In conclusion, we believe that a PCMH model is an attainable and worthwhile goal in our ambulatory healthcare setting. Furthermore, based on the results of our survey, it appears that the opinions of our patients are consistent with the tenets of the PCMH model, specifically the focus on provider and staff communication with patients and on patient self-management and participation in treatment planning. However, despite the great promise held by PCMHs for improving patient experiences and healthcare and potentially improving healthcare processes, currently there is insufficient evidence to determine the effects of PCMHs on clinical outcomes [20] . Patient survey results, such as reported in this study, can provide guidance for the initiation and execution of the PCMH and may point to possible training needs of members of the medical team. Further research is needed to show whether patient opinions, as communicated in this survey, are better met now in our current version of the PCMH, and whether meeting these opinions affects clinical outcomes. Further studies ought to include sampling from all clinics and from all potential patient subpopulations, including non-English speaking patients, in order to enhance generalizability of findings.

However, despite the great promise held by PCMHs for improving patient experiences and healthcare and potentially improving healthcare processes, currently there is insufficient evidence to determine the effects of PCMHs on clinical outcomes.


Nowadays, fractional calculus is a hot topic in the research field. It is well known that fractional calculus has an equally long history with classical calculus. It did not attract enough attention for the absence of geometrical interpretation and applications at the initial stage of development. As the development of technology and science continues, fractional calculus has been applied in many fields, such as control theory, dynamics, mathematics, mechanics, and physics [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .

As the development of technology and science continues, fractional calculus has been applied in many fields, such as control theory, dynamics, mathematics, mechanics, and physics.


Image segmentation is still a wide-open and unsolved research area. Many algorithms have been developed to solve image segmentation problems, starting from simple methods, e.g. thresholding, to semantic segmentation using deep learning [4] . A popular method for solving image segmentation is Level Set Method, which is based on the Partial Differential Equation (PDE) that was originally developed as a numerical method for tracking interfaces and shapes [5] . The idea behind Level Set Method is to represent the zero level set of a higher dimensional function as a curve. The benefit of Level Set Method is that complex curve evolutions, e.g. splitting and merging, can be represented naturally.

Many algorithms have been developed to solve image segmentation problems, starting from simple methods, e.g. thresholding, to semantic segmentation using deep learning.

A popular method for solving image segmentation is Level Set Method, which is based on the Partial Differential Equation (PDE) that was originally developed as a numerical method for tracking interfaces and shapes.


In AD brain sections, oligomer-specific antibodies have identified antigens at locations distinct from neuritic plaques , establishing the in situ presence of oligomers independent of fibrils. Moreover, current data show a perineuronal distribution, indicating that oligomers likely accumulate within dendritic arbors. Oligomers extracted from AD brain were found previously to attach selectively to dendrites in culture (Gong et al., 2003) . Fractionation of extracts shows the size of these dendritic ligands to be between 10 and 100 kDa, consistent with prominent 12-mers (56 kDa) previously observed in twodimensional gel immunoblots. Overall, AD brain 12-mers are indistinguishable from 12-mers in synthetic oligomer preparations with respect to isoelectric point, recognition by conformation-sensitive antibody, and selective dendritic binding.

Oligomers extracted from AD brain were found previously to attach selectively to dendrites in culture.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive dementia that manifests in early stages primarily as a profound inability to form new memories (Selkoe, 2002) . The basis for this specificity is unknown, but evidence favors involvement of neurotoxins derived from the self-associating amyloid ␤ peptide (A␤). A␤ generates the fibrils of the hallmark amyloid plaques of AD, its production is elevated by disease-associated mutations and risk factors, and fibrils made in vitro kill cultured brain neurons (Klein, 2004) . The original amyloid cascade hypothesis, developed from these core findings, thus attributed AD memory loss to neuron death caused by fibrillar A␤ (Hardy and Higgins, 1992) .

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive dementia that manifests in early stages primarily as a profound inability to form new memories.

A␤ generates the fibrils of the hallmark amyloid plaques of AD, its production is elevated by disease-associated mutations and risk factors, and fibrils made in vitro kill cultured brain neurons.

The original amyloid cascade hypothesis, developed from these core findings, thus attributed AD memory loss to neuron death caused by fibrillar A␤.


Soluble A␤ oligomers are neurologically harmful molecules that accumulate in AD brain (Gong et al., 2003) . The current data show that ADDLs act as specific ligands for synaptic terminals, where they disrupt normal expression of a synaptic immediateearly gene essential for long-term memory formation. The data provide a new molecular mechanism to support the emerging hypothesis that early AD memory loss is an oligomer-induced synapse failure, independent of neuron death and amyloid fibrils (Lambert et al., 1998; Klein et al., 2001; Hardy and Selkoe, 2002; Kirkitadze et al., 2002; Walsh and Selkoe, 2004) .

Soluble A␤ oligomers are neurologically harmful molecules that accumulate in AD brain.

The data provide a new molecular mechanism to support the emerging hypothesis that early AD memory loss is an oligomer-induced synapse failure, independent of neuron death and amyloid fibrils.


Tribological properties require low friction, wear, and stiction simultaneously in microsystems. At present, the main obstacle to the development of ultra-low friction systems is the lack of fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of friction in the Z regime of sliding without severe deformation and wear, where friction is determined by the atomic interactions between the clean-shearing surfaces. On the other hand stiction problems are solved by using self-assembled monolayers and F-DLC [5] [6] [7] [8] . However, these films cannot serve as tribological passivation layer for micro-devices due to wear out easily.

On the other hand stiction problems are solved by using self-assembled monolayers and F-DLC.


For these experiments, samples were machined, ground and polished with 1 μm diamond paste, and then subjected to several cycles of etching and polishing to obtain an undeformed surface; finally, the samples were polished with colloidal silica. X-ray diffraction measurements were performed by means of a Bruker AXS D8 diffractometer equipped with a Co X-ray tube and Goebel mirror optics to obtain a parallel and monochromatic X-ray beam. Operational parameters and the procedure for obtaining the austenite content and composition are described elsewhere [22, 23] .

Operational parameters and the procedure for obtaining the austenite content and composition are described elsewhere.


We have demonstrated that, in the non-interacting case, there are non-standard solutions of spin 0, 2 relativistic equations which are also solutions of the Dirac equation. All these solutions are non-standard since they involve higherorder spinors. The major finding is that such solutions correspond to decaying states, see Eqs. (36) , (53) , (58) . Note that in all these transitions bosons are born from fermions or fermions are born from bosons, all FB transformations consistent with spin-statistics theorem.

The major finding is that such solutions correspond to decaying states, see Eqs..


Strong nonlinearity characterizes the evolution of microphysical systems in nature, especially regarding cloud glaciation (Yano and Phillips 2011) . For the process examined here, the ice-multiplication rate is proportional to (i) the number of fragments per collision and (ii) the number densities of the two ice types that collide each other. Nonlinearity arises from dependency (ii), with the possibility of a positive feedback controlling ice particle numbers.

Strong nonlinearity characterizes the evolution of microphysical systems in nature, especially regarding cloud glaciation.


The paper is organised as follows. In Section 2 we recall the discrete time ARCH and GARCH models and some of their properties. We further summarize some continuous-time limits of such models from the literature and explain their drawbacks. Section 3 is devoted to the continuous time GARCH (COGARCH) model as suggested in Klüppelberg, Lindner and Maller [30] . Section 4 presents new material on option pricing within the COGARCH model. As an explicit example we treat the variance gamma driven COGARCH and compare it to the Heston model via implicit volatilities. It turns out that the COGARCH can produce higher implied volatilities for short maturities deep in-the-money and far out ofthe-money; desirable properties in applications. Section 5 is devoted to statistical estimation of the COGARCH parameters. Besides classical moment estimators we also present a method to obtain a GARCH skeleton within the COGARCH model, which allows for the use of existing software for extimation. This involves functional limit theorems in various modes of convergence.

The paper is organised as follows.

Section 3 is devoted to the continuous time GARCH (COGARCH) model as suggested in Klüppelberg, Lindner and Maller.


Here we review and streamline the derivation of the modular anomaly equation and the associated recursion relation directly from the S-duality requirement and for a generic simply-laced gauge group G (the non simply-laced groups will be discussed in a companion paper [40] ). The modular anomaly equation leads to express the prepotential in terms of modular forms of τ and of functions of the periods a which are written in terms of the root system of g, allowing for a unified treatment of all Lie algebras. In this way we can compute the prepotential also for the exceptional Lie algebras E 6 , E 7 and E 8 for which an ADHM construction of the instanton moduli space is not available. This is the plan of the paper: in Section 2 we discuss the behaviour of the N = 2 ⋆ theories under S-duality and derive from it the modular anomaly equation satisfied by the prepotential. In Section 3 we exploit the recursion relation equivalent to the modular anomaly equation to compute exactly, i.e. to all orders in the instanton expansion, the first few coefficients in the mass expansion of the prepotential. The results are then generalised in Section 4 to account for a non-trivial Ω-background. In Section 5 we will describe the direct microscopic computation of the instanton corrections for the algebras of type A r and D r using the equivariant localization methods. The purpose of this section is to clarify some subtle points of the multi-instanton calculus and to check successfully these microscopic results against the instanton expansion of the solutions of the modular anomaly equation derived in the previous section. Our conclusions are presented in Section 6, while several technical material is confined in various appendices.

Here we review and streamline the derivation of the modular anomaly equation and the associated recursion relation directly from the S-duality requirement and for a generic simply-laced gauge group G (the non simply-laced groups will be discussed in a companion paper).


The dynamics and physics of turbulent flows in wall-bounded geometries have been extensively studied for decades for their fundamental significance and practical implications. The perpetual extraction of fluid kinetic energy from the mean flow to feed turbulent fluctuations (which is eventually lost to viscous dissipation) is a self-sustaining process, in the sense that continuing external disturbance is not required. It is thus natural to ask how turbulence regenerates itself in parallel wall-bounded flows where the laminar state is linearly stable until Reynolds number (Re) much (for the cases of Couette and pipe flows, infinitely) higher than the critical magnitude Re crit for turbulence transition (Mullin 2011) . Much progress has been made over the decades but the detailed dynamics remain elusive because of the complexity of turbulent flow fields. The concept of coherent structures, apparently repetitive flow patterns showing strong coherence in space and time frequently observed in the near-wall region of wall turbulence, is now the basis for understanding the physics of turbulence (Cantwell 1981; Robinson 1991; Panton 2001) . These structures are believed to play a central role in the self-sustaining dynamics and in the turbulent transport of mass and momentum (Brooke & Hanratty 1993; Schoppa & Hussain 2002; Marusic et al. 2010) .

It is thus natural to ask how turbulence regenerates itself in parallel wall-bounded flows where the laminar state is linearly stable until Reynolds number (Re) much (for the cases of Couette and pipe flows, infinitely) higher than the critical magnitude Re crit for turbulence transition.

The concept of coherent structures, apparently repetitive flow patterns showing strong coherence in space and time frequently observed in the near-wall region of wall turbulence, is now the basis for understanding the physics of turbulence.

These structures are believed to play a central role in the self-sustaining dynamics and in the turbulent transport of mass and momentum.


One possible manner of significantly increasing the power of on-board chargers is their integration with existing power electronic components [6, 7] . A drivetrain that is required for propulsion and components that are required for charging purposes have great similarity. To be precise, inverter which is required for propulsion mode can as well operate in rectification mode. To accomplish rectification, it only requires an input filter. On the other hand, machine consists of windings, which can take on the role of the filter. Therefore, since propulsion and charging are never happening at the same time, it is possible to use the same drivetrain for both functions. By doing so, additional weight and cost are not introduced to the system. Charging power is then only limited by the power rating of the propulsion components; thus, theoretically, high charging powers could be achieved. The need for expensive charging infrastructure is eliminated in this way, and fast charging can be achieved, all without an increase of the vehicle cost, weight or required space.

One possible manner of significantly increasing the power of on-board chargers is their integration with existing power electronic components.


These problems do not exist if the charging is from single-phase mains, as single-phase current cannot produce a starting torque in a machine. This is the main reason behind the fact that the majority of integrated charging solutions are proposed for single-phase charging. In what follows only integrated fast chargers employing IM and PM machines are considered, as these are the most common types of propulsion machines that can be found in commercial EVs [12] .

In what follows only integrated fast chargers employing IM and PM machines are considered, as these are the most common types of propulsion machines that can be found in commercial EVs.


Finally, we provide empirical evidence to support the predictions of the model. In a crosssection of countries, we find a statistically significant negative association between the coverage rate of pay-as-you-go systems and the saving rate, consistently with earlier work of Samwick [26] . In this paper, we also document the fact that a higher coverage rate is associated with a lower current account balance.

In a crosssection of countries, we find a statistically significant negative association between the coverage rate of pay-as-you-go systems and the saving rate, consistently with earlier work of Samwick.


In this paper, we provide a general equilibrium framework to discuss the global saving glut hypothesis and therefore investigate the relationship between emerging countries' high propensity to save and global imbalances. Our setup is a two-country OLG model with production along the lines of Diamond [10] . The Diamond model is a natural framework to deal with questions related to the presence of excess savings in an economy. The model admits the possibility that, in a perfectly competitive economy, there is capital overaccumulation. Therefore, the concept of "excess savings" has a precise meaning in the OLG model, as it corresponds to the notion of dynamic inefficiency. The advantage of this approach is that we can ask with clarity the question of whether it is true that a global saving glut have led to global imbalances.

Our setup is a two-country OLG model with production along the lines of Diamond.


A general reference for the theory of special spines of compact 3-manifolds is [12] . Any compact 3-manifold has a special spine, which can be deduced from the fact that any compact 3-manifold admits a triangulation [13] . Moreover, the homeomorphism type of a special spine uniquely determines the homeomorphism type of the 3-manifold [2] . The following classical result explains how all special spines of a compact 3-manifold are related with each other.

A general reference for the theory of special spines of compact 3-manifolds is.

Any compact 3-manifold has a special spine, which can be deduced from the fact that any compact 3-manifold admits a triangulation.

Moreover, the homeomorphism type of a special spine uniquely determines the homeomorphism type of the 3-manifold.


For high-efficiency SHJ solar cells, i-a-Si passivation layers realizing sufficiently low surface recombination velocity is essential. The i-a-Si passivation films are generally formed by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), in which the suppression of plasma damage onto c-Si surfaces is often problematic. In contrast, catalytic CVD (Cat-CVD), often also referred to as hot-wire CVD, can form i-a-Si passivation films without plasma damage since its gas decomposition mechanism is not based on plasma process but through catalytic cracking on a heated catalyzing wire [7, 8] .

In contrast, catalytic CVD (Cat-CVD), often also referred to as hot-wire CVD, can form i-a-Si passivation films without plasma damage since its gas decomposition mechanism is not based on plasma process but through catalytic cracking on a heated catalyzing wire.


Chaotic systems are dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions. The sensitive nature of chaotic systems is commonly called as the butterfly effect [1] . Since chaos phenomenon in weather models was first observed by Lorenz in 1961, a large number of chaos phenomena and chaos behaviour have been discovered in physical, social, economical, biological and electrical systems.

The sensitive nature of chaotic systems is commonly called as the butterfly effect.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide [1] . Primary HCC lesions can be removed completely when detected at an early stage, but intrahepatic recurrence of HCC and extrahepatic metastasis are very frequent, giving rise to a poor prognosis for patients [2, 3] . It is widely accepted that both differentiated hepatocytes and cells with progenitor characteristics, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), can cause HCC [4] [5] [6] [7] . Forty percent of HCCs are clonal, and potentially derived from progenitor/stem cells. Moreover, these cells have a critical role in the development and progression of HCC [8] . Liver CSCs have been isolated from primary HCC specimens and patients' sera as circulating cells, and from HCC cell lines by use of surface antigens [9] [10] [11] . CD90, the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and CD133 have been found to recognize three distinct cell populations that differ from one another in features and behavior in determining cancer phenotypes [12] .

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.

Primary HCC lesions can be removed completely when detected at an early stage, but intrahepatic recurrence of HCC and extrahepatic metastasis are very frequent, giving rise to a poor prognosis for patients.

It is widely accepted that both differentiated hepatocytes and cells with progenitor characteristics, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), can cause HCC.

Moreover, these cells have a critical role in the development and progression of HCC.

Liver CSCs have been isolated from primary HCC specimens and patients' sera as circulating cells, and from HCC cell lines by use of surface antigens.

CD90, the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and CD133 have been found to recognize three distinct cell populations that differ from one another in features and behavior in determining cancer phenotypes.


In a solid tumor, the CSC's niche is composed of an extracellular matrix (ECM), mesenchymal stem cells, tumoral cells, immune cells, and endothelial cells, all of which converge in determining the fate of CSCs through extracellular signals [38] . Little is known about the modulation of the tumor microenvironment by CSCs. Several studies have described exosomes as signaling extracellular organelles that modulate the tumor microenvironment, promoting angiogenesis and tumor progression [27, 39] . Our data indicate that exosomes released by CSC-like CD90+ liver cells are able to promote an angiogenic phenotype in cultured endothelial cells. CD90 + -derived exosomes induced in HUVECs an increase in the production and secretion of VEGF, the most powerful pro-angiogenic cytokine, as well as of its receptor VEGF-R1. This increase was accompanied by an amplification in the number and length of tube-like structures formed by HUVECs in culture.

In a solid tumor, the CSC's niche is composed of an extracellular matrix (ECM), mesenchymal stem cells, tumoral cells, immune cells, and endothelial cells, all of which converge in determining the fate of CSCs through extracellular signals.

Several studies have described exosomes as signaling extracellular organelles that modulate the tumor microenvironment, promoting angiogenesis and tumor progression.


During the last decades, considerable effort has been made to develop photoacoustic sensors. One of several fields of interest in this context is the investigation of the propagation of the sound waves in the photoacoustic cell [2] . While for cylinder shaped cells some acoustical quantities of interest can be calculated analytically other quantities are not amenable to an analytical treatment [3] . In recent years, photoacoustic cells of unconventional cell geometry have come into focus [4, 5] . In this case, analytical calculations are generally not possible.

One of several fields of interest in this context is the investigation of the propagation of the sound waves in the photoacoustic cell.

While for cylinder shaped cells some acoustical quantities of interest can be calculated analytically other quantities are not amenable to an analytical treatment.

In recent years, photoacoustic cells of unconventional cell geometry have come into focus.


The discussion of Section 4 shows, that the acoustic eigenmodes of the photoacoustic cell are needed. An investigation of the modes of the T cell has been published elsewhere [9] . Here, we include only Figure 6 for demonstration purposes. Upon determination and normalization of the eigenmodes, it is possible to calculate the different components of the quality factor according to section 4. For cylinder cells the associated surface integrals can be evaluated analytically. The agreement between the exact and the finite element results was found to be excellent [10] .

An investigation of the modes of the T cell has been published elsewhere.

The agreement between the exact and the finite element results was found to be excellent.


In the next section the dominant loss mechanisms relevant in photoacoustic cells are presented. Thereafter, the differential equations describing the photoacoustic signal propagation are formed under consideration of the loss mechanisms. Some approaches for the solution as well as their limitations are briefly discussed [11] . In section 4 a more appropriate solution method is described. This technique, combined with the finite element method, is used for the calculation of acoustical quality factors and amplitudes.

Some approaches for the solution as well as their limitations are briefly discussed.


The synthesis of fluorofunctional silsesquioxanes containing additionally trimethoxysilyl groups was based on the reaction of consecutive hydrosilylation of 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluoropentyl allyl ether or 1H,1H,2H-perfluoro-1-decene and then vinyltrimethoxysilane with the use of octakis(hydridodimethylsiloxy)octasilsesquioxane. The procedure was analogous to that described by us earlier for the synthesis of silsesquioxanes containing fluoroalkyl and glycidyl groups [28] . By a suitable choice of stoichiometric ratios of olefins, silsesquioxane derivatives were obtained of different, but strictly definite amount of fluoroalkyl and trimethoxysilyl groups. Six new derivatives of general formula given in Fig. 1 were obtained, isolated and spectroscopically characterized.

The procedure was analogous to that described by us earlier for the synthesis of silsesquioxanes containing fluoroalkyl and glycidyl groups.


NFV can be initially defined as an architecture and deployment model around the idea of replacing dedicated network appliances with software implementations running on common shared hardware (hosts), becoming VNFs. The benefits have been well established, including: (i) lower costs, replacing dedicated appliances with shared servers, (ii) use of capacity on demand and efficient resource usage, (iii) reduction in operational costs with fewer appliances to deploy and maintain, (iv) deliver on-demand and/or pay-as-yougo business models and (v) enable innovation by making it easier to develop, deploy and orchestrate network functions [3] . The ETSI NFV architecture defines the NFV Infrastructure (NFVI) deployed across multiple points of presence (NFVI-PoP) for supporting the instantiation of Virtual Machines (VM), along with the Management and Orchestration (MANO) subsystem, which deals with the orchestration of VNFs and how to deploy them as components of the so-called Network Services.

The benefits have been well established, including: (i) lower costs, replacing dedicated appliances with shared servers, (ii) use of capacity on demand and efficient resource usage, (iii) reduction in operational costs with fewer appliances to deploy and maintain, (iv) deliver on-demand and/or pay-as-yougo business models and (v) enable innovation by making it easier to develop, deploy and orchestrate network functions.


The periodic colony growth of Penicillium also caused the repetition of two stages; one is the period that the mycelium of the organism advances rapidly on an agar prate, and the other is the period in which conidia are formed and colony growth is suppressed [27] . For B. subtilis, cells located at the ring and between rings were both vegetative cells. The mechanism of the periodic colony growth of B. subtilis remains unknown. It may be related to the diffusion of nutrient particles in the agar and the rate of the colony growth.

The periodic colony growth of Penicillium also caused the repetition of two stages; one is the period that the mycelium of the organism advances rapidly on an agar prate, and the other is the period in which conidia are formed and colony growth is suppressed.


Our hypothesis that adolescent baseline SOC scores would significantly predict adolescent change in BMI from baseline to treatment completion was not supported. Exploratory analyses examining the association between adolescent change in total SOC from baseline to treatment completion and change in adolescent BMI from baseline to treatment completion were also not significant. Given that this sample of adolescents had comorbid depressive symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of subclinical or clinical depression, they may have lacked sufficient motivation to make health-related changes. This is a salient factor to consider in a sample of obese adolescents whose depressive symptoms may inhibit their ability to experience significant weight loss and subsequent weight management. As stated above, there is a paucity of evidence regarding how depressive symptoms may affect adolescent motivation or SOC. Therefore, the present study helps to inform future research targeting female adolescents with physical and psychiatric diagnoses and may ultimately inform standard treatment of this population. While depression typically negatively affects motivational factors, our sample of adolescents with PCOS has preliminarily shown that their depressive symptoms may be weight driven and, therefore, may be a more positive motivational factor, such that these adolescents may feel more positive if they are able to succeed with weight loss [62, 63] .

While depression typically negatively affects motivational factors, our sample of adolescents with PCOS has preliminarily shown that their depressive symptoms may be weight driven and, therefore, may be a more positive motivational factor, such that these adolescents may feel more positive if they are able to succeed with weight loss.


When this study was planned it appeared that, in those high-dose regimens, the dose of one of the agents should be compromised in order to cause a toxicity that would allow the administration of at least 4 to 6 cycles. Furthermore, our group had recently concluded a first-line trial with IFOS given at 14 g/m 2 every 4 weeks [12] . With those antecedents, we decided to conduct a study to determine the dose of IFOS that would cause an acceptable toxicity when combined with 50 mg/m 2 DXR. The initial dose of 12 g/m 2 IFOS was adjusted in subsequent cycles in function of the hematologic toxicity encountered in each patient. Our purpose was also to evaluate the activity of the combination.

Furthermore, our group had recently concluded a first-line trial with IFOS given at 14 g/m 2 every 4 weeks.


The proposed convex hull algorithm consists of two stages: (1) two rounds of preprocessing performed on the GPU and (2) the finalization of calculating the expected convex hull on the CPU. We first discard the interior points that locate inside a quadrilateral formed by four extreme points, and then distribute the remaining points into several (typically four) sub regions. For each subset of points, we first sort them in parallel, then perform the second round of discarding using SPA, and finally form a simple chain for the current remaining points. A simple polygon can be easily generated by directly connecting all the chains in sub regions. We at last obtain the expected convex hull of the input points by calculating the convex hull of the simple polygon using the Melkman algorithm [19] .

We at last obtain the expected convex hull of the input points by calculating the convex hull of the simple polygon using the Melkman algorithm.


Alarm Monitoring, Relays, Scheduler, and Physical Structure are composed to form the Access Control to Physical Structures pattern. RBAC defines the type of authorization rules used in the system, while the reference monitor indicates an abstract pattern representing enforcement mechanisms. Authenticator is an abstract pattern defining the requirements for authentication. We present these patterns following the POSA template [3] . This template intends to provide enough detail to be a guideline for a designer building a system that requires this pattern. The set of patterns can also be used to define precise requirements and to evaluate existing systems. The solutions are described by UML diagrams, which although not strictly formal, are precise and unambiguous (UML has a well-defined syntactic metamodel). Because each pattern must be reusable on its own, there is some amount of redundancy between patterns. Each pattern is relatively simple but it can be combined with others to build complex systems. Section 2 describes some background. Section 3 presents first two patterns that complement physical access (Alarm Monitoring and Relays). These patterns are then combined with other patterns to define a composite pattern that describes the necessary elements of a physical access control system. Section 4 includes a short discussion and comparison to other approaches. We end with some conclusions.

We present these patterns following the POSA template.

Section 2 describes some background.

We end with some conclusions.


It is possible to overcome all these issues with the help of Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 has a positive role in resolving various issues related to data management and other technological issues. Due to these features, Industry 4.0 has a significantly positive effect on boosting products and services (Imran et al. 2018) . Various Industry 4.0 factors such as big data, Internet of Things (IoT) and smart factory have a positive role in boosting sustainable performance. Therefore, incorporation of Industry 4.0 can increase sustainable business performance by resolving various technology issues. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify the role of Industry 4.0 to promote sustainable business performance in Thailand SMEs.

Due to these features, Industry 4.0 has a significantly positive effect on boosting products and services.


Generally, big data has a better advantage to implement new technology. It has a significant relationship with technology adoption (Dhar and Mazumdar 2014; Raguseo 2018) . The same results are found by the current study. Big data has a positive effect on IT implementation. Therefore, the implementation of big data can overcome various technology-related challenges. It delivers better technology, which promotes better ways to store data efficiently (Gu et al. 2014; Lynch 2008) . Consequently, SMEs must ensure better big data technology in their companies.

It has a significant relationship with technology adoption.

It delivers better technology, which promotes better ways to store data efficiently.


There are several channels through which foreign aid can foster exports from donors to recipients at the bilateral level. First, donors can use foreign aid as an 'door-opening policy' to establish or reinforce official relationships and to present the country as a trustworthy exporter. Second, when a donor gives aid for trade that is dedicated to infrastructure, to enhancing production capacity or to trade facilitation in general, these measures should reduce trade costs and hence boost exports. Third, under the premise that aid promotes trade, and trade influences income, aid can be seen as having an indirect effect on income. Tied aid has also been used to promote donor exports by linking the transfer to the purchase of goods and services from the donor (Arvin & Baum, 1997; Arvin & Choudhry, 1997) . Finally, a long-term aid relationship can foster goodwill towards the donor, incentivizing firms in the recipient country to buy goods from the donor country (Arvin & Baum, 1997) .

Tied aid has also been used to promote donor exports by linking the transfer to the purchase of goods and services from the donor.

Finally, a long-term aid relationship can foster goodwill towards the donor, incentivizing firms in the recipient country to buy goods from the donor country.


Over the years, the link between foreign aid and trade has generated significant academic interest and has been analysed in a number of different contexts (Cadot, Fernandes, Gourdon, Matto & de Melo, 2014) . In general, the existing literature points towards a positive relationship between trade and foreign aid; this relationship is robust to various controls in the case of recipient imports, but not in the case of recipient exports (Martínez-Zarzoso, Nowak-Lehmann & Klasen, 2014; Nowak-Lehmann, Martínez-Zarzoso, Herzer, Klasen & Cardozo, 2013; Pettersson & Johansson, 2013; Silva & Nelson, 2012; Wagner, 2003) . Most related studies focus on foreign aid and its link with trade, but do not address the link with bilateral or regional trade policies; there is thus scope for investigating the latter association. Therefore, this paper, after presenting a review of recent studies that estimate the trade effects of foreign aid, examines the extent to which aid policies help promote recipient countries' imports from and exports to donors, thereby contributing to the development process. Moreover, it examines whether bilateral aid and trade policies are complementary and explores the indirect effects that aid exerts on economic development through trade. This paper makes two novel contributions with respect to the previous literature, which has mainly focused on the trade-aid nexus (Martínez-Zarzoso et al., 2014; Nowak-Lehmann et al., 2013) . First, in addition to the trade-aid link, it explores the interaction between trade agreements and bilateral aid. To that end, this paper estimates a gravity model of trade using data for a 22-year period and for trade between developed and developing countries, augmented with the interaction between bilateral aid and free trade agreements (FTAs). Second, it estimates and discusses the effect of aid on developing countries' total exports, and presents estimates of the indirect effects that aid exerts on income through international trade.

Over the years, the link between foreign aid and trade has generated significant academic interest and has been analysed in a number of different contexts.

In general, the existing literature points towards a positive relationship between trade and foreign aid; this relationship is robust to various controls in the case of recipient imports, but not in the case of recipient exports.

This paper makes two novel contributions with respect to the previous literature, which has mainly focused on the trade-aid nexus.


Rich countries have traditionally used foreign aid as a means of advancing their foreign policy aims in developing countries. Although each donor country has its own policies concerning aid distribution, donors tend to give bilateral aid to countries with which they have past or current colonial links, to countries that have the same official language and to those with which they have cultural and historical links (Nilsson, 1997) . Political and economic interests have also influenced donors' aid policies and in many cases these strategic interests have been related to commercial aims (Arvin & Baum, 1997) .

Although each donor country has its own policies concerning aid distribution, donors tend to give bilateral aid to countries with which they have past or current colonial links, to countries that have the same official language and to those with which they have cultural and historical links.

Political and economic interests have also influenced donors' aid policies and in many cases these strategic interests have been related to commercial aims.


Against problems 1) and 2), Monteiro and Hranilovic proposed a linear variable current driver including pre-distortion to linearizing LED output intensity [13] . This variable current driver allows desired driven current flows I into LED to linearly by open collector nature of OP AMP. In addition, due to the non-linear relation 2), a pre-distortion process is designed to operate with the only first 8 bits of the 10-bits DAC are assigned to drive each LED up to a 200 mA limit. However, these architectures increase the system complexity and cannot prevent the problem 3) because the undesired color shift is caused by the quasi-Fermi level away from the band edge with the increase in the injection current.

Against problems 1) and 2), Monteiro and Hranilovic proposed a linear variable current driver including pre-distortion to linearizing LED output intensity.


However, these results show important information to explain the phenomenon of resonance and high voltage output Tesla transformer, specially when these systems engage parallel capacitances in secondary (output). Consequently, due to this insertion, the resonance frequency is lower than system without these capacitances, and output voltage may be higher. These effects generate high gains that is observed as the sum of system response to input step voltage (each rise and fall of the square wave appear as step voltage positive and negative, respectively) added with a proportional gain due to turn ratio of the transformer (specially visible in cases when the turn ratio is greater than one, if the parameters of the coils are satisfied, as resistances, inductances and capacitances) [39] . Consequently, these effects are presented as resonance in these systems, and their occurrence generates high voltage on Tesla transformer, as will be shown in this paper.

These effects generate high gains that is observed as the sum of system response to input step voltage (each rise and fall of the square wave appear as step voltage positive and negative, respectively) added with a proportional gain due to turn ratio of the transformer (specially visible in cases when the turn ratio is greater than one, if the parameters of the coils are satisfied, as resistances, inductances and capacitances).


One factor that may contribute to the effect of APOE on PS in elderly persons without dementia is microstructural white matter integrity. Associations between white matter microstructure, as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and PS have been documented in elderly persons. Specifically, reduced white matter integrity, indicated by lower fractional anisotropy (FA) or higher mean diffusivity (MD), has been related to poorer PS performance [6] [7] [8] . Using data from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K), we observed an association between white matter microstructure and PS in persons 78 years and older [9] .

Specifically, reduced white matter integrity, indicated by lower fractional anisotropy (FA) or higher mean diffusivity (MD), has been related to poorer PS performance.

Using data from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K), we observed an association between white matter microstructure and PS in persons 78 years and older.


The goal of any statistical analysis is to estimate population values with the least possible bias. In this respect, list-wise deletion has repeatedly been shown to fare considerably worse than FIML estimation. This is because the remaining sample (in this case, the subsample with DTI data), after deleting cases with missing values, is select in relation to the population [39] . The FIML approach corrects for this selectivity when estimating population values. Note that the FIML approach does not impute any missing values, but takes into account all available information in the model to recover the estimates. However, the FIML approach only recovers the true estimates if the missing-at-random (MAR) assumption [59] holds. MAR assumes that any systematic associations between patterns of missingness and the actual missing scores can be statistically accounted for by the data present in the model. In our case, the models include several predictors of missingness (e.g., cognitive data, age), so that any remaining association between missingness and the outcome variables is likely to be negligible. Note also that selectivity was relatively small already from the outset. Even if some remaining violation of MAR would be present, it has been convincingly shown that, in many realistic scenarios, an erroneous assumption of MAR (e.g., failing to take into account a cause or correlate of missingness) has a small impact on estimates and standard errors [60] . This stands in contrast to the major impact the list-wise deletion procedure may have on the estimates [39] . Although low coverage (i.e., large amount of missing values for the DTI data) may lead to estimation problems, we noted no such problems in the present analysis. In fact, the FIML approach was helpful for estimating the cognitive part of the models. Thus, we argue that it is advantageous to use FIML in the context of large-scale neuroimaging studies when this is possible. In cases where the MAR assumption is reasonably well met, this method helps alleviating the problem of positively selected neuroimaging samples relative to full study samples.

This is because the remaining sample (in this case, the subsample with DTI data), after deleting cases with missing values, is select in relation to the population.

However, the FIML approach only recovers the true estimates if the missing-at-random (MAR) assumption holds.

Even if some remaining violation of MAR would be present, it has been convincingly shown that, in many realistic scenarios, an erroneous assumption of MAR (e.g., failing to take into account a cause or correlate of missingness) has a small impact on estimates and standard errors.

This stands in contrast to the major impact the list-wise deletion procedure may have on the estimates.


More recently, in 2013, an attempt has been made to improve earplug sensor sensitivity and miniaturization by integrating silicon nanowires as piezoresistors. However, the manufacturing limitations harboured successful fabrication of a proof of concept [5] , [6] . Finally, in 2014, a patent was published on a novel optimization method based on variation of the sensor mass moment of inertia [7] .

However, the manufacturing limitations harboured successful fabrication of a proof of concept.

Finally, in 2014, a patent was published on a novel optimization method based on variation of the sensor mass moment of inertia.


In particular, Project ACHEON comprises a thrust vectoring propulsive nozzle named HOMER (High-speed Orienting Momentum with Enhanced Reversibility) that is supported in a patent developed at University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia [1] . The system includes also a plasma actuator PEACE (Plasma Enhanced Actuator for Coanda Effect), this allows to extend the angle of operation of the nozzle, as proposed by University of Beira Interior. The ACHEON system, comprising the integration of the HOMER and PEACE new concepts, involves both the way in which high speed streams mix and also how they interact with Coanda surfaces, thus realizing a vectoring system which can have a wide spectrum of applications, prefiguring long term advancements in aerial and naval propulsion systems by a directionally controllable fluid jet. This novel propulsive concept is interesting for its intrinsic simplicity, which can lead to long term breakthrough innovations that could involve the aerial vehicle design as a whole and also to explore radically new concepts, such as diffused propulsion systems, novel shapes and aerodynamic concepts designed to have the maximum advantage, by vectoring thrust, and to permit the future use of novel and green propulsion concepts. It may also improve aerial vehicle design both in terms of manoeuvrability and reduction of take-off and landing spaces. The analysis of these kind of systems can be performed using analytical, experimental and CFD tools [2? ]. A great deal of work has been performed using numerical methods for analysis and design of propulsion systems, and these can be directly applied in the present nozzle configuration [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . The present system can be applied to heavier than air vehicles or even to airships [9, 10] . The present work will review the thrust vector concept for aeronautical propulsion, in its various implementations. Further, a review of Coanda nozzzles will be introduced in order to highlight the advantages, and limitations, of this concept in comparison with other approaches. Finally, we introduce the problem of extending the effective angle of operation of the nozzle, using plasma actuators as boundary layer control techniques, and specially the use of low weight, low power, Dielectric Barrier Discharge actuators The work starts by present the past and present framework related to V/STOL technology, specially the ones related to jet lift.

In particular, Project ACHEON comprises a thrust vectoring propulsive nozzle named HOMER (High-speed Orienting Momentum with Enhanced Reversibility) that is supported in a patent developed at University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia.

A great deal of work has been performed using numerical methods for analysis and design of propulsion systems, and these can be directly applied in the present nozzle configuration.

The present system can be applied to heavier than air vehicles or even to airships.


International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) has been developed to help solve the problems of physical activity or inactivity by experts in 1998 in order to facilitate monitoring of PA based on the global standard (Craig et al., 2003) . Since then, this questionnaire has become one of the most used for PA (Van Poppel, Chinapaw, Mokkink, van Mechelen, Terwee, 2010) . IPAQ is particularly preferred due to its strictly uniform terms and concepts, which are translated into multiple languages for use on a global scale (Bednarek, Pomykała, Bigosińska, Szyguła, 2016) . Croatian version of the long IPAQ self-evaluation questionnaire is reliable for measuring the level of specific activity for different areas and intensity of physical activity (Pedišić, Jurakić, Rakovac, Hodak, Dizdar, 2011) .

International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) has been developed to help solve the problems of physical activity or inactivity by experts in 1998 in order to facilitate monitoring of PA based on the global standard.

Since then, this questionnaire has become one of the most used for PA.

IPAQ is particularly preferred due to its strictly uniform terms and concepts, which are translated into multiple languages for use on a global scale.

Croatian version of the long IPAQ self-evaluation questionnaire is reliable for measuring the level of specific activity for different areas and intensity of physical activity.


The reason for the low rate of compliance with the minimum-wage legislation seems to be that enforcement is generally quite lax. First, the probability that a noncomplying firm will be caught is small. In fact, the annual likelihood that a firm will even be inspected by the Wage and Hour Division of the Department of Labor is less than 10% (Weil, 2005) .

In fact, the annual likelihood that a firm will even be inspected by the Wage and Hour Division of the Department of Labor is less than 10%.


The Advanced Hardwood Biofuels Northwest (AHB) project, a research and development initiative supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA), focuses on researching sustainable ways of producing biofuel from poplar production in the U.S. Pacific Northwest region. Under this initiative, a physiological model, referred to as 3PG-AHB, was developed for modeling poplar growth under short rotation using the existing 3PG model (use of Physiological Principles in Predicting Growth) [10, 11] . The new model adds several key features for simulating poplar growth as a biomass feedstock, including the option for coppicing, that is, harvesting standing biomass by cutting near the ground level and allowing the trees to resprout for the subsequent growth interval. Another modification includes allometric relations more suitable for SRWCs. Details of the 3PG-AHB model are discussed separately [11] .

Under this initiative, a physiological model, referred to as 3PG-AHB, was developed for modeling poplar growth under short rotation using the existing 3PG model (use of Physiological Principles in Predicting Growth).

Details of the 3PG-AHB model are discussed separately.


In this paper we dramatically improve these figures. We find hundreds of PWN with more than 6 distinct prime factors. In particular, we find PWN with up to 16 distinct prime factors, see Tables 3 and 4 . The largest PWN we have found has 16 distinct prime factors and 14712 digits. As far as we know, this is the largest PWN known, the previous one being 5328 digits long [14] .

As far as we know, this is the largest PWN known, the previous one being 5328 digits long.


Time-resolved particle image velocimetry is a measurement approach to investigate unsteady flows where time and frequency domain analyses are necessary. In order to follow the temporal evolution of the flow field, high-speed digital cameras with CMOS sensors and high repetition rate lasers have to be employed. Modern CMOS cameras can acquire images at comparable frame size to CCD cameras (typically 2 k 9 2 k pixels per image) and much higher frames per second (above 1 kHz); though the larger pixel size, higher noise and lower sensitivity yield inferior image quality with respect to CCD cameras. A further quality and spatial resolution reduction occurs when intensified CMOS cameras are employed . Furthermore, while current flashlamp-pumped Nd:YAG lasers usually deliver pulses up to 400 mJ at typical repetition rate of 10 Hz, the pulse energy of diodepumped Nd:YLF lasers operating in the kilohertz range typically does not exceed 20 mJ and drops well below 10 mJ at 10 kHz. The combination of lower image quality of CMOS cameras and weaker illumination of high repetition rate lasers are the principal causes of the reduced accuracy and precision of high-speed PIV systems, as also documented in the results of the most recent PIV challenge (Stanislas et al. 2008) .

The combination of lower image quality of CMOS cameras and weaker illumination of high repetition rate lasers are the principal causes of the reduced accuracy and precision of high-speed PIV systems, as also documented in the results of the most recent PIV challenge.


Spin coating is widely used in micro-fabrication, where it can be used to create thin films with thicknesses below 10 nm. It is used intensively in photolithography, to deposit layers of photoresist about 1 micrometre thick (Hanaor et al. 2011) . Photoresist is typically spun at 20 to 80 revolutions per second for 30 to 60 seconds. Owing to the low values of thickness which can be achieved using spin coating methods, this method is often employed in the fabrication of transparent Corresponding author, Ph.D., E-mail: davidtyona@yahoo.com titanium dioxide thin films on quartz or glass substrates, such thin film coatings may exhibit self-cleaning and self-sterilizing properties (Hanaor et al. 2011) .

It is used intensively in photolithography, to deposit layers of photoresist about 1 micrometre thick.

Owing to the low values of thickness which can be achieved using spin coating methods, this method is often employed in the fabrication of transparent Corresponding author, Ph.D., E-mail: davidtyona@yahoo.com titanium dioxide thin films on quartz or glass substrates, such thin film coatings may exhibit self-cleaning and self-sterilizing properties.


A recent simulation study of the heterogeneous crystallization of alkanes by silicon-like templating model surfaces indicates that the rate of crystallization increases as the alkane-surface interaction potential becomes more attractive [12] . As vacuum, that has no attraction to alkanes, promotes the heterogeneous crystallization of alkanes, this poses the question of whether the same rule applies to crystallization of alkanes by fluid interfaces, which cannot act as a template to order the alkane crystal. To the best of our knowledge, it has not been demonstrated whether alkanes crystallize at the water interface, with which they experience dispersion interactions. Our second goal is to determine the crystallization mechanism-homogeneous or heterogeneous-of alkanes in the presence of water and other fluids.

A recent simulation study of the heterogeneous crystallization of alkanes by silicon-like templating model surfaces indicates that the rate of crystallization increases as the alkane-surface interaction potential becomes more attractive.


According to the histological classification, primary liver cancer can be divided into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma and mixed liver cancer, among which HCC is the most common [1] [2] . Despite significant improvements in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of early HCC, the advanced HCC is a highly aggressive tumor with poor or no response to conventional treatment [3] [4] . Therefore, it is urgent to find effective ways or measures to prevent liver cancer.

According to the histological classification, primary liver cancer can be divided into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma and mixed liver cancer, among which HCC is the most common.

Despite significant improvements in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of early HCC, the advanced HCC is a highly aggressive tumor with poor or no response to conventional treatment.


For this particular sentence, we argue that identifying the trigger is not necessary for determining the event type. Figure 1 (b) shows a Compound Value Type (CVT) entry from Freebase (FB) (Bollacker et al. 2008) . Here, a CVT organizes complex structured data with multiple properties in a table 2 . Using this CVT schema, one can easily map the three arguments of sentence S1, Remedy Corp, BMC Software, and 2004, respectively to their proper-ties, company acquired, acquiring company, and date. Here each property essentially describes the role of an argument in the sentence; and in combination, they define a business.acquisition event.

Figure 1 (b) shows a Compound Value Type (CVT) entry from Freebase (FB).


In this article, Barthélemy has made a very fine analysis of the article by Kuznets. For him, the publication of Kuznets in 1955 is more of a quantitative analysis than an article of pure theory. He later explained the contributions and foundations, the strengths and limitations of the theory. Barthelemy presented several criticisms that economists have advanced on the Kuznets hypothesis by presenting several articles of study and the variables that each economist has added compared to that of Kuznets (Bathelemy, 1995) .

Barthelemy presented several criticisms that economists have advanced on the Kuznets hypothesis by presenting several articles of study and the variables that each economist has added compared to that of Kuznets.


Roland BENABOU tried to explain why South Korea and the Philippines were in similar economic conditions in 1965, whereas in 1988, Korea made considerable progress in the Philippines. For him, it is the existing difference, already in 1965, in the distribution of income that has created the difference between the two tendencies. Subsequently, he presented the results of 24 studies that examine the relationship between inequality and growth (Benabou, 1996) .

Subsequently, he presented the results of 24 studies that examine the relationship between inequality and growth.


In this paper, we proposed Rakuten MA, a lightweight, client-side morphological analyzer entirely written in JavaScript. It supports online learning based on the SCW algorithm, which enables quick domain adaptation, as shown in the experiments. We successfully achieved a compact model size of as little as 5MB while maintaining the state-of-the-art performance, using feature hashing, FOBOS, and feature quantization. We are planning to achieve even smaller model size by adopting succinct data structure such as wavelet tree (Grossi et al., 2003) .

We are planning to achieve even smaller model size by adopting succinct data structure such as wavelet tree.


A hexagonal system is a 2-connected plane graph whose every interior face is bounded by a regular hexagon of unit length 1. Hexagonal systems are of great importance for theoretical chemistry because they are the natural graph representation of benzenoid hydrocarbons [9] [10] [11] . A hexagonal system is said to be catacondensed if it has no three hexagons share a common vertex. A hexagon C of a catacondensed hexagonal system has either one, two or three neighboring hexagons. If C has one neighboring hexagon, then it is said to be terminal; and if it has three neighboring hexagons, to be branched. A catacondensed hexagonal system possessing at least one branched hexagon is said to be a branched catacondensed hexagonal system. A catacondensed hexagonal system without branched hexagons is called a hexagonal chain [11] .

Hexagonal systems are of great importance for theoretical chemistry because they are the natural graph representation of benzenoid hydrocarbons.

A catacondensed hexagonal system without branched hexagons is called a hexagonal chain.


The two constant values of the Friis equation are set to α = 0.005 according to the manufacturers omni-directional antenna specifications and β = 0.23 after applying the least square technique for fitting experimental data [30] . We set the length of each round to l = 30 min. The charger initial energy is set to E (0) u = 22.5 Wh, ∀u ∈ M, the Charging Oriented threshold to P threshold = 1000 µW and the Energy Balancing parameter to µ = 2. The network area A is partitioned in an 8 × 8 grid and the nodes move in the beginning of each round to a new position, using a random walk strategy.

The two constant values of the Friis equation are set to α = 0.005 according to the manufacturers omni-directional antenna specifications and β = 0.23 after applying the least square technique for fitting experimental data.


We emphasize that our techniques will necessarily generate approximate answers; exact answers are infeasible since they require access to the complete data (and are also often unnecessary in many applications, since approximate aggregates are usually sufficient for obtaining "big-picture" views of the data). Our methods should be efficient in the following sense -the number of API calls made to the microblogging service provider should be as few as possible in generating the approximate aggregate. Limitations of Existing Microblog APIs: Many of the popular microblog sites like Twitter, Tumblr, Instagram, Yammer, Weibo, Identi.ca (and some other social networking sites like Google+ and Facebook that also offer microblogging features) offer search API calls, which allow retrieving posts containing query keywords, but the results are limited, e.g., past week in Twitter Search API [6] . Other microblogs limit the maximum number of search results one could retrieve to at most a few thousands.

Limitations of Existing Microblog APIs: Many of the popular microblog sites like Twitter, Tumblr, Instagram, Yammer, Weibo, Identi.ca (and some other social networking sites like Google+ and Facebook that also offer microblogging features) offer search API calls, which allow retrieving posts containing query keywords, but the results are limited, e.g., past week in Twitter Search API.


Finally, we hope that our approach is illustrative of the general benefit of MDL techniques in the analysis of complex graphs. In conventional graph analysis a researcher often starts with a structural property that is observed in a graph, and then attempts to construct a process which generates graphs with that structural property. A case in point is the property of scale-freeness and the preferential attachment algorithm that was introduced to explain it (Albert and Barabási, 2002) . The correspondence between codes and probability distributions allows us instead to build models based on a description method for graphs. The trick then becomes to find a code that describes such graphs with the desired property efficiently, instead of finding a process that is likely to generate such graphs. For many properties, such as cliques, motifs or specific degree sequences, such a code readily suggests itself.

A case in point is the property of scale-freeness and the preferential attachment algorithm that was introduced to explain it.


Healthcare associated infection is one of the world's largest devastating problems, causing millions of deaths and billions of dollars in healthcare each year. Medical textile materials are very susceptible to microbial growth. Therefore, the antimicrobial treatment of medical textiles such as surgical gowns, bed-sheets, uniforms, aprons and masks, is essential to reduce the spreading of pathogenic microorganism [1] . Nanofibers are ideally suited to form the multifunctional medical products [2] . The protected products are needed to reduce occupational exposure for individual involved with the hospital, chemical industry, emergency response and also military. A number of methods for development of nonwoven and non-washable medical products like surgical gowns but the use of electrospun nanofibers for the non-washable protective garments has grown over the past few decades since they are relatively inexpensive, lightweight and effective protection [3, 4] . Electrospinning is a potential technology for use as a platform for multifunctional and hierarchically organized composites because it allows extensive tenability in the materials properties and functions through the selection of the polymeric nanofibers and composite nanofibers [5] [6] [7] 2] .

Therefore, the antimicrobial treatment of medical textiles such as surgical gowns, bed-sheets, uniforms, aprons and masks, is essential to reduce the spreading of pathogenic microorganism.

Nanofibers are ideally suited to form the multifunctional medical products.

A number of methods for development of nonwoven and non-washable medical products like surgical gowns but the use of electrospun nanofibers for the non-washable protective garments has grown over the past few decades since they are relatively inexpensive, lightweight and effective protection.

Electrospinning is a potential technology for use as a platform for multifunctional and hierarchically organized composites because it allows extensive tenability in the materials properties and functions through the selection of the polymeric nanofibers and composite nanofibers.


In oxidation process, highly reactive and harmful chain reactions of oxygen species are generated, which cause damage to living organism. The oxygen centered free radicals and other reactive oxygen species, which are continuously produced, resulted in cell death or tissue damage. This oxidative damage caused by free radical is related to pathogenesis of many chronic degenerative diseases like cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, atherosclerosis, cirrhosis, malaria and AIDS (Azizova et al., 2002; Sian et al., 2003; Quintero et al., 2006; Nagler et al., 2006) . Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide free radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl free radical and singlet oxygen play a key role in the oxidative damage of these diseases (Vertuani et al., 2004) .

This oxidative damage caused by free radical is related to pathogenesis of many chronic degenerative diseases like cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, atherosclerosis, cirrhosis, malaria and AIDS.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide free radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl free radical and singlet oxygen play a key role in the oxidative damage of these diseases.


Antioxidant is a molecule, which terminate the chain reaction by removing free radical intermediates. Plants and animals maintain complex system of multiple type of antioxidant; the natural plant based antioxidants are playing an important role in the maintenance of human health for the past three decades (Devasagayam et al., 2004) . There is an increasing interest in antioxidants, particularly in those intended to prevent the presumed deleterious effects of free radicals in the human body and to prevent the deterioration of fats and other constituents of foodstuffs. In both cases, there is a preference for antioxidants from natural rather than from synthetic sources (Abdalla and Roozen, 1999) . There is therefore a parallel increase in the use of methods for estimating the efficiency of such substances as antioxidants (Sa'nchez-Moreno, 2002) . Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the antioxidative activities of different solvent extracts of T. arjuna in different methods.

Plants and animals maintain complex system of multiple type of antioxidant; the natural plant based antioxidants are playing an important role in the maintenance of human health for the past three decades.

In both cases, there is a preference for antioxidants from natural rather than from synthetic sources.

There is therefore a parallel increase in the use of methods for estimating the efficiency of such substances as antioxidants.


In summary, the most direct manifestation of the change in urban built-up land expansion was the change in the landscape pattern. The existing research is based on the changes in the land landscape pattern and analyzes the causes of urban land landscape changes. The reason for the change of the landscape pattern in Europe is the abandonment of land, which has mainly been due to economic and social growth, transportation, and the transformation and utilization of human beings, especially for urban land use [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] . However, human beings have a limited ability to transform nature. At the existing level of social and economic development, the natural geographical features impose a great restriction on urban built-up land use, which has also led to large differences in landscape patterns in Changsha and Zhengzhou. For example, there are many mountains in Changsha, and the difficulties that arise in using them make the landscape more fragmented. Zhengzhou is mainly comprised of plains and has more cultivated land; therefore, urban built-up land expansion is low-cost, resulting in an overall strong landscape pattern change and rapid expansion.

The reason for the change of the landscape pattern in Europe is the abandonment of land, which has mainly been due to economic and social growth, transportation, and the transformation and utilization of human beings, especially for urban land use.


Eggs are globally consumed in people's diets, and they are an excellent source of high-quality protein and other nutrients [1] . A large, raw, and fresh egg which weighs 50 g provides 74.5 kcal, and contains 6.25 g proteins and 5.01 g total fat. According to the literature, eggs are considered to be the main source of cholesterol in the diet. However, more than half of the total fat is unsaturated (1.9 g monounsaturated, and 0.7 g polyunsaturated). In addition, eggs are a good source of vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin A, vitamin E, folate, iron, and zinc [2] .

Eggs are globally consumed in people's diets, and they are an excellent source of high-quality protein and other nutrients.

In addition, eggs are a good source of vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin A, vitamin E, folate, iron, and zinc.


In order to harness the potential of earthworms in vermicomposting process, selection of earthworm species that is able to consume large quantity of waste is crucial. While most of the pioneering works have been more geared towards viability of producing nutrient rich vermicompost from various types of wastes, much work is still needed, in the selection of a highly effective earthworm as the vermicomposting agent. Studies need to be conducted using specific feed substrates and earthworm species to provide accurate design for efficient and economical vermicomposting system (Ndegwa et al., 2000) .

Studies need to be conducted using specific feed substrates and earthworm species to provide accurate design for efficient and economical vermicomposting system.


The different attitude towards the power law UV divergences demonstrated in these two cases is surprising since, for all fields minimally coupled to gravity, there is a correspondence between the UV divergences in the effective action and the entropy and, if we are talking about the entanglement entropy of horizons, the renormalization of one quantity automatically leads to the renormalization of the other [6] , [7] . Moreover, by changing the short-distance behavior of the theory one can see that the both quantities demonstrate, in parallel, the corresponding modifications in the structure of the UV divergences [8] . The whole issue of the power law UV terms in the effective action becomes especially important in the models of induced gravity, where both the cosmological and Newton's constants and the black hole entropy are induced in quantum loops of some fundamental constituents [9] , [10] .

The different attitude towards the power law UV divergences demonstrated in these two cases is surprising since, for all fields minimally coupled to gravity, there is a correspondence between the UV divergences in the effective action and the entropy and, if we are talking about the entanglement entropy of horizons, the renormalization of one quantity automatically leads to the renormalization of the other.

Moreover, by changing the short-distance behavior of the theory one can see that the both quantities demonstrate, in parallel, the corresponding modifications in the structure of the UV divergences.

The whole issue of the power law UV terms in the effective action becomes especially important in the models of induced gravity, where both the cosmological and Newton's constants and the black hole entropy are induced in quantum loops of some fundamental constituents.


Knowing the importance of GLCs and the unsatisfactory performance of certain major players, government has initiated several strategies to improve the conditions. One of them is the unveiled GLC Transformation Program (GLCT), a program which aims to transform GLCs into high-performing organizations by 2015. The program was initiated by Malaysian former Prime Minister Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in 2004. It is worth to highlight that one of the underlying principles of GLCT is "performance focus". Specifically, to achieve the objectives of this program, Malaysian Directors Academy (MINDA) was established to equip the top management of GLCs with worldclass knowledge and skills for performance improvement. As the program is approaching the final phase of its 10-year journey, it is practical to examine the performance of GLCs to see whether or not the program is fruitful. Moreover, improving the performance of GLCs is a critical step in realizing the vision for competitiveness and prosperity of our nation (Najid and Rahman, 2011) .

Moreover, improving the performance of GLCs is a critical step in realizing the vision for competitiveness and prosperity of our nation.


With the advent of acoustic telemetry using automated monitoring receivers and coded acoustic transmitters, the movements of target species can be continuously monitored without active tracking [14, 15, [22] [23] [24] [25] . After the target species implanted with a transmitter is preyed upon, the transmitter is retained in the predator's gut for a certain period [22] . Thus, this method would be applicable to identify a predation event from the pattern of signal detection because the pattern would usually differ from that of the target species when the transmitter is inside the predator's gut [22] . As automated monitoring receivers require unobstructed lines of sight to record acoustically tagged fish, this method can also be used to determine if target fish associate with shelters or not [23] [24] [25] .

With the advent of acoustic telemetry using automated monitoring receivers and coded acoustic transmitters, the movements of target species can be continuously monitored without active tracking.

After the target species implanted with a transmitter is preyed upon, the transmitter is retained in the predator's gut for a certain period.

Thus, this method would be applicable to identify a predation event from the pattern of signal detection because the pattern would usually differ from that of the target species when the transmitter is inside the predator's gut.

As automated monitoring receivers require unobstructed lines of sight to record acoustically tagged fish, this method can also be used to determine if target fish associate with shelters or not.


One possible method to increase the ability of hatcheryreared fish to utilize habit, thus decreasing post-release predation mortality, is to acclimate the fish to wild habitats before release. Both field and laboratory experiments on flounder species suggest that pre-release habitat acclimation benefits hatchery-reared fish by allowing them to adjust to the wild habitat, thus decreasing post-release predation mortality [7] [8] [9] [10] . However, except for these studies on flounder species, only a few studies have investigated the effects of habitat acclimation on the postrelease predation mortality of fish [11] .

Both field and laboratory experiments on flounder species suggest that pre-release habitat acclimation benefits hatchery-reared fish by allowing them to adjust to the wild habitat, thus decreasing post-release predation mortality.

However, except for these studies on flounder species, only a few studies have investigated the effects of habitat acclimation on the postrelease predation mortality of fish.


In the current study, 72 (77.4 %) cases of BM were found to have originated from the sigmoid colon or rectum. A similar distribution was also observed in several studies from different centers, with approximately 60 % of BM occurring in CRC cases [18, 19] . Some researchers have hypothesized that tumors located in the rectal site have a higher incidence of lung metastases because of differences in vascular anatomy [20] .

A similar distribution was also observed in several studies from different centers, with approximately 60 % of BM occurring in CRC cases.

Some researchers have hypothesized that tumors located in the rectal site have a higher incidence of lung metastases because of differences in vascular anatomy.


Line frequency transformers (50 and 60 Hz) are heavy and bulky items in power conversion and distribution systems. Transformer size is inversely proportional to the frequency of operation and saturation flux density. Hence a reduction in volume and weight can be obtained by high-frequency operation of the magnetic core. Introduction of a highfrequency link to realise a small-size electronic transformer has been widely discussed in the literature [1] [2] [3] [4] . Low cost and easy availability of ferrite core material has helped in the implementation of high-frequency link power transformation.

Introduction of a highfrequency link to realise a small-size electronic transformer has been widely discussed in the literature.


In chemical industries, distillation is one of the most important processes. The objective of distillation is to separate a mixture of chemical components. The purpose of control is to maintain bottom and top product (distillate) purity despite variations in feed flow and feed concentration. As the distillation columns process is a MIMO system, many researches utilize decentralized approaches to control it [1] . The two-coupled distillation columns is a 4 input/4 output process. Normally, control engineers decouple the process into four independent loops via a decoupler [2] . Then, every loop is controlled separately by SISO controller [3] . This work is aimed at proposing MIMO decoupling unit based on brain emotional learning technique and applying it to the twocoupled distillation columns.

As the distillation columns process is a MIMO system, many researches utilize decentralized approaches to control it.

Normally, control engineers decouple the process into four independent loops via a decoupler.

Then, every loop is controlled separately by SISO controller.


The central tenet of S-D logic is that reciprocal service, defined as the application of competences for the benefit of another party, is the fundamental basis of economic exchange. That is, service is exchanged for service. S-D logic is structured around ten FPs which are explained and elaborated elsewere and will not be repeated here (Vargo and Lusch, 2008b) . The central differences between service management as established from the 1970s and S-D logic will become evident in the following sections.

S-D logic is structured around ten FPs which are explained and elaborated elsewere and will not be repeated here.


In microscale, the material cannot be considered as a homogeneous continuum, but is considered to consist of surface and inner area. Due to the less constrains of the surface, the behavior of the grains in the surface area is assumed to be similar to single crystal behavior, while the behavior of the inner area is described by the behavior of polycrystal [8, 9] . Therefore, the surface area indicates less flow stress compared with inner area. As the grain size increases, the share of the surface area increases, thus the flow stress decreases. This can be considered as another reason for the tendency that the flow stress decreases with increasing grain size (see Figure 2) . At the temperature of 450°C, due to the higher temperature in the necking area, the grains begin to grow [5] . This results in the softening of the material as shown in Figure 2d .

Due to the less constrains of the surface, the behavior of the grains in the surface area is assumed to be similar to single crystal behavior, while the behavior of the inner area is described by the behavior of polycrystal.

At the temperature of 450°C, due to the higher temperature in the necking area, the grains begin to grow.


Hypsizygus ulmarius (elm oyster mushroom) is a high yielding mushroom for which commercial cultivation technology has been released and is gaining popularity. Previous reports suggests that the mushroom is rich in antioxidants and proved for its anti-diabetic activity (Meera et al., 2011) . In our previous study, the production, purification and characterization of a laccase from Hypsizygus ulmarius was reported (Ravikumar et al., 2012) . Hence, the present study was focused on decolorization of different dyes by laccase from Hypsizygus ulmarius.

Previous reports suggests that the mushroom is rich in antioxidants and proved for its anti-diabetic activity.

In our previous study, the production, purification and characterization of a laccase from Hypsizygus ulmarius was reported.


In recent years, the application of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) as power sources in automotive and portable electronic applications has attracted increasing attention in the scientific community [1] . Many different approaches have been investigated to substitute proton-conductive membrane materials based on perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSA), such as Nafion ® [1] . While the PFSAs show excellent chemical, mechanical and thermal stability coupled with high proton conductivity, these materials unfortunately exhibit a high methanol permeability, which is a severe shortcoming for application in DMFCs. Additionally, a significant drop in proton conductivity occurs at temperatures above 80 °C, because of an increased drying-out of the PFSAs.

In recent years, the application of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) as power sources in automotive and portable electronic applications has attracted increasing attention in the scientific community.

Many different approaches have been investigated to substitute proton-conductive membrane materials based on perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSA), such as Nafion ®.


Operating a high performance plasma in the H-mode normally results in edge localized modes (ELMs) which are violent relaxation processes of the edge pedestal region that rapidly deposit large amounts of energy in the divertor. The high power loads from ELMs are expected to be the primary driver for the erosion of the target plates in ITER, limiting the lifetime of the divertor cassettes [1] . Thus suppression or mitigation of ELMs is a critical part of the design and operation of ITER. One of the leading mitigation methods is the application of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) on the plasma using an array of in-vessel ELM control coils (ECCs) [2] . While RMPs reduce the severity of the ELMs, the non-axisymmetric perturbations also reduce the confinement of energetic particles, resulting in increased fast ion losses and wall loads, both on the divertor and the blanket.

The high power loads from ELMs are expected to be the primary driver for the erosion of the target plates in ITER, limiting the lifetime of the divertor cassettes.

One of the leading mitigation methods is the application of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) on the plasma using an array of in-vessel ELM control coils (ECCs).


In fact, rainwater harvesting has been studied in many countries as a way of promoting potable water savings [44, 45] . Considering the environmental conditions of Dalian, its rainfall distribution is uneven, both annually and seasonally. Affected by its monsoon climate, rainfall in winter is rare, but is intense in summer. In a normal year, the rainfall of the most abundant four months can account for approximately 63%−77% of the total rainfall. Rain usually occurs in the form of storm water. Therefore, constructing some facilities for rainwater collection in Dalian is meaningful and operable. Additionally, the sloping ground surface of Dalian makes it more possible and convenient to harvest rainwater. There is great potential in studying Dalian rainwater utilization and conducting harvesting projects to combat its water resource shortage.

In fact, rainwater harvesting has been studied in many countries as a way of promoting potable water savings.


All of the Jamshidi biopsies we studied were longer than 1.5 cm; in addition, in all instances, at least 20 sections were evaluated at different levels and immunohistochemically tested by applying three different monoclonal antibodies against cytokeratins of different molecular weight (wide spectrum cytokeratins, clone MNF116/DAKO; cytokeratin 8 low molecular weight, clone 35BH11/DAKO; cytokeratin high molecular weight, clone 34BE12/DAKO). This is a very ef®cient antigen retrieval technique, and a highly sensitive detection system [14, 15] . In our own and other groups' experience, such an approach (morphology and phenotyping) allows the detection of single neoplastic cells, as well as the cytological evaluation of immunostained elements [11, 15] . The latter point is relevant, since cytokeratin expression can physiologically occur in reactive and neoplastic plasma cells [21] . Thus, it is indeed unlikely that the negativity observed in our biopsies from the iliac crest is due to the low sensitivity of the technique employed.

This is a very ef®cient antigen retrieval technique, and a highly sensitive detection system.

In our own and other groups' experience, such an approach (morphology and phenotyping) allows the detection of single neoplastic cells, as well as the cytological evaluation of immunostained elements.

The latter point is relevant, since cytokeratin expression can physiologically occur in reactive and neoplastic plasma cells.


Generally, it is accepted worldwide that climate change is currently the most pressing global environmental problem facing humanity. Scientific data showed that hundreds of millions of people could lose their lives if the average global temperatures increase by more than 2°C. In addition, up to one million species of animals and plants are currently at the threat of extinction [1] . Many environmental problems, for instance flooding, hurricanes as well as droughts will and has occured because of the alleviation of earth's temperature. Other detrimental effects of global warming include increment in sea level and subsequently submerging of lowlands, deltas and island as well as changing of weather pattern [2] .

In addition, up to one million species of animals and plants are currently at the threat of extinction.

Other detrimental effects of global warming include increment in sea level and subsequently submerging of lowlands, deltas and island as well as changing of weather pattern.


The operation of an avalanche diode in TRAPATT mode is possible exclusively in the case of a large signal. Due to a very large amplitude (compared to direct current) of voltage and current oscillation, a microwave generator with a TRAPATT diode can generate large power with high efficiency [1] . Because of a very strong nonlinearity of the TRAPATT diode, the current and voltage contain high order harmonics of up to 7 or 10. This allows to us generate not only sinusoidal oscillations on the microwave load, but triangular pulses with sub-nanosecond duration as well. This feature of the TRAPATT diode may be utilised in modern radar systems with a non-sinusoidal carrier. Our experiments show that a typical TRAPATT diode with a static breakdown voltage of about 90 V and a p + n junction diameter of 250 µm generates triangular pulses with a 100 V amplitude and a 0.3 ns duration on a 50 Ohm load [2, 3] . On the load of 5 Ohm the generator provides a current of 6.3 A. This feature is very useful for the direct modulation of a powerful laser diode with a gigabit per second rate.

Due to a very large amplitude (compared to direct current) of voltage and current oscillation, a microwave generator with a TRAPATT diode can generate large power with high efficiency.

Our experiments show that a typical TRAPATT diode with a static breakdown voltage of about 90 V and a p + n junction diameter of 250 µm generates triangular pulses with a 100 V amplitude and a 0.3 ns duration on a 50 Ohm load.


Pregabalin has been shown to be efficacious in other pain conditions, including postoperative pain and FM. Specifically, in people with FM, pregabalin (450 mg/day) reduced pain, improved sleep, and increased quality of life [19] . More recently, it was reported that pregabalin reduced muscle and cutaneous hyperalgesia in an acidic saline model of rats [20] . Data regarding the effect of pharmacologic combination treatment in patients with FM are limited, and no study regarding pharmacologic combination treatment in an acidic saline model has been published to date. In this study, we demonstrate that a combined treatment regimen consisting of milnacipran and reduced-dosage tramadol provides adequate additive or supra-additive therapeutic effects with minimal adverse effects. Efforts to define optimal drug combinations for the relief of FM are continuing, and studies of other drugs in combination with antidepressants are potentially valuable. Therefore, further research is required to determine the efficacy of these combinations in patients with FM.

Specifically, in people with FM, pregabalin (450 mg/day) reduced pain, improved sleep, and increased quality of life.

More recently, it was reported that pregabalin reduced muscle and cutaneous hyperalgesia in an acidic saline model of rats.


The paper is organized in three major sections. First, we explain the modeling of the baseline Honda Insight HEV. This includes in-depth review of its control strategies and electrical system operation based on data available in literature [8] . The second section proposes the new series hydraulic hybrid vehicle configuration. Modeling of hydraulic components and integration of the complete SHHV system is included. Detailed description of the two control approaches follows, i.e. the Thermostatic SOC management and SDP horizon-optimization. The stochastic dynamic programming is setup using a set of naturalistic driving schedules, recorded in normal traffic. Results of both supervisory control methodologies are discussed to uncover the mechanism of fuel economy improvements. Finally, we discuss the findings and the compare the fuel economy results of the SHHV vehicle to the baseline IMA HEV.

This includes in-depth review of its control strategies and electrical system operation based on data available in literature.


The mechanisms for improvements include possibility for engine downsizing, optimization of engine operation, regeneration and engine shut-downs when the vehicle is stopped. The relative contribution of each depends on the architecture, e.g. parallel, powersplit or series, selection of component and the type of application. In the context of a small passenger vehicle, the series configuration holds a promise of maximizing benefits through flexibility in controlling the engine and effective regeneration, since by default the traction motor will be sized generously. However, larger sizes of components in the hybrid driveline create a cost challenge. Hence, this study explores the potential of the hydraulic hybrid propulsion system, with the expectation that inherently high power density of hydraulic propulsion and storage components will yield compact, low-cost components [1] . While state-of-the art hydraulic pump/motor technology for mobile applications includes very advanced designs, manufacturing is mature and can easily be setup in any region of the world.

Hence, this study explores the potential of the hydraulic hybrid propulsion system, with the expectation that inherently high power density of hydraulic propulsion and storage components will yield compact, low-cost components.


Here we test this possibility with a time-varying (nonhomogeneous) Markov model fit using 23 years of data for 1845 generators in the USA's largest electricity market. The nonhomogeneous Markov model's probabilities of transitioning, e.g. from fully available to partially or fully derated, depend on exogenous variables such as temperature and system load (the electric energy being used by customers). Many factors could affect transition probabilities. However, if failures (transitions from working to not working) depend on variables that are jointly experienced by many generators, such an approach could capture the observed correlated failures. Understanding the causes of correlated failures and recoveries can help in the procurement of reserves, payments for which amount to billions of dollars per year in the USA [9] .

Understanding the causes of correlated failures and recoveries can help in the procurement of reserves, payments for which amount to billions of dollars per year in the USA.


The QoS is only focused on service requirements that need to be met by the network [17] . It does not include the user and context factors for quality evaluation. The QoE puts emphasis on the degree of satisfaction of users by the offered service [18] , [19] . Several researches have been conducted in QoE modeling, monitoring and management. The QoS is objective but the QoE is subjective. Even though QoS and QoE measurements are quite different, they have a high degree of correlation. In the literature, a number of studies have focused on identifying the relationships between QoS and QoE for multimedia services.

The QoS is only focused on service requirements that need to be met by the network.

The QoE puts emphasis on the degree of satisfaction of users by the offered service.


Materials take an important part in teaching and learning process [2] . Good and appropriate materials will give positive influence to the students' learning process. From that reason, the researcher conclude that, developing appropriate English learning materials is necessary. It can help the students to learn English more easily. It is because they are learning useful materials that are related to their future job. Nowadays, some universities give opportunity to their students by having special policies, one of those policy was tailored program in which a group of students be able to request the convenient schedule, because they mainly work during the day and continue the study after their finish their work. This situation made the material must mastered in the limited time. The lecturer has to design the learning media which give the learner possibility to study independently. The lecturer does not only have to design the media but also has to find the way to improve the learner motivation, make the learner more active and improve the learner ability.

Materials take an important part in teaching and learning process.


Many research works have focused on mitigation measures for new structures where the use of potential aggregates is unavoidable [6] [7] . Several chemical admixtures and pozzolan types have been found to be variously effective [8] . Different types of pozzolan have been reported for their effective expansion control, including fly ash [9] [10] . The effectiveness of fly ash, particular Type F, in reducing ASR expansion have been widely reported [7, 11] .

Many research works have focused on mitigation measures for new structures where the use of potential aggregates is unavoidable.

Several chemical admixtures and pozzolan types have been found to be variously effective.

Different types of pozzolan have been reported for their effective expansion control, including fly ash.

The effectiveness of fly ash, particular Type F, in reducing ASR expansion have been widely reported.


The use of local fly ash in Thailand's construction industry has been significantly increasing [12] [13] . This could be the results of the improvement in concrete properties, as well as environmental and economic consideration. There has been little information on fly ash and aggregates in the expansion control aspects. It is the aim of this study to rectify this.

The use of local fly ash in Thailand's construction industry has been significantly increasing.