isolated from Bacillus species (Priest, 1977) .

Proteases are the most important industrial enzymes accounting for about 50% of the total industrial enzymes.

These enzymes are also used in baking, brewing, meat tenderization, peptide synthesis, medical diagnosis, cheese making, and bioremediation process and as treatment against inflammation and virulent wounds.

Microbial enzymes find a broad spectrum of application due to their broad biochemical diversity, ease of mass culture that is, rapid growth in limited space and genetic manipulation.

Most of the commercial alkaline proteases were isolated from Bacillus species.


Chitosan was studied as a new physiological material because of its effects against cancer, bacteria mold, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (Muzzarelli et al., 1990; Kochkina and Chirkov, 2000) . Chitosan is produced by removing acetyl group from chitin which has adhesion capacity over 80% with Cu 2+ in pH 6 (Choi, 1988) . Yeast has high capacity of converting absorbed inorganic minerals into organic mineral form and capacity for absorbing Cu in specific (De Rome and Gadd, 1987; Lin and Kosman, 1990) .

Chitosan was studied as a new physiological material because of its effects against cancer, bacteria mold, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.

Chitosan is produced by removing acetyl group from chitin which has adhesion capacity over 80% with Cu 2+ in pH 6.

Yeast has high capacity of converting absorbed inorganic minerals into organic mineral form and capacity for absorbing Cu in specific.


Database systems can scale up or scale out. Scaling up implies bigger machines, more processors, disk storage, and memory. Scaling up a database server is not always possible due to the expensive costs to acquire all those resources and to physical and practical limitations. The alternative is scaling out the database system, which consists of grouping several smaller machines in a cluster (Sadalage and Fowler, 2013) . To increase the cluster capacity, commodity hardware is added on demand. The relatively new but quickly widespread cloud computing technology has turned more affordable the necessary infrastructure for scaling out systems.

The alternative is scaling out the database system, which consists of grouping several smaller machines in a cluster.


Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is a low-density, inert, hydrocarbon thermoplastic that is stable in the presence of most chemicals with the exception of concentrated acids, organic solvents and saturated aliphatic compounds [1] . It is commonly used in a variety of applications because of its low density, high thermal insulation, moisture resistance, durability, acoustic absorption and low thermal conductivity [2] . The amount of waste EPS is increasing due to increasing use in thermal and acoustic insulation, packaging, and reusing and storing food. Therefore, over 30 countries have signed an international agreement to maximize reuse and recycling of EPS [3] .

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is a low-density, inert, hydrocarbon thermoplastic that is stable in the presence of most chemicals with the exception of concentrated acids, organic solvents and saturated aliphatic compounds.

It is commonly used in a variety of applications because of its low density, high thermal insulation, moisture resistance, durability, acoustic absorption and low thermal conductivity.

Therefore, over 30 countries have signed an international agreement to maximize reuse and recycling of EPS.


Northeast China, a main crop production region for Chinese food security, displays more obvious warming than other regions in China. It is meaningful to analyze the changes of agro-climatic resources due to climate change. As produced by PRECIS, changes of the T mean and T min during the 21st century would be in agreement with variability of the radiative forcing trajectories under RCP scenarios [34, 35] . In comparison with the T mean , the T min would warm up more obviously, which is consistent with previous findings [34, 36] . Relative to observations, overestimation of the simulated T mean and T min were reproduced in the Lesser Khingan and Changbai mountains, which was also commonplace among GCMs [37] . Discrepancy between models and real conditions could be attributed to climate models' sensitivity to altitude [38] . However, the discrepancy had reduced after correcting the simulation by subtracting observations in the reference period.

As produced by PRECIS, changes of the T mean and T min during the 21st century would be in agreement with variability of the radiative forcing trajectories under RCP scenarios.

In comparison with the T mean , the T min would warm up more obviously, which is consistent with previous findings.

Relative to observations, overestimation of the simulated T mean and T min were reproduced in the Lesser Khingan and Changbai mountains, which was also commonplace among GCMs.

Discrepancy between models and real conditions could be attributed to climate models' sensitivity to altitude.


While discriminative methods are at the core of most state-of-the-art approaches in Natural Language Processing (NLP), historically the task of syntactic parsing has been mainly solved with generative approaches. A major contribution in the parsing field is certainly probabilistic context-free grammar (PCFGs)-based parsers [1] [2] [3] . These types of parsers model the syntactic grammar by computing statistics of simple grammar rules occurring in a training corpus. Inference is then achieved with a simple bottom-up chart parser. These methods face a classical learning dilemma: on one hand PCFG rules have to be refined enough to avoid any ambiguities in the prediction. On the other hand, too much refinement in these rules implies lower occurrences in the training set, and thus a possible generalization issue. PCFGs-based parsers are thus judiciously composing with carefully chosen PCFG rules and clever regularization tricks.

A major contribution in the parsing field is certainly probabilistic context-free grammar (PCFGs)-based parsers.


It obvious from literature survey that, the performance of the power system not only depends on the artificial techniques employed but also depends on the controller structure and chosen objective function. Hence, proposing and implementing new high performance heuristic optimization algorithms to real world problems are always welcome. Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) is a newly developed heuristic optimization method based on the law of gravity and mass interactions [15] . It has been reported in the literature that GSA is more efficient in terms of CPU time and offers higher precision with more consistent results [16] . However, studied on choosing the controller parameters of GSA has not been reported in the literature. In a PID controller, the derivative mode improves stability of the system and increases speed of the controller response but it produces unreasonable size control inputs to the plant. Also, any noise in the control input signal will result in large plant input signals which often lead to complications in practical applications. The practical solution to these problems is to put a first filter on the derivative term and tune its pole so that the chattering due to the noise does not occur since it attenuates high frequency noise. Surprisingly, in spite of these advantages, Proportional Integral Derivative with derivative Filter (PIDF) controller structures are not attempted for the AGC problems. Having known all this, an attempt has been made in the present paper for the optimal design of GSA based PI/PIDF controller for AGC in a multiarea interconnected power system.

Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) is a newly developed heuristic optimization method based on the law of gravity and mass interactions.

It has been reported in the literature that GSA is more efficient in terms of CPU time and offers higher precision with more consistent results.


Rapid developments in the energy industry have brought the studies on the quality of the power consumed to the fore. Power quality (PQ) has gained significance for energy providers and consumers recently. Undesirable situations that arise as a result of PQ problems affect much electrical hardware negatively. Also, poor power quality largely causes financial losses [1] . According to the European Power Quality survey report, PQ problems cause a financial loss of more than 150 billion Euros per year in the EU-25 countries [2] . Power quality (PQ) is generally defined as the combination of voltage quality and current quality which are used to identify the deviations from ideal waveforms of current and/or voltage. The ideal waveform of current and/or voltage is defined as the sinusoidal waveform with constant frequency and constant amplitude that are equal to their nominal values [3, 4] . With the advances in power electronics, signal processing, artificial intelligence and optimization in recent years, many researchers have contributed to the literature with remarkable studies on PQ in order to determine, identify and remove the deviations in ideal waveforms of current and/or voltage [5] . In this paper, least squares fitting method is used to predict the trend of power variation, so as to further improve the power quality forecasting method.

Also, poor power quality largely causes financial losses.

According to the European Power Quality survey report, PQ problems cause a financial loss of more than 150 billion Euros per year in the EU-25 countries.

The ideal waveform of current and/or voltage is defined as the sinusoidal waveform with constant frequency and constant amplitude that are equal to their nominal values.

With the advances in power electronics, signal processing, artificial intelligence and optimization in recent years, many researchers have contributed to the literature with remarkable studies on PQ in order to determine, identify and remove the deviations in ideal waveforms of current and/or voltage.


We propose an alternative approach, using micromachining techniques to build electrostatically driven resonators incorporating magnetic materials, which allow for low power consumption, medium sensitivity, batch fabrication and the potential for readout electronics integration [11, 12] . The micromachined compass consists of a magnetic material suspended on a small resonant structure. The interaction of the magnetic material with an external magnetic field alters the resonant frequency of the microresonator, thereby allowing the readout of the direction of the external field.

We propose an alternative approach, using micromachining techniques to build electrostatically driven resonators incorporating magnetic materials, which allow for low power consumption, medium sensitivity, batch fabrication and the potential for readout electronics integration.


The realization of very small search coil and micromachined flux gate magnetometers is usually a challenge because of the difficulty in fabrication of miniaturized coils. However, owing to the use of micromachining technology, miniature coils are achievable, and flux gate magnetometers have been realized [6] . Despite a resolution of 0.1 nT, the sensors consume significant levels of power (hundreds of mW) in operation.

However, owing to the use of micromachining technology, miniature coils are achievable, and flux gate magnetometers have been realized.


Land and sea are the main natural surfaces present at the global scale. Lake surface covers only about 3% of continental surfaces (Lehner and Do¨ll, 2004) . However, at the regional and local scales, the lake surface can be very large, as is the case in Northern Europe, Asia and North America. The high density of lakes in these regions may affect the regional climate (Balsamo et al., 2012; Kheyrollah Pour et al., 2012) . In particular, on summer days, the presence of a lake tends to stabilise the atmosphere, in contrast with land, where turbulence tends to develop. This property is mainly due to the high thermal inertia of the water, which therefore takes more time to warm up or cool down than the continental surface layer. Over the past 10 yr, studies have been conducted to attempt to represent the physical properties of lakes in meteorological and climate models more accurately. Until recently, numerical weather prediction and climate models have represented lakes in a very simplified way.

Lake surface covers only about 3% of continental surfaces.

The high density of lakes in these regions may affect the regional climate.


However, the bio-structures are mainly patterned onto soft species such as transparent polymers which are further folded onto possible active units (Chen et al. 2015) . Later, direct replicating biostructures on to PV unit was also reported, but the functional sizes of the surfaces were very much limited due to the tiny leaf masters (Vüllers et al. 2016) . Besides, physical mechanisms of the antireflective property and hydrophobicity were not revealed. A facile, precise and reliable route to replicate the bioinspired structures directly onto large inorganic Si slab is required, together with understanding of physical origins beyond multi-functionalities of the structures.

However, the bio-structures are mainly patterned onto soft species such as transparent polymers which are further folded onto possible active units.

Later, direct replicating biostructures on to PV unit was also reported, but the functional sizes of the surfaces were very much limited due to the tiny leaf masters.


While the mPFC is widely accepted as a region implicated in self-relevant processing, both dorsal and ventral regions are also engaged during mentalizing, or thinking about the mental states of another person (Mitchell et al. 2005) . Particularly when thinking about dissimilar others, the dorsal region of the mPFC is more engaged than when thinking about similar others . We speculate that in the current study it is possible that participants are engaging these regions more for mother-relevant information because they are employing mentalizing during trait judgments and encoding, rather than more traditional self-referential processing. These findings may be influenced by the fact that these participants are all bicultural East Asians living in the United States, outside of their native countries. Additional systematic comparisons of sample characteristics and environmental influences (e.g., testing location) are needed for future studies.

While the mPFC is widely accepted as a region implicated in self-relevant processing, both dorsal and ventral regions are also engaged during mentalizing, or thinking about the mental states of another person.


One theoretical solution involves a transmission theory of brain activity whereby an external signal is filtered by the brain and intermediate tissues [38] . Coherent oscillations across spaces which do not accommodate typical structural connections would be accommodated as receptive fields and would respond similarly to the application of the external stimulus. These responses, although simultaneous and independent, would be coherent and perhaps vulnerable to intra-cerebral resonance phenomena. Synchronous activity across brain-space is intrinsically linked to the binding problem [39] . If the three-shell model is operating as an antenna and receiving signals from the environment, this project lends experimental validity to the metaphor of consciousness and other brain functions as transmitted information.

One theoretical solution involves a transmission theory of brain activity whereby an external signal is filtered by the brain and intermediate tissues.

Synchronous activity across brain-space is intrinsically linked to the binding problem.


That the relatively stable microstructual patterns, at the level of the synapse, function to maintain the temporal consistency of the conditions that correlate with consciousness, is a viable, alternative possibility. Water molecules adjacent to a surface exhibit all of the major properties attributed to the plasma cell membrane. Interfacial water, compared to bulk water, displays about ten times the viscosity. The resulting exclusion zone is associated with a narrow zone of protons. The generated potential difference ranges in the order of 100 mV which is the same order of magnitude as the resting membrane potential traditionally attributed to the disparity in concentration of cations and anions across the membrane space. Within the exclusion zone generated by ordinary water adjacent to a surface, electromagnetic fields can be retained for protracted periods of time [5] .

Within the exclusion zone generated by ordinary water adjacent to a surface, electromagnetic fields can be retained for protracted periods of time.


The collaborative concept refers to a group of students who cooperate towards achieving the goal that they have agreed together (Baharin & Yusop, 2011) . Collaborative learning style is known as a method applied by the students in gathering certain knowledge. Throughout the collaborative learning style, students would be able to give and accept helps from their friends. This effort is important for the students to build confidence in solving various issues occur within their education scope. A brilliant individual should possess the latest technology DOI: 10.4236/ce.2018.914177 2368 Creative Education ability, able to solve problems based on facts, think creative and innovatively, intelligent in managing ICT application, fluent speaker and also a smart debater.

The collaborative concept refers to a group of students who cooperate towards achieving the goal that they have agreed together.


The interest in phenolic compounds increased in the last decade due to their structural and protective activity in plants, but also due to their flavour, colour, and antioxidant activity against reactive species of oxygen that cause oxidative stress and consequently, the damage of tissues and biomolecules. Phenolic compounds can act as phytoalexin protective agents against UV light and provide an important role in plant growth and reproduction (Ignat, Volf, & Popa, 2011) . Furthermore, in animals they exhibit a widerange of physiological properties, such as anti-allergenic, anti-atherogenic, antiinflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-thrombotic, cardioprotective and vasodilatory effects (Balasundram, Sundram, & Samman, 2006) . Phenolic compounds are one of the largest groups of secondary metabolites consisting of four main groups divided according to the number of phenol rings and the structural elements that bind those rings, including flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanins, flavones, isoflavones), phenolic acids, tannins, and stilbenes and lignans (Balasundram et al., 2006) .

Phenolic compounds can act as phytoalexin protective agents against UV light and provide an important role in plant growth and reproduction.

Furthermore, in animals they exhibit a widerange of physiological properties, such as anti-allergenic, anti-atherogenic, antiinflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-thrombotic, cardioprotective and vasodilatory effects.

Phenolic compounds are one of the largest groups of secondary metabolites consisting of four main groups divided according to the number of phenol rings and the structural elements that bind those rings, including flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanins, flavones, isoflavones), phenolic acids, tannins, and stilbenes and lignans.


Plant cell cultures are a means to study or to produce some active metabolites such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, triterpenes or quinones (Oksman-Caldentey & Inzé, 2004) . In vitro culture allows, in a disease and virus-free environment, a means of obtaining numerous copies of plant tissue, through micropropagation, that can be used to explore new industrial, pharmaceutical and medicinal potentialities, such as the mentioned production of secondary metabolites with therapeutic activity (Matkowski, 2008) . This technique was applied in our laboratory to the investigation of coriander (Dias, Barros, Sousa, & Ferreira, 2011) .

Plant cell cultures are a means to study or to produce some active metabolites such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, triterpenes or quinones.

In vitro culture allows, in a disease and virus-free environment, a means of obtaining numerous copies of plant tissue, through micropropagation, that can be used to explore new industrial, pharmaceutical and medicinal potentialities, such as the mentioned production of secondary metabolites with therapeutic activity.

This technique was applied in our laboratory to the investigation of coriander.


Furthermore, according to different authors, this species is also a source of a variety of phenolic compounds (Justesen & Knuthsen, 2001; Meloa, Filho, & Guerra, 2005; Nambiar, Daniel, & Guin, 2010) . In a previous study we compared the antioxidant potential of in vivo and in vitro grown coriander (Dias et al., 2011) . Herein, a detailed analysis of individual phenolic compounds was performed, in order to compare their profiles and to explore the potentialities of in vitro culture.

Furthermore, according to different authors, this species is also a source of a variety of phenolic compounds.

In a previous study we compared the antioxidant potential of in vivo and in vitro grown coriander.


Some practical aspects such as effect of shaft disc angular misalignment, interaction between shaft bow, which is common in composite shafts and rotor unbalance, and an unsuccessful operation of a composite rotor with an external damper were discussed and reported by Singh and Gupta [11] . The Bode and cascade plots were generated and orbital analysis at various operating speeds was performed. The experimental critical speeds showed good correlation with the theoretical prediction.

Some practical aspects such as effect of shaft disc angular misalignment, interaction between shaft bow, which is common in composite shafts and rotor unbalance, and an unsuccessful operation of a composite rotor with an external damper were discussed and reported by Singh and Gupta.


On the surface of the packaged meat, variety of microflora (various micrococci, Achromobacter groups, Pseudomonas sp., Lactobacillus sp., coliform germs, streptococci, sarcins, aerobic sporobionts, corynebacteria, fungi, yeast, etc.) occurs. Content of water and water activity (a w ) plays an important role in meat preservation. Decrease of water content and a w cause a decrease in microbial content (Steinhauser et al., 1995) .

Decrease of water content and a w cause a decrease in microbial content.


In the course of meat storage, ripening processes occur and the meat becomes acceptable as food (Matyáš et al., 1965) . Lactic acid generated by anaerobic glycolysis plays an important role. The initial pH decreases due to glycolysis, and the speed of this decrease depends on the storage temperature (Steinhauserová et al., 2007) . In case of beef, the lowest pH is around 5.5-5.8. Measurement of pH is an important, but only an ancillary method to assess the freshness of meat. Usually, beef ripens at 10 -15 °C for 2-3 days, at 1 -2 °C for 8 -14 days and at about 1 °C for 21 days (Matyáš et al., 1965) .

In the course of meat storage, ripening processes occur and the meat becomes acceptable as food.

The initial pH decreases due to glycolysis, and the speed of this decrease depends on the storage temperature.

Usually, beef ripens at 10 -15 °C for 2-3 days, at 1 -2 °C for 8 -14 days and at about 1 °C for 21 days.


Since there was only one exemplary sample of vacuum value measured, we suppose that there were similar vacuum values in all the packages under study. The wrapping on every package was of the same nature and such a minimum possible difference of the pressure should not have any prominent influence on the keeping or the spoilage of the meat. Our measured vacuum value was not different from values reported earlier (Matyáš et al., 1965) .

Our measured vacuum value was not different from values reported earlier.


Increasing sustainability in food processing through increased processing energy efficiency is a topic of significant global interest [1] . Rising pressure to lower energy use and emissions in all sectors of society are driving the need for energy efficiency related research and implementation [2] . In New Zealand, the food processing sector is dominated by dairy processing with milk powders being the principal product for export. Conversion of liquid milk to powdered milk is an energy intensive two-stage process that uses between 5.2 and 11.1 GJ/t of product depending on the plant's vintage [3] . The first dewatering stage, which is the focal point of the present study, is a multi-effect evaporator train. The second dewatering stage is spray drying, which typically has minimal heat integration [4] .

Increasing sustainability in food processing through increased processing energy efficiency is a topic of significant global interest.

Rising pressure to lower energy use and emissions in all sectors of society are driving the need for energy efficiency related research and implementation.

Conversion of liquid milk to powdered milk is an energy intensive two-stage process that uses between 5.2 and 11.1 GJ/t of product depending on the plant's vintage.

The second dewatering stage is spray drying, which typically has minimal heat integration.


Ecology is a notoriously complex science [1] . The myriad degrees of freedom and the multiple length and temporal scales governing the phenomena make ecological observations inherently integrative. Disentangling the various mechanisms and identifying unequivocally the reasons underlying a given process almost always present a daunting task. Animal movement of foraging animals, and the ensuing stochastic search processes, fall in this category.

Ecology is a notoriously complex science.


Recent in vitro studies have reported different metabolic profiles of gefitinib and erlotinib for human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes [13] [14] [15] . CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP1A1 metabolize both erlotinib and gefitinib. However, CYP2D6 is involved in the metabolism of gefitinib but not erlotinib. It has been hypothesized that gefitinib therapy results in different adverse events compared to erlotinib therapy due to the CYP2D6 phenotype. To test this, we evaluated the adverse events of treatment with gefitinib and erlotinib. CYP2D6 phenotypes were determined from the CYP2D6 genotypes using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, which are able to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Recent in vitro studies have reported different metabolic profiles of gefitinib and erlotinib for human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes.


The successes, in the 1990s, of some established currency areas, such as the Euro and the CFA zones, re-awakened interest in currency areas and their optimality as countries recognized that their individual economies are not competitive enough to effectively participate in an increasingly globalizing world. However, the European sovereign debt crisis highlighted the problems and tensions that will inevitably arise within a monetary union when imbalances build up and become unsustainable (Ulrich (2012) ). The depth of the crisis and its protracted duration are enough to raise concerns in Abuja and other West African capitals as their self-imposed deadline for monetary integration looms.

However, the European sovereign debt crisis highlighted the problems and tensions that will inevitably arise within a monetary union when imbalances build up and become unsustainable).


The first activity, acquisition, can be done manually or automatically. Manual acquisition includes items users accumulate with their own actions at the time of their appearance in a digital environment (downloaded files from the Internet, personally created documents, etc.). Automatically gathered items enter the digital environment without user action or as a consequence of the previous actions that started automatic retrieval (new e-mail, subscriptions to RSS feeds, cached files of previously visited web pages, etc.). Manual or automatic acquisition can result in items having different value to the user [5] .

Manual or automatic acquisition can result in items having different value to the user.


Swimming has been part of the modern Olympic Games from their beginning in Athens 1896. Although in the very beginning, swimming competitions were held in open water, whether in the sea, lakes, or rivers, most competitions from 1900 onwards were held in some sort of a swimming pool. In 1908 the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) was created and established, after which most swimming competitions took place in standardized swimming pools with lane ropes and still water, while open water swimming was left for recreational swimmers. In the late 20 th and in the beginning of the 21 st century, ultra open water swimming events, such as "English channel swimming", became popular once again (Eichenberger, et al, 2012) .

In the late 20 th and in the beginning of the 21 st century, ultra open water swimming events, such as "English channel swimming", became popular once again.


In the course of the development of precision-guided missiles, a large number of experiments were used to assess the performance of the missile and verify that the performance index in the process of missile design meets requirements whether or not [1] [2] [3] . Cost of range test experiment is high and cycle is long; therefore, method of mathematical simulation is adopted as usual in the early project development stage of missile guided weapons. After building skid-to-turn (STT) missile six-degree-of-freedom ballistic trajectory simulation model which is composed of important parts of the model, such as dynamic model, control system model, and guidance system model, it can be used to evaluate missile operational effectiveness [4] [5] [6] .

In the course of the development of precision-guided missiles, a large number of experiments were used to assess the performance of the missile and verify that the performance index in the process of missile design meets requirements whether or not.

After building skid-to-turn (STT) missile six-degree-of-freedom ballistic trajectory simulation model which is composed of important parts of the model, such as dynamic model, control system model, and guidance system model, it can be used to evaluate missile operational effectiveness.


Consequences of bay-ocean exchange of larvae-Application of trace-elemental fingerprinting to stage I P. crassipes zoeae suggest that a significant proportion of larvae experience bidirectional exchange between SDB and nearshore coastal habitats. This is contrary to inference drawn from the vertical migratory patterns of zoeae relative to tidal phase. The bidirectional exchange of larvae between bay and coastal habitats also may be explained by bay-specific flow dynamics (Dyer 1997) . The early ebb tide from SDB consists of bay and coastal water. The bay water is concentrated in the surface layer and in the middle of the channel while recently entered coastal water is concentrated at the channel sides (Chadwick et al. 1996) . Since larvae in this study were collected on the western side of the channel, this may help explain the high proportion of coastal larvae sampled during the ebbing phase of the tide (Fig. 3) . Seawater reentering the bay during flood tide consists of well-mixed bay and ocean water (Chadwick et al. 1996) . This water contained mainly crab larvae which originated from SDB (Fig. 3) and may reflect the concentration of stage I zoeae recently exported on the previous ebbing tide.

The bidirectional exchange of larvae between bay and coastal habitats also may be explained by bay-specific flow dynamics.

The bay water is concentrated in the surface layer and in the middle of the channel while recently entered coastal water is concentrated at the channel sides.

Seawater reentering the bay during flood tide consists of well-mixed bay and ocean water.


The Web Services Policy Framework (WS-Policy) defines a general-purpose model and syntax for expressing functional or non-functional properties of a Web service in a declarative manner [12] . A policy is an XML-expression that logically combines one or more assertions which specify concrete or abstract service characteristics such as a required security authentication scheme or a desired quality of service. Policies can flexibly be attached to various Web services definitions, including WSDL type definitions, as described in the Web Services Policy Attachment specification [13] .

The Web Services Policy Framework (WS-Policy) defines a general-purpose model and syntax for expressing functional or non-functional properties of a Web service in a declarative manner.

Policies can flexibly be attached to various Web services definitions, including WSDL type definitions, as described in the Web Services Policy Attachment specification.


Breast cancer (BC) constitutes the leading cause of cancer mortality among Brazilian women. According to the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), the number of new BC cases expected in 2014 was 57,120. A higher incidence occurs in Southeastern Brazil, with an estimated risk of 71 new cases/year per 100,000 women [1] .

A higher incidence occurs in Southeastern Brazil, with an estimated risk of 71 new cases/year per 100,000 women.


Aspirin has been shown to promote apoptosis and regulated the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, in other cells types [29, 30] . In our study, aspirin promoted acinar cell apoptosis by TUNEL staining (Figures 5(a) and 5(b) ), and the results of immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR show that aspirin significantly suppressed the expression of Bcl-2 and upregulated the expression of Bax (Figures 5(c)-5(e) ); of note, aspirin further increased caspase 3 protein expression in acinar cells, and such upregulation was correlated positively with acinar cell apoptosis and protection against acinar cell necrosis. Furthermore, high dose of aspirin group showed better protective effect than low dose of aspirin.

Aspirin has been shown to promote apoptosis and regulated the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, in other cells types.


Up to 20% of children and adolescents in the United States are thought to have an emotional or behavioral disorder, and twice as many children have functional problems related to behavior or feelings, even though they don't meet criteria for a particular diagnosis [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Half of all primary care office visits involve behavioral, psychosocial or educational concerns [6, 7] . Mental disorders are largely chronic conditions, and most begin in childhood or adolescence.

Up to 20% of children and adolescents in the United States are thought to have an emotional or behavioral disorder, and twice as many children have functional problems related to behavior or feelings, even though they don't meet criteria for a particular diagnosis.

Half of all primary care office visits involve behavioral, psychosocial or educational concerns.


Being self-reliant may be challenging to many older adults who have to deal with multimorbidity and resulting disability [3] . Multimorbidity may lead to the need for more complex forms of combined care. In cases where multiple types of care or care professionals are required for one individual, older adults often receive fragmented or inefficient care [4] . Consequently, this may lead to a lack of clarity and continuity of care. In particular, the combination of a society that expects self-reliance from its citizens with the complexity of the healthcare system may undermine perceived control in health care among older adults with care needs.

Being self-reliant may be challenging to many older adults who have to deal with multimorbidity and resulting disability.

In cases where multiple types of care or care professionals are required for one individual, older adults often receive fragmented or inefficient care.


In order to find a criterion, which agrees with subjective assessment, several other algorithms have been developed. These algorithms try to assess image quality by taking into account the properties of human visual system (HVS). Most of these algorithms are trying to model the following three properties of HVS: nonlinear relationship between image intensities and perceived brightness, frequency response of HVS (contrast sensitivity function) and texture masking [1] [2] [3] .

Most of these algorithms are trying to model the following three properties of HVS: nonlinear relationship between image intensities and perceived brightness, frequency response of HVS (contrast sensitivity function) and texture masking.


In 2014 an investigation on Consumers' Willingness to Pay (WTP) for food products with CSR certification was conducted in Italy. Specifically, the aim was to clarify if SA8000 certification positively influences consumers' purchasing choices. There is a positive relationship between consumption and CRS, and SA8000 contributes to firms' positive differentiation on the market, enhancing consumers' purchase intention and loyalty. Survey results generally indicated that WTP for certified products is higher than for non-certified products. SA8000 for interviewed consumers increases the perceived value of products, determining the generation of a premium price. Therefore, SA8000 increases firms' competiveness on market through a differentiation strategy, especially among western consumers with a high expenditure capacity and stronger social and ethical concerns [19] .

Therefore, SA8000 increases firms' competiveness on market through a differentiation strategy, especially among western consumers with a high expenditure capacity and stronger social and ethical concerns.


Gilbert and Rasche performed a critical analysis of SA8000, due to the increased demand for social accountability standards, requiring more transparency and ethical performance measurement, especially for multinational corporations (MNCs) [9] . The main advantage related to the certification is not just the opportunity for firms to improve working conditions, but that the achieved improvement is auditable [10] . SA8000 is the first auditable standard for working conditions. To achieve the issue of SA8000 certified, firms are almost objectively evaluated on their efforts for a better working environment. Companies have the chance to demonstrate their commitment in dealing with negative effects of their activities. In literature, three critical issues related to the certification are underlined. First, the development process (carried out by the Advisory Board) of the standard was dominated by some categories as experts from trade unions, businesses, and NGOs, while other stakeholders such as consumers and suppliers were not represented. Moreover, a structured procedure on how to establish dialogue with firms' stakeholders is not provided, even if the maintenance of communication to all interested parties is a pillar of the standard. Finally, suppliers dealing with MNCs are forced to implement SA8000, determining that the acceptance of the standard is externally imposed due to fear of sanctions or market exclusion in case of non-compliance [9] . This is particularly evident when western buyers' companies impose upon small suppliers from developing Countries to comply with the standard without a participative approach and without any considerations of local suppliers social and cultural context [11] .

Gilbert and Rasche performed a critical analysis of SA8000, due to the increased demand for social accountability standards, requiring more transparency and ethical performance measurement, especially for multinational corporations (MNCs).

The main advantage related to the certification is not just the opportunity for firms to improve working conditions, but that the achieved improvement is auditable.

Finally, suppliers dealing with MNCs are forced to implement SA8000, determining that the acceptance of the standard is externally imposed due to fear of sanctions or market exclusion in case of non-compliance.

This is particularly evident when western buyers' companies impose upon small suppliers from developing Countries to comply with the standard without a participative approach and without any considerations of local suppliers social and cultural context.


In the last years, several studies have been conducted in order to analyze the application of this CSR tool. The first study on SA8000 was conducted in 2005 to mainly analyze SA8000 application in SMEs, operating in manufacturing and service sectors [12] . According to the survey developed by La Rosa and Franco, the main reasons for adopting SA8000 certification referred to corporate image improvement and to human resources upgrading. However, an increase in operating costs was registered. Solomon has provided an overview of the prevalent integrated management systems among Italian companies. The main difficulties encountered in the certification path concerned the lack of information available to companies and the lack of competent personnel to implement the process [13] .

The first study on SA8000 was conducted in 2005 to mainly analyze SA8000 application in SMEs, operating in manufacturing and service sectors.

The main difficulties encountered in the certification path concerned the lack of information available to companies and the lack of competent personnel to implement the process.


Aviscumine treatment at a dose of 350 ng resulted in a median overall survival of 11 months and a 1-year survival rate of 45% in patients with unresectable metastatic malignant stage IV melanoma who had undergone previous treatment. The 1-year survival rate regarded as a key benchmark for comparing efficacy of novel therapeutics versus historical data is notably higher than the predicted value of 33.1% [4] . More than 70% of the patients had M1c disease indicating the presence of visceral metastasis, and more than 50% had elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels, both of which are associated with very poor survival [4, 48] .

The 1-year survival rate regarded as a key benchmark for comparing efficacy of novel therapeutics versus historical data is notably higher than the predicted value of 33.1%.

More than 70% of the patients had M1c disease indicating the presence of visceral metastasis, and more than 50% had elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels, both of which are associated with very poor survival.


We are attempting to characterize completely the enzymes used by C.fimi to convert cellulose to glucose. It is our intention to clone the genes determining these enzymes, and considerable progress has been made in this regard (Whittle et al., 1982; Gilkes et al., 1984) . In this paper we describe the preliminary characterization of the P-glucosidases of C. Jimi.

It is our intention to clone the genes determining these enzymes, and considerable progress has been made in this regard.


In ankylosing spondylitis, ankylosis is initiated at the sacroiliac joints. However, we did not find any ankylosis in the sacroiliac joints of the ank/ank mice (Additional File 1). Radiographs of low resolution might not be the best tool for assessment of ankylosis at the sacroiliac joints of mice. Micro-CT image assessments are required to address this issue. Alternatively, histologic evaluation of sacroiliac joints (not decalcified) after injection of a fluorescent bisphosphonate probe might be able to resolve this issue [11] . Although numerous phenotypic similarities exist between the ank/ank mice and AS, it is not unexpected that differences exist as well. Ankylosis in the ank/ank mouse is the consequence of a single gene defect. However, AS is a complex disease with multiple risk factors.

Alternatively, histologic evaluation of sacroiliac joints (not decalcified) after injection of a fluorescent bisphosphonate probe might be able to resolve this issue.


The importance of entrepreneurship in contributing towards the development of the economic activities of countries is well established. Entrepreneurship creates jobs, generates wealth and contributes towards growth and development (Timmons & Spinelli, 2004) . The development of entrepreneurship is also viewed as one way to counter unemployment. South Africa, as a developing country, is also faced with the huge burden of unemployment. Many governments have gone the route to get individuals to engage in entrepreneurial activities, or self-employment, as an alternative to seeking employment.

Entrepreneurship creates jobs, generates wealth and contributes towards growth and development.


The word entrepreneurship is derived from the French word entreprendre, meaning to commence, to chase opportunities and to accomplish needs and wants through innovation (Ndedi, 2009) . The concept of entrepreneurship is both complex and controversial, as there is no agreement on the definition (Pretorius & Van Vuuren, 2003; Longernecker, Moore & Petty, 2003; Koh, 1996) . Despite entrepreneurship enjoying admiration from the research community as a field of study, it remains poorly defined and its interpretation lacks coherence (Ma & Tan, 2006) . This lack of consensus has compelled many scholars and researchers to contextualise the definition of entrepreneurship. Despite the lack of consensus, researchers have continued to make an effort to define entrepreneurship. Ma and Tan (2006: 704) define entrepreneurship as "a particular type of mind-set, a unique way of looking at the world, a creative kind of adventure, and the ultimate instrument toward self-realisation and fulfilment". Furthermore, they suggest that at the heart of entrepreneurship lies in the wish to achieve, the zeal to create, the longing for free will, the drive for independence, and the embodiment of entrepreneurial visions and dreams through determined hard work, calculated risk-taking, continuous innovation and an undying perseverance.

The word entrepreneurship is derived from the French word entreprendre, meaning to commence, to chase opportunities and to accomplish needs and wants through innovation.

The concept of entrepreneurship is both complex and controversial, as there is no agreement on the definition.

Despite entrepreneurship enjoying admiration from the research community as a field of study, it remains poorly defined and its interpretation lacks coherence.


In the case of quench, the high stored energy in the magnet and the high current densities in the NbTi superconductor can cause a high temperature rise in the region where the quench originally started, as well as high voltages in the coil and between the coil and ground. This coupling magnet will be protected in a completely passive manner. The most important method is the subdivision of the coil with cold diodes and resistors across the subdivisions to reduce both the voltage to ground and the hot spot temperature. The second method of quench protection is quench back from the mandrel, which speeds up the spread of the normal region within the coil [2] [3] . For the importance of quench protection system design, the demand for simulating the magnet quench behavior is quite pressing.

The second method of quench protection is quench back from the mandrel, which speeds up the spread of the normal region within the coil.


Over the past decades, various approaches to model the quench propagation in superconducting magnets have been proposed. The most diffused approach is a semiempirical approach, and the volume of superconducting windings switched into the normal state is estimated with the introduction of the quench velocity concept that is the speed of the normal zone boundary [4] [5] [6] [7] . This method is very fast, but neglects the heat diffusion inside the coil since adiabatic isothermal shells in normal state are added to the coil when the quench advances. Another approach is to treat the coil as an anisotropic solid and solve the nonlinear heat equation governing the quench process with methods like the finite element method (FEM). But due to the existence of very strong temperature gradients such simulation required a large computing effort [8] [9] [10] . In the recent years, some research groups have applied the commercial FEM code, such as ANSYS, and OPERA-3D in quench simulation [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . However, few researches have pay attention to the quench back from the mandrel, which is an important phenomenon in the coupling magnet quench process.

The most diffused approach is a semiempirical approach, and the volume of superconducting windings switched into the normal state is estimated with the introduction of the quench velocity concept that is the speed of the normal zone boundary.

But due to the existence of very strong temperature gradients such simulation required a large computing effort.

In the recent years, some research groups have applied the commercial FEM code, such as ANSYS, and OPERA-3D in quench simulation.


Known as "the third pole" of the earth or as "Asia's water tower", the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) has an average elevation of 4000 m. Its ecological environment is important not only to the sustainable development of the whole of East Asia but also to the rest of the world. The cold temperatures, low levels of oxygen, unique topography, and natural features make the ecological environment of the QTP extremely sensitive and fragile and thus, perhaps more susceptible than low-altitude areas to the effects of climate change [6, 7] . In the overall scheme of regional development envisaged by the Chinese central government, the QTP region is considered a zone in which high-intensity human development is either restricted or strictly forbidden. In fact, the QTP has 155 nature reserves covering a total area of 82.24 million km 2 , which accounts for 32.35% of the QTP and 57.38% of the protected areas in China [8] . In these protected areas, high-intensity industrial development activities are restricted. However, the ecosystems and natural resources of these conservation areas constitute unique attractions of global significance that offer great potential for the development of regional tourism. Following improvements to transport links, most notably the opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in 2006, tourism on the QTP has gained impetus. The QTP has become one of the most popular destinations in China, and tourism now plays an important role in its economic development. For example, the income derived from tourism in the Tibet Autonomous Region reached 34.4 billion Yuan in 2016, accounting for 29.9% of its GDP [9] . Consistent with its geographical features, the natural environment is the focus of tourism activities in this area, including wildlife sightseeing, glacier sightseeing, alpine adventuring, and river source exploration. These tourism activities are highly dependent on the natural environment and the landscape, both of which are susceptible to the effects of climate change [10] . Therefore, the impact of global climate change on tourism on the QTP is likely to be more significant compared with other areas.

The cold temperatures, low levels of oxygen, unique topography, and natural features make the ecological environment of the QTP extremely sensitive and fragile and thus, perhaps more susceptible than low-altitude areas to the effects of climate change.

In fact, the QTP has 155 nature reserves covering a total area of 82.24 million km 2 , which accounts for 32.35% of the QTP and 57.38% of the protected areas in China.

For example, the income derived from tourism in the Tibet Autonomous Region reached 34.4 billion Yuan in 2016, accounting for 29.9% of its GDP.

These tourism activities are highly dependent on the natural environment and the landscape, both of which are susceptible to the effects of climate change.


Obviously, these results, even if they deal with conductance based models, may look quite restrictive and away from biology. For example, can we give an interpretation of d(Ω, S) in real neuronal networks ? This is a hard question but we would like to mention that, in the cortex, neurons are often in a high conductance state and firing with a rate higher than 1kHz. Thus, the firing time is not larger than 1 mS [23] . This could imply a high probability of being close to the "threshold" since a neuron that fires often as more chances to be close to the threshold. The corresponding situation in our model could be interpreted as being close to the singularity set, implying very large period and a positive effective entropy. This hand-waving argument nevertheless suggests that a close relationship between the so-called "high-conductance" states and high effective entropy could exist.

Thus, the firing time is not larger than 1 mS.


While there are great number of studies which have examined certain speech acts (e.g. request, apology), the amount of research on refusals is much more limited. Out the fifteen studies in the topic of refusals, only six included non-native speakers of English and only four of these studies examined how non-native speakers of languages other than English utilized English in making refusals (Beebe, Takahashi and Uliss-Weltz, 1990; Chen, 1995; King and Silver, 1993) . Consequently, it was the lack of research on the interaction between non-native speakers of English in the context where English is used as a means of communication in particular and Chinese international university students' interaction in Malaysia with Malaysian university students in refusing an invitation in particular which has been motivated this study.

Out the fifteen studies in the topic of refusals, only six included non-native speakers of English and only four of these studies examined how non-native speakers of languages other than English utilized English in making refusals.


Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. In the United States alone, it accounts for 26% of new cancer cases, and is second only to lung cancer as the leading cause of deaths among american women [1] . More than 180,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, resulting in more than 40,000 deaths annually [2] . Worldwide, the incidence of breast cancer has increased by 0.5% annually, with 1.35 to 1.45 million new cases projected by 2010 [2] . While comprehensive physical examinations, and regular self-examinations contribute to early detection of breast cancer, the current most effective screening method for the detection of breast cancer is X-ray mammography.

In the United States alone, it accounts for 26% of new cancer cases, and is second only to lung cancer as the leading cause of deaths among american women.

More than 180,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, resulting in more than 40,000 deaths annually.

Worldwide, the incidence of breast cancer has increased by 0.5% annually, with 1.35 to 1.45 million new cases projected by 2010.


While courses usually consist of between 120 and 1200 students, each student is allocated to a tutor group comprising of up to 25 students. The tutor (also called Associate Lecturer) has responsibility for leading tutorials, marking assignments and giving feedback and supporting students more generally (e.g. with activities on the virtual learning environment (VLE) in recent years). Tutorials take place face-to-face, via telephone or online via audioconferencing, offering students the opportunity to use the language they are studying and develop their speaking skills by interacting with others and enabling them to exchange information and experiences with others. However, as these tutorials are not compulsory, attendance rates tend to be relatively low; in one study of approximately 170 beginner students, 60% of students reported that they mostly or always attended, 30% that they never or seldom took part (Adams and Nicolson 2008) .

However, as these tutorials are not compulsory, attendance rates tend to be relatively low; in one study of approximately 170 beginner students, 60% of students reported that they mostly or always attended, 30% that they never or seldom took part.


The effectiveness of robot-assisted rehabilitation has been shown in previous studies [5] [6] [7] . However, the robot-assisted rehabilitation systems are available on the market only in limited numbers. The most important reason is that the costs of these systems are very high. These systems are mostly found in the United States, Japan, and Switzerland, where they are in practical use. The common trait of these countries is their high welfare level. These systems need low-cost production in order to be used in countries with lower incomes. In order to realize this aim, research and development studies in the field of rehabilitation robotics should be spread over a wider range of fields.

The effectiveness of robot-assisted rehabilitation has been shown in previous studies.


Seagrass meadows have been identified as being among the most threatened ecosystems across the globe, as they have been experiencing not only declines in areal extent, but also accelerated rates of decline [6, 7] . Both direct and indirect stressors have been implicated in these losses, including increased anthropogenic sediment and nutrient loadings resulting in poor water quality conditions [6, 8, 9] . Most recently, there has been an increased focus on the effects of current and future climate change factors on seagrass productivity and distribution [10] [11] [12] .

Seagrass meadows have been identified as being among the most threatened ecosystems across the globe, as they have been experiencing not only declines in areal extent, but also accelerated rates of decline.

Both direct and indirect stressors have been implicated in these losses, including increased anthropogenic sediment and nutrient loadings resulting in poor water quality conditions.

Most recently, there has been an increased focus on the effects of current and future climate change factors on seagrass productivity and distribution.


However, in real environment, much information is uncertainty [37] [38] [39] [40] . According to this situation, the randomness of effect scale in an aviation accident means the demand for coordination is stochastic. So, the random demand will be studied in the future. In this study, we consider riskaverse attitude for both actors. However, it is not difficult to image that the actors may be risk-taking. The risk attitude is related with accident probability. We will further research these problems in the future.

However, in real environment, much information is uncertainty.


Recently, Identifier-Based Encryption (IBE) is emerged as a cryptographic scheme in modern secure banking systems to protect online transactions. Identity-based public key encryption facilitates easy introduction of public key cryptography by allowing an entity's public key to be derived from arbitrary identification values, such as name or e-mail address. The main practical benefit of identity-based cryptography is in greatly reducing the need for, and reliance on, public key certificates and solving certain public key management problems since there is no need to maintain a great database containing a list of public keys and their respective owner [7] . A more recent work is proposed to combine identity-based encryption with mRSA in one framework, IB-mRSA, to improve security against adaptive chosen cipher attacks that represent the immense threat in RSA algorithm. IB-mRSA protocol allows the sender (encryptor) to skip the costly checking of individual public key certificates. Furthermore, for real time applications IB-mRSA algorithm takes roughly 4-5 times less than plain RSA technique [8] .

The main practical benefit of identity-based cryptography is in greatly reducing the need for, and reliance on, public key certificates and solving certain public key management problems since there is no need to maintain a great database containing a list of public keys and their respective owner.

Furthermore, for real time applications IB-mRSA algorithm takes roughly 4-5 times less than plain RSA technique.


Band gap energies are the lowest for HVOF and GSP, 2.82 eV and 3.08 eV respectively (Fig. 6) . The WSP coating is proven as a medium quality photocatalyst among the studied coatings. Also, its band gap is slightly higher, 3.12 eV. Finally, the flame-sprayed coating is the least photoactive one and its band gap energy is the highest, 3.25 eV. For the HVOF and WSP coatings, secondary absorption edges also exist at 2.34 eV and 2.22 eV, respectively. The main absorption edge at E bg (1) corresponds to non-stoichiometric TiO 2 features in rutile, and the secondary absorption edge at E bg (2) corresponds to an absorption tail of delocalized electronic states with a low excitation energy [19, 21, 22] . The existence of a secondary absorption edge does not seem to correlate tightly with the acetone photo-decomposition. GSP spraying process due to H 2 and HVOF spraying process due to ethylene both provide more free hydrogen atoms for reactions leading to the reduction of TiO 2 . In the case of WSP and flame spraying, the working gas does not provide efficient conditions for reduction. Anatase is more sensitive to reaction with hydrogen from ethylene C 2 H 4 than from acetylene C 2 H 2 [23, 24] . Anatase is present in higher content in the feedstock for HVOF spraying than in the feedstock used for flame spraying. That is why the flame-sprayed coating should have less oxygen-deficiency than the HVOF coating and therefore less photoactivity. Concerning the GSP coating, the high rutile content in the feedstock exhibits the possibility to be highly reduced directly by H 2 plasma gas. Flame coating has the highest band gap, and according to previous considerations, it should be less oxygen-deficient.

The main absorption edge at E bg (1) corresponds to non-stoichiometric TiO 2 features in rutile, and the secondary absorption edge at E bg (2) corresponds to an absorption tail of delocalized electronic states with a low excitation energy.

Anatase is more sensitive to reaction with hydrogen from ethylene C 2 H 4 than from acetylene C 2 H 2.


Under these conditions, the equations of motion of the type IIB supergravity are consistently reduced to a single three-dimensional equation of motion. The consistent reduction means that all solutions of the three-dimensional equation can be lifted to solutions of the type IIB supergravity. Each LLM solution is determined by solving the three-dimensional equation of motion and fixing boundary values on a two-dimensional boundary. If we assume that the LLM solutions are non-singular, the boundary values are restricted to take only 0 or 1, and thus they form droplets on the two-dimensional boundary. On the other hand, in this sector, the SYM is reduced to a system that consists of N free fermions in a harmonic oscillator potential in 1+1 dimensions. Each state of this system is represented by certain fermion droplets on the two-dimensional phase space. In this correspondence, the boundary of the three-dimensional space is identified with the phase space of the fermions. Moreover, the boundary values of the scalar are identified with the droplets of the fermions on the phase space [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Thus, it is natural to expect that there exists a holographic correspondence between the three-dimensional scalar and the fermions on the two-dimensional phase space as in the case of the full sector.

Moreover, the boundary values of the scalar are identified with the droplets of the fermions on the phase space.


Recently, significant advances have been made in the half-BPS sector of the AdS/CFT correspondence [5] [6] [7] . In this sector, the full correspondence is reduced to a correspondence between a class of half-BPS solutions found by Lin, Lunin and Maldacena in ten-dimensional type IIB supergravity, and N free fermions in a harmonic oscillator potential in 1+1 dimensions. We call the solutions that belong to this class the Lin-Lunin-Maldacena (LLM) solutions. The LLM solutions describe bubbling geometries, which include AdS 5 × S 5 geometry and giant gravitons. These solutions are half-BPS solutions with SO(4)×SO(4)×R isometry.

Recently, significant advances have been made in the half-BPS sector of the AdS/CFT correspondence.


Including Nuclear Degrees of Freedom in a Lattice Hamiltonian 4 model that resulted appeared to us to be very closely related to excess heat production in the Fleischmann-Pons experiment, assuming that the mechanism involved D 2 / 4 He transitions that were weakly coupled to a phonon mode (weakly coupled due to the Coulomb repulsion between the deuterons), and that a strongly coupled transition were also present. The big problem in this kind of model ends up being the identification of the strongly coupled transition. Finding an appropriate strongly coupled transition with sufficiently strong coupling to do the job seems problematic within the approach [33] .

Finding an appropriate strongly coupled transition with sufficiently strong coupling to do the job seems problematic within the approach.


The issues under discussion fit within the generic heading of relativistic quantum mechanics, which before 1950 would likely have implied the two-body Dirac equation as a starting place. However, the need for a manifestly covariant relativistic quantum theory more generally led to the development of modern quantum field theory, which could in principle be used for problems of interest to us. Field theory is much more complicated than relativistic quantum mechanics, so we would prefer a simpler model derived from relativistic quantum mechanics if possible. In this day and age, there are many relativistic quantum models that have been derived from field theory (such as the Bethe-Salpeter equation, as well as others [35] ).

In this day and age, there are many relativistic quantum models that have been derived from field theory (such as the Bethe-Salpeter equation, as well as others).


On the point of other researches, the effect of accelerated flow over moving airfoil in unsteady aerodynamics conditions was done by Esfahani. This model accurately predicts the unsteady aerodynamic of S809, and numerical models have been utilized to estimate the dynamic stall and predict the aerodynamic behavior (Karbasian et al. 2014) . A new special airfoil shape (DU93-W-210) has been developed and optimized for wind turbine using genetic algorithm (GA). This article has been written by Yixiong Liu. The optimum airfoil is obtained with CFD method by solving the RANS equations for improving the performance and efficiency of the optimization algorithm (Liu et al. 2015) . The experimental analysis of onshore wind turbine airfoil NACA2415 was done by Driss. This investigation has been developed for experimental stimulation to estimate the velocity and torque variation for different Reynolds numbers and AOAs. All the numerical results were validated with CFD method (Driss et al. 2015) .

This model accurately predicts the unsteady aerodynamic of S809, and numerical models have been utilized to estimate the dynamic stall and predict the aerodynamic behavior.

The optimum airfoil is obtained with CFD method by solving the RANS equations for improving the performance and efficiency of the optimization algorithm.

All the numerical results were validated with CFD method.


The designs encompass a wide range of AOA and velocities to increase the efficiency of the wind turbine for maximum power. In this study, the power is determined by analyzing the flow around a section of the blade. The wind turbine blade profiles are selected from the profiles developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and AH and FFA (Björk 1996) .

The wind turbine blade profiles are selected from the profiles developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and AH and FFA.


The work reported here is a first step toward the development and use of inexpensive optical devices in the production floor to support quality control during polymer processing. Indeed, the authors have been dedicated to the development and application of in-line rheo-optical techniques for material/process characterization, process optimization and quality control. Optical, spectroscopic and rheometric techniques (e.g., in-line measurements at the die during extrusion and compounding) were presented [11] [12] [13] .

Optical, spectroscopic and rheometric techniques (e.g., in-line measurements at the die during extrusion and compounding) were presented.


We conducted this study to investigate whether bevacizumabassociated vascular and BP effects are reversible after discontinuation of bevacizumab treatment. We additionally aimed at providing more information on the mechanisms in the development of bevacizumab-associated side-effects. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing effects on BP and the vascular system after discontinuation of VEGFinhibitory treatment. Until now, the reversibility of vascular changes has never been documented in humans. We now report that the bevacizumab-induced decrease in capillary density is reversible. Although this study was carried out in a limited number of patients, our results are consistent and in line with previous preclinical data. Preclinical data show rapid reversibility of capillary regression after cessation of VEGF inhibition in normal organs and tumors in mice [16] [17] [18] . Strikingly, most capillaries grew back within 2 weeks after cessation of treatment.

Preclinical data show rapid reversibility of capillary regression after cessation of VEGF inhibition in normal organs and tumors in mice.


The system proposed in this paper has an architecture that permits to deal with several information sources. We have used the notion of Implicit Culture that is more general than collaborative filtering [2] . Moreover, the use of agents in our approach provides several advantages, such as possibility of sharing bibliographies and creation of virtual communities. Finally, with our framework it is possible to recommend not only papers, but also the experts.

We have used the notion of Implicit Culture that is more general than collaborative filtering.


One solution to these problems is to record a sequence of interferograms throughout the entire deformation history. In this case, the phase is calculated using temporal phase shifting by introducing a controlled phase change as a function of time. Using a sufficiently high temporal sampling rate, so that the intensity modulation along the time axis is sampled in accordance with Shannon's sampling theorem, each pixel can be unwrapped as a function of time [5] . As temporal phase unwrapping involves only one-dimensional signals, it is generally easier to carry out than spatial unwrapping. Also, temporal phase unwrapping allows absolute displacement fields to be obtained, which means the total displacement since the start of the measurement process. By contrast, spatial unwrapping can give only displacements relative to some other point in the field of view. Therefore, the combination of temporal phase shifting and temporal phase unwrapping means that each pixel (or small cluster of pixels, if spatial smoothing is carried out) in the camera behaves as an independent displacement sensor. Another advantage of this approach is that if a suitable re-referencing is chosen, the temporal phase unwrapping algorithm allows the measurement of large-object deformation up to a few hundred or more micrometers.

Using a sufficiently high temporal sampling rate, so that the intensity modulation along the time axis is sampled in accordance with Shannon's sampling theorem, each pixel can be unwrapped as a function of time.


Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is a well-established technique for measuring displacement and strain fields of diffusely scattering objects, which was developed in 1971 [1] . However, it is since the introduction of phase shifting and computerized fringe analysis around the mid-1980s, that this whole-field optical technique has been developed into a powerful measurement tool for solving industrial and scientific problem [2] . It should be noted that this revival was also made possible by the increased computing power provided by new computers and by the recent advances of modern CCD detectors.

Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is a well-established technique for measuring displacement and strain fields of diffusely scattering objects, which was developed in 1971.

However, it is since the introduction of phase shifting and computerized fringe analysis around the mid-1980s, that this whole-field optical technique has been developed into a powerful measurement tool for solving industrial and scientific problem.


The data needed by end users of ESPI are obtained from measurements of the phase change distribution of speckle patterns recorded after and before deformation. Two main methods exist for extracting the underlying phase distribution: through Fourier transformation, and by introducing known phase shifts between the object and the reference waves [3] . Even though the analysis methods based on Fourier transformation of the whole image are quite popular, they have the significant drawbacks of reduced phase measurement accuracy and poorer spatial resolution compared to phase-shifting techniques. In both cases an arc-tangent function is used to calculate the speckle phase distributions, which are therefore wrapped onto the range -π to π. The procedure used to restore the missing integral multiple of 2π to the phase-change values, so as to remove the 2π phase discontinuities, is known as phase unwrapping and is the most difficult step in the fringe analysis process [4] .

Two main methods exist for extracting the underlying phase distribution: through Fourier transformation, and by introducing known phase shifts between the object and the reference waves.

The procedure used to restore the missing integral multiple of 2π to the phase-change values, so as to remove the 2π phase discontinuities, is known as phase unwrapping and is the most difficult step in the fringe analysis process.


In near-field heat transfer, in particular, Zhu and Fan have pointed out the existence of the persistent current in an array of magneto-optical nanoparticles at equilibrium [13] . They have further noted that such a persistent current is a uniquely nonreciprocal effect -such a current can not exist in any reciprocal system. Ben-Abdallah has noted the possibility of the photon thermal Hall effect, also in an array of magneto-optical nanoparticles, but out of thermal equilibrium [12] . It remains, however, an open question as to whether such a photon thermal Hall effect is a uniquely nonreciprocal effect, i.e., it can not exist in a reciprocal system.

In near-field heat transfer, in particular, Zhu and Fan have pointed out the existence of the persistent current in an array of magneto-optical nanoparticles at equilibrium.

Ben-Abdallah has noted the possibility of the photon thermal Hall effect, also in an array of magneto-optical nanoparticles, but out of thermal equilibrium.


This motivates the topic of our short review. Phantom fields are very exotic in many respects, their energy densities increase with the universe size, but they are a viable possibility from the observational point of view. Among their exotic aspects is the prediction of new types of singularities, notably the big rip, in which the observable Universe reaches infinite size in finite time. This raises the question about the nature of these singularities, their differences from the big bang singularity, and their fate in a quantum theory of gravity. Such a theory is not yet available in final form, but the question can be sensibly addressed in existing approaches [9] . Alternative theories of gravity can describe an accelerating universe without the need of dark energy and, therefore, they may also lead to phantom energy singularities. Thus, the formulation of a quantum alternative cosmology is a raising field of study [10, 11, 12, 13, 14] .

Such a theory is not yet available in final form, but the question can be sensibly addressed in existing approaches.

Thus, the formulation of a quantum alternative cosmology is a raising field of study.


A genotype-phenotype correlation was suggested to explain the heterogeneity of ferroportin disease where most mutations (e.g. A77D, D157G, V162del, N174I, Q182H, Q248H, and G323V) are associated with classical ferroportin disease. In this classical form, macrophage iron overload results from cellular iron export deficiency, i.e. loss of ferroportin function. Distinct mutations (e.g. N144H, Y64N, C326Y/S, S338R, and Y501C) have been found in patients who presented with the non-classical phenotype associated with a higher risk of fibrosis and a more severe overload of hepatic iron, as in the case mentioned above [4, 5] .

Distinct mutations (e.g. N144H, Y64N, C326Y/S, S338R, and Y501C) have been found in patients who presented with the non-classical phenotype associated with a higher risk of fibrosis and a more severe overload of hepatic iron, as in the case mentioned above.


As the incidence of very late relapse in HL is higher than the incidence of HL in the general population, it suggests that this event represents a reactivation of the disease (in the same sites and with the same histology), rather than the development of a new HL [22] . The finding of persistent HL in autopsies of long survivors who died of apparently unrelated causes suggests that, for at least some patients with HL, clinical cure does not always mean the eradication of all the malignant cells [34] . Some authors have suggested that the circumstances that impaired the immune system may cause the recurrence [35] . At least part of the late recurrences of HL might be de novo emerging malignancies in patients at elevated genetic risk for developing HL [36] . The persistence of the same viral strain in early and very late relapse of Epstein-Barr virus is evidence that in HL such relapses are related to a single residual tumor cell clone [37, 38] .

As the incidence of very late relapse in HL is higher than the incidence of HL in the general population, it suggests that this event represents a reactivation of the disease (in the same sites and with the same histology), rather than the development of a new HL.

The finding of persistent HL in autopsies of long survivors who died of apparently unrelated causes suggests that, for at least some patients with HL, clinical cure does not always mean the eradication of all the malignant cells.

Some authors have suggested that the circumstances that impaired the immune system may cause the recurrence.

At least part of the late recurrences of HL might be de novo emerging malignancies in patients at elevated genetic risk for developing HL.

The persistence of the same viral strain in early and very late relapse of Epstein-Barr virus is evidence that in HL such relapses are related to a single residual tumor cell clone.


Initially, the authors sought individuals who were selfproclaimed underdog sports supporters as the primary participant criterion. The first several interviews found the term "underdog" for the informants to extend beyond the realm of sports. The researchers therefore let the participants discuss the context they thought was most relevant to "underdogs," thus broadening the concept's context. Interviews took between 30 and 75 min. Both authors reviewed, coded, and analyzed the verbatim transcripts. Informants were not paid for participation in this study. The need for further interviews ceased when the authors reached saturation, a point where unique findings were no longer being obtained under the current interviewing procedure (Glaser and Strauss, 1967; Strauss and Corbin, 1998) . The authors compared findings with each other whereupon areas of convergence and divergence were analyzed.

Interviews took between 30 and 75 min.

The need for further interviews ceased when the authors reached saturation, a point where unique findings were no longer being obtained under the current interviewing procedure.


A few informants described situations of risking self-esteem for supporting the underdog, but by and large the informants appeared to separate support for the underdog from their own self-esteem and mental health. One might expect social risk to be at stake given the findings from BIRG, where one tends to support entities that enhance one's selfimage. The informants in this study appeared to be unconcerned with this perception, opting instead to support the underdog for motives that went beyond feelings of social concern, and in some cases rooting or identifying with the underdog for the very fact that doing so established unpopular choice counter-conformity (Tian et al., 2001) .

The informants in this study appeared to be unconcerned with this perception, opting instead to support the underdog for motives that went beyond feelings of social concern, and in some cases rooting or identifying with the underdog for the very fact that doing so established unpopular choice counter-conformity.


Identity studies from the sports fan literature suggest that people who identify with an underdog sports team or athlete do so to fulfill some kind of a social role and are demonstrating group-derived behavior (Fisher and Wakefield, 1998) . These people may either support a team due to perceived performance or other factors such as attractiveness of the group's members, team personalities, proximity, or a love for the game. This group downplays the importance of winning because they do not want the negative connotations associated with a losing team to be connected to them. Findings suggest that associating positively with losing is not only unlikely but also highly undesirable and nonproductive.

Identity studies from the sports fan literature suggest that people who identify with an underdog sports team or athlete do so to fulfill some kind of a social role and are demonstrating group-derived behavior.


This research also indicates that some people choose major entities while others have an affinity toward relatively small players, including moms-and-pops. Much of that latter affinity has been attributed to an anti-Global Brand perspective (Holt, 2004) . Such concepts as voluntary simplicity, which can be construed as opposition to consumption in general, may extend to animosity to global or major brands. These findings indicate that another side to this issue exists, in that consumers may be less repelled by major players than they are attracted to small or local or energetic or personally relevant minor players. The presence of the market-dominant competitors serves to provide this underdog segment with the opportunity to understand better what they appreciate about the underdog.

Much of that latter affinity has been attributed to an anti-Global Brand perspective.


Most of the recent research efforts related to taxonomy integration are in the context of ontology mapping on Semantic Web. An ontology specifies a conceptualization of a domain in terms of concepts, attributes, and relations [25] . The concepts in an ontology are usually organized into a taxonomy: each concept is represented by a category and associated with a set of objects (called the extension of that concept). The basic goal of ontology mapping is to identify (typically one-to-one) semantic correspondences between the taxonomies of two given ontologies: for each concept (category) in one taxonomy, find the most similar concept (category) in the other taxonomy. Many ontology mapping systems derive similarities between concepts (categories) based on their extensions (objects) [3, 4, 26] . For example, a reasonable similarity measure for a pair of concepts (categories) C and S is the Jaccard coefficient: -( , ) Jaccard sim C S C S C S = ∩ ∪ [27] . To compute such content-based similarities, ontology mapping systems need to first integrate objects from one taxonomy into the other and vice versa, i.e., do taxonomy integration. So our work can be used for this kind of content-based ontology mapping.

An ontology specifies a conceptualization of a domain in terms of concepts, attributes, and relations.

Many ontology mapping systems derive similarities between concepts (categories) based on their extensions (objects).

For example, a reasonable similarity measure for a pair of concepts (categories) C and S is the Jaccard coefficient: -( , ) Jaccard sim C S C S C S = ∩ ∪.