High performance work systems are viewed as an expression of a shift in management paradigm. The traditional and highly hierarchy-oriented management approach is replaced with a more democratic system that encourages sharing of responsibility. Here, the "control mechanisms" are relaxed, "open communication" is encouraged, and "joint decision-making" with better employee participation is brought about. Thus the employees are allowed to be more creative and innovative (Kaiser, 2011) . Employee participation in decision making is an important HPWP that can lead to motivation and team work (Naqvi & Nadeem, 2011) . A negative example in this context can be the use of "electronic monitoring and control" by the company. This has been found to cause higher turnover and this is explained by the fact that such monitoring and control actually "signal mistruct" (Batt, 2002) .

Thus the employees are allowed to be more creative and innovative.

Employee participation in decision making is an important HPWP that can lead to motivation and team work.

This has been found to cause higher turnover and this is explained by the fact that such monitoring and control actually "signal mistruct".


Dielectric properties depend on the structure and composition of tissues [10] . As a general trend, relative permittivity tends to decrease with increasing frequency while conductivity tends to increase [11] . The properties are of importance as they describe how the human body reacts to exposure to electromagnetic (EM) radiation. Directly linked are established and emerging medical sciences, diagnostic and therapeutic technologies such as dosimetry, microwave imaging and microwave ablation, that require an accurate knowledge of in-vivo dielectric properties of body tissue [12, 13] . As such, knowledge of the dielectric properties of tissues allow assessment and optimisation of such technologies in terms of safety and efficacy. As most of the tissue dielectric data in literature is based on ex-vivo dielectric measurements, there is a need of in-vivo tissue dielectric characterisation either via direct in-vivo measurements or by modelling the factors contributing to the properties. Direct in-vivo measurements of human body tissue may not be possible due to invasive nature of the measurement equipment, therefore, modelling the in-vivo dielectric properties of tissue as a function of measurable contributors can be a suitable alternative.

Dielectric properties depend on the structure and composition of tissues.

As a general trend, relative permittivity tends to decrease with increasing frequency while conductivity tends to increase.

Directly linked are established and emerging medical sciences, diagnostic and therapeutic technologies such as dosimetry, microwave imaging and microwave ablation, that require an accurate knowledge of in-vivo dielectric properties of body tissue.


Mixing formulas are models that describe the macroscopic dielectric properties of materials in relation to the constituent components [14] . With regards to biological tissues, the extracellular fluid, cells and extracellular macromolecules (proteins) are the components of interest [10, 14] . Different mixing formulae exist, including the Maxwell Garnett (Rayleigh), Bruggeman, Looyenga and Birchak formulae [14] . These formulae model a tissue as comprising of inclusions in a homogenous background medium. All of these models have assumptions and limitations. For example, a requirement that the wavelength of the EM radiation be much larger than the size of the mixture inclusions is needed for accurate modelling [14] . Another finding is that accuracy is best for dilute mixtures [14] . Further, the different models can give different results, particularly in cases of larger volume fractions or the case of high contrast in dielectric properties between the inclusions and background. However, the models have been proven useful, if these assumptions and limitations are respected [14] .

Mixing formulas are models that describe the macroscopic dielectric properties of materials in relation to the constituent components.

With regards to biological tissues, the extracellular fluid, cells and extracellular macromolecules (proteins) are the components of interest.

Different mixing formulae exist, including the Maxwell Garnett (Rayleigh), Bruggeman, Looyenga and Birchak formulae.

For example, a requirement that the wavelength of the EM radiation be much larger than the size of the mixture inclusions is needed for accurate modelling.

Another finding is that accuracy is best for dilute mixtures.

However, the models have been proven useful, if these assumptions and limitations are respected.


The experimental and theoretical values as predicted by the MG model for both the relative permittivity and conductivity for the liver tissue samples, across the frequency band, are shown in Figure 2 . Also included are the reference values for liver from the IT'IS database of dielectric values for biological tissues [4] . Similarly, the values for the muscle tissue sample set, with theoretical values derived from the MG model are shown in Figure 3 . The results for the MG model (Figures 2 and 3) show that relative permittivity values are, generally, over-estimated by the MG model for high water volume fraction samples and underestimated for low water volume fraction samples. The conductivity values are generally underestimated in all cases. However, for both relative permittivity and conductivity, the general trend of the theoretical curves match those of the experimental, especially for the conductivity values and in the mid-range of the band for the relative permittivity. Further, the order of the modelled curves matches that of the experimental; lower solid volume fraction (i.e. higher water content) samples having higher relative permittivity and conductivity in all cases.

Also included are the reference values for liver from the IT'IS database of dielectric values for biological tissues.


The k −3 -range is usually interpreted as a two-dimensional enstrophy inertial range in the sense of Kraichnan's theory. In such a range, enstrophy (half the square of vorticity) is nonlinearly transferred from large to small scales. The only parameter which can determine the energy spectrum is the flux of enstrophy. This single parameter dependence leads to the k −3 -spectrum. Such a spectrum has very rarely been observed in DNS and recently the enstrophy inertial range interpretation of the atmospheric spectrum has been seriously questioned (Smith & Yakhot 1994) .

Such a spectrum has very rarely been observed in DNS and recently the enstrophy inertial range interpretation of the atmospheric spectrum has been seriously questioned.


Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in regulating many physiological functions, such as blood vessel relaxation, inhibition of platelet aggregation and neurotransmission. However, overproduction of NO can provoke various pathological states, including infl ammatory disease (Ruan, 2002) . Therefore, development of the pharmacological agent interfering with NO production is considered as a useful strategy for the treatment of infl ammatory disease.

However, overproduction of NO can provoke various pathological states, including infl ammatory disease.


A strategy to overcome the blood-brain barrier is a direct intracerebral infusion approach called convectionenhanced delivery (CED). CED employs a positive pressure generating a local pressure gradient to distribute agents, including therapeutic macromolecules, in the extracellular space. Unlike diffusion, CED is not significantly influenced by the concentration, molecular weight or particle size of the agent. In addition, CED leads to reproducible distribution within a given target tissue and results in high and homogeneous drug concentrations throughout the volume of distribution (V d ) [14] [15] [16] .

In addition, CED leads to reproducible distribution within a given target tissue and results in high and homogeneous drug concentrations throughout the volume of distribution (V d ).


In this paper we describe how access and use rights have changed when private property rights have been developed in the context of multi-CPR use with varying levels of mobility. The results of this study indicate that the management of highly mobile wildlife resources such as peccaries continues to be under an open access regime. As the size of their home range exceeds the size of local peasants private properties, owners cannot develop information about future returns, nor find incentives to develop mechanisms to monitor and control access to this resource. Thus, private property owners are likely to face incentives to take as many peccaries as possible while these are within their property. A previous study showed that peccary populations have been declining steadily during the last decades. Even though commercial hunting was illegal, hunting of these species continued to be unsustainable (Altrichter 2005b) . In contrast, stationary and low mobility resources such as trees, parrots and armadillos seem to be managed in a more controlled manner by local peasants. Private land tenure has facilitated the emergence of access controls to resources of low mobility. Local peasants now perceive these resources to be of their private property, and find incentives to control access of non-local hunters, bargain and negotiate with neighbours and with logging companies, and make decisions about what resources they want to exploit and how. This is an evident change since the times when access to resources was open: with no restrictions on hunting, locals and non-locals exploited all wildlife as open access and logging companies exploited the forest anywhere.

Even though commercial hunting was illegal, hunting of these species continued to be unsustainable.


PROPERTY RIGHTS are the social institutions that determine the range of actions that an individual or group of individuals can take over a given resource (Libecap 1989) . Well defined property rights, when properly monitored and enforced, can reduce the uncertainty about who is going to bear the costs and reap the benefits of investments made towards maintaining the resource. For this reason, securing property rights is frequently advanced as an effective strategy to promote protection, conservation or sustainable use of natural resources (Gordon 1954; Scott 1955; Dorner 1972; Anderson & Hill 1975; Johnson & Libecap 1982; Harrison 1987; McKean 2000) . In this context, the objective of this article is to assess the privatisation of land tenure as a tool to increase the protection and sustainable use of common-pool resources (CPRs) in a dry region of the Argentine Chaco where low income peasants depend on multiple CPRs to survive. CPRs are frequently owned under communal tenure and include groundwater basins, irrigation systems, fisheries, forests or wildlife. What they all have in common is that they are substractable: once a unit of the resource is extracted from the common-pool it is not available to anybody else. It is also very costly to exclude other potential users (Ostrom 1990; Ostrom et al. 1994) . These two defining characteristics make CPRs susceptible to overuse.

PROPERTY RIGHTS are the social institutions that determine the range of actions that an individual or group of individuals can take over a given resource.

For this reason, securing property rights is frequently advanced as an effective strategy to promote protection, conservation or sustainable use of natural resources.

It is also very costly to exclude other potential users.


In furnished cage systems, litter material usually is given on mats made of synthetic materials that are positioned on the wire mesh floor. The distribution of the litter material varies as well in frequency as in amount and consistence, and litter is applied either by a time-controlled automatic transport system or, in small business operations, by hand directly onto the mats. Because substrates like sand, wood shavings or sawdust and straw turned out to be uneconomic, incompatible with the existing manure disposal or technical system or to be harmful to the laying hens, it is at present common practice in Germany to provide food particles as litter material in cage systems, although 'food particles may not be a suitable litter substrate due to its content of lipids' (Scholz et al., 2011) . The advantage of food particles over other substrates lies in the continuous availability on the farm. However, feed nowadays also represents the most expensive factor in egg production, and farm managers hesitate to provide food particles as loose substrate on a daily basis. Our aim was to investigate to what extent laying hens use the offered litter areas in a species-appropriate manner when housed at moderate stocking rates, and how many substrate applications per day are necessary to motivate the hens to perform dust bathing behaviour because the frequency of litter substrate application may lead to frustration (Guesdon and Faure, 2008) .

Because substrates like sand, wood shavings or sawdust and straw turned out to be uneconomic, incompatible with the existing manure disposal or technical system or to be harmful to the laying hens, it is at present common practice in Germany to provide food particles as litter material in cage systems, although 'food particles may not be a suitable litter substrate due to its content of lipids'.

Our aim was to investigate to what extent laying hens use the offered litter areas in a species-appropriate manner when housed at moderate stocking rates, and how many substrate applications per day are necessary to motivate the hens to perform dust bathing behaviour because the frequency of litter substrate application may lead to frustration.


Epoxy is one of the most adaptable and universal high performance thermosets available and has been widely used in aerospace, automotive, marine, construction, electrical, and electronic systems, biomedical devices, adhesives, paints and coatings, and other general consumer products [6, 7] . The combination of graphene and epoxy has led to a new class of nanocomposites for advanced engineering applications. This has now become an avid area of scientific research as evident in Figure 2 . Figure 2 shows the dramatic increase in epoxy/graphene nanocomposites research during the last decade.

Epoxy is one of the most adaptable and universal high performance thermosets available and has been widely used in aerospace, automotive, marine, construction, electrical, and electronic systems, biomedical devices, adhesives, paints and coatings, and other general consumer products.


Stable dispersion can also be achieved by wrapping graphene surface by stabilizers such as polymers or surfactants [22, 23] . As compared to the covalent functionalization of graphene sheets, this kind of noncovalent surface modification can disperse graphene without oxidation or defect formation, thus preserving the integrity of the structure and electronic properties [24] . However, it is generally recognized that the presence of foreign stabilizers is undesirable for most applications because they could decrease the purity of graphene, subsequently deteriorating the unique and exceptional properties of graphene [25, 26] .

Stable dispersion can also be achieved by wrapping graphene surface by stabilizers such as polymers or surfactants.

As compared to the covalent functionalization of graphene sheets, this kind of noncovalent surface modification can disperse graphene without oxidation or defect formation, thus preserving the integrity of the structure and electronic properties.

However, it is generally recognized that the presence of foreign stabilizers is undesirable for most applications because they could decrease the purity of graphene, subsequently deteriorating the unique and exceptional properties of graphene.


However, in practical terms, graphene is not suitable to disperse in epoxy just by simple mixing. This is due to graphene's pronounced tendency to reaggregate in the matrix due to the strong van der Waals force and pi-stacking between separately dispersed graphene sheets [8, 9] . The maximum improvements in final properties could only be achieved when graphene is homogeneously dispersed in the matrix and external stresses are efficiently transferred through strong graphene-epoxy interface [10, 11] . This can also be seen for other polymer nanocomposites where it is critical to achieve homogenization and thorough dispersion. Therefore, the dispersion state of graphene in the matrix plays a crucial role for achieving superior properties in epoxy/graphene nanocomposites [12, 13] .

This is due to graphene's pronounced tendency to reaggregate in the matrix due to the strong van der Waals force and pi-stacking between separately dispersed graphene sheets.

The maximum improvements in final properties could only be achieved when graphene is homogeneously dispersed in the matrix and external stresses are efficiently transferred through strong graphene-epoxy interface.

Therefore, the dispersion state of graphene in the matrix plays a crucial role for achieving superior properties in epoxy/graphene nanocomposites.


The principal linseed growing regions in Ethiopia are located at altitudes between 1800 and 2800 meter above sea level (masl), although it occasionally grows at altitudes as low as 1680 masl or as high as 3430 masl [4] . Arsi, Bale, Chercher Mountains, Eastern Welega, Eastern Gojam, Tigray, Southeast Wello, and Shoa are the major areas of production and South Gondar, Kefa, Gemogofa and Illubabor are small-scale production areas in Ethiopia. Linseed is a major oilseed and rotation crop for barley in higher elevations of Arsi, Bale, Gojam, Gonder, Wello, Shoa and Welega. High yields of wheat, barley and tef can be obtained following linseed [5] . In Ethiopia, in terms of area and production, linseed occupies the second position among the oilseed crops next to niger. The area under this crop is about 177,000 hectares with an average yield of 970 kg ha -1 [6] . The average area of cultivation of linseed in Ethiopia by small holders was 186,000 hectares with 1.7% of the total crop production during the period 2003/04-2008/09 [6] .

The principal linseed growing regions in Ethiopia are located at altitudes between 1800 and 2800 meter above sea level (masl), although it occasionally grows at altitudes as low as 1680 masl or as high as 3430 masl.

High yields of wheat, barley and tef can be obtained following linseed.

The area under this crop is about 177,000 hectares with an average yield of 970 kg ha -1.

The average area of cultivation of linseed in Ethiopia by small holders was 186,000 hectares with 1.7% of the total crop production during the period 2003/04-2008/09.


Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) is an erect annual, forming a short taproot with fibrous branches which may extend 90-120 cm in light soils. Linseed stands fourth after mustard, sesame and groundnut in edible oil production of the world [1] . Linseed has been a traditional crop in Ethiopia and it is the second most important oil crop in production after niger (Guizotia abyssinica) in the higher altitudes [2] . Ethiopia is the 5 th major producer of linseed in the world after Canada, China, United States and India [3] .

Linseed stands fourth after mustard, sesame and groundnut in edible oil production of the world.

Linseed has been a traditional crop in Ethiopia and it is the second most important oil crop in production after niger (Guizotia abyssinica) in the higher altitudes.

Ethiopia is the 5 th major producer of linseed in the world after Canada, China, United States and India.


The choice of metadiscourses in general and intensity markers in particular depends on the overall structure of the discourse, communicative purpose and the level of universality of our claims as writers (Salager-Meyer, 1994) . Writers not only produce texts, they but also try to persuade and convince readers to accept their claims. However, we need to increase our knowledge of the frequency of the use of each category of intensity markers in different genres, disciplines, text types and skills among native and non-native writers or speakers in order to provide a pedagogical theory of intensity markers.

The choice of metadiscourses in general and intensity markers in particular depends on the overall structure of the discourse, communicative purpose and the level of universality of our claims as writers.


Given the risk of non-compliance and benefits of compliance with universal precautions, providers still often fail to adhere to universal precautions. Studies have shown that the most common explanations given for non-compliance with universal precautions were lack of time to put on the protective gears, gear interference with medical procedures, and a belief that compliance with universal precautions is unnecessary, time consuming and costly (Ji et al. 2005; Roup, 1997; Wang et al. 2003) . In addition, our data reveal that the primary reasons for noncompliance with universal precautions in health care facilities in China are lack of training, and lack of legal and management responsibility at the administrative level. Many of the existing Chinese hospital policies work against safe practice, such as directing nurses to remove needles from syringes after giving an injection or taking blood. Our data show that many administrators, both hospital administrators and administrators working at local government health agencies, believed that implementation of universal precautions is the sole responsibility of the providers. It is impossible, however, for the providers to comply with universal precautions in their daily practice when they do not have access to universal precaution supplies, opportunities to attend trainings, or effective regular oversight of compliance. In addition, many of the hospital administrators had incorrect beliefs about safe practices (e.g., supporting the bending of used needles). Effective interventions on universal precautions in China need to address structural barriers and to educate both providers and administrators.

Studies have shown that the most common explanations given for non-compliance with universal precautions were lack of time to put on the protective gears, gear interference with medical procedures, and a belief that compliance with universal precautions is unnecessary, time consuming and costly.


Steady miniaturization and large-scale integration are vital to meet aggressive performance targets in high performance circuits. They have lead to rapidly increasing power densities on microprocessors [1] . Power dissipated on a chip is converted to heat, which creates reliability threats, adversely impacts leakage power and increases cost of cooling. The challenge is to provide high performance and reliability at lowest cost possible. Effective assessment and analysis of the thermal behavior of microprocessors is crucial to overcome this challenge. Modeling and simulation tools and thermal-aware design methodologies are one avenue of efforts towards this goal [2] [3] [4] [5] . A major hurdle in this direction is the fact that thermal behavior is input dependent and also sensitive to environmental conditions. Thus, a highly accurate thermal profile of a complex system can only be established once it is deployed.

They have lead to rapidly increasing power densities on microprocessors.

Modeling and simulation tools and thermal-aware design methodologies are one avenue of efforts towards this goal.


We also performed a two-loop calculation of the correction to the two-point function of massive and massless modes. Due to the somewhat involved sunset diagrams appearing this part of the analysis was performed in the simpler Near-Flat-Space limit. Somewhat surprisingly we again found that the massless modes decouple from the calculations in the massive sector (again in the proper regularization scheme). This property is not symmetric however and for massless modes the massive modes do contribute to the dispersion relation. In the case of massive modes the two-loop correction exactly matches the one coming from (the NFS-limit of) the exact dispersion relation (1.3). For the massless modes however the correction does not seem to agree with the proposed exact dispersion relation [17, 22] . While the correction still involves the fourth power in momentum, it differs by a factor of 6/π 2 , regardless of the amount of NSNS-flux q. The origin of this mismatch is rather mysterious and currently it is not clear to us how to reconcile our result with the proposed exact dispersion relation for the massless modes. Perhaps the central charges (1.5) receive additional quantum corrections or maybe the massless asymptotic states should be changed in comparing the two cases.

For the massless modes however the correction does not seem to agree with the proposed exact dispersion relation.


In recent years, the new compounds called "probiotics" are applied as an additive in the livestock and poultry diets. In fact, most of the commercial products containing the live and beneficial microorganisms are called probiotics. In other words, the probiotics are the food supplements containing the live microorganisms and have the beneficial effects for the animals through creating the microbial balance in the gut. The probiotics are applied in order to prevent the growth and proliferation of harmful bacteria in the digestive tract, improve the feed efficiency and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and finally increasing the growth and performance in addition to the reduced spread of disease. According to a report, the vast and sometimes inappropriate use of medicines had led to the drug resistance and also the drug residues in the meat of poultry have enhanced the consumers' concern, thus the use of plant extracts and essence for the treatment of this disease can be an appropriate treatment way in the future (Nobakht and Mehmannavaz, 2010) .

According to a report, the vast and sometimes inappropriate use of medicines had led to the drug resistance and also the drug residues in the meat of poultry have enhanced the consumers' concern, thus the use of plant extracts and essence for the treatment of this disease can be an appropriate treatment way in the future.


The livestock and poultry sector is significantly important in the economy of our country. Providing the required protein for the country, the significant portion in making the value added in the agriculture, creating the employment opportunities in rural and urban communities and the wide participation of private sector for investment in the livestock production are among the characteristics of this sector. The egg is as a high quality and inexpensive source of protein compared to other sources of animal protein from the products of poultry farming in our country and the important steps are always taken in order to enhance its production. Among the animal proteins, the egg protein has higher critical value, thus it is considered as the first-grade proteins (Shen et al., 1992) . The antibiotics were applied as the growth promoters and the feed conversion ratio improvers in the poultry industry. The frequent use of antibiotics leads to the survival and growth of resistant bacteria in addition to the adverse effects on the environment and creates a population of resistant bacteria. The various supplements are applied in order to improve the performance and balance of nutrients in the diet of livestock and poultry; however, the improved feed efficiency is only one of the important aspects in animal production (Amin, 2005) . Not only the applied methods should lead to the produced high quality products, but also they should be compatible with the strict and growing laws of food safety. Based on this viewpoint, the foods with the natural origins especially the medicinal and aromatic herbs containing the active biological components can make the favorable prospects (Ghorbani, 2006) .

Among the animal proteins, the egg protein has higher critical value, thus it is considered as the first-grade proteins.

The various supplements are applied in order to improve the performance and balance of nutrients in the diet of livestock and poultry; however, the improved feed efficiency is only one of the important aspects in animal production.

Based on this viewpoint, the foods with the natural origins especially the medicinal and aromatic herbs containing the active biological components can make the favorable prospects.


The ARA-1, ARA-2, ARA-3, ARA-4 and ARA-5 isolates did not exhibit satisfactory behavior in the field experiment, which shows that alterations may have occurred in the composition of the original complex after the challenging inoculation. Sometimes, the behavior of these isolates was not different (p < 0.05) from the Rolândia isolate (Table 2) . Because the electrophoretic profile of these plants before and after challenging were similar to those observed for the Rolân-dia severe isolate, the SSCP molecular analysis of the CPG did not support this hypothesis. In addition, the CTV isolates that infect a plant are not homogenously distributed to all plant tissues (d'Urso et al., 2000) . The buds used as an inoculum in the grafting process may not contain the entire viral complex of the donor plant. Furthermore, the composition or balance of the CTV isolates within the host may be altered by the viral genome interaction, citrus host variety, environment conditions and by multiple aphid infections. Thus, a CTV isolate that shows mild symptoms when indexed biologically may contain one or more severe haplotypes that could express severe symptoms under certain conditions (Brlansky et al., 2003; Folimonova et al., 2010; Roy and Brlansky, 2009; Velazquez-Monreal et al., 2009) .

In addition, the CTV isolates that infect a plant are not homogenously distributed to all plant tissues.

Thus, a CTV isolate that shows mild symptoms when indexed biologically may contain one or more severe haplotypes that could express severe symptoms under certain conditions.


Pêra sweet orange orchards that are severely affected by CTV still exist in different citrus areas of the country. The risks of spreading these severe isolates to new areas by propagation or nursery trees are real and should be considered (Herrera-Isidrón et al., 2009) . Therefore, losses can only be effectively reduced and prevented by an efficient system of preimmunization against these severe isolates (Sambade et al., 2002; Moreno et al., 2008) . Recent studies point to the existence of severe CTV isolates in the northern regions of Paraná state, Brazil. These CTV isolates cause considerable losses in commercial orchards, where they were indiscriminately introduced from other states, mainly São Paulo, by propagative material (Carraro et al., 2003; Costa et al., 2010) .

The risks of spreading these severe isolates to new areas by propagation or nursery trees are real and should be considered.

Therefore, losses can only be effectively reduced and prevented by an efficient system of preimmunization against these severe isolates.

These CTV isolates cause considerable losses in commercial orchards, where they were indiscriminately introduced from other states, mainly São Paulo, by propagative material.


Recently, new exchange concepts between cycles are investigated [26] . The concept of thermal switch proposes a unified approach which gives an easy access to the thermodynamics tools and offers to compare the different possibilities of exchange. New developments in thermal switches could be achieved exploring different methods: fluid, micro fluid, mechanical contact, thermal controlled interface, etc. However, this approach remains limited because it requires a large knowledge in different domains and in practice it is difficult to implement.

Recently, new exchange concepts between cycles are investigated.


As the polishing surface is highly nondeterministic, one of the reasons is that the polishing path of the tool affects the removal considerably. A basic requirement for polishing paths is that the surface can be completely and uniformly covered during a polishing cycle. Therefore, the study of removal function of different polishing path has a very important significance. A lots of polishing paths in mechanical polishing process can be found in literatures [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . The ultimate goal of the research about different polishing removal function is to select an optimal polishing path so as to avoid any under-polishing and over-polishing phenomenon and ensure the uniformity of the polishing process. Meanwhile, it can also present a clear understanding of the various factors that influence the polishing quality. The core issue of this research is to study the polishing removal function and the polishing performance in a given surface shape and a specified path, so that it can facilitate the subsequent polishing path control.

A lots of polishing paths in mechanical polishing process can be found in literatures.


Compared with the large polishing tool, the small polishing tool used in this study has many advantages [12] . The small tool can follow the freeform surface with relatively large curvature, while large tool cannot polish the freeform surface with curvature smaller than its radius. The small tool can redress the error of local surface, while a large tool may polish the nearby surface when it polishes a local surface. The small can also operate at greater pressure and velocity than a large tool; therefore, it can remove the material in a rapid manner. In the case of manufacturing one single piece, small polishing tool has a higher polishing efficiency.

Compared with the large polishing tool, the small polishing tool used in this study has many advantages.


Applying this system boundary definition in telecoupling analysis, however, requires a flexible and heuristic approach to the system; one that leaves the question of boundaries open for empirical investigation rather than imposing them as a given geographical entity or administrative unit. Here, the contemporary systems thinking literature provides useful perspectives [20, 30, 31] . Emphasising a distinction between an ontological and an epistemological approach to systems analysis, this literature offers insights directing attention to an understanding of systems as 'epistemological constructs' as opposed to 'ontological entities', e.g., places and regions as 'real' systems. Approaching land systems as epistemological constructs enables researchers to define the 'system of interest' and consider scale and boundary choices based on what and who the object of study is. As such, it allows for a reflexive approach to systems analysis that opens telecoupling research up to more social constructivist modes of research [32] .

Here, the contemporary systems thinking literature provides useful perspectives.

As such, it allows for a reflexive approach to systems analysis that opens telecoupling research up to more social constructivist modes of research.


A prerequisite for such endeavours is building a better understanding of how telecouplings influence land use change outcomes. A framework has been proposed, defining telecouplings as cross-scalar, networked, and complex socioeconomic and environmental interactions between two or more distant and distinct coupled human-environment systems [6, 7] . The framework presents a tool for describing and characterising telecouplings by classifying sending, receiving, and spill-over systems, and flows between these systems, as well as the agents, causes, and effects within them [6] . This framework offers an analytical breakdown of the interconnectivity in global land use change by establishing manageable units of analysis, most notably 'systems' and 'flows', and making it possible to avoid a 'holistic trap' were everything gets connected to everything else. However, it also includes a fundamental analytical challenge regarding system boundaries. How to define and understand systems as separate coupled human-environment systems rather than one larger integrated system in a globalised world is consequently emerging as a key challenge in telecoupling research [7, 21, 22] .

A framework has been proposed, defining telecouplings as cross-scalar, networked, and complex socioeconomic and environmental interactions between two or more distant and distinct coupled human-environment systems.

The framework presents a tool for describing and characterising telecouplings by classifying sending, receiving, and spill-over systems, and flows between these systems, as well as the agents, causes, and effects within them.

How to define and understand systems as separate coupled human-environment systems rather than one larger integrated system in a globalised world is consequently emerging as a key challenge in telecoupling research.


In this paper, we take up these perspectives in relation to the case of a telecoupled land use change in Luang Namtha Province, the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR or Laos), namely a rapid and widespread conversion of lowland paddy rice cultivation to mono-cropped banana plantations driven by Chinese investors producing banana for the Chinese fresh-fruit market (An in-depth analysis of the telecouplings influencing this land use change is presented elsewhere [33] ). We begin by elaborating on the theoretical perspectives of approaching systems as epistemological constructs in telecoupling and land use change research. After a brief introduction of the methods and the empirical setting, we present the banana land system. Rather than defining the system as a place, e.g., the village or the region were banana cultivation is taking place, we start from two banana plantations in a rural community in Luang Namtha Province and construct our 'system of interest' around the specific land use change and the network of actors and government institutions that are influencing it. Doing so enables a system analysis that incorporates the actors mediating flows and interactions with other systems, independent of their 'position' in geographical space. Moreover, it opens up for understanding the uneven distribution of both direct and indirect positive and negative effects of the banana land use change, as only part of the community is included in the banana schemes. This highlights the risk of place-based system conceptions for masking differentiated outcomes of telecoupling, even at a very small geographical scale such as a village in northern Laos. In the discussion, we use these insights to push for a more integrative and reflexive approach to system thinking in telecoupling research, especially when aiming for the identification of leverage points of change and intervention for more sustainable land use change.

In this paper, we take up these perspectives in relation to the case of a telecoupled land use change in Luang Namtha Province, the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR or Laos), namely a rapid and widespread conversion of lowland paddy rice cultivation to mono-cropped banana plantations driven by Chinese investors producing banana for the Chinese fresh-fruit market (An in-depth analysis of the telecouplings influencing this land use change is presented elsewhere).


A foliation fF is "geodesible" if there exists a Riemannian metric that makes IF totally geodesic. The problem of characterizing geodesible foliations has been essentially solved in the 1-dimensional case [16] . There exists in fact numerous geodesible flows; for instance, every compact 3-manifold admits contact flows and such flows are geodesible [11] . Equally, the problem has been solved in the codimension one case [10] . Here the situation is so rigid that one can give a complete classification. The basic point is that, in codimension 1, the distribution fF ± , orthogonal to J*", is evidently integrable. In arbitrary codimension, there is a global description of the qualitative behavior of geodesible foliations that tries to take into account the nonintegrability of & ± [2] , [4] , [6] . However, this method cannot give rise to a complete classification. The first case where this analysis provides effective tools is that of 2-dimensional foliations on 4-manifolds. This is the object of study of this paper.

The problem of characterizing geodesible foliations has been essentially solved in the 1-dimensional case.

There exists in fact numerous geodesible flows; for instance, every compact 3-manifold admits contact flows and such flows are geodesible.

Equally, the problem has been solved in the codimension one case.

In arbitrary codimension, there is a global description of the qualitative behavior of geodesible foliations that tries to take into account the nonintegrability of & ±.


Bus encoding techniques have been proposed to reduce the energy consumed in high-capacitance buses [21] - [23] . By detecting bit transition patterns on a bus, encoding hardware converts data into a low-transition form stored in a table. Introducing a special code for encoding further reduces energy consumption of the bus. An extra-bit line is needed to indicate whether the data is encoded or not.

Bus encoding techniques have been proposed to reduce the energy consumed in high-capacitance buses.


Given that these are exploratory methods, however, it is meaningful to compare the strengths and limitations of different approaches when applied to epidemiologic data. We have chosen the standardized difference approach to represent risk surfaces, as opposed to other methods (such as risk ratios) that can be used to create risk surfaces, because it is more easily able to handle the difficulties that arise with small densities. Unsmoothed risk surfaces are relatively easy to manipulate, but they are sensitive to geographic scales, while the ratio of case to control density results in unstable risk surfaces due to small number problems. We were able to reduce this problem in creating risk surfaces based on a standardized difference approach. The selection of optimal bandwidths in the application of kernel methods to cluster detection, and comparison of different types of bandwidths, such as adaptive kernel, will be a subject of future study [24] .

The selection of optimal bandwidths in the application of kernel methods to cluster detection, and comparison of different types of bandwidths, such as adaptive kernel, will be a subject of future study.


Salmonella control programmes targeting the poultry and swine production chains have been associated with a decreased prevalence of salmonellosis in humans [17] . In the European Union, the Salmonella control programme for swine has been based on the "from farm to fork" strategy, which includes on-farm interventions, the monitoring of Salmonella frequency in carcasses, and slaughter hygiene [1] . Salmonella control in the United States, in turn, is based mainly on improvements in slaughter hygiene; this approach has proved to be reliable and cost-effective [16] . In Brazil, a monitoring programme for slaughter hygiene and Salmonella frequency in pig carcasses has recently been published [8] .

Salmonella control programmes targeting the poultry and swine production chains have been associated with a decreased prevalence of salmonellosis in humans.

In the European Union, the Salmonella control programme for swine has been based on the "from farm to fork" strategy, which includes on-farm interventions, the monitoring of Salmonella frequency in carcasses, and slaughter hygiene.

Salmonella control in the United States, in turn, is based mainly on improvements in slaughter hygiene; this approach has proved to be reliable and cost-effective.

In Brazil, a monitoring programme for slaughter hygiene and Salmonella frequency in pig carcasses has recently been published.


The present study was the first to examine the impact of studying away strategies of international students on their quality of university life and their well-being. This was done using a large sample of students from many different countries and at different stages of their academic career. The survey involved the development of new measuring instruments and these were shown to have good reliability. Established predictors of well-being, namely positive personality, healthy lifestyle, course demands and academic control and support were shown to have their usual associations with the well-being outcomes. The new measure of quality of university life was also associated with the established predictors (even when demographic factors were controlled). Of major interest was the finding that studying away strategies predicted quality of university life, with those with more frequent use of the different strategies reporting a better quality of life. Again, this effect was significant even when demographic variables were included in the analyses. This result confirms the prediction from the studying away model [3] .

This result confirms the prediction from the studying away model.


A recent approach to being away from home treats it as a five-phase experience from predeparture planning to returning home [3] . This simple model can be applied to individuals away from home in different circumstances for varying periods of time. The five-phase model is a way to manage potential adverse impacts on psychological well-being while the person is working or studying away from home. The first phase of the model is pre-departure planning which is often only carried out at a superficial level, with the expectation being that technology will mitigate separation. There may, therefore, be an inadequate discussion of expectations, failure to say "goodbye" properly or setting up of support networks, and even lack of a main point of contact for communication. The second phase involves issues associated with being away. Again, technology may appear to be a ready solution, but often it only offers an artificial sense of connectedness. Problems with normal, meaningful communication can lead to distraction, disengagement and the inability to progress. The ability to unwind after studying is also important and this can often be difficult when away from home. The third phase involves the transition from studying to returning home. Preparing to return is very important as the individual or their perceptions may have changed and returning home to continue "as before" may not be possible. Returning home also requires planning. Some less intense study or a change of activity before returning can help the transition, as can a staged return which allows unwinding before being at home. Finally being back home needs to be managed. Travel to home may involve little more than a flight, but psychological adjustment can take much longer [3] .

A recent approach to being away from home treats it as a five-phase experience from predeparture planning to returning home.

Returning home also requires planning.

Travel to home may involve little more than a flight, but psychological adjustment can take much longer.


Recently, with the increasing attention of the international community about energy problem, solar energy and the other renewable energies rise gradually on large-scale application [1] . Under this background, the solar energy converting technology, especially concentrating light technology, has a broad prospect. There are several common concentrating collectors, such as trough type, dish type, and tower type. Compared with the other two collectors, the trough solar energy collector has been widely used. The most mature technologies are its convenient installation, simple construction, and the low cost [2] [3] [4] . Based on the above characteristics, a multitude of the researches focus on the factors of the thermal efficiency of a parabolic trough collector from a view of the optical and thermal properties.

Recently, with the increasing attention of the international community about energy problem, solar energy and the other renewable energies rise gradually on large-scale application.

The most mature technologies are its convenient installation, simple construction, and the low cost.


Quasi-static method and dynamic method are two main approaches to deal with fracture of concrete, respectively, applied in the quasi-static loading cases and the dynamic loading cases. In the present investigation, only ideally brittle lattices are discussed. As long as a strength criterion is adopted for failure of the elements, a typical procedure for the quasi-static simulation is as follows [17] [18] [19] . The load is applied gradually and linear elastic analysis is performed until the element with the highest stressto-strength ratio reaches the prescribed threshold value. It is then eliminated and a new analysis is performed after updating the stiffness matrix while the applied load is kept unchanged to check whether another element will fail. If no more elements fail, the calculation is restarted from zero loads again until the complete 0167 failure of the specimen [3, 4] . Obviously, the fracture process obtained by the quasi-static method is composed of a series of static-equilibrium states. In the dynamic method, critical elements are also eliminated immediately, just as what has been done in the double cantilever beam (DCB) test [20, 21] . The essential difference between two methods is: fracture processes are simulated by solving the dynamic equations of motion of the system in the dynamic method, but they are obtained by solving the static-equilibrium equations in the quasi-static method. Additionally, the quasi-static method is much more computationally efficient than the dynamic method because the time step has to be set adequately small to guarantee the stability of the simulation in the dynamic method [22, 23] .

As long as a strength criterion is adopted for failure of the elements, a typical procedure for the quasi-static simulation is as follows.

If no more elements fail, the calculation is restarted from zero loads again until the complete 0167 failure of the specimen.

In the dynamic method, critical elements are also eliminated immediately, just as what has been done in the double cantilever beam (DCB) test.

Additionally, the quasi-static method is much more computationally efficient than the dynamic method because the time step has to be set adequately small to guarantee the stability of the simulation in the dynamic method.


Building operation is closely linked with building automation and its implemented control systems. Since buildings have life spans surpassing 50 years, building automation has to be flexible to meet the requirements of today and the needs of the next decades. Changing conditions will occur due to climate change. This is extraordinarily relevant because climate plays a unique and primary role as it directly affects the thermal load and thus energy performance of the building [3] . In Central Europe, more chillers will be installed in order to satisfy the user thermal comfort. Thus, the challenge is to operate these aggregates in an energy-efficient way and to save maintenance costs over the entire life cycle by minimizing wear and usage. Additional demands on building automation are also made by power grids requiring direct influence on the energy demand of the building (demand response). The opportunities and potential for both energy efficiency and demand response depend on the existing building and equipment infrastructure and on the flexibility of building automation systems providing technical support to the smart grid [4] . Load curtailment can lead to a reduction of energy consumption or at least to a preferable load shift for the grid. The other way around, the buildings' operators gain economic viability by paying lower prices for being curtailed.

This is extraordinarily relevant because climate plays a unique and primary role as it directly affects the thermal load and thus energy performance of the building.

The opportunities and potential for both energy efficiency and demand response depend on the existing building and equipment infrastructure and on the flexibility of building automation systems providing technical support to the smart grid.


We address this question for n = 2 when F is a polynomial. We find that only when the group of symmetries of the map is Z 2 (a group of order two), can a nonlinear polynomial map provide an affirmative answer to the DMYQ(2) and a fortiori to the SDMYQ (2) . In fact, we show that this is the only symmetry group compatible with the hypotheses of the DMYQ(2). This is then used as a test for the existence of expanding eigenvalues in symmetric polynomial maps.

We find that only when the group of symmetries of the map is Z 2 (a group of order two), can a nonlinear polynomial map provide an affirmative answer to the DMYQ(2) and a fortiori to the SDMYQ.


Flutter is a destructive aeroelastic instability caused by the coupling of aerodynamic, inertial, and elastic forces of the elastic structure of an aircraft [1] . Information characteristic regarding the structural system is acquired from dynamic structure response signals to determine the characteristics of flutter in the aircraft. It is important to classify the flutter signal accurately and effectively to properly process the signals.

Flutter is a destructive aeroelastic instability caused by the coupling of aerodynamic, inertial, and elastic forces of the elastic structure of an aircraft.


Microgrids have received much attention in recent years since they appear as a new solution to the power supply, taking advantage of local energy resources (such as wind and solar). A microgrid is defined as a self-contained power system, which includes directly connected synchronous generator-based distributed generation (DG) units, as well as inverter-based DG units, energy storage systems, and loads, forming a controllable system [1] . Microgrids can operate while being connected to a main grid (grid-connected mode) or in isolated mode. During grid-connected mode, the microgrid receives power from both the utility and the DG units. When it is operating in isolated mode, the microgrid must autonomously meet the power requirements of the customers securely, reliably, and with adequate power quality.

A microgrid is defined as a self-contained power system, which includes directly connected synchronous generator-based distributed generation (DG) units, as well as inverter-based DG units, energy storage systems, and loads, forming a controllable system.


Corporations acquire resources from their surroundings, process them and run their businesses by selling their products. But this is not always simple. The processing of resources generally fabricates harmful and disastrous impacts on society. Previously this was taken for granted, but now as the awareness about the "environment", "health and safety" and "green planet" are increasing, companies are forced to do more for the betterment of society and their surroundings (Maclean, 2010) . Here emerged the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Companies are required to pay back the good and at the other hand restrain from affecting environment negatively.

But this is not always simple.

Previously this was taken for granted, but now as the awareness about the "environment", "health and safety" and "green planet" are increasing, companies are forced to do more for the betterment of society and their surroundings.


Most mice are maintained in specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions that reduce their microbiome diversity, which in turn influence the immune homeostasis and response to pathogens in the intestine (Maynard et al., 2012; Tao and Reese, 2017) . Moreover, murine intraepithelial (IE) CD8 T cells constitute a heterogeneous population of unconventional CD8αα+ and conventional CD8αβ+ T cells, with partially overlapping effector properties but different developmental origins (McDonald et al., 2018) . In contrast, their human counterparts mainly consist of conventional CD8αβ-expressing cells (Jabri and Ebert, 2007) .

Most mice are maintained in specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions that reduce their microbiome diversity, which in turn influence the immune homeostasis and response to pathogens in the intestine.

Moreover, murine intraepithelial (IE) CD8 T cells constitute a heterogeneous population of unconventional CD8αα+ and conventional CD8αβ+ T cells, with partially overlapping effector properties but different developmental origins.

In contrast, their human counterparts mainly consist of conventional CD8αβ-expressing cells.


We finally want to underline that the data presented here are part of a wide investigation performed in the framework of the National School "Science and Cultural Heritage: from Non-Invasive Analysis to 3D Reconstruction" Figure 1) . The site occupies a dominant position in the confluence of the river "Fiumara d'Agrò" and one of its tributaries, the river Munafò, in the middle stretch of the valley that takes its name from the broad stream. The area has been the subject of three short excavation works carried out in the last century by the Superintendence of Cultural and Environmental Heritage of Messina (1987 Messina ( , 1995 Messina ( , and 1997 and an excavation in extension carried out between 2001 and 2002 by the University of Messina. The excavations brought to light numerous late-old masonry structures, some of which in excellent state of preservation, articulated at different levels to adapt to the natural slope and belonging to two chronological phases following one another, between the end of the 3rd and 5th century AD [9] .

The excavations brought to light numerous late-old masonry structures, some of which in excellent state of preservation, articulated at different levels to adapt to the natural slope and belonging to two chronological phases following one another, between the end of the 3rd and 5th century AD.


The increasing interest in PXRF technique is connected with the several advantages that this nondestructive analysis can provide. Indeed, this method can be performed in situ, 3 Journal of Spectroscopy no sample preparation is required, and no alteration of the material occurs; furthermore, low costs and short analysis time are additional assets. In many studies, nondestructive PXRF technique was employed as preliminary surface analysis of samples. In these cases, the elemental composition obtained by XRF measurements was used to choose some areas of samples to more deeply analyze through other nondestructive and/or microdestructive analytical techniques [15] [16] [17] . The potentiality of this nondestructive technique was tested for the identification of the production centers of a set of archaic transport amphorae was already proved [18] . Its application to the characterization of mortars and bricks represents a relatively new approach. Again, when applied to the pigments analysis, PXRF furnishes an indirect identification of pigments through evidence of key elements. For example, the simultaneous presence of Hg and S, found by PXRF analyses on a red pigment, indicates the use of cinnabar (HgS). On the other hand, being an element-specific technique, insensitive to the chemical state and/or the molecular environment in which the elements are present, PXRF is often not specific enough to identify the pigments with certainty, especially when dealing with pigments of the same or similar colours or containing the same main elements. For instance, the detection of Cu can indicate the presence of several pigments (azurite, malachite, etc.). Hence, it is not always possible to identify the nature of the pigment, but only its class. In these cases, the elemental characterization needs to be completed by the complementary description of the molecular structures of the pigmenting agents, as achieved by Raman spectroscopy. In our study, XRF measurements were performed by using a portable XRF "alpha 4000" (Innovex-X system) analyzer that allowed the detection of various chemical elements having an atomic number (Z) between phosphorus and lead.

In these cases, the elemental composition obtained by XRF measurements was used to choose some areas of samples to more deeply analyze through other nondestructive and/or microdestructive analytical techniques.

The potentiality of this nondestructive technique was tested for the identification of the production centers of a set of archaic transport amphorae was already proved.


Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) is a collection of methodologies to sample participants' behaviour and experiences in naturalistic settings multiple times over time [48] . EMA is not delimited to a particular technology or methodology but includes the use of paper and electronic diaries which have been used extensively in clinical, psychological, and computer science research. Traditionally, analogue diaries use pen and paper to record answers to open or closed questions while digital diaries can be implemented in different hardware: smartphones (or their predecessors Personal Assistant Devices), desktop computers, laptops, and wearables.

Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) is a collection of methodologies to sample participants' behaviour and experiences in naturalistic settings multiple times over time.


The main objective of the planning and operation of electric power distribution systems is to satisfy the system load and energy requirements as economically as possible with a reasonable assurance of continuity and quality. The two aspects of relatively low cost electrical energy at a high level of reliability are often in direct conflict due to the fact that providing a higher level of reliability will cost utilities more in capital and operational expenditures. This has become justification to emphasize on the optimization of the system costs and reliability [1] .

This has become justification to emphasize on the optimization of the system costs and reliability.


Critical review of above mentioned scientific paper and other publication allows making some conclusions. Modern urban planning process involves many computer technologies including GIS and multicriteria analysis models. Many factors (criteria), which are usually taking into account during decision making, most of them are spatial. In can be summarized, that this hierarchical structure of the criteria has on his top level the following criteria: economical, ecological, social and technological. Mentioned criteria usually have been created by different specialist and sometimes have linguistic form presented by fuzzy membership functions [11] . It is a big problem is to create a complex assessment based on these 4 criteria. In this paper the fuzzy multicriteria analysis method for urban planning have been presented. This method is integrated with GIS and creates suitability maps to indicate grade to how land parcels analyzed meet decision making conditions.

Mentioned criteria usually have been created by different specialist and sometimes have linguistic form presented by fuzzy membership functions.


Despite these benefits, this approach is far from ideal: achieving a uniform film with nitrocellulose is extremely difficult, especially on three-dimensional objects with protrusions such as handles, feet, or lips. Pores or cracks in nitrocellulose coatings are found to occur due to incomplete coverage, causing points of failure and corrosion pitting [13] . Additionally, as nitrocellulose films age, they are known to degrade and yellow from UV exposure, causing an undesirable color change on silver objects and difficult removal after aging [8, 14, 15] .

Pores or cracks in nitrocellulose coatings are found to occur due to incomplete coverage, causing points of failure and corrosion pitting.

Additionally, as nitrocellulose films age, they are known to degrade and yellow from UV exposure, causing an undesirable color change on silver objects and difficult removal after aging.


The growing awareness of the relevance of food in health maintenance and the difficulties of changing eating habits, calls for an enrichment of foods with bioactive compounds. One of the challenges of food enrichment with such bioactive compounds is related to the poor solubility, in the case of hydrophobic compounds, in food matrices and their instability during digestion and consequent poor bioavailability. These challenges are promoting research efforts to find more effective delivery systems based on natural biopolymers (Livney, 2012) . Protein nanohydrogels are promising systems to be used as carriers of bioactive compounds in food products (Martins et al., 2015) . The high nutritional value, non-toxicity and ability of proteins to bind to hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactive compounds make them a useful vehicle to help to incorporate such bioactives in foods (Wong, Camirand, Pavlath, Parris, & Friedman, 1996) . However, during the gastric digestion step, proteins are denatured by environmental conditions (low pH and high ionic force) and hydrolyzed by enzymes (pepsin) (Yvon, Beucher, Scanff, Thirouin, & Pelissier, 1992) . One of the strategies to improve the protein nanohydrogels stability during enzymatic digestion and the controlled release of active ingredients during gastric and intestinal digestion is the addition of a polysaccharide coating (Liu, Gao, & Yuan, 2014) .

These challenges are promoting research efforts to find more effective delivery systems based on natural biopolymers.

Protein nanohydrogels are promising systems to be used as carriers of bioactive compounds in food products.

The high nutritional value, non-toxicity and ability of proteins to bind to hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactive compounds make them a useful vehicle to help to incorporate such bioactives in foods.

However, during the gastric digestion step, proteins are denatured by environmental conditions (low pH and high ionic force) and hydrolyzed by enzymes (pepsin).

One of the strategies to improve the protein nanohydrogels stability during enzymatic digestion and the controlled release of active ingredients during gastric and intestinal digestion is the addition of a polysaccharide coating.


A binned maximum likelihood fit is performed to the m bH distribution in Fig. 4 , where the dominant multijet background is estimated from data, as discussed in Section 6. The fitted m bH distributions are presented in Fig. 5 , while the expected yields are listed in Table 4 for the backgrounds, and for two signal hypotheses (m bH = 1000 and 1800 GeV), together with their observed yields. The observed distributions are consistent with the background-only hypothesis in all the categories. Upper limits are set therefore on the product of the cross section and branching fraction of a B quark decaying to Hb, produced in association with another b quark and a light-flavoured quark, as a function of m bH . Exclusion limits at 95% confidence level (CL) are calculated using a modified frequentist approach and a profile likelihood ratio as test statistic, in an asymptotic approximation [62] [63] [64] . The combination of the two forward-jet multiplicity-based categories increases the sensitivity of the analysis by up to 20% relative to that obtained when only requiring at least one jet in the |η| > 2.4 region of the detector.

Exclusion limits at 95% confidence level (CL) are calculated using a modified frequentist approach and a profile likelihood ratio as test statistic, in an asymptotic approximation.


Primates are a taxon that is strongly impacted by anthropogenic factors, and despite their social, cultural, and ecological importance, most populations are severely threatened (Estrada et al., 2017) . However, evidence on the effectiveness of conservation interventions for primates remains scarce . Nonetheless, some primates, and great apes in particular, seem to be able to adapt to and persist in anthropologically impacted landscapes (Hockings et al., 2015; McCarthy et al., 2017; Spehar et al., 2018) . The identification of conditions that are enabling species persistence can guide the design of conservation interventions that are mimicking these favorable conditions.

Primates are a taxon that is strongly impacted by anthropogenic factors, and despite their social, cultural, and ecological importance, most populations are severely threatened.

Nonetheless, some primates, and great apes in particular, seem to be able to adapt to and persist in anthropologically impacted landscapes.


In every sample plot and control plot, the category of tree health condition was assessed for each tree 2 weeks after fire in August 2016 and in August 2017. Category of health condition was evaluated on a range of visual characteristics (crown density and colour, the presence and proportion of dead branches in the crown, etc.) according to 'Sanitary rules in the forests of Ukraine' (Meshkova and Zinchenko 2016) . Each tree was classified into 1 of 6 categories of health condition (1st -healthy; 2nd -weakened; 3rd -severely weakened; 4th -drying-up; 5th -recently died; 6th -died over year ago). Indices of health condition for forest stand were calculated as mean weighted from trees number of each category of health condition for all trees (I 1-6 of the 1st-6th categories) and for vital trees (I 1-4 of the 1st-4th categories).

Category of health condition was evaluated on a range of visual characteristics (crown density and colour, the presence and proportion of dead branches in the crown, etc.) according to 'Sanitary rules in the forests of Ukraine'.


Scuba diving can result in the production of venous gas emboli due to the release of inert gas originally held in solution in the form of a free gas phase from peripheral tissues during decompression. When bubbles are excessively generated in blood and tissues, signs and symptoms referred to as decompression sickness (DCS) may occur [1] . Neurological damage in the spinal cord and brain underlies the most serious symptoms of DCS [2] . Even after standard treatment with hyperbaric oxygen, 20-30% of the divers affected by neurological DCS had incomplete recovery at discharge [3] . Bubble formation in blood induces activate the vascular endothelium, stimulate prothrombotic phenomena and induce inflammation: platelet and leukocyte activation have been observed, associated with elevated production of cytokines and cell adhesion stimulators [2, 4, 5] . It is now accepted that severe DCS is a systemic pathophysiological process that may induce tissue reaction that promotes ischemic damage in the spinal cord or the brain [6, 7, 8] .

When bubbles are excessively generated in blood and tissues, signs and symptoms referred to as decompression sickness (DCS) may occur.

Neurological damage in the spinal cord and brain underlies the most serious symptoms of DCS.

Even after standard treatment with hyperbaric oxygen, 20-30% of the divers affected by neurological DCS had incomplete recovery at discharge.

Bubble formation in blood induces activate the vascular endothelium, stimulate prothrombotic phenomena and induce inflammation: platelet and leukocyte activation have been observed, associated with elevated production of cytokines and cell adhesion stimulators.

It is now accepted that severe DCS is a systemic pathophysiological process that may induce tissue reaction that promotes ischemic damage in the spinal cord or the brain.


Our work bears resemblance with VINI (Bavier et al., 2006) . VINI is a virtual network infrastructure that enables realistic and controlled network experiment over PlanetLab. By using virtualization technology, researchers are able to create a flexible virtual network topology. The implementation of VINI runs XORP instances within UML virtual machines and Click for packet forwarding. We drew inspiration from the VINI design. Our scheme is different, however, in that we focus on enabling real network simulation to achieve realism, scalability, and flexibility. Our approach allows a large number of XORP instances beyond what can be supported by PlanetLab.

Our work bears resemblance with VINI.


Further analysis is required that incorporates an independent dataset containing non-lightning-producing convection so to demonstrate predictability skills (via, e.g., ''probability of detection'' and ''critical success index'') before thresholds can be set for use in a real-time LI operational system. The values in Table 1 (fourth column) should be used as general guidance for more empirical, physically based approaches to nowcasting LI using geostationary IR imagery. Before implementation in an LI prediction system, certain inherent difficulties need to be overcome or understood, specifically those associated with preexisting cloudiness (i.e., cirrus, which was avoided in these analyses), as well as the environmental influences on lightning production in moist convection that vary substantially across regions (Boccippio et al. 2000; Gilmore and Wicker 2002) . Finally, while most IFs may be predictive out to 30 min, we cannot conclude here how they compare regionally. The regional IF characteristics are compared in a follow-up study.

Before implementation in an LI prediction system, certain inherent difficulties need to be overcome or understood, specifically those associated with preexisting cloudiness (i.e., cirrus, which was avoided in these analyses), as well as the environmental influences on lightning production in moist convection that vary substantially across regions.


A growing interest has been noted in employing the space charge limited current (SCLC). It is a powerful tool for study of conduction phenomenon in insulators [7, 8] . It has been successfully used in obtaining general information about the localized defect states in the forbidden gap. The charge injected into the insulator in response to an applied voltage using a constant voltage source is trapped at localized defect. The presence of the trapping sites in the forbidden gap strongly affects the current-voltage (I-V) and current-time (I-t) characteristics of the material. The form of (I-V) characteristics depends on the type of distribution of traps [8, 9] . The magnitude of the current flow is reduced due to trapping effect [7, 10, 11] . The appearance of SCLC regime is inhibited until a sufficiently large field is applied. The transition from ohmic behavior to an SLCC regime depends markedly on the distribution of the trapping energy levels.

It is a powerful tool for study of conduction phenomenon in insulators.

The form of (I-V) characteristics depends on the type of distribution of traps.

The magnitude of the current flow is reduced due to trapping effect.


The overarching objective of the present study was to develop a method to predict fungal growth in an indoor environment based on numerical techniques and we have already reported the mathematical models of fungal growth based on a reaction diffusion modelling approach [16] . Concerning morphological colony formation on PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium, the results of the numerical simulation were reported using a reaction diffusion modelling approach that were reasonably consistent with the experimental results within a few days from the start of the test. This research focused on the development of a simplified prediction model for fungal growth in indoor environments, which incorporated heat and moisture transfer analysis in building materials and reproduced two-dimensional morphological colony formation on the surfaces of building materials.

The overarching objective of the present study was to develop a method to predict fungal growth in an indoor environment based on numerical techniques and we have already reported the mathematical models of fungal growth based on a reaction diffusion modelling approach.


Concerns about the amplification of anthropogenic climate change has led to a growing interest in the polar regions in recent years (Emmerson and Lahn, 2012) . Furthermore, increased economic and transportation activities in the polar regions are leading to more demands for reliable weather predictions (Jung et al., 2013) . Given that global forecasting systems are used by most numerical weather prediction centres, forecasts for the polar regions are readily available. However, partly as a result of a strong emphasis of previous work on lower and middle latitudes, relatively little is known about the performance of weather forecasts in polar regions.

Concerns about the amplification of anthropogenic climate change has led to a growing interest in the polar regions in recent years.

Furthermore, increased economic and transportation activities in the polar regions are leading to more demands for reliable weather predictions.


In this work, total Hb concentration was reduced in the blood of triploids containing significantly less erythrocytes. At cellular level, this deficiency was overcome by an increase in the average volume of red blood cells (MCV), such that the mean cellular hemoglobin content (MCH) in triploid erythrocytes was significant greater than in diploid cells. On the whole, the mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) resulted equivalent between diploid and triploid erythrocytes. In the literature, values for total blood hemoglobin (Hb) and MCHC concentrations in diploid and triploid fish are not consistent and vary among species, whereas the mean cellular hemoglobin content (MCH) is commonly reported to be higher in polyploids (Benfey, 1999) . Several reports are available on the relationship between the hematology of triploid fish and their respiratory physiology and aerobic capacity in standard or altered environments. In salmonids, despite some contrasting results on total blood hemoglobin levels and blood-oxygen carrying capacity, triploid fish were found to be similar to diploids in their overall oxygen-consumption rates and swimming performances under normal or stress conditions (Stillwell and Benfey, 1995) .

In the literature, values for total blood hemoglobin (Hb) and MCHC concentrations in diploid and triploid fish are not consistent and vary among species, whereas the mean cellular hemoglobin content (MCH) is commonly reported to be higher in polyploids.

In salmonids, despite some contrasting results on total blood hemoglobin levels and blood-oxygen carrying capacity, triploid fish were found to be similar to diploids in their overall oxygen-consumption rates and swimming performances under normal or stress conditions.


Automatic recognition systems can be categorised as being on-line or off-line based on the availability of dynamic information. On-line recognition is usually performed using temporal spatial information generated from the movement of a stylus on the surface of an electrostatic or electromagnetic tablet. Depending on the hardware, this signal stream of information may include: pen-inclination, pressure, velocity, acceleration, movement direction, number of strokes. From such information, the corresponding static image could Unlike its on-line counterpart, off-line recognition employs only the static images captured by optical devices such as a camera or scanner. Due to the absence of dynamic information, the accuracies of off-line recognition systems could not be as high as on-line recognition [57] . As a trade-off, the on-the-fly collection of dynamic information restricts the applications of on-line recognition and gives off-line recognition certain unique advantages such as the ability to capture information remotely and conveniently.

Due to the absence of dynamic information, the accuracies of off-line recognition systems could not be as high as on-line recognition.


The survey on the topic of CMN showed general agreement that patients with diabetic nephropathy have the highest risk of this complication and confirmed the importance of hydration and the use of low osmolar media as prophylactic measures against contrast nephropathy [3] . However, CMN can develop despite implementing the previously mentioned prophylactic measures. A recent report has indicated that the prophylactic oral administration of the antioxidant acetylcystine (600 mg twice daily, on the day before and the day of administration of the contrast agent, for a total of 2 days) and hydration (0.45% saline intravenously, 1 mL/kg of body weight per hour for 12 h before and 12 h after contrast injection) prevented CMN in patients with chronic renal impairment [6] . However, in that study, a relatively small dose of contrast medium (75 mL of 300 mgI/mL) was used and the number of patients was small. It is feasible that acetylcystine does not offer protection against CMN when larger doses of contrast media are used, as during interventional vascular procedures. Further studies are required to confirm the effectiveness of this antioxidant and to elucidate the areas of uncertainty (Table 4) revealed by the survey [3] .

The survey on the topic of CMN showed general agreement that patients with diabetic nephropathy have the highest risk of this complication and confirmed the importance of hydration and the use of low osmolar media as prophylactic measures against contrast nephropathy.

A recent report has indicated that the prophylactic oral administration of the antioxidant acetylcystine (600 mg twice daily, on the day before and the day of administration of the contrast agent, for a total of 2 days) and hydration (0.45% saline intravenously, 1 mL/kg of body weight per hour for 12 h before and 12 h after contrast injection) prevented CMN in patients with chronic renal impairment.

Further studies are required to confirm the effectiveness of this antioxidant and to elucidate the areas of uncertainty (Table 4) revealed by the survey.


Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology has become the key technology owing to its ability to increase system capacity and improve spectral efficiency without increasing the bandwidth [1] . The relay technology is a common space diversity method that can effectively reduce the effects of channel fading. The combination of MIMO with relay technology can further improve the capacity and system performance of the relay network. There has been extensive theoretical research on the performance improvement of unidirectional MIMO relay system [2, 3] . In fact, the MIMO two-way relay system has received great deal of attention recently owing to its high spectrum efficiency [4, 5] .

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology has become the key technology owing to its ability to increase system capacity and improve spectral efficiency without increasing the bandwidth.

There has been extensive theoretical research on the performance improvement of unidirectional MIMO relay system.

In fact, the MIMO two-way relay system has received great deal of attention recently owing to its high spectrum efficiency.


In the second part of the paper, we define a modified approach, this time capable of supporting noncommunicating parallelism [9] . Issues introduced such as a non-deterministic execution order make our previous approach insufficient without further state-saving. The interleaving order, or order in which the statements are executed, now forms part of the reversal information, captured and stored at runtime. Storing this interleaving order makes the program deterministic in reverse, guaranteeing the execution of the inverted program always follows exactly the inverse execution order of the original. Modifications are made to the process of augmentation from our first approach, with all state-saving implemented at runtime via a set of modified operational semantics for forward execution. A similar reasoning is applied to the process of inversion, resulting in a modified set of operational semantics for reverse execution. These semantics are responsible for using the reversal information, including the interleaving order, to reverse the statements of the original program in exactly the opposite order. Finally the correctness results of our second approach are presented.

In the second part of the paper, we define a modified approach, this time capable of supporting noncommunicating parallelism.


The densification of a sinter body is normally tracked using a quantity known as relative density [18] [1] . Roughly speaking, the relative density is the amount of fluid (as opposed to pore) contained in a typical unit cell. In a fully densified sinter body a unit cell contains only fluid and no pores. Both experimental data, and the predictions of the 3D theoretical models just described typically give rise to a sigmoidal, or S-shaped, relative density-versus-time curve for the sintering of amorphous materials. One of the remarkable facts about the 3D models is that while different geometrical assumptions are made in describing the separate stages of sintering, the various models are in good agreement over a large range of relative densities and appear to give good estimates of sinter rates even outside their respective ranges of validity. The conclusion is that the viscous sintering of amorphous materials is not particularly sensitive to structural features such as the geometry of the pore shape. One of the objectives of this paper is to use a class of exact solutions describing simple unit cells with shrinking pores to examine whether this phenomenon also pertains to a mathematical model of planar sintering based on the assumption of slow viscous flow driven by surface tension.

The densification of a sinter body is normally tracked using a quantity known as relative density.


Band gap (Eg) of the films has been varied as 3.82, 3.74, 3.70 and 3.30, according to film thickness in Fig. 7 . Film thickness has been decreased for pH 5.65-7.20, similarly optic band gap of the films has been decreased too. Grain size and film thickness had an impact on optic band gap, which has behaved similar to these properties. Mohammed, Ty a g i , Vedeshwar and Ty a g i reported that optic band gap was inversely proportional to film thickness and grain size [4, 10, 16] . Results of this study were in line with the literature.

Mohammed, Ty a g i , Vedeshwar and Ty a g i reported that optic band gap was inversely proportional to film thickness and grain size.


These surface properties strongly affect optical properties of the films, such as transmittance, absorbance and reflection. Thus, it seems that CdI 2 film showed a better and steady growth at pH 5.65. The best crystallite was obtained from the bath with pH 5.65. Moreover, the highest transmittance and the lowest refractive index were also observed in the film obtained from the bath with pH 5.65, which was formed by regular grains [17, 18] .

Moreover, the highest transmittance and the lowest refractive index were also observed in the film obtained from the bath with pH 5.65, which was formed by regular grains.


For many decades, much effort has been devoted to modelling a ship's motion at sea in naval architecture (Lewis 1989) . Accurate prediction of ship motions in real time is critical for improving operability and preventing large-amplitude ship motions, e.g. vessel capsize. This is particularly important to today's modern fast passenger ferries, high-powered naval vessels and cargo ships.

For many decades, much effort has been devoted to modelling a ship's motion at sea in naval architecture.


To the best of our knowledge, the above problem has been first tackled in our previous work [27] . In the latter, it has been shown that SFSP-DCR can be formulated as a convex Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Program (MINLP), and in particular as a Mixed-Integer Second-Order Cone Program (MISOCP) that can be efficiently solved by general-purpose tools once appropriate re-formulation techniques are used to construct "tight" models (i.e., with a relatively low integrality gap) that are also compact (in terms of both variables and constraints). Also, a number of approximation schemes are proposed for variants of the problems (e.g., when capacity reservation costs are not identical), along with a simple heuristic which tries ERA first and then falls back on solving the SFSP-DCR optimally. A preliminary evaluation of the latter, in a somewhat abstract setting, shows that it obtains extremely small average gaps in significantly smaller average running time than the exact approach.

To the best of our knowledge, the above problem has been first tackled in our previous work.


A high speed wireless communication system requires minimum interference and multipath fading as well as improved channel capacity. Frequency reuse technique is a suitable option to enhance the channel capacity of a system and that can be attained by multiple directive beams. Multiple beam forming antenna systems (M-BFAS) are the key solutions to meet these essential requirements. These systems are used frequently in space division multiple access (SDMA) applications [1] . The M-BFAS are equipped with the multiple beam forming network (M-BFN) and the antenna elements. Several beam formers are available in literature such as Blass matrix, Nolen matrix and Rotman lens and Butler matrix [2] [3] [4] . The efficiency of Blass matrix and Rotman lens are quite low due to high losses associated with the structures. Among these, the Butler matrix array is most popular due to low loss as well as very few components required for the system implementation [5] .

These systems are used frequently in space division multiple access (SDMA) applications.

Several beam formers are available in literature such as Blass matrix, Nolen matrix and Rotman lens and Butler matrix.

Among these, the Butler matrix array is most popular due to low loss as well as very few components required for the system implementation.


The lesser-spotted dog¢sh (Scyliorhinus canicula, L.) is a common demersal small shark found on muddy and sandy substrata in Atlantic coastal European waters (including the Mediterranean), at depths up to 400 m. Compared with other marine ¢sh species it has a low vitellogenic rate and the nutritive demands of egg yolk production (vitellogenesis) are distributed throughout the year (Craik, 1978) . Mature females lay large eggs surrounded by jelly contained within a collagen eggcase and the embryo utilizes the yolk within the eggcase prior to hatching, deriving its nutrition from material provided by the mother . The eggcase is closed during the ¢rst few months of embryonic development but is open to the surrounding seawater in the later stages (Diez & Davenport, 1987) .

The lesser-spotted dog¢sh (Scyliorhinus canicula, L.) is a common demersal small shark found on muddy and sandy substrata in Atlantic coastal European waters (including the Mediterranean), at depths up to 400 m. Compared with other marine ¢sh species it has a low vitellogenic rate and the nutritive demands of egg yolk production (vitellogenesis) are distributed throughout the year.

The eggcase is closed during the ¢rst few months of embryonic development but is open to the surrounding seawater in the later stages.


Cattle domain experts have suggested using a library of naturally occurring sounds that are scary to the animals; such as a roaring tiger, a barking dog, a hissing snake; and randomly rotating between the sounds [3] . In most of the existing works on virtual fencing, boundaries of fences are static. Real world herding and control of cattle require dynamic and extensible virtual fences. This work will use monocular vision system for the identification of boundaries, a target recognition subsystem for identification of predefined boundaries to be avoided by cattle. Depth estimation from image structure using the concept of global Fourier transform and local wavelet transform will be used. Sound stimuli generated would be corresponding to the depth estimate.

Cattle domain experts have suggested using a library of naturally occurring sounds that are scary to the animals; such as a roaring tiger, a barking dog, a hissing snake; and randomly rotating between the sounds.


Up-to-date intervention researchers utilize new opportunities for delivery of health promotion interventions brought on by advances in technology. Computer-tailoring an intervention and disseminating it through the Internet using a website, by e-mail and short mobile service (SMS) text messages, is a promising health education strategy [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . This way people can get access to individually tailored advice, regardless of geographical and temporal barriers, and without the cost of a one-by-one consultation [13] [14] [15] . Still, one recent review found that the most effective interventions were delivered face to face [16] . One of the main challenges at this time is to maintain use of the interventions over time, as many studies of online computer-tailored interventions report an initial effect that wears off [6, 13, [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . The decreased effect over time could be a result of decreased exposure to the intervention because of static content and boredom when the novelty of the system wears off [17, 21] . Thus, planning interventions that can maintain engagement over time is important. In a prestudy, potential consumers' intention to use a physical activity intervention (delivered online through the Internet and mobile phone) was influenced by perceived 2 International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications usefulness and expecting to have fun while using the system [22] . Ease of use, social support, and interactive features have also been reported to be important for usage of such systems [23, 24] . Naturally, previous studies have found that only active users of physical activity interventions improve their physical activity levels [25, 26] . Further developing and incorporating easy, social, and fun to use components in physical activity interventions is therefore an important way to increase usage and intervention exposure, consequently potentially produce more effective interventions.

Computer-tailoring an intervention and disseminating it through the Internet using a website, by e-mail and short mobile service (SMS) text messages, is a promising health education strategy.

This way people can get access to individually tailored advice, regardless of geographical and temporal barriers, and without the cost of a one-by-one consultation.

Still, one recent review found that the most effective interventions were delivered face to face.

One of the main challenges at this time is to maintain use of the interventions over time, as many studies of online computer-tailored interventions report an initial effect that wears off.

The decreased effect over time could be a result of decreased exposure to the intervention because of static content and boredom when the novelty of the system wears off.

In a prestudy, potential consumers' intention to use a physical activity intervention (delivered online through the Internet and mobile phone) was influenced by perceived 2 International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications usefulness and expecting to have fun while using the system.

Ease of use, social support, and interactive features have also been reported to be important for usage of such systems.

Naturally, previous studies have found that only active users of physical activity interventions improve their physical activity levels.


In order for rural communities to have access to the benefits of 3-D printing of OSAT they will need electric power from locally available renewable resources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) technology which converts sunlight directly into electricity. PV has already been shown to be a technically viable, environmentally benign, socially-acceptable and increasingly economical method of providing electricity to both on grid and remote communities all over the world [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] . Solar PV-generated electricity is particularly well suited for small scale off-grid applications because of the relatively modest power draws of opensource 3-D printers, and it will be addressed here.

PV has already been shown to be a technically viable, environmentally benign, socially-acceptable and increasingly economical method of providing electricity to both on grid and remote communities all over the world.


Monniaux modelled a USB controller in C and used an extended version of the Astrée static analyzer to verify that neither controller nor its driver will transfer data incorrectly [11] . He includes asynchronous DMA into his reasoning. By modelling the controller's behaviour with non-deterministic choices, an overapproximation is achieved. Isolation from untrusted software is not discussed.

Monniaux modelled a USB controller in C and used an extended version of the Astrée static analyzer to verify that neither controller nor its driver will transfer data incorrectly.


Let A be a Banach algebra, and let X be a Banach A-bimodule. Of course A is amenable (respectively, contractible) if every continuous derivation D : A → X * (respectively D : A → X), is inner. Of these various notions, amenability, contractibility, approximately amenable, boundedly approximately amenable and boundedly approximately contractible are all distinct, approximately contractible and approximately amenable coincide, [14, 10, 11] . Also, requiring the approximating net of derivations to converge weak * is the same as approximately amenable, [14] . This latter notion will arise naturally below.

Of these various notions, amenability, contractibility, approximately amenable, boundedly approximately amenable and boundedly approximately contractible are all distinct, approximately contractible and approximately amenable coincide.

Also, requiring the approximating net of derivations to converge weak * is the same as approximately amenable.


Pathogenicity of V. vulnificus: Pathogens responsible for seafood-associated infections include broad spectrum types of bacteria such as Vibrio species, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia, Listeria, Bacillus, Clostridium perfringens and certain strains of Escherichia coli; pathogenic viruses such as polio, rotaviruses and other viruses, parasites and protozoa (Iwamoto et al., 2010) . Pathogenic vibrio cause three major clinical illness: wound infections, gastroenteritis and septicemia. Epidemiologic studies refers to the majority of these infections are foodborne and associated with consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish and contamination of open wounds in marine environments (Bross et al., 2007) .

Pathogenicity of V. vulnificus: Pathogens responsible for seafood-associated infections include broad spectrum types of bacteria such as Vibrio species, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia, Listeria, Bacillus, Clostridium perfringens and certain strains of Escherichia coli; pathogenic viruses such as polio, rotaviruses and other viruses, parasites and protozoa.

Epidemiologic studies refers to the majority of these infections are foodborne and associated with consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish and contamination of open wounds in marine environments.