According to the results shown in Table 1 , physical aggression proved to be positively correlated with Neuroticism (r = 0.34; p < 0.01) and Extraversion (r = 0.13; p < 0.05) and negatively with Agreeableness (r = -0.24; p < 0.01). We observed statistically significant correlations between Aggressive emotions (anger + hostility) and personality. Particularly, Aggressive Emotions were positively related to Neuroticism (r = 0.62; p < 0.01) and negatively to Conscientiousness (r = -0.17; p < 0.05). To analyze the mediation model in this study, we first analyzed the direct effects of the Big Five personality factors on physical aggression, as recommended by the literature (Preacher & Hayes, 2004) . We conducted a path analysis and bootstrap using 5.000 simulations from a database with 218 subjects. Standardized direct effects of Neuroticism -0.16, p < 0.001) were observed on physical aggression. The Openness to Change and Conscientiousness factors showed no statistically significant effects.

To analyze the mediation model in this study, we first analyzed the direct effects of the Big Five personality factors on physical aggression, as recommended by the literature.


Electrocardiography (ECG) is a complementary method in diagnosis and provides the risk stratification of people suspected of having myocardial infarction. It is vital in the classification of myocardial infarction [1] . Currently, myocardial infarction is classified in 2 groups: ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI. STEMI is not a homogenous group in itself. Instead, differences are observed between patients in terms of various parameters such as the amplitude and morphology of ST-segment elevation, T-wave variations, the presence or absence of Qwave, and clinical course and prognosis. Tombstoning STsegment elevation is a type of ST-segment elevation with a specific morphology which is observed in the early period of acute myocardial infarction [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . This ECG appearance is a notion beyond morphological difference and is associated with more serious clinical results. While there are a few reports on tombstoning ST elevation, there is no report which reviews STEMI displaying such ECG pattern. The aim of this report was to outline the profile of Tombstoning ST-elevation myocardial infarction (TOMB-STEMI) by reviewing the ECG, clinical, laboratory, and angiographic characteristics in detail.

It is vital in the classification of myocardial infarction.

Tombstoning STsegment elevation is a type of ST-segment elevation with a specific morphology which is observed in the early period of acute myocardial infarction.


It is well known that vehicle suspension system plays a great role in evaluating vehicle dynamics performances including ride comfort, road handling, and suspension deflection. According to the different types of isolation components, the vehicle suspension systems are normally classified into three categories such as passive, semiactive, and active suspensions, which have been developed to improve vehicle ride comfort, handling stability, road damage minimization, and the overall vehicle dynamics performances [1] . In recent years, researchers have paid much more attention to study on the control approaches by considering the vibration problem of vehicle suspension system. The active suspension control method becomes a hot research topic in recent years, because the active suspension system can dynamically adjust the stiffness and damp of the suspension according to different driving conditions and can always reduce the vibration of vehicle suspension systems. The active suspension system mainly consists of actuator and control strategy, and as the actuator exports the control force fully in accordance with the requirements of the control strategy, the key of the controller design for active suspension is to select suitable control law which has good performance for the vehicle suspension.

According to the different types of isolation components, the vehicle suspension systems are normally classified into three categories such as passive, semiactive, and active suspensions, which have been developed to improve vehicle ride comfort, handling stability, road damage minimization, and the overall vehicle dynamics performances.


Recently, FPSS has been proposed for stability problem in multi-machine power systems. In this paper, Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) based fuzzy controller has been proposed as an FPSS controller. Actually, there are two types of methods to overcome the difficulty of classic T-S controller. One method is to exploit a good tradeoff be-tween the conservatism and the computational burden by reducing unimportant decision variables [8] . However, the obtained controllers are still with a number of control rules, which may be unfavorable for implementation. Another method is that the original nonlinear model is first simplified as much as possible. Then, a fuzzy model with fewer fuzzy rules is constructed based on the simplified nonlinear model by using a fuzzy local approximation technique [9] . However, the designed control laws based on the fuzzy model may not guarantee the stability of the original nonlinear system. In this paper, a class of T-S fuzzy models with local nonlinear models is exploited to describe the considered nonlinear systems. A new fuzzy control scheme with local nonlinear feedbacks is proposed, and the corresponding control synthesis conditions are developed in terms of solutions to a set of LMIs. In contrast to the existing methods for fuzzy control synthesis, the new proposed control design method is based on fewer fuzzy rules and less computational burden. Moreover, the local nonlinear feedback laws in the new fuzzy controllers are also helpful for achieving good control effects [10] [11] [12] .

One method is to exploit a good tradeoff be-tween the conservatism and the computational burden by reducing unimportant decision variables.

Then, a fuzzy model with fewer fuzzy rules is constructed based on the simplified nonlinear model by using a fuzzy local approximation technique.

Moreover, the local nonlinear feedback laws in the new fuzzy controllers are also helpful for achieving good control effects.


In the present study, age, gender, growth pattern, grade of differentiation of the tumor, and N disease were found to be correlated with tumor HER2 overexpression (Table 2) . Similarly, in the ToGA trial, tumor with HER2 overexpression was reported to be more common in patients with a well-differentiated tumor histology [17] [18] [19] 21] . Actually, well-differentiated tumor histology was significantly related to greater age, male gender, and an expansive growth pattern of the tumor in the present study (data not shown).

Similarly, in the ToGA trial, tumor with HER2 overexpression was reported to be more common in patients with a well-differentiated tumor histology.


The leading reason for the mothers to attend Posyandu was children's growth monitoring, far more frequent (41.6 %) than other reasons. Yet prevalence of underweight, wasting, stunning of children under 5 in Ache is higher than Indonesia's national level, indicating suitable care is not provided to the children at risk of malnutrition. To reduce children with under-nutrition or growth faltering, such children must be identified first without oversight, then specific counseling and efficacious advices should be given by health professionals, and special support to high-risk children such as extra follow-up, food, frequent counseling sessions, and weekly weighing should be provided. The appropriate allocation of roles between cadres and health professionals in this process may be necessary for more effective intervention. Cadres should be trained to accurately take measurements and plot on the chart and judge whether the child is maintaining good growth. In case they detect growth faltering, cadres should refer the mothers to a midwife who is also present at Posyandu for special feeding and nutrition advices. Improvement of child's nutritional status by detecting children at risk and providing appropriate advices by health professionals would enhance the quality of services, therefore increasing mother's satisfaction. Besides capacity building of cadres, education of mothers is also important. Growth charts can make children's growth visible to caregivers and it can be used as educational tool, but mothers must have ability to understand the growth curve. Understand what growth curve is denoting would promote mothers' interests in their children's nutrition and the way they care their children. In the implementation of community-based growth monitoring project in South Africa, caregivers were pleased that they understood the link between appropriate weight gain, nutrition and their children's health, and gained sense of empowerment through better understanding of what made their children health and how to check this [16] . Prior to the project, only 3 % of infants were taken to the clinic specifically for growth monitoring; the mothers were not motivated because the rationale was never explained to them. Studies in Indonesia showed lack of caregiver's knowledge about the benefit of vitamin A is associated with the low rates of participation in the national vitamin A capsule program [17, 18] . These studies indicate that advancement in mothers' knowledge and understanding would increase their interest in the nutritional conditions of their children and would motivate their attendance to community health programs such as Posyandu.

In the implementation of community-based growth monitoring project in South Africa, caregivers were pleased that they understood the link between appropriate weight gain, nutrition and their children's health, and gained sense of empowerment through better understanding of what made their children health and how to check this.

Studies in Indonesia showed lack of caregiver's knowledge about the benefit of vitamin A is associated with the low rates of participation in the national vitamin A capsule program.


The builds show no difference in chemical composition or in the different phases depending on the number of reuse. On the other hand, the microstructure evolves towards a columnar structure with a very marked crystallographic orientation (〈111〉). The static properties of the recycled builds are similar to those of the new powder builds for a limited recycling number (2) . Beyond this value, the breaking strain decreases sharply and becomes a limiting factor.

The static properties of the recycled builds are similar to those of the new powder builds for a limited recycling number.


Our one-way wave equation is obtained in two steps. First we extend the factorization argument of Taylor [8] . We compute the pseudodifferential equation referred to above to the two highest orders that are at least needed for a highest order approximation of the solution (for such a pseudodifferential equation, as for the ordinary wave equation, the leading order term describes the behavior of the rays, while the next term describes the amplitudes to highest order). We also allow for a normalization in the definition of the down-and upward propagating parts of the wave field. With a suitably chosen normalization the equation becomes unitary, microlocally. We then modify this equation in order to suppress any wave fronts propagating along turning rays. We show that the solutions to the one-way equation approximate microlocally the real solution.

First we extend the factorization argument of Taylor.


Extreme tail risks result from the leptokurtic distribution of financial market variables. This phenomenon is well known in practice and widely researched in the literature. In essence, a leptokurtic distribution means that observations are more dispersed around the mean value and assume more extreme values (ie have fatter tails) than they do in a normal distribution. Thus financial variables that are close to the mean value in normal market periods may be widely dispersed at turbulent times, which results in their 'fat tails'. Interest rates and other financial variables that serve as instruments or policy monitoring parameters for central banks are characterized by such distribution. These variables are vulnerable to sudden volatility outbursts, and thus may become very unstable (Orlowski, 2010b) . Extreme tail risks of these financial variables impair implementation of monetary policy when the policy is based on parsimonious rules that commonly assume normal distribution of key variables, thus ignoring their leptokurtic time-pattern. In essence, extreme volatility shocks inhibit monetary policy transmission mechanisms and reduce the efficiency of standard interest-rate policies (Curdia and Woodford, 2010; Svensson, 2010) .

These variables are vulnerable to sudden volatility outbursts, and thus may become very unstable.

In essence, extreme volatility shocks inhibit monetary policy transmission mechanisms and reduce the efficiency of standard interest-rate policies.


All problems were solved on a Sun Creator 3D-2000. For the rostering problems, the algorithms were either terminated on finding an optimum solution, or after 250 local minimum were encountered without improvement. The timetable problem, being much larger and with no known optimal solution, was terminated after 75 phase two iterations of the main program loop. The optimum timetabling solution was then defined as the best solution found in all runs. Table 1 shows the average times and proportion of problems solved for seven runs of each test problem with each algorithm. In all cases the averages are calculated only for those runs that actually found an optimal solution. The results show the Flexible Weight Adjustment algorithm (FWA) has the best overall performance on both problems (ie it equals or exceeds the other algorithms in the proportion of optimal solutions found and has the smallest average execution times). The results also show the MaxIncrement (MAX) algorithm is unable to reliably find optimal solutions (only 51% of roster and 29% of timetable runs were successful), and generally has longer execution times for those problems it can solve. Overall, the dynamic weighting strategies (FWA and DWA) proved more efficient at finding optimal solutions than the fixed weighting strategies (MIN and MAX). However, an important element in evaluating local search is the solution path represented by the so-called 'anytime curve' [10] . This plots the cost of the best solution found in the search against execution time, and represents the quality of solution that would be found if an algorithm were terminated at a particular point. Anytime performance is significant for problems where there is insufficient time to find an optimal solution, or the optimum is unknown, and so are relevant to overconstrained problems. Figures 6 and 7 show the anytime curves for each method and problem type. In these graphs, the y-axis represents the sum of all soft constraint costs of the best solutions found at a given time for all runs of an algorithm.

However, an important element in evaluating local search is the solution path represented by the so-called 'anytime curve'.


The logistic regression analysis is a useful way of describing the relationship between one or more independent variables and a categorical response variable. Logistic regression models are categorized according to the type of categorical response variable as follows: binary logistic regression model, multinomial logistic regression model, and ordinal logistic regression models [1] . The binary logistic regression model is used to model the binary response variable, whereas the multinomial logistic regression is a simple extension of the binary logistic regression model where the response variable has more than two unordered categories.

Logistic regression models are categorized according to the type of categorical response variable as follows: binary logistic regression model, multinomial logistic regression model, and ordinal logistic regression models.


Probably the most frequently used ordinal logistic regression model is the proportional odds model of McCullagh because of the simplicity of its interpretation [6] . The continuation ratio model may be best suited in situations where the individual categories of the response variable are of intrinsic interest and are not merely arbitrary groupings of an underlying continuous variable [15] . Adjacent category models are often used due to their close connection to log-linear models [9] .

Probably the most frequently used ordinal logistic regression model is the proportional odds model of McCullagh because of the simplicity of its interpretation.

The continuation ratio model may be best suited in situations where the individual categories of the response variable are of intrinsic interest and are not merely arbitrary groupings of an underlying continuous variable.

Adjacent category models are often used due to their close connection to log-linear models.


Boolean Satisfiability solvers find a wide range of application in areas such as electronic design automation and artificial intelligence. A tremendous amount of research has been undertaken to find ways to speed up SAT solvers. Algorithmic improvements in terms of decision heuristics and learning schemes have made modern SAT solvers orders of magnitude faster than their predecessors. Besides the algorithmic improvements however, the engineering and design of data structures and the core propagation algorithm has also led to substantial increases in speed [1] . A typical modern SAT solver spends some 70-90% of its time performing Boolean constraint propagation, hence optimization of this inner propagation loop is of great importance.

Besides the algorithmic improvements however, the engineering and design of data structures and the core propagation algorithm has also led to substantial increases in speed.


Experience from recent severe earthquakes has confirmed that RC buildings designed without earthquake-resistance requirements (precode structures) or following outdated structural codes are extremely vulnerable to seismic excitation. From literature review, considerable effort has been made to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of structures on both global and local levels [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . This is especially true for public buildings such as hospitals or schools, whose seismic resistance is very important in view of the consequences associated with failure [6] [7] [8] [9] . Low-rise RC school buildings often have large windows with a long rectangular floor plan thus producing a seismically weak direction along the internal corridor. Furthermore, the buildings designed without consideration on seismic loading often are irregular in plan and/or elevation. The consequent lateral-torsional coupling leads inevitably to considerable increase in the seismic vulnerability [10] [11] [12] . Finally, the seismic gap between adjacent structures often is not adequate to accommodate their relative motions, thus resulting in a significant seismic hazard of pounding during earthquake excitation. Therefore, the existing RC building structures often need retrofit to resist the design earthquake demand. Many techniques are available for seismic upgrading of existing buildings and have proved to be effective in increasing the capacity of the structure and/or reducing the seismic demand. Among these techniques, the hysteretic dissipative braces (bucklingrestrained braces (BRBs) and steel hysteretic dampers) have been extensively applied for the seismic retrofitting of RC framed buildings and proved to give additional energy dissipation capacity, control the interstorey drifts and lateral displacements, and, finally, encourage dissipative collapse mechanisms [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . Steel bracings have also other advantages such as their relatively low weight, their suitability for prefabrication, and the possibility of allowing inner and outer openings. Moreover, the braces may be directly connected to concrete members without using steel frames fixed to the concrete structure. Finally, these devices can be used as structural fuses since they are easy to replace, concentrate damage while the rest of the structure remains undamaged, 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering and fix a limitation of the brace force that is transmitted to the highly stressed anchorage.

From literature review, considerable effort has been made to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of structures on both global and local levels.

This is especially true for public buildings such as hospitals or schools, whose seismic resistance is very important in view of the consequences associated with failure.

The consequent lateral-torsional coupling leads inevitably to considerable increase in the seismic vulnerability.

Among these techniques, the hysteretic dissipative braces (bucklingrestrained braces (BRBs) and steel hysteretic dampers) have been extensively applied for the seismic retrofitting of RC framed buildings and proved to give additional energy dissipation capacity, control the interstorey drifts and lateral displacements, and, finally, encourage dissipative collapse mechanisms.


Structural contingency theory emphasized the importance ofthe environment in organizational structures, indicating that companies are configured in diverse ways in accordance with the external influences which they receive (Donaldson, 2001) . The theory of organizational congruency or fit has provided the reference points needed to determine the conditions of structural fit (Drazin & Van de Ven, 1985; Siggelkow (2002); Venkatraman & Camillus, 1984) . Using these two theoretical lenses, this study investigated the influence which organizational environment has on organizational results through structural co-alignment.

Structural contingency theory emphasized the importance ofthe environment in organizational structures, indicating that companies are configured in diverse ways in accordance with the external influences which they receive.

The theory of organizational congruency or fit has provided the reference points needed to determine the conditions of structural fit.


In our previous clinical trial, nutritional supplementation with a multivitamin and mineral containing phytonutrients was effective in reducing oxidative damage while maintaining endogenous ROS homeostasis [19] . In this trial, PMP supplementation reduced DNA damage without altering endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, and increased ROS scavenging, which is consistent with our previous study. A certain amount of oxidative stress is useful to the body for growth and cell signaling, and our body has a defense system for controlling low level of oxidative stress such as glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E, and antioxidant enzymes [29] . It has been reported that low grade level of oxidative stress is crucial to maintaining and priming our endogenous antioxidant system against high levels of oxidative stress and damage [30] . Based on our two human intervention studies, PMP supplementation was effective on scavenging ROS and preventing DNA damage without stimulating antioxidant enzymes.

In our previous clinical trial, nutritional supplementation with a multivitamin and mineral containing phytonutrients was effective in reducing oxidative damage while maintaining endogenous ROS homeostasis.

A certain amount of oxidative stress is useful to the body for growth and cell signaling, and our body has a defense system for controlling low level of oxidative stress such as glutathione, vitamin C, vitamin E, and antioxidant enzymes.

It has been reported that low grade level of oxidative stress is crucial to maintaining and priming our endogenous antioxidant system against high levels of oxidative stress and damage.


Drying of tropical fruits using spouted bed has been widely studied because of the quality of the powder products that have been obtained (Medeiros et al., 2002) . Fruit juices stand out for their various advantages, such as low cost, practicality, easy handling and high yield. In this context, the use of regional fruits such as cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), which has great potential, for its characteristic taste and its nutritional composition, containing phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, sugars and ascorbic acid, guarantees good acceptance by the consumers (Freire et al., 2013) .

Drying of tropical fruits using spouted bed has been widely studied because of the quality of the powder products that have been obtained.

In this context, the use of regional fruits such as cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.), which has great potential, for its characteristic taste and its nutritional composition, containing phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, sugars and ascorbic acid, guarantees good acceptance by the consumers.


The present study found that secondary school students in Germany selected friends with similar academic achievement and that friends influenced each other's academic achievement. This echoes earlier findings from the U.S., where researchers also found selection and influence processes related to students' GPA (Flashman 2012a; DeLay et al. 2016b; Rambaran et al. 2016) . To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show social influence of school grades in a sample outside of the U.S. with an appropriate statistical model that accounts for students' tendency to choose friends with similar academic achievement.

This echoes earlier findings from the U.S., where researchers also found selection and influence processes related to students' GPA.


A major portion of consumed primary energy is converted to electrical energy. In industrialised countries, nearly twothirds of electrical energy is used to feed electric motors. In fact, in the European Union (EU) in 2005, energy consumption for electric motors during the use phase was 1067 TWh, corresponding to 427 Mt of CO 2 emissions [2] . According to predictions, unless limitations on energy consumption are enacted, motor energy consumption in the use phase is predicted to increase to 1252 TWh by 2020. Therefore electric motors must be made more efficient, to enable energy savings and a reduction in emissions. Regulations establishing minimum efficiencies for electric motors have been created in the USA, Canada, Australia and, more recently, in the EU. Some associations -among the most important of which is NEMA -have defined a classification scheme for electric motors with higher efficiencies (premium efficiency motors).

In fact, in the European Union (EU) in 2005, energy consumption for electric motors during the use phase was 1067 TWh, corresponding to 427 Mt of CO 2 emissions.


In this paper we consider the problem of estimating the maximal function (1.1) on the sub-algebra of Heisenberg-radial (or H-radial) functions on H 1 . Here a function f : H 1 → C is said to be H-radial if f (u, Rx) = f (u, x) for all R ∈ SO (2) . Given the underlying symmetries of the maximal operator, this is a natural condition to impose on the input function: indeed, if f is H-radial then, M f is also H-radial. Our main theorem characterises the L p mapping properties of M acting on H-radial functions.

Here a function f : H 1 → C is said to be H-radial if f (u, Rx) = f (u, x) for all R ∈ SO.


Receiver materials intended for CPC should have higher heat absorbance as well as being heat conductive to allow heat to be transferred to the receiving medium [1] . Surface coatings such as silicon polymer are used to increase absorbance. To preserve heat in CPC, top covers are often provided. The cover should be transparent while being durable and low cost. Reflectors should also be carefully selected and should have high reflectance values. Alternatively, reflector layer such as silver tint can be applied to increase the reflectance of the surface.

Receiver materials intended for CPC should have higher heat absorbance as well as being heat conductive to allow heat to be transferred to the receiving medium.


The two major classifications of solar collectors are namely imaging and nonimaging types [1] . The compound parabolic concentrator is a non-imaging type concentrator that is able to concentrate rays from the sun from wider angles to smaller absorber surface without the need for tracking the sun. Although the sun ray falling on the absorber is not focused, there is considerable concentration of sun ray concentration that can be attained with a CPC design. Specialized designs for ultra-concentration of sun rays involving second stage concentration have been developed for applications such as complete degradation of wastes [2] .

The two major classifications of solar collectors are namely imaging and nonimaging types.

Specialized designs for ultra-concentration of sun rays involving second stage concentration have been developed for applications such as complete degradation of wastes.


Students' learning is influenced by educational environment factors as well as individual factors. In particular, the classroom context, in which students spend a great deal of time every day, can be the most powerful predictor of achievement behaviors and academic outcomes. Previous motivation research has focused on classroom goal structures and has produced a number of findings (Kaplan, Middleton, Urdan, & Midgley, 2002) . This study examined the effects of classroom goal structures in terms of teachers promoting interaction among students.

Previous motivation research has focused on classroom goal structures and has produced a number of findings.


The hypothesized mediation process at the classroom level was also confirmed for peer modeling. Mastery goal structure related to students' peer modeling and the relationship was mediated by teachers promoting interaction. The more classrooms are mastery oriented, the more students in the classrooms tend to model peers' learning behaviors with their teachers' encouragement. At the student level, the mediation process was also confirmed. Students who perceive more mastery goal structure than the average of their classmates tend to perceive the emphasis of promoting interaction and, then, report higher level of peer modeling. Peer modeling has been mainly examined in experimental studies (Schunk, 1998) . In contrast, this study suggested that students use peer modeling as a kind of learning strategy, and the use is influenced by the characteristics of classrooms.

Peer modeling has been mainly examined in experimental studies.


The cascaded multilevel topology of EPT is well suited for high-voltage and large-current applications. This topology should be designed based on the idea of modularization in the engineering practice [12] , [13] (Fig. 1) . The modularized subunit of EPT consists of three main stages: a primary stage (H-bridge voltage-source converter (H-VSC)), DC-link stage (DC-DC) converter with high-frequency isolation transformer (HFIT), and secondary stage (H-VSC). The two H-VSCs realize the rectifier and inverter. The DC-link stage realizes the voltage level change and galvanic isolation. The DC-link stage is bidirectional ( Fig. 2(a) ) [14] . However, this stage can be designed as a unidirectional stage to reduce cost and to simplify the configuration if EPT is used only to power passive loads ( Fig. 2(b) ).

This topology should be designed based on the idea of modularization in the engineering practice,(Fig. 1).

The DC-link stage is bidirectional ( Fig. 2(a) ).


The p-weak gradient agrees with the absolute value of the gradient for the classical case and, more generally, with the slope for Lipschitz functions defined on complete doubling metric measure spaces satisfying a weak p-Poincaré inequality. In the case of a general metric measure space the weak gradient is more subtle; an example suggested by P. Koskela shows that |∇f | m,p ∈ L q (X, m) with q > p does not imply that |∇f | m,q exists as a function in L q (X, m) [3] . Further, it was not clear whether, for a function in W 1,p (X, d, m) ∩ W 1,q (X, d, m) with p = q, the p-weak gradient and q-weak gradient agree (open problems 2.49, 2.53 [4] , [1] , [3] ).

In the case of a general metric measure space the weak gradient is more subtle; an example suggested by P. Koskela shows that |∇f | m,p ∈ L q (X, m) with q > p does not imply that |∇f | m,q exists as a function in L q (X, m).

Further, it was not clear whether, for a function in W 1,p (X, d, m) ∩ W 1,q (X, d, m) with p = q, the p-weak gradient and q-weak gradient agree (open problems 2.49, 2.53,,).


In addition, the PAHO report states that the classification of public health nursing as a separate field within the discipline of nursing is becoming less common, as health organizations tend to emphasize particular areas of health, such as vaccinations or maternal and child health, rather than public health more generally [8] . Despite the tendency to not use terminology that links nurses to public health, it is clear that nurses frequently work at the community and population levels to fulfill the essential functions of public health according to context-specific needs. For instance, public health nurses in Brazil focus on children with disabilities and hypertension, while those in Cuba participate in health promotion projects in workplaces and neighborhoods [8] . Although the report was published almost ten years ago, a consensus has yet to be achieved across the Americas regarding the definition, educational requirements, competencies, and workplace responsibilities of public health nurses and nurses who perform public health functions.

In addition, the PAHO report states that the classification of public health nursing as a separate field within the discipline of nursing is becoming less common, as health organizations tend to emphasize particular areas of health, such as vaccinations or maternal and child health, rather than public health more generally.

For instance, public health nurses in Brazil focus on children with disabilities and hypertension, while those in Cuba participate in health promotion projects in workplaces and neighborhoods.


Both the orthotropic shoots of evergreen species and the plagiotropic shoots of deciduous species are exposed to excessive midday solar radiation as well as high temperatures and high evaporative demands (especially those shoots at the top of the crown) that can cause photoinhibition (Franco & Lüttge 2002) . Woody cerrado plants can reduce stomatal conductance, although this limits gas exchange and hence daily carbon gains. Evergreen species have fewer hours in the morning to perform photosynthesis as compared to deciduous individuals, as the older leaves along its shoots (the basal leaves) are shaded. The newer (distal) leaves of evergreen species have net photosynthetic rates similar to (or greater than) leaves along the shoots of deciduous species (Souza et al. 2009a) . Irradiance availability and comparable leaf life spans result in similar net photosynthetic gains in both deciduous and evergreen cerrado species. Thus, cerrado species with differing leaf phenologies have developed different strategies to avoid excessive solar radiation that would otherwise result in excessive water losses. There adjustments of patterns of biomass allocation to leaves and shoots, and consequent changes in crown architecture, can be viewed as adaptations to the open vegetation phytophysiognomy of cerrado sensu stricto.

Both the orthotropic shoots of evergreen species and the plagiotropic shoots of deciduous species are exposed to excessive midday solar radiation as well as high temperatures and high evaporative demands (especially those shoots at the top of the crown) that can cause photoinhibition.

The newer (distal) leaves of evergreen species have net photosynthetic rates similar to (or greater than) leaves along the shoots of deciduous species.


In summary, the current study is motivated by empirical results reporting significantly higher injury rates for the nondominant leg than the dominant leg in alpine skiing, particularly among female skiers [7] [8] [9] . We propose that two underlying mechanisms may lead to this asymmetry in injury rates: first, an asymmetry in the knee muscle strength or in the hamstring/quadricep strength ratios between dominant and nondominant leg; or second, a systematic difference in the neuromuscular control between dominant and nondominant leg. The purpose of the current study was to test these proposed mechanisms by determining in experienced recreational alpine skiers if asymmetries exist in knee muscle strength or strength ratios (H1) or in unipedal postural control (H2). We also tested for a sex effect and an interaction between leg dominance and sex for both knee muscle strength and postural control variables.

In summary, the current study is motivated by empirical results reporting significantly higher injury rates for the nondominant leg than the dominant leg in alpine skiing, particularly among female skiers.


The authors presented a machining system based on an industrial robot RV1A for foamed polystyrene materials [4] . The direct servo system developed for the robot could deal with NC and CLS files as desired trajectories, so that a useful interface without using a robot language between operators and the machining robot could be realized. The CLS means cutter location source which is a standardized tool path generated by the main processor of CAM. Further, a 3D printer-like data interface called the preprocessor has been proposed for industrial robots [5] . In the interface, triangulated patch based path, zigzag or spiral one can be smartly produced from STL data without conducting a complicated teaching task and using a commercially provided CAD/CAM system. STL means the Stereolithography which was proposed by 3D Systems and is widely used by additive layered manufacturing systems such as 3D printers.

The authors presented a machining system based on an industrial robot RV1A for foamed polystyrene materials.

Further, a 3D printer-like data interface called the preprocessor has been proposed for industrial robots.


Using an RF vector network analyzer, full RF characterization of the four separate channels has been carried out in both the C and X bands and for the 200 GHz equally spaced eight ITU grid wavelengths from 1547.72 nm (λ 1 ) to 1558.98 nm (λ 8 ). Figure 2 shows the magnitude and phase responses in both bands after some processing, as detailed below. The top left box in each of the four frames shows the magnitude or phase of the transfer function when using λ 1 in channel 1 (the reference channel). For each of the channels all wavelengths practically exhibited the same transfer function (up to (RF) frequency-independent loss for the magnitude and delay-related linear trend for the phase), indicating that the observed ripples originate from the E/O and O/E converters. The other boxes are histograms of the deviations of the transfer function of λ 1 of each of the other channels from the corresponding transfer function of channel 1. Again, frequency-independent loss was removed from the magnitude data, as well as linear trend from the phase data. It is seen that the worst case magnitude error between channels over any of the two bands is less than II I IV III a1584_1.pdf ©OSA 1-55752-830-6 0.2dB. The phase response varies between the four different PTTDs by less than 1 o . Similar performance has been observed anywhere in the 0-12GHz frequency range, limited from above by the bandwidth of the off-the-shelf EO converter. Such minor variations between the elements will have negligible effect on the wideband performance of the beamformer [9] .

Such minor variations between the elements will have negligible effect on the wideband performance of the beamformer.


We have constructed and successfully demonstrated the operation of a fast switching, four element photonic true time delay beamformer. The observed low ripples in magnitude and phase of the beamformer elements (over any 1GHz band in the 0-~12GHz range) enable high quality transmission of a 1GHz LFM pulse with very low sidelobe levels. The variations between the microwave responses of the four different elements are minute and way better than what can be currently obtained from a similar microwave TTD implementation. With proper use of optical amplification, the architecture can be extended to tens of elements, and to hundreds, when subarrays are employed [9] .

With proper use of optical amplification, the architecture can be extended to tens of elements, and to hundreds, when subarrays are employed.


The last decades have witnessed a number of changes in commodities futures markets. The oil market has continuously grown, becoming the world's biggest commodity market and turning from a primarily physical product activity into a sophisticated financial market (Chang et al. 2011) . The increasing presence of hedgers, as well as speculators, has led to allegations that speculation drives crude oil prices, and speculators, index funds and hedge funds have been responsible for the increase in energy and food prices from 2004 onwards (Masters 2008) . The literature however has provided, so far, little empirical evidence in support of this claim.

The oil market has continuously grown, becoming the world's biggest commodity market and turning from a primarily physical product activity into a sophisticated financial market.

The increasing presence of hedgers, as well as speculators, has led to allegations that speculation drives crude oil prices, and speculators, index funds and hedge funds have been responsible for the increase in energy and food prices from 2004 onwards.


The ferrite matrix can be refined by microalloying with V, Ni, Ti and by controlled rolling. As a result of forming precipitates microalloying elements harden the ferrite matrix at the expense of the ductility properties. The precipitation processes must be controlled in such a manner as to ensure that the steel sheets to be used for cold forming have the required formability with the highest possible strength properties (Aksoy et al., 1996; Evin, 2006; Rosenberg et al., 2009; Hanssen, 1982) .

The precipitation processes must be controlled in such a manner as to ensure that the steel sheets to be used for cold forming have the required formability with the highest possible strength properties.


Our notation and terminology are standard and generally follow Soare [10] . We assume that the reader is familiar with tree constructions. We say that a number is fresh at a given point in the construction if it is the least natural number greater than any number mentioned so far. We will use a tree construction, but we first describe how individual requirements are met.

Our notation and terminology are standard and generally follow Soare.


In this paper, we develop a new system for sentence clustering based on the idea of informers and on a partof-speech hierarchy that we present below. The objective of this algorithm, as for any clustering algorithm, is to discover the set of clusters that best represent the data. In general terms, this means having high intra-cluster homogeneity, a high inter-cluster heterogeneity, and a small number of clusters. The application we are dealing with in this project is question type classification, because it has proven to be a challenging task to automate, as is evidenced by the number of manuallycreated solutions presented in Section 2, and because of the direct connection with our past work [14] . In this application, the objectives of the clustering algorithm are to learn the smallest set of clusters to allow the best type classification results.

The application we are dealing with in this project is question type classification, because it has proven to be a challenging task to automate, as is evidenced by the number of manuallycreated solutions presented in Section 2, and because of the direct connection with our past work.


Other researchers have shown that OBD data extracted in Rome and compared to dynamometer tests have shown similar correlations [12] . Again, in-vehicle examination of the 'real' and 'virtual' dashboards would corroborate this conclusion. Ideally, the low-cost system will be deployed to many vehicles simultaneously to allow for more extensive data collection campaigns is the Dublin Area.

Other researchers have shown that OBD data extracted in Rome and compared to dynamometer tests have shown similar correlations.


In carrying out the tests described above, the combination of the OBD and GPS data has been shown to be quite useful, despite the losses in signal in the GPS. While the goal of the data extraction campaign is to develop a series of kinematic sequences for the derivation of a driving cycle, other work has raised questions about the validity of using a sequence of kinematic sequences that is, speed taken between successive periods of idle, need not necessarily be representative of fluid vehicle movements [12, 16] . Instead, the authors propose to examine the kinematics of individual links within the network, as a function of time or day and the consequential traffic flows. This work will is being carried out as part of the Urban Environment Project at UCD. The combination of traffic data and kinematic and engine operation information for specific routes and links should yield significantly better estimations of emissions, based on actual vehicle activity, in given locales and hence allow for more accurate determination of the effects of pollutant exposure on the populations in these areas.

While the goal of the data extraction campaign is to develop a series of kinematic sequences for the derivation of a driving cycle, other work has raised questions about the validity of using a sequence of kinematic sequences that is, speed taken between successive periods of idle, need not necessarily be representative of fluid vehicle movements.


Aortic crossclamp time more than 60 minutes, by both univariate and multivariate analysis, was a predictor of TCP. This is consistent with other peer reviews [35] . The occurrence of ischemic injury to the conduction system and the development of myocardial edema following prolonged periods of crossclamping might explain these findings.

This is consistent with other peer reviews.


It has been the experience of physicists that exceptional gauge groups do not arise in the perturbative open string setting. The traditional Chan-Paton construction allows open strings to carry only unitary, unitary-symplectic, and orthogonal gauge groups [1] . This conclusion was corroborated recently in a general analysis based on classical open string field theory. The analysis established that if open strings carry a symmetry structure without spacetime interpretation, unitarity and ghost number constraints require the classical theory to be on-shell equivalent to a theory with a Chan-Paton gauge group [2] .

The traditional Chan-Paton construction allows open strings to carry only unitary, unitary-symplectic, and orthogonal gauge groups.

The analysis established that if open strings carry a symmetry structure without spacetime interpretation, unitarity and ghost number constraints require the classical theory to be on-shell equivalent to a theory with a Chan-Paton gauge group.


Generalized Chan-Paton constructions are possible. Open superstring theories with Dbranes and/or orientifold projections can give rise to somewhat more intricate gauge groups and matter content, but again, no exceptional gauge groups were encountered [3] . We recently classified a class of generalized Chan-Paton constructions starting with the assumption that the open string state space decomposes into sectors that multiply according to a semigroup [4] . We showed that open string consistency requires the semigroup to be a Brandt semigroup, and the known classification of those semigroups indicates that such open string theories have the structure of theories with D-branes, carrying possibly some additional structure. It is not clear whether or not this structure could be used to generate novel theories of open strings.

Open superstring theories with Dbranes and/or orientifold projections can give rise to somewhat more intricate gauge groups and matter content, but again, no exceptional gauge groups were encountered.

We recently classified a class of generalized Chan-Paton constructions starting with the assumption that the open string state space decomposes into sectors that multiply according to a semigroup.


In parallel, new surgical challenges have emerged. Surgeons are often asked to biopsy or remove an FDG avid lesion in an effort to analyze the nature of the lesion, restage, check for possible tumor recurrence or even prolong survival. However, those lesions are not always easily detectable on the other imaging modalities and localizing findings identified by an abnormal PET/CT scan in a heavily scarred surgical field can be challenging. Low energy gamma probes (140 keV) routinely used for sentinel node biopsy procedures are not capable of detecting the high energy rays of 511 keV emitted by FDG. Recent technological developments have led to the production of a high energy gamma probe (PET probe) that can be used to guide surgery in those difficult areas of the body [1] . This article describes our experience localizing and removing FDG avid lesions in the head and neck, chest, abdomen and retroperitoneum. In addition, the possible clinical indications for this exciting new technology are discussed.

Recent technological developments have led to the production of a high energy gamma probe (PET probe) that can be used to guide surgery in those difficult areas of the body.


Although it is unclear why the blue tits and great tits in England responded to little owls as they did to sparrowhawks, in Scotland they did treat the two predators differently. This difference in response of naïve Scottish tits to a novel predator suggests that prior experience with predators is important for individuals to associate novel predators with their appropriate level of threat. Whether this association is formed as the result of personal experience of a predation event, or through social or observational learning, also remains unclear (Baker, 2004; Curio, Ernst, & Vieth, 1978) . Tits, due to their high propensity to mob and with their tendency to differentiate between predators of different threat levels, provide an ecologically and logistically useful system to examine the mechanisms by which species learn about novel predators.

Whether this association is formed as the result of personal experience of a predation event, or through social or observational learning, also remains unclear.


The notion of finite type mapping was introduced by B.Y. Chen in late 1970's. A pseudo-Riemannian submanifold M of the m−dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space E m s is said to be of finite type if its position vector x can be expressed as a finite sum of eigenvectors of the Laplacian ∆ of M, that is, x = x 0 + x 1 + ... + x k , where x 0 is a constant map, x 1 , ..., x k are non-constant maps such that ∆x i = λ i x i , λ i ∈ R, i = 1, 2, ..., k. If λ 1 , λ 2 ,...,λ k are all different, then M is said to be of k−type. This notion of finite type immersions is naturally extended to differentiable maps of M in particular, to Gauss maps of submanifolds [7] .

This notion of finite type immersions is naturally extended to differentiable maps of M in particular, to Gauss maps of submanifolds.


During the last big earthquake in Latin America, the 2010 Chile earthquake, some buildings whose resistance systems to lateral loads were thin walls suffered from severe damage and in some cases collapsed [1] . In Peru, especially in Lima City, many similar types of buildings have been built since 2000, and the number of these types of buildings being constructed has been increasing over the years. However, Lima City has not been hit by a big earthquake since 1974. Therefore, it is difficult to know the behaviors of these buildings during seismic events.

During the last big earthquake in Latin America, the 2010 Chile earthquake, some buildings whose resistance systems to lateral loads were thin walls suffered from severe damage and in some cases collapsed.


The advantages of this method is the freedom of defining the reconstructed image. The size and precision can be easily changed, which is not possible in conventional ultrasonic imaging. The other merit is the adaptability in terms of experiment geometries. Indeed, the delay laws can be calculated for various probes and piece geometries. The main issue is definitely the computational cost of the reconstruction algorithms. According to the output image size, the computation time can be prohibitive, in particular for real-time applications [8] .

According to the output image size, the computation time can be prohibitive, in particular for real-time applications.


The anti GIT tract motility effect of P. integerrima bark was shown in Figure 3 . The results indicated that the crude Me. Ext at a dose of 100 mgkg -1 exhibited strong anti GIT motility effect assessed by charcoal propulsion method, comparable to that of muscarinic receptor blocking drug atropine sulphate. Blockage of muscarinic receptors in the GIT has dramatic effects on the GIT smooth muscle motility. Generally, tone and propulsive are diminished and increase intestinal transit time (Bertram, 2007) . Therefore, it is suggested that the anti GIT motility of crude Me. Ext of P. integerrima bark may be due to the blockage of muscarinic receptors in the GIT tract. Since earlier studies reported that antidysenteric and antidiarrheal properties of medicinal plants were due to tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and sterols (Galvez et al., 1991; Loganga et al., 2000) . Hence, tannins, sterols, alkaloids are present in the crude Me. Ext of P. integerrima bark therefore these phytoconstiuents may be responsible for anti GIT motility effect of the P. integerrima bark.

Generally, tone and propulsive are diminished and increase intestinal transit time.

Since earlier studies reported that antidysenteric and antidiarrheal properties of medicinal plants were due to tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and sterols.


The percent cumulative death of experimental mice, subjected to crude Me. Ext of P. integerrima bark at a dose of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg kg -1 for acute toxicological test were shown in Figure 1 administered at a dose of 1500 mgkg -1 it caused 66.6% deaths of the experimental mice, therefore at a dose of 1500 mgkg -1 it was considerd to be toxic. The result also indicated greater therapeutic index for the Me. Ext of P. integerrima bark. The therapeutic index of a drug has an indirect relation with the toxicity of drug. Greater the therapeutic index safer will be the drug and vice versa. It has been reported that saponins causes hemolysis of red blood cells (Baumann et al., 2000) . As the preliminary phytochemical study of Me. Ext of bark revealed the presence of saponins , therefore at high concentration the toxic effect of P. integerrima may be due to the presence of high quantity of saponins.

Ext of P. integerrima bark.

It has been reported that saponins causes hemolysis of red blood cells.


In particular, it has been demonstrated that the technological conditions usually applied in industrial plants producing fermented meats can allow the growth of OTA-producing fungal strains, since both thermohygrometric conditions of the environment and chemicophysical parameters of the product do not represent a limiting factor for P. nordicum growth and OTA production [36] . Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the use of starter strains alone (such as P. nalgiovense) cannot be effective in preventing the risk of OTA contamination, if similar levels of toxigenic moulds occur on the casing. In fact, salami where P. nalgiovense and atoxigenic and toxigenic P. nordicum were inoculated showed markedly lower levels of both toxigenic moulds and OTA than salami where only P. nalgiovense and toxigenic P. nordicum were found.

In particular, it has been demonstrated that the technological conditions usually applied in industrial plants producing fermented meats can allow the growth of OTA-producing fungal strains, since both thermohygrometric conditions of the environment and chemicophysical parameters of the product do not represent a limiting factor for P. nordicum growth and OTA production.


The present problem has been solved also by Dennis and Walsh [13] . Their results for the skin friction at the nose are in good agreement with those of Davis and the present results. It is believed however, that for large values of the coordinates their solution is less accurate.

The present problem has been solved also by Dennis and Walsh.


The numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for laminar, incompressible flow past a semi-infinite flat plate has been obtained by van de Vooren and Dijkstra [1] . Later, the numerical method of solution has been improved by Botta and Dijkstra [2] . An-important feature of both investigations is the use of parabolic coordinates which are known to be optimal for the flat plate. The natural extension of the flat plate to other body shapes is the parabolic cylinder, which is the object of the present investigation. The formulation has been chosen such that the flat plate solution arises as a special case of the procedure. The characteristic length of the parabolic cylinder is its nose radius and the Reynolds number R of the flow is based upon this length. The following three cases can be distinguished.

The numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for laminar, incompressible flow past a semi-infinite flat plate has been obtained by van de Vooren and Dijkstra.

Later, the numerical method of solution has been improved by Botta and Dijkstra.


There are two methods for computing pictures of fractals that are attractors of iterated functions systems, the deterministic algorithm and the more efficient "chaos game" algorithm [2] . This paper concerns the chaos game on a general iterated function system (IFS) F defined on a complete metric space (X, d). The iterated function system is "general" in the following sense. The only restriction placed on X is that it is proper, i.e., closed balls are compact.

There are two methods for computing pictures of fractals that are attractors of iterated functions systems, the deterministic algorithm and the more efficient "chaos game" algorithm.


The fruit from treatment without KMnO 4 had higher CO 2 evolution in the three first days after bag removal (Figure 2 ). In this treatment, climacteric rise in the respiration began after bag removal, while in the treated fruit it occurred between the 2 nd and 3 rd days. In all treatments, climacteric peak occurred on the 3 rd day after bag removal, and nontreated fruit had higher CO 2 evolution at the climacteric peak. This higher CO 2 evolution can be explained by the physiological stress caused by high concentration of this gas inside the bag (Figure 1 ), during refrigerated storage (Chitarra & Chitarra, 2005) . Fruit in treatments reached the postclimacteric phase beginning at the 3 rd day, although their peel had not yet reached full yellow coloration (Figure 3 A) .

This higher CO 2 evolution can be explained by the physiological stress caused by high concentration of this gas inside the bag (Figure 1 ), during refrigerated storage.


The copper oxychloride is a fungicide that specifically inhibits or kill fungi underlying diseases for keeping of consuming vegetables and fruits fresh for long periods in supermarkets (Osman et al. 2011) . Hence, consumers and farm workers can be exposed to the fungicide residues in food and water during oral, inhalation, and dermal application (Damalas and Eleftherohorinos 2011) . Understanding the mechanisms of fungicide action and toxicity is significant because humans encounter these pesticides through a broad assortment of applications (Kim et al. 2017) .

The copper oxychloride is a fungicide that specifically inhibits or kill fungi underlying diseases for keeping of consuming vegetables and fruits fresh for long periods in supermarkets.

Hence, consumers and farm workers can be exposed to the fungicide residues in food and water during oral, inhalation, and dermal application.

Understanding the mechanisms of fungicide action and toxicity is significant because humans encounter these pesticides through a broad assortment of applications.


The changing market for public services and the need for intense involvement of the private sector in boosting the capacity of the public sector to provide more and better services have prompted the recurrence of PPPs; this has allowed for a more formal transfer of responsibilities from the state to private sector companies. PPPs bring together the public sector (client) and the private sector (supplier) in a moderate-term to long-term relationship that allows the parties to blend their special skills to serve the needs and interests of the public (Rwelamila et al. 2003; Grimsey and Lewis 2004) . The private sector accepts responsibilities associated with designing, financing, constructing, and operating the facilities while allowing the public sector to perform primary functions in the delivery of services to the citizen. This also implies the transformation toward more efficient ways of delivering public services using private sector skills. Pressure from the public challenged governments to manage public properties more efficiently; to measure performance; to reduce costs and increase productivity; and to provide better services (Milakovich 2006) . The public also opposed a full privatization ideology because they perceived it as a strategy to disengage from the provision of public services (Prefontaine et al. 2000) .

PPPs bring together the public sector (client) and the private sector (supplier) in a moderate-term to long-term relationship that allows the parties to blend their special skills to serve the needs and interests of the public.

Pressure from the public challenged governments to manage public properties more efficiently; to measure performance; to reduce costs and increase productivity; and to provide better services.

The public also opposed a full privatization ideology because they perceived it as a strategy to disengage from the provision of public services.


Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a specific subtype of hematopoietic stem cell that has been isolated from the peripheral blood of humans [10] [11] [12] . EPCs migrate from the bone marrow to the peripheral circulation where they contribute to the repair of injured endothelium and to the formation of new blood vessels [10, 13] . Hill and colleagues have reported that levels of circulating EPCs may be a prognostic biological marker for vascular function and cumulative cardiovascular risk in male subjects without a history of cardiovascular disease [14] . However, circulating EPCs have not previously been identified in critically ill patients.

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a specific subtype of hematopoietic stem cell that has been isolated from the peripheral blood of humans.

EPCs migrate from the bone marrow to the peripheral circulation where they contribute to the repair of injured endothelium and to the formation of new blood vessels.

Hill and colleagues have reported that levels of circulating EPCs may be a prognostic biological marker for vascular function and cumulative cardiovascular risk in male subjects without a history of cardiovascular disease.


We illustrate this mechanism quantitatively here by considering turbulence in a mean flow with constant shear. The evolution of the turbulence is calculated using a linearised rapid distortion framework (hereafter RDT) that captures the early stages of the lifecycle of the turbulent eddies. RDT considers the distortion of the turbulence by the mean flow, whilst neglecting the nonlin-ear interactions of the turbulence with itself (Batchelor and Proudman 1954) .

RDT considers the distortion of the turbulence by the mean flow, whilst neglecting the nonlin-ear interactions of the turbulence with itself.


In carcinomas, the intracellular PpIX concentration showed a strong negative correlation with the expression of FECH mRNA levels but did not show a correlation with the expression of UROS mRNA. It has been reported that the expression of FECH protein played an important role in PpIX accumulation in human bladder cancer cells [37] . In addition, the levels of FECH mRNA expression in glioblastoma were also found to be lower than those in normal brains [38] . Therefore, the suppression of FECH might contribute to the intracellular accumulation of PpIX in carcinomas. In comparison, in sarcomas, the intracellular PpIX concentration showed a strong positive correlation with the relative UROS mRNA levels but did not show a correlation with the expression of FECH mRNA. To our knowledge, there have been no reports on the correlation between the relative UROS mRNA levels and the intracellular PpIX concentration in human and murine cells. It was considered that the difference in sensitivity to 5-ALA-PDT between carcinomas and sarcomas might be correlated with the differences of the mRNA expression levels of transporters and heme synthesis enzymes of 5-ALA. In future, there is need to be further examined the correlation between the intracellular PpIX concentration and these mRNA levels.

It has been reported that the expression of FECH protein played an important role in PpIX accumulation in human bladder cancer cells.

In addition, the levels of FECH mRNA expression in glioblastoma were also found to be lower than those in normal brains.


Magnetic separation is an important beneficiation process applied in a lot of types of ore, such as manganese, nickel and iron (Dwari et al. 2013) . This is a method to separate and capture fine magnetic particles by the magnetic force acting on the particles in a gradient magnetic field (Satoshi 2002) . Gravity concentration has been accepted as a low-cost and an environmental-friendly process for the separation of minerals (Richards et al. 2000) . The gravimetric separation is the result of relative movement between two or more minerals in response to gravity and one or more other forces (Burt 1999) . However, particle gravity separation is difficult for particle sizes below 0.100 mm (Galvin et al. 2010; Traore et al. 1995) .

Magnetic separation is an important beneficiation process applied in a lot of types of ore, such as manganese, nickel and iron.

This is a method to separate and capture fine magnetic particles by the magnetic force acting on the particles in a gradient magnetic field.

Gravity concentration has been accepted as a low-cost and an environmental-friendly process for the separation of minerals.

The gravimetric separation is the result of relative movement between two or more minerals in response to gravity and one or more other forces.

However, particle gravity separation is difficult for particle sizes below 0.100 mm.


During the cutting step, it is estimated that approximately 20-25 % of the total granite block is lost (Saboya et al. 2007; Vijayalakshmi et al. 2013) . In Brazil, in 2007, approximately 1.8 million tons of wastes was generated by this sector (Silva et al. 2011) . In this step, the waste is composed of water, lime, steel shot and rock particles. After drying, this residue becomes dust, and it is classified as hazardous waste because of the amount of soluble iron. Generally, it is deposited in outdoor piles or in rivers, without any type of treatment (Silva et al. 2011; Binicia et al. 2008) . The presence of iron in the granite waste is a consequence of the cutting process, where steel shots, a source of iron, are frequently added during this stage.

During the cutting step, it is estimated that approximately 20-25 % of the total granite block is lost.

In Brazil, in 2007, approximately 1.8 million tons of wastes was generated by this sector.

Generally, it is deposited in outdoor piles or in rivers, without any type of treatment.


Benchmarking methods for binning and other tasks in metagenomics, such as assembly and profiling, is crucial for both users and method developers. The former need to determine the most suitable programs and parametrizations for particular applications and data sets, and the latter need to compare their novel or improved method with existing ones. When lacking evaluation software or standardized metrics, both need to individually invest considerable effort in assessing methods. CAMI is a community-driven initiative aiming to tackle this problem by establishing evaluation standards and best practices, including the design of benchmark data sets and performance metrics [1, 2] . Here, we describe AMBER, an evaluation package for the comparative assessment of genome binning reconstructions from metagenome benchmark data sets. It implements all metrics decided by the community to be most relevant for assessing the quality of genome reconstructions in the first CAMI challenge and is applicable to arbitrary benchmark data sets. AMBER automatically generates binning quality assessments outputs in flat files, as summary tables, rankings, and as visualizations in images and an interactive HTML page. It complements the popular CheckM software that assesses genome bin quality on real metagenome samples based on sets of single-copy marker genes [3] .

CAMI is a community-driven initiative aiming to tackle this problem by establishing evaluation standards and best practices, including the design of benchmark data sets and performance metrics.

It complements the popular CheckM software that assesses genome bin quality on real metagenome samples based on sets of single-copy marker genes.


The cryptic growth mechanism is based on the reutilization of intracellular compounds that are released during cell lysis. This organic autochthonous substrate is reused in microbial metabolism, and a portion of the carbon is liberated as products of respiration, which results in an overall reduction of the biomass production (Mason and Hamer, 1987) . Cell lysis and consequential cryptic growth could be promoted using physical, chemical and combined methods to reduce sludge production. Conventional inorganic oxidation such as chlorination can provide sludge solubilization, cell lysis and thus sludge reduction by 65% (Saby et al., 2002) . The reduction of sludge production can achieve 20-50% using ultrasonic disintegration, which enhances the disaggregation of biological flocs and increases the biodegradability of the sludge (Pilli et al., 2011) .

This organic autochthonous substrate is reused in microbial metabolism, and a portion of the carbon is liberated as products of respiration, which results in an overall reduction of the biomass production.

Conventional inorganic oxidation such as chlorination can provide sludge solubilization, cell lysis and thus sludge reduction by 65%.

The reduction of sludge production can achieve 20-50% using ultrasonic disintegration, which enhances the disaggregation of biological flocs and increases the biodegradability of the sludge.


The addition of folic acid in the WWTP serves the particular function to regulate 1-carbon metabolism (Anderl, 1987) . In systems that are deficient in folic acid, metabolic processes would occur at a significantly lower rate. The addition of folic acid promotes fast metabolic activity in the activated sludge process, which results in a decrease in the daily sludge growth (Strunkheide, 2004) . Operational data evaluated in more than 60 municipal and industrial WWTPs in North and South America have confirmed that the addition of folic acid reduced the production of excess sludge by approximately 50% (Senörer and Barlas, 2004) . Initial operational testing with this product in Germany has supported the possibility of a reduction of excess sludge on the order of 30 -60% (Strunkheide, 2004) .

The addition of folic acid in the WWTP serves the particular function to regulate 1-carbon metabolism.

The addition of folic acid promotes fast metabolic activity in the activated sludge process, which results in a decrease in the daily sludge growth.

Operational data evaluated in more than 60 municipal and industrial WWTPs in North and South America have confirmed that the addition of folic acid reduced the production of excess sludge by approximately 50%.

Initial operational testing with this product in Germany has supported the possibility of a reduction of excess sludge on the order of 30 -60%.


Parametric cubic curves are popular in CAD applications because these are the lowest degree curves that allow inflection points (where curvature is zero). Such curves are suitable for the composition of G 2 blending curves. The Bézier form of a parametric cubic curve is mostly used in CAD and CAGD applications because of its geometric and numerical properties. Many authors have advocated their use in different applications like data fitting and font design. A fair curve should have curvature extrema only where explicitly desired by the designer. The importance of using fair curves in the design process is well documented in the literature [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .

The importance of using fair curves in the design process is well documented in the literature.


Aspects of TL have been widely studied in various theoretical as well as experimental applications upto present date specially for the developing dosimetry applications technique (Gokce, Oguz, Karali, & Prokic, 2009; Lawless, Chen, & Pagonis, 2009; Salah, Sahare, & Rupasov, 2007; Weiss, Horowitz, & Oster, 2008) . TL has been demonstrated to be a trustworthy technique for different kinds of traps detectors in semiconductors or insulator materials and dosimeters applications. It is an important and convenient method for investigating, nature of traps, depth of traps and trapping levels present in different kind of solids (Falcony, Garcia, Ortiz, & Alonso, 1992; Mckeever, 1986) . Different kinds of phosphor materials having TL property, means they emit light (in the form of photons) that can be best described by a TL glow curve.

Aspects of TL have been widely studied in various theoretical as well as experimental applications upto present date specially for the developing dosimetry applications technique.

It is an important and convenient method for investigating, nature of traps, depth of traps and trapping levels present in different kind of solids.


Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide and disproportionately affect children, who have an average of two to seven ARIs each year [1] . Enteroviruses (EVs) -family Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus-are small, non-enveloped, and possess a single-stranded positive (messenger)-sense RNA genome of~7.4 kb. Historically, these viruses were characterized by physical features such as stability or lability to acid pH, insensitivity to nonionic detergents, and resistance to ether, chloroform, and alcohol. For the most part, molecular characterization and taxonomic analysis of picornavirus genomes have replaced physical characterization and has led to the current classification scheme [2] [3] [4] . EVs are classified into seven species (EVA-D and rhinoviruses [RHVs] A-C), according to their genotypic and antigenic characteristics. Throughout the remainder of this report, EV will refer to only EVA, EVB, EVC, and EVD species and not the RHV species.

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide and disproportionately affect children, who have an average of two to seven ARIs each year.

For the most part, molecular characterization and taxonomic analysis of picornavirus genomes have replaced physical characterization and has led to the current classification scheme.


More generally, it is easy to build test cases where one variant behaves poorly, or even fails. Figure 3 presents two such cases. In the first case, the decomposition makes subdomains very slender and prone to buckling (assuming large transformations). In that case, the method may converge (slowly) to a suboptimal solution [21] . In the second case, the decomposition amplifies the initial deformation, and assuming damageable behavior, subdomains may fail even if the global problem was well-posed.

Figure 3 presents two such cases.

In that case, the method may converge (slowly) to a suboptimal solution.


However the method suffers from several drawbacks. First, the performance depends on the chosen boundary condition, which is a strong difference with the linear case. Second, the shape of the subdomains plays an even greater role than in the linear case, since it can trigger unphysical nonlinear effects. Third, in the case of localized nonlinearity, the method makes it possible to concentrate computations on the nonlinear subdomains but linear subdomains are then inactive, leading to poor load balancing (but potential power saving when idling processors enter standby mode). The question of load balancing will be addressed in future work when a more capable implementation is available. Typically we believe that it will be possible to propose an efficient strategy by encompassing the nonlinear problem in a mesh/substructuring adaption loop when a guaranteed precision is required by the user [38] .

Typically we believe that it will be possible to propose an efficient strategy by encompassing the nonlinear problem in a mesh/substructuring adaption loop when a guaranteed precision is required by the user.


The aim of the present study was to determine the cytotoxicity of a new generation of impression dental materials on Balb/c 3T3 cells (a permanent cell line) and human gingival fibroblasts (a finite cell line) cultured in vitro. Balb/c 3T3 cells are easy to maintain, grow quickly, show good reproducibility and they are simple replicating systems without the specific metabolic potential that the target cells have in vivo. Moreover continuous lines are sensitive and useful to test and classify the toxic effect of different materials [26] . Human gingival fibroblasts cultured are characterized by high degree of differentiation and even if they are less homogenous and sensitive than permanent cell lines, they are more comparable in their reaction pattern to oral cavity. Human gingival fibroblasts retain specialized features and can represent a good simulation of in vivo conditions, particularly in the case of impression material retention [27] . Figure 1A shows the direct effect of vinylpolysiloxane impression materials: Elite H-D Putty and Elite H-D Light Body on Balb/c 3T3 proliferation evaluated at the 12th and at the 24th hour in culture. The proliferation is unaffected by the presence of Elite H-D Putty at the 12th and at the 24th hour of culture. The Elite H-D Light Body induces slight inhibition only at the 24th hour, 14% ± 6%. The Express Putty does not induce a significant inhibitory effect. On the contrary, the Express Light Body induces clear inhibition, 62% ± 10% only at the 24th hour ( Figure 1B ).

Moreover continuous lines are sensitive and useful to test and classify the toxic effect of different materials.

Human gingival fibroblasts retain specialized features and can represent a good simulation of in vivo conditions, particularly in the case of impression material retention.


Concrete is considered as heterogeneous composites whose mechanical performance is much related with the microstructure of material. The composite behavior of concrete is exceedingly complex and up to now many details such as strain softening, microcrack propagation, failure mechanisms, and size effects are still far from being fully understood. Since it is difficult to look inside concrete to observe the actual crack propagation or to experimentally determine the microscopic stress field, it has become obvious that further progress based exclusively on experimental studies will be limited [1] .

Since it is difficult to look inside concrete to observe the actual crack propagation or to experimentally determine the microscopic stress field, it has become obvious that further progress based exclusively on experimental studies will be limited.


Design Level -To capture the information in a way that is both standard for the analyst and easy to process in further steps, a UML profile was defined (Ponsard et al., 2015) . This profile enhances the analysis process of a Cloud application with energy awareness both for the development of a new application or the migration of an existing application to the Cloud. It also enables the automated deployment of measurement probes to monitor the specified Key Performance Indicators (KPI) and report them at the GQM level.

Design Level -To capture the information in a way that is both standard for the analyst and easy to process in further steps, a UML profile was defined.


The main difference between the physical sciences and machine learning can be explained by the difference between deduction and induction. Physical sciences is deduction: where a very general formula is applied to a particular case. The basics of newtonian physics when applied to a particular aircraft geometry give us inertial loads. The basics of aerodynamics when applied to particular set of aircraft geometry and aircraft states give out aerodynamic pressures. Physical sciences take global rules and apply them to local configurations, whereas machine learning is induction [9] . It looks at local features and data, tries to find similarity measures between them and gives a global formula for the environment. For this reason machine learning algorithms perform better in presence of more and more data. Unfortunately, gathering highly accurate data for physical systems is a costly exercise. Highly accurate CFD simulations may run for weeks and flight test campaigns cost millions of dollars. In this regard there is a dichotomy between these two fields of science, where machine learning needs more data for good performance but procuring data from physical systems is a costly exercise. In this work we consider using prior information of relationships between several outputs thereby effectively increasing the number of data-points.

Physical sciences take global rules and apply them to local configurations, whereas machine learning is induction.


After the U.S. government mandated meaningful use of electronic health records (EHRs) by 2014, they have been widely adopted with 96% of health care providers implementing an EHR [1] . Patient interactions with the health care system are recorded in the EHR. Many research analyses treat the EHR as a static document by taking a snapshot of a patient`s EHR and using this for downstream analyses. This fails to account for the way a patient changes over time, their trajectory.

After the U.S. government mandated meaningful use of electronic health records (EHRs) by 2014, they have been widely adopted with 96% of health care providers implementing an EHR.


Trajectories have been used to model multistage dynamic decision processes (DMP) in discrete optimization problems [15] . In Algebraic Logical Meta-Model (ALMM) the state of the system in a certain time depends on the previous state, undertaken decision and transition function. This concept allows to easily describe the state of the patient at a particular time, with specific actions taken (e.g. application of medication) to manage the response to previous events within the progression of a disease.

Trajectories have been used to model multistage dynamic decision processes (DMP) in discrete optimization problems.


Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation techniques have been frequently used in many applications such as radar, sonar, astronomy and wireless communications [1] [2] [3] [4] . Among these applications, most arrays are linear or planar structures with uniformly polarized antenna elements. Antenna arrays with diverse polarization have some inherent advantages over uniformly polarized arrays since they are capable of discriminating signals based on their polarization characteristics. For example, they have been used in radar systems to improve clutter rejection, to discriminate between different types of targets and to reject main lobe interferences. Furthermore, polarization diversity can improve the robustness to channel fading in wireless communications.

Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation techniques have been frequently used in many applications such as radar, sonar, astronomy and wireless communications.


As discussed above, the existence of a spectrum of Lyapunov exponents immediately brings to mind Pesin's theorem and the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy one gets by adding up the positive ones. This raises the important question of the meaning of the KS entropy in large N quantum systems and in their holographic duals. Suggestions for definitions of quantum KS entropy have been made in the literature [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] . These should certainly be explored further given recent developments. We would expect any entropy, including the KS entropy, to be proportional to N 2 , sharpening the question mentioned above.

Suggestions for definitions of quantum KS entropy have been made in the literature.


For the sake of simplicity, the energy losses associated with the drives and transmission systems were neglected. Mechanical energy available at the substrate-tool interface was partitioned in to heat and deformation component required for local plastic deformation [10, 11] . The heat input at the interface gets dissipated predominantly by conduction.

Mechanical energy available at the substrate-tool interface was partitioned in to heat and deformation component required for local plastic deformation.


With the development of the biodiesel industry, new breakthroughs have been made each year using different microbial species and bioengineering techniques to convert waste glycerol to value-added products. There are several excellent reviews published in the past several years with a focus on specific products, microbial species, or chemical catalytic processes [1, 6, 9, 14, 15] . In this review, the glycerol metabolic pathways of representative bacterial and yeast species will be comprehensively discussed. This includes the capability of various microbial species to convert glycerol to value-added chemicals addressed in terms of yield, productivity and final concentration. We also introduced and discussed microbial electrochemical technologies that may be used as a strategy for generating value-added chemicals as well as electrical energy directly from glycerol.

There are several excellent reviews published in the past several years with a focus on specific products, microbial species, or chemical catalytic processes.


The main characteristic that relates a variety to the pruning system is the bud fertility, understanding the bud fertility as the number of inflorescences per shoot. The varieties that show high fertility in the basal buds, can be pruned using the Cordon de Royat pruning. On the other hand, other varieties show a rising fertility from the basal to the fourth or fifth bud, in this type of varieties the Guyot pruning shows better agronomical behavior (HUETE, 2000) .

On the other hand, other varieties show a rising fertility from the basal to the fourth or fifth bud, in this type of varieties the Guyot pruning shows better agronomical behavior.


This study investigates the relationship between head rotation and glance behavior during static and on-road driving. The distributions of head rotations (Figure 1) illustrates divergent relationships between head position and eye glance locations while driving compared to behaviors in a stationary car. In particular, using only glances to the center stack and the forward roadway, the dynamic trials showed more overlapping of head rotation range in comparison to the static trials. This implies that drivers were more likely to keep their heads oriented towards the road while glancing to the center stack, and that movement data generated in non-driving applications may not useful in the development of models aimed to predict eye movements. Machine-learning techniques were employed to examine the predictive value of head rotation for glance location at an individual level. A total of six classifiers from a wide range of data interpretation techniques were used to detect patterns in head rotation data. Substantial performance gains were observed when using a balanced training dataset. HMMs performed the best with accuracy of 83%. All of the modeling approaches provided results that were well in excess of chance findings, suggesting that head rotation data is a fairly robust predictive signal. Given the limited number of glances to the center stack (<5% of the total glances recorded) captured during short, simple tasks, model performance may be best considered as a lower bound on the possible predictive quality. Given the time series nature of more complex glance allocation strategies and performance of the HMM, higher predictive accuracies may be achievable. The scope of this study was limited to classifying only two glance objects (i.e., forward and center stack) in a previously collected and annotated dataset. Subsequent work may wish to consider model performance across a larger and perhaps more spatially diverse set of glance objects with data drawn from a larger population of drivers. Further, efforts should assess the predictive power of head rotation data for certain types of glances such as those that are of longer duration and linked to greater risk of collision (Victor, 2014) . Overall, this work suggests that head rotation data, a feature that can be recorded with commercially available sensors, may provide a potentially lower cost and reasonable estimate of attention allocation compared to eye tracking data. Further study of head movements as a means to predict safety critical off-road glances to regions frequently associated with in-vehicle distractions appears warranted.

Further, efforts should assess the predictive power of head rotation data for certain types of glances such as those that are of longer duration and linked to greater risk of collision.


We feel that our findings have important implications for self-regulation and negotiation research. In a bargaining scenario with the potential to integrate through logrolling, dyads that mentally contrasted over a goal to do their best achieved greater and more equitable joint agreements than dyads that merely indulged, dwelled, or negotiated, respectively. In general, self-regulation is integral to effective bargaining, but relatively little attention has been paid to the application of self-regulatory strategies in negotiation (Bazerman et al., 2000) . Despite the specific nature of logrolling, we feel that the general self-regulatory benefits of mental contrastingstrong goal commitment and discrimination among feasible vs. unfeasible outcomescan be effectively applied to other negotiation scenarios. We also feel that mental contrasting has the potential to engender positive negotiation behaviors such as perspective-taking and information exchange, but more research must be done to determine the mediating effects of mental contrasting, as well as its relationship with potential moderators. In addition, we suggest that the poor performance of dwellers may have been due to the elaboration of only the present negative reality, which activated competitive expectations without strong goal commitment, leading to increased concession-making and sub-optimal agreement.

In general, self-regulation is integral to effective bargaining, but relatively little attention has been paid to the application of self-regulatory strategies in negotiation.


The classic example of two sisters splitting an orange is a good illustration of the potential of integrative bargaining, as well as its elusiveness (Follett, 1940) . Two sisters both want an orange, and they compromise by cutting the orange in half. What they would have discovered had they discussed it, however, is that one sister wanted the pulp for juice, and the other wanted the peel for a cake. Discovering that they each wanted different aspects of the orange would have helped the sisters to split the orange in a way that each gets the most individual utility out of the agreement. In bargaining there are often opportunities to increase the total utility of an agreement, but still these IJCMA 22,4 opportunities may be missed. What could the two sisters have done before splitting the orange to discover an integrative solution? Before we can discuss ways to facilitate an integrative agreement, we must first define it.

The classic example of two sisters splitting an orange is a good illustration of the potential of integrative bargaining, as well as its elusiveness.


In cost cutting and compensation, one party does not retreat from the proposed position, but instead makes an agreement more attractive for the other party. The remaining two forms of integrative agreement, bridging and logrolling, require both parties to change their positions in order to agree (Pruitt, 1981) . In bridging, a new option is developed that meets each side's primary needs. For example, if a husband and wife plan a vacation, and the husband wants to go to sight-see in New York, but his wife wants to camp near the Delaware Water Gap, a bridging solution would be to go to San Francisco, which has both city options and easy access to camp grounds and hiking trails. In this case, both sides make minor concessions, but a new solution is found that meets each sides main concerns.

The remaining two forms of integrative agreement, bridging and logrolling, require both parties to change their positions in order to agree.


There are four general ways to reach an integrative agreement: cutting the costs of one party, compensating one party for costs incurred, bridging the two parties' positions (commonly referred to as "expanding the pie"), and logrolling (Pruitt, 1981) . When one party wishes to entice a concession from the other, she may attempt to cut the costs of her partner's concession, without substantially hurting her own outcome. A common cost-cutting tactic is to protect the other party's image, to help one's partner "save face," when a concession may lead to diminished status, a sense of rejection, or a sense of reduced freedom (Pruitt, 1981) . Encouraging a partner that her concessions are in her best interest, or that she has participated in the decision to concede, versus conceding due to pressure, are examples. One party can also try to compensate the other for costs of a concession, either in the same general category (homologous), or in another area altogether (substitute) (Pruitt, 1981) . Swapping a book in exchange for another is an example of homologous compensation. A cash settlement for medical malpractice is an example of substitute compensation.

There are four general ways to reach an integrative agreement: cutting the costs of one party, compensating one party for costs incurred, bridging the two parties' positions (commonly referred to as "expanding the pie"), and logrolling.

A common cost-cutting tactic is to protect the other party's image, to help one's partner "save face," when a concession may lead to diminished status, a sense of rejection, or a sense of reduced freedom.

One party can also try to compensate the other for costs of a concession, either in the same general category (homologous), or in another area altogether (substitute).


To measure subjective negotiation style, after answering the SVO, participants responded to a six-item questionnaire designed to assess their subjective understanding of their bargaining style. Participants responded on a seven-item Likert scale, how "effective," "rational," "emotional," "experienced," "assertive," and "self-interested" they are when bargaining (Kray and Hasselhuhn, 2007) . After responding to these items, participants were introduced to the bargaining task.

Participants responded on a seven-item Likert scale, how "effective," "rational," "emotional," "experienced," "assertive," and "self-interested" they are when bargaining.


We want to emphasize that we do not assume that the actions are simplicial, the cube complexes are locally compact, nor finite dimensional. For simplicial actions, the conclusion is not new since it follows from Theorem 1.4 and the following theorem. Theorem 1.6 (Niblo-Reeves, [10] ). If a group with property (T) acts on a complete CAT(0) cube complex by simplicial isometries, then it has a common fixed point.

Theorem 1.6 (Niblo-Reeves,).


Social networking websites are virtual communities which allow people to connect and interact with each other on a particular subject or to just "hang out" together on line (Murray, Waller 2007) . Membership of online social networks has recently exploded at an exponential rate. For example, the market share of the top 20 social network ing websites grew by 11.5 percent from January 2007 to February 2007, social network website activity account ed for 6.5 percent of all Internet traffic in February 2007 (Hitwise 2007) . Indeed, the popularity of social networking sites is highly demonstrable by the number of people using them. It is also measured by the amount of interactions per user taking place on the network. Since social interac tions and connection is the objective of online social net works, it is more appropriate to consider the use of online social networks as collective social action (Cheung, Lee 2010; Ordóñez de Pablos 2002; Rodriguez Pérez, Ordóñez de Pablos 2003; Zhao, Ordóñez de Pablos 2010a , 2010b Stachová, Stacho 2010) .

Social networking websites are virtual communities which allow people to connect and interact with each other on a particular subject or to just "hang out" together on line.

For example, the market share of the top 20 social network ing websites grew by 11.5 percent from January 2007 to February 2007, social network website activity account ed for 6.5 percent of all Internet traffic in February 2007.

Since social interac tions and connection is the objective of online social net works, it is more appropriate to consider the use of online social networks as collective social action.