During hypothermic storage, RBCs undergo a progressive deterioration in quality that manifests through biochemical and biomechanical changes that adversely influence RBC function. These changes, referred to as "storage lesions", include metabolic lesions such as declining pH and decreases in glycolytic pathway activity, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reducing equivalents (NADH), adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG); increasing concentrations of potassium (K + ), superoxide radical (O 2 -) and ferric (Fe 3+ ) methemoglobin, causing oxidative damage. Storage lesions also include physiologic lesions such as inefficient O 2 release and membrane deformation that results in crenations, vesicle budding, membrane loss, and apoptosis of RBCs (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) . These storage lesions are influenced by the length of storage, the blood component manufacturing method, and the characteristics of the blood donor (11, 12) .

Storage lesions also include physiologic lesions such as inefficient O 2 release and membrane deformation that results in crenations, vesicle budding, membrane loss, and apoptosis of RBCs.

These storage lesions are influenced by the length of storage, the blood component manufacturing method, and the characteristics of the blood donor.


In order to address the size constraint problem, we make a tentative suggestion of a novel type of RFID reader antenna for nearfield application [12] . In this paper, we present formally the compact SRR-based RFID antenna and give more details of the near-field characteristics by simulation and measurements. The compact antenna prototype is fabricated with a special small size of 21 * 21 * 1.6 mm 3 , which is one of the smallest dimension of RFID reader antenna in the world. The measured result of prototype shows good impedance matching over 13 MHz (914.5-927.5 MHz) with reflection coefficient less than −10 dB, which covers the China RFID band II (920-925 MHz). Simulation shows that the antenna features a strong and uniform magnetic field distribution, and agrees well with the reading range of 42 mm. The antenna also operates different UHF RFID bands (Europe band, China band I&II) by modifying the SRR parameters.

In order to address the size constraint problem, we make a tentative suggestion of a novel type of RFID reader antenna for nearfield application.


As phylogenomic data are rapidly accumulating, a remaining question is how to best leverage those data to build taxon-rich phylogenies for many taxonomic groups, including birds. The supermatrix approach has obvious appeal since it simply involves combining sequence data and conducting standard phylogenetic analyses. However, supermatrix analyses require at least some overlapping loci among studies (Figure 1a ). Producing the supermatrices is conceptually straightforward if WGS data are available, since loci of interest can be extracted from the genome assemblies. This is not the case for data generated by reduced-representation sequencing. At this time, most (but not all) avian phylogenomic studies have used ultraconserved element (UCE) sequence capture (Table 1) . However, even within UCE studies, two different probe sets targeting different numbers of UCE loci have been used (Table 1) . While continued data collection may permit the eventual construction of large data matrices with many overlapping loci, those datasets are currently unavailable for birds (and many other groups of organisms). There is an additional problem that analyzing supermatrices with limited sequence overlap among loci often yields large numbers of equally optimal trees, a phenomenon referred to as "terraces in phylogenetic treespace" [76] [77] [78] . Finally, the computational burden imposed by phylogenomic supermatrix analyses, both for matrix assembly and for the tree searches, makes it burdensome to update supermatrix phylogenies as additional phylogenomic data become available.

There is an additional problem that analyzing supermatrices with limited sequence overlap among loci often yields large numbers of equally optimal trees, a phenomenon referred to as "terraces in phylogenetic treespace".


Defining the SE and setting a framework for it such that it can evolve is theory building. One of the best approaches for theory building is conducting a state of the art review or a systematic literature review [20, [93] [94] [95] . Therefore, in this paper, written definitions from various scientific publications are gathered and analyzed to gain a good understanding of the SE concept for providing a definition and framework for it.

One of the best approaches for theory building is conducting a state of the art review or a systematic literature review.


There was a quadratic relationship for concentrations of lactic acid (LA) at the different cutting heights, with estimated maximum concentration of LA for the cutting height of 45.43 cm with a concentration of 29.6 g/kg (Table 3) . No models were fitted for production of acetic acid (AA) in relation to cutting heights, although the cutting height of 50 cm presented the lowest concentration of AA production. However, there was a linear decrease in the production of butyric acid (BA) as the cutting height was increased. Improvement in the fermentation profile in silages of tropical grasses as a function of maturity stage has been reported in the literature (Mari, 2002; Santos et al., 2011) .

Improvement in the fermentation profile in silages of tropical grasses as a function of maturity stage has been reported in the literature.


Nanotechnology leads to the production of smaller filler particles for resin composites with an average size of 50 nm, unlike milling procedures. However, inserting nanosized particles into the load of the inorganic phase in 80 wt% compared to conventional restoratives (50-70 wt%) improved the wear resistance and integrity of the resin composites and ionomers [33, 34] . Though it has been proven that nanosized filler particles provide substantial improvements in material toughness, it is still not clear how nanosized particles affect the elasticity and hardness of dental restorative materials [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] .

However, inserting nanosized particles into the load of the inorganic phase in 80 wt% compared to conventional restoratives (50-70 wt%) improved the wear resistance and integrity of the resin composites and ionomers.

Though it has been proven that nanosized filler particles provide substantial improvements in material toughness, it is still not clear how nanosized particles affect the elasticity and hardness of dental restorative materials.


In addition, measuring the proper mechanical and physical properties of the restorative dental materials is important for both material selection and the clinical performance of materials. The nanoindentation test method is superior to conventional test methods in terms of four factors that are the reasons for being preferred by others [31] . First, the load and displacement of the indenter tip are continuously monitored as the probe is applied to the specimen, which enables the calculation of the stress/strain relationship. Second, relatively small amounts of material are required for specimen preparation, and the noninvasive measurement process does not deform the samples prior to further experiments. Third, the test options permit different calculation modes by changing the experimental parameters, such as appropriate indenter tip selection for each material and optimisation of applied load and time. Fourth, associated software allows the calculation and validation of multifarious mechanical properties in a single load-unload test process [4, 27] . Therefore, these factors should be considered in the selection of restorative materials in clinical practice.

The nanoindentation test method is superior to conventional test methods in terms of four factors that are the reasons for being preferred by others.

Fourth, associated software allows the calculation and validation of multifarious mechanical properties in a single load-unload test process.


Elastic modulus (E) and hardness (H) are the two mechanical properties that are most commonly measured using indentation techniques [10] . Hardness is the resistance of a material to indentation or penetration. It has been used to predict the wear resistance of a material against applied forces such as occlusal loading [11, 12] . Elastic modulus describes the relative stiffness of a material and the ability to stretch under constant loading without deformation [11, 12] . Hence, knowledge of the modulus of elasticity and hardness is 2 Journal of Nanomaterials In the field of restorative dentistry and dental materials, nanotechnology has become one of the widest applications in the manufacturing of biocompatible materials [13] [14] [15] . Increasing mechanical properties with nanoingredients has resulted in advanced restorative materials called nanocomposites and nanoionomers [16, 17] . Nanobased restorative materials are mostly reinforced and refurbished resin composite materials that consist of an organic resin matrix, silane coupling agents, and inorganic micro-and nanofiller particles [16] [17] [18] . Nanofillers in resin composites and nanoionomers were found to be more effective at reducing polymerisation shrinkage, decreasing wear, and improving a material's mechanical properties compared with micro-and macrofillers [19, 20] . Increasing the filler rate is indirectly related to hardness, rigidity, elasticity, and toughness [21] . Nanosized filler particles can provide substantial improvements in the resin composite hardness, and elasticity has a tremendous effect on both the optical properties of materials and durability. In addition, the nanosized particles are involved in the fracture mechanisms of the resin composites, including particle bridging, debonding at the poles of the particle/matrix interface, and crack deflection around the particles, which interact directly with the mechanical properties [22] . Besides, increased stiffness in nanomaterials has a minor negative effect on the materials' polishability and surface roughness [23] .

Elastic modulus (E) and hardness (H) are the two mechanical properties that are most commonly measured using indentation techniques.

It has been used to predict the wear resistance of a material against applied forces such as occlusal loading.

Elastic modulus describes the relative stiffness of a material and the ability to stretch under constant loading without deformation.

Hence, knowledge of the modulus of elasticity and hardness is 2 Journal of Nanomaterials In the field of restorative dentistry and dental materials, nanotechnology has become one of the widest applications in the manufacturing of biocompatible materials.

Increasing mechanical properties with nanoingredients has resulted in advanced restorative materials called nanocomposites and nanoionomers.

Nanobased restorative materials are mostly reinforced and refurbished resin composite materials that consist of an organic resin matrix, silane coupling agents, and inorganic micro-and nanofiller particles.

Nanofillers in resin composites and nanoionomers were found to be more effective at reducing polymerisation shrinkage, decreasing wear, and improving a material's mechanical properties compared with micro-and macrofillers.

Increasing the filler rate is indirectly related to hardness, rigidity, elasticity, and toughness.

In addition, the nanosized particles are involved in the fracture mechanisms of the resin composites, including particle bridging, debonding at the poles of the particle/matrix interface, and crack deflection around the particles, which interact directly with the mechanical properties.

Besides, increased stiffness in nanomaterials has a minor negative effect on the materials' polishability and surface roughness.


The elastic properties of the restorative materials, such as yield strength and elastic moduli, measure the ability of the materials to restore to their original shape when a load is applied and removed [7] . The modulus of elasticity is directly related to the amount of deformation when the material is subjected to external forces [26, 45] . Hence, dental materials that are used in posterior restorations must possess an adequate modulus, strain, and yield ability to withstand the high forces during mastication [46] . In addition, the percentage of endurance combination, modulus of elasticity, and elastic recovery of the material used in the restoration of abfraction defects, which result from stress accumulation on the edge of tooth enamel-cement with the impact of occlusal forces, should be compatible with that of tooth tissue [47] . Materials with low elasticity modulus deform more under masticatory stresses and do not have sufficient resilience, which may cause catastrophic failure, whereas a high elastic modulus is required to withstand deformation and cuspal fracture [22, 37] . According to the results, the yield and elasticity of the resin composites change markedly as the size of the filler content is reduced and the loading rate is increased. Nevertheless, nanoionomers exhibit similar elastic responses compared to glass ionomers. These findings are consistent with prior studies that show that while resin composites adjust reinforcement with different types of filler insertions, the flexibility of the glass ionomer material mostly depends on the concentration of the composition, the manufacturing, and setting process [26, 41, 48] .

The elastic properties of the restorative materials, such as yield strength and elastic moduli, measure the ability of the materials to restore to their original shape when a load is applied and removed.

The modulus of elasticity is directly related to the amount of deformation when the material is subjected to external forces.

Hence, dental materials that are used in posterior restorations must possess an adequate modulus, strain, and yield ability to withstand the high forces during mastication.

In addition, the percentage of endurance combination, modulus of elasticity, and elastic recovery of the material used in the restoration of abfraction defects, which result from stress accumulation on the edge of tooth enamel-cement with the impact of occlusal forces, should be compatible with that of tooth tissue.

Materials with low elasticity modulus deform more under masticatory stresses and do not have sufficient resilience, which may cause catastrophic failure, whereas a high elastic modulus is required to withstand deformation and cuspal fracture.

These findings are consistent with prior studies that show that while resin composites adjust reinforcement with different types of filler insertions, the flexibility of the glass ionomer material mostly depends on the concentration of the composition, the manufacturing, and setting process.


Bovine mastitis is the most costly disease affecting dairy cows and milk production. This disease is one of the major causes of antibiotic use in dairy cows (Mitchell et al., 1998) . Staphylococcus aureus is considered as a major mastitis pathogen due to its prevalence in dairy herds, contagious nature of infection and economic impact of treatment and control (Bradley, 2002) . Its resistance to antimicrobial agents is a well-documented challenge in dairy cows. Because of resistance to antimicrobial agents in mastitis pathogens, there is a growing interest in using alternative antimicrobial agent.

This disease is one of the major causes of antibiotic use in dairy cows.

Staphylococcus aureus is considered as a major mastitis pathogen due to its prevalence in dairy herds, contagious nature of infection and economic impact of treatment and control.


Cycle performance and rate capability of the graphene nanosheets were examined in order to evaluate their potential as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The results are shown in Fig. 2(b) . The charge-discharge current density was increased stepwise from 65 to 16 000 mA/g and ten cycles were performed at each current density. After the measurements at 16 000 mA/g, the current density was decreased to 65 mA/g in order to test the reversibility and cycle stability. The graphene nanosheets delivered a reversible capacity of 339 mA· h/g in the first cycle, which is close to the theoretical capacity of graphite (372 mA· h/g). The capacity was not very stable in the first ten cycles where fluctuations in the range 339-319 mA· h/g were observed. When the current density was increased to 550 mA/g, the graphene nanosheets delivered a capacity of 275 mA· h/g, which is 81% of the initial capacity. When the current density was increased to 2500 and 6500 mA/g, capacities of 250 and 184 mA· h/g, respectively, were obtained. Surprisingly, a relatively high capacity of 130 mA· h/g was obtained at 10 000 mA/g, (corresponding to a charge-discharge time of 47 s). A capacity of 32 mA·h/g was retained when the current density was elevated to 16 000 mA/g. To the best of our knowledge, the rate performance of the graphene nanosheets is better than other carbonaceous anodes reported previously [13] [14] [15] [16] 23] . Good cyclic performance is confirmed by the fact that relatively stable capacity was obtained at each rate and the capacity after reducing the current density back to 65 mA/g was a little higher than the initial capacity. Figure 2(c) shows the charge-discharge curves of the laterally confined graphene nanosheets at low and high current densities. There is no obvious voltage plateau and the discharging capacity mainly originates in the voltage range 1.5-0.05 V.

The results are shown in Fig. 2(b) .

To the best of our knowledge, the rate performance of the graphene nanosheets is better than other carbonaceous anodes reported previously.


Cyclic voltammograms of the graphene/SnO 2 composites at a rate of 0.5 mV/s in a voltage window of 3.0-0.05 V are shown in Fig. 5(a) . In contrast with the cyclic voltammograms of the pristine graphene Fig. 5(a) . It is known that the reaction of SnO 2 involves a twostep process: (1) reduction of SnO 2 to Sn; (2) alloying of Sn with Li to form a series of alloys [28] [29] [30] . The new reduction peaks in Fig. 5(a) correspond to the reduction of SnO 2 to Sn and the formation of Li-Sn alloys, while the oxidation peaks correspond to the reverse process. Figures 5(b) and 5(c), respectively, show the reversible capacities and the charge-discharge curves of the graphene/SnO 2 composites at various current densities. As in the case of pristine graphene, the charge-discharge current density was increased stepwise from 130 to 8000 mA/g. After the measurements at 8000 mA/g, the current density was reduced in order to test the reversibility and cycle performance. As expected, the graphene/SnO 2 composites exhibited higher capacity than the pristine graphene at low current densities. The composite delivered an initial capacity of 673 mA· h/g at 130 mA/g. The capacity was gradually reduced to 513 mA· h/g during the first 10 cycles. The capacities at 450, 1400, 6000, and 8000 mA/g were 424, 295, 190, and 120 mA·h/g, respectively. The cycle and rate performance of the graphene/SnO 2 composites were much better than for pure SnO 2 nanoparticles ( Fig. S-3 in the ESM), because the graphene can prevent the large volume change and pulverization of the electrode which occurs in the case of pure SnO 2 . When the current density was lowered to 450 mA/g, the composites delivered a capacity of 403 mA·h/g, retaining 93% of the capacity obtained at 450 mA/g in the 20th cycle. It should be noted that the capacity retention of the graphene/SnO 2 composites was not as good as for the pristine graphene. This may be caused by the aggregation and detachment of SnO 2 nanoparticles to some degree. Although the SnO 2 nanoparticles are dispersed on the surface of the graphene nanosheets, the particles are still able to aggregate during the chargedischarge process. Compared with a SnO 2 @carbon core-shell structure, SnO 2 dispersed on graphene in the present study may undergo aggregation and detachment due to the open structure [27] .

It is known that the reaction of SnO 2 involves a twostep process: (1) reduction of SnO 2 to Sn; (2) alloying of Sn with Li to form a series of alloys.

Compared with a SnO 2 @carbon core-shell structure, SnO 2 dispersed on graphene in the present study may undergo aggregation and detachment due to the open structure.


High-rate performance of lithium-ion batteries is vital to applications that require high power density such as electric/hybrid vehicles and portable power tools, and thus much effort has been devoted to the exploration of high-rate materials [1] [2] [3] . It is known that the solid state diffusion of lithium ions in the active electrode materials is the rate-limiting step in most cases [4, 5] . Accordingly, shortening the distance of lithium-ion diffusion is an effective route to improve the rate performance of batteries, which can be realized by fabrication of nanostructured electrodes. For example, nanostructured SnO 2 , V 2 O 5 , and TiO 2 anode materials manifest better rate capabilities than corresponding thin film or bulk counterparts [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] .

High-rate performance of lithium-ion batteries is vital to applications that require high power density such as electric/hybrid vehicles and portable power tools, and thus much effort has been devoted to the exploration of high-rate materials.

It is known that the solid state diffusion of lithium ions in the active electrode materials is the rate-limiting step in most cases.

For example, nanostructured SnO 2 , V 2 O 5 , and TiO 2 anode materials manifest better rate capabilities than corresponding thin film or bulk counterparts.


In the subspace-based methods, the array output is transformed from elementspace to beamspace with the premultiplication by the beamforming weight, and it is often advantageous to process the estimation in the beamspace domain than in the elementspace domain [14] . By the beamspace processing, the spatial domain is divided into several spatial bands. The spatial band spotlighted by beams is termed as in-band, and the other spatial band is termed as out-of-band [15] . Since signals are coming from a low angle, it is possible to accentuate the in-band signal of interest by steering beams to low angle and performing the estimation in the beamspace domain. Therefore the beamspace processing provides more accurate localisation of the in-band signal than the elementspace processing especially when there exists a dispersed interference such as diffuse reflection or clutter return in the out-of-band (see Fig. 1 ). Furthermore, the computational complexity can be reduced because there exists a closed-form solution that can be found without a search process [16, 17] . Among the beamspace domain methods, a number of methods employing three beams have been proposed for low-angle tracking [18, 19] . Note that under ideal assumptions, the estimation performance in the 3-D beamspace domain does not degrade, because a 3-D observation vector is enough to distinguish three different spaces, two for the signals (direct and specular echoes) and one for the noise. The most notable work on 3-D beamspace domain estimation is the 3-D beamspace domain maximum likelihood (3-D BDML) estimation for its simplicity [20] . In the 3-D BDML estimation, three M-dimensional orthogonal beamforming weights which have (M -3) common nulls are used, where M denotes the number of array elements. Therefore any combination of these three beamforming weights has the same nulls as the aforementioned (M -3) common nulls. Since (M -1) nulls exist in total, the two remaining nulls can be used to find the two echoes. With this feature, 3-D BDML offers closed-form solutions for the two echo angles, and thus it is extremely simple in computational complexity.

In the subspace-based methods, the array output is transformed from elementspace to beamspace with the premultiplication by the beamforming weight, and it is often advantageous to process the estimation in the beamspace domain than in the elementspace domain.

The spatial band spotlighted by beams is termed as in-band, and the other spatial band is termed as out-of-band.

Furthermore, the computational complexity can be reduced because there exists a closed-form solution that can be found without a search process.

Among the beamspace domain methods, a number of methods employing three beams have been proposed for low-angle tracking.

The most notable work on 3-D beamspace domain estimation is the 3-D beamspace domain maximum likelihood (3-D BDML) estimation for its simplicity.


Supplementation of resources by humans, especially bird feeders, has a great impact on bird communities (Robb et al. 2008) . Typically, areas with higher bird feeder density result in higher bird density and higher species richness than areas without feeders (Fuller et al. 2008) . Pileated Woodpeckers actively used suet feeders in our study area, as reported by many residents and our personal observations. Feeders may increase food supply and could have a partial compensatory effect on the decrease of resources due to habitat reduction, ultimately reducing home range sizes (Fuller et al. 2008) .

Supplementation of resources by humans, especially bird feeders, has a great impact on bird communities.

Typically, areas with higher bird feeder density result in higher bird density and higher species richness than areas without feeders.

Feeders may increase food supply and could have a partial compensatory effect on the decrease of resources due to habitat reduction, ultimately reducing home range sizes.


Because wet scrubbers may contribute to corrosion, removal of water from the effluent gas from scrubbers may be necessary. Another consideration is that wet scrubbing results in a liquid effluent contaminated with solids present in the gas stream. Wet scrubbing technology is used where the contaminant cannot be removed easily in a dry form, for soluble gases and wettable particles, and if the contaminant will undergo some subsequent wet process (such as recovery, wet separation or settling, or neutralization). Gas flow rates range from 20 to 3000 m 3 /min. Gas flow rates approximately 2000 m 3 /min may have a corresponding pressure drop of 25 cm H 2 O column [13] . Figure 1 shows the typical wet scrubber designs.

Gas flow rates approximately 2000 m 3 /min may have a corresponding pressure drop of 25 cm H 2 O column.


In this paper, the MPE-LCD based on BSA-SVM is used to diagnose and classify gear faults. Firstly, the original vibration signal is decomposed by the LCD method into some ISC components. Then, the first few ISCs are chosen and extracted the fault feature vectors by the MPE algorithm [17] . Thirdly, in order to identify the work condition of gear, in this paper, the SVM is served as a classifier [18] . Furthermore, the authors proposed a new optimal algorithm named as BSA to make the optimization for the SVM parameters (BSA-SVM). The characteristic vectors of the stationary ISCs are taken as the input data of the BSA-SVM, and then the gear faults and the normal gear condition can be differentiated [7] . Furthermore, to ascertain the superiority of the MPE-LCD based on BSA-SVM, it is compared with EMD and EEMD combined with GA-SVM, PSO-SVM and SVM. The analysis results show that the diagnosis approach of BSA-SVM assisted with MPE-LCD is suitable for processing non-stationary signals, such as vibration signals of gears, with a higher accuracy and effect when compared to other methods.

Then, the first few ISCs are chosen and extracted the fault feature vectors by the MPE algorithm.

Thirdly, in order to identify the work condition of gear, in this paper, the SVM is served as a classifier.

The characteristic vectors of the stationary ISCs are taken as the input data of the BSA-SVM, and then the gear faults and the normal gear condition can be differentiated.


These characteristics are emphasized by drawing analogies between our decomposition approach to uncertainty analysis and decomposition-based strategies for multidisciplinary optimization. In the multidisciplinary optimization literature, approaches are often categorized as monolithic versus distributed, and open consistency versus closed consistency [33] [34] [35] . Our approach has a distributed architecture, that is, the system uncertainty analysis is partitioned into multiple uncertainty analyses. This is in contrast to a monolithic architecture, which solves the problem in its entirety. Our approach has open consistency, that is, our samples are initially observations from the incorrect probability distributions but upon convergence become consistent with the desired distributions. In contrast, a closed consistency formulation requires that each sample satisfies global compatibility constraints at every stage of the algorithm. This paper has focused on a method for the forward propagation of uncertainties through a feedforward system. Further research is required to extend the general idea to systems with two-way coupling and/or feedback loops. Such systems will require iteration between components in the online phase, thus destroying the clean partition between offline and online phases that we achieve in the feed-forward case. Despite this drawback, the decomposition can still realize many of the advantages discussed in the introduction. A further limitation is that the current approach has been presented only for systems with random variables and random vectors. An important area of future work is to extend the method to systems that include random fields. This will require drawing on recent work to couple Karhunen-Loève expansion representations of random fields [14] [15] [16] . Lastly, we note that the examples studied demonstrate the promise of the decomposition-based approach; however, future work must also address the challenges of scalability. In particular, the density estimation step (required to estimate importance weights) currently limits the number of dependent variables that can be considered.

In the multidisciplinary optimization literature, approaches are often categorized as monolithic versus distributed, and open consistency versus closed consistency.

This will require drawing on recent work to couple Karhunen-Loève expansion representations of random fields.


Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have become competitive techniques for manufacturing of near net-shape parts. There has been a rapid growth in application of these methods due to their ability to fabricate parts with high geometrical complexity [1] . In these methods, a part is fabricated directly from computer-aided design (CAD) data in layer by layer fashion by adding material to the previous layer until the complete object is achieved. Although many of these techniques were initially developed and used for prototyping nowadays AM methods are also widely used for the production application. The rapid development of Amir Reza Zekavat amirreza.zekavat@oru.se 1Ö rebro universitet Akademin för Naturvetenskap och Teknik, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82Örebro, Sweden AM requires in-depth investigation at various aspects of these methods [2, 3] . Fused deposition modeling (FDM), has been used in various fields of science and engineering in the last decade [4, 5] . In FDM, the material is pushed to a heated liquefier and semi-molten material is extruded using a nozzle and deposited according to a path obtained from the slicing of the CAD geometry. Either the nozzle or build plate is moved in a transitional and transverse direction in order to selectively deposit the semi-molten material. A new layer of material is deposited on the previously deposited layers. The common materials which are used in this method are acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA). Low cost of both raw material and the machines, as well as simplicity of the method, has made it a widespread method. Acceptable part accuracy, low maintenance cost, and ease of operating are other advantages of this method. The aforementioned advantages have given freedom to users worldwide to study different aspects of this method such as part accuracy and mechanical properties and its relation to the build direction.

There has been a rapid growth in application of these methods due to their ability to fabricate parts with high geometrical complexity.

The rapid development of Amir Reza Zekavat amirreza.zekavat@oru.se 1Ö rebro universitet Akademin för Naturvetenskap och Teknik, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82Örebro, Sweden AM requires in-depth investigation at various aspects of these methods.

Fused deposition modeling (FDM), has been used in various fields of science and engineering in the last decade.


It could be argued that the group as a whole has a more accurate perception of the group's climate than an individual group member. If this is the case then the members who generally see sessions or see some specific sessions as more engaged than the group may be experiencing an optimistic bias (Weinstein & Klein, 1996) . In health research an optimistic bias has negative consequences because it can keep people from engaging in preventive behaviors (Weinstein & Klein, 1996) . In this case, however, an optimistic bias may allow some group members to be involved with the group in spite of a less favorable group climate. The results on misfit (disagreement) also suggest that, if we categorize members' perception biases into "optimistic bias" and "pessimistic bias" (where a particular member's perception of engaged group climate is lower than the group's general ratings), it seems that optimistic bias would be more desirable than pessimistic bias, in that it leads to the member feeling more involved and valued in this group.

If this is the case then the members who generally see sessions or see some specific sessions as more engaged than the group may be experiencing an optimistic bias.

In health research an optimistic bias has negative consequences because it can keep people from engaging in preventive behaviors.


We have to emphasize that context crossing is subjective, since the user has to move from his 'normal' context (frame of reference) to an habitually incompatible context to find the bisociative link [2] . In Koestler's terms (Figure 1 ), a habitual frame of reference (plane M 1 ) corresponds to a BisoNet subgraph as defined by a user or his profile. The rest of the BisoNet represents different, habitually incompatible contexts (in general, there may be several planes M 2 ). The creative act here is to find links (from S to target T ) which lead 'out-of-the-plane' via intermediate, bridging concepts (L). Thus, contextualization and link discovery are two of the fundamental mechanisms in bisociative reasoning.

We have to emphasize that context crossing is subjective, since the user has to move from his 'normal' context (frame of reference) to an habitually incompatible context to find the bisociative link.


The first IUIs were performed at the end of the XVIII century (Horák, 2004; Radwan P., 2011) . There are many types of insemination but the most common is intrauterine insemination. It has been established that after 6 IUI inseminations 30-40% of women will become pregnant. However, efficiency of the IUI is in the range of 6-18% per insemination and depends on the type of diagnosis (Radwan P., 2011) . IUI is prescribed for the following medical conditions: cervical factors, endometriosis, and male and/or immunological or idiopathic factors (Derwich et al., 2008; Radwan P., 2011) . The collected semen samples are purified in the laboratory before IUI and a minimum 5 million motile spermatozoa, usually in the 0.5 ml volume, are deposited in the uterus (Tkaczuk-Włach et al., 2006; Wainer et al., 2004) .

The first IUIs were performed at the end of the XVIII century.

However, efficiency of the IUI is in the range of 6-18% per insemination and depends on the type of diagnosis.

IUI is prescribed for the following medical conditions: cervical factors, endometriosis, and male and/or immunological or idiopathic factors.

The collected semen samples are purified in the laboratory before IUI and a minimum 5 million motile spermatozoa, usually in the 0.5 ml volume, are deposited in the uterus.


Infertility refers to an inability to conceive after having regular unprotected sex for a period of at least one year (Radwan J., 2011) . More and more often women are experiencing difficulty becoming pregnant. The female, male or both partners can contribute to the couple's infertility. It has been estimated that in approximately 20-30% of couples, both partners suffer from infertility (Kurzawa et al., 2010) . A study conducted by the World Health Organization showed that males might contribute in 50% to these couples' infertility .

Infertility refers to an inability to conceive after having regular unprotected sex for a period of at least one year.

It has been estimated that in approximately 20-30% of couples, both partners suffer from infertility.


Since the thermal degradation of polymers is a free radical chain reaction, the presence of C 60 in polymer may trap the free radicals produced during the degradation process. These suggest the possible use of fullerene as an effective radical scavenger in chain reactions during thermal degradation. It has been reported that 2 wt% fullerene (C 60 ) could increase the onset degradation temperature (T onset ) and the maximum degradation temperature (T max ) of PP by 20 and 62 • C, respectively [8, 9] . The presence of C 60 could delay the thermal oxidation and improve the thermal stability of PP, which could be attributed to the high reactivity of C 60 towards free radicals.

It has been reported that 2 wt% fullerene (C 60 ) could increase the onset degradation temperature (T onset ) and the maximum degradation temperature (T max ) of PP by 20 and 62 • C, respectively.


Soon after the discovery of buckminsterfullerene, C 60 , it was able to be produced in bulk quantities, which inspired scientists worldwide to explore its fascinating chemistry, and it has now become the most intensely researched single molecule in modern science [1] [2] [3] . A significant aspect of the C 60 chemistry is its high reactivity towards free radicals, and C 60 has 30 carbon-carbon double bonds which can trap more than 34 free radicals; thus it is known as a radical sponge [4] . The free radical reaction of C 60 with various compounds has been extensively studied [4] [5] [6] [7] .

Soon after the discovery of buckminsterfullerene, C 60 , it was able to be produced in bulk quantities, which inspired scientists worldwide to explore its fascinating chemistry, and it has now become the most intensely researched single molecule in modern science.

A significant aspect of the C 60 chemistry is its high reactivity towards free radicals, and C 60 has 30 carbon-carbon double bonds which can trap more than 34 free radicals; thus it is known as a radical sponge.

The free radical reaction of C 60 with various compounds has been extensively studied.


Hypertension is a global public health problem affecting more than one billion people globally [1] . It is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and also contributes to an increase in mortality worldwide. A recent systematic analysis reported that hypertension accounts for about nine million deaths globally every year [2] . In African countries, 25 % of deaths are caused by hypertension [1] . Hypertension is also one of the leading causes of heart attacks, stroke and kidney failure [2] . Results from the Heart of Soweto Study reported a 55 % hypertension prevalence among adult South Africans aged 52.8 years on average [3] . Some studies have looked at elevated blood pressure (BP) in childhood, mostly in rural South Africa, with reported prevalence rates ranging from 1 to 25.9 % [4] [5] [6] [7] .

Hypertension is a global public health problem affecting more than one billion people globally.

A recent systematic analysis reported that hypertension accounts for about nine million deaths globally every year.

In African countries, 25 % of deaths are caused by hypertension.

Hypertension is also one of the leading causes of heart attacks, stroke and kidney failure.

Results from the Heart of Soweto Study reported a 55 % hypertension prevalence among adult South Africans aged 52.8 years on average.

Some studies have looked at elevated blood pressure (BP) in childhood, mostly in rural South Africa, with reported prevalence rates ranging from 1 to 25.9 %.


Fourteen percent of all maternal deaths occur in Nigeria, making Nigeria the second largest contributor to maternal deaths globally [1] . Within Nigeria stark differences in maternal mortality exist between rural and urban regions [2, 3] . A contributing factor is considered to be the shortage and maldistribution of skilled birth attendance [4, 5] . In 2008, 22.7 % of births in rural areas were assisted by a skilled provider compared to 65.4 % in urban areas [2] . In response to such poor maternal health indices in the country, the Nigerian government launched the Midwives Service Scheme (MSS) in 2009 to redistribute midwives (newly qualified, unemployed and retired) to rural underserved and hard-to-reach areas [4] .

Fourteen percent of all maternal deaths occur in Nigeria, making Nigeria the second largest contributor to maternal deaths globally.

Within Nigeria stark differences in maternal mortality exist between rural and urban regions.

A contributing factor is considered to be the shortage and maldistribution of skilled birth attendance.

In 2008, 22.7 % of births in rural areas were assisted by a skilled provider compared to 65.4 % in urban areas.

In response to such poor maternal health indices in the country, the Nigerian government launched the Midwives Service Scheme (MSS) in 2009 to redistribute midwives (newly qualified, unemployed and retired) to rural underserved and hard-to-reach areas.


The effect found here for written repetition is only an immediate one; a delayed effect was not observed. Research has demonstrated that spaced presentations of new vocabulary are more effective for word learning than massed presentations, a phenomenon known as the spacing effect (Ellis, 1995a) . The immediate effect of the writing condition might be maintained over time if the same treatment were to be repeated again after a short delay. This way, the spaced presentations of the target vocabulary would be ensured. Therefore, a longitudinal study is warranted in which the two structural elaboration activities operationalized in the present study are repeated in consecutive treatments over the course of several days or weeks. Such a long-term study could allow us to ascertain whether a long-term positive effect can be observed for either written repetition or oral repetition.

Research has demonstrated that spaced presentations of new vocabulary are more effective for word learning than massed presentations, a phenomenon known as the spacing effect.


In L2 vocabulary learning, the ultimate goal for learners is to be able to use the new vocabulary productively. Producing L2 words involves storing them and retrieving them from the mental lexicon. In order to facilitate this process, research has shown that it is helpful for learners to pay attention to the form of the word, i.e. to engage in structural elaboration (Barcroft, 2002) . One method for directing a learner's attention to word-form is by requiring the learner to write the target word down. Previous research has demonstrated that doing so results in superior word learning compared to prompting the learner to focus on word meaning (Candry et al., 2017; Elgort et al., 2016) . However, the question remains whether writing words down by hand will also result in better retention of L2 vocabulary if the method is compared to another method for structural elaboration.

In order to facilitate this process, research has shown that it is helpful for learners to pay attention to the form of the word, i.e. to engage in structural elaboration.

Previous research has demonstrated that doing so results in superior word learning compared to prompting the learner to focus on word meaning.


For written repetition, a similar disparity can be observed, at least in the context of L2 learning. A number of studies have endorsed the benefits of writing a word down for L2 word-form learning (Candry et al., 2017; Elgort et al., 2016; Eyckmans et al., 2017; Hummel, 2010) . Moreover, the results of lexical decision tasks have indicated that word writing also resulted in better lexicalization, i.e. better integration of the words in the learner's mental lexicon (Elgort et al., 2016) . These studies suggest that the positive effect of the technique for L2 word-form learning is generated not only by the increased attention to word-form, but also by the motor memory that is created through this particular activity.

A number of studies have endorsed the benefits of writing a word down for L2 word-form learning.

Moreover, the results of lexical decision tasks have indicated that word writing also resulted in better lexicalization, i.e. better integration of the words in the learner's mental lexicon.


The present study compares two structural elaboration techniques in order to determine whether they contribute to word-form learning to an equal extent: written repetition (i.e. writing a word down by hand repeatedly) and oral repetition (i.e. saying a word out loud repeatedly). Oral repetition was selected as a comparison method since, like written repetition, it is an ecologically valid L2 vocabulary learning method which requires the learner to produce the target word-form. We also added a control condition in which the learners were not prompted to engage in structural elaboration. Research suggests that more proficient language learners are more likely to use oral repetition as an L2 vocabulary learning strategy (Gu & Johnson, 1996) . With the aim of accounting for this individual learner variable, the influence of learner style on the participants' test performance as well as on the efficiency of the L2 vocabulary learning techniques was investigated.

Research suggests that more proficient language learners are more likely to use oral repetition as an L2 vocabulary learning strategy.


When k = 1 Theorem 1.1, and hence Theroem 1.2, is true even for any star-shaped and two-convex hypersurfaces in H n , ie., σ 1 ≥ 0 and σ 2 ≥ 0, which was proved by Li-Wei-Xiong in a recent work [22] . When k = 2, Theorem 1.1 was proved in our recent paper [15] . Due to the complication of the variational structure of σ k in the hyperbolic space, the case k ≥ 2 is quite different from the case k = 1. For case k ≥ 2 the horospherical convexity of the hypersurface Σ plays an essential role.

When k = 1 Theorem 1.1, and hence Theroem 1.2, is true even for any star-shaped and two-convex hypersurfaces in H n , ie., σ 1 ≥ 0 and σ 2 ≥ 0, which was proved by Li-Wei-Xiong in a recent work.

When k = 2, Theorem 1.1 was proved in our recent paper.


The escalating cost of engineering thermoplastics over the last couple of decades and the awareness of dwindling supply of petrochemicals has created renewed incentives to restrict the quantities of resins used through the addition of fillers to the polymer matrix. So, predicting the behavior of filled systems is a necessity to better understand the composite properties. Interaction between PP and fillers is created by secondary Vander Waals forces which determine both the strength of the interaction and thickness of the interphase. Interaction strength changes in a limited range since PP has very low surface free energy and the polar component of surface tension is very close to zero; whereas fillers have high energy surfaces [1] [2] [3] .

Interaction strength changes in a limited range since PP has very low surface free energy and the polar component of surface tension is very close to zero; whereas fillers have high energy surfaces.


To fulfil these requirements i.e., utilizing all the functional advantages of fillers, it is necessary to understand the relevant properties of particulate fillers and their effect on the structure and properties of the composites. Huge work has already been done on the effect of particulate fillers. The investigation examined the effect of varying compositions of filler on the properties of talc filled polypropylene (TPP) and mica filled polypropylene (MPP). The main goal of the current research is to compare the properties of mica with talc filled PP composites as well as create a baseline data for talc and mica filled systems depending on the filler content as well as its particulate size [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .

The main goal of the current research is to compare the properties of mica with talc filled PP composites as well as create a baseline data for talc and mica filled systems depending on the filler content as well as its particulate size.


Lupin is a cool-season legume plant native to Mediterranean, North Africa, and North and South America. More than 300 Lupinus have been described, but only five species are cultivated. The most important are the white lupin (Lupinus albus L.), blue or narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius L.), and yellow lupin (L. luteus L.). Andean lupin from South America (L. mutabilis L.) and the West Australian Sandplain or blue lupin (L. consentinii L.) are grown on a limited basis because of their hard seed and high alkaloid content (Putnam, 1993) .

Andean lupin from South America (L. mutabilis L.) and the West Australian Sandplain or blue lupin (L. consentinii L.) are grown on a limited basis because of their hard seed and high alkaloid content.


The downtime due to maintenance can cause loss of profit. Especially, in the deregulated power system where the electricity prices vary constantly, finding the optimum maintenance window is a difficult task. There are several models focused on preventive maintenance scheduling of components in a wind turbine (WT) through failure rate and age modeling [9] [10] [11] [12] . Apart from the uncertainty in input data, the uncertainty in failure rate, age or degradation models and the corresponding threshold values are the most important parameters that influence the performance of such models [13] [14] [15] .

There are several models focused on preventive maintenance scheduling of components in a wind turbine (WT) through failure rate and age modeling.

Apart from the uncertainty in input data, the uncertainty in failure rate, age or degradation models and the corresponding threshold values are the most important parameters that influence the performance of such models.


Lupine is one of the most important crops in the world because of its nutritional quality. Seeds of various species of lupines have been used as food for over 3000 years around the Mediterranean (Longnecker et al., 1998) . It is rich source of protein, complex carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals (Molina et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2010) . Legumes have shown numerous health benefits . Lupine (Lupines albus), a member of the legume family, is a pea like plant cultivated all over the world (Postglione, 1983) . Lupines are highly valued as animal feed but have been underutilized as human food yet. The seeds are a source of protein (33-47%) and oil (6-13%). There are also claims that the seeds are rich in dietary fiber and beneficial phytochemicals. Lupines are now receiving national and international interest as a future source of food ingredients that could be used to enhance the nutritional profile of existing food product. Years of selective breeding have resulted in a lupine strain (sweet lupine) that is pleasing to the palate and contains fewer alkaloids than previous strains. Sweet lupine protein or flour has been suggested for use in bread, cookies and milk substitutes (Ivanovic et al., 1983) .

Seeds of various species of lupines have been used as food for over 3000 years around the Mediterranean.

It is rich source of protein, complex carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.

Lupine (Lupines albus), a member of the legume family, is a pea like plant cultivated all over the world.

Sweet lupine protein or flour has been suggested for use in bread, cookies and milk substitutes.


Noodles contain 11-15% protein (dry basis) but is deficient in lysine and therionine (the first and second limiting amino acid), common to most cereal products. A growing demand for functional plant proteins could be identified, which properties are customized for specific applications and formulations as food ingredients (Wa¨sche et al., 2001) . Consequently, legumes and cereals are nutritionally complementary (Duranti, 2006) .

A growing demand for functional plant proteins could be identified, which properties are customized for specific applications and formulations as food ingredients.

Consequently, legumes and cereals are nutritionally complementary.


For the most part of human history astronomy has been a science based upon observations of celestial bodies but with the emergence of astrodynamics in the mid-twentieth century this situation has changed [9] . Nowadays it is possible to perform accurate measurements of spacecraft trajectories and to obtain direct information for the planets and moons of the Solar system. Moreover, the deployment of retrorreflectors in the Moon's surface by the Apollo missions has allowed the development of the Lunar Laser Ranging technique by which the Moon's location in space is determined with unprecedented accuracy [16, 18, 42, 43] .

For the most part of human history astronomy has been a science based upon observations of celestial bodies but with the emergence of astrodynamics in the mid-twentieth century this situation has changed.

Moreover, the deployment of retrorreflectors in the Moon's surface by the Apollo missions has allowed the development of the Lunar Laser Ranging technique by which the Moon's location in space is determined with unprecedented accuracy.


These new tools mark the beginning of an era of high-precision astronomy and astrodynamics in which effects, previously below the level of the accuracy of observations, are now disclosed with increasing frequency. As a canonical example we should cite the history of the Pioneer anomaly and its recent solution in terms of thermal emission by the spacecraft [37, 38, 34, 11, 12, 13] . It is well-known that a discrepancy between the modelled and the predicted Doppler data has been noticed in both the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft. This effect was interpreted as a constant acceleration of a P = (8.74 ± 1.33) × 10 −8 cm/s 2 directed towards the Sun [28, 7] . For many researchers, this minute discrepancy suggested that new physics was operating and it stimulated many proposals beyond standard General Relativity but several studies showed that the planets cannot be influenced by an acceleration of similar magnitude [35, 19, 26, 22, 24] . Later on, the retrieval of the entire telemetry data at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (dating back to the early stages of the mission in the seventies of the past century) was instrumental in the elucidation of this anomaly because it revealed a trend in the extra acceleration. This trend was consistent with a recoil acceleration arising from the thermal anisotropic emission of the heat delivered by the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) as well as the electric instruments onboard [38, 25] .

As a canonical example we should cite the history of the Pioneer anomaly and its recent solution in terms of thermal emission by the spacecraft.

This effect was interpreted as a constant acceleration of a P = (8.74 ± 1.33) × 10 −8 cm/s 2 directed towards the Sun.

For many researchers, this minute discrepancy suggested that new physics was operating and it stimulated many proposals beyond standard General Relativity but several studies showed that the planets cannot be influenced by an acceleration of similar magnitude.

This trend was consistent with a recoil acceleration arising from the thermal anisotropic emission of the heat delivered by the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) as well as the electric instruments onboard.


High-accuracy monitoring of spacecraft flybys requires the consideration of many classical effects in order to discard them as being significant, within the precision we are obtaining with the Doppler tracking measurements, or to incorporate them into the orbital model. The effects that have been listed in the literature as possible sources of noticeable perturbations are: (i) the atmospheric friction for spacecraft traveling through the termosphere, (ii) the gravitational interaction of ocean and solid tides on the spacecraft, (iii) the charge and magnetic moment of the spacecraft, (iv) the pressure caused by the Earth's albedo and solar wind, (v) corrections provided by General Relativity or (vi) the effect of Earth's oblateness and inhomogeneities computed through the zonal and tesseral harmonics. Some of these effects have been estimated but the importance of the problem of the flyby anomalies demands that accurate calculations should be done for each of them [28] .

Some of these effects have been estimated but the importance of the problem of the flyby anomalies demands that accurate calculations should be done for each of them.


The need for uncertain data management and probabilistic queries is rising in many areas of computer applications. The most common examples are sensor networks, moving objects' tracking, data cleaning, and marketing applications [1] [2] [3] . In order to manage uncertain data, several methods have been proposed for query processing and efficient indexing [4] [5] [6] [7] .

The most common examples are sensor networks, moving objects' tracking, data cleaning, and marketing applications.

In order to manage uncertain data, several methods have been proposed for query processing and efficient indexing.


As malfunction of rotating machinery, which play an important role in industrial plants, can cause serious economic and personnel loss, efficient maintenance of machinery must be guaranteed. Generally, fault diagnosis techniques can be categorized into three main types in accordance with diagnostic procedures: model-based, signal-based, and data-based [1] . Signal processing is an indispensable part of these techniques because the purpose of the signal processing is to discover fault signatures from the measured data from machinery in operation.

Generally, fault diagnosis techniques can be categorized into three main types in accordance with diagnostic procedures: model-based, signal-based, and data-based.


Figure 1 describes the overall proposed fault diagnosis system. The experiment is performed by using test equipment that contains a motor, pulley, belt, shaft, and fan with changeable blade angle that represents the load, as shown in Figure 2 . To acquire the fault data, six induction motors (0.5 kW, 60 Hz, two-pole) are used under full load conditions. For the algorithm test, six conditions among eight categories are applied to the system. One of them is normal condition (NOR) to compare with five faulty motors: misalignment (MIS), rotor shaft (BRS), broken rotor bar (BRB), outer raceway faulty bearing (FBO), and rotor unbalance (RUN). The faulty conditions are described in Figure 3 and Table 1 and time domain presentation of each raw data is shown in Figure 4 . Therefore, there are six kinds of fault categories and vibration data of each category motor are measured through accelerometers under 8 kHz sampling rate [22] . Acquired vibration signals have 12.29 s duration for each fault category. For ICEEMDAN, the vibration signals are divided into 2.05 s long signal. This process is performed 100 times randomly but the same signal is not generated. Finally, 100 data sets of each fault are produced.

Therefore, there are six kinds of fault categories and vibration data of each category motor are measured through accelerometers under 8 kHz sampling rate.


The classification results obtained from the proposed fault diagnosis system using nine features are given in Table 2 and show classification accuracy of about 88% to 94%. The accuracy of RUN is 87.90%, which is relatively low compared with the other fault classification accuracies, because the misclassification of RUN as BRS and NOR is as much high as 6.40% and 4.55%, respectively. Considering that RUN peaks at 1X component and spectra of BRS appears at 1X, 2X, and 3X and descend gradually, NOR and BRS are much similar signals to RUN than other fault signals. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the performance of IMF selection algorithm so that the influence of classifiers on the classification results can be minimized. Therefore, MLP neural network is applied as the classifier and the number of hidden layers are set to one based on universal approximation theory and it has three hidden neurons; the number of hidden neurons is determined based on the previous study [23] . The scaled conjugated gradient backpropagation is utilized as a learning algorithm and the learning threshold is defined as mean squared error, which is set to 1.00 × 10 −5 . This paper uses 100 data sets for each fault category; 70% for training data and 30% for test data, of which 20% is for validation. To prevent the over-fitting problem, 100-fold cross-validation was performed to achieve the exact classification. For comparison of system performance, EMD, EEMD, and ICEEMDAN are used as signal decomposition method and PHR-based method, and the proposed method is used as the IMF selection method with each signal decomposition method.

Therefore, MLP neural network is applied as the classifier and the number of hidden layers are set to one based on universal approximation theory and it has three hidden neurons; the number of hidden neurons is determined based on the previous study.


Although most commercial RP systems can build complex external shapes to match human anatomy with complex porous micro structures from bio-compatible materials, the ultimate fabrication technology must be able to fabricate hybrid biomaterial and cell/gene/protein structures over a range of size scales. Among the above systems, the bioplotting technology emerges as a potential method to fabricate a wide range of materials including various biomaterial systems and even living cells (Landers et al., 2002; Xiong et al., 2002; Yan et al., 2003; Woodfield et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2007) . Generally, the bio-plotter technology is potential to build complex, porous structures matching human anatomy from multiple bio-compatible materials with high resolutions. One of the most advanced bio-plotters has been developed at the Freiburg Materials Research Centre (Landers et al., 2002) . A unique feature of this bio-plotter is that materials can be printed into a reactive support medium, which serves to support overhanging structures through buoyancy forces and to contain chemicals that will react with the printed material. Currently, this type of bio-plotters is often employed to fabricate tissue scaffolds.

Among the above systems, the bioplotting technology emerges as a potential method to fabricate a wide range of materials including various biomaterial systems and even living cells.

One of the most advanced bio-plotters has been developed at the Freiburg Materials Research Centre.


The objective of this paper is to describe the development of a novel TE fabrication method using a cryogenic prototyping (CP) technique. The CP method is similar to the rapid freeze prototyping (RFP) that has been introduced to build ice patterns with good accuracy and surface finish for investment casting (Zhang et al., 1998 Sui et al., 2000; Feng et al., 2007) . The key innovation in the CP method is its ability to control the macro-and micro-architecture of the TE scaffold via manipulating the design and low-temperature processing parameters of the plotter and the chamber. When this method is employed to fabricate TE scaffolds, preliminary results have shown that it is able to produce pre-determined scaffold with open pore networks, which facilitates nutrients and cells to pass into the scaffold while ensuring waste products can be transported away.

The CP method is similar to the rapid freeze prototyping (RFP) that has been introduced to build ice patterns with good accuracy and surface finish for investment casting.


The evidence available is most parsimoniously interpreted to indicate that evolution of the T. crassidentatus-T. carnifex lineage was orthogenetic. Progress along this morphocline is even suggested within the Pliocene by apparently different aged faunas, with T. crassidentatus from the older Bluff Downs fauna being structurally ancestral to T .. crassidentatus from the younger Chinchilla Sand fauna (Archer & Dawson, 1982) . Analysis of the larger number of specimens of Thylacoleo sp., in the museum collections from Wellington Caves, has shown that only one species, T. carnifex, is represented (Archer & Dawson, 1982) . Specimens included in this analysis come from Bone Cave, Mitchell's Cave and Cathedral Cave. The results suggest that the period of deposition of these three units, although of unknown duration, was not long enough for significant evolutionary change to occur in this genus. Also, relatively large samples of Thylacinus cynocephalus and Sarcophilus laniarius from the same caves are not unduly variable (Dawson, 1982b,c) as could be expected if the samples represented a very long period of accumulation. It is concluded that the Museum collections do not contain a component local fauna of early or mid-Pliocene age, and probably represent deposits laid down from the early Pleistocene onwards.

Progress along this morphocline is even suggested within the Pliocene by apparently different aged faunas, with T. crassidentatus from the older Bluff Downs fauna being structurally ancestral to T .. crassidentatus from the younger Chinchilla Sand fauna.

Analysis of the larger number of specimens of Thylacoleo sp., in the museum collections from Wellington Caves, has shown that only one species, T. carnifex, is represented.


Assuming a loss of selfhood with advanced dementia implies that there is no affront to human dignity in treating those who are cognitively impaired as though they are unable to experience humiliation. Such an assumption can influence negatively the care provided to individuals with dementia in that they are treated as objects rather than as persons worthy of dignity and respect (Kitwood, 1997) . Thus in the case of dementia care, resources alone are insufficient to ensure the provision of humanistic care if such resources are deployed in an organization where the prevalent assumption underpinning care practices is that with advancing cognitive impairment there is a corresponding loss of selfhood. Although more staff can be crucial to providing quality care, increasing staff alone will not resolve the deficit in the quality of care if the additional staff are providing depersonalizing care.

Such an assumption can influence negatively the care provided to individuals with dementia in that they are treated as objects rather than as persons worthy of dignity and respect.


The usage of uniformly sized image blocks simplifies the compression, but it does not take into account the irregular regions within the real images. The fundamental limitation of the DCT-based compression is the block-based segmentation or framing [13] . In these methods, depend on the block size of the images, the degradation which is also known as the "blocking effect" occurs. A larger block leads to more efficient coding or compression but requires more computational power. Although image degradation is noticeable especially when large DCT blocks are used, the compression ratio is higher. Therefore, most existing systems use image blocks of 8 × 8 or 16 × 16 pixels as a compromise between coding or compression efficiency and image quality.

The fundamental limitation of the DCT-based compression is the block-based segmentation or framing.


Despite the numerous literatures reporting on the chemical, nutritional values, and health properties of baobab, there were scanty literatures on the analysis of Baobabs(the fruits or the seed) found in Ghana (we found no data on those found in Ghana). More so, few elemental compositions of the Baobab (fruits or seeds) were reported by the available literatures [1, [10] [11] [12] . This work provided a full mineral composition of Baobab fruits and seeds and reported on as many mineral (elements) as were detected. We discussed the major benefits of the mineral elements with respect to traditionally recommended food sources for their nutritional values.

More so, few elemental compositions of the Baobab (fruits or seeds) were reported by the available literatures.


In the past, the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology has designed and flown an SHM payload for the purpose of exploring health monitoring sensors and techniques for space applications [1] . This payload focused on impedance type measurements to look for changes in structural dynamics during a sub-orbital rocket launch. The next iteration of the payload included several more experiments, one of which focused on guided waves [2] . Guided waves are a current favorite for SHM applications due to their long range capabilities to detect damage and structural changes in many platforms including aerospace vehicles. SHM techniques have been identified as an important next step for enabling rapid satellite development and deployment. Within that scope, the use of guided waves to identify loose bolts and components has been expressed as an area of need [3] . This payload and its experiments seek to address some of these needs, but with the additional aim of understanding environmental factors. Temperature has been identified as an important element to consider for SHM aerospace applications and an investigation into its effect on Lamb waves (a special set of guided waves applicable to thin plate structures) has been undertaken by Dodson and Inman [4] . Several laboratory tests have been carried out to obtain temperature dependent data and develop strategies to compensate in the SHM techniques [5] [6] . The contribution of this paper is to add to the investigation of environmental factors on the use of SHM techniques for space and high altitude application. Sending the payload on a high altitude balloon allows the collection of data in a full high altitude environment which may include extra influences not replicated in laboratory tests. Because temperature is such a strong factor, the first step is to link the temperature profile of the flight with the data collected using guided waves. A temperature profile and elevation of the payload is presented in Figure 1 . After understanding the temperature influence on the data, any discrepancies can be explored and attributed to other factors, such as pressure.

In the past, the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology has designed and flown an SHM payload for the purpose of exploring health monitoring sensors and techniques for space applications.

The next iteration of the payload included several more experiments, one of which focused on guided waves.

Within that scope, the use of guided waves to identify loose bolts and components has been expressed as an area of need.

Temperature has been identified as an important element to consider for SHM aerospace applications and an investigation into its effect on Lamb waves (a special set of guided waves applicable to thin plate structures) has been undertaken by Dodson and Inman.

Several laboratory tests have been carried out to obtain temperature dependent data and develop strategies to compensate in the SHM techniques.


In this regard, aerospace is considered the most critical area of applications. Thus, autonomous spacecrafts have become a key technology for increasing their survival capability. Various researchers have developed diagnosis systems to detect and isolate faults that can appear in a spacecraft [4] [5] [6] .

Various researchers have developed diagnosis systems to detect and isolate faults that can appear in a spacecraft.


The hardware redundancy is considered the most adaptable method that can provide the FDI functionality onboard spacecrafts. Nevertheless, such an approach may be very expensive and complex due to the additional weight and volume of the redundant elements. Model-based FDI methods, based on the analytical redundancy, address this drawback by modeling the monitored system to make a fault/no-fault decision [7, 8] . In fact, the used models can be, either, of quantitative, expressed as mathematical, or qualitative equations, expressed as the form of logical relations [9, 10] .

Model-based FDI methods, based on the analytical redundancy, address this drawback by modeling the monitored system to make a fault/no-fault decision.

In fact, the used models can be, either, of quantitative, expressed as mathematical, or qualitative equations, expressed as the form of logical relations.


Historically, the thrusters and reaction wheels' failures are considered the most frequently failures that can occur on orbit. Numerous fault diagnosis systems have been developed to detect and isolate the thrusters' failures. Most of these systems have been based on an analytic method using a mathematical model [6, 14] .

Most of these systems have been based on an analytic method using a mathematical model.


In this sense, Einstein expressed early on the conviction that in relativity theory, as in any physical theory, one seems to be entitled to expect a dynamical explanation of how the measuring instruments work, possibly without calling on other branches of physics (Butterfield, 2002) . The initial 'black-boxing' of rods and clocks as unstructured entities was only a provisional compromise, and though probably unavoidable, it was a 'sin' that should not be forgiven. In principle, the dynamics of both rods and clocks, and the other physical systems, should be describable within the framework of relativity theory. As we shall see, however, what requires a dynamical explanation is not the physical process of, say, the slowing down of clocks, but the very existence of identically constructed (gleich beschaffene) clocks that always measure the same true proper time in every circumstance.

In this sense, Einstein expressed early on the conviction that in relativity theory, as in any physical theory, one seems to be entitled to expect a dynamical explanation of how the measuring instruments work, possibly without calling on other branches of physics.


The Endourological Society, which is recognised by the AUA, offers numerous clinical and research fellowship opportunities throughout the world [2] . Fellowship training, especially in minimal invasive surgery/ endourology, has become considerably more common [3] . Since the development of the Endourological Society Endourology has rapidly gained worldwide acceptance and transformed the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to benign and malignant diseases of the entire urinary tract. According to a questionnaire completed by 155 urologists across the USA, there was a correlation between fellowship training in laparoscopy/ endourology and using laparoscopy as the primary surgeon [4] . The propensity for open surgery is dramatically decreased when endourology training has taken place through endourology fellowships approved by the Endourological Society, which are designed to provide adequate exposure to different minimally invasive procedures.

The Endourological Society, which is recognised by the AUA, offers numerous clinical and research fellowship opportunities throughout the world.

Fellowship training, especially in minimal invasive surgery/ endourology, has become considerably more common.

According to a questionnaire completed by 155 urologists across the USA, there was a correlation between fellowship training in laparoscopy/ endourology and using laparoscopy as the primary surgeon.


Over the past 50 years surgical specialties have been revolutionised by endoscopically based techniques. The collaboration of Harold H. Hopkins, Karl Storz and George Berci in the technology and design of endoscopic equipment facilitated the growth endoscopic surgery, which was recognised by the Journal of Urology as a 'milestone in urology' leading to the field known as 'Endourology' [1] . Endourology has since become an established subspecialty in urology. The terminology was popularised by pioneers who founded the Endourological Society in 1984 [1] . This subspecialty utilises most of the advanced technology in urology including ureteroscopy (URS), percutaneous renal surgery, laparoscopy, laser technology, shockwave lithotripsy, and recently robot-assisted surgery. Many centres worldwide have moved away from open surgery to minimally invasive procedures.

The collaboration of Harold H. Hopkins, Karl Storz and George Berci in the technology and design of endoscopic equipment facilitated the growth endoscopic surgery, which was recognised by the Journal of Urology as a 'milestone in urology' leading to the field known as 'Endourology'.

The terminology was popularised by pioneers who founded the Endourological Society in 1984.


Firms have been developing new products for differentiation in markets due to fierce competition for the last 20 years (Thomas and Sekar, 2008) . Rivals can easily copy a new product that is developed for differentiation thanks to the technological progress at short notice. This makes firms seek different ways along with strategies to develop new products and their features. Effective brand management is an important competitive advantage for firms under increasing competition (Eisend and Langer, 2007) .

Firms have been developing new products for differentiation in markets due to fierce competition for the last 20 years.

Effective brand management is an important competitive advantage for firms under increasing competition.


AMOVA analysis, pairwise comparison of genetic distance and φ ST values, and cluster analysis demonstrated significant genetic difference between natural and hatchery populations. These are consistent with the results that the hatchery stocks were characterized with lower percentage of polymorphic loci and heterozygosity, while the natural population showed much higher genetic diversity indexes. Owing to population bottleneck and genetic drift during the breeding practice, huge genetic divergence between hatchery stocks and natural populations of many other shellfish species had been observed (Arnaud-Haond et al., 2003; Yu and Chu, 2006; Li et al., 2007b; Praipue et al., 2010) .

Owing to population bottleneck and genetic drift during the breeding practice, huge genetic divergence between hatchery stocks and natural populations of many other shellfish species had been observed.


In this paper a vector control method is developed and implemented by means of a conventional observer combined with Extended Kalman Filter algorithm to provide the speed control and disturbance rejection. In the vector control method, to achieve better control performance, it is important to know the information of the rotor speed and position. Here, state space representation of the model and observer is obtained. Utilizing the state space model, a PID controller is designed using Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) approach [7] . Commonly, the aim of the observer design is to reduce the observation error, but it is used to serve as feed forward compensation for the load disturbance in the proposed method [8] .

Utilizing the state space model, a PID controller is designed using Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) approach.

Commonly, the aim of the observer design is to reduce the observation error, but it is used to serve as feed forward compensation for the load disturbance in the proposed method.


The goal of our method is also similar to that of Junghanns' Relevance Cuts for Sokoban (Junghanns and Schaeffer, 2001) . He suggested that relevance can be approximated by computing an influence between moves, and then penalizing moves that are not relevant to the previous ones. His work was done in the context of an IDA* search, so in his method moves are never definitely eliminated, they may only get a penalty. The method we have developed handles the problem more precisely.

The goal of our method is also similar to that of Junghanns' Relevance Cuts for Sokoban.


Water temperature and day length are key determinants of larval occurrence, controlling both the reproductive cycle of aquatic invertebrates and the intensity of primary production (ANGER, 2001) . In a tropical/subtropical environment, continuous reproduction with spawning peaks during major temperature periods seems to be the pattern. The results of this study, demonstrate that most of the decapods reproduced continuously, but larvae input in planktonic community was observed mostly during autumn and spring. Thus, decapod species breeding should also takes place during two periods, the summer and winter.

Water temperature and day length are key determinants of larval occurrence, controlling both the reproductive cycle of aquatic invertebrates and the intensity of primary production.


The distribution of tornado damage intensity peaks at F1, though the distribution should be viewed with caution because intensities are unavailable for 223 tornado cases (Fig. 2) . The most extreme tornado damage observed in Turkey is F3 (four cases). As in all assessments of tornado damage, the usual caveats apply concerning the relationship between wind speed and damage (Fujita 1971; Doswell et al. 2009; Feuerstein et al. 2011; Edwards et al. 2013) . Moreover, as in the sparsely populated Great Plains region of the United States, the intensity of many tornadoes occurring in low-population-density regions of Turkey is likely underestimated.

As in all assessments of tornado damage, the usual caveats apply concerning the relationship between wind speed and damage.


The need for damage identification or fault diagnosis of a structure is pervasive throughout the aerospace, shipbuilding, manufacturing, infrastructure, and transportation engineering communities. In recent years, many efforts have been undertaken to detect, locate, and characterize damage in structural systems by examining changes in measured vibration responses, which may be collectively referred to as vibration-based damage identification or fault diagnosis [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Compared with visual or localized methods, vibrationbased methods offer a number of potential advantages, as they require no visual inspection, are capable of working at a "system level" especially when the portion of the structure being inspected is not accessible, and can monitor a structure under its operating conditions [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . The basic idea behind this technology is that changes in the physical properties of a structure will cause detectable changes in its modal parameters (natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes), as the modal parameters are functions of the physical properties of the structure (mass, damping, and stiffness) [1] .

In recent years, many efforts have been undertaken to detect, locate, and characterize damage in structural systems by examining changes in measured vibration responses, which may be collectively referred to as vibration-based damage identification or fault diagnosis.

Compared with visual or localized methods, vibrationbased methods offer a number of potential advantages, as they require no visual inspection, are capable of working at a "system level" especially when the portion of the structure being inspected is not accessible, and can monitor a structure under its operating conditions.

The basic idea behind this technology is that changes in the physical properties of a structure will cause detectable changes in its modal parameters (natural frequencies, damping ratios, and mode shapes), as the modal parameters are functions of the physical properties of the structure (mass, damping, and stiffness).


Gender effects were also small, and furthermore inconsistent. The latter was surprising because previous studies have suggested that, regardless of a person's religious identification, women tend to be more religious and spiritual than men (Flannelly & Galek, 2006) . However, our findings appear to provide a challenge to this often accepted notion of gender differences, as others recently have .

The latter was surprising because previous studies have suggested that, regardless of a person's religious identification, women tend to be more religious and spiritual than men.


Taken collectively, participants in the three pilot groups did show a significant improvement in their applied achievement scores. However, when examined by individual group as well as type of implementation model, the data indicate that the participants in the blended model did not significantly improve their pretest-posttest gain scores. This was the same group of participants who professed a very high level of confidence in being able to teach Newtonian concepts at the conclusion of the pilot study (73.3% indicated that they were ''Very Confident''). Such a high degree of confidence could have been influenced by the fact that these participants experienced the modeling of science instruction related to the topic. But the negative relationship between levels of confidence and achievement might suggest a disconnect between feeling confident in teaching a particular subject and actually knowing the content well. This phenomenon is reminiscent of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) data for 2003 that indicated American eighthgrade students ranked their confidence in learning science higher than those students in all the countries that actually outperformed the US students on the standardized TIMSS science tests (Martin et al. 2004) . TIMSS researchers suggest that participants in those countries performing well on the content exams but scoring themselves low on the self-confidence scale may have been influenced by cultural practices regarding expressions of confidence (Martin et al. 2004) . Likewise, practicing educators in this pilot test may possess a general underlying belief that an ability to learn a particular subject does not necessarily relate directly to performance abilities on an application written test. It is also possible that the participants in the blended model actually spent less time with the computer-supported instructional material because they spent an ample amount of time in the face-to-face workshops. Unfortunately, this pilot test occurred before the creation of a reliable system of retrieving data associated with how much time each participant spent with the online material. Future pilot tests of this and other SciPack materials will need to be conducted in order to focus on performance data at this level.

This phenomenon is reminiscent of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) data for 2003 that indicated American eighthgrade students ranked their confidence in learning science higher than those students in all the countries that actually outperformed the US students on the standardized TIMSS science tests.

TIMSS researchers suggest that participants in those countries performing well on the content exams but scoring themselves low on the self-confidence scale may have been influenced by cultural practices regarding expressions of confidence.


The objective of this study is to characterize gas-liquid flows in terms of the energy of the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) embedded in the pressure fluctuation across a bluff body. The extraction of IMFs is accomplished by the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique, which is brought forward recently and is particularly suitable for the exploration of the local oscillatory properties in nonlinear and nonstationary signals [12] . The present method mainly consists of three stages − feature extraction, map construction, and identification test, as given in Fig. 1 . In the feature extraction stage, the IMFs present in the original pressure fluctuation across a bluff body are extracted by EMD, and the energy of IMF is selected as the feature to discern the flow patterns. We then establish a flow-pattern map based on the IMF energy and the volumetric void fraction. Finally, we verify the identification rate of the flow-pattern map with "unseen" IMF energies.

The extraction of IMFs is accomplished by the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique, which is brought forward recently and is particularly suitable for the exploration of the local oscillatory properties in nonlinear and nonstationary signals.


Gas-liquid flows are found everywhere in natural processes and engineering applications. Examples are the bubbles rising in a glass of cold beer as well as the steam condensation in a steam-water heat exchanger. Flow pattern or flow regime is the visualized description of the behaviour and shape of the phase interfaces in gas-liquid flows. For horizontal adiabatic gasliquid flows, there are four typical patterns-bubble, plug, slug, and annular [1] . Numerous investigations show that it is hardly possible to achieve accurate measurement and control of parameters in a gas-liquid flow system without a clear understanding of its flow pattern [2] . Identification of gas-liquid flow patterns is primarily based on experimental observations. Among these methods, the flow-pattern map is recognized as one of the most effective means to predict the conditions that result in the transition of flow patterns [3] [4] [5] . The validity of the transition lines that are plotted on a flow-pattern map to distinguish each of the flow patterns, however, depends heavily on the coordinate system. Although many coordinate systems are used by various researchers, most maps are only valid for some specific set of conditions or fluids. Hence, development of a set of appropriate coordinate system for flow-pattern maps is in imperative need all the same.

For horizontal adiabatic gasliquid flows, there are four typical patterns-bubble, plug, slug, and annular.

Numerous investigations show that it is hardly possible to achieve accurate measurement and control of parameters in a gas-liquid flow system without a clear understanding of its flow pattern.

Among these methods, the flow-pattern map is recognized as one of the most effective means to predict the conditions that result in the transition of flow patterns.


In magnetic fusion devices, turbulent transport is often attributed to long wavelength drift waves whose perpendicular wave-number k ⊥ normalized to the ion Larmor radius ρ i is between 0.1 < k ⊥ ρ i < 1. At this scale, two micro-instabilities are frequently dominant in core tokamak plasmas: Ion Temperature Gradient (ITG) and Trapped Electron Modes (TEM) [1] . As different instabilities usually coexist, several modes can couple to each other to give a hybrid or mixed mode turbulence [2] . Discriminating ITG or TEM dominated regimes is then not always possible, and in any case challenging due to their similar scale. However, this is essential to investigate their effects on the plasma parameters and to validate turbulence models.

At this scale, two micro-instabilities are frequently dominant in core tokamak plasmas: Ion Temperature Gradient (ITG) and Trapped Electron Modes (TEM).

As different instabilities usually coexist, several modes can couple to each other to give a hybrid or mixed mode turbulence.


Although they can induce particle and heat transport of the similar magnitude, their contributions to the ratio q i /q e (ion to electron heat flux ratio) or to the direction of the turbulent driven particle pinch, can be noticeably different. Discriminating ITG/TEM from particle or impurity transport requires an accurate evaluation of the diffusion coefficient and the convection velocity. Ideal ITG and TEM rotate in opposite direction in the plasma frame, but the rotation velocity of the plasma itself is usually one order of magnitude higher [3] . Alternately, computation of the mode growth rates, based on measured plasma parameters is widely used to determine which mode is dominant [4] . However, it relies on theoretical predictions and the fastest growing linear mode is not necessarily the one which dominates the turbulent transport.

Ideal ITG and TEM rotate in opposite direction in the plasma frame, but the rotation velocity of the plasma itself is usually one order of magnitude higher.

Alternately, computation of the mode growth rates, based on measured plasma parameters is widely used to determine which mode is dominant.


Adolescence is a period where independence is increased in terms of freedom of choice with healthy decision-making seen as crucial at this point [1] . Independent decisionmaking is considered as a norm during adolescence but should be facilitated by parental control [2] . During independent decision-making, adolescents also tend to engage in risk-taking behaviour as part of experimentation [3] . Risk-taking behaviour can be defined as behaviour which involves potential negative consequences (loss) but is balanced in some way by perceived positive consequences (gain) [4] . In other words, behaviour will be perceived as less risky if positive consequences outweigh the negative consequences and behaviour will be perceived as very risky if negative consequences outweigh the positive [5] . These risky behaviours can be exemplified by promiscuous sexual behaviour, drug use, alcohol abuse including driving under the influence of alcohol [6] . Furthermore, risk-taking behaviours pose a danger emotionally as well as physically to adolescents owing to alcohol related injuries or unplanned teenage pregnancies [6, 7] .

Adolescence is a period where independence is increased in terms of freedom of choice with healthy decision-making seen as crucial at this point.

Independent decisionmaking is considered as a norm during adolescence but should be facilitated by parental control.

During independent decision-making, adolescents also tend to engage in risk-taking behaviour as part of experimentation.

Risk-taking behaviour can be defined as behaviour which involves potential negative consequences (loss) but is balanced in some way by perceived positive consequences (gain).

In other words, behaviour will be perceived as less risky if positive consequences outweigh the negative consequences and behaviour will be perceived as very risky if negative consequences outweigh the positive.

These risky behaviours can be exemplified by promiscuous sexual behaviour, drug use, alcohol abuse including driving under the influence of alcohol.

Furthermore, risk-taking behaviours pose a danger emotionally as well as physically to adolescents owing to alcohol related injuries or unplanned teenage pregnancies.


The aim of the systematic study was to determine the effect parenting practices has on adolescent risk behaviours such as substance use and sexual risk behaviour, particularly the effects of parental communication and monitoring. The main findings suggest parental monitoring and communication affects adolescent risk behaviours. These risk behaviours include the prevention of drug initiation, the delay of alcohol initiation, first sex, an increase in alcohol refusal efficacy, decreased delinquent behaviour and in risktaking behaviours in high risk adolescents. These findings were similar to the findings of a systematic review reviewing parenting factors in relation to adolescent alcohol use [68] . The results of their systematic review found that parental monitoring, parent-child interaction, and child disclosure led to delayed alcohol initiation as well as reduced levels of later drinking [68] . Additional support for the findings of the current systematic review were found in the results of other studies which show that parental monitoring significantly decreases adolescent risk behaviour such as sexual risk behaviours and decreased substance use [26, 56, 60, 67] . Furthermore, parental communication has been found to Unclear.

These findings were similar to the findings of a systematic review reviewing parenting factors in relation to adolescent alcohol use.

The results of their systematic review found that parental monitoring, parent-child interaction, and child disclosure led to delayed alcohol initiation as well as reduced levels of later drinking.

Additional support for the findings of the current systematic review were found in the results of other studies which show that parental monitoring significantly decreases adolescent risk behaviour such as sexual risk behaviours and decreased substance use.


This is the first time that NaCl was identified as a dietary feeding attractant for fish. In our experiments the lowest effective dose was 2.5%. At this concentration feed uptake was suboptimal but sufficient to keep body weight and condition factor stable, i.e. at a value similar to the onset of the experiment. The optimal NaCl concentration for weaning was 5% as at this concentration feed uptake was high and the growth similar to that obtained with zooplankton. Elevated NaCl concentrations of 10% and prolonged feeding with diets containing 5% NaCl (see large scale weaning experiments) were also suboptimal as they led to stagnation in growth. Data on the organismic response to dietary salt uptake are available for rainbow trout (Salman & Eddy, 1988; James-Curtis & Wood, 1992) . For trout fed a dietary NaCl concentration of 5% branchial Na + influx rates were reduced to compensate for the NaCl uptake across the digestive tract. All of the dietary NaCl was reabsorbed by the kidney tubules, indicating that this organ removed NaCl from the urine, regardless of the NaCl concentration (Salman & Eddy, 1988; James-Curtis & Wood, 1992) . NaCl concentrations > 5% induced an elevation in plasma Na + concentration, increased gill efflux and decreased branchial Na + uptake indicating disturbance in osmotic equilibrium (Salman & Eddy, 1988; James-Curtis & Wood, 1992) . The latter factors might be responsible for growth stagnation observed in the present study.

Data on the organismic response to dietary salt uptake are available for rainbow trout.

All of the dietary NaCl was reabsorbed by the kidney tubules, indicating that this organ removed NaCl from the urine, regardless of the NaCl concentration.

NaCl concentrations > 5% induced an elevation in plasma Na + concentration, increased gill efflux and decreased branchial Na + uptake indicating disturbance in osmotic equilibrium.