Comparison of seedling and adult plant effector-sensitivity assays has revealed evidence of differential sensitivity to known effectors. This is not a surprising observation given that SnTox3 sensitivity is governed by two different QTLs mapped to the short arm of chromosome 5B and 5D (Zhang et al. 2011) . Therefore, effector recognition may be governed by more than one interaction with host components that can only be observed at different growth stages or in different tissue types. We therefore suggest that plant tissues of different ages should be assessed for effector sensitivity QTLs that may align with different disease QTLs.

This is not a surprising observation given that SnTox3 sensitivity is governed by two different QTLs mapped to the short arm of chromosome 5B and 5D.


This study has also demonstrated that effectors other than the three known examples, ToxA, SnTox1 and SnTox3, are present in a P. nodorum isolate from WA. This is consistent with studies in the US and Australia showing that many further effectors remain to be discovered (Abeysekara et al. 2012; Crook et al. 2012; Francki et al. 2011; Friesen et al. 2012; Oliver et al. 2012; Syme et al. 2013) . In this study, we show that crude culture filtrates of a strain lacking expression of ToxA, SnTox1 and SnTox3 contain effector activity that induced reactions in 23 of the tested cultivars ( Table 2) . As before, the effector activity appears to be proteinaceous. Efforts are currently under way to isolate the novel effectors and to determine their role in SNB.

This is consistent with studies in the US and Australia showing that many further effectors remain to be discovered.


Here too, A p and B p are independent of n and P , and the left-hand inequality is also true for 0 < p ≤ 1 [7] . These inequalities are useful in studying convergence of Fourier series, Lagrange interpolation, in number theory, and weighted approximation. They have been extended to many settings, and there are a great many methods to prove them [4] , [7] , [8] .

Here too, A p and B p are independent of n and P , and the left-hand inequality is also true for 0 < p ≤ 1.

They have been extended to many settings, and there are a great many methods to prove them.


These types of nonproductive friction and wear reduce the lifetimes and degrade the performance and reliability of devices at multitude of scales. Tribological reliability studies are crucial for introducing advanced microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to practical applications. Since MEMS are designed to small tolerances, their reliability can easily be compromised by environmental factors, surface contamination, and environmental debris, to name a few. Numerous applications for MEMS are not really feasible yet because their mechanical properties have not been established, and are, to a large extent, still unknown (Bhushan, 1998; Gad-el-Hak, 2002) .

Numerous applications for MEMS are not really feasible yet because their mechanical properties have not been established, and are, to a large extent, still unknown.


Tribology is the science and technology of two interacting surfaces in relative motion and of related subjects and practices. Typically tribology is revered to as friction, wear, and lubrication (Bhushan, 1999) . Tribology is very important in several applications that use sliding and rolling surfaces. Examples of positive applications of friction/wear include brakes, clutches, driving wheels on trains and automobiles, bolts, and nuts. Unwanted friction however can be encountered in many other systems such as engines, gears, cams, bearings, and contact switches.

Typically tribology is revered to as friction, wear, and lubrication.


Several studies of scale-dependence tribological phenomena have been conducted recently using atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM experiments provide data on nanoscale while surface force apparatus (SFA) provides data on microscale (Homola et al., 1990) . Many investigations have been conducted on the tribology of bulk silicon and polysilicon films used in microdevices (Bhushan and Venkatesan, 1993; Gupta, et al., 1993; Bhushan, 1996; Bhushan and Li, 1997; Sundararajan and Bhushan, 1998; Youn and Kang, 2004) . Most of this literature capitalised on the advent of atomic force/friction force microscopy (AFM/FFM) to study surface topography, adhesion, friction, wear, lubrication, all on a micro-to nanometer scale.

AFM experiments provide data on nanoscale while surface force apparatus (SFA) provides data on microscale.

Many investigations have been conducted on the tribology of bulk silicon and polysilicon films used in microdevices.


We attempted to resolve some of these questions and quantify differences in woody plant community structure, aboveground NPP, biomass partitioning, and nutrient circulation in aboveground tissue in four vegetation zones on a flooding gradient. Compared with other forested wetland sites in the southeastern United States, the study site has low N availability relative to P (Lockaby and Walbridge 1998) . We tested hypotheses relating aboveground NPP to hydroperiod and nutrient circulation: (i) production should be greatest where floods are periodic and of short duration and lowest where continuous flooding occurs (subsidy stress), (ii) NUE should be lower for either excessively flooded or drained conditions, and (iii) soil N availability should be positively related to aboveground NPP and inversely related to NUE.

Compared with other forested wetland sites in the southeastern United States, the study site has low N availability relative to P.


Some physicochemical methods such as fenton's reagent (H 2 O 2 + Fe 2+ ), ozonation, coagulation-flocculation using lime, alum, etc. are used for removal of dyes from wastewater but due to some limitations such as high operating cost, generation of toxic sludge, not eco friendly nature hampers the application of these methods at large scale [4] [5] . Adsorption of dye molecules by activated carbon is also used for removal of dyes but it is very costly and regeneration of adsorbent is not possible [3] [6] . In order to overcome these problems of physicochemical methods, low cost adsorbents are always preferred and are the major area of research in the last few decades.

Some physicochemical methods such as fenton's reagent (H 2 O 2 + Fe 2+ ), ozonation, coagulation-flocculation using lime, alum, etc. are used for removal of dyes from wastewater but due to some limitations such as high operating cost, generation of toxic sludge, not eco friendly nature hampers the application of these methods at large scale.

Adsorption of dye molecules by activated carbon is also used for removal of dyes but it is very costly and regeneration of adsorbent is not possible.


In support of the presence of self-defeating and self-enhancing humor in this age-group, children have been found to display maladaptive explanatory styles which include self-derogatory attributions often linked with depressive symptoms (Nolen-Hoeksema et al. 1991) . The question is when children begin to externalize these thoughts to make other people laugh; it is likely that this comes with experience. Thus, it is possible that self-defeating humor develops slightly later than the other forms. Also, before they reach this stage, children may not recognize the more complex concepts associated with self-defeating humor.

In support of the presence of self-defeating and self-enhancing humor in this age-group, children have been found to display maladaptive explanatory styles which include self-derogatory attributions often linked with depressive symptoms.


The HSQ-Y was adapted to include all four humor styles following qualitative research indicating use of self-enhancing and self-defeating humor in some children (James and Fox 2016) . Whilst the first three subscales of the HSQ-Y were found to have acceptable levels of reliability, reliability of the self-defeating subscale was found to be lower, demonstrating the need for further work primarily involving the development of two new self-defeating items. In terms of friendship quality, several significant associations with humor styles were discovered lending support to previous research and suggesting that humor is associated with adjustment problems in children even as young as eight. Following these results, subsequent work was conducted to examine Participants were aged 8-11 years with a mean age of 9.87 years (SD = 0.92), were in school years 4, 5 and 6 and the sample consisted of 116 males and 109 females. Parental consent was gained using an opt-out method.

The HSQ-Y was adapted to include all four humor styles following qualitative research indicating use of self-enhancing and self-defeating humor in some children.


The invaded area is modeled as a gridded landscape, where each cell of the grid represents one acre of land. The potential for an invasive weed to become established as well as damages and the cost of control are defined by the carrying capacity, which varies across the landscape. The damage in any cell depends on the buffelgrass population density in the cell and the location of the valued, threatened resources with respect to the cell and its close neighborhood. We define the decision variables to represent the management decision, which is to treat or not to treat a cell in a given period. If it is treated, then the population decreases immediately depending on the kill rate of the herbicide treatment, otherwise its population grows according to the natural growth model. We have limited treatment resources including labor and budget, which drastically can change the optimal control strategy compared to the unconstrained optimal policy [11, 26] . Given labor and budget constraints, our goal is to minimize the total discounted damage during the entire considered time interval subject to competing resources.

We have limited treatment resources including labor and budget, which drastically can change the optimal control strategy compared to the unconstrained optimal policy.


A prelimenary study showed that school connectedness has still become a problem for the students in Indonesia (Kurniawan, 2014) . Only 13,7% of the students reported often and always felt being an essential part of their school; only 19,1% has reported that they often and often felt that their opinions are important by their school peers, and only 20,7% students felt that the school members are often and always attentuative to their achievements. As much as 33,9% of the students reported that the school members never and also not very often knowing their capability to accomplish certain tasks successfully, and 61,8% of the students admitted to never or not very often being involved in several activities in their school.

A prelimenary study showed that school connectedness has still become a problem for the students in Indonesia.


During the past decade, ecological requirements have pressed chemists to develop clean catalytic processes and technologies. In this context, the immobilization of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts in an aqueous phase appears to be an environmentally friendly technique to produce organic compounds [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Indeed, the catalyst can be easily recovered in active form at the end of reaction by decantation of the aqueous and organic phases, and the production costs are significantly lower ( Figure 1 ).

In this context, the immobilization of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts in an aqueous phase appears to be an environmentally friendly technique to produce organic compounds.


One way of overcoming the problem with collection of blood samples in random drivers is to use oral fluid for drug screening in moving traffic. Collection of oral fluid has proved successful in random drivers, with low refusal rates [5] . Oral fluid can be compared to blood samples as both specimen types are positive for drugs for the same average length of time after intake of a single dose. The distribution of drug concentrations in oral fluid reflects the distribution of drug concentrations in blood in a population [14] . Comparisons between blood samples and oral fluid samples can be made if equivalent cut-off concentrations in blood and oral fluid are used [14] . One previous case-control study has compared psychoactive substances in cases and random driver controls applying comparable biological samples (blood and oral fluid) to assess relative risk estimates for traffic injuries [7] . While these estimates were for fatal traffic injuries we have in this study applied the same study design with random driver controls and comparable biological samples to assess relative risk estimates with respect to non-fatal injuries.

Collection of oral fluid has proved successful in random drivers, with low refusal rates.

The distribution of drug concentrations in oral fluid reflects the distribution of drug concentrations in blood in a population.

Comparisons between blood samples and oral fluid samples can be made if equivalent cut-off concentrations in blood and oral fluid are used.

One previous case-control study has compared psychoactive substances in cases and random driver controls applying comparable biological samples (blood and oral fluid) to assess relative risk estimates for traffic injuries.


One definition of sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland, 1987) . It is a vision of progress that integrates immediate and long-term needs and local and global needs, and regards society, environment and economics as inseparable and interdependent. However, for many, sustainable development is often seen as a complex issue that is not definable in practical terms. Although a large body of work has been undertaken to conceptualise sustainable development and there is a growing awareness of it, the real challenge is putting a holistic view of sustainability into practice. Sustainability is an umbrella term that includes all the aspects of social, environmental and economic dimensions.

One definition of sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.


Playing an important role in the onset, progression, and prognosis of AP, apoptosis can be categorized into generegulated and nongene-regulated apoptosis. There are direct and indirect gene regulations. Bax and Bcl-2 are two important components of the apoptosis regulation system, but in this experiment, Bax and Bcl-2 were negative and not irrelevant to apoptosis of thymus. Caspase-3 is one of the important proteases which can induce apoptosis and is also the final effect factor of the caspase cascade effect which is involved in apoptosis, and moreover it is at the core position in the process of cutting protease cascade. Caspase-3 is a marker of apoptosis and it is also the performer of apoptosis. It can destroy a variety of protease complex in cells with the digestive way and activate intranuclear nuclease to cause the DNA schizolysis form the DNA fragments, to undermine cell calcium pump function, to lead to the situation of intracellu- lar calcium overload, and so on [23, 24] . Inhibiting Caspase-3 activity can reduce the occurrence possibility of apoptosis [25] . In this study, we found that the level of thymus Caspase-3 protein expression in the treated group was significantly greater than that of the model group at 12 hours. It is shown that the role of dexamethasone inducing thymus apoptosis may be relevant to expression of Caspase-3 protein in SAP.

It can destroy a variety of protease complex in cells with the digestive way and activate intranuclear nuclease to cause the DNA schizolysis form the DNA fragments, to undermine cell calcium pump function, to lead to the situation of intracellu- lar calcium overload, and so on.

Inhibiting Caspase-3 activity can reduce the occurrence possibility of apoptosis.


Erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight, was identified independently from the common plasmid pEA29 by three different PCR assays with chromosomal DNA. PCR with two primers was performed with isolated DNA and with whole cells, which were directly added to the assay mixture. The oligonucleotide primers were derived from the ams region and the PCR product comprised the amsB gene, which is involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis. The amplified fragment of 1.6 kb was analysed and the sequence was found to be identical for two E. amylovora strains [5] .

The amplified fragment of 1.6 kb was analysed and the sequence was found to be identical for two E. amylovora strains.


Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is widely used in fibers, bottles and films due to its excellent mechanical strength, chemical and thermal stability [1] [2] [3] . A higher molecular weight and lower carboxyl content give PET a better physical and chemical performance, like toughness, hydrolytic and thermal stability [4, 5] . For each application, therefor, a certain molecular weight is needed. For example, PET for fiber has an [] of 0.65, for carbonated soft drink bottles, an [] of 0.78, and for industrial tire cords, an [] higher than 0.85 [6] .

Poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is widely used in fibers, bottles and films due to its excellent mechanical strength, chemical and thermal stability.

A higher molecular weight and lower carboxyl content give PET a better physical and chemical performance, like toughness, hydrolytic and thermal stability.

For example, PET for fiber has an [] of 0.65, for carbonated soft drink bottles, an [] of 0.78, and for industrial tire cords, an [] higher than 0.85.


The most important structural changes in Brazilian pulp production were a larger share of chemical pulp, rising from 85.7% of the total pulp production in 1979 to 93.9% in 2009 and the smaller share of mechanical pulp, reducing from 6.1% to 3.1% in the same period. In paper production, the main structural changes were the larger share of the wrapping and packaging paper and board, from 47.5% to 56.4%, and the reduction of the other papers category, from 16.4% to 5.5%. Another significant change refers to the rising recovery fibre utilisation rate, from 28.0% in 1979 to 41.6% in 2009 [30] .

Another significant change refers to the rising recovery fibre utilisation rate, from 28.0% in 1979 to 41.6% in 2009.


We chose the empirical functions for modeling of individual absorption spectra of Cr (VI) and Fe (III) which are shown in table 2. As the peak of chromium is symmetrical (s = 0,02) we offer to apply the Gaussian peak. In the case of iron the peaks have an asymmetrical shape (s = -0,50; 0,11). So we investigated several functions obtained by the modification base elementary peaks (Gaussian peak, peak of the logistic and Cauchy peak) proposed in the papers [21, 22] . Programs Grapher and Statistica are used for signals approximation. As shown in table 2 the best approximation result is obtained by Gaussian peak (R = 0,993) for chromium spectrum and PM x1s1 G and PM s1 G peaks (R = 0,996; 0,997) for iron spectra. Figure 4 gives the illustration of the approximation results with help of the optimal empirical functions.

So we investigated several functions obtained by the modification base elementary peaks (Gaussian peak, peak of the logistic and Cauchy peak) proposed in the papers.


The interaction hypotheses (3 and 4) were tested with moderated hierarchical regression analyses (Aiken & West, 1991) . The product of the z-standardized predictor and the z-standardized moderator was entered into the final block of each regression, after the control variables, the predictor, and the moderator. If the product term was significant (p < .05), we created a graph illustrating its nature by plotting two predictorcriterion regression lines on the basis of moderator scores one standard deviation above and below the mean (Aiken & West, 1991) . The innovation and task performance scores displayed in the graphs are scale sum scores. Hypothesis 3a and 3b predicted stronger positive relationships between transformational leadership and both innovation and task performance for subordinates low than for those high in OBSE. As shown in Table 3 , the interaction term explained a significant amount of variance in innovation (ß = -.19, AjR^=.04,p < .05) beyond that accounted for by the controls and the two main effects. The interaction accounted for an additional four per cent ofthe variance in innovation. The nature of this interaction is depicted in Figure 1 . As hypothesized, transformational leadership more strongly and positively predicted innovation for subordinates Iow in OBSE. Subordinates exhibited the lo^vest level of innovation w^hen both transformational leadership and OBSE were low. The interaction term did not significantly predict task performance, although the regression w^eight for task performance approached the significance criterion (ß = -.14, p= .08, A/?^ = .O2). Overall, these findings support Hypothesis 3a. Hypothesis 4a and b predicted stronger positive relationships between transformational leadership and both innovation and task performance for subordinates low in self-presentation propensity. The interaction term of transformational leadership and self-presentation propensity explained a significant amount of variance in task performance (ß = -.21, AR^=.O6, p < .01), but not in innovation (see Table 4 ). The interaction term accounted for an additional six per cent of the variance in task performance. Transformational leadership was positively associated w^ith task performance for subordinates low in self-presentation propensity (see Figure 2) . Aniong their high self-presentation counterparts, transformational leadership was unrelated to task performance. Subordinates exhibited the lowest task performance when both transformational leadership and self-presentation propensity were low. In conclusion, the results support Hypothesis 4b, but not 4a.

The interaction hypotheses (3 and 4) were tested with moderated hierarchical regression analyses.

If the product term was significant (p < .05), we created a graph illustrating its nature by plotting two predictorcriterion regression lines on the basis of moderator scores one standard deviation above and below the mean.


In this paper, we propose a new closed-form approximation for market making in the case of several assets. We build our work on the paper of Guéant [16] . There, Guéant unified the approach to the market making problemà la Avellaneda-Stoikov under different objective functions. Moreover, he considered general shapes of market order arrival rate intensities. Furthermore, he addressed and solved a partial differential equation (PDE) when the intensity of market order arrival is symmetric with respect to the bid and ask sides. Here, in contrast, we fully solve this PDE under different models for the reference price. We provide optimal quotes not only for the asymptotic regime, when the terminal time T goes to infinity, but also for the time-dependent case.

We build our work on the paper of Guéant.


Therefore, we contribute to the inconclusive academic debate on the performance outcomes of adaptation by studying situational influences. Our study broadens the analysis of the relationship existing between predictor and criterion variables with the moderators "leads to richer theoretical models with which researchers are able to explain or specify relationships with greater accuracy" [15] . We examine these questions on a sample of firms from Poland, which may be considered as a mid-range emerging economy [16] . This mid-range character of an economy results in a balanced distribution of host countries of firms from such countries in markets that can economically and institutionally be both more and less developed than the home country. As a consequence, the international market portfolios of such firms embrace both advanced countries and emerging economies, hence enabling a high level of variation in the institutional profiles of the host countries of the firms under study.

Our study broadens the analysis of the relationship existing between predictor and criterion variables with the moderators "leads to richer theoretical models with which researchers are able to explain or specify relationships with greater accuracy".

We examine these questions on a sample of firms from Poland, which may be considered as a mid-range emerging economy.


The most striking result in this paper, as demonstrated with the motivating example, is that although the model has four parameters, the D-optimal design is often supported on three design points. This apparent anomaly can be explained by the fact that, for multinomial response with J = 3 categories, we get two degrees of freedom (i.e., Y i1 , Y i2 ) from each experimental setting. It is also interesting to note that often the optimal allocation of resources is not uniform, contrary to what has been demonstrated for binary response (Yang, Mandal and Majumdar, 2014) .

It is also interesting to note that often the optimal allocation of resources is not uniform, contrary to what has been demonstrated for binary response.


Whilst machine vision based VFA methods suffer from difficulties in terms of replicating such complex, heuristic approaches, they have a potential advantage in that techniques based on SSMs can provide a precise mathematical description of the entire shape of a vertebra, and quantitatively compare this between vertebrae. We investigate the interaction of these two effects by constructing VF classifiers based on comparing the parameters of shape and appearance models of vertebrae using both k-nearest neighbours (kNNs) and random forests (RFs) [20] . These methods are compared to simple, height-based classifiers on two data sets; 320 DXA VFA images and spinal mid-line sagittal images projected from 402 CT volumes. When RFs were used to classify appearance model parameters, significant reductions in false positive rate (FPR) of ≈ 30% and ≈ 60% were achieved at 80% sensitivity for VF identification from automatic and manual landmark annotations, respectively, on both data sets.

We investigate the interaction of these two effects by constructing VF classifiers based on comparing the parameters of shape and appearance models of vertebrae using both k-nearest neighbours (kNNs) and random forests (RFs).


The endowment of the boundedness property to the HO schemes results in the so-called high-resolution schemes (HRS), which are able to provide good resolution in steep-gradient regions without introducing spurious oscillations, while at the same time are of at least second-order accuracy in smooth regions [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . In the past decades, various types of HRS, such as flux-corrected transport (FCT) techniques, total variation diminishing (TVD) schemes, normalized variable diagram (NVD) schemes, and essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) schemes, have been developed [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . In this paper, the widely used high-resolution TVD schemes are considered in the context of the finite volume method (FVM).

The endowment of the boundedness property to the HO schemes results in the so-called high-resolution schemes (HRS), which are able to provide good resolution in steep-gradient regions without introducing spurious oscillations, while at the same time are of at least second-order accuracy in smooth regions.

In the past decades, various types of HRS, such as flux-corrected transport (FCT) techniques, total variation diminishing (TVD) schemes, normalized variable diagram (NVD) schemes, and essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) schemes, have been developed.


Numerical simulation of convection-dominated flows remains one of the most challenging problems in computational fluid dynamics [1] [2] [3] [4] . It is well known that conventional low-order (LO) schemes, such as the first-order upwind (FOU), Hybrid and Power-Law schemes, although highly stable and unconditionally bounded, suffer from excessive numerical diffusion [5] [6] [7] . However, traditional high-order (HO) schemes, such as the central differencing (CD), second-order upwind (SOU), cubic-upwind interpolation (CUI) and quadratic-upwind interpolation (QUICK) schemes, although being able to improve the accuracy in smooth regions, often generate unphysical oscillations in discontinuous or steep-gradient regions because of their unbounded nature [8] [9] [10] .

Numerical simulation of convection-dominated flows remains one of the most challenging problems in computational fluid dynamics.

It is well known that conventional low-order (LO) schemes, such as the first-order upwind (FOU), Hybrid and Power-Law schemes, although highly stable and unconditionally bounded, suffer from excessive numerical diffusion.

However, traditional high-order (HO) schemes, such as the central differencing (CD), second-order upwind (SOU), cubic-upwind interpolation (CUI) and quadratic-upwind interpolation (QUICK) schemes, although being able to improve the accuracy in smooth regions, often generate unphysical oscillations in discontinuous or steep-gradient regions because of their unbounded nature.


The previous expressions are cumbersome and, typically, the lumped element equivalent circuit model is invoked for design purposes. It is depicted in Fig. 1(b) , where C and L are the persection capacitance and inductance of the line. According to this model, the Bloch impedance, the electrical length (unit cell) and the slow wave ratio are given by: (6) respectively. From the previous expressions, the elements of the circuit of Fig. 1(b) can be easily isolated. However, the validity of the model of Fig. 1(b) is restricted to large values of C ls as compared to C. Indeed, if the condition C ls >> C is satisfied, the agreement between the lumped element model and the schematic is good up to the cut-off frequency (at low frequencies, the model is valid regardless of the relative values between C and C ls ). However, this condition (C ls >> C) is not always satisfied. This justifies the first ASM proposed in this work, where, from the element values provided by isolation of expressions (4)- (6), we determine the optimum schematic of Fig. 1(a) , namely, the one that satisfies the target specifications. An alternative to this ASM process would be the numerical solution of expressions (1)-(3), but we have opted for implementing an ASM algorithm, which is simple, fast and accurate. Indeed, the first ASM provides a technique for the numerical solution of expressions (1)-(3).

According to this model, the Bloch impedance, the electrical length (unit cell) and the slow wave ratio are given by: respectively.


The conventional practice in discovering the identity of earthworms is through character comparison with the nearest neighbour and relatives where descriptions of diagnostic characters are done (Benham, 1946) . This method is tedious and subjective and usually does not take into account inherent intraspecific variation in populations of earthworms. In the present study, principal component analysis and parsimony analysis were used to describe taxonomic groupings of known taxa, groupings of unknown collected specimens, and identify useful characters that separate groups and measure phenotypic distances among groups of taxa of earthworms. Relationships among taxa can be inferred by cladistic approaches similar to studies done in Erigoninae (Miller, 1999) .

The conventional practice in discovering the identity of earthworms is through character comparison with the nearest neighbour and relatives where descriptions of diagnostic characters are done.

Relationships among taxa can be inferred by cladistic approaches similar to studies done in Erigoninae.


With other things being equal, a species with better GI storage optimization ("coding efficiency") is more efficient, since less genetic load effectively implies better survival rates. The "survival of the fittest" is equivalent to the survival of the most efficient, naturally including information processing efficiency. From IT, it is known that better efficiency requires higher complexity: coders and decoders must have memory and sufficient algorithmic complexity. In general approaching closer to the channel capacity limit requires increase of memory and computational complexity. Hence the IT naturally links the drive to efficiency with the drive to complexity. While the drive to efficiency is self-evident in biological systems the drive to complexity was difficult to rationalize. Traditionally, complexity is assumed to passively "emerge" as simple rules (interactions), applied recursively, can generate perceivably complex patterns (but still they are simple algorithmically), in contradistinction, the lesson from IT is that there can be an active drive to increase algorithmic complexity. From this perspective the "evolution" of IT itself is quite instructive [2] . As was mentioned, the IT had no general impact on scientific community before the limits were hit due to tough energy efficiency demands in space flight communications. These demands induced a boost of theoretical and practical developments, producing complex hardware and algorithms allowing approaching channel capacity limits and eventually bringing us the convenience of cellular and other digital communications. It is tempting to speculate that a similar evolution with the drive to complexity is happening on the "molecular machines" level.

From this perspective the "evolution" of IT itself is quite instructive.


Identifying key perturbations of redox signalling may help to understand oxidative stress-related disease processes. Currently, useful techniques to assess the activities of living cells, signalling molecules, compartments, or organelles are based on fluorescent probes [5, 6] . Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential ( m), ROS generation, and cellular nonprotein thiols can be analysed.

Currently, useful techniques to assess the activities of living cells, signalling molecules, compartments, or organelles are based on fluorescent probes.


Notwithstanding changes in cell redox triplet are probably involved in a number of disease states, a systematic and large-scale investigation of these parameters using flow cytometry in clinical settings has been unfeasible due to technical drawbacks. Taken together, our experimental data demonstrate that whole blood assay is possible. The ability to measure quickly three redox parameters may provide a useful clue to the mechanisms of disease. We are particularly interested in the origin of the extensive oxidative stress we observed in type 1 diabetes families, non-diabetic relatives included [13] . Oxidative stress in healthy relatives, manifested by protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, could not be attributed to any evident metabolic disorder. The cytofluorimetric method described here has been developed in order to investigate potential sources of oxidative damage, having taken into account that mitochondrial oxidative metabolism may be the major one.

We are particularly interested in the origin of the extensive oxidative stress we observed in type 1 diabetes families, non-diabetic relatives included.


The carbocyanine fluorescent probe 5,5',6,6'-tetra chloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) assessed changes in m. Cotreatment with the protonophore carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) served as a positive control of m collapse. Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) was applied as qualitative marker of intracellular ROS. The tumour promotor and activator of protein kinase C phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was used as a positive control of oxidative burst. Intracellular thiols were labeled with 5-Chloromethyl fluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) [6] . During analytical method development, venous blood was obtained from 20 adult volunteers, either healthy subjects and patients with diabetes mellitus and/or other chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, in order to cover a wide enough range of redox states; the final methodology was assessed in another group of 20 healthy subjects in order to assess the normal range. Three milliliters of venous whole blood were collected in vacutainer tubes containing ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid and assayed immediately for fluorescence staining. Baseline blood count was determined using Celldyn 4000 (Abbott Divisione Diagnostici, Roma, Italy). Two microliters of staining solution of each probe were added to 100 L aliquots of whole venous blood. Two microliters of PBS were added to the resting test tubes, whereas 2 L of the effector solutions (CCCP or PMA) were added to the stimulated test tubes containing JC-1 or DHR, respectively.

Intracellular thiols were labeled with 5-Chloromethyl fluorescein diacetate (CMFDA).


Redox chemistry is involved in cell signalling and redoxresponsive regulatory mechanisms [1] [2] . Mitochondria are considered a cellular signal amplifier capable of generating and conveying Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in addition to electrical and calcium signals. Mitochondrial functions have been implicated in the homeostasis of the immune system [3] . Human phagocytic cells of immune system possess an intricate mitochondrial network that is required for cellular processes such as chemotaxis and maintenance of cell shape, respiratory burst activation, and commitment to apoptosis [4] .

Redox chemistry is involved in cell signalling and redoxresponsive regulatory mechanisms.

Mitochondrial functions have been implicated in the homeostasis of the immune system.

Human phagocytic cells of immune system possess an intricate mitochondrial network that is required for cellular processes such as chemotaxis and maintenance of cell shape, respiratory burst activation, and commitment to apoptosis.


One of the reasons for this lack of information may be due to the apparently lower stability ofiUite domains compared with the quasi-crystals ofsmectite. This lower stability has been attributed to the surface irregularities of the crystals in mica clays (Aylmore and Quirk, 1962) . These surface irregularities, together with a larger c-dimension, may cause the micas to act more like individual crystals when they are in an aqueous suspension.

This lower stability has been attributed to the surface irregularities of the crystals in mica clays.


Fertilizer use is one of the important land management practices that alleviated nitrogen limitation in grain production [1] . In the long run, it has been proven that fertilizer use can directly or indirectly affect the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil as well as the soil fertility and crop productivity [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . In order to meet the food demand of an ever-increasing world population, most countries have shown an overload use of inorganic fertilizer in agricultural production [7, 8] .

Fertilizer use is one of the important land management practices that alleviated nitrogen limitation in grain production.

In the long run, it has been proven that fertilizer use can directly or indirectly affect the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil as well as the soil fertility and crop productivity.

In order to meet the food demand of an ever-increasing world population, most countries have shown an overload use of inorganic fertilizer in agricultural production.


Monitoring and diagnosis of artworks enable the prevention or delay of their degradation. The knowledge of the state of degradation of artworks, the characterization of constitutive materials, and the development of new methods and materials aimed at lengthening the life time of artworks, are important achievements in the correct safeguard of Cultural Heritage. The amount of samples obtained from precious artifacts must be reduced to a minimum, therefore micro-destructive, non-destructive, and possibly non-invasive analytical techniques are advisable. Another problem is that often objects to be analyzed cannot be brought to the laboratory because they are too precious or unmovable. These difficulties have been overcome with the use of portable NMR sensors which allow the study of arbitrarily sized objects in a non-destructive and non-invasive way [7] . The magnetic field generated by these sensors is external to the sensor and allows measurements to be performed Table 1 . T 1 and T 2 relaxation times and relative populations, and the self-diffusion coefficient measured in Carbogel 0.5%, Laponite RD 5%, Sepiolite 6%, and Gellan 2%. The very short T 1 value measured in sepiolite is likely to be due to the presence of paramagnetic impurities, such as iron, which are present in the natural clay. These impurities should be absent in laponite which is a synthetic clay.

These difficulties have been overcome with the use of portable NMR sensors which allow the study of arbitrarily sized objects in a non-destructive and non-invasive way.


Clove oil meets seven out of eight criteria for an ideal anaesthetic (Marking and Meyer 1985) . Its main advantage is its low price. The use of clove oil, however, requires that general principles of safe handling of chemicals be observed. The authors know from their own experience that a stay in a poorly ventilated room where clove oil is used may cause headache, nausea and fatigue in vulnerable persons. The disadvantage of clove oil is its relatively low therapeutic index, i.e. the ratio between the therapeutic and the toxic concentrations. The generally reported optimum ratio is 1:4 or higher (Svobodová and Vykusová 1991) . A comparison between the concentration used in a 10-min anaesthesia of fish (30 mg·l -1 ) and the 10 min LC50 values found (81.1 mg·l -1 ) suggests that the clove oil therapeutic index is 1:2.7.

Clove oil meets seven out of eight criteria for an ideal anaesthetic.

Its main advantage is its low price.

The generally reported optimum ratio is 1:4 or higher.


Another study found that urban tree plantings "may be cost-effective" in certain locations in the US [15] . However, a different study found that urban forest management was "moderately" effective as a mitigation strategy in two cities in Florida, USA, relative to other reduction strategies [14] . Similarly, studies in Europe raise awareness to the fact that different urban tree and vegetation carbon calculation methods, such as the choice of allometric equations, carbon estimation models, resolution of geospatial data, and reporting of different carbon pools (i.e., above ground versus below ground carbon pools) will yield very different C sequestration results [17, 32] .

Another study found that urban tree plantings "may be cost-effective" in certain locations in the US.

However, a different study found that urban forest management was "moderately" effective as a mitigation strategy in two cities in Florida, USA, relative to other reduction strategies.

Similarly, studies in Europe raise awareness to the fact that different urban tree and vegetation carbon calculation methods, such as the choice of allometric equations, carbon estimation models, resolution of geospatial data, and reporting of different carbon pools (i.e., above ground versus below ground carbon pools) will yield very different C sequestration results.


Some studies have also investigated management, maintenance, and socio-ecological dynamics and the interaction between urban tree carbon sequestration and emissions [20, 27, 33] . Another body of research is exploring if the use of trees is indeed an effective policy and activity to mitigate local CO 2 emissions [14, 16, 17, 28, 34, 35] . In terms of policy effectiveness, studies in the United States have documented that local level reforestation of degraded peri-urban areas can cost effectively be used to improve air quality while providing other co-benefits, such as CO 2 sequestration and wildlife habitat [36] .

Some studies have also investigated management, maintenance, and socio-ecological dynamics and the interaction between urban tree carbon sequestration and emissions.

Another body of research is exploring if the use of trees is indeed an effective policy and activity to mitigate local CO 2 emissions.

In terms of policy effectiveness, studies in the United States have documented that local level reforestation of degraded peri-urban areas can cost effectively be used to improve air quality while providing other co-benefits, such as CO 2 sequestration and wildlife habitat.


While the above studies have mostly analyzed cities in the US, Europe, and China, few have explored the use of trees as a nature-based solution for climate change mitigation in Neotropical cites and low-middle income countries. Assessments and studies have, however, looked at the use of innovative transportation strategies and policies to offset CO 2 emission in Latin American countries, such as in Colombia [4, 5] . The need for other innovative measures (i.e., nature-based solutions) is necessary as a response to Colombia's projected rates of urbanization and population vulnerable to adverse climate change effects [5] .

Assessments and studies have, however, looked at the use of innovative transportation strategies and policies to offset CO 2 emission in Latin American countries, such as in Colombia.

The need for other innovative measures (i.e., nature-based solutions) is necessary as a response to Colombia's projected rates of urbanization and population vulnerable to adverse climate change effects.


The dot probe or visual probe task ) is another experimental paradigm that allows measurement of attentional bias. In each trial of a typical dot probe task, a pair of stimuli, one neutral and one emotionally salient (e.g., threatening), appears on a computer screen for a brief duration (generally 500-1,500 ms). Upon the offset of these images, a probe (an asterisk or set of dots) replaces one image. The viewer must quickly press a button that corresponds to the position of the probe on the screen (left versus right). Faster responses to probes that replace emotionally salient stimuli are thought to reflect biases in visual attention toward emotional cues; faster responses to probes that follow neutral stimuli reflect biases away from emotionally valenced cues (Bryant and Harvey 1997) .

Faster responses to probes that replace emotionally salient stimuli are thought to reflect biases in visual attention toward emotional cues; faster responses to probes that follow neutral stimuli reflect biases away from emotionally valenced cues.


The dot probe task offers some advantages over the Stroop task in measuring attention biases in traumatized individuals. Unlike the Stroop, the dot probe task does not rely on interference to measure bias in attention allocation and thus provides a more direct measure of visual attention (Mogg and Bradley 1998) . The dot probe also allows for examination of the direction of attention biases (either toward or away from threat). Pictures (such as those of facial expressions) can be used as stimuli in the dot probe paradigm, eliminating the effortful semantic processing that the Stroop task typically requires.

Unlike the Stroop, the dot probe task does not rely on interference to measure bias in attention allocation and thus provides a more direct measure of visual attention.


Worldsheet descriptions of string theory on AdS backgrounds are notoriously hard, but in the context of string theory on AdS 3 , the background with pure NS-NS flux admits a relatively straightforward worldsheet description in terms of a WZW model based on the Lie algebra sl(2, R) [16] [17] [18] . In this paper we shall use this approach to look for signs of a higher spin symmetry among these worldsheet theories. More concretely, we shall combine the WZW model corresponding to sl(2, R) with an su(2) WZW model, describing strings propagating on S 3 , as well as four free fermions and bosons corresponding to T 4 . The complete critical worldsheet theory then describes strings on AdS 3 × S 3 × T 4 .

Worldsheet descriptions of string theory on AdS backgrounds are notoriously hard, but in the context of string theory on AdS 3 , the background with pure NS-NS flux admits a relatively straightforward worldsheet description in terms of a WZW model based on the Lie algebra sl(2, R).


Analysis of participants" responses to the FAS indicated that overall, stronger preferences were evident for a peer without CB than with CB. A developmental trend was not however observed in relation to children"s behavioural intentions towards peers with challenging and non-challenging behaviour. These findings are comparable to those reported in studies conducted with typically developing populations, which suggest that children can discriminate quite accurately between the behaviour of peers with and without emotional-behavioural difficulties (Marsden & Kalter, 1976; Giles & Heyman, 2004) . Children of average ability have also been shown to be less likely to indicate an intention to befriend or help a fictional child described as aggressive (Graham & Hoehn, 1995) .

These findings are comparable to those reported in studies conducted with typically developing populations, which suggest that children can discriminate quite accurately between the behaviour of peers with and without emotional-behavioural difficulties.

Children of average ability have also been shown to be less likely to indicate an intention to befriend or help a fictional child described as aggressive.


Two further limitations relate to the use and analysis of the FAS data. One limitation relates to the possibility that participants" responses to the FAS questions following each vignette may have been influenced by factors such as social desirability and acquiescence. Research has suggested that individuals with ID may be particularly susceptible such influences (Begley, 2000) . A second limitation relates to the use of chronological age in the analysis of the FAS data. The decision to use chronological age in the analysis was based on the assumption that the older participants would have considerably more experience of peers with CB than younger participants. However, future research should consider exploring the relationship between behavioural intentions and developmental age and/or directly measuring participants" experience of being in groups with individuals who have challenging behaviour.

Research has suggested that individuals with ID may be particularly susceptible such influences.


Topical drug delivery represents a promising route mainly for treatment of localized skin diseases and cosmetic use. A gel is commonly defined as a phase dispersed in another continuous phase forming a three-dimensional network by chemical covalent bond or physical interactions (Nishinari, 2009) . It is one of the most general semisolid formulations used in topical application for its good stability against separation and lack of greasiness upon usage. However, active compounds tend to degrade in the dispersing aqueous medium of the gel during storage, thus greatly reduces the effectiveness of the product. Moreover, active compounds are difficult to penetrate across our skin barrier. In fact, skin being the organ most exposed to the environment prevents most external substances penetrating into our body (Friberg, 1990) . In order to enhance the penetration and stability of active compounds, a carrier system is incorporated into the gel formulation to provide a more efficient drug delivery.

A gel is commonly defined as a phase dispersed in another continuous phase forming a three-dimensional network by chemical covalent bond or physical interactions.

In fact, skin being the organ most exposed to the environment prevents most external substances penetrating into our body.


On the other hand, the alpha-tocopherol loaded NLCs were having an insignificant difference of average zeta potential with the unloaded NLC and there are no much changes across the analysis time. This showed consistent condition on the surface structure of the particles. In addition, the zeta potential for all formulations was found lower than -30 mV whereby it was generally accepted as a stable colloidal dispersion (Müller et al., 2001) . Nevertheless, steric stabilizer present in the system was not taken into account in this prediction. For instance, Tween 80 as a nonionic surfactant could not ionize in aqueous system but it was able to adsorb onto the surface of particles, forming steric hindrance between the particles (Han et al., 2008) .

In addition, the zeta potential for all formulations was found lower than -30 mV whereby it was generally accepted as a stable colloidal dispersion.

For instance, Tween 80 as a nonionic surfactant could not ionize in aqueous system but it was able to adsorb onto the surface of particles, forming steric hindrance between the particles.


However, procedural justice is not always sufficient for promoting OCB. Trust can be a necessary intermediate step, as previous research has found that organisational trust mediates the link between procedural justice and OCB (Aryee, Budhwar, & Chen, 2002) . Thus, employees who experience procedural justice and trust are more likely to show OCB. If Tom experiences procedurally fair treatment, he finds it easier to trust the organisation-and his team as part of this organisation. As a consequence, he is more likely to sign up for extra activities or help out his co-workers when needed.

Trust can be a necessary intermediate step, as previous research has found that organisational trust mediates the link between procedural justice and OCB.


Moreover, commitment has been identified as a mediator of procedural justice effects on OCB (Lavelle, Brockner, Konovsky, Price, Henley, Taneja, & Vinekar, 2009a) . Presumably, when employees trust, they become more committed and finally show more OCB (Lavelle, Rupp, & Brockner, 2007) . If this were the case, Tom, who perceives his organisation as procedurally fair, would develop trust and subsequent commitment-and only then would he show OCB. However, to date no empirical study has tested this line of reasoning.

Moreover, commitment has been identified as a mediator of procedural justice effects on OCB.

Presumably, when employees trust, they become more committed and finally show more OCB.


Third, both commitment and citizenship behaviors were assessed at t3. To examine directions of the effects between these four variables, four measurement points would have been preferable. However, our results obtained from structural equation modeling generally support the series as posited in the target similarity model (Lavelle et al., 2007) . Our findings suggest that a complex design with four points of measurement would be worthwhile.

However, our results obtained from structural equation modeling generally support the series as posited in the target similarity model.


The first one is that the hypothesis is very stringent; for example, when k = 2, the set of critical points of f is, in general, a curve. Therefore it is not easy to find examples of real analytic germs satisfying such condition. The second reason is that even when a function f satisfies this condition, in general it is not true that the projection ϕ can be given by f |f | as in the complex case. Despite these obstacles there is now an important collection of works giving examples of such real germs and studying the geometry of the fibration ϕ. See for example [11] , [3] , [23] , [20] , [4] , [17] , etc.

See for example,,,,,, etc.


Data mining, as an iterative process of extracting hidden patterns from large data sets and a critical component of the knowledge discovery process, consists of a collection of automated and semi-automated techniques for modeling relationships and uncovering hidden patterns in large data repositories. It draws upon ideas from diverse disciplines such as statistics, machine learning, pattern recognition, database systems, information theory, and artifi cial intelligence [18] . Sensor data brings numerous challenges with it in the context of data collection, storage and processing and variety of data mining methods such as clustering, classifi cation, frequent pattern mining, and outlier detection are often applied to sensor data in order to extract actionable insights ( Fig. 1 ).

It draws upon ideas from diverse disciplines such as statistics, machine learning, pattern recognition, database systems, information theory, and artifi cial intelligence.


Our approach here is complementary to such techniques and can, possibly, be combined with these. Our idea is not to postpone narrowing to a second phase where all losses of information have already occurred and been propagated. Instead, an attempt is made to systematically improve the current information by narrowing immediately. In particular, this means that widening and narrowing are applied in an interleaved manner. A similar idea has been proposed for the static analyzer ASTRÉE [2] .

A similar idea has been proposed for the static analyzer ASTRÉE.


Piezoelectric actuators are well known for their high force density, high bandwidth, high resolution and ease of fabrication and excitation. They are the foremost actuators in Atomic Force Microscopy, and they are likely to remain the most widely used positioning actuators not only in AFMs, but also in other micro and nano scale positioning systems [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Piezoelectric actuators have evolved, after several decades of research and development, from their simple 1-DOF to multi-DOF micropositioners. They have several advantages over traditional motion-control devices, but also present challenges as they exhibit nonlinearities (creep and hysteresis) and badly damped vibrations not only in the direct transfers but also in the cross-coupling transfers which strongly affect the final performances and stability of these actuators. Many papers have dealt with the compensation against the nonlinearities and vibrations to improve actuator performance and accuracy [5, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . One of the methods used to tackle vibrations of piezoelectric actuators was the feedforward input shaping method where the original input command is convolved with a set of impulses with different amplitudes to generate a new shaped command that is fed to the system input. The input shaping approach as a feedforward control configuration allows the avoidance of the use of sensors. This reduction in the vibrations without substantially reducing the bandwidth, which is important in high dynamics positioning applications.

They are the foremost actuators in Atomic Force Microscopy, and they are likely to remain the most widely used positioning actuators not only in AFMs, but also in other micro and nano scale positioning systems.

Many papers have dealt with the compensation against the nonlinearities and vibrations to improve actuator performance and accuracy.


We evaluated the effect of management strategies on the mortality of Norway spruce caused by bark beetle attacks in the buffer zone of a protected area with no-intervention management. Site and stand characteristics play a less significant role after a bark beetle outbreak has been triggered (Mezei et al. 2014a) . Similar effects were also observed in managed stands in the Beskid Zywiecki (Grodzki et al. 2014) .

Site and stand characteristics play a less significant role after a bark beetle outbreak has been triggered.

Similar effects were also observed in managed stands in the Beskid Zywiecki.


The performance of the PEMFC was improved when operating at temperatures of ~120 °C [18] . The p-c-T plateau pressure of this HSA was shown to be unable of providing high hydrogen sorption kinetics for operating temperatures higher than 60 °C. This may be corrected by adjusting the p-c-T plateau to enhance the hydrogen sorption kinetics at higher temperatures, thus increasing the formation of the hydride phase for electrocatalysis.

The performance of the PEMFC was improved when operating at temperatures of ~120 °C.


Through this series of chemical reactions, the strong reductant KBH 4 can, therefore, partially reduce, or even eliminate, the nickel oxide in the surface and subsurface layers. Moreover, when the chemical reduction occurs at the oxide layer, during the process of treatment, the preferential dissolution of surface elements (such as Mn, Al, and their oxides) as a function of the corrosion induced by the hot alkaline solution, also leads to elemental Ni enrichment in the surface of the HSAs. The above two factors enhance the formation of Ni-rich layers, thus increasing the adsorbability of hydrogen and the electrocatalytic activity of the alloy surface, hence giving better electrocatalytic characteristics to the anode alloys. Further studies on the beneficial effects of borohydride solutions on the pre-treatment of HSAs for anode electrodes have also been recently reported by our group [19] [20] [21] .

Further studies on the beneficial effects of borohydride solutions on the pre-treatment of HSAs for anode electrodes have also been recently reported by our group.


The dry HSA electrode was weighted with a Kern ABS analytical balance before and after the electrochemical hydrogen charging. In average, the weight difference was ~0.7 mg. The MB-TDS study of the HSA sample was performed at a heating rate of 1 °C min -1 . The resulting desorption spectrum is shown in Figure 7 . The total amount of hydrogen contained in the HSA sample was computed by considering the integral of the Gaussian MB-TDS spectrum displayed in Figure 7 , followed by subtraction of the hydrogen background pressure taken in similar experimental conditions (which was 1.0 × 10 -7 Torr). Actually, the number of hydrogen molecules which were desorbed during the MB-TDS measurements are easily estimated from the area under the desorption curve after discounting the above-mentioned hydrogen background pressure. Such a result is 0.1 Pa s. This value is consistent with the hydrogen content in the sample previously weighted (0.7 mg) if the pumping speed is of the order of 3 × 10 . However, the experimental pumping speed of the vacuum system is 10 times larger. Such discrepancy can be attributed to the geometrical fraction of the hydrogen beam effectively "seen" by the quadrupole detector and to the ionization efficiency of this detector as well [22] .

Such a result is 0.1 Pa s.

Such discrepancy can be attributed to the geometrical fraction of the hydrogen beam effectively "seen" by the quadrupole detector and to the ionization efficiency of this detector as well.


The postexperimental questionnaire investigated participants' opinions about their experience of video-recorded interviews. Guilty participants were more likely than innocent participants to think that the presence of a camera was disturbing and made them more reluctant to tell the truth. Additionally, participants who underwent a relationship-focused interview were more likely to answer that they found the camera disturbing than those in the evidence-focused condition. This suggests that video recording might make participants reluctant to talk about their personal lives because their accounts might later be viewed by other people, which appear to support the FBI's objection to recording interviews (Sullivan, 2008) . However, a logistic regression revealed that, although participants in the relationship-focused condition felt that the camera was disturbing, its presence did not actually affect their behavior, which does not lend support to Hypothesis 3.

This suggests that video recording might make participants reluctant to talk about their personal lives because their accounts might later be viewed by other people, which appear to support the FBI's objection to recording interviews.


However, it still had some limitations. The first limitation was that police officers in practice do not use either the evidencefocused or relationship-focused approach exclusively. They are more likely to use both approaches when interviewing, although their emphases might differ (Vrij, Mann, & Fisher, 2006) . Therefore, it remains important to determine whether the combination of evidence-focused and relationship-focused interview styles encourage suspects to confess truthfully in an experimental context. Next, because many participants confessed voluntarily at the beginning of the interview, the evidence-focused interview manipulation was inadequate; only a small number of guilty participants were confronted with evidence in the evidence-focused condition. To examine the effect of evidence-presentation better, more participants need to be studied. Third, this study focused on innocent participants who refused to break an experimental rule. By contrast, those in most previous studies were randomly allocated to the innocent condition and not tempted to break the rule. Because both types of innocent participants might have distinctive characteristics, future studies need to examine these different types of innocent participants at the same time.

However, it still had some limitations.

They are more likely to use both approaches when interviewing, although their emphases might differ.


Considering the aforementioned behavioral manifestations, parents of children with ASD experience a unique caregiving demand that can present negative effects with respect to aspects of finances, social life, health and family life [8] [9] [10] [11] . This caregiving demand is generally understood to arise from impairments in the children's social and communication skills; namely inappropriate behaviors, the children's inability to care for themselves, aggressive actions, language deficits, and a lack of eye contact or affection [10] [11] [12] [13] . There is also evidence that the severity of the children's social impairment can predict the level of stress associated with parenting [14] . Such negative effects tend to be burdensome for mothers, who are typically more involved in daily childcare tasks than fathers [10, 15, 16] . Nevertheless, mothers of children with ASD describe benefits arising from the caregiving role, including personal growth [17] .

Considering the aforementioned behavioral manifestations, parents of children with ASD experience a unique caregiving demand that can present negative effects with respect to aspects of finances, social life, health and family life.

This caregiving demand is generally understood to arise from impairments in the children's social and communication skills; namely inappropriate behaviors, the children's inability to care for themselves, aggressive actions, language deficits, and a lack of eye contact or affection.

There is also evidence that the severity of the children's social impairment can predict the level of stress associated with parenting.

Such negative effects tend to be burdensome for mothers, who are typically more involved in daily childcare tasks than fathers.

Nevertheless, mothers of children with ASD describe benefits arising from the caregiving role, including personal growth.


Although the sample size was limited, there were numerous instances where motor skill deficits added a level of stress to caregivers by increasing parenting demand. Motor abilities are linked to social skills, which -for parents of children with ASD -are strongly related to parenting stress [15, 18] . For mothers in particular, a child's compromised self-care skills are also a considerable stressor [15] . Development of motor abilities has the potential to have a positive effect on a child's social skills, which may in turn alleviate a considerable predictor of parental stress. It is unclear whether improvements in motor abilities were linked to improvements in selfcare skills or social skills over time; however, all caregivers spoke highly of the services they were able to access, and the positive implications for their children's functioning.

Motor abilities are linked to social skills, which -for parents of children with ASD -are strongly related to parenting stress.

For mothers in particular, a child's compromised self-care skills are also a considerable stressor.


Identification of the appropriate treatment or intervention for a child with ASD can be complex, and often requires a team approach [37] . When planning interventions for these children and their families, it is important that service providers are cognizant of the implications of motor difficulties among children with ASD, and to plan interventions in an individualized manner that promotes functional gains [18] . Not only will this aid in the treatment of children with ASD, but will contribute to caregivers' and families' coping strategies and realization of benefits in their experiences [17] . Knowledgeable professionals should be prepared and mindful of appropriate interventions for motor difficulties, the effects of these difficulties on children's abilities and behaviors, and the effects these abilities, or related social and self-care skills, may have on caregivers' experiences in turn.

Identification of the appropriate treatment or intervention for a child with ASD can be complex, and often requires a team approach.

When planning interventions for these children and their families, it is important that service providers are cognizant of the implications of motor difficulties among children with ASD, and to plan interventions in an individualized manner that promotes functional gains.

Not only will this aid in the treatment of children with ASD, but will contribute to caregivers' and families' coping strategies and realization of benefits in their experiences.


The purpose of this pilot study was to aid in the understanding of the lived experiences of five primary caregivers of children with ASD. More specifically, we wanted to investigate descriptions of the functioning and behaviors of these children, particularly in terms of self-care and social skills, and in light of the children's motor abilities, as evidenced through lateral preference and performance. Considering the preliminary nature of this investigation, the results serve as a basis for future investigations, thus must be interpreted in light of the small sample size. Nevertheless, it is clear that knowledge of the costs and benefits to caregivers of children with ASD is important for the team of professionals involved in education, support, and care [17] .

Nevertheless, it is clear that knowledge of the costs and benefits to caregivers of children with ASD is important for the team of professionals involved in education, support, and care.


One in every 68 children is diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), making ASD one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders [1] . Characterized by atypical language and social skills, speech development ranges from a complete absence, to that which may appear typical, albeit lacking the pragmatic (i.e. social) element of language [2] . In particular, children with ASD display impairments in coordination of speech with eye contact, showing a genuine interest in the thoughts and opinions of others, and recognizing when to initiate and conclude conversation [3, 4] . Patterned and repetitive behaviors are also considered a hallmark of ASD, where these manifestations are seen to overlap with obsessivecompulsive disorder [5] [6] [7] .

One in every 68 children is diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), making ASD one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders.

Characterized by atypical language and social skills, speech development ranges from a complete absence, to that which may appear typical, albeit lacking the pragmatic (i.e. social) element of language.

In particular, children with ASD display impairments in coordination of speech with eye contact, showing a genuine interest in the thoughts and opinions of others, and recognizing when to initiate and conclude conversation.

Patterned and repetitive behaviors are also considered a hallmark of ASD, where these manifestations are seen to overlap with obsessivecompulsive disorder.


Overall, evidence indicates that the characteristics of children with ASD, particularly in terms of their lack of social interaction and the ability to care for themselves, are associated with caregiver burden and stress [15] . Despite the link between social and motor development, no studies to date have explored the possible role of children's motor abilities in those behaviors that function as known predictors of stress experienced by caregivers. As such, the aim of this study was to explore caregiver descriptions of the functioning and behavior of children with ASD, particularly self-care and social skills, in light of the children's motor abilities, as evidenced through lateral preference and performance. As this was a pilot study, the preliminary nature of the investigation was meant to establish a basis for continued research in this field.

Overall, evidence indicates that the characteristics of children with ASD, particularly in terms of their lack of social interaction and the ability to care for themselves, are associated with caregiver burden and stress.


Children displaying strong lateralization were described by their caregivers as generally comfortable with motor tasks, and as willing to learn and help with household duties. It has been noted that motor skills are essential for the attainment of skills in other domains [18] . As such, these results provide preliminary evidence that comfort with motor skills translates to engagement in household tasks and opportunities for positive interactions.

It has been noted that motor skills are essential for the attainment of skills in other domains.


Thermoelasticity has seen a rapid development by various engineering science. Most of the investigations were done under the assumption temperature-independent material properties, which limit the applicability of the solution obtained to certain ranges of temperature. At a high temperature the material characteristics such as the modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, the coefficient of thermal expansion, and the thermal conductivity are no longer constants (Lomakin, 1976) . In recent years, due to the progress in various fields in science and technology, it has become necessary to take into account consideration the real behavior of the material characteristics. The experimental data show that the changes of Poisson's ratio and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion due to high temperature can be neglected (Manson, 1954) . The modulus of elasticity and thermal conductivity are considered as the temperature-dependent material parameter in this article.

At a high temperature the material characteristics such as the modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, the coefficient of thermal expansion, and the thermal conductivity are no longer constants.

The experimental data show that the changes of Poisson's ratio and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion due to high temperature can be neglected.


In the last step, the participants were asked to complete the tea consuming habit questionnaire, which was the same as in experiment 1 with two additional questions about the participant's perceived degrees of mental involvement and body involvement (Einöther et al., 2015) . The degree of perceived physical effort may be associated with more positive affect (Einöther et al., 2015) . One question was, "Please rate the degree of your mental and body involvement during the naming task". These questions were rated on a 10-point Likert scale (1 = "absolutely uninvolved", 10 = "entirely involved").

In the last step, the participants were asked to complete the tea consuming habit questionnaire, which was the same as in experiment 1 with two additional questions about the participant's perceived degrees of mental involvement and body involvement.

The degree of perceived physical effort may be associated with more positive affect.


Network analysis is an interdisciplinary research topic of mathematics, statistics, and computer sciences (Wasserman and Faust, 1994) . It has been adopted in diverse fields to address different research interests (Grunspan et al., 2014) . Different techniques are used for tasks in a network analysis (Carrington et al., 2005) . Graph theories is often used by mathematicians to examine the network structure (Newman et al., 2002) . Fast and efficient algorithms are developed by computer scientists and statisticians to detect network communities (Zhao et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2013) . Statistical models are also built to understand the formation of connections between actors in a network (Holland et al., 1983; Hoff et al., 2002; Choi et al., 2012; Paul and Chen, 2016) .

Network analysis is an interdisciplinary research topic of mathematics, statistics, and computer sciences.

It has been adopted in diverse fields to address different research interests.

Different techniques are used for tasks in a network analysis.

Graph theories is often used by mathematicians to examine the network structure.

Fast and efficient algorithms are developed by computer scientists and statisticians to detect network communities.

Statistical models are also built to understand the formation of connections between actors in a network.


Network analysis has also a long history in psychology and sociology, which is called social network analysis since it focuses on social relations among actors (Wasserman and Faust, 1994; Westaby et al., 2014) . Social relations have been traditionally studied in psychology and sociology (House et al., 1988; McCamish-Svensson et al., 1999; Umberson et al., 2010; Cacioppo and Cacioppo, 2014) . Social traditional mediation techniques such as regression analysis are not directly applicable in studying the mediation effect of a social network.

Network analysis has also a long history in psychology and sociology, which is called social network analysis since it focuses on social relations among actors.

Social relations have been traditionally studied in psychology and sociology.


Because all the latent dimensions are equivalent to each other in terms of their association with the social network, it is hardly to name them. The intervening effect through an individual dimension is thus of little practical interest. Therefore, we would rather focus on the mediation effect of a network. Although the latent positions are not unique for a given network, we rigorously articulate that the proposed network mediation effect is well-defined given the number of dimensions of latent space. To estimate the model, we adopt a Bayesian estimation method, which is also used in simple mediation analysis (Yuan and MacKinnon, 2009) .

To estimate the model, we adopt a Bayesian estimation method, which is also used in simple mediation analysis.


In addition to public sector applications, there are already commercial services available based on driving data. For example, OnStar (site 8) in North America allows some insurance discount solutions based on the collected driving data. A corresponding, but functionally quite different, system is provided by Helpten (Site 6), which offers, for example, driver's logs and driving habit analyses for its customers. This type of system can be called a driving data multiservice system (DMS), as it provides several different services. In DMS systems, driving data are collected, managed, and processed by a driving data operator. Personal driving data can then be disclosed to the drivers themselves, or to some other parties in the business ecosystem that can offer services to customers (e.g., road toll services or insurance companies). The collected data also have the potential to be used for producing open traffic data, if the driving data operator fulfils the legitimate and fair personal data collection and processing requirements [36] .

The collected data also have the potential to be used for producing open traffic data, if the driving data operator fulfils the legitimate and fair personal data collection and processing requirements.


Flavor plays an important role in food quality and influences consumers' satisfaction and food consumption. It has attracted significant attention on improving flavor retention due to the instability of volatile flavors in the presence of air, light, moisture or high temperature [1] [2] [3] . To protect the aroma compounds from degradation and limit their loss, it is beneficial to encapsulate the flavor prior to use.

It has attracted significant attention on improving flavor retention due to the instability of volatile flavors in the presence of air, light, moisture or high temperature.


Sorption capacity of soils plays an important role in controlling the bioavailability and fate of organic contaminants in the environment [8] . Leaching of PAHs from soil is a major concern at most contaminated sites due to the risk of groundwater pollution. Contaminated groundwater poses a serious risk for drinking water supplies [9] . Conventional soil remediation technologies mainly rely on excavation and landfilling, which are both costly and often environmentally disruptive [10] . Development and examination of effective and environmentally friendly approaches is necessary to control the mobilization and migration of contaminants from contaminated soils to groundwater resources.

Sorption capacity of soils plays an important role in controlling the bioavailability and fate of organic contaminants in the environment.

Contaminated groundwater poses a serious risk for drinking water supplies.

Conventional soil remediation technologies mainly rely on excavation and landfilling, which are both costly and often environmentally disruptive.


Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic contaminants characterized by their high hydrophobicity, resistance to biodegradation, and carcinogenic properties [1] . The widespread occurrence of hydrophobic organic chemicals such as PAHs in soil is a major environmental problem [2, 3] . PAHs consist of two or more aromatic rings in their structure and mainly originate from anthropogenic sources, e.g. incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, wood burning, and municipal and industrial waste incineration. They can also occur naturally, e.g. during forest fires or by volcanoes [4] . Some PAHs are listed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority pollutant list due to their toxic and mutagenic effects [5] . Probable human health effects of PAHs include, but are not limited to, skin damage, DNA damage, birth defects, and cancer development [6, 7] .

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic contaminants characterized by their high hydrophobicity, resistance to biodegradation, and carcinogenic properties.

The widespread occurrence of hydrophobic organic chemicals such as PAHs in soil is a major environmental problem.

They can also occur naturally, e.g. during forest fires or by volcanoes.

Some PAHs are listed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority pollutant list due to their toxic and mutagenic effects.

Probable human health effects of PAHs include, but are not limited to, skin damage, DNA damage, birth defects, and cancer development.


In mammals, there are four known receptors, RXFP1-4, associated with the four relaxin family ligands. RXFP1 and RXFP2 are evolutionarily related to glycoprotein hormone receptors (e.g., luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors), containing a large extracellular domain made up of ten leucine-rich repeats (LRR) and a low-density lipoprotein receptor type A (LDLa) module; they are the cognate receptors for the ligands RLN and INSL3 in humans, both of which primarily have reproductive actions [3] . On the other hand, RXFP3 and RXFP4 are classic type I peptide GPCRs with short N-terminal domains; they are evolutionarily related to somatostatin and angiotensin receptors and, in humans, are the cognate receptors for RLN3 and INSL5, both of which are associated with neuroendocrine signaling [3] .

RXFP1 and RXFP2 are evolutionarily related to glycoprotein hormone receptors (e.g., luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone receptors), containing a large extracellular domain made up of ten leucine-rich repeats (LRR) and a low-density lipoprotein receptor type A (LDLa) module; they are the cognate receptors for the ligands RLN and INSL3 in humans, both of which primarily have reproductive actions.

On the other hand, RXFP3 and RXFP4 are classic type I peptide GPCRs with short N-terminal domains; they are evolutionarily related to somatostatin and angiotensin receptors and, in humans, are the cognate receptors for RLN3 and INSL5, both of which are associated with neuroendocrine signaling.


The present study contributes significantly to our knowledge of orthopteran hosts of North American hairworms and mermithid nematodes. Up to the present, there have been no published records of mermithids infesting members of the Stenopelmatidae (Poinar 1975) . Here, we report mermithids from 5 species of Stenopelmatus. No mermithids had been reported previously from members of the decticine genus Capnobotes. However, the mermithids Mermis subnigrescens Cobb and Agamermis decaudata Cobb, Steiner & Christie have been reported from other members of the Tettigoniidae (Poinar 1975) . Only one location [Charmlee State Park, Los Angeles Co., CA, (S89-92 in Table 1 and S01-12 in Table 3 )] in the present study contained a host species infected with both hairworms and mermithids: but not in the same individual.

Up to the present, there have been no published records of mermithids infesting members of the Stenopelmatidae.

However, the mermithids Mermis subnigrescens Cobb and Agamermis decaudata Cobb, Steiner & Christie have been reported from other members of the Tettigoniidae.


Much less is known about the correlates of sedentary behavior in LMIC. In one Chinese study involving adults aged 30-79 with no history of major disease, sedentary leisure time was positively associated with body mass index (BMI) values, waist circumference, and body fat, after controlling for age, study area, education, and annual household income [11] . These findings are largely consistent with those found in (mainly) high-income countries [12] . Evidence is limited, however. More research is warranted to explore the correlates of sedentary behavior in LMIC.

In one Chinese study involving adults aged 30-79 with no history of major disease, sedentary leisure time was positively associated with body mass index (BMI) values, waist circumference, and body fat, after controlling for age, study area, education, and annual household income.

These findings are largely consistent with those found in (mainly) high-income countries.

Evidence is limited, however.


Finally, in this paper we described the basic features of some open source frameworks for machine learning, namely TensorFlow, Deep Learning4j, and H2O. For usability and performance tests H2O framework was selected. It was tested on several platforms like Intel Core i5-7200U (4 cores), Intel Core i7-2700K (8 cores), Tesla K40 GPU with the goal to evaluate their performance in the context of recognizing hand-written digits from MNIST data set. To reach this goal the same parameters of the neural network were used for Deep Learning and DeepWater algorithms.The influence of many other aspects like the nature of data (for example, sparsity level and sparsity pattern), number of hidden layers and their sizes should be taken into account for the better comparative analysis. Investigations of influence of some parameters were started recently and described shortly in our previous papers [19] [20] . We trained neural networks for classification problems on publicly available MNIST dataset of handwritten digits with use case in single-threaded mode. We found that generalization performance has very strong dependence on activation function and very slight dependence on stopping metric. Figure 9 shows the runtime values on the logarithm scale obtained for these different architectures as training progresses. Figure 10 demonstrates the effectiveness of using tanh activation function for all stopping metrics that considered in this paper. In the case of the learning net based on the tanh activation function, MAE and RMSLE stopping metric has achieved the logloss value of 0.0104. These architectures demonstrate better training prediction ability than others but take much time for building model.

Investigations of influence of some parameters were started recently and described shortly in our previous papers.


In a set of conversations, published as part of the 25th anniversary of the journal Childhood, a number of prominent childhood scholars have called for childhood studies to become less northern centric, and to increasingly engage with other disciplines as a way to advance theoretically and methodologically (Spyrou 2018; Alanen et al. 2018) . This paper has responded to the latter, by bringing together insights from the literature on child involvement and service user involvement. For reasons outlined above, the paper focused on literature from the UK and thus has not addressed the former call for a more inclusive and global approach. However, a comparison between child and adult involvement in the Global South could be a relevant and important extension, which would allow for further exploration and challenging of methodological practices and conceptual developments from different perspectives.

In a set of conversations, published as part of the 25th anniversary of the journal Childhood, a number of prominent childhood scholars have called for childhood studies to become less northern centric, and to increasingly engage with other disciplines as a way to advance theoretically and methodologically.


The epicaridia of T. texopallium were not fully developed. Hence, comparisons with that of T.fulvus may not be complete. In spite of that, the epicaridium of T. texopallium is distinguished from that of T. fulvus by the well-developed antennule with two prominent spines, a spine on the fourth antennular segment, and the general facies of the sixth pereiopod, which has a different spination pattern (the tip of the process is less developed, and the ventral spine on the dactyl is absent). The epicaridium of T. fulvus has a spine on the merus of the pereiopods, a spine on the penultimate antennal segment, and a more highly developed dactylar process on the sixth periopod (Shiino, 1942) .

The epicaridium of T. fulvus has a spine on the merus of the pereiopods, a spine on the penultimate antennal segment, and a more highly developed dactylar process on the sixth periopod.


In summary, most of the researchers have focused their studies on the spar type or semi-submersible type FOWT systems. However, little research on another promising FOWT system, the TLP type, has been done. So far, it is still a great lack of available published papers about experimental tests of TLP type FOWT systems. Therefore, with the design inspiration of the TLP floating platform, two conceptual offshore floating wind turbine systems (traditional TLP type and new TLP type with additional mooring chains) were proposed for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5 MW offshore wind turbine [14] . Both 1/60 scale model tests and related numerical simulations of the two FOWT systems were done according to typical design cases in IEC61400-3 code [15] .

Therefore, with the design inspiration of the TLP floating platform, two conceptual offshore floating wind turbine systems (traditional TLP type and new TLP type with additional mooring chains) were proposed for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5 MW offshore wind turbine.

Both 1/60 scale model tests and related numerical simulations of the two FOWT systems were done according to typical design cases in IEC61400-3 code.


Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted much attention in the last two decades since reported for the first time by Gratzel [1] . Attempts are ongoing to increase the adsorption of dyes across the solar spectrum, smoothen the function of the transport of photoexcited electrons, and encourage the diffusion of electrolyte ions. The process involves the injection of electrons from the photoexcited dye into the conduction band of the semiconductor oxide (TiO 2 ), from where they pass through the transparent conducting fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) current collector and finally into the external circuit. Furthermore, the sensitizer is regenerated by electron transfer from a donor, typically iodide ions, which are dissolved in the electrolyte present in the porous semiconductor. The triiodide ions formed during the reaction diffuse to the counter electrode, where they are reduced back to iodide by the conduction band electrons that have passed though the external circuit that performs the electrical work.

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted much attention in the last two decades since reported for the first time by Gratzel.


The glove mechanism presented in this work was designed to address these challenges. Figure 1 shows different configurations of one left hand wearing the glove in different views. This five-finger haptic interface represents a follow-up to the twofinger glove developed earlier [17] . The new glove is wireless, lightweight, easy, and comfortable to wear and operate. In addition to the extension to a five-finger design, with the optimization analysis, the new glove's workspace is increased by over 30%, and thus could adapt to larger range of different hand sizes and improved the transmission efficiency.

This five-finger haptic interface represents a follow-up to the twofinger glove developed earlier.


Each finger mechanism is attached to the support pad through a passive pin joint which enables the finger to move in adduction and abduction directions freely. This mechanism has a mechanical limit which prevents the finger from rotating until it reaches a certain controlled position (approximately 5 deg in adduction/abduction direction. This 5 deg angle works fine for the four fingers, but it limits the thumb function due to the flexibility of the thumb, and this is one slight weakness of the current design). Each finger consists of three phalanges with interconnecting rotation joints, as shown in Fig. 2 . This configuration follows the model of human physiology and imitates basic human hand characteristics. The fingertip pad, which is attached to link 3, attaches directly to the fingertip using an adjustable length Velcro wrap and applies both flexion and extension tendon forces (measured by strain gauge attached to the fingertip pad) directly to the finger. Because of this band, the glove can be put on quickly and is easily adjustable to different finger sizes. A thin, soft layer of fabric is wrapped around the inside of the Velcro band to make the glove comfortable to wear. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2 , printed circuit board (PCB) is used to construct the mechanical links (link 1 and link 3) and to carry the electrical components (Hall Effect sensors to measure joint angles). This dual use allows the glove to be both lighter and stronger [17] .

This dual use allows the glove to be both lighter and stronger.


Assessing the impacts of ocean sprawl in the near and offshore marine environment is a significant, and burgeoning, challenge for ecologists. Early work on this problem concentrated on local changes to systems. As ecological thinking embraced the connections between organisms and their landscape of habitats, so too biologists and engineers have started to consider the implications of sprawling artificial structures for ecological connectivity. This is the first review to comprehensively assess how the introduction of artificial structures to estuarine and marine environments may structurally and functionally alter connectivity. Importantly, artificial structures can inhibit ecological connectivity by acting as physical barriers to the movement of organisms and/ or resources within and among habitats, or by altering environmental conditions in a way that deters species migrations or movement of resources. Conversely, artificial structures may enhance connectivity by weakening or removing existing barriers. For example, artificial structures can serve as stepping stones for the movement of hard-substrate dependent organisms across otherwise sedimentary habitat. Ocean sprawl may not only influence connectivity by introducing or removing physical barriers to species and resource dispersal, but it may also do so by destroying, fragmenting or modifying natural habitats (Boström et al., 2011) . We have presented key examples of how ocean sprawl alters the strength and nature of trophic interactions that transfer energy across habitat boundaries. In many instances, due to the inherent interconnectedness of ecological systems, there are downstream consequences of artificial structures that cannot be easily predicted.

Ocean sprawl may not only influence connectivity by introducing or removing physical barriers to species and resource dispersal, but it may also do so by destroying, fragmenting or modifying natural habitats.


Notice that there is no general dimension formula for weight one modular form, but Eq. (12b) is still applicable to the case of N < 6. The linear space M k (Γ(N )) of the modular form has been constructed explicitly [37] . We list the dimension of M k (Γ(N )) and the orders of Γ N and Γ N for 2 ≤ N ≤ 5 in table 1.

The linear space M k (Γ(N )) of the modular form has been constructed explicitly.


High-speed railway (HSR) has been adopted in many countries across the globe. In China, for example, the HSR track length reached 19000 km in 2015 [1] . The quantity of HSR passengers exceeded 1.4 billion in 2016 after sharp increase in past years [2] . Hence, the HSR has become a hot topic and attracted researchers to explore various related traffic phenomena [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . The enormous and rapidly increasing demand for passenger transportation has made the HSR station more crowded than ever. The pedestrian facilities at the HSR stations have not been able to accommodate the great number of passengers, which may have great effects on the boarding efficiency and the passengers' comfort, as well as the public safety. However, it will take several years to improve the infrastructures to provide more supply. Therefore, optimizing management and enhancing operational efficiency at the HSR stations offer more cost-effective ways to solve these problems.

In China, for example, the HSR track length reached 19000 km in 2015.

The quantity of HSR passengers exceeded 1.4 billion in 2016 after sharp increase in past years.

Hence, the HSR has become a hot topic and attracted researchers to explore various related traffic phenomena.