College life for students is a time of many adjustments that may lead to increased stress. Beginning students and international students often experience the highest amount of stress (Ekpenyong et al., 2013) . Students are now on their own and managing their new surroundings with uncertainties of their futures, career paths, and capabilities (Dyson and Renk, 2006; Ekpenyong et al., 2013) . Stressors vary from exams and assignments to financial instability and relationship obstacles. Other challenges that increase stress during college include autonomy from parents, leaving home, self-sufficiency, gender identity, and career choices (Baghurst and Kelley, 2014) . Many find college work more challenging and time consuming than high school, creating overwhelming feelings emotionally, physically, and mentally. The more stress a student has, and the more changes the student experiences, the more likely that student will experience symptoms of tense muscles, insomnia, low motivation, and fatigue or increased chances of getting a major illness (Matheny et al., 2005) . Students facing high levels of stress also tend to experience an increased risk of academic difficulties, substance abuse, and emotional problems (Chiauzzi et al., 2008) .

Beginning students and international students often experience the highest amount of stress.

Students are now on their own and managing their new surroundings with uncertainties of their futures, career paths, and capabilities.

Other challenges that increase stress during college include autonomy from parents, leaving home, self-sufficiency, gender identity, and career choices.

The more stress a student has, and the more changes the student experiences, the more likely that student will experience symptoms of tense muscles, insomnia, low motivation, and fatigue or increased chances of getting a major illness.

Students facing high levels of stress also tend to experience an increased risk of academic difficulties, substance abuse, and emotional problems.


This data further supports the hypothesis that college student stress and blood pressure would decrease over one session in a relaxation center. The findings suggest that any amount of time a student could put aside to sit and meditate, whether using a modality or not, would reduce their PS and HR, creating a more relaxed state (Cady and Jones, 1997) . The clinical significance of this data is enhanced by using over 5,000 college students. These interventions could be easily implemented at any university. Consistent with previous research, relaxation modalities are an effective method in reducing PS in college students (Field et al., 1996; Inoue, 1990; Olpin and Bracken, 2014) .

The findings suggest that any amount of time a student could put aside to sit and meditate, whether using a modality or not, would reduce their PS and HR, creating a more relaxed state.

Consistent with previous research, relaxation modalities are an effective method in reducing PS in college students.


Excessive stress may lead to physical and psychological impairment. Other diseases and disorders that are influenced by stress include depression, cardiovascular disease, human immunodeficiency virus, and cancer (Cohen et al., 2007) . Likewise, anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, cardiovascular episodes, metabolic diseases, osteopenia, osteoporosis, and insomnia are all linked to chronic stress (Chrousos, 2009) .

Other diseases and disorders that are influenced by stress include depression, cardiovascular disease, human immunodeficiency virus, and cancer.

Likewise, anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, cardiovascular episodes, metabolic diseases, osteopenia, osteoporosis, and insomnia are all linked to chronic stress.


Stress reduction modalities have been developed, each with the goal of reducing the amount of stress the student is feeling (Cady and Jones, 1997) . Some of these modalities include massage chairs, chi machines, aqua beds, biofeedback, relaxation loungers, inversion tables, and meditation (Field et al., 1996; Moseley et al., 2004; Oman et al., 2008) . The goal of these modalities is to activate parasympathetic nervous system activity and reduce sympathetic nervous system activity, which may result in acutely reduced perceived stress (PS) and a decrease in physiological symptoms of stress.

Stress reduction modalities have been developed, each with the goal of reducing the amount of stress the student is feeling.

Some of these modalities include massage chairs, chi machines, aqua beds, biofeedback, relaxation loungers, inversion tables, and meditation.


It is commonly accepted that migratory birds are the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses, and waterfowl are the primary reservoir of low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses (Olsen et al., 2006) . Evidence supporting the role of migratory birds in the spread of HPAI H5N1, especially the Anseriformes and Charadriiformes, emerged when almost 10,000 migratory birds infected with H5N1 died at the Qinghai Lake nature reserve in central China in 2005, and a series of outbreaks occurred in Europe in early 2006 (Chen et al., 2005) . Based on the whole-genome analyses of low pathogenic avian influenza isolates collected in Alaska from the http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.08.005 0304-3800/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

It is commonly accepted that migratory birds are the natural reservoir of influenza A viruses, and waterfowl are the primary reservoir of low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses.

Evidence supporting the role of migratory birds in the spread of HPAI H5N1, especially the Anseriformes and Charadriiformes, emerged when almost 10,000 migratory birds infected with H5N1 died at the Qinghai Lake nature reserve in central China in 2005, and a series of outbreaks occurred in Europe in early 2006.


A systematic review describing papers that have tested international standards found that generally the means for height z-score calculated under WHO 2006 were no more than 0.5SD above or below the 50th centile. Among 0.5SD outliers at three or more ages, Europeans (Netherlands, Finland) were generally above 0.5 SD and some other groups (eg, Saudi Arabians and Asian Indians) were below −0.5 SD. Thus, the curves may underindicate short stature in slightly taller European populations and overindicate it in shorter ones. Clinicians should keep this fact in mind when dealing with children from these populations [4] .

Clinicians should keep this fact in mind when dealing with children from these populations.


Academic librarians employ a great deal of effort in the selection of materials that will support the instruction and research taking place at their institutions. However, their power to buy these materials is more limited than ever before. The state of Michigan has 45 public academic institutions (National Center for Education Statistics, 2008 Statistics, -2010 and financial support for them is dropping. For the fiscal year 2010-2011, Michigan's public institutions were faced with a 2.8% cut in initial gross higher education appropriations. This amounts to an initial loss of 2.3 million dollars for Central Michigan University and 3.2 million dollars for Western Michigan University (Jeffries & Jen, 2010) . Such a loss affects all financial aspects of a University and inevitably trickles down to library finances. With both budget dollars and buying power shrinking for our academic library collections, the careful selection of resources becomes even more critical.

This amounts to an initial loss of 2.3 million dollars for Central Michigan University and 3.2 million dollars for Western Michigan University.


Parauchenipterus galeatus differs from most other species in certain peculiarities of its mode of reproduction. Like other members of the family Auchenipteridae, P. galeatus has internal fertilization and marked sexual dimorphism, represented in males by a modification in the form of an intromittent organ in the first ray of the anal fin. Females have a saclike structure in the oviduct where spermatozoa are stored after copulation, and fertilization occurs only at the moment of spawning (Chacon & Mendes-Filho, 1972) .

Females have a saclike structure in the oviduct where spermatozoa are stored after copulation, and fertilization occurs only at the moment of spawning.


A graph is a model representation of a complex system determined by a set of nodes (vertices) and edges connecting them (Trudeau, 1993) . On the foundation of graph and probability theory, graphical models (probabilistic graphical model) are widely used in the communities of Bayesian statistics, statistical learning and machine learning. In the framework of graphical models, each node represents a random variable and edges denote the probabilistic relationship between nodes. The graph depicts the structure where the joint distribution of random variables can be decomposed into a product of factors depending only on subsets of variables (Bishop, 2006) .

A graph is a model representation of a complex system determined by a set of nodes (vertices) and edges connecting them.

The graph depicts the structure where the joint distribution of random variables can be decomposed into a product of factors depending only on subsets of variables.


Despite these achievements, questions concerning the lifetime, the spatial distribution, and the year-to-year variability of such remnants are still open. Also their impact on the total ozone column, in particular over the densely populated regions in northern mid-latitudes, needs to be quantified. Furthermore, only few studies exist that discuss the effect of stirring and mixing on the ozone chemistry in the slowly diluting vortex remnants (Marchand et al., 2003) .

Furthermore, only few studies exist that discuss the effect of stirring and mixing on the ozone chemistry in the slowly diluting vortex remnants.


There are several possible reasons why the workshop runners did not do better than the controls on most measures. First, the workshop was designed to be 4 weeks in length to maximize the number of completers, but 80% of participants said on the postworkshop questionnaire that a longer program may have been more bene cial. Other mindfulness-based interventions (e.g., MBCT, MBSR, MAC) are at least 8 weeks in length, which allows greater time for implementation and practice during the programs. Yet, several brief mindfulness interventions for nonclinical populations (e.g., nurses and students) have been found to lead to signi cant improvement (Jain et al., 2007; Mackenzie, Poulin, & Seidman-Carlson, 2006) .

Yet, several brief mindfulness interventions for nonclinical populations (e.g., nurses and students) have been found to lead to signi cant improvement.


Our Word Sense Disambiguator can be evaluated on a large, publicly available corpus designed specifically for this purpose-SemCor [29] . We consider all 186 syntactically and semantically tagged SemCor documents containing 192,639 nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, which have been annotated with their associated POS, lemma, and WordNet sense. On this corpus, the original SSI word sense disambiguation algorithm exhibits an average precision of 53% with a standard deviation of 5 percentage points, a recall of 31% with a standard deviation of 9 percentage points, and an average execution time of 1,966 ms, with a standard deviation of 755 ms. Conversely, our proposed adaptation of SSI exhibits an average precision and recall of 59% with a standard deviation of 5 percentage points, as well as an average execution time of 2,050 ms, with a standard deviation of 796 ms. This implies an overall improvement in precision with 12% and an improvement in recall with 90% in terms of the performance of the original SSI algorithm, while experiencing a mere 4% increase in execution time, which is just a matter of milliseconds. All observed differences are statistically significant, as they are all associated with a Wilcoxon pvalue of 0.000, yielding a rejection of the null hypothesis of no difference between performance measures at a significance level of 0.001.

Our Word Sense Disambiguator can be evaluated on a large, publicly available corpus designed specifically for this purpose-SemCor.


The following are the main contributions of this paper. First, in order to explicitly consider both the travel time variability and the travelers' stochastic perception errors of the random travel time, the paper develops a generalized perceived risk-based stochastic network-marginal cost pricing (PRSN-MCP) model. The PRSN-MCP model presented here can be considered a generalization of the MCP model in a stochastic network. The PRSN-MCP model can be reduced to a certain "incomplete" marginal cost pricing model when certain aspect of the PRSN-MCP model is ignored. For example, if the travelers' stochastic perception errors are neglected, then the PRSN-MCP model is reduced to the RSN-MCP model proposed by Sumalee and Xu [13] . If both the travelers' perception errors and travel time reliability are ignored, then the PRSN-MCP model is reduced to the SN-MCP model.

For example, if the travelers' stochastic perception errors are neglected, then the PRSN-MCP model is reduced to the RSN-MCP model proposed by Sumalee and Xu.


I N a wireless network with shared medium, determining the links that can be simultaneously active is a fundamental problem for optimal network operation. The selection of links is driven by some optimization criterion, and constrained by interference. The basic problem version is the maximum link activation (LA) problem, which aims at maximizing the number of links that can be simultaneously activated. The LA problem and its extensions have been studied extensively in the literature, under either the protocol model or the physical model for interference characterization [1] . In the former, two links can be active simultaneously if and only if they are sufficiently spatially separated from each other. The latter, also known as the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) model, requires the SINR of each active link to meet a threshold. LA with the SINR model is relevant to scenarios where the service is not primarily interested in throughput, but achieving a fixed or minimum rate represented by the SINR threshold, for which the performance target is to successfully activate as many links as possible.

The LA problem and its extensions have been studied extensively in the literature, under either the protocol model or the physical model for interference characterization.


Responsibility also lies with those working throughout the construction industry to ask questions of those who supply them with products. This is familiar territoryconstruction is recognised as being a conservative industry, and this relates in part to the recognition that buildability, building quality and product longevity are essential. Construction is accustomed to asking difficult questions or to resisting new innovations in order to avoid the possible hazards or unpredictability of the unfamiliar (Harty et al., 2007) . However, designers and contractors cannot ask the right questions if they do not realise that they are working with new products; a questioning approach can only go so far if there is uncertainty about what should be questioned.

Construction is accustomed to asking difficult questions or to resisting new innovations in order to avoid the possible hazards or unpredictability of the unfamiliar.


Similar judgements are important with nanotechnology. Nanomaterials certainly offer potential benefits -for example reduced environmental impacts from the use of concrete, improved energy efficiency from thermally insulated windows, and reduced vibration exposure though the use of self-compacting concrete. However, these need to be balanced against the possible risks and this is proving challenging. Nanosilver for example, has antimicrobial properties and is used to reduce infection in health care environments. However, there is also evidence of environmental effects as a consequence of its toxicity to microbes, and concerns that it may encourage the development of resistant microorganisms (Maillard and Hartemann, 2013) . It is therefore argued by some that its use should be limited until further information is available (SCENIHR, 2014) . In the meantime, however, its widespread use continues in consumer products (such as washing machines, socks and house paints for example) despite the benefits being relatively low.

However, there is also evidence of environmental effects as a consequence of its toxicity to microbes, and concerns that it may encourage the development of resistant microorganisms.

It is therefore argued by some that its use should be limited until further information is available.


In recent years, Green Buildings have been a new trend of the construction industry to promote the eco-friendly design and effective energy consumption. More and more countries have developed their own Green Building certification systems, such as LEED in the U.S, CASBEE in Japan, BREEAM in the U.K, EEWH in Taiwan... to certify buildings in terms of "green" level. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) developed by the US Green Building Council (USGBC) has become one of the most popular certification systems for Green Buildings in the world [1] .

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) developed by the US Green Building Council (USGBC) has become one of the most popular certification systems for Green Buildings in the world.


High energy rectangular-shaped pulses in nanosecond time scales have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications, including all-optical square-wave clocks, laser micromachining, range finding, and optical sensing [1] , [2] . Dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) and noise like pulse (NLP) are two main kinds of rectangular-shaped pulses [3] - [5] . They both have the characteristics of pump-dependent pulse duration and peak power clamping (PPC) effect [6] . The difference is that DSR has no internal fine structures within the square profile packet, and therefore they maintain the pulse-to-pulse coherence. Though the NLP appears as a single pulse on the oscilloscope, it is a wave packet consisting of many ultrashort subpulses with certain clamped peak powers [7] .

High energy rectangular-shaped pulses in nanosecond time scales have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications, including all-optical square-wave clocks, laser micromachining, range finding, and optical sensing.

Dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) and noise like pulse (NLP) are two main kinds of rectangular-shaped pulses.

They both have the characteristics of pump-dependent pulse duration and peak power clamping (PPC) effect.

Though the NLP appears as a single pulse on the oscilloscope, it is a wave packet consisting of many ultrashort subpulses with certain clamped peak powers.


While these orientations may have been persistent, they were not fixed and the athletes did recount examples of change. Here, the social contexts into which the athletes moved played important roles in enabling and prompting change. In Roger's case, his relationship with the young people that he coached was critical in his attempt to move away from an egocentric disposition and a performance culture in which other members were result oriented (cf., the athletes' narratives in Carless and Douglas' [7] work). Similarly, Emma experienced tensions between her sporting disposition and her new environment most acutely when dealing with young people. The disjunction between her experiences and what she was experiencing during lessons could be referred to as a kind of "narrative wreckage" [8, p. 220] where things started to make little sense and her sense of self was threatened. This incoherence impelled her to seek counsel with a psychologist and the principal of the school in which she worked. Karin's learning was affected somewhat differently by her new social context. Her tendency to be highly organized proved productive in her new set of relationships and she noted how her superior had rewarded her capacity for management by inviting her to take on more responsibility within the company. At the same time, the birth of a child along with the departure of the father of that child had substantially affected her position within her familial community. Although this topic remained relatively unexplored during the interviews, the child's birth appeared to result in a restructuring of values and identity and towards alignment with Western cultural expectations of the 'good mother' [8] . According to Karin, the birth of her child contributed to her lessening determination to work in an entirely focused manner towards a goal.

In Roger's case, his relationship with the young people that he coached was critical in his attempt to move away from an egocentric disposition and a performance culture in which other members were result oriented (cf., the athletes' narratives in Carless and Douglas' work).

Although this topic remained relatively unexplored during the interviews, the child's birth appeared to result in a restructuring of values and identity and towards alignment with Western cultural expectations of the 'good mother'.


Despite intuitive appeal and general acceptance, the ideas that underpin these claims have been questioned. Theorists using a "sociocultural approach" -essentially a pedagogical perspective based on the premise that learners and social organizations exist in recursive or dialogic relation to one another -have pointed to conceptual shortcomings of acquisition and transfer theories and have proposed different approaches to transitions [18, 19] . Using this critique as a starting point, we explore the process of transition from elite sport to other areas of activity. The article has three specific objectives. The first is to outline an alternative theory of learning and career transitions based on a reconstruction metaphor. The second is to use this alternative conceptual framework to investigate transitions from elite sporting environments to other spheres. The final objective is to consider the broader theoretical and practical implications of the alternative for sport professionals. The central question addressed in this article is how learning in elite sport affects participation in activities beyond sporting settings. In answering this question, we present empirical material generated from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with retired Olympic athletes. First though, we describe the conceptual framework that we used to analyze the topic and outline the data production procedures in more detail.

Theorists using a "sociocultural approach" -essentially a pedagogical perspective based on the premise that learners and social organizations exist in recursive or dialogic relation to one another -have pointed to conceptual shortcomings of acquisition and transfer theories and have proposed different approaches to transitions.


Thinking in terms of reconstruction as opposed to acquisition and transfer brings different aspects into focus and raises several issues. A traditional transfer perspective encourages us to see skills as assets that athletes can lose or simply choose not to use [14] . From this perspective, athletes must have a stable inner self (a personality, perhaps) that is distinct from those resources. A dispositional conceptual framework, in contrast, compels us to bring the resources and the self together [30] . Viewed in this way, individuals do not have fixed or innate personalities but rather, more or less enduring ways of acting and talking that are developed in relation to social environments over time. This second perspective fits with the empirical material in that the athletes appeared not to consciously choose to employ 'strategies' but instead came to embody particular ways of being. Roger could not switch on and off his orientation towards rewards, nor could Karin simply become disorganized, even if her tendency to be highly organized sometimes drove her "nuts". This perspective also fits with more recent understandings of retirement as a transitional phase or process that occurs over time rather than a one-off, bounded event [8, 41] .

A traditional transfer perspective encourages us to see skills as assets that athletes can lose or simply choose not to use.

A dispositional conceptual framework, in contrast, compels us to bring the resources and the self together.

This perspective also fits with more recent understandings of retirement as a transitional phase or process that occurs over time rather than a one-off, bounded event.


The charge density obtained from EPM or other electrokinetic techniques is referred as effective or electrokinetic (uncompensated) charge to distinguish from charge density obtained by proton titration. It is well known that the effective charge density of some materials such as polymer and protein is less than the original charge density [23] [24] [25] [26] . This phenomenon is caused by coadsorption/binding of counterion. When one performs proton titration, one assumes that charge is only derived from protonation and deprotonation of functional groups. Thus, the original proton titration charge does not include binding of counterion and reduction of effective charge from original charge.

It is well known that the effective charge density of some materials such as polymer and protein is less than the original charge density.


Survival of native larvae on R. hydrolapathum in the Weerribben has been found to differ between habitats, depending on the type of management experienced. Overall survival was higher on plants which had been cut in the previous year, and were regrowing, and were situated along watersides. Intermediate survival was found on fen edges and uncut watersides and the highest mortality occurred in fen meadows (Pullin, 1997) . It could therefore be that differential survival among potential hostplant species is even greater, leading to specialisation.

Intermediate survival was found on fen edges and uncut watersides and the highest mortality occurred in fen meadows.


Cogent builds on the source code of CBMC [21] . Cogent and CBMC differ in that Cogent supports quantifiers and uses non-determinism to take architecture-dependencies into account. They also differ in their intended use: Cogent is designed to be a sound theorem prover for use in any program verification engine, whereas CBMC is a program verification engine by itself.

Cogent builds on the source code of CBMC.


Power equipment failure will not only cause damage to the device itself, but also cause serious damages to the security, stability and economic operation of the entire power system [1] . Therefore, it is of great importance to detect timely whether the electrical equipment has malfunctioned. For contact fault detection on power equipment, touch sensors are applied. The problem is that these sensors may be interfered or damaged by complex operation environment with high voltage and strong electromagnetic field, which would affect the normal operation of the detection system [2, 3] . In addition, the touch sensor, which is very inconvenient to install and maintain, destroy the integrity of external electrical equipment and may bring unexpected serious consequences when failure occurs [4] . Therefore, it is worthy of study and discussion on fault detection of non-contact system.

Power equipment failure will not only cause damage to the device itself, but also cause serious damages to the security, stability and economic operation of the entire power system.

The problem is that these sensors may be interfered or damaged by complex operation environment with high voltage and strong electromagnetic field, which would affect the normal operation of the detection system.

In addition, the touch sensor, which is very inconvenient to install and maintain, destroy the integrity of external electrical equipment and may bring unexpected serious consequences when failure occurs.


Experienced engineers can recognize the working state by the sound of power equipment. Thus we can collect audio signals of power equipment through non-contact microphone arrays, and introduce audio analysis technology to detect the fault state [5] . Inevitably there are external interference sound from other vibration sources at equipment operation site, in order to separate the working sound from mixed sounds, here we deal with the problem through BSS technology [6, 7] . This paper introduces the blind source separation technology based on ICA and JADE, and then analyzes the performance of the two algorithms in the vibration signal separation to verify the JADE is better than Fast ICA.

Thus we can collect audio signals of power equipment through non-contact microphone arrays, and introduce audio analysis technology to detect the fault state.

Inevitably there are external interference sound from other vibration sources at equipment operation site, in order to separate the working sound from mixed sounds, here we deal with the problem through BSS technology.


Furthermore, TWDM-PON must also offer the high quality of service and reliability to enduser. When fibers between the optical line terminal (OLT) and ONUs are broken in PON architecture, the signal traffic cannot reach the affected ONU and lead to data loss [13] . Therefore, the self-protection management of fiber-fault is one of the essential points in PON system [14] - [16] . To increase the spectral efficiency and reduce the cost of high speed transmitters (Tx) and receivers (Rx), optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-quadrature amplitude modulation (OFDM-QAM) signal has been proposed and investigated [17] , [18] . Hence the optical OFDM modulation would be a hopeful candidate for the new generation TWDM-PON. In addition, the software defined networking (SDN) technology can enable cloud architectures by delivering automated, on-demand application delivery and mobility [19] . SDN enhances the benefits of data center virtualization, increasing resource flexibility and utilization; and reducing infrastructure costs and overhead [20] . Recently, using the SDN management to improve and enhance the data traffic of PON access has also been proposed and investigated [21] .

When fibers between the optical line terminal (OLT) and ONUs are broken in PON architecture, the signal traffic cannot reach the affected ONU and lead to data loss.

Therefore, the self-protection management of fiber-fault is one of the essential points in PON system.

To increase the spectral efficiency and reduce the cost of high speed transmitters (Tx) and receivers (Rx), optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-quadrature amplitude modulation (OFDM-QAM) signal has been proposed and investigated.

In addition, the software defined networking (SDN) technology can enable cloud architectures by delivering automated, on-demand application delivery and mobility.

SDN enhances the benefits of data center virtualization, increasing resource flexibility and utilization; and reducing infrastructure costs and overhead.

Recently, using the SDN management to improve and enhance the data traffic of PON access has also been proposed and investigated.


There were many studies on the production of foam concrete formulations, foaming agents, admixtures, additives, etc. Practical production technology of foam concrete was researched by Yan Zhenjia and He Yanjun [1] . Wang Wuxiang, Zhang Leilei Had done many researches on the concrete production formula [2] . Wang Cuihua, Yin Bing, Yu Shuijun, Ding Qi had done deeper study on foaming agents [3] [4] [5] [6] . Excellent properties of foam concrete are due to its lot, small, independent, closed pores. Tiny pores have a greater impact on the moisture content of foam concrete. At present, there are less experimental researches about moisture content of concrete foam, so it is necessary to do research in moisture content of foam concrete.

Practical production technology of foam concrete was researched by Yan Zhenjia and He Yanjun.

Wang Wuxiang, Zhang Leilei Had done many researches on the concrete production formula.

Wang Cuihua, Yin Bing, Yu Shuijun, Ding Qi had done deeper study on foaming agents.


The results suggest that adolescent boys (33.1%) were less likely to access the Web site than were adolescent girls (38.5%). These percentages, however, were relatively comparable across the genders, and gender was unrelated to completion. The discrepancy between boys and girls was less than what has been observed in studies of access of traditional mental health services (Wang et al., 2005) . Adolescent boys are more likely to experience mental health stigma, which is associated with a decreased willingness to use mental health services (Chandra & Minkovitz, 2006) . The increased privacy offered by Web-based treatments may facilitate their willingness to use this treatment.

The discrepancy between boys and girls was less than what has been observed in studies of access of traditional mental health services.

Adolescent boys are more likely to experience mental health stigma, which is associated with a decreased willingness to use mental health services.


We build on the infra-structure provided by the model checker Spin [5] . Although the model checker targets the analysis of multi-threaded software applications, until recently the tool itself performed its analyses single-threaded, using just a single cpu. In 2005 a modification was introduced that allowed for the execution of the depth-first search analysis on multiple cpu-cores [6] . This extension was chosen because it can support both safety and liveness properties, yet for liveness properties the depth-first algorithm could only take advantage of parallel execution on no more than two cpu-cores.

We build on the infra-structure provided by the model checker Spin.

In 2005 a modification was introduced that allowed for the execution of the depth-first search analysis on multiple cpu-cores.


To address the security problem with the cloud, it is a natural choice to deploy a distributed IDS system on the cloud to protect the virtual machines (VMs) and virtual networks against potential attacks. The major issue with such a choice is that the IDS could overload some busy nodes in the cloud and slow down the detection efficiency if no special arrangements are made. On the one hand, the IDS should not use too many resources to affect the performance of the major computing tasks; On the other hand, the deployed IDS should detect attacks efficiently. Therefore, it is desirable to equip the distributed IDS with the flexibility feature in that it can dynamically adjust its architecture based on the realtime resource usage information across the cloud. Moreover, it is important for the IDS system to be capable of detecting unknown (new) attacks in the cloud. Hence, anomaly detection will be more suitable, but it can be more demanding for resources [3, 4] . Thus, a balance needs to be achieved to satisfy cloud customers as well as provide the reasonable performance of intrusion detection simultaneously.

Hence, anomaly detection will be more suitable, but it can be more demanding for resources.


The last two decades have seen unprecedented advances in the understanding of human genetics and of genetic influence on people's susceptibility to disease. This development strongly affects the practice of medicine. Western health care systems are facing today increasing movement of genetic knowledge from research labs into clinical practice (Nuffield Trust 2000) .

Western health care systems are facing today increasing movement of genetic knowledge from research labs into clinical practice.


Genetically educated and informed primary care physicians will provide better health care services and improve the quality and selectivity of referrals to geneticists (Harris 1994) . One of the recommendations of the study "Concerted Action on Genetic Services in Europe (CAGSE)" on the situation of genetic counselling and genetic testing in 31 European countries was to promote education and training programmes for non-genetics health care professionals at a European level (Challen et al. 2005) . European patient organisations have also identified improvement of nongenetics health professionals' education in genetics as a priority (Smit et al. 1996) .

Genetically educated and informed primary care physicians will provide better health care services and improve the quality and selectivity of referrals to geneticists.

One of the recommendations of the study "Concerted Action on Genetic Services in Europe (CAGSE)" on the situation of genetic counselling and genetic testing in 31 European countries was to promote education and training programmes for non-genetics health care professionals at a European level.

European patient organisations have also identified improvement of nongenetics health professionals' education in genetics as a priority.


Investigating the conditions under which a spectrum-preserving map T : A → B between Banach algebras A and B is linear and multiplicative has attracted a considerable attention for many years. The case where T is assumed to be linear dates back to the classical Gleason-Kahane-Żelazko theorem. A theorem by Kowalski and Słodkowski provides a similar result without assuming the linearity assumption. Indeed, by this theorem, for semisimple Banach algebras A and B every surjective map T : A → B satisfying T (0) = 0 and σ (T ( ) − T ( )) ⊆ σ ( − ), ∈ A, where σ ( · ) denotes the spectrum of algebra elements, is linear and multiplicative [12] .

Indeed, by this theorem, for semisimple Banach algebras A and B every surjective map T : A → B satisfying T (0) = 0 and σ (T ( ) − T ( )) ⊆ σ ( − ), ∈ A, where σ ( · ) denotes the spectrum of algebra elements, is linear and multiplicative.


Coronary artery disease (CAD) is still the leading cause of death worldwide [1] . The role of inflammation in the process of atherosclerosis from fatty streak formation to plaque erosion, rupture and thrombosis is well documented [1] . Inflammatory biochemical markers facilitate early and accurate diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and help to predict prognosis [2] . Over the past decade, the role of T-lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and platelets in atherosclerosis has been broadly studied [3] . C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), CD40L and P-selectin are some of the mostly studied inflammatory markers in patients with AMI [1] . Alongside these well-studied inflammatory markers, there is enthusiasm in the research of novel markers on the early detection of AMI and their prognostic importance. Monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils express a cluster of differentiation (CD) surface glycoprotein named CD14 [4] . CD14 forms a circulating soluble subtype after being activated by plasma proteases, which is named sCD14-ST, also known as presepsin (PSP) [4] . Several clinical studies have suggested that PSP is an acute phase reactant similar to CRP [5] . Although the diagnostic power, prognostic value and mortality predictive capacity of PSP are widely evaluated and accepted in sepsis, no publications about the association between PSP and atherosclerosis are available in the literature [2] .

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is still the leading cause of death worldwide.

The role of inflammation in the process of atherosclerosis from fatty streak formation to plaque erosion, rupture and thrombosis is well documented.

Inflammatory biochemical markers facilitate early and accurate diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and help to predict prognosis.

Over the past decade, the role of T-lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and platelets in atherosclerosis has been broadly studied.

C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), CD40L and P-selectin are some of the mostly studied inflammatory markers in patients with AMI.

Monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils express a cluster of differentiation (CD) surface glycoprotein named CD14.

CD14 forms a circulating soluble subtype after being activated by plasma proteases, which is named sCD14-ST, also known as presepsin (PSP).

Several clinical studies have suggested that PSP is an acute phase reactant similar to CRP.

Although the diagnostic power, prognostic value and mortality predictive capacity of PSP are widely evaluated and accepted in sepsis, no publications about the association between PSP and atherosclerosis are available in the literature.


The AG-T conserved common structural properties of vertebrate trypsin family, and its catalytic mechanism would be essentially by the standard chymotrypsin numbering system [44] . The names of sequences are the same in Fig. 2 . Dashes indicate deletions introduced for maximizing the sequence similarity.

The AG-T conserved common structural properties of vertebrate trypsin family, and its catalytic mechanism would be essentially by the standard chymotrypsin numbering system.


The change in the asymptotic properties of stress fields results in the requirement of the examination of the crack propagating criteria. One of the most often used criteria is the stress intensity factor being equal to the fracture toughness. The calculation of stress intensity factor relies on the square-root singularity of stress field at the crack tip. However, a stronger singularity of stress field may be obtained due to the shear stress [10] . Thus, the criterion of stress intensity factor requires an examination for hydraulic fracturing. There are other criteria for mode-I cracks such as strain energy release rate and J-integral. Only the strain energy release rate is discussed because of the equivalence of the two criteria for linear elastic materials. The strain energy release rate is calculated as the validation of the stress intensity factor [16, 17] . Owing to the existence of shear stress acting on the crack surfaces, the conclusion that zero-stress intensity factor results in zero-energy release rate may be conditionally right.

However, a stronger singularity of stress field may be obtained due to the shear stress.

The strain energy release rate is calculated as the validation of the stress intensity factor.


We have not found in the literature works that automatically apply design patterns in search-based design of PLAs. The works most related to ours apply design patterns for search-based design of architectures in general, as described in the survey of search-based software design written by Räihä [36] . We give a brief overview of such works in the next paragraphs, but for a more detailed overview, we recommend the mentioned survey.

The works most related to ours apply design patterns for search-based design of architectures in general, as described in the survey of search-based software design written by Räihä.


For PQ disturbance classification, it has been proven that S-transform-based approaches are effective, but efforts are needed to make them more favorable [16] . Conventionally, the S-transform used for this purpose takes its basic form-a symmetrical real Gaussian window function without a width factor or with a width factor but it takes a fixed value throughout. This paper studies how to make the S-transform more applicable to PQ disturbance classification by investigating its role in the S-transform-based classification approach. Specifically, an S-transform with a width factor is used; the determination of the value of the width factor is handled in a systemic view of the PQ disturbance classification problem itself. In other words, the width factor is treated as a variable. Its value is made to be feature oriented considering the fact that different features react to the time resolution or the frequency resolution differently.

For PQ disturbance classification, it has been proven that S-transform-based approaches are effective, but efforts are needed to make them more favorable.


The sheath is formed near the wall surface of an electrode in an arc-heating facility due to the difference between the mobility of ions and electrons. The electrons with high mobility immediately reach the wall and then create a negative wall potential (a drop in the electric potential). In the sheath envelop between the plasma region and the wall surface, there are steep gradients of physical properties, such as electron temperature, electric potential and number density. In general, the thickness of a sheath is on the order of micrometers and roughly corresponds to the order of the Debye length [13] . Therefore, the sheath is very thin and the physical properties there are expected to be distributed one-dimensionally.

In general, the thickness of a sheath is on the order of micrometers and roughly corresponds to the order of the Debye length.


As for the cathode material in CAH, two-percent thoriated tungsten is commonly used. Hot cathode materials such as tungsten and graphite have a higher melting point. Moreover, thoriated tungsten is a good emitter because of its lower work function. When the wall temperature becomes very high in the discharge region, the thermionic-electron emission is one of the dominant mechanisms to emit electrons from the wall surface. So far, sheath behaviors for CAH, an arcjet thruster and a discharge lamp, which focus on the thermionic mechanism, have been investigated by some research groups [14] [15] [16] . On the other hand, there are few studies for SAH, in which copper is used for the cathode material. Since cold cathode materials such as copper have lower values for both melting and boiling points, their maximum allowable temperature is relatively low such that thermionic emission is too small to maintain a discharge in the plasma. In this case, it is thought that the field-electron emission becomes dominant. This emission mechanism may cause a large potential drop near the cathode and thus it greatly influences the prediction accuracy of CFD. To increase the reliability of the sheath models introduced into a CFD code, it is desirable that the developed model is applicable to various types of arc heaters such as CAH and SAH cases. Hence, further detailed study is required for the discharge mechanism in both CAH and SAH cases.

So far, sheath behaviors for CAH, an arcjet thruster and a discharge lamp, which focus on the thermionic mechanism, have been investigated by some research groups.


Experiments were extended further to study the catalytic efficiency of these catalysts for aldol reaction between cyclohexanone and 3-methylbutanal. Again the results were quite impressive both in terms of % yield and ee value as shown in 3-methylbutanal generating 65% yield and 80% ee while in the presence of catalysts "B", "C" and "D", the same reaction resulted in (53% yield and 78% ee), (58% yield and 81% ee) and (44% yield and 56% ee). The stereochemistry of the β-hydroxy group of the aldol adducts derived by L-linear amino acid supported on graphene sheet is R as demonstrated by chiral-phase HPLC analysis, optical rotation and compared with the literature [15] . The relative stereochemistry of cyclic aldol products was anti as determined by NMR spectroscopy and compared with literature [15] .

The stereochemistry of the β-hydroxy group of the aldol adducts derived by L-linear amino acid supported on graphene sheet is R as demonstrated by chiral-phase HPLC analysis, optical rotation and compared with the literature.

The relative stereochemistry of cyclic aldol products was anti as determined by NMR spectroscopy and compared with literature.


Top agrar did not report on the conflicts of interest associated with the BfR, JMPR, and EFSA. It reported the JMPR's evaluation and simultaneously used the opportunity to denounce the credibility of the IARC (Table 3) . It also featured EFSA's claim, following the BfR's evaluation, that glyphosate was unlikely to cause cancer. In December 2015, top agrar featured EFSA's intention to increase the threshold value for glyphosate uptake [43] . Top agrar did not cover the possible conflict of interest related to the IARC. Overall, top agrar promoted claims and claims-makers that supported the approval of glyphosate compared to the detailed but emotionally charged reporting of Die Zeit.

In December 2015, top agrar featured EFSA's intention to increase the threshold value for glyphosate uptake.


The media discourse of glyphosate investigated in the present study encompassed a variety of news values that seemed to have yielded its attractiveness for the media. Firstly, the possible health risks of glyphosate would affect society and make the topic highly relevant for readers. Particularly in the last decade, food quality and safety have been at the center of concerns of industry, government, science, and the public [81] . Secondly, the scientific controversy including the conflicts of interest regarding glyphosate's possible carcinogenic properties seemed to have yielded its news value. Thirdly, a prohibition of glyphosate would have had severe effects for the agrochemical industry and for farmers, demonstrating the impact of glyphosate as a news topic. To summarize, the present study identified the following news values: impact, proximity (relevance to the reader), negativity, superlativeness, scientific controversy, and conflicts of interest. Contrary to top agrar, which focused on the impact of a glyphosate ban and its proximity to farmers, Die Zeit used proximity (relevance to decision-makers and the general public), negativity (uncertainty regarding the carcinogenic properties of glyphosate), the scientific controversy, as well as the conflicts of interest associated with the re-evaluation to construct the story of glyphosate.

Particularly in the last decade, food quality and safety have been at the center of concerns of industry, government, science, and the public.


Additionally, the role of narratives and news values in social media could be investigated, because social media allows direct interactions among readers, politicians, and other stakeholders. Different from print media, posts on social media are usually rather short and need to be on point. They can be highly influential, spread quickly, and responses are immediate. These posts are not necessarily neutral, they are often provocative, and the information shared is emotionalized. For policy decisions regarding sustainability, the narrative can get in the way of sound policy. Therefore, the analysis of posts on social media could be particularly useful for further studies. Posts on social media also have the potential to severely interfere with the unbiased presentation of scientific facts in the public [84] . The topic of glyphosate may be prone to so-called fake news, because various individuals, governmental institutions, as well as corporations with contradicting interests are involved in the debate. All of them are interested in and concerned about their credibility and reputation, which both can be severely harmed by the effects of fake news [85] .

Posts on social media also have the potential to severely interfere with the unbiased presentation of scientific facts in the public.

All of them are interested in and concerned about their credibility and reputation, which both can be severely harmed by the effects of fake news.


The concern of this study is related to the economic development and the potential impacts of GHG mitigation targets. The impact of long-term GHG emission reduction targets on the economic development policies and social welfare is an important concern as such stringent targets would have greater consequences in the developing countries. As the long-term climate goal demands an immediate reduction after 2030, it becomes necessary to consider the impacts that GHG emission reduction targets will have on the economic development of the developing countries [35] . Even though Thailand has already ratified its NDC commitments to the UNFCCC, there exists a significant emission gap which needs to be overcome to attain the 2/1.5°C climate goal. This shows an urgent need to study the impacts of imposing more stringent GHG mitigation targets beyond the NDC commitments. Therefore, this study aims at assessing the macroeconomic impacts of different low, medium, and high levels of GHG emission reduction targets on the Thai economy using the dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. This study not only considers the macroeconomic analysis of the GHG emission reduction targets intended by Thailand's NDC 2030 but also considers the reduction targets beyond 2030 that would aim at reducing the GHG emissions to net zero by 2060 to comply with the global GHG stabilization target of the Paris Agreement.

As the long-term climate goal demands an immediate reduction after 2030, it becomes necessary to consider the impacts that GHG emission reduction targets will have on the economic development of the developing countries.


Due to the assumptions of constant input-output coefficients, the model has limitations for shifting towards less emission intensive inputs with GHG reduction targets. As such, the ambitious GHG mitigation targets call for a substantially high level of productions from the agriculture and forestry sectors to meet the demand. However, expansion of productions from the agriculture and forestry sectors not only demands a larger area of landmass but also requires technological development to efficiently use bioenergy resources. The results also highlight that the implementation of large-scale afforestation would be necessary for carbon sequestration. However, this study does not provide limits on the availability of land, energy, and water resources. And incorporation of such limitations would definitely change the magnitude of production from the agriculture and forestry sectors to yield more realistic results. But still, this provides an insight that the agriculture and forestry sector could play a significant role in fostering GHG mitigation opportunities for Thailand. The NDCs of Thailand do not comprehensively include agriculture and forestry in their mitigation targets. As such, government should revise and formulate ambitious renewable energy goals by incorporating agriculture and forestry mitigation targets and measures in the NDC to meet higher emission reductions goal [57] .

As such, government should revise and formulate ambitious renewable energy goals by incorporating agriculture and forestry mitigation targets and measures in the NDC to meet higher emission reductions goal.


This paper was drawn with the aim to analyze the macroeconomic impacts of various low to high GHG emission reduction targets. In order to contribute towards the long-term goal of pertaining the temperature well below 2°C of the Paris agreement, the study analyzed the macroeconomic effects of imposing more stringent GHG reduction targets beyond 2030 besides the emission reduction targets of 20 to 25% that are indicated by the Thai NDCs. Studies suggest that the soonest possible attainment of the global peak in GHG emissions is necessary to achieve the long-term temperature goal in order to reduce the intensity of mitigation efforts that would be required due to a delayed peak [35] . This analysis showed that by imposing the GHG reduction targets of ERT20-90 and ERT25-90 during 2030 to 2050, there is a possibility for Thailand to attain an emissions peak in 2030 that would be compatible with the stringent target of maintaining the temperature at or below 2°C. In order to obtain 50% of GHG reductions by 2030 as that compared to the BAU, the possibility of achieving emissions peak for Thailand could even be earlier in 2020 under the higher reduction targets of ERT50-90. However, Thailand should put more effort in mitigation actions to achieve peak emissions by 2030.

Studies suggest that the soonest possible attainment of the global peak in GHG emissions is necessary to achieve the long-term temperature goal in order to reduce the intensity of mitigation efforts that would be required due to a delayed peak.


Motivated by the original Brandenberger-Vafa scenario, we focus on the late time asymptotics of universes with a subspace that has no wrapping modes, presenting both an analytic discussion and specific numerical solutions. Here we are primarily concerned with what is possible, rather than what is probable, and focus on the most interesting initial states that are permitted by general topological arguments. In a subsequent paper we will discuss the thermodynamics of a brane dominated universe in more detail, in order to establish the relative likelihood of different initial states. Consequently, we pay most attention to the following scenario. We imagine that thermal fluctuations drive subspaces of various dimensions to momentarily expand to a larger than average size. If the fluctuation involves a five dimensional subspace, interesting nontrivial dynamics can ensue. Fully wrapped 2-brane/anti-2-brane pairs will generically annihilate in five space dimensions, thereby removing their restoring force. This leaves partially wrapped 2-branes that have one dimension wrapped along the expanding five-space and one dimension wrapped along one of the other, smaller dimensions. From an effective five-dimensional perspective, such branes appear to be wrapped one-dimensional objects -strings -and naively appear to impede further expansion. Yet, we imagine that subsequent thermal fluctuations within this five-dimensional environment will, once again, drive various subspaces to expand further, and if such a subspace should happen to have three (or fewer) dimensions, the effective wrapped strings will be able to annihilate, thus allowing the subspace to expand without further constraint. We therefore see the possibility of generating an interesting hierarchy with a large three dimensional subspace emerging from an intermediate five dimensional subspace, with all remaining dimensions small [8] . One of our goals is to study this scenario in detail to determine if the dynamics leverages the topological reasoning we have used and drives a hierarchy between the dimensions.

We therefore see the possibility of generating an interesting hierarchy with a large three dimensional subspace emerging from an intermediate five dimensional subspace, with all remaining dimensions small.


Temperature and pH are fundamental thermodynamic variables which strongly affect biochemical and physiological actions and/or processes [1] . The accurate measurement of them is of increasing importance due to their widespread applications (electronic devices, biology, medical diagnostics) [2] . Up to now, some promising materials to local temperature/pH sensing are being designed, including scanning probe microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and fluorescence-based measurements [35] .

Temperature and pH are fundamental thermodynamic variables which strongly affect biochemical and physiological actions and/or processes.

The accurate measurement of them is of increasing importance due to their widespread applications (electronic devices, biology, medical diagnostics).

Up to now, some promising materials to local temperature/pH sensing are being designed, including scanning probe microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and fluorescence-based measurements.


I : ψ ∈ π 1 (Ham(N )) → I(ψ) ∈ R is an R-valued group homomorphism [3] . Let us suppose that ∆ is a Delzant polytope. We shall denote by (M ∆ , ω ∆ , µ ∆ ) the toric manifold determined by ∆ (µ ∆ : M → t * being the corresponding moment map). Given b, an element in the integer lattice of t, we shall write ψ b for the loop of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of (M ∆ , ω ∆ ) defined by b. The bundle with fibre M ∆ determined by ψ b will be denoted E ∆, b , and we will let I(∆; b) for the characteristic number I(ψ b ). When we consider only polytopes in the chamber of a given polytope, we will write I(k; b) instead of I(∆(k); b) for k in this chamber.

I : ψ ∈ π 1 (Ham(N )) → I(ψ) ∈ R is an R-valued group homomorphism.


Over-production (excessive hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis) and decreased utilization of glucose by the tissues are the fundamental basis of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus (Latner, 1958) . Administration of the aqueous extract of PV caused statistically significant decrease in the blood glucose levels of normal and n2-STZ induced diabetic rats as compared to the normal control and diabetic control groups respectively. Chronic administration of the aqueous extract of PV for 21 days in diabetic rats caused significant increase in the serum insulin levels of all groups, indicating that these fractions may probably activate the surviving β-cells of the islets of Langerhans and revert them to the normal state i.e. an insulinogenic effect. The decrease in body weight observed in the diabetic control group in our study may be attributed to protein wasting caused by the unavailability of carbohydrates for utilization as an energy source. A significant increase was observed in the body weight of rats treated with the aqueous extract of PV after the completion of 21 days as compared to the standard drug glibenclamide. Hence, it can be postulated that PV does not have any effect on the degradation of depot fat but it probably maintains the body weight in the type II diabetic state by its protective effect in controlling muscle wasting.

Over-production (excessive hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis) and decreased utilization of glucose by the tissues are the fundamental basis of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus.


In this study P. patens was chosen as the experimental system to analyse developmental and hormonal regulation of ECPs for three main reasons. Firstly, the intact plant can be grown in large quantities in liquid under laboratory conditions whilst going through a normal life cycle . Soluble ECPs may therefore be easily isolated from the growth medium. Secondly, it is possible to observe developmental switches at a cellular level non-invasively under the microscope. Thirdly, because of the ability to grow the intact plant it: liquid, radioactively labelled methionine is rapidly taken up and incorporated into newly synthesized proteins within the cell. Released ECPs can thus be easily visualized by SDS-PAGE fluorography. Moreover, although exogenous hormones are not required for tissue growth, supplying hormones in the liquid culture provides a means of controlling developmental switches such as cytokinin-induced bud formation (Cove, 1984) .

Moreover, although exogenous hormones are not required for tissue growth, supplying hormones in the liquid culture provides a means of controlling developmental switches such as cytokinin-induced bud formation.


Winter ranges are considered "key areas" within the Yukon Wildlife Key Area inventory program. This designation indicates part of a species range considered essential to its life function (Yukon Government, 2005) . This program serves to provide an early alert to potential wildlife issues where land development is being considered. However, for the Carcross winter range, land management decisions are being made at a much finer scale than the winter range, frequently measured in 10s of hectares. In addition, neither the key area program nor designation as a winter range advise sufficiently well on land use practices as they cover large areas and include substantial proportions of what could be considered non-habitat for wintering caribou.

This designation indicates part of a species range considered essential to its life function.


To obtain a ferrogel, incorporation of magnetic NPs can be performed following diverse procedures [11] . Among them, dispersion of preformed magnetic NPs (of a specific size, shape and coating) in a polymer solution that could be subsequently crosslinked, results attractive as a strategy to obtain nanocomposites with well controlled and predictable properties. Non-toxicity and biocompatibility of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs), like magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and maghemite (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ), make them the natural choice for the synthesis of materials with potential biomedical applications [17, [19] [20] . Most of these applications require ferrogels with high filler concentrations (close proximity among NPs) and, at the same time, a good level of dispersion of NPs in the matrix. This is important because it has been demonstrated that extensive aggregation can eliminate many of the advantages associated with the use of nanometric fillers, especially when individuality of NPs is not preserved or in presence of macroscopic aggregation. More important, distribution of magnetic NPs in the matrix strongly controls final magnetic properties of ferrogels. In concentrated systems, the influence of magnetic dipolar interactions between closest neighbours becomes significant, affecting the macroscopic magnetic properties of the material. For this reason is fundamental both, to design strategies that enable the control of the dispersion level of NPs in the matrix and to understand the role of NPs distribution, the effect of the formation of assemblies and aggregates, and the influence of possible interactions between magnetic NPs on the final behaviour of materials, after and during fabrication. The importance of these variables on the magnetic properties of real nanocomposites is reflected in the large number of studies that have been reported regarding the magnetic response of iron oxide NPs and magnetic ferrites entrapped in different kinds of polymers, or as ferrofluids, as a function of concentration [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] .

To obtain a ferrogel, incorporation of magnetic NPs can be performed following diverse procedures.

Non-toxicity and biocompatibility of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs), like magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) and maghemite (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ), make them the natural choice for the synthesis of materials with potential biomedical applications.

The importance of these variables on the magnetic properties of real nanocomposites is reflected in the large number of studies that have been reported regarding the magnetic response of iron oxide NPs and magnetic ferrites entrapped in different kinds of polymers, or as ferrofluids, as a function of concentration.


Formation of hydrogels can be carried out by diverse techniques like chemical crosslinking, photo-polymerization, gamma or electron irradiation and freezing-thawing (F-T), among others. F-T is a cryogenic technique that has been successfully used for the crosslinking of a number of polymers [1, [9] [10] . Main advantages associated with the use of F-T can be found in the good physical and mechanical properties of the gels obtained, the simplicity of the technique, the use of low temperatures and the absence of any leachable toxic crosslinking agents or other waste that can be harmful to the human body [11] .

F-T is a cryogenic technique that has been successfully used for the crosslinking of a number of polymers.

Main advantages associated with the use of F-T can be found in the good physical and mechanical properties of the gels obtained, the simplicity of the technique, the use of low temperatures and the absence of any leachable toxic crosslinking agents or other waste that can be harmful to the human body.


In our study, yields were not significantly different for each year for all three methods, (except for 2015, due to the problems mentioned). So, our results agree with other studies where little variation in the yields was observed for different tillage systems. In one study with wheat, there were no significant differences in grain yield with conventional tillage and reduced tillage. Both systems using mulch cover in a silt loam after three years [55] . In another long-term study the mean yields obtained after 21 years, with conventional tillage and no tillage (direct drilling), were not significantly different in a wheat-sunflower-legume rotation [63] . Similarly, there were practically no differences in the yield of wheat in a subtropical ferralsol in an experimental site after 17 years of no tillage and conventional tillage [64] . In another study, comparing production of small grain cereals (wheat, barley, and oat) in a silt loam soil, the grain yield with conventional tillage was 5% higher than with no tillage, but no significant differences were observed with the straw yield [65] .

Both systems using mulch cover in a silt loam after three years.

In another long-term study the mean yields obtained after 21 years, with conventional tillage and no tillage (direct drilling), were not significantly different in a wheat-sunflower-legume rotation.

Similarly, there were practically no differences in the yield of wheat in a subtropical ferralsol in an experimental site after 17 years of no tillage and conventional tillage.

In another study, comparing production of small grain cereals (wheat, barley, and oat) in a silt loam soil, the grain yield with conventional tillage was 5% higher than with no tillage, but no significant differences were observed with the straw yield.


During the period of the study, the values of bulk density (and therefore pore space) showed no significant differences among tillage systems at any depth in the soil profile. There were an observed The impact of no tillage agriculture on crop yield is variable. For some crops, in the first two years, the yields are lower than those under conventional tillage. After two or three years, from no tillage implementation, yields start to be comparable to those of crops under conventional tillage [61] . In another study, comparing conventional moldboard plow tillage and vertical tillage, the results were different according to the crop type. Therefore, wheat yield decreased by 14% and sunflower yield was 5% higher in the vertical tillage compared to the conventional treatment [62] .

After two or three years, from no tillage implementation, yields start to be comparable to those of crops under conventional tillage.

Therefore, wheat yield decreased by 14% and sunflower yield was 5% higher in the vertical tillage compared to the conventional treatment.


Branding is ultimately about cultivating a strong, favorable image that differentiates the brand in consumer memory, and generates goodwill toward the company (brand owner), product/service offerings, and future marketing actions. Brand image, that is, perceptions individuals have of a brand, plays an important role in brand preference and choice by influencing consumers' predispositions and attraction toward the brand (Aaker, 1996; Keller, 1993) . Individuals often use and possess brands because of the personality or human characteristics associated with the brand image (e.g., sophisticated or athletic), rather than the actual product/service function the brand represents (Aaker, 1996; Graeff, 1996; Grubb & Grathwhohl, 1967; Keller, 1993; Underwood, 2001) . This aspect of a brand image, referred to as a brand personality, is a strong point of brand differentiation, and plays a critical role in the 'for me' choice, or 'I see myself in that brand' choice (Plummer, 2000, p. 81) .

Brand image, that is, perceptions individuals have of a brand, plays an important role in brand preference and choice by influencing consumers' predispositions and attraction toward the brand.

Individuals often use and possess brands because of the personality or human characteristics associated with the brand image (e.g., sophisticated or athletic), rather than the actual product/service function the brand represents.


Worldwide over 58,000 dams (>15 m height) have been constructed for various uses including irrigation, flood control, navigation, and hydroelectric power generation [1] . As the number of dams continues to increase worldwide, so too has concerns for their effects on fish populations. Dams can act as a barrier to migratory (i.e., anadromous, catadromous, potamodromous) and resident fish (i.e., those that complete their life cycle within a reservoir or section of the river), fragmenting rivers and degrading habitats. The negative impacts of dams on upstream migration of diadromous fish are widely acknowledged, and the installation of various types of fishways to facilitate upstream passage are commonplace [2] . However, downstream migration of fish at dams remains a challenge [3, 4] . Depending upon the natural history of a given migratory fish, mature adults seeking spawning grounds (e.g., catadromous species) or juveniles or post-spawn adults (for iteroparous species) seeking rearing and feeding habitats (e.g., anadromous species) may all need to move downstream past dams. Resident species may also move considerable distances throughout a riverine system for reproduction, rearing, and foraging (e.g., Kokanee salmon Oncorhynchus nerka; white sucker Catostomus commersonii; walleye Sander vitreus) or simply move throughout reservoirs where they may traverse forebay areas.

Worldwide over 58,000 dams (>15 m height) have been constructed for various uses including irrigation, flood control, navigation, and hydroelectric power generation.

The negative impacts of dams on upstream migration of diadromous fish are widely acknowledged, and the installation of various types of fishways to facilitate upstream passage are commonplace.

However, downstream migration of fish at dams remains a challenge.


Contemporary operations research (OR) offers a range of methods and techniques that can help the purchasing decision makers in dealing with the increased complexity and importance of the related decisions (De Boer et al., 2001) . In supply chain management, the performance of potential suppliers is now evaluated with respect to multiple criteria rather than considering a single factor-cost (Ho et al., 2010) . Therefore, supplier selection can be treated as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem, where evaluation of the suppliers is usually based on several criteria, like process technology, quality, delivery, flexibility, price, service etc. The available MCDM methods help the decision makers to evaluate the performance of alternative suppliers while analyzing the trade-off between several conflicting criteria. Numerous MCDM methods have been successfully applied for evaluating and selecting the most appropriate suppliers for varying manufacturing environments. It is observed that most of those methods are capable to provide results based on cardinal (quantitative) information. In the supplier selection domain, performance of alternative suppliers with respect to some criteria (e.g. quality, reliability, flexibility, service etc.) is generally expressed in terms of ordinal (qualitative) data. Therefore, the requirement of a suitable mathematical approach capable of dealing with the ordinal data is always welcome in this direction.

Contemporary operations research (OR) offers a range of methods and techniques that can help the purchasing decision makers in dealing with the increased complexity and importance of the related decisions.

In supply chain management, the performance of potential suppliers is now evaluated with respect to multiple criteria rather than considering a single factor-cost.


Several proposals for Energy Management Systems (EMSes) for smart buildings and microgrids have recently been discussed and the implementation details of some demonstrative deployments have been described [3] [4] [5] . However, the peculiarities of an academic campus environment require methodological solutions capable of flexibly adapting to different typologies of buildings, according to their specific use (e.g., teaching rooms, laboratories, offices and dormitories), to the presence of controllable loads (e.g., water/heat pumps, Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) plants, trigeneration plants and Electric Vehicles (EV) charging points) and of local RESes, possibly in combination with energy storage banks. Decisions about the energy usage schedules must therefore be taken on the basis of prediction models for the energy production patterns of the local RESes (e.g., according to the current weather forecasts) and for the occupancy patterns and rooms temperature of each building (e.g., based on its thermal inertia). Such models rely on weather forecast data and on real-time data collection from sensor networks deployed within the campus environment to monitor the buildings occupancy and thermal conditions. Moreover, the schedules defined by the campus EMS must adhere to specific comfort constraints in order to guarantee the users' well-being. To this aim, users are enabled to provide comfort feedback to the EMS via software applications running on portable devices. The EMS must also interact with other actors within the Smart Grid ecosystem (e.g., Distribution and Transmission System Operators, utilities, users, and third party services), support Automatic Demand Response (ADR) in presence of time-variable energy tariffs, and ensure prompt reactions in case of emergencies (e.g., faults in the electricity dispatchment infrastructure). Therefore, a complex telecommunication infrastructure is required to manage the data exchange between the EMS and generators, loads and field sensors/actuators, as well as a data repository infrastructure for information storage and retrieval.

Several proposals for Energy Management Systems (EMSes) for smart buildings and microgrids have recently been discussed and the implementation details of some demonstrative deployments have been described.


In general, distant metastasis (extra-abdominal metastasis) is considered a poor prognostic sign [18] . This is because complete resection is difficult in many cases of extra-abdominal metastasis. If complete resection is possible, a surgical approach could improve the prognosis as has been shown in previous studies of gynecologic cancers [19, 20] . However, surgery may not be appropriate in all patients. Analysis of prognostic factors is needed in the selection of patients for metastasectomy.

In general, distant metastasis (extra-abdominal metastasis) is considered a poor prognostic sign.

If complete resection is possible, a surgical approach could improve the prognosis as has been shown in previous studies of gynecologic cancers.


The application of the KL heuristic in the context of hardware/software partitioning was suggested by Vahid (Vahid, 1997; Vahid and Le, 1997) . He extended the KL algorithm so that it optimizes an execution-time metric instead of the original cut metric. Although his algorithm achieved promising results, it did not use the full potential of the KL heuristic; in particular, it did not make use of the improvements that are known for KL. He also tried to devise an efficient implementation by using a similar data structure as the one that had been suggested in the FM algorithm, but only with partial success. For more details, see Section 2.3.

The application of the KL heuristic in the context of hardware/software partitioning was suggested by Vahid.

For more details, see Section 2.3.


Antiepileptic drugs have been categorized as independent risk factors for decrease of bone mineral density regardless of patient's age, gender, and period of treatment [14] . Their role in bone loss is thought to be multifactorial. Conventional antiepileptic drugs, such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital, are potent hepatic mixed-function oxidase (CYP450) inducers [15] . Valproic acid is a CYP450 inhibitor. Pregnabe × receptor (PXR), a transcriptional regulator of CYP450, mediates the adverse effect on bone metabolism of both CYP450 inducers and inhibitors through stimulation of vitamin D catabolism and inhibition of 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D [16] . The effect of antiepileptic drugs on bone mineral density is also mediated by Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, an important regulator of osteoclastic activity [17] . In turns, vitamin D catabolism results in decreased calcium absorption across the small intestine, hypocalcemia, and secondary hyperparathyroidism [18] . It has also been demonstrated that CYP450 exhibits antiproliferative and antidifferentiation effects on osteoblasts [19] . The deterioration of bone metabolism caused by conventional antiepileptic drugs highlights the role of these agents both in pathogenesis of special type of fractures and the need of vitamin D and calcium supplementation in this patient population [20] . The induction of bone loss by conventional antiepileptic drugs also emphasizes the need of special techniques to treat difficult cases, such as fracture nonunion.

Antiepileptic drugs have been categorized as independent risk factors for decrease of bone mineral density regardless of patient's age, gender, and period of treatment.

Conventional antiepileptic drugs, such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital, are potent hepatic mixed-function oxidase (CYP450) inducers.

Valproic acid is a CYP450 inhibitor.

Pregnabe × receptor (PXR), a transcriptional regulator of CYP450, mediates the adverse effect on bone metabolism of both CYP450 inducers and inhibitors through stimulation of vitamin D catabolism and inhibition of 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D.

The effect of antiepileptic drugs on bone mineral density is also mediated by Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, an important regulator of osteoclastic activity.

In turns, vitamin D catabolism results in decreased calcium absorption across the small intestine, hypocalcemia, and secondary hyperparathyroidism.

It has also been demonstrated that CYP450 exhibits antiproliferative and antidifferentiation effects on osteoblasts.

The deterioration of bone metabolism caused by conventional antiepileptic drugs highlights the role of these agents both in pathogenesis of special type of fractures and the need of vitamin D and calcium supplementation in this patient population.


Lichen sclerosus (LS) is an inflammatory sclerotic skin disease of unknown origin. LS affects all age groups and occurs in about 15% in female children mostly involving the anogenital region [1] . Major subjective complains are severe pruritus, dysuria, painful defecation and vaginism. Clinically, LS is characterized by porcelain-white sclerotic plaques [1] . Histological features include orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, vacuolar degeneration of the basal layer, oedematous and sclerotic papillary dermis as well as lymphohistiocytic infiltrates in the mid-dermis [2, 3] . The disease runs a relapsing course indicating an ongoing inflammatory process. Although the exact pathogenesis of LS is still unclear, the recognized active involvement of skin immune system (e.g., activated T cells and CD1a+/ HLA-DR+ dendritic cells) and the association with autoimmune disease and human leukocyte antigen DQ7 in women and girls with LS suggests an immunogenetic component to the disease [2, 4] . Topical glucocorticosteroids (GCS) are the first-line therapeutic option for genital LS. Oestrogen or testosterone containing ointments are usually of limited efficacy. Surgery including cryotherapy and laser treatment should be reserved for patients with adhesions or symptomatic patients who fail to respond to multiple medical treatments, since there is a high recurrence rate following surgery [1, 5] . Because of the chronic course of genital LS and the potential side effects associated with potent topical GCS or aggressive surgical treatments, alternative well-tolerated therapies are required, especially in the treatment of childhood LS. We therefore investigated the efficacy and safety of topical pimecrolimus in anogenital LS in four prepubertal girls.

LS affects all age groups and occurs in about 15% in female children mostly involving the anogenital region.

Clinically, LS is characterized by porcelain-white sclerotic plaques.

Histological features include orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, vacuolar degeneration of the basal layer, oedematous and sclerotic papillary dermis as well as lymphohistiocytic infiltrates in the mid-dermis.

Although the exact pathogenesis of LS is still unclear, the recognized active involvement of skin immune system (e.g., activated T cells and CD1a+/ HLA-DR+ dendritic cells) and the association with autoimmune disease and human leukocyte antigen DQ7 in women and girls with LS suggests an immunogenetic component to the disease.

Surgery including cryotherapy and laser treatment should be reserved for patients with adhesions or symptomatic patients who fail to respond to multiple medical treatments, since there is a high recurrence rate following surgery.


Crowdsourcing is a recent computing paradigm that has been used to address the above problems [29] . It refers to utilizing a large number of users (a crowd) to perform a task, by splitting it into several sub-tasks and allocating them to individual workers. Crowdsourcing presents the significant advantage of involving human intelligence; and with it, the ability of humans to categorize, filter and evaluate, often better than automated methods. In fact, crowdsourcing has proven to be better than current computer algorithms in numerous cases, ranging from image recognition and audio transcription to real-time document syntax checking. In our example above, crowdsourcing could make use of the ability of humans to make better sense of a textual message than any algorithm, and in this sense help categorize and disambiguate the information included in a crisis data stream much more effectively. Given that typical crowdsourcing relies entirely on human effort, which inevitably entails the risk for low recognition quality, typical crowdsourcing approaches apply redundancy, i.e. they allocate the same task to multiple workers. This redundancy decreases the throughput and increases the cost of crowdsourced processing. Adding to this problem is the fact that stream processing tasks, unlike other types of input to crowdsourcing, necessitate a very high response rate (throughput) from the crowd. For example, during the Hurricane Sandy a peak rate of 16,000 tweets/minute was observed, and in such case, pure crowdsourcing may easily fail due to human limitations. Summarizing, while fully automated processing may not be appropriate because of errors or quality issues, fully crowdsourced processing may not be appropriate because of processing time (throughput) and cost.

Crowdsourcing is a recent computing paradigm that has been used to address the above problems.


There is an increasing demand for high-power wideband RF amplifiers for various applications like wireless and radar applications [1] . Hence, as a variety of power amplifiers (PA) can be typically considered for the transmitter, it is important to investigate the impact of the selection of the PA class of operation on transmitter's overall performance [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . PAs, when their active devices operate as current-sources, are known as conventional linear-mode power amplifiers. PAs, when their active devices operate as switches, are known to theoretically achieve 100% efficiency. These are called switching mode power amplifiers (SMPAs). A comparison between the various SMPAs (Class D, E and F though S) and the conventional linear-mode PAs (Class A, AB, B and C) shows that the efficiency of the SMPAs is higher in theory especially when the multi-harmonic load termination is available. Besides having a higher efficiency, SMPAs are also less susceptible to circuit parameter variations. Additional advantages include lower thermal stress on the utilized transistors than the thermal stress generated in a linear-mode PA operation.

There is an increasing demand for high-power wideband RF amplifiers for various applications like wireless and radar applications.

Hence, as a variety of power amplifiers (PA) can be typically considered for the transmitter, it is important to investigate the impact of the selection of the PA class of operation on transmitter's overall performance.


Plant constituents have broad spectrum in provision of their biological properties and structure and become a source of active natural products. Many disorders such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases are prevented by plants beverages, fruits, and vegetables because they are rich in natural antioxidant compounds. Numerous compounds are present in plants which have diverse mechanism of action that includes some enzymes, protein, and secondary metabolites, for example, carotenoids, vitamins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and other phenolic components which is the foundation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of plant products [1] .

Numerous compounds are present in plants which have diverse mechanism of action that includes some enzymes, protein, and secondary metabolites, for example, carotenoids, vitamins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and other phenolic components which is the foundation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of plant products.


Plant species and numerous herbs were examined and their antioxidant potential was evaluated. It is reported that antioxidant potential is due to some new compounds, that is, flavonoids, coumarins, lignins, anthocyanins, and catechins in plants. The drugs which contain amount of antioxidant compounds are being used for the cure of complex diseases such as diabetes, stroke, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer [3] .

The drugs which contain amount of antioxidant compounds are being used for the cure of complex diseases such as diabetes, stroke, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer.


In mitochondria, through xanthene oxidase activity and liver mixed function, free radicals are produced as a result of the normal metabolic process and also free radical chain reactions usually occurring as respiratory chain reaction. Moreover, in different circumstances chemical mobilization of the fat stores, for example, lactation, exercise, fever, and infection and yet fasting may result in improved radical activity and damage. If the basic mechanism causes numerous human neurologic and many other disorders, then oxidative injury comes forward. Peroxidation of lipids can be initiated by the oxygen free radical, which in turn stimulates the glycation of protein, inactivation of some enzymes, and modification in the function and structure of collagen basement and a few other membranes, and also play a role in chronic impediment of diabetes [2] .

Peroxidation of lipids can be initiated by the oxygen free radical, which in turn stimulates the glycation of protein, inactivation of some enzymes, and modification in the function and structure of collagen basement and a few other membranes, and also play a role in chronic impediment of diabetes.


Chenopodium ambrosioides L. which is a selected plant belongs to family Chenopodiaceae having 103 genera and about 1300 species worldwide. In Pakistan, Chenopodiaceae family consisted of 35 genera and 106 species. The distribution of these genera is mainly in desert and semidesert and along sea shores [4] . Chenopodium ambrosioides L. is strongly aromatic, annual to short lived perennial with erect ascending stem ( Figure 1 ). Leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides plants are morphologically elliptical and lanceolated. Seeds mostly are horizontal, sometimes oblique, and brown. It is probably originated from tropical America. It is earlier cultivated as medicinal plant and introduced in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where it is commonly naturalized [5] . C. ambrosioides is an important ethnobotanical plant locally called Gandi Buti in Kotli District and is used as anthelmintic wound healing and constipation ( Figure 9 ) [6] . Fungal strains Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae chosen for the examination of antifungal potential were attained from the Institute of Industrial Biotechnology and Microbiology, GC University Lahore.

The distribution of these genera is mainly in desert and semidesert and along sea shores.

It is earlier cultivated as medicinal plant and introduced in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where it is commonly naturalized.

C. ambrosioides is an important ethnobotanical plant locally called Gandi Buti in Kotli District and is used as anthelmintic wound healing and constipation ( Figure 9 ).


The construction industry globally consumes around 40% of global raw stone, gravel, and sand; 20% of virgin wood; and consumes about 40% of total energy [1] . The national share of energy consumption of the buildings varies in different countries varying between 25-50% [2] . In the European Union it is about 50% [3] . In the UK, emissions from the domestic building stock accounts for approximately 30% of total energy demand producing 41.7 million tonnes of carbon in 2004 representing 27% of total UK carbon emissions [4] .

The construction industry globally consumes around 40% of global raw stone, gravel, and sand; 20% of virgin wood; and consumes about 40% of total energy.

The national share of energy consumption of the buildings varies in different countries varying between 25-50%.

In the European Union it is about 50%.

In the UK, emissions from the domestic building stock accounts for approximately 30% of total energy demand producing 41.7 million tonnes of carbon in 2004 representing 27% of total UK carbon emissions.


Statistics show that lightning faults occupy more than 50% of the power system faults in general [1] - [4] . Frequent lightning outages bring operation and maintenance personnel heavy task of inspection [5] - [7] . According to operating experience, lightning failure is usually instantaneous fault and reclosing can generally be successful, so patrol is not required when some lightning fault occurs and power supply can be restored [8] - [9] . Therefore, precise positioning and identifying of lightning failure as well as assessing the electrical performance of insulators after strike by lightning can help to make more efficient transmission line strategy, which is important for the safe operation of transmission lines.

Statistics show that lightning faults occupy more than 50% of the power system faults in general.

Frequent lightning outages bring operation and maintenance personnel heavy task of inspection.

According to operating experience, lightning failure is usually instantaneous fault and reclosing can generally be successful, so patrol is not required when some lightning fault occurs and power supply can be restored.


The second objective of this study was to examine whether mobile colloids might be able to facilitate the transport of antibiotics in the subsurface. In fact, the colloidal-facilitated transport mechanism of other organics including pesticides plays an important role in transport of these compounds to groundwater (Chaplain and Mills 1992; de Jonge et al. 1998; Worrall et al. 1999; Sprague et al. 2000; Grolimund and Borkovec 2005) . However, colloidal related transport of antibiotics has not been studied and only one of the recent studies proposed that partitioning of TYL in colloidal matter of manure was as strong as the solid (Kolz et al. 2005) . Thus, the result of our study evaluating the effect of colloids as carriers to leach into the sub-surface will increase the understanding of fate and transport of antibiotics.

In fact, the colloidal-facilitated transport mechanism of other organics including pesticides plays an important role in transport of these compounds to groundwater.

However, colloidal related transport of antibiotics has not been studied and only one of the recent studies proposed that partitioning of TYL in colloidal matter of manure was as strong as the solid.


Human and animal-derived antibiotics have been found in several different environmental compartments due to the widespread use of these compounds (Mellon et al. 2001) . The antibiotics are only partially metabolized and the parent compounds along with the metabolites can be released to the environment (Heberer 2002a; Diaz-Cruz et al. 2003; Kay et al. 2005a) . Consequently, there is an increased concern that released antibiotics can lead to the development of antibiotic resistant microorganisms via either horizontal or vertical resistance gene transfer mechanisms (Chee-Sanford et al. 2001; Ohlsen et al. 2003; Sengeløv et al. 2003; Rooklidge 2004) .

Human and animal-derived antibiotics have been found in several different environmental compartments due to the widespread use of these compounds.

The antibiotics are only partially metabolized and the parent compounds along with the metabolites can be released to the environment.

Consequently, there is an increased concern that released antibiotics can lead to the development of antibiotic resistant microorganisms via either horizontal or vertical resistance gene transfer mechanisms.


To reduce the number of free parameters, we have defined a specific angular momentum L av for any given ν and r g as the average of the angular momenta of the marginally stable and marginally bound circular orbits. This definition is somewhat arbitrary, though we have orbits with angular momentum L av which gives a sufficiently deep potential well that allows a rich variety of bound orbits. The periodic orbits in the F/JNW spacetime are qualitatively similar to those in the Schwarzschild and Kerr spacetimes, though for the same orbits of a given (z, w, v) the required energy is lower for a spacetime with a stronger scalar field strength. Orbits with generic, non-integer q have also been considered. In particular, we found that the precession ∆φ increases in the presence of the massless field compared to the Schwarzschild case. These may provide a possible observational signature by observing trajectories around a central source to distinguish a naked singularity from a black hole. Decaying orbits with non-trivial dq dt may also be observationally relevant, in light of the recent detection of gravitational waves by LIGO. This provides a complementary observational avenue to other candidates, for instance, detection via gravitational lensing [27] .

This provides a complementary observational avenue to other candidates, for instance, detection via gravitational lensing.


A handful of other researchers also began engaging these new algebras. For example, Eswara-Moody-Yokonuma used vertex operator representations to show that im algebras were nontrivial [8] . Gao examined compact forms of im algebras arising from conjugations over the complex field [10] . BermanJurisich-Tan showed that the presentation of gim algebras could be put into a broader framework that incorporated Borcherds algebras [5] .

For example, Eswara-Moody-Yokonuma used vertex operator representations to show that im algebras were nontrivial.

Gao examined compact forms of im algebras arising from conjugations over the complex field.

BermanJurisich-Tan showed that the presentation of gim algebras could be put into a broader framework that incorporated Borcherds algebras.