A. aegerita showed similar growth on wheat straw and all wheat straw containing substrates. On 100% cocoa shells the fungus showed only marginally growth around the inoculum which might be explained by an antimicrobial activity of the cocoa shells [16] . A second reason might be the inferior oxygen supply in less structured substrates compared to wheat straw, where the loose structure improves the availability of oxygen [17] .

On 100% cocoa shells the fungus showed only marginally growth around the inoculum which might be explained by an antimicrobial activity of the cocoa shells.

A second reason might be the inferior oxygen supply in less structured substrates compared to wheat straw, where the loose structure improves the availability of oxygen.


According to the results of the present study, none of the two adhesives produced a complete marginal seal in dentin and enamel substrates. Previous studies have shown that application of different adhesives does not result in complete elimination of marginal microleakage [16] [17] [18] [19] . While for the etch-and-rinse adhesives the bond failure is a result of hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation in the collagen fibers and in the polymerized resin matrix within the hybrid layer, in the case of self-etch adhesive systems the bond failure mechanism and loss of marginal seal are relatively unknown. Mild self-etch adhesives demineralize dentin to some extent. Initially, it was believed that adequate penetration of resin will not occur with these adhesives because with the application of these materials the two etching and priming steps occur simultaneously in addition to the relative etching of dentin [11] . However, two studies reported nanoleakage at the hybrid layer of these adhesives and attributed it to incomplete resin penetration [20, 21] . Another study attributed this phenomenon to the continued etching in these adhesives [22] . Other reasons were also reported later, including the presence of acidic functional monomers that significantly increase the hydrophilicity of the adhesive layer [11] .

Previous studies have shown that application of different adhesives does not result in complete elimination of marginal microleakage.

Initially, it was believed that adequate penetration of resin will not occur with these adhesives because with the application of these materials the two etching and priming steps occur simultaneously in addition to the relative etching of dentin.

However, two studies reported nanoleakage at the hybrid layer of these adhesives and attributed it to incomplete resin penetration.

Another study attributed this phenomenon to the continued etching in these adhesives.

Other reasons were also reported later, including the presence of acidic functional monomers that significantly increase the hydrophilicity of the adhesive layer.


This systematic view of conceptual design starts with the formulation of the overall function of the product to be designed. This high level product function is then decomposed recursively into lower level functions -a process that produces a function structure, which is a representation that defines function as transformation between energy, material, and information [1] . The function structure is then used to generate solutions to each of the product sub-functions. Here, the designer seeks solutions, i.e. a component or a set of components that perform a particular function. Next, solutions to the sub-functions are synthesized together to arrive to the final architecture or configuration of a product. Finally, the design is embodied by the selection of designed components. Using this approach, a broad number of concepts can be generated by making decisions about the decomposition of the overall product function, and the selection and integration of different design solutions to elemental sub-functions.

This high level product function is then decomposed recursively into lower level functions -a process that produces a function structure, which is a representation that defines function as transformation between energy, material, and information.


Protection schemes have applied high-speed reclosing (HSR) technology to transmission lines because it can improve power system stability, reliability, and the continuity of the power supply when power system faults occur [11, 12] . HSR has also been applied to transmission lines near generation plants, where it can easily affect the turbine-generator shaft; of particular significance, repetitive HSR following power system faults can result in accumulative damage to a turbine-generator shaft. The most severe situation in this context is the occurrence of a reclosing failure after the activation of HSR in response to a permanent fault, which also damages the turbine-generator shaft in an especially serious manner [1, 6] .

Protection schemes have applied high-speed reclosing (HSR) technology to transmission lines because it can improve power system stability, reliability, and the continuity of the power supply when power system faults occur.

The most severe situation in this context is the occurrence of a reclosing failure after the activation of HSR in response to a permanent fault, which also damages the turbine-generator shaft in an especially serious manner.


Library evaluation cannot be separated from its context. If the operating environment changes, libraries need new measures to monitor their performance under new conditions (Rowley, 2005) . For example, electronic metrics and impact indicators have been devised to measure library performance in digital environments and evaluate the customer service experience as libraries respond to advances in information technology and high expectations of users (Brophy, 2006) . The knowledge-based economy is pushing organizations towards adoption of knowledge management (KM) as a means of creating organizational value, on the basis that KM initiatives can help to create benefits that customers desire. A need to assess the intellectual assets (IAs) of libraries as another bottom-line indicator is emerging from this context of value-oriented services (White, 2007) .

If the operating environment changes, libraries need new measures to monitor their performance under new conditions.

For example, electronic metrics and impact indicators have been devised to measure library performance in digital environments and evaluate the customer service experience as libraries respond to advances in information technology and high expectations of users.

A need to assess the intellectual assets (IAs) of libraries as another bottom-line indicator is emerging from this context of value-oriented services.


There was no information available on seal foraging behaviour or the normal seasonal variation in seal presence and abundance in the North Esk before the trial. Fitting seasonal trends to the data should have corrected for the presence of any existing patterns, although the possibility that the ADD caused the observed trends cannot be excluded. Studies in the Rivers Dee, Don, and Spey and our own work in the Rivers Conon, Kyle of Sutherland, and Ness, however, found a similar decline in seal abundance from winter to early summer (Carter et al., 2001; Butler et al., 2006) .

Studies in the Rivers Dee, Don, and Spey and our own work in the Rivers Conon, Kyle of Sutherland, and Ness, however, found a similar decline in seal abundance from winter to early summer.


The study was carried out in the Rivers North Esk and Conon in northeast Scotland. Both rivers support important Atlantic salmon stocks and fisheries. The River Conon runs into the Moray Firth, which contains Special Areas of Conservation for Atlantic salmon and harbour seals designated under the EU Habitats Directive. Management of seals and salmon in the Moray Firth region is coordinated under the MFSMP (Butler et al., 2008) .

Management of seals and salmon in the Moray Firth region is coordinated under the MFSMP.


Our study reveals that PPDA is a better culture medium for colony growth and conidia yield than PDA and OMA. Before this study, PDA was commonly used as the medium to culture M. anisopliae (Liu et al., 2007; Du et al., 2008) . The improved DOA is an effective selective medium for screening M. anisopliae from both soils and insects.

Before this study, PDA was commonly used as the medium to culture M. anisopliae.


The free spectrum incentive will enable many small operators to deploy small networks in rural areas and even compete among themselves in the provision of the services. In other parts of the world there are similar cheap Wi-Fi initiatives that have succeeded even though free spectrum was not used as an incentive to lower the cost of diffusion and adoption of the service. In Bolivia, there are 3 overlapping Wi-Fi hotspots at Sopachuy, a rural area of 1500 people (Townsend and Stern, 2006) . The hotspots support data, computer based telephony and VOIP. Each Wi-Fi transceiver has an individual Internet Protocol Address which can be controlled and managed by any operator anywhere in the world. There is another similar network at an Amazonian region of Ecuador called Yachana. Here instead of using Wi-Fi point to point network, VSAT is used to connect the Mesh to the outside world. At the Chancay -Huarai Valley, North of Peru, there is a similar network covering 22 hectares of land. The area is covered by 12 Wi-Fi backbone links and the cost of each tower, antenna and radio equipment at each site was between US$ 1200 and US$1500 (Townsend and Stern, 2006) . Assuming an average of US$1500 was spent per site, and then $18000 was used to set up the network.

In Bolivia, there are 3 overlapping Wi-Fi hotspots at Sopachuy, a rural area of 1500 people.

The area is covered by 12 Wi-Fi backbone links and the cost of each tower, antenna and radio equipment at each site was between US$ 1200 and US$1500.


In general, it is possible to observe the influence of the nozzle type on the spray deposit levels on corn plants. The largest spray deposits are associated with the hollow cone nozzle (JA 2), except for the treatments in which 100% of air assistance was used on the plants at growth stage V 10 . In this case, the performance of both spray nozzles (flat fan nozzle and hollow cone nozzle) was similar ( Table 2 ). The hollow cone nozzle has a smaller droplet diameter than the flat fan nozzle, and produces better coverage of the target, which can result in the largest spray deposition (Cunha et al. 2006) . It is necessary to emphasize the potential risk of environmental contamination due to drift.

The hollow cone nozzle has a smaller droplet diameter than the flat fan nozzle, and produces better coverage of the target, which can result in the largest spray deposition.


Today's general circulation models (GCMs), also known has global climate models, have proven their reliability at reproducing past and present climates, and they constitute the primary tools for making projections of future climate consequent to anthropogenic effects [1] . Owing to their humongous computational cost, resulting from the combination of their complex formulation, the time to achieve dynamic equilibrium with multi-century long integrations and the need to establish statistical significance with ensemble simulations, operational GCMs are forced to employ a rather coarse resolution. The average grid spacing of today's GCMs participating in the AR5 report on century-scale climate projections is about 300 km [2] . Such horizontal resolutions are too coarse to satisfy the needs of most climate-change impact studies [3] [4] [5] . Given that the computational cost of a GCM is inversely proportional to the third or fourth power of the grid spacing (as discussed in detail in Section 4), reducing the grid spacing of GCMs is prohibitive for long simulations, because of insufficient computational resources available to most research centers.

Today's general circulation models (GCMs), also known has global climate models, have proven their reliability at reproducing past and present climates, and they constitute the primary tools for making projections of future climate consequent to anthropogenic effects.

The average grid spacing of today's GCMs participating in the AR5 report on century-scale climate projections is about 300 km.

Such horizontal resolutions are too coarse to satisfy the needs of most climate-change impact studies.


A number of chalcone derivatives have been evaluated for multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal activity on mouse lymphoma cells and it was found that their activity decreased when the hydrophobicity of the substituent on ring B was lowered, it is usually at 4-position (para to the carbonyl group) and the rank order of activity was found to be: chloro > dimethylamino > methoxyl group. One of them (4) exhibited activity at nanomolar concentrations in vitro [9] . These observations prompted us to design and synthesize halogenated chalcone derivatives based on in silico modeling and docking on known target 1BMQ and evaluated for their anticancer activity on different cell lines.

One of them (4) exhibited activity at nanomolar concentrations in vitro.


This paper introduces the concept of invalid memory traffic -real data traffic that transfers invalid data. Such traffic arises from fetching uninitialized heap data on cache misses. We find that initializing store misses are responsible for approximately 23% of all cache miss activity across the SPEC CINT2000 benchmarks for a 2MB cache. By smashing invalid memory traffic, 35% of compulsory misses and 23% of all cache miss data traffic on the bus can be avoided. This is an encouraging result, since compulsory misses, unlike capacity and conflict misses, cannot be eliminated by improvements in cache locality, replacement policy, size, or associativity. Eliminating invalid compulsory miss traffic breaks the infinite cache limit, where compulsory misses of a finite-sized cache are finite and bound by that of an infinite-sized cache [6] .

Eliminating invalid compulsory miss traffic breaks the infinite cache limit, where compulsory misses of a finite-sized cache are finite and bound by that of an infinite-sized cache.


There were similar differential relations of the machismo subscales with coping. Problem-solving coping, which is a more active and effective coping style, was found to be positively related to Caballerismo but negatively related to Traditional Machismo. Furthermore, a less productive coping style, that of wishful thinking, was related to Traditional Machismo. For Traditional Machismo, this tendency to adopt less effective coping, coupled with a lower awareness of affect, gives rise to some potential concern for individuals who score high on this subscale. Research has supported the association of increased use of emotion-focused coping strategies (i.e., wishful thinking, escape avoidance) with increased distressed levels and poor adjustment (Hatton & Emerson, 1995; Ramirez Hinojosa, 2005; Stanzione, 2005) .

Research has supported the association of increased use of emotion-focused coping strategies (i.e., wishful thinking, escape avoidance) with increased distressed levels and poor adjustment.


Does dormitory students' academic performance vary with their peer roommates? No one can have any choice but to accept the given conditions in which they were born: sex, height, inherent abilities, family background, race, parental income and many others. However, a peer is one of the sparse selective options. You can choose your peers by yourself, and also your parents, teachers, matrons of dormitories and managers of workplaces can arrange an opportunity to let you choose your peers by assigning the best peers next to you (Carrell, et al., 2013) .

You can choose your peers by yourself, and also your parents, teachers, matrons of dormitories and managers of workplaces can arrange an opportunity to let you choose your peers by assigning the best peers next to you.


Beneath both the hydrogen-caused "flat" intergranular and "quasi-cleavage" fracture surfaces, intense slip bands (deformation bands) are observed and lath boundaries are disturbed to the point they are difficult to discern. Examples of the slip bands and discernible lath boundaries are indicated with arrows and arrowheads, respectively in Fig. 2a and b . Fig. 2a ' and b' presents tracings of Fig. 2a and b, respectively. Multiple groups of parallel laths were found immediately beneath the "flat" intergranular fracture surface, which indicated that the fracture path of the "flat" part was along prior austenite grain boundaries (Nagao et al., 2012b) . For the "quasi-cleavage" fracture surface, the fracture path is along lath boundaries and it is accompanied by a translath step as observed in Fig. 2b .

Multiple groups of parallel laths were found immediately beneath the "flat" intergranular fracture surface, which indicated that the fracture path of the "flat" part was along prior austenite grain boundaries.


The majority of terrestrial vascular plants are able to establish a mutualistic association, the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) endosymbiosis, with soil fungi belonging to Glomeromycota. Both partners benefit from a bidirectional exchange of nutrients: plant mineral nutrition (in particular phosphate) is improved by the fungus, which in turn obtains photosynthates (Harrison 2005) . The intimate integration between plant roots and fungal hyphae is achieved through a sequence of steps, and an exchange of molecular signals between the two partners is required.

Both partners benefit from a bidirectional exchange of nutrients: plant mineral nutrition (in particular phosphate) is improved by the fungus, which in turn obtains photosynthates.


In the context of China's socio-economic transition, the dynamics of urban land development are sophisticated and vary both territorially and temporarily. Therefore, there is a need for more conceptual and empirical studies to fully consider the interweaved factors of land market mechanisms, land finance, and land use policies [29, 30] . Subsequently, we establish a conceptual framework with full consideration of land demand and supply, as well as factors such as spatial spill-over effects and the natural environment using spatial econometric modeling to scrutinize the patterns of urban land development and its mechanism in provincial China.

Therefore, there is a need for more conceptual and empirical studies to fully consider the interweaved factors of land market mechanisms, land finance, and land use policies.


However, the perspective gained from econometric analysis focusing on land demand does not provide a complete picture [20] . Local governments also play an important role in urban land development by controlling land supply [21] [22] [23] . Related failures of land use regulation and land governance have been extensively discussed [24] . Land supply is manipulated by local governments to attract investment and expand local revenue [24] [25] [26] . Urban land development is a result of seeking profit by multiple stakeholders in the land development process, including officials, developers, and land occupiers [20, 22] . Several case studies provide the "big picture" of institutional factors driving urban land development in China. The process was conceptualized as government-engineered and land-centered urbanization [27] . Recent studies have focused on the political economy of urban development in China, especially within the framework of neo-liberalization, to investigate the motivation behind land commodification [28] . Some studies paid particular attention to the roles of different levels of government in the process of urban land development.

However, the perspective gained from econometric analysis focusing on land demand does not provide a complete picture.

Local governments also play an important role in urban land development by controlling land supply.

Related failures of land use regulation and land governance have been extensively discussed.

Land supply is manipulated by local governments to attract investment and expand local revenue.

Urban land development is a result of seeking profit by multiple stakeholders in the land development process, including officials, developers, and land occupiers.

The process was conceptualized as government-engineered and land-centered urbanization.

Recent studies have focused on the political economy of urban development in China, especially within the framework of neo-liberalization, to investigate the motivation behind land commodification.


The compounds that were negatively correlated with the SO 2 control treatment wines (2-methyl propanol, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, and 2/3-methylbutanoic acid) tend to give the wine roasted nuts/solvent, fruity, apple/strawberry, and butter/cheese/sweat/rancid aromas, respectively ( Table 1 ). The wines fermented without SO 2 were therefore generally found to be negatively correlated with the production of compounds that produce undesirable aromas such as octanoic acid, 2/3-methylbutanoic acid, and 2-methyl propanol. Previous studies that have investigated the effects of SO 2 addition at crush on the sensory profiles of wines have also noted that in general, wines fermented without SO 2 tend to contain more fruity aromas, while wines fermented with SO 2 contain higher intensities of undesirable characteristics [36, 53] .

Previous studies that have investigated the effects of SO 2 addition at crush on the sensory profiles of wines have also noted that in general, wines fermented without SO 2 tend to contain more fruity aromas, while wines fermented with SO 2 contain higher intensities of undesirable characteristics.


A surgical approach can be employed in selected patients, but optimal resection is very difficult because of the extensive parenchymal infiltration of recurrent disease, and may be associated with a high risk of morbidity [5, 6] . Reoperation may often be difficult due to the patient's medical condition and the potential for further neurological compromise [7] . Thus, only patients with well-accessible tumors and a good performance status are usually managed with this approach [8] .

A surgical approach can be employed in selected patients, but optimal resection is very difficult because of the extensive parenchymal infiltration of recurrent disease, and may be associated with a high risk of morbidity.

Reoperation may often be difficult due to the patient's medical condition and the potential for further neurological compromise.

Thus, only patients with well-accessible tumors and a good performance status are usually managed with this approach.


The primary purpose of our work was to provide a novel theoretical approach, which makes possible to determine plasmon-emitter configurations possessing the maximal or an arbitrary user-defined quantum efficiency (QE) within the limits determined by material dielectric properties; the Purcell factor, which is the total decay rate enhancement; as well as the Purcell•QE product of these quantities, which is radiative rate enhancement, when there is no quenching without LDOS change and the emitter does not have an intrinsic loss [23, 48] . Secondary purpose was to apply COMSOL and an in-house developed algorithm to optimize the coupled emitterplasmonic nano-object configurations numerically. The particular subjects of our present study were diamond color center-spheroid coupled systems.

The primary purpose of our work was to provide a novel theoretical approach, which makes possible to determine plasmon-emitter configurations possessing the maximal or an arbitrary user-defined quantum efficiency (QE) within the limits determined by material dielectric properties; the Purcell factor, which is the total decay rate enhancement; as well as the Purcell•QE product of these quantities, which is radiative rate enhancement, when there is no quenching without LDOS change and the emitter does not have an intrinsic loss.


Plasmonic enhancement of single molecule fluorescence has been demonstrated during the earliest studies [24] . Single-photon sources possess limited quantum efficiency; therefore, application of plasmon-enhanced light emission seems to be a promising approach to improve their brightness. It has been demonstrated that emission from single-photon sources can be efficiently directed to SPPs guided in nanowires and tips [25] .

Plasmonic enhancement of single molecule fluorescence has been demonstrated during the earliest studies.

It has been demonstrated that emission from single-photon sources can be efficiently directed to SPPs guided in nanowires and tips.


The joint improvement of knowledge and habits opens up a course for future work, namely the study of people's relationship with health and quality of life. In order to discover if the relationship between knowledge and know-how, between knowledge and healthy habits, has a real effect on back health, future longitudinal studies, which include objective measures of back health are necessary. In this respect, in the current literature we find instruments that allow us to discover the general level of health and well-being of young people (Vilagut et al., 2005) .

In this respect, in the current literature we find instruments that allow us to discover the general level of health and well-being of young people.


Based on the previous researches on pure CO 2 heat pump by our research team, CO 2 /DME mixture is proposed as a potential alternative refrigerant used in heat pump systems for water heating and space heating [13, 14] . Then it is essential to confirm which composition of mixture is optimum, or at least appropriate, for a certain heat pump application. Based on the Chinese National Standards involving in water heater and space heating system, the heating coefficient of performance, compressor power consumption, condensation pressure, compression ratio, discharge temperature, mass and volumetric heating capacities have been analyzed for different CO 2 /DME mixtures in the subcritical cycle. And the performance comparisons with that of HCFC22 system have been presented. Finally, the influences of superheat on performances of system using CO 2 /DME mixture as the working fluid have been studied for the optimum composition under the specific conditions.

Based on the previous researches on pure CO 2 heat pump by our research team, CO 2 /DME mixture is proposed as a potential alternative refrigerant used in heat pump systems for water heating and space heating.


The effect of the porous layer anisotropy on the flow coherence can be quantified by looking at the two-point velocity auto-correlation functions corresponding to the flow realisations of figure 5(a) . The top row in figure 5(b) shows the distribution in the x − y plane of the streamwise velocity component auto-correlation along the streamwise direction x. In the case ψ = 1 (the isotropic case, shown in the central panel), the correlations appear to be very similar to the baseline, solid wall case with highly elongated streaky structures that alternate at a canonical spanwise distance (i.e., ∆z + 100 + ) (Kim et al. 1987) . When the anisotropy parameter ψ is increased, the correlation length increases monotonically and the velocity streaks penetrate more and more into the porous layer (see the rightmost panel) also revealing a less meandering shape (see figure 5) . On the contrary, in the drag increasing scenario (i.e., ψ < 1) the x-wise correlations drops to zero more rapidly (see the leftmost panel) confirming a break-up of the streamwise coherence. The panels in the second row of figure 5(right) , showing the spanwise autocorrelation function of the normal velocity component, reveal that in the drag increasing scenario a long spanwise correlation length of the normal velocity establishes in the interface region. The appearance of this weak but coherent upwash and downwash motions may be related with an incipient emergence of the already mentioned spanwise rollers that would lift and splash the velocity streaks by the wall thus disrupting their coherence (Jiménez et al. 2001) .

In the case ψ = 1 (the isotropic case, shown in the central panel), the correlations appear to be very similar to the baseline, solid wall case with highly elongated streaky structures that alternate at a canonical spanwise distance (i.e., ∆z + 100 + ).

The appearance of this weak but coherent upwash and downwash motions may be related with an incipient emergence of the already mentioned spanwise rollers that would lift and splash the velocity streaks by the wall thus disrupting their coherence.


In summary, when ψ > 1 (i.e., high wall-parallel and low wall-normal permeability), the flow is strongly correlated in the streamwise direction delivering a net drag decrease. On the other hand, when ψ < 1 (i.e., high wall-normal and low wall-parallel permeability), the flow tends to become more isotropic because of the fragmentation of the elongated streamwise streaks and the eventual formation of new spanwise coherent structures. This type of phenomenon has been reported by other authors dealing with turbulent flows bounded by an isotropic permeable wall (Jiménez et al. 2001; García-Mayoral & Jiménez 2011; Rosti & Brandt 2017) . Figure 4(d) is a further evidence of the flow coherence modifications induced by the variations of the porous media permeability. In the diagram, the flow topology is clearly indicated by the shape of the Lumley's invariant maps computed for the isotropic layer and the most drag-reducing and most drag-increasing anisotropic cases. While the map for the ψ > 1 case (i.e., the drag reducing condition) shows a trend towards a one-component behaviour as the interface is approached, the ψ ≤ 1 cases show a modification towards a two-components turbulence behaviour.

This type of phenomenon has been reported by other authors dealing with turbulent flows bounded by an isotropic permeable wall.


The mechanisms controlling the formation and maintenance of CL and, finally, luteolysis in cattle are known to be immune cell-and cytokine-dependent processes [8, 19, [21] [22] [23] 34] . The present in vivo study showed that TNF␣ inversely regulates the lifespan of CL in cattle, depending on its concentrations. These data together with results obtained from earlier in vitro studies suggest the concept that TNF␣ at low concentrations plays an important role in luteolysis, especially with regard to stimulation of PGF 2a production in the uterus, and consequently leads to both functional and structural regression of CL in cattle. On the other hand, TNF␣ at high concentrations prolongs the estrous cycle in cattle by inducing a survival pathway in the CL and by contributing to P4 production.

The mechanisms controlling the formation and maintenance of CL and, finally, luteolysis in cattle are known to be immune cell-and cytokine-dependent processes.


For the crop of 2013-2014, the area under sugarcane cultivation is still expanding. However, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, the opposite is true: the cultivated area has been suffering continuous reductions since the crop of 2010-2011. In 2010-2011, the area comprised 51,330,000 hectares, whereas, in 2013-2014, the number was reduced to 35,870,000 hectares, corresponding to a reduction of 30.1% at the end of three crops [3] .

In 2010-2011, the area comprised 51,330,000 hectares, whereas, in 2013-2014, the number was reduced to 35,870,000 hectares, corresponding to a reduction of 30.1% at the end of three crops.


Typical permeability tests are performed on small coupon specimens, without the complexities of mechanical or thermal loads, using helium or hydrogen as a test gas [4] . Although these tests are useful for screening materials and fabrication processes, they do not address the important issue of determining the in-situ rate of hydrogen leakage in built-up structural components exposed to temperature and mechanical loads. Test methods and a test apparatus developed and validated for measuring the leakage of helium or hydrogen through complex, built-up structures, which can be mechanically loaded at cryogenic temperature, are presented herein. Descriptions of the test methods, test apparatus, calibration test results, and test specimens derived from the X-33 Program are reported. Results from helium and hydrogen leak tests for the X-33 specimens, performed at cryogenic temperatures, are also presented.

Typical permeability tests are performed on small coupon specimens, without the complexities of mechanical or thermal loads, using helium or hydrogen as a test gas.


Studies of organizational justice and behavioural ethics are two important fields that use empirical research strategies to build knowledge about the moral dimension of organizations. Specifically, studies of organizational justice investigate employees' perceptions of workplace fairness, and include studies of group-based phenomena called justice climates (Li & Cropanzano, 2009) . Behavioural ethics studies examine individuals' moral behaviours as influenced by organizational and social contexts; that is ethical work climates (Victor & Cullen, 1988) . The two fields have progressed independently, but both relate to the organization's moral dimension, guiding managers and employees in their actions and reactions. Our primary aim in this article is to integrate these two fields to better understand, and ultimately manage, the moral dimensions of organizational life.

Specifically, studies of organizational justice investigate employees' perceptions of workplace fairness, and include studies of group-based phenomena called justice climates.

Behavioural ethics studies examine individuals' moral behaviours as influenced by organizational and social contexts; that is ethical work climates.


Next, we examine dimensions of culture that influence individual-level values and might influence ethical and justice climates, from both insider and outsider perspectives (Jia, You, & Du, 2012; Leung, 2012; Van de Ven & Jing, 2012) . A range of cultural constructs and methodological approaches are likely to be important in the Chinese business context because they may reflect non-Western definitions of wrongdoing and perceptions of justice. Overall, our goal is to promote cross-fertilization among the constructs of justice climates, ethical work climates, and cultural diversity. We conclude by suggesting opportunities for advancing theory and research in relation to our integrated model and the potential for greater exploration of the role of cultural diversity in relation to the moral climates of organizations.

Next, we examine dimensions of culture that influence individual-level values and might influence ethical and justice climates, from both insider and outsider perspectives.


In this section, methods for calculating the maximum number of users the system can accommodate are developed for a given average frame loss rate (FLR), which is the ratio of the average number of the lost frames to the total number of the frames and Grade of Service (GOS), which is the probability of blocking. It is well known that voice contains an alternating sequence of ON and OFF times (talkspurts and silence gaps) [10] . It is assumed in this study that a voice user generates typically 9.6 kbits/s data during the ON time, including the overhead coming from error correction coding and packet headers. This data rate corresponds to 230 bits/slot where one slot corresponds to 24 ms of DAB transmission frame duration. This amount of information per slot per user is called a "frame" hereafter. The whole data transmission capacity, 55296 bits/slot, of DAB is assumed to be used for voice transmission in this study. Therefore 55296 / 230 240 users can be in the ON state simultaneously if no loss of information is desired. However, n oc > 240 voice calls can be admitted at the same time if a certain amount of BER is allowed. In the proposed system, the maximum number of admitted calls, N oc , is limited by the allowable FLR. At any slot, if n on N oc , which is the number ongoing calls in the ON state, is larger than 240, then n on -240 frames are assumed to be lost.

It is well known that voice contains an alternating sequence of ON and OFF times (talkspurts and silence gaps).


The methodology used relied on several assumptions and techniques that may bring inaccuracy into the work. Normally, an engineering study would strive to minimize and quantify any inaccuracies in the work. The purpose of heat mapping is not to accurately model the heat demand in the local area but to quickly estimate the heat demand in the area; therefore, inaccuracies could be tolerated. The validity of the work was assessed by comparing the results to that of similar work produced by the UK government [18] .

The validity of the work was assessed by comparing the results to that of similar work produced by the UK government.


District heating (DH) is an alternative to the incumbent UK heating technologies of individual, natural gas fired, boilers. A district heating network (DHN) is comprised of three elements: a thermal energy generating unit (or units), the pipe network and substations that connect the network to the customer buildings [1] . The major advantage of district heating is that, through the economies of scale and supply, a DHN can utilize thermal energy sources that may not be economically viable on an individual scale. Examples of thermal energy sources that can be utilized by DH are: excess heat from industry, energy from waste incineration and combined heat and power [2] . In addition, DH is both flexible and secure and can use local thermal energy sources, providing money to the local economy [1] .

A district heating network (DHN) is comprised of three elements: a thermal energy generating unit (or units), the pipe network and substations that connect the network to the customer buildings.

Examples of thermal energy sources that can be utilized by DH are: excess heat from industry, energy from waste incineration and combined heat and power.

In addition, DH is both flexible and secure and can use local thermal energy sources, providing money to the local economy.


The coda cluster /ts/ however proved challenging to acquire, with production rates at 62% across sentence positions. The cluster was often reduced to /t/, and less frequently to /s/, whereas the opposite pattern is typically found among English-speaking monolinguals (Theodore et al., 2011) . Since the /ts/ coda words in this study are all plurals, and were matched with a picture of two identical objects, this result suggests these Mandarin-speaking ECL2 learners of English may not yet have acquired plural morphology, an interesting issue for further research. Taken together, our findings suggest that these ECL2 learners can acquire English L2 singleton codas rapidly, but that codas that contain more complex syllabic and/or morphological structures present more of a challenge.

The cluster was often reduced to /t/, and less frequently to /s/, whereas the opposite pattern is typically found among English-speaking monolinguals.


Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological disorder that presents in chronic and acute forms. Chronic HE is a neuropsychiatric disorder which commonly occurs in the setting of alcoholic cirrhosis and is associated with changes in personality, altered mood, decline in the intellectual capacity and abnormal muscle tone [1] . Acute HE (acute liver failure, ALF) usually occurs following viral-mediated hepatitis, acetaminophen toxicity, and exposure to other hepatotoxins. ALF often presents with the abrupt onset of delirium, seizures and coma and has a high mortality rate (80-90%) [2] . A major component of ALF is the development of brain edema leading to increased intracranial pressure and brain herniation, ultimately resulting in death [3] . There is currently no satisfactory treatment for the edema in ALF except for an emergency liver transplantation [4] .

Chronic HE is a neuropsychiatric disorder which commonly occurs in the setting of alcoholic cirrhosis and is associated with changes in personality, altered mood, decline in the intellectual capacity and abnormal muscle tone.

ALF often presents with the abrupt onset of delirium, seizures and coma and has a high mortality rate (80-90%).

A major component of ALF is the development of brain edema leading to increased intracranial pressure and brain herniation, ultimately resulting in death.

There is currently no satisfactory treatment for the edema in ALF except for an emergency liver transplantation.


The first avenue is improving the bias and relative error dispersion of model MtCh. One approach that can be pursued is a Bayesian one. A recent study found that subjective estimates by professional inspectors of their personal effectiveness is very accurate (median relative error of zero), and showed how this information can be used to estimate the defect content for an inspection team [26] . Therefore, there is a basis for using subjective estimates in a Bayesian framework.

A recent study found that subjective estimates by professional inspectors of their personal effectiveness is very accurate (median relative error of zero), and showed how this information can be used to estimate the defect content for an inspection team.


Findings from this study were in line with previous reviews in terms of factors associated with HIV-related stigma and discrimination. Previously, Sweileh published a review of 2509 papers relating to stigma and HIV/AIDS based on data obtained from Scopus database [25] . Nevertheless, the prior review simply focused on the bibliometric analysis without intensively examining research contents and scopes of the papers involved. Although similar trends in research growth and other bibliometric features were found in this research, since we quantified the factors associated with stigma and discrimination against HIV/AIDS patients and classified these factors into differential clusters, this study has enriched the understanding of current empirical research about stigma and discrimination and may help guide future studies. Specifically, media communication should expand the reach of existing interventions against the stigma of people living with HIV/AIDS. In addition, for designing interventions to reduce stigma, important context-and culture-specific factors should be incorporated into the characterization of causes of stigma. By precisely quantifying the frequency of research growth, we have incorporated a system-thinking perspective into the insights into HIV-related stigma and discrimination and have identified gaps, especially, about contextual factors, in the literature.

Previously, Sweileh published a review of 2509 papers relating to stigma and HIV/AIDS based on data obtained from Scopus database.


With the status of English as an international language and the expansion in the use of English, an increasing number of second language learners are engaged in academic pursuits that require them to write compositions. One interesting area of investigation in second language writing is to see how DMs are tackled by non-native writers of English in compositions. Theoretically, discourse markers (DMs) are a class of verbal and non-verbal devices which provide contextual coordination for ongoing talk (Schiffrin, 1987) . They help writers provide writing which is effective and satisfactory.

Theoretically, discourse markers (DMs) are a class of verbal and non-verbal devices which provide contextual coordination for ongoing talk.


Because of its influence on Henry's law constant by partitioning of compounds between the gas and liquid phase, rising temperature increases vapor pressure and emission rate of volatile isoprenoids [10] . The rise of temperature could also increase the emission of isoprenoids by increasing the activities of enzymes that synthesize them [9] [14] . However, the activities of enzymes increase only to optimum temperature level after which further rise may inactivate the enzymes, and result in reduced production of isoprenoids [15] [16] .

Because of its influence on Henry's law constant by partitioning of compounds between the gas and liquid phase, rising temperature increases vapor pressure and emission rate of volatile isoprenoids.

The rise of temperature could also increase the emission of isoprenoids by increasing the activities of enzymes that synthesize them.

However, the activities of enzymes increase only to optimum temperature level after which further rise may inactivate the enzymes, and result in reduced production of isoprenoids.


Isoprenoids and phenolics are two important groups of plant secondary compounds, which are suggested to protect plants against abiotic stresses through their antioxidant properties to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) before they oxidize cell walls and membranes [1] [2] . Volatile isoprenoids are among volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that plants release into the atmosphere in substantial amounts [3] . Volatile isoprenoids include highly reactive compounds such as isoprene, monoterpenes (MTs), and sesquiterpenes (SQTs) [4] . Quality and quantity of volatile isoprenoids and plant phenolics may be altered with changing abiotic environmental factors [5] - [8] . Temperature and photosynthetically active radiations are two of such important abiotic factors affecting the production of plant secondary compounds [9] - [12] . Across Africa, the high scenario prediction shows that temperature increases by about 0.5˚C per decade. This value is expected to be higher in semi-arid and arid regions [13] .

Isoprenoids and phenolics are two important groups of plant secondary compounds, which are suggested to protect plants against abiotic stresses through their antioxidant properties to remove reactive oxygen species (ROS) before they oxidize cell walls and membranes.

Volatile isoprenoids are among volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that plants release into the atmosphere in substantial amounts.

Volatile isoprenoids include highly reactive compounds such as isoprene, monoterpenes (MTs), and sesquiterpenes (SQTs).

Quality and quantity of volatile isoprenoids and plant phenolics may be altered with changing abiotic environmental factors.

Temperature and photosynthetically active radiations are two of such important abiotic factors affecting the production of plant secondary compounds.

This value is expected to be higher in semi-arid and arid regions.


Studies on species-specific VOC emission potentials have been conducted in woodlands and rainforest ecosystems of Africa under field conditions [26] - [28] . To our knowledge, there has been no investigation of VOC emission patterns relating to physiological parameters in plant species of arid/semi-arid ecosystems of Africa in response to elevated growth temperatures. The present study was conducted on Cordeauxia edulis Hemsley (Fabaceae) maintained under controlled conditions in growth chambers. Cordeauxia edulis is a multipurpose evergreen shrub adapted to arid and semi-arid ecosystems of east Africa (Ethiopia and Somalia) [29] . We hypothesized that production of secondary compounds by plants of arid/semi-arid ecosystems of Africa increases under elevated temperatures, and thus help to sustain plant's physiological performance.

Studies on species-specific VOC emission potentials have been conducted in woodlands and rainforest ecosystems of Africa under field conditions.

Cordeauxia edulis is a multipurpose evergreen shrub adapted to arid and semi-arid ecosystems of east Africa (Ethiopia and Somalia).


For the above flow configurations, the critical Grashof number below which the thermal boundary layer is stable to the Rayleigh-Bénard instability is found to be between 5 × 10 3 and 10 4 , which agrees well with the earlier scaling result (Lei & Patterson 2002b) . The critical time at the onset of the Rayleigh-Bénard instability revealed from the direct stability analysis is also in an excellent agreement with the scaling prediction (t B ∼ (Ra c /P r Gr) 1/2 ). For Grashof numbers in the convective regime (above the critical value), it is demonstrated that the critical time for the onset of the convective instability increases, whereas the growth rate of the perturbation as well as the dominant transverse wavenumber decrease, with the decrease of the Grashof number. As the Grashof number approaches the critical value, a zero growth rate is expected.

For the above flow configurations, the critical Grashof number below which the thermal boundary layer is stable to the Rayleigh-Bénard instability is found to be between 5 × 10 3 and 10 4 , which agrees well with the earlier scaling result.


In the latter application, a significant mechanism for forcing has been shown to be the daytime unequal capture of radiation as the result of the changing water depth (Monismith, Imberger & Morison 1990) . Put simply, constant surface incident radiation is absorbed by the water column; in the shallow part, the vertically averaged volumetric rate of absorption is greater than that in the deeper part, and a horizontal temperature gradient results with the average temperature increasing with decreasing depth. Consequently, a natural convection flow results, manifested as a warm water surface outflow from the shallow tip, and a deep return flow up the bottom slope.

In the latter application, a significant mechanism for forcing has been shown to be the daytime unequal capture of radiation as the result of the changing water depth.


By means of single-mode perturbation, the preferred mode of the thermal boundary layer instability is determined for the case of Pr = 6.83 and Gr = 2.51 × 10 6 , corresponding to the parameters of a previous model experiment (Lei & Patterson 2002a) . It is found that the most unstable mode of the convective instability has a transverse wavenumber around 14 to 15, and the most amplified mode has a transverse wavenumber around 12 to 13. It is also identified that the most unstable region is around x = 3.0, independent of the perturbation mode. Similar procedures may be applied to any other flow conditions in order to determine the preferred mode of instability.

By means of single-mode perturbation, the preferred mode of the thermal boundary layer instability is determined for the case of Pr = 6.83 and Gr = 2.51 × 10 6 , corresponding to the parameters of a previous model experiment.


Additionally, CS has been officially endorsed by the International Performance Measurements and Verification protocol (IPMVP) [10] . Within IPMVP two main approaches for energy savings projects are listed; retrofit isolation options (Option A and B) and whole facility options (Option C and D) [10] . Option D is a simulation-based approach that requires models to be calibrated based on measured monthly or hourly data. CS, within Option D, is the suggested procedure for performance and usage verification of the whole building or specific building components. The IMPVP approach is also applied in the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) Measurements and Verification (M&V) guidelines [11] .

Additionally, CS has been officially endorsed by the International Performance Measurements and Verification protocol (IPMVP).

Within IPMVP two main approaches for energy savings projects are listed; retrofit isolation options (Option A and B) and whole facility options (Option C and D).

The IMPVP approach is also applied in the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) Measurements and Verification (M&V) guidelines.


Platelets produce, store and release, if activated, numerous growth factors capable of stimulating the replication of cells of mesenchymal origin such as fibroblast, osteoblast and endothelial cells [15, 16] . Besides osteoprogenitor cells (fibroblast, osteoblast and chondrocytes), the regeneration of bone tissue requires a matrix conductive to bone formation, including osteogenic growth factors (e.g. platelet derived growth factor, PDGF; transforming growth factor (TGF) β; insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II) derived from platelets and morphogenically active proteins (bone morphogenetic proteins, BMPs). The BMPs are osteoinductive peptides derived from platelets and belong to the TGF-β group responsible for the processes of bone generation and regeneration [17] [18] [19] [20] . In comparison with other currently available adjuncts, BMP may have a more substantial role to play in the treatment of delayed unions. Recombinant human BMP-7 (rhBMP-7) promoted union in a prospective, randomized controlled study of 122 patients with a total of 124 tibial nonunions [18] . All cases of nonunion were at least nine months old and had shown no progress toward healing for three months. Each patient had been treated with an intramedullary nail as well as with rhBMP-7 in a type-1 collagen carrier or with autogenous bone graft. At nine months postoperatively, 81% of the patients treated with rhBMP-7 and 85% of those treated 4 It has been hypothesised that there is an initial release of PDGF, TGF-β and IGF-I and -II at the sites of a bone lesion due to the effect of degranulation of platelets present in the lesion [19, 20] . PDGF stimulates mitosis of bone marrow stem cells and also has an angiogenic effect, inducing and enhancing the formation of new capillaries in the site of the lesion. At the same time, TGF-β causes proliferation of fibroblasts and pro-osteoblasts and differentiation of these latter into a more mature form (osteoblasts) which are stimulated to produce bone matrix, while fibroblasts deposit a collagen scaffold to support vessel growth. The local presence of platelets carried by the blood stream continuously provides the area of bone regeneration with necessary growth factors. Subsequently released IGF-I and -II act on osteoblasts of the endosteum, which starts to fill the trabeculae of cancellous bone [21] .

Platelets produce, store and release, if activated, numerous growth factors capable of stimulating the replication of cells of mesenchymal origin such as fibroblast, osteoblast and endothelial cells.

The BMPs are osteoinductive peptides derived from platelets and belong to the TGF-β group responsible for the processes of bone generation and regeneration.

Recombinant human BMP-7 (rhBMP-7) promoted union in a prospective, randomized controlled study of 122 patients with a total of 124 tibial nonunions.

At nine months postoperatively, 81% of the patients treated with rhBMP-7 and 85% of those treated 4 It has been hypothesised that there is an initial release of PDGF, TGF-β and IGF-I and -II at the sites of a bone lesion due to the effect of degranulation of platelets present in the lesion.

Subsequently released IGF-I and -II act on osteoblasts of the endosteum, which starts to fill the trabeculae of cancellous bone.


Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a crop of immense economic significance, especially in developing nations including India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, and Ethiopia [1] [2] [3] . It is often broadcast-seeded into standing rice crops one or two weeks before the rice harvest. This allows grass pea to effectively exploit the residual moisture left after the rice harvest [4, 5] . It is also cultivated in China and in many countries of Europe, the Middle East, and Northern Africa. It serves a variety of purposes including food, feed and fodder, owing in part to its nutritive qualities [4, [6] [7] [8] [9] . Archeological evidence suggests that the domestication of Lathyrus dates to the late Neolithic, and precisely to the Bronze Age [2, 9] . Prior to domestication, the crop was presumably present as a weed among other pulse crops. However, evidence based on historical records renders the subject of its origin more contentious [10] .

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a crop of immense economic significance, especially in developing nations including India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, and Ethiopia.

This allows grass pea to effectively exploit the residual moisture left after the rice harvest.

It serves a variety of purposes including food, feed and fodder, owing in part to its nutritive qualities.

Archeological evidence suggests that the domestication of Lathyrus dates to the late Neolithic, and precisely to the Bronze Age.

However, evidence based on historical records renders the subject of its origin more contentious.


The main factors associated with health self-awareness are: demographic (age, gender, marital status, family arrangement), social and economical (education and income), number of chronic diseases (hypertension, arthritis and rheumatism, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke and cancer) and functional capability (Mendes da Costa, 2013) . It is yet unclear the reasons for this association. In an attempt to explain it, several hypotheses have been raised. For instance, one hypothesis states that a bad or very bad self-awareness can be due to lack of preventive practices in health or compliance to medical treatment (Södergren et al., 2012) . Another hypothesis deals with the fact that bad self-awareness can be associated with a negative impact from the nervous system into the immunological system, making the person more likely to develop diseases (Silva & Menezes, 2007) .

The main factors associated with health self-awareness are: demographic (age, gender, marital status, family arrangement), social and economical (education and income), number of chronic diseases (hypertension, arthritis and rheumatism, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke and cancer) and functional capability.

For instance, one hypothesis states that a bad or very bad self-awareness can be due to lack of preventive practices in health or compliance to medical treatment.

Another hypothesis deals with the fact that bad self-awareness can be associated with a negative impact from the nervous system into the immunological system, making the person more likely to develop diseases.


The advantage of using health self-awareness lies on its simplicity and on its ability to capture people's perceptions so that relevant data can be obtained. These data can be used to predict mortality risk, morbidity, functional limitations and the use of health services (Pagotto, Bachion, & Silveira, 2013; Singh-Manoux et al., 2007; Lebrão & Laurenti, 2005; Alves & Rodrigues, 2005; Barros, 2005; Marcellini et al., 2002) . Therefore, although health self-awareness measures can be subjective, its importance has been increasing in the last decades, particularly in epidemiological research, because of its closeness to the real state of health of the patient (Alves & Rodrigues, 2005) .

These data can be used to predict mortality risk, morbidity, functional limitations and the use of health services.

Therefore, although health self-awareness measures can be subjective, its importance has been increasing in the last decades, particularly in epidemiological research, because of its closeness to the real state of health of the patient.


Aging is both complex and heterogeneous process due to several physical, emotional and social factors. Therefore, it is difficult to objectively evaluate the health of senior people. As a consequence, it is hard to predict and control negative outcomes in old patients. Senior people usually express high levels of satisfaction and quality of life, even though they may be facing comorbidities and disabilities (Lima, Silva, & Galhardoni, 2008) . This is an evidence of how unreliable quantitative measures, taken alone, can be when trying to understand the health levels of this population.

Senior people usually express high levels of satisfaction and quality of life, even though they may be facing comorbidities and disabilities.


Recently, with the development of blockchain technology, researchers pay more and more attention to the core concept of decentralization, which is a main feature of blockchain and smart contracts (SCs), whereby an application uses a blockchain as its core technique. Due to the feature of decentralization, current researchers began to analyze the structure of electronic voting (E-voting) systems currently in use. In turn, they discovered that the blockchain and SC in the application could improve data validity and lower costs while maintaining the openness and transparency of the application [4] [5] [6] .

In turn, they discovered that the blockchain and SC in the application could improve data validity and lower costs while maintaining the openness and transparency of the application.


The Donkey Sanctuary is a registered charity which aims to prevent the suffering of donkeys worldwide through the provision of professional advice, training and support on donkey welfare. The majority of the estimated 59 million donkeys worldwide are found in developing countries and are mostly used as draught or pack animals [1] . In the UK the Donkey Sanctuary cares for any donkey needing refuge including unwanted, rescued or sick donkeys. The Donkey Sanctuary farms in the south west of the UK have housed more than 11,000 individuals since 1968.

The majority of the estimated 59 million donkeys worldwide are found in developing countries and are mostly used as draught or pack animals.


The Cambridge University HMM Toolkit approach also yielded excellent results for the smallervocabulary Hub 2 tests. The lowest word error rate for an ARPA contractor on the Hub 1 test data, for the C1 condition permitting valid cross-site comparisons, was reported by the group at CMU [7] [8] [9] . The CMU results were not significantly different from the corresponding results for the Cambridge University HMM Toolkit system. The lowest word e:rror rate for an ARPA contractor for the (less constrained) P0 condition was reported by the group at BBN. R is difficult to summarize results of the spoke tests, except to note that there were results reported for 8 different "spoke conditions", with from 1 to 3 participants and systems typically involved in each spoke. Details are presented in the Appendix.

The lowest word error rate for an ARPA contractor on the Hub 1 test data, for the C1 condition permitting valid cross-site comparisons, was reported by the group at CMU.

Details are presented in the Appendix.


The current work also studies the electronic reconfiguration of THz and photonic topologies, through the utilization of the linear electro-optical phenomenon (Pockel's effect), [22] . This is motivated by the fact that electronically steerable phased arrays will play a key role in 5G communication systems.Tunable THz or photonic structures, such as microring resonators, could fulfill this role, introducing the appropriate true-time-delay (TTD), thereby avoiding the beam-squint in ultra-wideband phased arrays.

The current work also studies the electronic reconfiguration of THz and photonic topologies, through the utilization of the linear electro-optical phenomenon (Pockel's effect).


Microwave Photonics offers exciting prospects for the realization of future wireless systems for 5G and beyond, operating up to mm-wave and THz carrier frequencies. The air interfaces of the RF front-ends in such systems will have to operate in an agile manner to some tens of GHz for cognitive radio applications. In this respect, the large bandwidth of optical fiber and the ability to modulate light to several tens of GHz and then detect it, as well as the capability of generating THz signals photonically, is of great interest. Moreover, the photonic approach offers tunability over a high frequency range, and the implementation of controllable true-time-delay (TTD) devices with low distortion will be invaluable [1] - [4] . Furthermore, as integrated circuits approach their speed limits, increased use of photonics (including photonic integrated circuits) will need to be considered, [5] .

Moreover, the photonic approach offers tunability over a high frequency range, and the implementation of controllable true-time-delay (TTD) devices with low distortion will be invaluable.

Furthermore, as integrated circuits approach their speed limits, increased use of photonics (including photonic integrated circuits) will need to be considered.


Concerning now the photonic structure development, this faces serious limitations related primarily to the fabrication procedure. In particular, the design of optical microcavities demands optical waveguides that are able to better confine the light. However, realizing such a wave-guide is difficult due to the requirement of better refractive index contrast. Hence, materials with extremely low refractive index, even lower than Silica (n Si O 2 = 1.45), are demanded, which are not available, [19] . This lack of the appropriate materials in combination with the absence of simple design rules for THz and photonic structures make the numerical analysis of these structures crucial before their fabrication, [20] . There are already published works that efficiently employ the Method of Moments (MoM) for the numerical study of plasmonic structures for nanoantenna applications, [12] , [20] . However, MoM usually results in matrices with poor condition numbers, giving rise to numerical instability of the studied problem, [21] . Furthermore, the existence of Greens functions in the formulation of MoM algorithms not only requires much greater analytical effort, but it also makes the study of geometrically complicated structures impossible.

Hence, materials with extremely low refractive index, even lower than Silica (n Si O 2 = 1.45), are demanded, which are not available.

This lack of the appropriate materials in combination with the absence of simple design rules for THz and photonic structures make the numerical analysis of these structures crucial before their fabrication.

There are already published works that efficiently employ the Method of Moments (MoM) for the numerical study of plasmonic structures for nanoantenna applications.

However, MoM usually results in matrices with poor condition numbers, giving rise to numerical instability of the studied problem.


In many engineering applications, such as design or quality control of advanced composite structural systems, it is particularly important to have correct understanding of mechanical constants of composites [1] . It is more complicated to determine the mechanical constants of fiber-reinforced polymer composites than to determine those of homogenous and isotropic materials, because, in such materials, which may include a variety of constituent materials mixed together, the number of elastic constants is increased and also some additional complexity due to their nonhomogenous nature may occur. When static test methods such as simple tensile test are used for composites, they will be faced with some problems. Special problems such as effects of supports, dependence on samples size, and nonuniform fields of stress-strain in the experiments usually cause a wide scatter and unwanted errors in the test results. In addition, the destructive nature of these tests and inability to repeat the test for a specific sample are other disadvantages of conventional experimental methods for determining the material properties. Thus, a powerful and useful technique that is able to be utilized for characterizing the real structures needs to be introduced. To resolve aforementioned problems, among previously proposed methods, the nondestructive evaluations of material parameters based on inverse computational techniques look promising for composite materials [2] .

In many engineering applications, such as design or quality control of advanced composite structural systems, it is particularly important to have correct understanding of mechanical constants of composites.

To resolve aforementioned problems, among previously proposed methods, the nondestructive evaluations of material parameters based on inverse computational techniques look promising for composite materials.


In the inverse computational methods, there are complex relationships between material properties and structural behavior which allow us to characterize the material properties of composites. These relationships are usually represented by a typical computational and mathematical model known as direct simulated solution. In the direct problem, measureable data are determined from model parameters. So, if there is a certain set of measured experimental data for evolution of structural behavior, the composite plates' properties can be determined by solving an inverse problem [3] . But, in general, it cannot be measured exactly and the measured data are often 2 Shock and Vibration diverted from real measurable quantities. This deviation can be as small as rounding error that is created by computer estimations. In fact, the deviation can be completely innate in measuring process, which means it is due to existing errors in the measurement process. So, data from model parameters are obtained without any errors in the direct process but, in general, data are in the deviated form.

So, if there is a certain set of measured experimental data for evolution of structural behavior, the composite plates' properties can be determined by solving an inverse problem.


When t is larger than the diusion scale ", the splitting (3) is too diusive near selfsharpening shock fronts [28, 31] . This happens because the entropy condition forces the hyperbolic solver S(t) to throw away the information controlling the structure of the (self-sharpening) fronts. We will show how to compensate for this \loss of information", which manifests itself in the form of a residual ux term f res . For instance, assume that the solution of (2) is simply a moving shock front. Applying S(t) gives a discontinuity, with left and right limits u l and u r , respectively. Then we can identify the residual term as f res = f f c , where f c denotes the correct envelope (dictated by the entropy condition) of f in the interval bounded by u l and u r . There are several ways to take the residual ux term f res into account. We can, for instance, perform a separate correction step after the diusion step. Correction is then realized by solving the \residual" conservation law v t + V (x; t)f res (v) x = 0 over a time interval h0; ], where > 0 is some parameter that has to bechosen. Another approach is to include the residual term in the equation modelling diusion, that is, instead of solving (only) the heat equation w t = "w xx , we solve w t + V (x; t)f res (v) x = "w xx . The point is that this equation contains the necessary information needed to produce the correct structure of the shock front, but contains a less severe nonlinearity than (2). We will later discuss and apply both approaches.

When t is larger than the diusion scale ", the splitting (3) is too diusive near selfsharpening shock fronts.


On the other hand, the feature extraction methods available in the MPEG-7 Standard have been used for image representation in fast-response systems that deal with large amounts of data [12] [13] [14] . Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study employing those extractors for fire detection. Despite the multiple approaches seen in this section, there is no conclusive work about which image descriptors are suitable to identify fire in images. Thus, it is a demand to have means to accurately evaluate the most appropriate method, as we pursue in the present research.

On the other hand, the feature extraction methods available in the MPEG-7 Standard have been used for image representation in fast-response systems that deal with large amounts of data.


Notice that optical differentiator designs have been also demonstrated for processing realpositive time-domain intensity waveforms: the so-called intensity differentiators [14] - [19] . Intensity differentiators have been mostly used for microwave photonics applications [19] - [21] . These solutions are, however, outside the scope of our present work. This paper reports a new, advanced design for field differentiators (NOODs), providing a fully optimized performance. This design is based on the use of long-period waveguide or fiber gratings (LPGs) .

Notice that optical differentiator designs have been also demonstrated for processing realpositive time-domain intensity waveforms: the so-called intensity differentiators.

Intensity differentiators have been mostly used for microwave photonics applications.


Although the vibration signal of a reciprocating compressor in a single service cycle contains nonlinear characteristics (e.g. due to the impacts resulting from the movement of the suction and discharge valves) features extracted from the time, frequency and envelope domains of the sensor signals can be used to reliably assess the health of the system. However, not all the features that can be extracted are useful in the trouble-shooting process, experience has shown that some are simply inappropriate. Usually not even the chosen features are used in the most effective way with some considered separately, and the interactions between and among features not fully considered or even ignored [1] . In cases when the features employed are synergetic, the accuracy of diagnosis might be undermined. In this paper Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and GAs have been applied to real systems with emphasis on considering the features extracted from the vibration signal in combination.

Usually not even the chosen features are used in the most effective way with some considered separately, and the interactions between and among features not fully considered or even ignored.


EEM is only capable of detecting fluorophores in CDOM (thus yielding the so-called FDOM, Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter), but it is very useful for distinguishing between humic and fulvic substances, proteinaceous material, plankton pigments, and even man-made fluorescent xenobiotics (whitening agents) [11] . Irradiation of CDOM by sunlight causes a decrease of the absorbance (photobleaching), because sunlight-absorbing compounds are often transformed into less absorbing or even non-absorbing ones [12] [13] [14] . Photoinduced mineralization (loss of Dissolved Organic Carbon, DOC) can also be observed [15] [16] [17] . Interestingly, it has been found that CDOM in subterranean water (groundwater that was collected and irradiated, without pre-exposure to sunlight before sampling) is much more susceptible to photomineralization than CDOM in lake water [18] . A possible explanation is the fact that groundwater CDOM is shielded from sunlight, which could prevent photolabile species from undergoing phototransformation/mineralization. In contrast, lake water undergoes exposure to sunlight prior to sampling, which could transform photolabile species and cause the remaining CDOM to be rather photostable [18] . This paper reports on a study of spectral CDOM variations upon irradiation under simulated sunlight, comparing lake water samples with samples taken from ponds located in mines and caves.

EEM is only capable of detecting fluorophores in CDOM (thus yielding the so-called FDOM, Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter), but it is very useful for distinguishing between humic and fulvic substances, proteinaceous material, plankton pigments, and even man-made fluorescent xenobiotics (whitening agents).

Irradiation of CDOM by sunlight causes a decrease of the absorbance (photobleaching), because sunlight-absorbing compounds are often transformed into less absorbing or even non-absorbing ones.

Photoinduced mineralization (loss of Dissolved Organic Carbon, DOC) can also be observed.

Interestingly, it has been found that CDOM in subterranean water (groundwater that was collected and irradiated, without pre-exposure to sunlight before sampling) is much more susceptible to photomineralization than CDOM in lake water.

In contrast, lake water undergoes exposure to sunlight prior to sampling, which could transform photolabile species and cause the remaining CDOM to be rather photostable.


The genetic algorithm (GA) is a search algorithm that emulates the heredity and advancement of biology in a common habitat with the attributes of solid parallels, randomness, and self-adaption likelihood. The hypothetical establishments of the GA are the Darwinian biological evolution standard and Mendel's heredity hypothesis. The GA controls the search procedure utilizing existing data, merging to ideal or acceptable solutions by evaluating the fitness of chromosomes and also performing the selection, crossover, mutation and other genetic operations [2, 3] .

The GA controls the search procedure utilizing existing data, merging to ideal or acceptable solutions by evaluating the fitness of chromosomes and also performing the selection, crossover, mutation and other genetic operations.


The SA can adequately escape local optima and meet to the global optima by joining a probabilistic hopping property with changing time qualities and an inclination to converge to zero in the inquiry procedure. The benefit of the GA and SA is that they are not restricted by the coherence or differentiability of the optimization issues. Thus, they are reasonable for complicated and nonlinear issues that conventional search strategies cannot solve. Nevertheless, the GA has poor nearby pursuit capacity, and the SA has low proficiency [7] .

Nevertheless, the GA has poor nearby pursuit capacity, and the SA has low proficiency.


As it is now clear, there is a one-to-one correspondence between single trace operators in SYM theory and spin states in spin-chain models. It was enough to consider the planar limit of SYM theory. If the non-planar contribution is considered, the single trace sector is not conserved anymore, and one ends up with trace splitting and joining in the operator mixing [21] . Even in this case one can still consider a one-to-one map between local gauge invariant operators and a spin system [22, 23] . In this case one has to introduce a set of new degrees of freedom, beyond the spin states, which describes the linking structure of the sites in the spin-chain. This new field takes values in the spin bits permutation group, and introduces a new gauge degree of freedom.

If the non-planar contribution is considered, the single trace sector is not conserved anymore, and one ends up with trace splitting and joining in the operator mixing.

Even in this case one can still consider a one-to-one map between local gauge invariant operators and a spin system.


A purely model-based approach is limited by many potential sources of error, such as insufficient model resolution, simplifications in the assumed dynamics (e.g., ignoring effects of stratification and poor representation of frictional energy loss), and inaccuracies in open boundary conditions. Poorly resolved or inaccurate bathymetry poses a particularly serious problem for modeling tidal currents (Foreman and Freeland 1991; Erofeeva et al. 2003) . Given uncertainties in available bathymetry over much of the ocean, obtaining accurate tidal currents from a purely numerical calculation remains a challenge. A purely empirical approach also has severe limitations. Such methods can be successfully applied for small domains where spatial variations of tidal velocity fields are weak, for example, the western Mediterranean Sea (Garcia-Gorriz et al. 2003) . However, to allow for the complex patterns of current variations frequently encountered in shallow seas, higher-order polynomials or a large number of other spatial basis functions are required. A poor choice of complex basis functions can result in an illconditioned least squares problem, causing spurious oscillations in areas where data coverage is poor and making accurate separation of two or more tidal constituents of comparable amplitude difficult (Foreman and Freeland 1991) . More fundamentally, this purely empirical approach completely ignores the physics of tidal currents, resulting in tidal velocity and height fields that are not even approximately dynamically or kinematically self-consistent.

Poorly resolved or inaccurate bathymetry poses a particularly serious problem for modeling tidal currents.

Such methods can be successfully applied for small domains where spatial variations of tidal velocity fields are weak, for example, the western Mediterranean Sea.

A poor choice of complex basis functions can result in an illconditioned least squares problem, causing spurious oscillations in areas where data coverage is poor and making accurate separation of two or more tidal constituents of comparable amplitude difficult.


Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume worldwide, providing the primary source of protein in human diets, supplying about 20% of the protein intake per person (Broughton et al., 2003) . As half the grain legumes consumed worldwide are common beans. Unfortunately, the yields of common beans are low, and the quality of their seed proteins is sub-optimal. Most probably, common bean can be redressed by modern techniques (Broughton et al., 2003) .

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume worldwide, providing the primary source of protein in human diets, supplying about 20% of the protein intake per person.

Most probably, common bean can be redressed by modern techniques.


In this case, by increasing the amount and activity of antioxidant enzymes in plant leaf tissue, can be reduced the amount of damage and prevent yield losses. In this regard, it was reported that internal O2 concentration is high during photosynthesis, and chloroplasts are especially prone to generate activated oxygen species; therefore, these cytotoxic active oxygen species can seriously disrupt normal metabolism through oxidative damage of lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Deleterious effects of ROS and lipid peroxidation products are counteracted by an antioxidant defense system (Pejic et al., 2009) . From one aspect, it can be expressed that probably with the application of nano TiO 2 in the plant and then with the entry of it into the leaf tissue, causing phytotoxicity in plants, at the same time increases the amount of oxidants in plants, finally, increase the amount and activity of antioxidants (including antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers MDA and 8-OH-2-DG) to counteract the disadvantageous effects of ROS.

Deleterious effects of ROS and lipid peroxidation products are counteracted by an antioxidant defense system.


Bilevel programming problems occur in diverse applications, such as transportation, economics, ecology, engineering and others. They have been extensively studied in the literature [1] [2] [3] . However, when facing a realworld bilevel decision problem, the leader and the follower may have multiple conflict objectives that should be optimized simultaneously for achieving a solution [4] . There are only very few approaches in the literature dealing with bilevel multiobjective problems: less than a dozen of paper in the literature are related to this particular class of problems to our knowledge [5] [6] [7] [8] . Three reasons at least can explain the fact that the issue has not yet received a broad attention in the literature: the difficulty of searching and defining optimal solutions; the lower level optimization problem has a number of tradeoff optimal solutions; and it is computationally more complex than the conventional Multi-Objective Programming Problem or a bilevel Programming Problem. Consequently, it is extremely desirable to develop a simple and practical technique that can permit to find efficient solutions for this class of bilevel programming problem.

They have been extensively studied in the literature.

However, when facing a realworld bilevel decision problem, the leader and the follower may have multiple conflict objectives that should be optimized simultaneously for achieving a solution.

There are only very few approaches in the literature dealing with bilevel multiobjective problems: less than a dozen of paper in the literature are related to this particular class of problems to our knowledge.


In this search, each event is reduced to a two-jet topology by clustering the selected objects (jets and leptons) into two megajets [36] [37] [38] . All possible assignments of objects to the megajets are considered, with the requirement that a megajet consist of at least one object. The sum of the four-momenta of the objects assigned to a megajet defines the megajet four-momentum. When more than two objects are reconstructed, more than one megajet assignment is possible. We select the assignment that minimizes the sum of the invariant masses of the two megajets.

In this search, each event is reduced to a two-jet topology by clustering the selected objects (jets and leptons) into two megajets.


We used deep sequencing to characterize the composition of gut communities of three Bombus species in two habitat types and to test for associations between core and non-core gut bacteria, pathogen infection and overall bacteria abundance. We defined core bacteria as OTUs corresponding to species primarily associated with Apis and Bombus hosts in previous studies (Martinson et al., 2011; Moran et al., 2012) . OTU richness of core bacteria had a positive association with absolute numbers of bacteria. In contrast, richness of non-core bacteria was negatively associated with the number of bacteria per bee and positively associated with Crithidia presence. Non-core bacterial taxa may be less adapted to the bee gut environment and thus less able to proliferate there, with the result that Bombus individuals with a high proportion of noncore bacteria may have lower numbers of gut bacteria. However, this mechanistic explanation remains untested. Also, in hosts with lower proportions of core bacteria and lower overall numbers of bacteria, non-core bacteria will be sampled more deeply, resulting in higher richness estimates due to sampling effects. Although overall microbiota richness has been assumed to be important in microbial gut function, few studies have differentiated core from non-core bacteria. Experimental work in locusts demonstrated that increasing diversity of gut bacteria reduces susceptibility to a pathogen (Dillon et al., 2005) . In contrast, found that microbiota richness at the colony level was positively associated with Crithidia infection in bumble bees. Our work may reconcile these seemingly disparate results, as richness of core taxa may be associated with healthy hosts while richness of noncore taxa may represent dysbiosis.

We defined core bacteria as OTUs corresponding to species primarily associated with Apis and Bombus hosts in previous studies.

Experimental work in locusts demonstrated that increasing diversity of gut bacteria reduces susceptibility to a pathogen.


Work in offshore settings has been described as demanding, stressful, and potentially dangerous [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . However, because of the young nature of the offshore wind industry in Germany, evidence regarding the specific job demands of its workers is still limited. We recently presented a first empirical approach to the analysis of German offshore wind employees' working conditions, and identified a broad range of job demands, including hard physical work, long shifts, frequent waiting times, and recurrent periods of absence from home [8] . Likewise, studies from related industries (e.g. the offshore oil and gas industry, seafaring) have revealed similar demands and stressors for workers in these branches [6, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .

Work in offshore settings has been described as demanding, stressful, and potentially dangerous.

We recently presented a first empirical approach to the analysis of German offshore wind employees' working conditions, and identified a broad range of job demands, including hard physical work, long shifts, frequent waiting times, and recurrent periods of absence from home.

Likewise, studies from related industries (e.g. the offshore oil and gas industry, seafaring) have revealed similar demands and stressors for workers in these branches.


Academic achievement is closely linked to learning styles and motivation. Several studies have been carried out and have identified that learning styles and motivation differ based on someone's needs and knowledge. Learning styles refer to the method used by an individual to focus and retain new and difficult information. One of the significant challenge a teacher face is to be tolerant and matching the teaching strategies with the students' learning styles in order to recognize learning differences among their student's and also to improve their academic achievement (Tulbure, 2012) . Starting from this issue at least two essential questions are asking for an answer: Could a suitable learning styles can improve students mathematics achievement? If the answer is yes, what can be the factor to identify suitable learning style for a student?

One of the significant challenge a teacher face is to be tolerant and matching the teaching strategies with the students' learning styles in order to recognize learning differences among their student's and also to improve their academic achievement.


In order to answer the first question, a considerable amount of research has confirmed that there is a relationship between learning styles and academic achievement (Dobson, 2010; Indreica, Cazan, & Truta, 2011; Aziz & Ahmad, 2008) . However, there are studies shows that there is no relationship between learning styles and academic achievement (Aripin, Mahmood, Rohaizad, Yeop, & Anuar, 2008; Ilias, Rahman, Noor, & Saidon, 2010) . Considering the variety of the existent data, this issue seems to be controversial. Therefore, this study is still needs further investigation. We consider few types of learning styles before select a suitable types of learning style for sample.

In order to answer the first question, a considerable amount of research has confirmed that there is a relationship between learning styles and academic achievement.

However, there are studies shows that there is no relationship between learning styles and academic achievement.


Information related to learning styles will enable teachers to identify students' preferable learning style. Therefore, teachers can use various teaching skills, techniques, materials and activities which are specifically suitable to student's learning style (Yahaya, Abd Karim, & Yahaya, 2003) . Furthermore, the findings of this study can help students to know the strengths and weaknesses of their learning styles. By knowing the strength of one's learning style, intrinsic motivation of a student will encourage him/her to develop the suitable learning style for learning mathematics.

Therefore, teachers can use various teaching skills, techniques, materials and activities which are specifically suitable to student's learning style.


It is suggested that, the institute has to organize seminars and courses to help students to get to know different types of learning styles and give them the preference to choose the most suitable style to learn mathematics. Teachers also have to plan and implement activities based on students' learning styles to encourage students to effectively participate in the classroom. Selection of appropriate learning style can increase students' motivation. Other than that, funding for smaller classes or more content training will help to increase students intrinsic motivation because students get chance to work with people who have similar learning style with them (Ricks, 2010) . Furthermore, student feel motivated when the content is simplified based on their cognitive level. However, more research on this topic needs to be undertaken to understand the relationship between learning style preferences and motivation in teaching and learning process. Other than that a research should be conducted about teaching styles and students motivation too as teachers playing an important role in motivating students.

Other than that, funding for smaller classes or more content training will help to increase students intrinsic motivation because students get chance to work with people who have similar learning style with them.


Generally, there are two types of motivation which are external motivation and internal motivation. External motivation arises by external factors such as family, teachers and environment. External motivation can be given in the form of praise, gifts, good grades, incentives and so on. Although, reinforcement is one of the negative ways to motivate someone; it impacts students' behavior positively (Schunk, Pintrich, & Meece, 2008) . On the other hand, intrinsic motivation is encouragement for a person to do something for his/ her self-interest and satisfaction. Intrinsic motivation differs based on students' characteristics (Ryan & Deci, 2000) .

Although, reinforcement is one of the negative ways to motivate someone; it impacts students' behavior positively.

Intrinsic motivation differs based on students' characteristics.


Constraints play an important role in optimization. In continuous processes, the optimal operating policy is often determined by constraints (Maarleveld and Rijnsdorp, 1970) . The same is true for batch processes, but the dependence of the input profile on the constraints is considerably more involved (especially terminal constraints, i.e., constraints which depend only on the final condition of the batch). Typical terminal constraints arise from selectivity considerations, where the concentration of particular species (e.g. side products) must be less than specified values to facilitate down-stream processing or simply to avoid additional separation steps.

In continuous processes, the optimal operating policy is often determined by constraints.


The second step is to analyze a patent co-inventor network. For this, a patent co-inventor network should be constructed. To extract node to node data set, n 2 combinations are generated, where n is a number of inventors in one patent document. For example, consider the inventor set of Inventors = {I 1 , I 2 , I 3 }. The number of relationship among inventors are three which are from a Cartesian Product of set Inventors represented as Inventors × Inventors = {(a, b) | a ∈ Inventors and b ∈ Inventors, except a = b}. In this case, each node I i has two relationships with other inventors and there is no direction between nodes. Using the extracted relationship data, a patent co-inventor network is generated using graph analysis tools, and this research utilizes R, which is a computer language for statistics, and iGraph, which is a network analysis package for R [35, 36] . Key R&D personnel of the target organization are identified based on inventor's research activeness and broadness which are measured by degree and betweenness centrality analysis; the details on the metrics will be described in Section 3.2.

Using the extracted relationship data, a patent co-inventor network is generated using graph analysis tools, and this research utilizes R, which is a computer language for statistics, and iGraph, which is a network analysis package for R.


Technologies or technological capabilities are a critical resource for competitive advantage [4, 5] . The success of many companies is derived from their outstanding technological capability [6] . Even though there are many ways to secure technological capability from inside and outside the company, internal R&D is basically the most significant mechanism to gain technological capabilities. It is, therefore, logical that specific technological capabilities a company focuses its R&D effort on are aligned with the strategic direction of the company and so changes of technological capabilities or R&D efforts can explain strategic changes of a company, particularly with technology-oriented companies [7, 8] .

Technologies or technological capabilities are a critical resource for competitive advantage.

The success of many companies is derived from their outstanding technological capability.

It is, therefore, logical that specific technological capabilities a company focuses its R&D effort on are aligned with the strategic direction of the company and so changes of technological capabilities or R&D efforts can explain strategic changes of a company, particularly with technology-oriented companies.


The primary motivation for subsistence anglers was for food and no interviewee responded that they sold their entire catch. Many, however, indicated that surplus catch was sold and therefore the fishery not only provides food security opportunities but also contributes to income generation. The consumption of caught fish and the revenue provided by selling fish are important commodities in many rural communities (Neiland et al., 2000) .

The consumption of caught fish and the revenue provided by selling fish are important commodities in many rural communities.


Increasingly, the socio-economic benefits derived from inland recreational fisheries, for both anglers and the wider communities, are being recognised (Peirson et al., 2001) . The GDFA recreational angler is generally a visitor, residing > 10 km from the resource, who may use the tourism-focused service industry in the settlement. While the estimation of economic benefits from tourism was beyond the scope of this study, visits by recreational anglers undoubtedly contribute to increased income and employment opportunities through related service industries such as guesthouses, hotels and other tourism-related activities.

Increasingly, the socio-economic benefits derived from inland recreational fisheries, for both anglers and the wider communities, are being recognised.


Termination means that the execution of any set of active rules must terminate. This is needed to avoid cycling in the execution. A set of activated rules is confluent if the final state of the database is independent of the order in which activated rules are executed (Baralis and Widom, 2000) . The non termination state is a major problem that produces an error causing the execution of the trans action to abort.

A set of activated rules is confluent if the final state of the database is independent of the order in which activated rules are executed.


Several studies found that surveillance imaging does not discover melanoma recurrence in most patients [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . In the largest report, recurrence was detected first by imaging in only 53% [5] . While most series evaluated chest X-ray (CXR) or CT, recent studies indicate that PET is more sensitive for detecting metastatic disease [14] . However, there are limited data regarding PET surveillance [15] [16] [17] [18] .

Several studies found that surveillance imaging does not discover melanoma recurrence in most patients.

In the largest report, recurrence was detected first by imaging in only 53%.

While most series evaluated chest X-ray (CXR) or CT, recent studies indicate that PET is more sensitive for detecting metastatic disease.

However, there are limited data regarding PET surveillance.