The ever increasing demand for energy and the depletion of fossil fuels have propelled the research for renewable and clean energy sources [1] . The field of photovoltaics has given a major contribution towards such clean, renewable energy sources and in particular silicon-based solar technology can be considered as the most mature [2, 3] . In recent years there have been significant efforts, which on one side are focused on improving efficiencies and on the other side on reducing manufacturing costs of photovoltaic panels [4] . Among various approaches to increase the efficiency, one of the possible ways is surface texturing of silicon. Surface structuring involves creation of micrometer-sized structures on the surface of silicon wafers. These structures are able to trap solar radiation owing to multiple reflections, reducing the energy lost by reflection at the silicon -air interface, thus increasing the absorption of the material [5] . The same approach opens interesting perspectives also in the field of Si-based detectors [6] .

The ever increasing demand for energy and the depletion of fossil fuels have propelled the research for renewable and clean energy sources.

The field of photovoltaics has given a major contribution towards such clean, renewable energy sources and in particular silicon-based solar technology can be considered as the most mature.

In recent years there have been significant efforts, which on one side are focused on improving efficiencies and on the other side on reducing manufacturing costs of photovoltaic panels.

These structures are able to trap solar radiation owing to multiple reflections, reducing the energy lost by reflection at the silicon -air interface, thus increasing the absorption of the material.

The same approach opens interesting perspectives also in the field of Si-based detectors.


With the advent of high power lasers, laser material processing has gained importance and in turn laser surface structuring has become an efficient tool for micro-texturing silicon wafers, as it inherently overcomes the limitations presented above [8] . It also provides flexibility on the choice of the substrate and the patterns to be realized. Laser texturing is a simple technology where a series of parallel and equi-spaced line irradiations are performed on the surface of a silicon substrate to obtain the formation of an ordered grid of micro-structures of roughly conical shape and consistent size and spacing. Laser texturing can be performed by using nano, pico and femtosecond laser pulses, but femtosecond laser texturing has advantages over the former as it works in the nonthermal regime [9] . Due to its very low reflectivity, femtosecond laser structured silicon is named as black silicon.

With the advent of high power lasers, laser material processing has gained importance and in turn laser surface structuring has become an efficient tool for micro-texturing silicon wafers, as it inherently overcomes the limitations presented above.

Laser texturing can be performed by using nano, pico and femtosecond laser pulses, but femtosecond laser texturing has advantages over the former as it works in the nonthermal regime.


The cartographic basis of Brazil with States boundaries is publicly available online in shapefile (SHP) at the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) website. Cloropleth maps were built to demonstrate the timeline distribution of the general mortality rates of breast cancer by age group among the Brazilian States. All of the figures were constructed using QGIS version 2.8 [18] . The spatial distribution of the breast cancer rates was presented in intervals, from the maximum to minimum rates, and the maps were depicted in green scales, setting the lighter colors for lower rates and darker colors for higher rates.

All of the figures were constructed using QGIS version 2.8.


For XRD patterns obtained at wide angle, some low intensity diffraction peaks were identified, which are ascribed to anatase TiO 2 phase with tetragonal structure, space group (I4 1 /amd), lattice parameters (a = 3.824(3) Å and c = 9.581(4) Å) and four molecular formula per unit cell (Z = 4) [52, 53] . The intense and broad XRD peak located at around 23.5 • is characteristic of amorphous silica (SiO 2 ) [54] . Raman spectra of pure SBA-15 matrix are similar to those previously published in other papers [55] [56] [57] . Raman-active bands have lower intensities, which are assigned to O-Si-O symmetric vibrational modes, arising from isolated four-membered rings of tetrahedral [SiO 4 ] clusters, and breathing vibrations of threemembered rings of tetrahedral [SiO 4 ] clusters [57] . However, as can be noted in Fig. 2(b-d) , the increase in the amount of TiO 2 nanocrystals into the SBA-15 matrix promoted the slight appearance of Raman modes at 147 cm −1 , 400 cm −1 , 518 cm −1 , and 640 cm −1 , which are related to TiO 2 anatase phase.

For XRD patterns obtained at wide angle, some low intensity diffraction peaks were identified, which are ascribed to anatase TiO 2 phase with tetragonal structure, space group (I4 1 /amd), lattice parameters (a = 3.824(3) Å and c = 9.581(4) Å) and four molecular formula per unit cell (Z = 4).

The intense and broad XRD peak located at around 23.5 • is characteristic of amorphous silica (SiO 2 ).

Raman spectra of pure SBA-15 matrix are similar to those previously published in other papers.

Raman-active bands have lower intensities, which are assigned to O-Si-O symmetric vibrational modes, arising from isolated four-membered rings of tetrahedral [SiO 4 ] clusters, and breathing vibrations of threemembered rings of tetrahedral [SiO 4 ] clusters.


Control of the aorta above the proximal fixation site is of utmost importance in safe removal of the endograft. In grafts with infrarenal fixation, suprarenal clamping is usually sufficient as long as an adequate length between the renal ostia and the superior mesenteric artery exists. Grafts with suprarenal fixation, however, require additional dissection and supracoeliac clamping to achieve proximal aortic control and to avoid injury to the native aorta during the removal of the bare stents of the graft. Furthermore, the periaortic inflammation sometimes noted at the proximal aortic neck, especially when barbs or hooks are involved, makes dissection above the renal arteries tedious. The use of an aortic balloon for the proximal control obviates the need for a technical demanding dis- section in an inflammatory region, avoiding simultaneously the damage of surrounding structures. On the other hand, supracoeliac control just below the diaphragm needs additional dissection in a different surgical field and sometimes can also be technically demanding and time consuming. Successful proximal control with an occlusion balloon via a brachial approach has also been described [8] . This strategy, however, usually requires surgical exposure of the brachial artery and a large introducer sheath, ranging from 12 to 16 F, thus raising the chance for additional complications, especially in the aortic arch, while it is also time consuming. Delivery of the same balloon by a femoral artery approach through a large sheath could also be an option, though certain issues such as time consumption for exposure of a previously operated femoral artery and possible regional complications as well as the need for adequate imaging should be acknowledged. On the contrary, by direct puncturing of the stent graft, we achieved the same goal without needing a secondary access point. This technique may also be useful in cases of rupture after EVAR when time plays a more significant role.

Successful proximal control with an occlusion balloon via a brachial approach has also been described.


Resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) is suited to address the challenges posed by isobaric interference in isotopic analyses. In brief, a solid sample of the material is placed in the instrument and a pulsed laser or ion beam incident on the sample generates an expanding cloud of ions and neutral atoms and molecules above the sample. The secondary ions generated during this process are electrostatically rejected by applying a pulsed voltage to the sample, leaving the neutral species behind. Neutral atoms of the element of interest are then resonantly excited to an intermediate electronic state by the absorption of one or more laser photons. This resonant excitation can be accomplished via a single excitation or can be made more selective through the use of two or more resonant steps. The excited atoms are then photoionized from the intermediate electronic state by an additional laser, generally tuned to either an autoionizing resonance (an unbound metastable state) above the ionization potential, or a highlying Rydberg state that is ionized by the electric field of the ion extraction optics. Finally, these photoions are accelerated into a mass spectrometer and detected [6] .

Finally, these photoions are accelerated into a mass spectrometer and detected.


Amines, as well-known functional groups, have been used in many studies for surface modification of different types of adsorbents. To eliminate mercury ions from water, MCM-41 was functionalized with diethylenetriamine (DETA) [9] . In a previous study, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTS) was applied for MCM-41 (NH 3 ? -MCM-41) modification to remove four types of anionic dyes from the aqueous media [16] .

To eliminate mercury ions from water, MCM-41 was functionalized with diethylenetriamine (DETA).

In a previous study, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTS) was applied for MCM-41 (NH 3 ? -MCM-41) modification to remove four types of anionic dyes from the aqueous media.


Recently, MCM-41 has been used for the adsorption of dyes from wastewater. Considering the presence of SiO and SiOH (known to adsorb cationic dyes and inhibit anionic dye adsorption), the structure of MCM-41 is negatively charged [14] . The importance of interaction between MCM-41 and safranin (a large positively charged dye) was examined in a previous study [15] . To enhance the MCM-41 capacity in adsorbing specific substances, it is necessary to make surface modifications. Considering the adsorbent-adsorbate interactions, surface modifications also improve the selectivity of MCM-41 [16] .

Considering the presence of SiO and SiOH (known to adsorb cationic dyes and inhibit anionic dye adsorption), the structure of MCM-41 is negatively charged.

The importance of interaction between MCM-41 and safranin (a large positively charged dye) was examined in a previous study.

Considering the adsorbent-adsorbate interactions, surface modifications also improve the selectivity of MCM-41.


Dye removal from wastewater is significant, as the quality of water greatly depends on color; even a very low dosage of dye (\1 ppm) can be easily seen in water and is found to be unfavorable. Besides, most dyes result in the occurrence of diseases, such as skin inflammation, skin irritation, carcinomas, and mutations in humans [1] . Removal of colored contaminants from wastewater is carried out using various techniques, including biological and physicochemical technologies.

Besides, most dyes result in the occurrence of diseases, such as skin inflammation, skin irritation, carcinomas, and mutations in humans.


Economic development in Indonesia cannot be separated from the role of the agricultural sector (Bashir et al., 2018) . However, on the other side, the agricultural sector also depends on providing modern inputs and technology from the industrial sector (Singh, 2010) . Meanwhile, the balanced economic structure will achieve if there is advanced industrial capabilities and strengths supported by strong agricultural capabilities and strengths. This condition means that between the agricultural sector and the industrial sector has a strong relationship in improved economic growth, both future linkages and backward linkages in achieving the objectives of each sector.

Economic development in Indonesia cannot be separated from the role of the agricultural sector.

However, on the other side, the agricultural sector also depends on providing modern inputs and technology from the industrial sector.


Recent development history shows the evolution of economic development that varies between countries and the existence of relationship and interactions between sectors, for example, the interaction and relations between the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors. Developed countries have a fundamental role in accelerating economic growth. Meanwhile, the role of developed countries is not better compared to oil-producing countries (Sahoo & Sethi, 2012) . The industrial sector development has had a significant role in influencing economic growth as proof that some countries have succeeded in increasing economic growth through equity. However, what happens is that there are high inequalities in the country (Sahoo & Sethi, 2012) . The manufacturing sector usually leads and grows faster than in other fields. However, in low-income countries, the role of manufacturing in GDP is not high, and its direct contribution to small aggregate growth (Loren et al., 2008) .

Meanwhile, the role of developed countries is not better compared to oil-producing countries.

However, what happens is that there are high inequalities in the country.

However, in low-income countries, the role of manufacturing in GDP is not high, and its direct contribution to small aggregate growth.


Indonesia's current economic development is more directed to the development of the industrial sector because the industrial sector considers as a driving force for economic growth compared to other sectors. The contribution of the industrial sector can show from the GDP indicator where the industrial sector contributes the most significant national income every year, and its growth also increases. However, in its practice, the development of the industrial sector cannot be separated from the role of the agricultural sector. Several studies that have been conducted find that the agricultural and industrial sectors are the engine of growth both in terms of providing raw materials, foodstuffs and as input for products produced by other sectors (Lecocq & Shalizi, 2007; Tiffin & Irz, 2006) .

Several studies that have been conducted find that the agricultural and industrial sectors are the engine of growth both in terms of providing raw materials, foodstuffs and as input for products produced by other sectors.


Hysteroscopic procedures have been increasingly used with several benefits when compared with traditional surgical procedures. Despite their increasing use, the absorption of fluid distention media can still cause unpredictable complications such as volume overload, dilutional hyponatremia, water intoxication, and cerebral edema [1] [2] [3] . Generally, serum sodium levels decrease by 10 mmol/L for every liter of hypotonic fluid absorption [4] . In a previous study of 101 patients who absorbed over 2 L of glycin solution during myoma resections, the patients did not develop volume overload, and their recovery was usually uneventful within 12 hours [5] . However, absorption of less than 2 L of distention medium could cause death induced by hyponatremia (98 mmol/L) and cerebral edema [3] . In our case, the patient experienced extreme hyponatremia (83 mmol/L) accompanied by metabolic acidosis due to absorption of the distention medium, resulting in pulmonary edema and brain swelling, with absorption of less than 2 L of distention fluid.

Despite their increasing use, the absorption of fluid distention media can still cause unpredictable complications such as volume overload, dilutional hyponatremia, water intoxication, and cerebral edema.

Generally, serum sodium levels decrease by 10 mmol/L for every liter of hypotonic fluid absorption.

In a previous study of 101 patients who absorbed over 2 L of glycin solution during myoma resections, the patients did not develop volume overload, and their recovery was usually uneventful within 12 hours.

However, absorption of less than 2 L of distention medium could cause death induced by hyponatremia (98 mmol/L) and cerebral edema.


The Nordic region including Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden has ambitions of achieving a sustainable energy system in a time perspective up to 2050. The development of renewable energy and low-carbon transport is viewed as an important way to achieve this goal [1] , [2] . Electric vehicles (EVs), considered as a kind of distributed energy resources (DER), hold a potential to cope with the intermittency from the further utilization of renewable energy sources (RES) in the Nordic power grid. Furthermore, the worldwide concern about the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and the independence from fossil fuel has motivated the development of EVs in the past few decades. With such impetus the study on the electrification of the transportation sector with largescale deployment of EVs shows strong necessity in the four mentioned Nordic countries.

The development of renewable energy and low-carbon transport is viewed as an important way to achieve this goal.


With a large-scale deployment of EVs, the power and energy demand of EVs will have a large impact on the grid. The study of the impact of the EV charging on the grid started in 1970s [3] . A number of studies have been carried out on the topic ever since [4] - [12] . In most of the studies, either at a national scale or a regional scale, the energy consumption or the charging availability of the vehicles is often estimated without considering the real driving patterns of the vehicles.

The study of the impact of the EV charging on the grid started in 1970s.

A number of studies have been carried out on the topic ever since.


Since the association between VEGF and ALI remains controversial and there is only a paucity of studies regarding this issue. More studies about VEGF in ALI are necessary. It is important to study the role of VEGF in early stage of IR-induced ALI. This study therefore aimed to understand the role of VEGF in an IR-induced ALI rat model. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is one of the key mediators of signal transduction in response to VEGF [18] . As such, the roles of VEGF and downstream ERK in IR-induced ALI were investigated. Since VEGF is reported with pulmonary hyper-permeability and edema at the onset of ALI, it is hypothesized that VEGF elicits pulmonary edema and inflammation in IR-induced lung injury. Understanding the role of VEGF in IR-induced ALI processes is crucial for the management and helpful in developing new therapeutic strategies.

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is one of the key mediators of signal transduction in response to VEGF.


TRMM was originally launched into a low (350-km altitude) orbit to maximize the sensitivity and ground resolution of the instruments. The orbit was boosted from 350 to 402.5 km in August 2001 to reduce atmospheric drag and save maneuvering fuel, thereby prolonging the mission lifetime. The boost increased the swath width and field-of-view size for all of the instruments on the satellite. For the TMI, the swath width increased from 760 to 878 km, and the field of view from 4.4 to 5.1 km (at the highest resolution of 85.5 GHz). For the PR, the swath width increased from 215 to 247 km, and the nadir field of view from 4.3 to 5.0 km. In addition to an increase in the area of measurements, the change in the viewing angle at the earth's surface affected certain other parameters, such as the emissivity of the ocean surface (Swift 1980) . As a result, the orbit boost potentially affected the measurements in a variety of ways.

In addition to an increase in the area of measurements, the change in the viewing angle at the earth's surface affected certain other parameters, such as the emissivity of the ocean surface.


Influenza A virus subtype H1N1, a pandemic 2009 strain, caused widespread outbreaks of influenza in humans. As of 17 June 2010, more than 214 countries had reported confirmed cases of infection with pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus [1] . Patients typically presented with severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which led to severe lung damage and in some cases death. After recovery from severe pneumonia and ARDS, various degrees of lung lesions occur, having an impact on patients' respiratory function and in turn his or her quality of life. In this study, we examined the pulmonary function of patients infected with influenza A virus subtype H1N1 one year after hospitalization for the infection. These results provide valuable information for future diagnosis and rehabilitation treatment of H1N1 and other pandemic or severe influenza strain infections.

As of 17 June 2010, more than 214 countries had reported confirmed cases of infection with pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus.


Health and income are each elemental to welfare but it is perhaps their joint relationship that has most intrigued researchers. Countries that are poor are also likely to have worse population health. Nowhere is this correlation more apparent than in sub-Saharan Africa with its twin problems of severe poverty and ill health. Much of the ill health stems from infectious diseases which account for 64% of its overall disease burden (DALYs) relative to 30% worldwide (Global Burden of Disease 2002, WHO) . While the burden falls disproportionately on infants and children, adults suffer too. The probability of death between ages 15 and 60 is 30%−60% for African men compared to less than 12% in developed countries (Rajaratnam et al., 2010) .

The probability of death between ages 15 and 60 is 30%−60% for African men compared to less than 12% in developed countries.


Product recommendation systems have been explored in marketing science as well. Often the goal is to predict the purchase outcome when a customer is targeted. Recently Moon and Russell developed an autologistic recommendation model-based on tools from the spatial statistics literature (Moon and Russell 2008) . This model uses the consumers' purchase history to estimate the probability of a future purchase.

Recently Moon and Russell developed an autologistic recommendation model-based on tools from the spatial statistics literature.


The model-based algorithms are often described with the help of probabilistic graphical models. Probabilistic graphic models provide a framework based on probability theory and graph theory to approximate complex distributions (Pearl 2000) . They graphically express conditional independencies among variables. The variables are represented as nodes, and dependence among them is expressed as edges in a graph. The assumption they encode about the distribution is that each node is independent of the nondescendent nodes conditional on its parent nodes. This allows one to use the chain rule of probability to factor the joint distribution over all the variables into the product of small conditional distributions. These smaller distributions can be individually estimated. This simplifies the operation on the joint distribution during training and inference (Koller and Friedman 2009) .

Probabilistic graphic models provide a framework based on probability theory and graph theory to approximate complex distributions.

This simplifies the operation on the joint distribution during training and inference.


The multicomponent rating collaborative filtering has some apparent similarity with the conjoint analysis in marketing science (Green and Srinivasan 1978) . In conjoint analysis the objective is to estimate a consumer's preference function in terms of the weight the consumer assigns to the attributes of a product. However, collaborative filtering is effective for goods for which attributes can not be readily determined. For instance, directorial style of a movie is hard to express using an attribute-value system. It is worth noting that a high rating for directorial style of a particular movie does not mean the user puts more weight on the directorial quality. Rather, it means that the user perceives a better match of the directorial style, which is not part of the data, with her preference. In this regard, content-based filtering strategies have more similarity with the conjoint analysis than do the collaborative filtering strategies.

The multicomponent rating collaborative filtering has some apparent similarity with the conjoint analysis in marketing science.


If macroscale heat transfer theory is applied to a microstructure in a situation for which it is inappropriate, then a significant error in the calculated heat transfer rate or temperature distribution can result. Such an error can cause the device to be designed to perform in a suboptimal manner or prevent it from being able to function. In electronic devices, microscale effects in a thin layer can inhibit the flow of heat from hotspots within the layer, such as the channel of a MOS-FET in silicon-on-insulator electronics, resulting in peaks of temperature of a magnitude greater than those predicted by macroscale analysis (Goodson and Flik, 1992) . These temperature peaks can affect the performance of the device and reduce the mean time to failure of an electronic circuit. If the influence of the film thickness on the absorptance of an infrared radiation detector element is not considered, then the detector sensitivity is different from the design value. A pyrometric measurement of the substrate temperature during film deposition is in error if the emissivity variation with the film thickness is neglected, resulting in poor temperature control . The designer of microstructures must have a criterion with which to decide whether macroscale heat transfer theory can be applied to a given device or whether microscale theory must be used. Microscale theory determines the effect of the structure dimensions on a transport property by considering the physical mechanism of transport, e.g., electron conduction or electromagnetic wave propagation.

In electronic devices, microscale effects in a thin layer can inhibit the flow of heat from hotspots within the layer, such as the channel of a MOS-FET in silicon-on-insulator electronics, resulting in peaks of temperature of a magnitude greater than those predicted by macroscale analysis.


In present 2-year goal (Table 1) , we hope to increase the sensitivity of ellipsometry by 2 orders of magnitude. The rotating magnet is stable up to 10 Hz (cycle per second) with vacuum birefringence modulation up to 20 Hz. From the measured property of our vibration isolation system, the noises at these frequencies are 2-order smaller than at 0.05 Hz (previous modulation frequency [8] ). With the implementation of the automatic alignment control system and the installation of new high-extinction-ratio polarizers, we expect to reach our 2-year goal and to go one step closer to the detection of vacuum birefringence.

From the measured property of our vibration isolation system, the noises at these frequencies are 2-order smaller than at 0.05 Hz (previous modulation frequency).


I also present a reanalysis of playback experiments conducted in 1992^1993 on a di¡erent population of song sparrows in San Diego county but residing in a similar type of habitat (Nielsen & Vehrencamp 1995) . In these experiments, focal males were presented with stranger (i.e. non-neighbour) songs from other males in the same population. Song stimuli were broadcast interactively from the side of the male's territory away from the marsh where there was no neighbouring territorial male. The duration of playback in these experiments was 10 min and the post-playback monitoring period was 6 min. Identical approach distance measurements were made and all trials were recorded, as in the 1998^1999 experiments. Six treatments were presented to each focal male consisting of three di¡erent songtype switching regimes (no switching, synchronized switching with the focal bird and rapid unsynchronized switching) using two di¡erent arti¢cial song repertoires (song types shared with the focal male and song types not present in the focal male's repertoire). In the treatment with synchronized switching and shared song types, we type matched every song sung by the focal bird for the duration of the playback period. I made use of the di¡erent treatments in order to examine both receiver responses to matching versus non-matching stimuli and subsequent sender actions following matching versus non-matching song choice, as explained in the results below.

I also present a reanalysis of playback experiments conducted in 1992^1993 on a di¡erent population of song sparrows in San Diego county but residing in a similar type of habitat.


Type matching may not qualify as a conventional signal in all species. For example, in the great tit type matching does predict subsequent aggressive approaches, but birds do not respond more strongly to type matching than to non-matching interactive playback. Instead, type matching occurs at a fairly early stage of escalation and appears to be necessary for facilitating the strophe-length matching and song-overlapping strategies of highly escalated vocal contests in this species (McGregor et al. 1992; Otter et al. 1999; Langemann et al. 2000) . In the wood thrush, males do not possess ¢xed song types but compose each song with a mix of di¡erent A, B and C parts. Birds strongly avoid matching any element of a playback song with a B or C element that they share, but matching does occur in the ¢eld and is performed more often by certain birds (Whitney & Miller 1983; Whitney 1991) . It may be extremely di¤cult to compose a matching song rapidly in this species and the ability to do so could re£ect a male's repertoire size, age or condition, as expected of a handicap or index signal.

Instead, type matching occurs at a fairly early stage of escalation and appears to be necessary for facilitating the strophe-length matching and song-overlapping strategies of highly escalated vocal contests in this species.

Birds strongly avoid matching any element of a playback song with a B or C element that they share, but matching does occur in the ¢eld and is performed more often by certain birds.


Electrical conductivity: four replications of 50 seeds each, for each treatment, were placed in plastic cups with 200 mL capacity each, covered with 75 mL of distilled water, and kept in a BOD incubator, at 25 °C, for a period of 24 h (Vieira and Carvalho, 1994) . After such period, the electrical conductivity of imbibition solution was performed with aid of conductivimeter (brand HANNA Instruments, model HI8820N) and results were expressed in μS.cm -1 .g -1 . Statistical analysis: the completely randomized design has been used with the treatments arranged in a split-split plot arrangement in time (two storage conditions x three packaging types x six storage periods + a control treatment), with four replications , where the plots were constituted by the two storage environmental conditions (laboratory and cold chamber), the subplots were constituted by the three packaging types (CB, MPB, and GC), and the subsubplots were constituted by the six storage periods (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months), and an additional treatment (before storage) that was used as control treatment. Results obtained were then subjected to the exploratory analyzes to assess assumptions of normality of residuals, homogeneity of variance of treatments, and additivity of model before being submitted to ANOVA. Means obtained for physiological quality of seeds stored in the three different types of packaging, within each storage condition were compared by Tukey test, at 5% probability; and means obtained for the different storage periods were compare by regression analysis.

Electrical conductivity: four replications of 50 seeds each, for each treatment, were placed in plastic cups with 200 mL capacity each, covered with 75 mL of distilled water, and kept in a BOD incubator, at 25 °C, for a period of 24 h.


The medicinal Eurasian sweet fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) is also known as fennel, fake anise, or sweet anise, and is widely grown throughout Brazil. The species presents yellow flowers arranged in umbels bearing schizocarps containing two akenes (Lorenzi and Matos, 2002) . The plant possesses carminative, digestive and diuretic properties, its essential oil is used for manufacturing liqueurs and perfumes, and its seeds are widely used by the baking industry for aromatization of breads, cakes and cookies (Martins, 1999) .

The species presents yellow flowers arranged in umbels bearing schizocarps containing two akenes.

The plant possesses carminative, digestive and diuretic properties, its essential oil is used for manufacturing liqueurs and perfumes, and its seeds are widely used by the baking industry for aromatization of breads, cakes and cookies.


On the other hand, preoperative fasting (minimum 6 hours before surgical intervention) in order to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration, is a routine for surgical patients. The literature is precise that any starvation longer than 4 hours leads to a change of the insulin / glucagon ratio. This feature can further emphasize organic stress response to surgical trauma and has big impact on the glycemic control and insulin resistance [8, 9] .

This feature can further emphasize organic stress response to surgical trauma and has big impact on the glycemic control and insulin resistance.


During the spring/summer study, individual containers of some species had declined to a drought rating of 1 by Week 6 (i.e., no data were collected from those containers thereafter). On average, all species maintained minimal acceptable drought ratings (6 or higher) through Week 3 in both studies with the exception of P. pratensis in the fall. In a field study conducted in the summer in New Jersey, visual turf quality in two P. pratensis cultivars also dropped below a rating of 6 by 2 to 3 weeks after irrigation was curtailed (Merewitz et al., 2010) . In a field study conducted in the summer near the present greenhouse study, the visual quality of P. pratensis declined below 6 by 2 weeks after beginning a water-deficit treatment of 20% of evapotranspiration replacement (Fu et al., 2004) .

In a field study conducted in the summer in New Jersey, visual turf quality in two P. pratensis cultivars also dropped below a rating of 6 by 2 to 3 weeks after irrigation was curtailed.

In a field study conducted in the summer near the present greenhouse study, the visual quality of P. pratensis declined below 6 by 2 weeks after beginning a water-deficit treatment of 20% of evapotranspiration replacement.


An in depth discussion on hydrodynamic modelling of fluidised bed spray granulation processes has recently been presented by Goldschmidt [7] . Continuum models, in which all phases are considered as interpenetrating continua, constitute the most appropriate choice for hydrodynamic modelling of engineering scale systems. However, these models require constitutive relations to take particleparticle collisions, droplet-particle coalescence and granulation kinetics into account and little is known about the efficiencies of particle wetting and granule formation, required to describe the granulation process within a continuum framework. In this respect, more detailed discrete element models can be applied as a valuable research tool to gain more insight and test continuum theories describing these processes. In this paper some of the first results obtained with a two-dimensional discrete element spray granulation model will be presented. The mechanism by which granules grow and the observed influences of process conditions on powder characteristics will be discussed.

An in depth discussion on hydrodynamic modelling of fluidised bed spray granulation processes has recently been presented by Goldschmidt.


Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a clinical syndrome usually characterized by an excessive increment of heart rate (HR) upon standing with frequent symptoms of orthostatic intolerance (OI). A diagnosis of POTS requires a HR increment ≥ 30 beats/min (bpm) (or ≥ 40 bpm in individuals aged between 12 and 19) within 10 min after standing from a recumbent position, in the absence of orthostatic hypotension [1] . However, some reports have shown that a certain portion of healthy individuals experience a HR increment of ≥ 30 bpm after standing (up to~30 %), especially in the morning [2] . Therefore, symptoms of OI may be crucial for making a diagnosis of POTS.

A diagnosis of POTS requires a HR increment ≥ 30 beats/min (bpm) (or ≥ 40 bpm in individuals aged between 12 and 19) within 10 min after standing from a recumbent position, in the absence of orthostatic hypotension.

However, some reports have shown that a certain portion of healthy individuals experience a HR increment of ≥ 30 bpm after standing (up to~30 %), especially in the morning.


Couples' attribution stems from a series of experiences gained in the marital interactions. When in a situation, a type of behavior or problem occurs, similar situations with similar attributions are interpreted and perceived; in such situations, the behavior of the couples depends upon the attributions they have formed (Dattilo & Epstein, 2005) . Generally, neutral and compatible attributions lead to the kinds of behavior that enhance problem-solving, while undesirable attributions result in the kinds of behavior that prolongs the problems (Boss, 1993) .

When in a situation, a type of behavior or problem occurs, similar situations with similar attributions are interpreted and perceived; in such situations, the behavior of the couples depends upon the attributions they have formed.

Generally, neutral and compatible attributions lead to the kinds of behavior that enhance problem-solving, while undesirable attributions result in the kinds of behavior that prolongs the problems.


To shape good behavior is one of the primary aims of education. Recently, we have been exposed to news and videos on social media of behavior problems among students. The comments in the media made by the Malaysian public clearly showed that we are becoming anxious on the issue of deteriorating students' behavior. Majority of schools in Malaysia can be categorized into two separate public education system, one is education system provided by the federal government (public school) and the other is education system established and managed by religious departments (religious department refers to the department which manages the Islamic affair of Muslims) of all states in Malaysia. Public school allocates limited time to teach Islamic knowledge which is compulsory according to Islamic teachings. Therefore, these religious schools were established to fill the gap and because of the demand by parents who want their children to be well educated in Islamic knowledge and possess good moral character. Schools operated by religious departments lack expertise in education administration and management; lack funding and lack of trained teachers (Rosnani Hashim, 2004) . Teachers who teach at these schools are well trained in Islamic knowledge but not in education. Therefore, they lack knowledge and skills in pedagogy especially in dealing with classroom disruptive behaviors.

Schools operated by religious departments lack expertise in education administration and management; lack funding and lack of trained teachers.


Students' classroom disruptive behaviors ranged from low-level nuisances to severe behavior problems. The pervasive classroom disruptive behaviors are mostly trivial and low-level disturbances. Examples of such troublesome behaviors are being late for class; disengaged during teaching and learning process; talking out of turn; making distracting noises; arguing with other students; easily angered by others; losing temper; moving around the classroom unnecessarily; and disobeying teacher's instructions (Bowen, Jensen, & Clark, 2004; Wakschlag, Leventhal, Briggs-Gowen, Danis, Keenan, & Hill, 2005) . Severe behavior problems occur less frequently but difficult to handle. Instances of severe misbehaviors include stealing; fighting; bullying; and verbally abusing teachers and other students (Sullivan, Johnson, Owens, & Conway, 2014) . Concisely, disruptive behavior is defined as "an activity that causes distress for teachers, interrupts the learning process, and activity that lead teachers to make continuous comments to the student" (Arbuckle & Little, 2004: 60) or any "activities which disrupt and impede teaching and learning processes" (Thompson, 2009: 43) . Even though researches have highlighted that the most frequent classroom misbehaviors are trivial and mild, however the loss of time and the difficulty to manage the misbehaviors have led teachers to stress and burnout.

Examples of such troublesome behaviors are being late for class; disengaged during teaching and learning process; talking out of turn; making distracting noises; arguing with other students; easily angered by others; losing temper; moving around the classroom unnecessarily; and disobeying teacher's instructions.

Instances of severe misbehaviors include stealing; fighting; bullying; and verbally abusing teachers and other students.


Thurston's famous classification states that an irreducible mapping class is either periodic or pseudo-Anosov [11] . A mapping class φ is a diffeomorphism of a surface of finite type, up to isotopy relative to the boundary. It is periodic if it has a periodic representative and pseudo-Anosov if it has a pseudo Anosov representative, i.e. there exist two invariant transverse measured foliations such that this representative stretches one of them by some real number λ > 1 and the other by λ −1 . The number λ is the dilatation of a pseudo-Anosov mapping class φ.

Thurston's famous classification states that an irreducible mapping class is either periodic or pseudo-Anosov.


Recent results deal with Galois conjugates of dilatations arising from Penner's construction. For example, they lie dense in the complex plane by a theorem of Strenner [10] . On the other hand, Shin and Strenner showed that they cannot lie on the unit circle and used their result to disprove Penner's conjecture that every pseudo-Anosov mapping class has a power arising via his construction [8] .

For example, they lie dense in the complex plane by a theorem of Strenner.

On the other hand, Shin and Strenner showed that they cannot lie on the unit circle and used their result to disprove Penner's conjecture that every pseudo-Anosov mapping class has a power arising via his construction.


Of the main organic carbon sinks existing in terrestrial ecosystems, the organic matter in soil symbolizes the steadiest stock of carbon, with a higher residence time than the one that exists in forest biomass [13] . Even so, the accumulation of carbon in trees plays a very important role, because of the speed with which this is accumulated. Carbon sequestration has advantages with regard to its sale compared to other environmental services, such as biodiversity conservation. The reason for this is that it is easier to measure the increase and decrease in carbon storage, thereby making commercialization easier. In the same way, the estimated costs of carbon sequestration by forestry suggest that this is much less expensive than most of the other methods used to mitigate climate change. The removal and storage of excess carbon from the atmosphere in the forests is considered to be a way of mitigating global climate change [14] . Hence, the accurate estimation of biomass and the stored and sequestered carbon in the forests has acquired relevance as a result of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol [15] .

Of the main organic carbon sinks existing in terrestrial ecosystems, the organic matter in soil symbolizes the steadiest stock of carbon, with a higher residence time than the one that exists in forest biomass.

The removal and storage of excess carbon from the atmosphere in the forests is considered to be a way of mitigating global climate change.

Hence, the accurate estimation of biomass and the stored and sequestered carbon in the forests has acquired relevance as a result of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol.


The hemicellulose content of the silages was affected (P<0.01) by the dried cashew stalk levels and presented a decreasing and linear response (Table 1) . For each 1% of dried cashew stalk added, the hemicellulose content decreased 0.20 percentage point, with a variation of 26 and 18% between the levels of 0 and 16% dried cashew stalk. This decrease in the hemicellulose contents may be associated to the small hemicellulose content of the dried cashew stalk (5.05%) compared to that of the elephant grass (28.95%) at ensilage, and to the use of the hemicellulose by the fermentative bacteria in the ensiling process (McDonald, 1981; Crestana et al., 2001) .

This decrease in the hemicellulose contents may be associated to the small hemicellulose content of the dried cashew stalk (5.05%) compared to that of the elephant grass (28.95%) at ensilage, and to the use of the hemicellulose by the fermentative bacteria in the ensiling process.


There are some requirements in the design of a [22] . The primary requirement of the roll controller is to roll the missile to a commanded +û(t+t; x(t))TRû(t+t; x(t)) dt (8) bank angle up to a maximum of 180°in either direction. These commands must be followed as where T H is the length of the moving horizon, g(.) is the terminal weighting term, QÁ0 and RÁ0 are the quickly and precisely as possible. Furthermore, the real-world hardware restrictions must be enforced.

There are some requirements in the design of a.


The mixing of neutral mesons proceeds through flavour-changing neutral currents and is therefore loop suppressed in the Standard Model. Thus, mixing observables are very sensitive to new physics effects. Our ability to constrain new contributions strongly relies on a high degree of precision in both experiment and theory. Mixing is most pronounced in the B s system where the relative decay rate difference amounts to about 13%. Here the experimental precision has surpassed the theoretical one by a significant margin [1] .

Here the experimental precision has surpassed the theoretical one by a significant margin.


We have demonstrated an SOI-ring based bulk refractive index sensor using a phase-interrogation approach. A single-sideband generation and coherent detection technology has been employed to measure the phase of the transmitted optical signal around the resonant wavelength of the SOI ring resonator, which exhibits a rapid variation when the cladding material changes. The extra modulator and the coherent detection technology only need to work at a single frequency, and can be integrated on-chip together with the sensing SOI ring [20] . Therefore, the proposed phase interrogation approach is easy to implement and can have a high integration density. A sensitivity of 6 Â 10 3 rad/RIU has been measured. An ultra-stable reading of the phase signals has also been achieved with a 3 noise of 0.015 rad due to the suppression of the intensity noise. This leads to a detection limit of 2:5 Â 10 À6 RIU. A better result can be expected by, e.g, improving the Q-factor of the ring, or using a slot waveguide structure. Wavelength multiplexing and more advanced micro-fluidic systems can also be included to address multiple rings with different resonant frequencies, if several chemicals need to be analyzed at the same time.

The extra modulator and the coherent detection technology only need to work at a single frequency, and can be integrated on-chip together with the sensing SOI ring.


In the phase interrogation measurement, we initially set the wavelength of the tunable laser longer than the resonant wavelength of the ring in the case of de-ionized water cladding, so that the resonant wavelength can shift across it when the concentration of the analyte increases. The measured phase with respect to the refractive index change of the cladding material is shown in Fig. 5 , which matches well to the theoretical calculation based on the parameters derived from Fig. 4(a) . The dashed ellipse in Fig. 5 indicates the regime where the phase exhibits a large variation when the refractive index of the cladding material changes, and thus is the optimal working regime for the sensing application. A maximal sensitivity (defined as the first-order differential of the curve shown in Fig. 5 ) of the present device is 6 Â 10 3 rad/RIU. It is worthwhile to note that the optimal working regime can be shifted towards Án c ¼ 0 by setting the wavelength of the tunable laser close to the resonant wavelength of the ring, so that the maximal sensitivity can be obtained in the beginning of the measurement. The optimal working regime can also be extended by using cascaded ring configuration [21] .

The optimal working regime can also be extended by using cascaded ring configuration.


The signal around 600 cm −1 , clearly observed in INS (at 601 cm −1 ) and in FTIR (at 604 cm −1 ) but very weak in Raman (at 600 cm −1 , Table 2 ), is ascribed to an out-of-plane vibration. PW normal coordinate analysis led to the assignment of this band to the Im ring deformation, with a special contribution from the out-of-plane, (C8-N7-C5) and (C4-N9-C8), deformation modes. These motions also imply the displacement of (N7)H and (C8)H hydrogen atoms, which account for the strong 601 cm −1 INS feature. Such assignment is not in agreement with the majority of guanine vibrational reports to be found in the literature to this date, according to which this feature would be mainly due to the NH 2 and (N1)H wagging motions [18, 19, 38] . However, none of these studies considers anhydrous guanine, being based on the polycrystalline hydrated form instead and using calculation levels of theory quite lower than the presently applied PWSCF methodology.

Such assignment is not in agreement with the majority of guanine vibrational reports to be found in the literature to this date, according to which this feature would be mainly due to the NH 2 and (N1)H wagging motions.


Interestingly, the same dihedrals measured for the asymmetric unit of anhydrous guanine show a less pronounced shift from planarity for the H10 and H11 atoms: they are found to be out of the pyrimidine plane (out-of-Pyr) by no more than 11 • [9] . PW calculations for the condensed phase, in turn, are in better agreement with these measured dihedrals than the isolated molecule DFT calculations: the H10 and H11 are predicted as out-of-Pyr plane by no more than 3 • ( Table 1 ). The more planar nature of NH 2 group calculated within the PW methodology may be explained by the presence of intermolecular H-bonding interactions, which are both strong and directional, leading to the repositioning of the amino group in the plane of the molecule. In an attempt to further clarify this question, PW calculations were also performed for the isolated molecule. Several dihedrals involving the H10 and H11 atoms calculated for the isolated molecule were found to be similar to those obtained for the condensed phase (Table 1) . Thus, intermolecular H-bonding interactions might not have a preponderant effect in determining the NH 2 lack of planarity.

Interestingly, the same dihedrals measured for the asymmetric unit of anhydrous guanine show a less pronounced shift from planarity for the H10 and H11 atoms: they are found to be out of the pyrimidine plane (out-of-Pyr) by no more than 11 •.


In free space, the momentum state of a particle, and consequently its kinetic energy, is changed by the momentum transfer | p → | p in the absorption/emission cycle of an optical photon. While the momentum transfer picture also applies approximately for trapped particles when the energy separation between motional states is not spectroscopically resolved, recoil-free transitions become possible in the resolvedsideband regime (Mössbauer effect). While carrier transitions do not change the vibrational quantum state |n , the motional state can be controlled via sideband transitions |n → |n (n = n), for instance, in incoherent cooling processes |n → |n − 1 or in coherent manipulation of vibrational states [4] . With trapped ions or neutral atoms trapped in optical lattices, the resolved-sideband regime is typically realized by two-photon Raman transitions connecting two different hyperfine ground states [5, 6, 7] . Alternatively, in spin-dependent potentials it becomes also possible to use microwave transitions, which also offer sufficient spectral resolution [8, 9, 10, 11, 12] .

While carrier transitions do not change the vibrational quantum state |n , the motional state can be controlled via sideband transitions |n → |n (n = n), for instance, in incoherent cooling processes |n → |n − 1 or in coherent manipulation of vibrational states.

With trapped ions or neutral atoms trapped in optical lattices, the resolved-sideband regime is typically realized by two-photon Raman transitions connecting two different hyperfine ground states.

Alternatively, in spin-dependent potentials it becomes also possible to use microwave transitions, which also offer sufficient spectral resolution.


Time delay has been studied in domains ranging from the business settings to internet browsing. Delayed responses from a human being or a computer can increase user stress, aversive behavior, anxiety, impatience, and irritation (Barber & Lucas, 1983; Guynes, 1988; Kuhmann, Boucsein, Schaefer, & Alexander, 1987; Schleifer & Amick, 1989; Szameitat, Rummel, Szameitat, & Sterr, 2009) . While time delay is commonly seen as a shortcoming that could be lessened by the use of improved technology, it is also regarded as an unavoidable, inherent component of teleoperation technology and HRI (Adelstein, Lee, & Ellis, 2003; Lum, Rosen, Lendvay, Sinanan, & Hannaford, 2009) .

Delayed responses from a human being or a computer can increase user stress, aversive behavior, anxiety, impatience, and irritation.

While time delay is commonly seen as a shortcoming that could be lessened by the use of improved technology, it is also regarded as an unavoidable, inherent component of teleoperation technology and HRI.


White adipose tissue (WAT) is primarily involved in energy storage in the form of triglycerides, and energy release in the form of free fatty acids. However, WAT is no longer considered only as a fat storage organ [3, 4] . Adipose is not only the important target tissue of insulin but also an endocrine organ that can secret multiple cytokines [5, 6] . Increased WAT mass, such as observed in obese subjects is correlated with chronic systemic inflammatory response, demonstrated by increased infiltration of macrophages in WAT [7, 8] . This inflammatory state results in the development of obesity-associated pathologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and insulin resistance. These obesity-associated pathologies are a result, at least in part, of changes in the secretion of adipose tissue derived factors, and illustrates the link between inflammatory state and metabolic response [9] .

However, WAT is no longer considered only as a fat storage organ.

Adipose is not only the important target tissue of insulin but also an endocrine organ that can secret multiple cytokines.

Increased WAT mass, such as observed in obese subjects is correlated with chronic systemic inflammatory response, demonstrated by increased infiltration of macrophages in WAT.

These obesity-associated pathologies are a result, at least in part, of changes in the secretion of adipose tissue derived factors, and illustrates the link between inflammatory state and metabolic response.


Local knowledge is widely considered to be of high value in understanding the ecological processes that foster the sustainable management of resources and the conservation of biodiversity (Berkes et al. 2000; Huntington 2000; Olsson and Folke 2001; Kepe 2008) . Local knowledge and practices must be analyzed and understood so that appropriate management practices can be developed that incorporate scientific and local knowledge (Berkes and Folke 2002) . Understanding the different ways local people use plant species is important for researchers and development agencies when determining conservation priorities (Garibaldi and Turner 2004; Ayantunde et al. 2008) . Use-value has been advocated as a quantitative tool to assess the local knowledge of individual species and families of plants among local people. In this report, local knowledge and indigenous knowledge are used interchangeably.

Local knowledge is widely considered to be of high value in understanding the ecological processes that foster the sustainable management of resources and the conservation of biodiversity.

Local knowledge and practices must be analyzed and understood so that appropriate management practices can be developed that incorporate scientific and local knowledge.

Understanding the different ways local people use plant species is important for researchers and development agencies when determining conservation priorities.


Designing a dry fabric for textile composite is greatly influenced by several parameters such as the fibers, yarn size, fabric count and the weave design. Fabric strength is due to the conversion of fiber strength to yarn strength and finally to fabric strength. When a load has been applied on a woven fabric, frictional resistance between fibers occurs followed by crimp interchanged and lastly the yarn extension where the load is applied towards the yarns [2] . Yarn crimp is the waviness of warp yarn and weft yarn interlacing together to produce fabric construction. It is affected by yarn count, fabric structure and weaving tensions and related to the strength of textile fabric. If a load is applied on a woven fabric and the yarns are straight and non-crimp, full load will be faced in tension at complete strength. However, if the yarns are crimped or bent then the initial load will be consumed in straightening bent tows and then take up load subsequently leadings to low strength materials [3] .

When a load has been applied on a woven fabric, frictional resistance between fibers occurs followed by crimp interchanged and lastly the yarn extension where the load is applied towards the yarns.

However, if the yarns are crimped or bent then the initial load will be consumed in straightening bent tows and then take up load subsequently leadings to low strength materials.


Study has shown that during the weaving process, fabric contraction occurs at fabric fell causing changes in the fabric structure. It is also related with the fabric weave and the changing of the structure which has significant influence on some fabric properties such as the porosity, air permeability, thickness, crimp, elongation and strength [5] . The changing of the fabric structure may cause jammed structure. In this situation, warp and weft yarns do not have mobility within the structure as they are in intimate contact with each other [6] . All the factors can affect the properties of dry fabric especially after been fabricated into a natural based composite.

It is also related with the fabric weave and the changing of the structure which has significant influence on some fabric properties such as the porosity, air permeability, thickness, crimp, elongation and strength.

In this situation, warp and weft yarns do not have mobility within the structure as they are in intimate contact with each other.


In recent years, interest in woven fabric of synthetic fibers as a structural application for textile composite has risen. This is due to ease of handling, low cost, balanced in-plane properties, impact resistance and damage tolerance. Nowadays, structural woven fabric has attracted researchers to apply it in natural fibers such as kenaf, ramie and sisal. Although synthetic fibers meet structural and durability demands, the advantages of natural fibers are low cost, low density, comparable specific strength, ease of separation and recycle [1] . Study to replace synthetic fibers in composite due to its environmental issues and potential health hazard has resulted increased demand for natural fibers.

Although synthetic fibers meet structural and durability demands, the advantages of natural fibers are low cost, low density, comparable specific strength, ease of separation and recycle.


Unsaturated polyester (UPE) is a matrix resin usually used as a binder in Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) products. It is one of the most popular thermosetting resins due to its low cost, excellent process ability and good cross linking tendency with good mechanical properties when cured [7] . Due to the properties of cure capability at room temperature and lowviscosity, it can combine with natural fibers and is widely used in industrial applications compared to other thermosetting resin [8] . The process ability at low pressures has made it easy to handle in processes like hand lay-up, filament winding and liquid molding composite.

It is one of the most popular thermosetting resins due to its low cost, excellent process ability and good cross linking tendency with good mechanical properties when cured.

Due to the properties of cure capability at room temperature and lowviscosity, it can combine with natural fibers and is widely used in industrial applications compared to other thermosetting resin.


There are several fabric weaves being used in the application of synthetic fibers such as glass, carbon and aramid fibers. The fabric weave is determined by the technique of the interlacement between warp and weft yarns. The Plain weave is the basic reinforces structure in textile composite, stable but high crimp percentage. The Basket weave is similar to the plain weave structure except in the alternate interlace yarn are two or more warp and weft yarns. It is much stronger and more pliable than Plain weave but less stable. The Twill weave has a much looser structure and is characterized by a diagonal line created by floated yarns. It is more pliable than the Plain weave, offers better drapability and is more stable compared to Satin weave. Satin weave has a smooth surface with lots of floated warp yarns, good drapability, very pliable weave and used for forming curved surfaces [4] .

Satin weave has a smooth surface with lots of floated warp yarns, good drapability, very pliable weave and used for forming curved surfaces.


Typically in observational studies, the acoustic power is determined from the local Doppler signature at a given point on the solar surface. It is then a standard procedure to use these Doppler images to generate and interpret power maps at frequencies between 2 -10 mHz. In these local Doppler power maps, the acoustic waves (p-modes) generated by convective motions, as well as any additional acoustic source mechanisms, will be seen. In order to differentiate the additional acoustic sources, apart from the background oscillations, the computational acoustic holography technique is applied (Lindsey and Braun, 1997) . Power maps generated in holography show the acoustic sources within the halo that generate outgoing waves, which reemerge some distance away.

In order to differentiate the additional acoustic sources, apart from the background oscillations, the computational acoustic holography technique is applied.


Similarly, the analytical methods by which the SAR and ILP values are extracted from the heating curves have been reviewed and tested against robust standards. We find that the most commonly used 'initial slope' method is sensitive to the experimental conditions and prone to underestimation by up to 25%. A better approximation is the full-curve fit of the 'Box-Lucas' method, although even here underestimation by up to 10% can be expected. We find that the 'corrected slope' method provides the most accurate results under the greatest range of experimental conditions and we therefore recommend that it be adopted as a standard method for SAR and ILP measurements. To assist this, details of the implementation of the corrected slope method are given in appendix 1. In addition, a simple-to-use computer program, written as an executable file in two commonly used formats (Microsoft Excel and MATLAB), is available online for free download and use [76] .

In addition, a simple-to-use computer program, written as an executable file in two commonly used formats (Microsoft Excel and MATLAB), is available online for free download and use.


Electric field perturbations are transmitted along magnetic field lines by Alfvén waves (Mallinckrodt and Carlson, 1978) . Figure 1 shows the phase velocity for Alfvén waves (red dashed line) along with the traditional (ion-neutral collisions not included) Alfvén velocity (solid line) in a representative ionosphere, and up to 3 R E . In the E-region (below about 200 km) collisions cause the Alfvén wave phase velocity to slow down dramatically; at 100 km the phase velocity is only 20 km s −1 . The assumption -made in previous treatments of the IFI -that electric fields perpendicular to B map through the ionosphere, so that the ionosphere can be described by its field line integrated Pedersen and Hall conductivities, applies only in the case where the temporal scale for variations is much longer than the time for an Alfvén wave to propagate through the ionosphere. For the phase velocity of 20 km s −1 , this means that the temporal scale for variations should be much longer than a few seconds. This condition is not met for the IFI, which involves the fundamental resonance of the IAR, with a frequency of about 0.5 Hz.

Electric field perturbations are transmitted along magnetic field lines by Alfvén waves.


Finally, many investigators reported that mineral fertilizer application is essential for growth, development and yield productivity of bean plants. They indicated that increasing NPK level application improved plant growth, yield and green pod quality of beans (Singer et al. 2000; Saxena et al. 2003; Hafez et al. 2004; Abdel-Mawgoud et al. 2005; Souza et al. 2008) . Within this framework, the aim of the present work was to examine in one newly reclaimed desert soil of Egypt and for several common bean RILs, the effectiveness of three levels of mineral phosphorus input on growth, nodulation, yield and the capacity of the plant to fix N 2 by root nodules to mobilize phosphorus in the soil solution for the plant under the drip irrigation system in the winter season of the year of 2008-2009.

They indicated that increasing NPK level application improved plant growth, yield and green pod quality of beans.


Thus P toxicity is apparent in low-P adapted plants when grown experimentally at relatively higher P supply, although the extra P could be stored in the vacuole (Schachtman et al. 1998; Shane et al. 2004) . However, this study shows that legumes would scarcely encounter such high concentrations of Olsen-P toxicity in Mediterranean fields. The contrasting RILs 34, 104 and 147 would be less demanding for P than the other RILs under study, since its relatively high nodulation was not affected by Olsen-P variation between 20 and 50 mg of P kg -1 soil among sites. RILs 75, 83 and 115 would be the most P demanding since their nodulation was still responding to an increase of P above 50 mg of P kg -1 soil. Overall, RIL 75 showed highly significant values for vegetative growth, N and P content of nodule and seeds and increased availability of P, as well as the largest leaf area content. It is followed by RILs 147 and 83 then other three RILs of common beans.

Thus P toxicity is apparent in low-P adapted plants when grown experimentally at relatively higher P supply, although the extra P could be stored in the vacuole.


Nowadays, the HPC cluster systems continue not only to scale up in compute node and Central Processing Unit (CPU) core count, but also the increase of components heterogeneity with the introduction of the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) and other accelerators. This trend causes the transition to multi-and many cores inside of computing nodes which communicate explicitly through fast interconnection networks. These hierarchical supercomputers can be seen as the intersection of distributed and parallel computing. Indeed, with a large number of cores, the communication of overall reduction and global synchronization of applications are the bottleneck. When solving a large-scale problem on parallel architectures with preconditioned Krylov methods, the cost per iteration of the method becomes the most significant concern, typically because of communication and synchronization overheads [8] . Consequently, large scalar products, overall synchronization, and other operations involving communication among all cores have to be avoided. The numerical applications should be optimized for more local communication and less global communication. To benefit the full computational power of such hierarchical systems, it is central to explore novel parallel methods and models for the solving of linear systems. These methods should not only accelerate the convergence but also have the abilities to adapt to multi-grain, multi-level memory, to improve the fault tolerance, reduce synchronization and promote asynchronization. The conventional preconditioners have much additional global communication and sparse matrixvector products. They will lose their advantages on the large-scale hierarchical platforms.

When solving a large-scale problem on parallel architectures with preconditioned Krylov methods, the cost per iteration of the method becomes the most significant concern, typically because of communication and synchronization overheads.


SMI is also always non-negative and takes zero if and only if x and y are statistically independent. Thus, SMI can be used as an alternative to MI for evaluating statistical dependency, without suffering the "log" problem. Furthermore, thanks to the simple squared-difference expression of SMI, it can be analytically approximated from samples in a statistically optimal way, and this analytic SMI approximator allows explicit computation of its derivative [10] . This is a highly useful property in image registration, because eventually we want to register images so that SMI is maximized with respect to some image transformation parameters. For these reasons, we propose to use SMI as our dependency measure for registration of infrared transmission images.

Furthermore, thanks to the simple squared-difference expression of SMI, it can be analytically approximated from samples in a statistically optimal way, and this analytic SMI approximator allows explicit computation of its derivative.


A final contribution of this study is the applied method. I use survey data from the Netherlands containing retrospective information on all past unions. This implies that there is information about subsequent periods of being single for every person. Standard discrete-time event-history models can thus be combined with a multilevel approach. The use of such frailty models improves upon previous studies as possible self-selection on unmeasured characteristics associated with union entry and exit can be controlled for (Allison, 1995) .

The use of such frailty models improves upon previous studies as possible self-selection on unmeasured characteristics associated with union entry and exit can be controlled for.


Grassland bird populations declined more rapidly between the 1960s and 1990s than any other guild of North American birds (Peterjohn and Sauer 1999) . Conversion of grasslands to agriculture across vast areas of the central United States has contributed significantly to these declines (Murphy 2003) . Grassland loss is further exacerbated, particularly in the eastern Prairie Pothole Region (PPR), by tree planting and natural encroachment due to suppression of grazing and fire (Bakker 2003; Quamen 2007) . Due to rising land values and cost of feetitle acquisition, easement, and agricultural set-aside programs that protect and restore grassland habitats, managers are under increasing pressure to apply treatments in the most costeffective and least extensive manner. Spatially explicit decision support tools can aid in prioritizing areas for management practices for the conservation of grassland bird species (U.S.

Grassland bird populations declined more rapidly between the 1960s and 1990s than any other guild of North American birds.

Conversion of grasslands to agriculture across vast areas of the central United States has contributed significantly to these declines.

Grassland loss is further exacerbated, particularly in the eastern Prairie Pothole Region (PPR), by tree planting and natural encroachment due to suppression of grazing and fire.


The GBCA Working Group concluded that a multitiered approach was needed to delineate GBCAs across a region as diverse as the PPR (Table 1) . A multitiered approach enabled informed management in areas with extensive existing grasslands where protection was the preferred management alternative and also addressed highly fragmented landscapes where management objectives were protection of remnant grasslands complemented by grassland restoration. We assumed that if habitats were provided for area-sensitive species, the needs of other grassland birds that require similar, but less restrictive patch-level vegetation characteristics, also would be accommodated (Lambeck 1997) .

We assumed that if habitats were provided for area-sensitive species, the needs of other grassland birds that require similar, but less restrictive patch-level vegetation characteristics, also would be accommodated.


Transnational human trafficking is one of the least studied forms of international movement in persons. But what little is known about it suggests that it is a highly lucrative business. A recent ILO report puts the total illicit profits produced each year by trafficked laborers at US$31.7 billion, and the estimated stock of forced labor due to trafficking at 2.45 million (ILO 2005) . Together these figures imply a level of illicit profits per trafficked person per year at close to US $13,000.

A recent ILO report puts the total illicit profits produced each year by trafficked laborers at US$31.7 billion, and the estimated stock of forced labor due to trafficking at 2.45 million.


The empirical part of the paper accordingly takes these issues to the data, and employs a novel 187 × 187 matrix of the incidence of bilateral international trafficking collected for the purpose of this research (Basu and Chau 2008) . We estimate a modified gravity model of international trafficking, and in so doing we simultaneously account for the push and pull forces of international trafficking in determining the bilateral match between host and destination countries. We augment a standard gravity model of international migration by including a measure of host country granting of legal amnesty to discovered victims of trafficking. After controlling for potential unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity based on a two-stage least squares regression, we find that countries which grant legal amnesty to immigrants have an increased likelihood of experiencing human trafficking. This empirical finding is robust to the use of several different instruments. We also include prostitution laws in the host and the source countries in our estimation. Based on our theoretical model, these empirical results are consistent with (i) inelastic final buyers' demand and (ii) partial bargaining power on the part of traffickers and (iii) considerable cross-border reach in traffickers' ability to identify buyers.

The empirical part of the paper accordingly takes these issues to the data, and employs a novel 187 × 187 matrix of the incidence of bilateral international trafficking collected for the purpose of this research.


Conductive polymer composite (CPCs) are obtained by blending conductive fillers such as carbon black, carbon fibers, graphite and carbon nanotubes [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Table 1 shows the properties of various conductive carbonaceous fillers used to make CPCs [6] . In recent years, CPCs have been widely used in positive temperature coefficient materials, electrostatic dissipation, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding due to their good electrical conductivity, light weight, and corrosion resistance. Fig. 1 shows that the major applications for electrically conductive polymers or composites depend upon the magnitude of the electrical conductivity. A conductive composite can be used as an antistatic material if its surface electrical conductivity is higher than 10 -12 S/cm. When the surface electrical conductivity of a composite is higher than 10 -10 S/cm, it can be used for electrostatic discharge. A composite can be used as shielding for electromagnetic or radio-frequency interference if the surface electrical conductivity is higher than 10 -6 S/cm. Providing the amount of conductive filler required to achieve a sufficient level of electrical conductivity often leads to processing difficulties and brittle composites [7, 8] . From technical and economical viewpoints, it is desirable to decrease the conductive-filler percolation-threshold as much as possible.

Conductive polymer composite (CPCs) are obtained by blending conductive fillers such as carbon black, carbon fibers, graphite and carbon nanotubes.

Table 1 shows the properties of various conductive carbonaceous fillers used to make CPCs.

Providing the amount of conductive filler required to achieve a sufficient level of electrical conductivity often leads to processing difficulties and brittle composites.


Increasing riser diameter leads to a reduced conductor temperature as shown in Fig. 5 , which presents conductor temperature rise (Δθ) for two different riser diameters as a function of applied current. Analysing the results, it is found that conductor temperature is mainly reduced because of the reduced air thermal resistance to convection and radiation between riser outer surface and surroundings as shown in Table 2 . Both thermal resistances are inverse functions of the external area; see (15) and (17) .

Both thermal resistances are inverse functions of the external area; see (15) and.


More experiments were conducted using a single cable of type A inside a 2 m long type I riser. As before the current was varied from 200 to 500 A. Measured and calculated results have differences of less than 4%. The results are not shown, but they are almost identical to those of Fig. 3b . In fact, from the analysis of the results obtained from the experiments with 1 and 2 m risers, it is found that varying riser height has insignificant effect on conductor temperature. Fig. 4 shows conductor temperature change (Δθ) as a function of load current for 1 and 2 m risers. Another set of experiments was performed using a 1 m long riser of wider diameter (type II) with a single cable type A and again varying the current from 200 to 500 A. The results of the core temperature from experiments, calculated with CYMCAP and calculated with our model are compared in Table 1 . The proposed method shows smaller errors with respect to measured data (max. 5.0%), whereas CYMCAP provides a larger error of up to 8.3%. The differences between the measured values and CYMCAP results are possibly because of the surface emissivity for the PVC riser. CYMCAP uses emissivity of 0.9 which is hard-coded and cannot be changed by the user, wheras the standard value for PVC is 0.6 [19] .

CYMCAP uses emissivity of 0.9 which is hard-coded and cannot be changed by the user, wheras the standard value for PVC is 0.6.


Separation and identification of SL isoforms and analogs take advantage of the high resolutive power of gradient separation by Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC/UHPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry [5, 6, 8] . However, this technique is complex and costly, in equipment and maintenance, in run time per sample, and in data processing time. LC-based hyphenated systems are designed for obtaining all possible information about the sample in a single experiment [9] . Such systems require the development of expensive and complex equipment and the ability to handle large amounts of data. Once a run starts, it cannot be aborted, meaning that this mode of operation leads to high costs in time and solvents. This may not necessarily be the best option in the case of samples for which different information is sought.

Separation and identification of SL isoforms and analogs take advantage of the high resolutive power of gradient separation by Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC/UHPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.

LC-based hyphenated systems are designed for obtaining all possible information about the sample in a single experiment.


For use in the MS characterization of SLs, the elution head-based TLC-MS interface allows a simple, direct and modular connection of HPTLC with API-MS techniques [37] [38] [39] . A solvent is pumped through a head onto the plate to elute the whole substance zone, inclusive of its depth profile. The peak at that position is quickly extracted from the HPTLC plate; this has been reported to be satisfactory even for quantification down to the pg/band range [40] . As a related example, non-glycosylic SLs from Stratum Corneum were separated and transferred from a silica gel plate to MS using this interface [15] . However, derivatization of a second plate with CuSO4/H3PO4 was required in order to locate the corresponding bands.

For use in the MS characterization of SLs, the elution head-based TLC-MS interface allows a simple, direct and modular connection of HPTLC with API-MS techniques.

The peak at that position is quickly extracted from the HPTLC plate; this has been reported to be satisfactory even for quantification down to the pg/band range.

As a related example, non-glycosylic SLs from Stratum Corneum were separated and transferred from a silica gel plate to MS using this interface.


Further studies can also be based on Tissue-based toxicity metrics for Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), that is recently strongly advocate as major paradigm shift in ecotoxicity. Tissueresidue toxicity metrics can be used as benchmarks for screening and monitoring water and sediment quality, to derive equivalent water or sediment EQS, and for ecological risk assessments and weight of evidence approaches for assessing ecosystem function impairment (Meador et al., 2014) . Other recent studies also enhance the use of activity-based passive sampling methods, which provide information on bioavailability in terms of freely dissolved contaminant concentrations (measured in sediments pore water), to better inform risk management decision making at multiple points in the process of assessing and managing contaminated sediment sites (Greenberg et al., 2014) . Regulatory applications of these approaches are still limited and are resources demanding, but they could be used to supplement or replace bulk sediment chemistry measurements.

Tissueresidue toxicity metrics can be used as benchmarks for screening and monitoring water and sediment quality, to derive equivalent water or sediment EQS, and for ecological risk assessments and weight of evidence approaches for assessing ecosystem function impairment.

Other recent studies also enhance the use of activity-based passive sampling methods, which provide information on bioavailability in terms of freely dissolved contaminant concentrations (measured in sediments pore water), to better inform risk management decision making at multiple points in the process of assessing and managing contaminated sediment sites.


This study contributes to the literature examining WTP for contraceptives and is the first to investigate factors associated with WTP for injectable contraceptives specifically. Ethiopian women are not alone in their preference for injectable contraceptives [32] . This method is widely preferred among women in sub-Saharan Africa, with an estimated 9 million users constituting 43% of total contraceptive use in the region [33] . More research is needed to better understand what contributes to women's WTP so that government and private sector health care systems can work to maximize WTP and ensure that those unwilling or unable to pay still have access to the necessary services. Health equity is of utmost importance, but sustainability is of growing concern and achieving even partial cost recovery will be an increasingly important aspect of health care delivery in the future.

Ethiopian women are not alone in their preference for injectable contraceptives.

This method is widely preferred among women in sub-Saharan Africa, with an estimated 9 million users constituting 43% of total contraceptive use in the region.


A full atomistic "test suite" is applied via molecular dynamics (MD), characterizing the required mechanical behavior for the mesoscale model, such as axial stiffness and bending rigidity. From the results of the MD simulations, energy equivalence is imposed to parameterize the free variables of the coarse-grain potentials in a "finer-trains-coarser" approach. Finally, to verify and validate the mesoscopic model, simple coarse-grain simulations are undertaken to ensure consistent mechanical behavior and model stability under various load and boundary conditions. This tool could reveal very useful information on the perspective of the fabrication of amyloid-based materials with controlled geometries and mechanical properties, which is a promising endeavor [26] . Supplementary to such synthesis efforts, coarse-grain computational approaches can provide an efficient means to investigate potential amyloid fibril structures, indicating possible systems and configurations that warrant experimental and physical realization.

This tool could reveal very useful information on the perspective of the fabrication of amyloid-based materials with controlled geometries and mechanical properties, which is a promising endeavor.


Handling other network topologies: Our research presented in this paper has focused on the torus/mesh network, which is used in current high-end systems. In case of the dragonfly network architecture, which potentially has less network contention, reducing data transfer distance might not result in a significant improvement in the read performance. However, in a dragonfly network, specific communication pattern can overload certain links and increase network congestion, resulting in high communication latency [13] . Therefore, we need to explore different approaches for reducing data access latency with our framework. For example, we can utilize network topology information and adapt data placement to use alternate communication pattern in order to avoid the network bottleneck. We plan to explore these and other options in our future work.

However, in a dragonfly network, specific communication pattern can overload certain links and increase network congestion, resulting in high communication latency.


In this paper, we first present an overview of the modelling of PEV charging load demand, which is essential for planning and operation of the power distribution system in order to accommodate the dynamics of PEV charging demand. Such charging characteristics are necessary to efficiently operate To overcome the increasing electricity demand due to PEV charging loads and its negative impacts on power systems, various solutions are proposed in literature. One solution is to integrate the distributed energy resources (DERs), such as renewable energy sources (RESs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), in charging facilities [5] [6] [7] . The output power from the RESs is used to charge the connected PEV batteries. However, RESs are characterized by its intermittent power generation and heavily depend on the weather situation. ESSs can be used to store the surplus output energy of RESs when the PEV charging demand is low. Integration of RES and ESS in charging facilities decreases the required power from the grid, hence, mitigates the negative impact on the power system. Even though RESs and ESSs introduce additional cost to the charging facility, the integration cost of charging facility with the distribution system can be reduced [8] . Accurate information of PEV load demand is required for the design of charging facilities and for determining the required capacity of the integrated RESs and ESSs to satisfy power system constraints. Another solution is to coordinate the charging of PEVs, which provides some control to the charging start time and charging rate. Two basic categories of coordination are centralized coordination and decentralized coordination [9, 10] . In the former, a central control unit estimates the current PEV charging demands, and then directly schedules the charging process of PEVs that request a charging service [9] . A decentralized charging mechanism does not have a central control unit, but uses price based mechanisms to allow PEV users to decide their own charging schedules. Coordination of PEV charging enables the system to better satisfy the power system constraints [9] . PEVs can also positively impact on the power system through the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which is the capability of PEVs to inject power back to the power grid, in order to provide ancillary services and peak load shaving for the power system.

One solution is to integrate the distributed energy resources (DERs), such as renewable energy sources (RESs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), in charging facilities.

Even though RESs and ESSs introduce additional cost to the charging facility, the integration cost of charging facility with the distribution system can be reduced.

Two basic categories of coordination are centralized coordination and decentralized coordination.

In the former, a central control unit estimates the current PEV charging demands, and then directly schedules the charging process of PEVs that request a charging service.

Coordination of PEV charging enables the system to better satisfy the power system constraints.


Although the operating cost of PEVs is lower than for conventional vehicles, the PEV and associated battery costs are still higher than that of conventional vehicles. The PEV charging demand of electricity is not only high, but also appears dynamically and randomly at any node on the distribution system at any time due to PEV mobility [3] . The future deployment of PEV will lead to an increase in system electricity demand, and a large-scale penetration of PEVs is expected to significantly influence peak demand, feeder loss, and voltage fluctuations in distribution systems [4] . Availability of charging Availability of charging infrastructure is another concern to the PEV users. At the moment, charging infrastructure is not widely deployed as ordinary gas stations, because establishing charging facilities requires a huge investment. Also, charging time of PEVs is longer than that for refueling gas in conventional vehicles. To overcome the increasing electricity demand due to PEV charging loads and its negative impacts on power systems, various solutions are proposed in literature. One solution is to integrate the distributed energy resources (DERs), such as renewable energy sources (RESs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), in charging facilities [5] [6] [7] . The output power from the RESs is used to charge the connected PEV batteries. However, RESs are characterized by its intermittent power generation and heavily depend on the weather situation. ESSs can be used to store the surplus output energy of RESs when the PEV charging demand is low. Integration of RES and ESS in charging facilities decreases the required power from the grid, hence, mitigates the negative impact on the power system. Even though RESs and ESSs introduce additional cost to the charging facility, the integration cost of charging facility with the distribution system can be reduced [8] . Accurate information of PEV load demand is required for the design of charging facilities and for determining the required capacity of the integrated RESs and ESSs to satisfy power system constraints. Another solution is to coordinate the charging of PEVs, which provides some control to the charging start time and charging rate. Two basic categories of coordination are centralized coordination and decentralized coordination [9, 10] . In the former, a central control unit estimates the current PEV charging demands, and then directly schedules the charging process of PEVs that request a charging service [9] . A decentralized charging mechanism does not have a central control unit, but uses price based mechanisms to allow PEV users to decide their own charging schedules. Coordination of PEV charging enables the system to better satisfy the power system constraints [9] . PEVs can also positively impact on the power system through the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which is the capability of PEVs to inject power back to the power grid, in order to provide ancillary services and peak load shaving for the power system.

The PEV charging demand of electricity is not only high, but also appears dynamically and randomly at any node on the distribution system at any time due to PEV mobility.

The future deployment of PEV will lead to an increase in system electricity demand, and a large-scale penetration of PEVs is expected to significantly influence peak demand, feeder loss, and voltage fluctuations in distribution systems.

One solution is to integrate the distributed energy resources (DERs), such as renewable energy sources (RESs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), in charging facilities.

Even though RESs and ESSs introduce additional cost to the charging facility, the integration cost of charging facility with the distribution system can be reduced.

Two basic categories of coordination are centralized coordination and decentralized coordination.

In the former, a central control unit estimates the current PEV charging demands, and then directly schedules the charging process of PEVs that request a charging service.

Coordination of PEV charging enables the system to better satisfy the power system constraints.


A stronger property than freeness is supersolvability. Although being free, root ideal arrangements are not in general supersolvable. Indeed, for irreducible root systems, it is known that A Φ + is supersolvable if and only if Φ is of type A n , B n , C n or G 2 [2] .

Indeed, for irreducible root systems, it is known that A Φ + is supersolvable if and only if Φ is of type A n , B n , C n or G 2.


To understand the way activated microglia contribute to the pathogenesis of different induced pain, we compared three widely used pain models comprising injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the hind paw which is a predominantly inflammatory pain model, subcutaneous injection of dilute formalin into the hind paw which is a mixed inflammatory and nerve injury model, and the chronic constriction nerve injury (CCI) model which is a neuropathic pain model. The difference on microglial morphological changes between formalin and CFA model has already been detected in our previous study [31] . The aim of the present study is to address the expression level of immune molecules CD45, CD68, and MHC class I, as well as microglial markers CD11b and Iba-1, using both immunofluorescence and western blot.

The difference on microglial morphological changes between formalin and CFA model has already been detected in our previous study.


All 33 interviews were analysed with the aim of exploring everyday experiences of living on social assistance [15] . Subsequently we analysed a sub-set of interviews reporting chronic illness in a separate study [46] . The 33 interviews were grouped into three categories based on the main focus of the interviews. We call one category of interviews "unemployment stories sometimes combined with ill health", a second category "disability stories" and a third "accumulation of adversity". The content of many of the interviews overlapped categories, in which case allocation to a category was based on the most prominent element of the interview.

All 33 interviews were analysed with the aim of exploring everyday experiences of living on social assistance.

Subsequently we analysed a sub-set of interviews reporting chronic illness in a separate study.


For small internal momenta, we found that derivatives tend to suppress late time corrections, in a way that agrees with the theorem derived by Weinberg [31] . However, for large internal momenta, late time contributions need not to be suppressed. Consequently, it is possible that the curvature perturbation ζ is not conserved to all orders after horizon exit, even for single field inflation. There might be contributions to correlation functions of ζ that grow after horizon exit, coming from loop corrections. These contributions would be suppressed by powers of the coupling constant H/M pl and possibly also by slow roll parameters, but they would be amplified by powers of the number of e-folds ln a.

For small internal momenta, we found that derivatives tend to suppress late time corrections, in a way that agrees with the theorem derived by Weinberg.


We generalize the arguments for the toy model to derivative interactions, and apply them to the curvature perturbation ζ. This leads to the conclusion that non-Gaussian effects generated after horizon exit in multifield inflation models can, up to one loop level, be approximated by classical physics. We also compare with a theorem derived by Weinberg [31] . We find that it is not excluded that there are corrections to correlation functions of ζ that grow after horizon exit, even in single field inflation.

We also compare with a theorem derived by Weinberg.


TE is decomposed into pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. Pure technical efficiency is measured as the ratio of the distance between inefficient points to variable return to scale efficient frontier. Scale efficiency measures the ratio of the production frontier under CRS to the production frontier under VRS (Huang et al., 2013) .

Scale efficiency measures the ratio of the production frontier under CRS to the production frontier under VRS.