To address the above issues, we propose a novel manifold adaptive kernel semisupervised discriminant analysis (MAKSDA) algorithm for gait recognition in this paper. First, we reformulate the optimal objective function of SDA using the discrepancy criterion rather than the ratio criterion, so that the singular problem can be avoided. Second, the discrepancy-based SDA is extended to the nonlinear case through kernel trick [26] . Meanwhile, the discriminative manifold adaptive kernel function is proposed to enhance the learning capability of the MAKSDA. Finally, experimental results on gait recognition are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Second, the discrepancy-based SDA is extended to the nonlinear case through kernel trick.


We also conduct an in-depth investigation of the performance of Gabor-based feature with respect to different parameters, such as the number of scales and orientations of Gabor features. In this study, we adopt the default settings; that is, we have 40 Gabor kernel functions from five scales ] ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} and eight orientations ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. By using MAKSDA algorithm, we test the performance of Gabor-based feature under different parameters, in which we still adopt the nearest neighbor classifier with the distance defined in (39) for fair comparison. The average Rank-1 and Rank-5 recognition accuracies of Gabor-based feature with different parameters are shown in Table 3 . As can be seen, the recognition accuracies using the default parameter setting (i.e., five scales and eight orientations) are unanimously better than using other parameter settings, which is consistent with recent studies from several other research groups [13] .

As can be seen, the recognition accuracies using the default parameter setting (i.e., five scales and eight orientations) are unanimously better than using other parameter settings, which is consistent with recent studies from several other research groups.


Beside the updated (UL) and total (TL) Lagrangian formulation, the co-rotational (CR) finite element (FE) formulations represent an efficient approach to handle large non-linear deformations of flexible structures. As it allows a relatively straightforward upgrade of the finite elements for linear analysis to the finite elements for geometrically non-linear analysis, the co-rotational approach has attracted significant interest over the past years [1] . The main idea of the approach is to decompose the total motion of each finite element into a rigid-body rotation and a moderate deformational part, which can be measured within a local element coordinate frame. The local frame can be defined at an arbitrary point of the element. It is attached to the element and performs the same rigidbody rotation and translation as the element itself. Material deformational response is determined with respect to this local frame, while geometric non-linearities are accounted for by means of the large rigid-body rotation. For sufficiently small local strains, the constant strain-displacement matrix can be applied [2] .

As it allows a relatively straightforward upgrade of the finite elements for linear analysis to the finite elements for geometrically non-linear analysis, the co-rotational approach has attracted significant interest over the past years.

For sufficiently small local strains, the constant strain-displacement matrix can be applied.


A very good agreement between the results from ABAQUS and the proposed CR formulation validates the high accuracy of the presented approach. It was also demonstrated that the computational effort could be significantly reduced by using large load increments. This fact particularly gains importance if the method is used in combination with the advantages of modern hardware tools [16] . The problems in the field of structural mechanics with large rigid-body rotation and with relatively large strains can be efficiently solved using the projector matrix. With those properties, the presented formulation could be embedded into the software packages for multi-body system simulation to provide a greater versatility compared to existing solutions in describing flexible bodies undergoing large rigid-body rotation.

This fact particularly gains importance if the method is used in combination with the advantages of modern hardware tools.


The CBF pathway in plants is widely reportedly as activated under cold stress [47] . Overexpression of CBFs enhances osmolyte accumulation, reduces plants growth rates, and enhances abiotic stress tolerance [48] . In our study, expression levels of CBF1 and CBF2 in W16-13 exceeded those in other three wucai genotypes at 8/2 • C (d/n) of low temperature conditions ( Figure 14) ; however, SW-3 of the same high PIabs was not activated by low temperature nor regulated by CBF1 and CBF2, perhaps because the anti-cold nature of SW-3 itself was not regulated by the CBF gene. ICE1 is a positive regulator of CBF3 and plays a key role in how Arabidopsis adapts to environmental changes [49] . Overexpression of ICE1 in cucumber induces expression of cold-induced genes, and it may trigger the accumulation of soluble sugars and free proline and slow the rate of MDA accumulation [50] . The elevated expression of ICE1 in the high-PIabs genotypes (W16-13 and SW-3) suggests these seedlings benefited from less electrolyte leakage and could better regulate their osmotic potential and osmotic stress under cold stress. Temperature-induced lipocalins (TIL) and chloroplastic lipocalins (CHL) are plasmalemma-localized proteins also responsive to environmental stresses [51] . The role of TIL in tolerance to cold has been demonstrated in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing TIL [52] . Other studies have shown that chloroplastic lipocalin (CHL) may perform a similar role in the protection of plastidial membranes during stress by interacting with chloroplast lipids [53] . We found that high-PIabs (W16-13 and SW-3) had the highest CHL expression under low temperature, but those of the low-PIabs genotypes (LS-6 and W15-16) and SW-3 had similar TIL expression, perhaps because the expression levels of TIL genes were not activated or very weak at low temperature.

The CBF pathway in plants is widely reportedly as activated under cold stress.

Overexpression of CBFs enhances osmolyte accumulation, reduces plants growth rates, and enhances abiotic stress tolerance.

ICE1 is a positive regulator of CBF3 and plays a key role in how Arabidopsis adapts to environmental changes.

Overexpression of ICE1 in cucumber induces expression of cold-induced genes, and it may trigger the accumulation of soluble sugars and free proline and slow the rate of MDA accumulation.

Temperature-induced lipocalins (TIL) and chloroplastic lipocalins (CHL) are plasmalemma-localized proteins also responsive to environmental stresses.

The role of TIL in tolerance to cold has been demonstrated in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing TIL.

Other studies have shown that chloroplastic lipocalin (CHL) may perform a similar role in the protection of plastidial membranes during stress by interacting with chloroplast lipids.


Our population of male BC revealed that 98.8% of tumours were positive for at least one hormone receptor; this figure is similar to the current literature. In previous studies, the fraction of positive tumours for ER ranged from 78.9% to 94.3% and for PR ranged from 76.8% to 89.2% (supplementary Table S1 , available at Annals of Oncology online) [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . The few studies which analysed HER2 status demonstrated that the vast majority of the tumours were HER2 negative. The absence of overexpression was found in 44%-99% of tumours (supplementary Table S2 , available at Annals of Oncology online) [2, [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] . Our study observed that 68 tumours were HER2 negative out of 72 tumours tested (94.4%). Only four patients (5.6%) were HER2 positive. This result was different from female BC because HER2 is amplified and over-expressed in ∼15%-20% of cases [35, 36] .

In previous studies, the fraction of positive tumours for ER ranged from 78.9% to 94.3% and for PR ranged from 76.8% to 89.2% (supplementary Table S1 , available at Annals of Oncology online).

The absence of overexpression was found in 44%-99% of tumours (supplementary Table S2 , available at Annals of Oncology online).

This result was different from female BC because HER2 is amplified and over-expressed in ∼15%-20% of cases.


The etiology and pathogenesis of sJIA are poorly understood. The lack of specific biomarkers makes difficult the diagnosis and differentiation from other febrile conditions, and, therefore, the development of new diagnostic tests is highly desirable. The availability of wholegenome gene-expression analysis technology has allowed the discovery of sJIA-specific gene-expression signatures, opening a window into disease pathogenesis and diagnosis [14, 21, 22] .

The availability of wholegenome gene-expression analysis technology has allowed the discovery of sJIA-specific gene-expression signatures, opening a window into disease pathogenesis and diagnosis.


Today, alternate uses for the land often seem to offer greater returns than livestock grazing. Mining, cultivation, and nature-based recreation are common competing land uses around the world. Where land is irrigable in the USA, it is almost always farmed and has long been so though technological advances in irrigation methods feed expansion of cultivated lands. Mining is an encroachment on rangelands that is gaining worldwide attention and is a major competitor for US rangelands. Recreation and tourism are growing and provide income to landowners and governments. In the USA, many recreationists have urban roots and may fear or dislike livestock. The expansion of residential areas into US rangelands brings pastoralism under new kinds of scrutiny as new neighbors are drawn to recreate on nearby lands and expect to be shielded from agricultural activities, wildfires, and other natural hazards. In an era of mass extinction, rangelands are looked to as refugia, and 'the marginal lands that were previously the province of pastoralists are increasingly coming into focus as reserves of biodiversity' (Blench 2001) . Large areas of US public rangeland have been withdrawn from grazing or had reductions in grazing in order to be managed for wildlife and nature-based recreation. Can mobile pastoralism persist under such conditions?

In an era of mass extinction, rangelands are looked to as refugia, and 'the marginal lands that were previously the province of pastoralists are increasingly coming into focus as reserves of biodiversity'.


Pastoralism is in decline in the USA. As we learn more about the roles of ranching and grazing in creating and maintaining habitat at local and landscape scales, it behooves us to be concerned that the 'supply' of pastoralists is in danger (Brunson and Huntsinger 2008) . Once removed, it may be that returning grazing to an ecosystem is impossible or prohibitive. Removing grazing from government lands may result in a permanent loss of valuable range and habitat, as ranches are sold and lands are developed as part of a westwide expansion of second homes and residential development (Sulak and Huntsinger 2007) . Maintaining grazing on government lands without consideration of planning and protection for private lands may leave ranchers literally without a 'home'.

Pastoralism is in decline in the USA.

As we learn more about the roles of ranching and grazing in creating and maintaining habitat at local and landscape scales, it behooves us to be concerned that the 'supply' of pastoralists is in danger.

Removing grazing from government lands may result in a permanent loss of valuable range and habitat, as ranches are sold and lands are developed as part of a westwide expansion of second homes and residential development.


Mars is an intriguing destination within the solar system as a possible host for past life or the presence of life-essential building blocks. This makes our close neighbour an enticing candidate for remote exploration. For the past 50 years, several missions have been sent to Mars (Fig. 1 ) to collect data in the hope of further our understanding of the universe, each with varying success. The NASA Mariner missions during the mid-1960's brought the first close-up images of the Martian surface from orbit, along with atmospheric and temperature data. Additional orbiter data were provided by the U.S.S.R. "Mars" missions in the early 1970's, along with a successful landing on the surface in 1971. The Mars 3 lander was equipped with sensor equipment and an autonomous rover (PROP-M), which was a very promising mission [1] . Unfortunately, the lander was only operational for about 14.5s before ceasing transmissions [2] .

The Mars 3 lander was equipped with sensor equipment and an autonomous rover (PROP-M), which was a very promising mission.

Unfortunately, the lander was only operational for about 14.5s before ceasing transmissions.


Chlamydia psittaci is a causative agent of psittacosis, systemic diseases inpsittacine birds which can be of acute, protracted, chronic, or subclinical manifestation and which represents the most important animal chlamydiosis of zoonotic character (Goellner et al., 2006) . The Chlamydiaceae are etiological agents of many important human and animal diseases. Formerly called Chlamydia, with only two recognized species 25 years ago (C. trachomatis and C. psittaci), the family now contains nine species divided into two genera, Chlamydia and Chlamydophila (Bush & Everett, 2001) . From 2005 to 2009, 66 human cases of psittacosis were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Smith et al., 2005) . C. psittaci is currently grouped into seven avian genotypes (A through F and a newly identified genotype, E/B) and two non avian genotypes (M56 and WC). Recent reclassification of C. psittaci has resulted in the separation of C. abortus and C. caviae into distinct species, although these species are genetically closely related (Van Loock et al., 2003) .

Chlamydia psittaci is a causative agent of psittacosis, systemic diseases inpsittacine birds which can be of acute, protracted, chronic, or subclinical manifestation and which represents the most important animal chlamydiosis of zoonotic character.

Formerly called Chlamydia, with only two recognized species 25 years ago (C. trachomatis and C. psittaci), the family now contains nine species divided into two genera, Chlamydia and Chlamydophila.

From 2005 to 2009, 66 human cases of psittacosis were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Recent reclassification of C. psittaci has resulted in the separation of C. abortus and C. caviae into distinct species, although these species are genetically closely related.


Co-digestion of a 1:1 mixture of food waste and human waste requires a household with at least 19, 38 and 47 members and food waste of 9.5, 19 and 23.5 kg/day for feeding a 2 500, 5 000 and 6 250 L/day capacity bio-digester respectively. Based on the average amount of food waste generated by a South African household and the average household size, there is insufficient kitchen and human waste for feeding a domestic bio-digesters per household. A community digester in a peri-urban area/informal settlement is recommended, due to the availability of both food and human waste. In terms of water availability (Figures 6 and 7) , non-sewered households generate sufficient greywater for feeding a domestic biogas digester for cooking purposes (2 500L/day/bio-digester). Grey water is therefore recommended over drinking water. Water consumption by non-sewered South African households with access to on-and off-site water supply is approximately 200L/day and 105 L/day respectively (Carden et al., 2007) . In cases where greywater is insufficient, augmentation with harvested storm water or water from nearby rivers, dams and streams is recommended.

Water consumption by non-sewered South African households with access to on-and off-site water supply is approximately 200L/day and 105 L/day respectively.


Maritime transportation is today considered to be the most energy efficient means of transportation when considering fuel consumption per ton goods (Rodrigue et al. (2006) ). However, only in recent years have energy optimization of container ships and especially their subsystems gained the appropriate attention when building and modifying such ships. One of the subsystems that shows significant potential when it comes to energy optimization is the cooling system for the main engine and auxiliary components. Today, the cooling systems used onboard several classes of container ships are typically controlled manually with the assistance of a few simple controllers. This means that the pumps in this type of cooling system are used excessively, and that operating conditions for the consumers in the cooling system are not necessarily optimal. To deal with these shortcomings it is desired to introduce a control scheme that is not only optimal in terms of energy consumption, but also able to ensure optimal operating conditions for the consumers in the cooling system. This paper concerns the construction of a model for the marine cooling system that can be used for controller design and simulation. Later work will deal with design and verification of controllers based on the models derived here.

Maritime transportation is today considered to be the most energy efficient means of transportation when considering fuel consumption per ton goods).


Our results open up new possibilities for heterotic string model building and they put heterotic half-flat compactifications on a more solid theoretical basis. It would be interesting to study the lift of these solutions to heterotic M-theory [31] [32] [33] . We also hope to follow up this work by studying heterotic models based on explicit classes of half-flat manifolds.

It would be interesting to study the lift of these solutions to heterotic M-theory.


Finally, we have obtained a class of solutions consisting of an exact Calabi-Yau three-fold with NS flux, which varies in its moduli space as one moves along the direction y. For the case of purely electric NS-NS flux, they are the natural candidate mirrors for the solutions based on G 2 holonomy manifolds. This is analogous to the original type II mirror symmetry correspondence with NS flux [21] .

This is analogous to the original type II mirror symmetry correspondence with NS flux.


The previous discussion suggests that heterotic models with stable moduli may require compactifications on more general manifolds with SU (3) structure, where some of the "missing" RR flux is replaced by the intrinsic torsion of the manifold. Studying such more general backgrounds for heterotic compactifications is the main purpose of the present paper. One such class of compactifications has been identified early on by Strominger [6] . To obtain this class a maximally symmetric four-dimensional space and four preserved supercharges have been assumed. In this case, it turns out that the associated internal six-dimensional manifolds have SU (3) structure and are complex but, in general, no longer Kahler. In the present paper, we will generalize this discussion by relaxing both initial assumptions. We will allow the four-dimensional space to deviate from maximal symmetry, more specifically, we will allow it to be a domain wall, and we will only require two preserved supercharges for the 10-dimensional solution.

One such class of compactifications has been identified early on by Strominger.


We have further generalized this picture to include non-vanishing flux and a non-constant dilaton. In this case, the 10-dimensional space is still a direct product between the 2 + 1-dimensional domain wall word volume and a seven-dimensional space. However, this sevendimensional space now has G 2 structure rather than G 2 holonomy. It can also be thought of as the variation of a six-dimensional manifold along the direction y, where the variation is described by a generalized version of Hitchin's flow equations. The torsion classes of the allowed spaces are constrained by the relations (4.12). In particular, these constraints imply that the six-dimensional manifolds are generalized half-flat and almost complex but, in general, no longer complex. Compared to Strominger's original class of complex, non-Kahler manifolds this opens up many more possibilities. In particular, flux compactifications on half-flat mirror manifolds are based on these solutions. These manifolds constitute a very large set: one such manifold is obtained for each Calabi-Yau three-fold (with a mirror) and a choice of electric NS flux on this three-fold [21] .

These manifolds constitute a very large set: one such manifold is obtained for each Calabi-Yau three-fold (with a mirror) and a choice of electric NS flux on this three-fold.


Adaptive blind algorithms based on some statistics of output signals can be used to separate the received signals [12] . However, it has been known that adaptive algorithms often require a large amount of data to converge [12] . In a case where channels change rapidly, these algorithms may not converge quickly enough to be able to track the changing channels. Iterative blind algorithms, an alternative, could serve as a solution to such a situation. These algorithms assume the channel is constant within a block, but can change between successive blocks. In this paper, block-based iterative blind algorithms using the least-squares constant modulus algorithms will be studied.

Adaptive blind algorithms based on some statistics of output signals can be used to separate the received signals.

However, it has been known that adaptive algorithms often require a large amount of data to converge.


The discrepancy between the experimental and calculated XXR curves could be explained, on one hand, by the use of a too simple model. Some attempts by using more complex layer models to fit the XRR curves have been unsuccessfully done. Moreover, we have no relevant indications from layer TEM micrographs or other experimental techniques to justify such complex models [13] . On the other hand, the observed additional intensity on experimental XXR curves probably rises from the X-ray scattering by the tetragonal zirconia crystals inside the layers in agreement with the GISAXS results (see below). Moreover, for the as -prepared layer which is only composed of very small colloidal and polymeric species without any porosity, we do not observe such additional intensity [13] . Due to the reflectometer geometry, it is rather difficult to take into account this additional X-ray scattering for modelling the XXR curves. Nevertheless, in regards with the angular range where it appears, we think that it has no major impact on the measured mass density of the layer as well as its thickness.

Moreover, we have no relevant indications from layer TEM micrographs or other experimental techniques to justify such complex models.

Moreover, for the as -prepared layer which is only composed of very small colloidal and polymeric species without any porosity, we do not observe such additional intensity.


In transonic flight conditions, the flow field on the wings is strongly nonlinear, which is why the theoretical modelling of realistic aircraft configurations represents a challenge for researchers. Often, the technical literature regards the validation procedures of numerical techniques, adopted to describe the aerodynamic performances of wings or aircrafts operating in the transonic regime. Several works try to represent pressure and lift distributions. In these cases often the numerical results agree very well with the experimental data [9] [10] [11] . On the other hand, if the objectives include a realistic estimation of the drag for wing models or for complete aircraft configurations, the research also requires a large amount of human and computational resources [12] [13] [14] . The present work compares the dynamic aeroelastic behaviour of wings, with different planform shapes, in a three-dimensional fully transonic flow field.

In these cases often the numerical results agree very well with the experimental data.

On the other hand, if the objectives include a realistic estimation of the drag for wing models or for complete aircraft configurations, the research also requires a large amount of human and computational resources.


The Brazilian government, together with several national research centers such as the Agronomic Institute of Campinas (IAC) and the Brazilian Agricultural Research Agency (EMBRAPA), are developing several hybrid varieties for winemaking. These new varieties are expected to combine the good adaptation, productivity and disease resistance of the American/hybrid grapes, with sensory quality more similar to that of the V. vinifera varieties (Camargo & Ritschel, 2008) . This is the case of the hybrid variety known as Máximo , originating from a cross between Syrah and Seibel 11342, and the variety Sanches (IAC 960-9), generated from Máximo and IAC 577-8; amongst other cultivars.

These new varieties are expected to combine the good adaptation, productivity and disease resistance of the American/hybrid grapes, with sensory quality more similar to that of the V. vinifera varieties.


When the experiments are conducted in the laboratory, usually the scientists will obtain a lot of raw data that represents the results for that experiment. For instance, in chemical experiment, the data might be distillation curve or in biochemistry, the data maybe the movement of the respective cell inside the system. Furthermore, in any experiments, there must be exists the error or noise in the data acquisition processes. The error can be either systematic or bias error or random error. These data are subject for other data processing techniques such as data fitting and data smoothing or filtering. If the data is clean i.e. most probably no error, then interpolation is a better option to the data. But if the data consist error or noise, the approximation and smoothing or denoizing might be useful for the purposes. The common methods for data processing are linear regression, polynomial regression (or fitting), any non-polynomial fitting, cubic spline, smoothing spline, etc. Besides that, recently, the approximation or interpolation of the data does require that the curve or surface must be also maintain the geometric shape of the data. For instance, the positive data is given, then the curve should be positive everywhere. Furthermore, if the data lie above an arbitrary straight line, then the resulting interpolating curve must lie above a straight line. Both geometric properties are important in the field of scientific visualization, since if we consider the probability of some measurements, then the negativity is clearly meaningless. Furthermore, the level of oxygen in the gas discharge is also a positive data (Brodlie, Asim, & Unsworth, 2005) .

Furthermore, the level of oxygen in the gas discharge is also a positive data.


Other indices with tapering bias.-Although this paper has concentrated on the tapering bias in MNA for assessment of population size, such bias is also present in analogous techniques. An example is the prevailing range of an individual from radiotracking data (Doncaster 1990) . This is a cell-based method that incorporates information from prior and subsequent samples to estimate the minimum home range size. It therefore suffers from the same tapering bias as MNA, so that even when home range size does not change and resighting probability does not vary through time, the prevailing range is largest during the middle of the study.

An example is the prevailing range of an individual from radiotracking data.


Litter and lateral inputs were measured as one input. Samples were collected at five locations along the study canal in 0.5 × 0.5 m litter traps screened with 0.7 mm fiberglass mesh floating in the canal. The traps were tethered to the bank to intercept litter as well as lateral material prior to entering the canal. Litter material was removed weekly and air-dried. Samples were then oven-dried, weighed, ground, and analyzed for nitrogen content (Perkin Elmer, 1988) . Litterfall nutrient contributions to the canal were calculated by multiplying sample nutrient content (kg m -2 ) by average water surface area (m 2 ) present in the canal for each sampling period. The litterfall input rate was assumed to be evenly distributed over the sampling period and summed daily.

Samples were then oven-dried, weighed, ground, and analyzed for nitrogen content.


The results show that the variation in the SAR is very slight at 0.9 and 2.0 GHz if all the shell parameters are within the values defined by the IEC [4] . On the other hand, as the frequency increases e.g., 5.2 GHz, all three factors impact the SAR although the thickness and loss tangent have a lesser effect compared to the relative permittivity. We should note here that the variation also depends on the distance between the antenna and the phantom. If various usage situations are considered, i.e., the usage in conjunction with the torso, palm, breast pocket, etc., the variation with distance must be taken into account. Therefore, it is suggested that the effects of the shell should be taken into account in the higher frequency range. Specifically, the SAR with the shell is approximately 1.3 times higher than that without the shell at 5.2 GHz for the maximum case. In this case, the SAR variation caused by the shell at 5.2 GHz could impact the SAR measurement's target uncertainty (± 30%) described by the IEC [5] . However, if the relative permittivity of the shell is defined as r = 4 and the permissible range = ± 1, the deviation can be reduced to within ± 5% at 5.2 GHz.

The results show that the variation in the SAR is very slight at 0.9 and 2.0 GHz if all the shell parameters are within the values defined by the IEC.

In this case, the SAR variation caused by the shell at 5.2 GHz could impact the SAR measurement's target uncertainty (± 30%) described by the IEC.


A microchannel amplifier is a thin plate made up of a large number of single channels, each of which acts as an electron multiplier [16] , [22] . For each primary electron entering a channel, a large pulse of electrons will exit as a result of multiple collisions of both primary and secondary electrons with the inner secondaryemission layer as they traverse the length of the channel. It is a compact, efficient amplifier of two-dimensional electron-images and provides several advantages such as very high gain, good resolution and small size.

A microchannel amplifier is a thin plate made up of a large number of single channels, each of which acts as an electron multiplier.


Using a phenomenological design, two main components of the research design were the modified van Kaam method for exploration of experiences and the purposive selection of the participants. The van Kaam modified method allowed the clustering of similar topics and refinement of these clusters in order to create relationships and linkages between the experiences (Moustakas, 1994) . The purposive selection facilitated obtaining a diverse participant pool (Cilesiz, 2011) . Using these two main components of the research design, the relationships between training and motivation were identified.

The van Kaam modified method allowed the clustering of similar topics and refinement of these clusters in order to create relationships and linkages between the experiences.

The purposive selection facilitated obtaining a diverse participant pool.


Long calls, alarm calls and contact calls of brown skuas were recorded using a Sony MZ-N707 recorder and a Sennheiser K6/M66 directional microphone. Recordings were digitised at a sample rate of 22,050 Hz (16-bit resolution, mono) using Cool Edit Pro 2.0 from Syntrillium Software (now Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA; http:// www.adobe.com). Sound analysis was carried out with Avisoft SAS-Lab Pro 4.36 (R. Specht, Berlin, Germany). Background noise was reduced by applying the IIR highpass filter in Avisoft SAS-Lab Pro (corner frequency: 0.3 kHz) prior to the analysis. We analysed acoustic parameters in both the temporal domain and the frequency domain. Measurement of long calls, alarm calls and contact calls included 12, 8 and 8 acoustic parameters, respectively. In the temporal domain we measured note duration (duration of a single call note in seconds) and distance to maximum amplitude (distance from start to the location of the maximum amplitude within a note in seconds) for all call types. Because long calls represent a sequence of several single notes, the additional measurement for this call type included call composition (number of notes of an entire call), total duration (duration of an entire long call in seconds), note repetition rate (number of notes per time in notes/s), and peak performance (proportion of time during which the sound amplitude exceeds 20% of the maximum value for the whole long call, in percent). In the frequency domain of all call types, we examined peak amplitude (amplitude at the peak frequency in dB), peak frequency (frequency of the maximum amplitude in Hz), mean frequency (50% quartile of the spectrum in Hz), maximum frequency and minimum frequency (the frequency at which the amplitude initially rises above or drops below a threshold of -20 dB in Hz, respectively), and frequency bandwidth (the difference between the maximum and minimum frequency in Hz). Long call measurements in the frequency domain were restricted to the central note of the entire long call because fully developed long calls exhibit a crescendo-decrescendo pattern (Pietz 1985) .

Long call measurements in the frequency domain were restricted to the central note of the entire long call because fully developed long calls exhibit a crescendo-decrescendo pattern.


The probability density function (PDF) method has proven to be a useful computational tool for analysis of complex turbulent reacting flows [1] . Compared to traditional momentclosure methods, the PDF method offers the distinct advantages of being able to treat convection and finite-rate nonlinear chemistry exactly [2, 3] . In addition to this, body forces and the mean pressure gradient also appear in closed form, but the fluctuating pressure gradient and molecular transport terms need to be modeled [2] .

The probability density function (PDF) method has proven to be a useful computational tool for analysis of complex turbulent reacting flows.

Compared to traditional momentclosure methods, the PDF method offers the distinct advantages of being able to treat convection and finite-rate nonlinear chemistry exactly.

In addition to this, body forces and the mean pressure gradient also appear in closed form, but the fluctuating pressure gradient and molecular transport terms need to be modeled.


In the early part of the 19th century many mathematicians believed that a continuous function has derivative in a reasonably large set. A. M. Ampére in his paper in 1806 tried to give a theoretical justification for this based of course on the knowledge at that time. In a presentation before the Berlin Academy on July 18 on 1872, K. Weierstrass kind of shocked the mathematical community by proving this assertion to be false! He presented a function which was everywhere continuous but differentiable nowhere. We will talk about this function of Weierstrass in the later sections in some details. This example was first published by du Bois-Remond in 1875. Weierstrass also mentioned Riemann, who apparently had used a similar construction (without proof though!) in his own 1861 lectures. However it seems like neither Weierstrass nor Riemann was first to get such examples. The earliest known example is due to B. Bolzano, who in the year 1830 exhibited (published in the year 1922 after being discovered a few years earlier) a continuous nowhere differentiable function. Around 1860 the Swiss mathematician, C. Cellérier discovered such a function but unfortunately it was not published then and could be published only in 1890 after his death. To know more about the interesting history and details about such functions, the reader is referred to the excellent Master's thesis of J. Thim [22] .

To know more about the interesting history and details about such functions, the reader is referred to the excellent Master's thesis of J. Thim.


Note that every Tempel'man sequences is tempered. Tempered sequences have the advantage that they exists in every amenable group; in fact every Følner sequence has a tempered subsequence. However tempered sequences may grow quickly. For example, every tempered sequence in the lamplighter group grows super-exponentially [4] . Fast growth implies, for instance, that in order to estimate the mean of a process from observations the size of the data set needed can grow sharply from one estimate to the next. In contrast, when calculating the mean of a Z-process using a running average, each additional symbol of the output can be used to update the estimate.

For example, every tempered sequence in the lamplighter group grows super-exponentially.


Horizontal and multilateral wells are drilled to improve the well productivity by maximising reservoir contact and enhance the hydrocarbon recovery (Yildiz, 2005) . Ideal filter cake (fast, impermeable, and low thickness) should be formed on the wall of the formation to minimise the damage, which results from the leakoff of the drilling fluids into the formation. It is very important to remove not only the filter cake from the surface of the formation, but also the damaged zone, which was formed during drilling operations, to increase well productivity.

Horizontal and multilateral wells are drilled to improve the well productivity by maximising reservoir contact and enhance the hydrocarbon recovery.


Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) have been used extensively in oil/gas field treatments for iron stabilisation, scale removal, well stimulation, and well cleaning. Engineered chelating-enzyme formulation can be very efficient for cleaning up mud in an open hole and gravel pack completions (Law et al., 2007) . Chelating agent-enzyme solutions were less corrosive to tubulars and can be used for filter cake removal in sandstone completions .

Engineered chelating-enzyme formulation can be very efficient for cleaning up mud in an open hole and gravel pack completions.


The rest of the article is organized as follows: We give an overview of statecharts and our verification approach in Section 2. Section 3 is devoted to a brief summary of the TCAS II case study and a more detailed report on the EPD case study. Discussions on the optimization techniques are divided into two sections: Section 4 focuses on the techniques that aim at reducing the size of the BDDs representing state sets, while Section 5 describes other techniques. Related work is discussed in Section 6. We conclude in Section 7 with some overall recommendations. Preliminary results appeared elsewhere [8] , [9] .

Related work is discussed in Section 6.

Preliminary results appeared elsewhere.


In this study organic material was used to treat acid mine drainage because the presence of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) in this material. SRB can reduce sulphate and acts as catalyst in the reaction [3, 4] . The reduction of sulphate produces dissolved sulphide and mineralised carbon. Equation 1 shows the reaction. The use of SRB as biology treatment method has shown successfully developed and practiced at industrial scale in reduce sulphate content in acid mine drainage and industrial water recently [5, 6] . The effectiveness of this treatment method depends on the types of organic material chosen to cater carbon source of bacteria [7] .

SRB can reduce sulphate and acts as catalyst in the reaction.

Equation 1 shows the reaction.

The use of SRB as biology treatment method has shown successfully developed and practiced at industrial scale in reduce sulphate content in acid mine drainage and industrial water recently.

The effectiveness of this treatment method depends on the types of organic material chosen to cater carbon source of bacteria.


Organic material can increase pH value of water sample from 2.4 to 7.2. The analysis shows that organic material with 50 g and 100 g weights can reduce sulphate content in water sample but the concentration value exceeds the international standard (WHO standard 500 mg/L ; Europe standard 250 mg/L) [26, 27] . Organic material with 50 g and 100 g weights can also reduce sulphur content in water sample. Similarly 200 g of organic material with retention times 15 and 30 minutes also can reduce sulphur content in water sample. However, retention time more than 30 minutes would increase the sulphur content after treatment. Based on all the results, the best parameter is 100 g organic material with retention time 75 minutes. The parameter has pH value 6.3 that comply with Environmental Quality Act 1974 including for effluent industry and effluent domestic [28] . Sulphate and sulphur contents of this parameter were 1300 mg/L and 834 mg/L respectively. The reducing of these two anions shows that the reaction has occurred between organic material and water sample.

The analysis shows that organic material with 50 g and 100 g weights can reduce sulphate content in water sample but the concentration value exceeds the international standard (WHO standard 500 mg/L ; Europe standard 250 mg/L).

The parameter has pH value 6.3 that comply with Environmental Quality Act 1974 including for effluent industry and effluent domestic.


Closely related to the Poincaré recurrence of B n (x, ǫ) we may ask for the existence of periodic points in this dynamical ball. Sometimes it is possible to find a periodic point z in a given ball but often its period is unrelated to n or ǫ. In the scenario we are facing to, we can restrict our attention to investigate how frequently dynamical balls contain periodic points of (at some extent) controlled period. This gives place to a notion of specification that bounces back to Bowen itself [3, 4] .

This gives place to a notion of specification that bounces back to Bowen itself.


One indirect form of governance that has an effect on sustainability for some types of seafood is that of the anti-corruption campaign, which appears to have had a significant effect on expensive forms seafood such as shark fin and Napoleon wrasse [7, 8] . The emphasis on anti-corruption in the Xi administration may also be having an effect on grey trading practices [58] . While government policies such as these are rarely considered in discussions of food systems or environmental policy, in the Chinese context they have become extremely influential.

One indirect form of governance that has an effect on sustainability for some types of seafood is that of the anti-corruption campaign, which appears to have had a significant effect on expensive forms seafood such as shark fin and Napoleon wrasse.

The emphasis on anti-corruption in the Xi administration may also be having an effect on grey trading practices.


These distinctive features of Chinese consumer preferences have specific implications for environmental sustainability. Chinese consumption of high-trophic level fish such as groupers and wrasses and other luxury seafood such as shark fin and sea cucumbers is a direct driver of stock declines worldwide [7, 8] . In addition to the shift towards higher-trophic level species, while freshwater seafood such as carp are mostly lower-trophic level fish and arguably have less impact on environmental security than higher-trophic level species, many environmental concerns remain. Domestic aquaculture in China is already stressed and suffers from problems of pollution and widespread over-use of antibiotics. In particular, aquaculture has a significant impact on wild fish stock via the extensive use of fishmeal [9] . China is the world's largest importer of fishmeal, and unless improved governance mechanisms are implemented, according to a recent study, "China's aquaculture sector is destined to diminish wild fish stocks worldwide" [9] . The challenge is to reconcile improved production without damaging sustainability.

Chinese consumption of high-trophic level fish such as groupers and wrasses and other luxury seafood such as shark fin and sea cucumbers is a direct driver of stock declines worldwide.

In particular, aquaculture has a significant impact on wild fish stock via the extensive use of fishmeal.

China is the world's largest importer of fishmeal, and unless improved governance mechanisms are implemented, according to a recent study, "China's aquaculture sector is destined to diminish wild fish stocks worldwide".


Forms of Chinese food consumption are marked by the large-scale changes in food consumption and distribution that have been identified across many low and middle income countries across the globe, including a shift to greater consumption of animal products, and the rise of supermarkets and modern retailing systems [3, 15, 18] . However, Chinese consumption patterns are also marked by distinctive features in consumer preferences and governance that will have specific implications for the global food system. Because of the scale of China, these changes in diet have significant effects on the global food system [4, 5] . In this section we focus on how our analysis of the social context of the Beijing seafood market may affect a key food system outcome, environmental security.

Forms of Chinese food consumption are marked by the large-scale changes in food consumption and distribution that have been identified across many low and middle income countries across the globe, including a shift to greater consumption of animal products, and the rise of supermarkets and modern retailing systems.

Because of the scale of China, these changes in diet have significant effects on the global food system.


Our data on consumption practices are based largely around seafood industry representatives' perceptions of consumer attitudes and behaviors, not from consumers themselves (the subject of a companion paper). However, these seafood industry representatives are not only key informants regarding consumer perspectives, but they are also key decision-makers in their own right in Chinese seafood consumption. There is wide variation in patterns of overall seafood consumption in China, and Beijing consumes less aquatic products per capita than other major urban centers in Mainland China, such as the coastal cities of Shanghai or Guangzhou [55] . However, the prominence of Beijing also means that it is broadly a cultural "trend-setter" in consumption preferences. While Beijing seafood trade is not necessarily representative of trade in China, it is a nationally important site. While we do not attempt to provide a comprehensive picture of the dynamics surrounding Chinese seafood consumption and trade, therefore, we have provided a detailed empirical window into these dynamics from the perspective of a particularly important group of stakeholders.

There is wide variation in patterns of overall seafood consumption in China, and Beijing consumes less aquatic products per capita than other major urban centers in Mainland China, such as the coastal cities of Shanghai or Guangzhou.


Our analytical theory is computed with Deprit's perturbation technique [13] . The procedure is systematic and has the advantage of providing the explicit transformation equations that connect the averaged analysis with proper initial conditions of the non-averaged problem. A second order truncation of the Hamiltonian shows that there are no degenerate equilibria and, therefore, is enough to give the qualitative description of the reduced system. However, the second order truncation introduces a symmetry of direct and retrograde orbits that is not part of the original problem, and a third order truncation is required to manifest the non-symmetries of the problem.

Our analytical theory is computed with Deprit's perturbation technique.


To each trajectory of the double averaged problem it corresponds a torus of quasi periodic solutions in the non-averaged problem. The accurate computation of initial conditions on the torus requires to recover the short and long period effects that were lost in the averaging. This is normally done by trial and error by making iterative corrections on the orbital elements, although other procedures can be applied [12] .

This is normally done by trial and error by making iterative corrections on the orbital elements, although other procedures can be applied.


The data from the present study indicates that intelligibility is a problem facing all nine of the children with Down's syndrome. However, there were large individual differences in the quality of speech produced. It has been reported that children with more words in a sequence are often at a disadvantage due to poor intelligibility which increases with increasing complexity of syntax (Bray, 1988) . However, in the present study I had greatest difficulty understanding the speech of the two children with the shortest MLUs. Lucy, who had the longest MLU of the Down's syndrome group produced particularly clear speech.

It has been reported that children with more words in a sequence are often at a disadvantage due to poor intelligibility which increases with increasing complexity of syntax.


Construct validity of the Authenticity Scale was tested by confirmatory factor analysis. Several models were tested, all of which were chosen on the basis of previous studies and theoretical expectations of the original scale's authors. It was shown that the scale structure is best described by bi-factor model which is indicative of a satisfactory fit. This model was defined through three dimensions of authenticity: Authentic living, Accepting external influence and Self-alienation and one superordinate authenticity factor. The results of confirmatory analysis were confirmed again in the repeated measuring on the sample of 206 students. The confirmed reliability of the results on the factor structure of the scale suggests that, when applied on the sample of young grown-ups, Authenticity Scale is an instrument based on one superordinate authenticity factor and three presupposed authenticity dimensions (Wood et al., 2008) . Here we have to be careful because of the results of correlation between subscale Authentic living and other two -Accepting external influence and Selfalienation that suggests Authentic living is "adaptive" while two other scales can be "maladaptive" aspects of Authenticity. This hypothesis was tested via second-order model and showed a good fit in initial sample and mediocre fit in repeated measuring. Possible reason for this mediocre fit model could be a majority of female participants (93%) in retest sample. Despite of results of CFA, these correlations between the subscales strongly recommend not to calculate the total score (at least without recoding the items so all the subscales have positive correlations). This further implies that in future researches authors can use three separate scores for Authentic living, Accepting external influence and Self-alienation as aspects of authenticity, but not the overall score as an indicator of a person's authenticity.

The confirmed reliability of the results on the factor structure of the scale suggests that, when applied on the sample of young grown-ups, Authenticity Scale is an instrument based on one superordinate authenticity factor and three presupposed authenticity dimensions.


From the developmental point of view, it would be significant to conduct a longitudinal study in which authenticity of the same respondents would be evaluated in different ages. This would provide data on its developmental aspect, but also on how the change of environment affects authenticity. Authenticity is rooted in one's self, but not as a static self-representation. Rather, authenticity may be conceptualized as a dynamic process whereby one's potentials, characteristics, emotions, values and motivation are discovered and explored, accepted, imbued with meaning or purpose, and actualized (Rogers, 1961) .

Rather, authenticity may be conceptualized as a dynamic process whereby one's potentials, characteristics, emotions, values and motivation are discovered and explored, accepted, imbued with meaning or purpose, and actualized.


With the explosion of web 2.0, various types of social media such as blogs, discussion forums and peer-to-peer networks present a wealth of information that can be very helpful in assessing the general public's sentiments and opinions towards products and services. Recent surveys have revealed that opinion-rich resources like online reviews are having greater economic impact on both consumers and companies compared to the traditional media (Pang and Lee, 2008) . Driven by the demand of gleaning insights of such great amounts of user-generated data, work on new methodologies for automated sentiment analysis has bloomed splendidly.

Recent surveys have revealed that opinion-rich resources like online reviews are having greater economic impact on both consumers and companies compared to the traditional media.


Micro-laser line thermography is also able to detect micro-porosities. The efficiency of the inspection is much lower than X-Ray tomography. It is easy to set up the equipment. High energy is not necessary for infrared thermography. These advantages all increase the possibilities and applications of Infrared thermography. However, it is difficult to detect deeper defects. In fact, the analysis indicates that the detection depth does not exceed 80 microns. This is probably because of the diffusion of laser energy. Higher energy of laser inspection is necessary to further improve the application possibilities of this technique. Simulations conducted prior to experiments will provide valuable information and decrease the time of testing [14] .

It is easy to set up the equipment.

Simulations conducted prior to experiments will provide valuable information and decrease the time of testing.


The use of carbon fiber composite materials has recently increased considerably in the aerospace industry. Along with the development of manufacturing and preform, traditional defects, for example, laminate, porosities, resin redundancy, bubble, etc., are becoming less and less important. However, micro-defects are becoming increasingly important issues [1] [2] .

However, micro-defects are becoming increasingly important issues.


Overall, the decreases in A during the course of C. lindemuthianum infection took place in parallel with decreases in g s . The observed decreases in A, particularly at 120 hai, are caused by non-stomatal factors, possibly associated with dysfunctions at the level of the biochemical reactions involved in CO 2 fixation. These data suggest that stomatal limitations likely play a prominent role in constraining A upon infection by C. lindemuthianum in +Si plants. It is known that C. lindemuthianum causes stomatal closure in the green areas of bean leaves that are apparently healthy, reducing A of the entire leaf even under lower disease severity (Meyer et al., 2001) . This may be the result of the vein necrosis that often occurs as anthracnose progresses, which abrogates the transport of water and solutes, leading to stomatal closure and, ultimately, imposing dramatic limits on CO 2 fixation, as observed in the control plants at advanced stages of fungal infection.

It is known that C. lindemuthianum causes stomatal closure in the green areas of bean leaves that are apparently healthy, reducing A of the entire leaf even under lower disease severity.


Novel developments in technology affect almost every sector of healthcare and could play an important role in the reduction of the current epidemic of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1] . By intervention of modifiable risk factors, such as hypercholesterolaemia, smoking, and overweight, the CVD burden can be significantly decreased [2, 3] . The majority of the global population is unaware of their risk of developing CVD, which goes hand in hand with the rise in obesity, and diabetes [4] . Moreover, the well-known InterHeart study demonstrated that 90% of all CVDs are related to unhealthy lifestyle [5] .

Novel developments in technology affect almost every sector of healthcare and could play an important role in the reduction of the current epidemic of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

By intervention of modifiable risk factors, such as hypercholesterolaemia, smoking, and overweight, the CVD burden can be significantly decreased.

The majority of the global population is unaware of their risk of developing CVD, which goes hand in hand with the rise in obesity, and diabetes.

Moreover, the well-known InterHeart study demonstrated that 90% of all CVDs are related to unhealthy lifestyle.


These accounts, however, tend to describe situations where environmental regulation, embodied in the establishment of protected areas, is an exogenous mechanism requiring changes in the behaviour of resource users. A classical view of environmental regulation is therefore at the roots of these accounts. Regulation, in its classical form, is defined as "the intentional activity of attempting to control, order or influence the behaviour of others" (Black, 2002) . Yet, what of cases in which protected areas law is not regulation stricto sensu but serves to officialise existing sustainable practices and may contain an element of future proofing? Does the establishment of this type of protected area that codifies existing practices still generate practices of resistance and conflict among local communities? Do local resource-users prefer to continue to manage their environment through effective means outside protected area law, or do they accept such codification and why?

Regulation, in its classical form, is defined as "the intentional activity of attempting to control, order or influence the behaviour of others".


Indeed, Barra islanders started from a position of mistrust towards conservation law due to negative impacts of previous conservation designations on resource users. Differently, in Scilly, islanders did not considered pre-existing conservation measures as having negative effects on their practices. At the time of the introduction of new marine protected areas therefore Barra and Scilly locals had different historical lenses through which they saw conservation designations, influencing the way they related to the new ones. Next to this factor, the differences in the procedural openings regarding the establishment of MCZs and SACs need to be considered as they lead to different degrees of decision-making power in nature conservation law. Although both MCZs and SACs are nature conservation designations, MCZs offer the opportunity for a higher degree of engagement with the local community compared to SACs, leaving more freedom for some communities to shape their conservation strategies through participatory decisionmaking at the designation stage as evidenced by the stakeholders' working groups created to provide recommendations in relation to MCZs and by s 117(7) that allowed socio-economic interests to be considered at the designation stage. This is different to SACs, whose designation is a technocratic exercise and it is solely based on scientific grounds (Pieraccini, 2013) . Moreover, Scilly's interaction with the MCZ process allowed for discussion of management measures during the designation, localising the process and minimising the sense of risk associated with uncertain regulation. As considered above, however the MCZ process was not a process empowering local communities everywhere. It was the Scillonians' ability and context that made it possible to exploit its procedural openings.

This is different to SACs, whose designation is a technocratic exercise and it is solely based on scientific grounds.


The hospitality industry has a number of large players that operate globally setting expectations in the market as a whole for their customers, many of whom travel globally (Teare 1993; Hsieh and Tsai, 2009) . Also, the industry has a large number of internationally mobile personnel who have to adjust to different cultures (Li and Tse, 1998; Devine et al., 2007) . Additionally, managers in the industry experience different operating conditions in different countries giving rise to the paradox of how much of a local approach should be taken versus how much from the industry's global experience (Jones 1999; Brotherton and Adler, 1999; Jones and McCleary, 2004) . For these reasons, we investigate the effect of national culture on organisational culture and subsequently on organisational performance in the hotel industry. We argue that the national culture of hotel employees influences the organisational culture which, in turn, influences performance and, thus, there is an indirect influence of national culture on performance.

The hospitality industry has a number of large players that operate globally setting expectations in the market as a whole for their customers, many of whom travel globally.

Also, the industry has a large number of internationally mobile personnel who have to adjust to different cultures.

Additionally, managers in the industry experience different operating conditions in different countries giving rise to the paradox of how much of a local approach should be taken versus how much from the industry's global experience.


We did not find any significant change in the M-CSF gene expression after orchiectomy. There were also no significant differences in the M-CSF gene expression between all the groups. In vitro study on human endometrial stromal cells found that M-CSF production was dose-dependently enhanced by the addition of testosterone [49] .

In vitro study on human endometrial stromal cells found that M-CSF production was dose-dependently enhanced by the addition of testosterone.


The factors that need to be considered in profitable distribution of LNG can only be appreciated through an understanding of the business structure. Since its expansion in 1964, the global LNG trade has been based on long-term contracts (LTCs), with the duration of LTCs being 20-25 years (Hartley, 2013) . Each LTC has two parties/sides: a producer or seller and a buyer or customer. An LNG project is developed based on a number of LTCs between the producer and several buyers; the Abbreviations (alphabetically): ADP, annual delivery program; cash OPEX, cash parts of operating expenses; a CIF/DES-LTC buyer, an LTC buyer with CIF/DES delivery arrangement; a CIF/DES-LTC cargo delivery, a cargo delivery to the CIF/DES-LTC buyer; an FOB-LTC buyer, an LTC buyer with FOB delivery arrangement; LTC, longterm contract; an LTC buyer, a long-term contracted buyer.

Since its expansion in 1964, the global LNG trade has been based on long-term contracts (LTCs), with the duration of LTCs being 20-25 years.


The validated measures of sun exposure has only been published very recently (Saliba et al., 2012) . Hypovitaminosis D of both normal and CKD subjects due to the lack of sun exposure is undeniably important as Malaysia is a tropical country with a hot and humid climate. Surprisingly, many other countries with a lot of sun exposure such as in the Middle East also showed a similar prevalence of hypovitaminosis D (Sedrani, 1984; McGrath et al., 2001; Marwaha et al., 2005) . This may be explained by the fact that these Muslim countries require women to be fully covered except for the hands and face thus reducing their exposure to sunlight. This finding has been supported by studies in European countries where the prevalence hypovitaminosis D is high in immigrants who are covered and veiled (Lowe et al., 2010) . As our study also consists of predominantly Muslim women (76 % in control group and 42 % in CKD group) who shared similar attire code as their counterparts worldwide, this is likely to play a major part in contributing to the reduced serum vitamin D levels from sun exposure.

The validated measures of sun exposure has only been published very recently.

Surprisingly, many other countries with a lot of sun exposure such as in the Middle East also showed a similar prevalence of hypovitaminosis D.

This finding has been supported by studies in European countries where the prevalence hypovitaminosis D is high in immigrants who are covered and veiled.


At the end of 2001, Enron, then the seventh largest corporation in the United States, filed for Chapter 11 protection. After that, scandals all over the world resulted in various corporate failures and brought up concerns about corporate governance. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) established five principles of corporate governance, and stressed the importance of information disclosure: "The corporate governance framework should ensure that timely and accurate disclosure is made on all material matters regarding the corporation, including the financial situation, performance, ownership, and governance of the company" (OECD, 2004) .

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) established five principles of corporate governance, and stressed the importance of information disclosure: "The corporate governance framework should ensure that timely and accurate disclosure is made on all material matters regarding the corporation, including the financial situation, performance, ownership, and governance of the company".


As for the bone, simulation is differently from other biological tissues. Modeling and simulation are well established given to its relatively high stiffness and straight forward application in static solid modeling. Although some research groups have defined the geometry of the bone in a generic manner using measurements from in vitro specimens, it is becoming more common to extract bone geometry from medical scans such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images (Jones, 2009) .

Although some research groups have defined the geometry of the bone in a generic manner using measurements from in vitro specimens, it is becoming more common to extract bone geometry from medical scans such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images.


The problem of mixed choices between sending and receiving has been studied in the context of distributed message protocols and algorithms [20] . For example, the crosstalk algorithm adds round numbers to each sent message which help to identify and solve conflicts. Again, such protocols do not take the content and the original choreography into account and thus are not suitable to solve the problem from a business point of view.

The problem of mixed choices between sending and receiving has been studied in the context of distributed message protocols and algorithms.


In its strict sense, a custom pack is defined as a single, sterile, customised, disposable pack that contains all the supplies needed for a particular surgical procedure. It is assembled by a vendor to the specifications of the health care facility (Gellman 1988) . However, custom packs may also include only a subset of the supplies needed for a specific surgery. In this case, single-item picking or even a selection of other custom packs may complete the required set of medical items for the surgery. Moreover, custom packs do not have to be developed for a single surgical procedure: they can be used for a set of surgical procedures, or for a specific surgeon instead of a specific procedure. This study deals with the configuration of custom packs for a given set of surgical procedures, surgeons performing these procedures and medical items required for the procedures so that the physical contact between staff and the medical materials during setup of the surgery is minimised. We will measure this physical contact through what we will refer to as points of touch. Obviously, the minimum requirement of medical items for a procedure using a pack should be present at the time of surgery (i.e. included into the custom pack or additionally picked). Also, the number of custom packs to be configured is limited and therefore custom packs should be shared as much as possible among different surgeons and/or procedures.

It is assembled by a vendor to the specifications of the health care facility.


The provision of accessible and cost-efficient health care is seen as one of the major service challenges of today's society. In 2012, member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development spent on average 9.5% of their gross domestic product on health care (OECD 2012) . Hospitals contribute for about one-third of these national health expenditures (Poisal et al. 2007) . One unit that is of particular interest within hospitals is the operating theatre. Since this facility generates about 42% of a hospital's revenue and a proportionate share of its costs, it has a significant impact on financial performance. Improving the surgical throughput by just one additional case per day per operating room may generate additional revenue of 4-7 million dollar for an average-sized hospital (HFMA 2005) .

In 2012, member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development spent on average 9.5% of their gross domestic product on health care.

Hospitals contribute for about one-third of these national health expenditures.

Improving the surgical throughput by just one additional case per day per operating room may generate additional revenue of 4-7 million dollar for an average-sized hospital.


The reason why polysomic X SCA karyotypes are viable is mostly likely due to the inactivation of the supernumerary X chromosomes by XCI (Tsai et al., 2009) . In contrast, polysomy of chromosomes of similar size are often not viable probably due to the increased expression of the additional genes from the extra chromosomes (Tsai et al., 2009; Rosenberg and Rosenberg, 2012) . In addition, viable trisomies typically involve significantly smaller and gene poor chromosomes such as 18, 21, and Y (Pearson, 2001; Trump, 2010; Rosenberg and Rosenberg, 2012) .

The reason why polysomic X SCA karyotypes are viable is mostly likely due to the inactivation of the supernumerary X chromosomes by XCI.

In contrast, polysomy of chromosomes of similar size are often not viable probably due to the increased expression of the additional genes from the extra chromosomes.

In addition, viable trisomies typically involve significantly smaller and gene poor chromosomes such as 18, 21, and Y.


Face detection is a natural starting point for analyzing these films: most of the time, faces of the actors and actresses are visible, either in a frontal or a profile view; only occasionally are they occluded or turn around and show the audience the back. In Figure 2 (a) we show face detection results from the popular face detector of Viola and Jones [38] . Despite poor image quality, face detection performs reasonably well, finding most frontal faces under normal lighting conditions. Profile and rear views are problematic, however; and many false detections are present. ) offer an interesting and challenging setting for finding and tracking people. In this work we seek to find all people in such archive films, the groundtruth of which is visualized in these examples.

In Figure 2 (a) we show face detection results from the popular face detector of Viola and Jones.


In some sense, this paper generalizes the results on complex eigenvalues of a semi-infinite strip, which coincide with the cut-off frequencies of the fundamental edge wave (Pagneux 2006; Zernov et al. 2006) . We study three-dimensional symmetric edge waves in a plate with either traction-free or fixed faces. For the former, the only example of a closed-form expression that we could find corresponds to the fundamental edge wave in the case of zero Poisson ratio ( §4). This generalizes the edge wave arising in the two-dimensional theory of plate extension. For all other cases, the three-dimensional symmetric edge wave can be expressed as an infinite series of Rayleigh-Lamb and shear modes, which we investigate numerically. The computed spectrum generally determines elastic waves with non-localized components, related to complex eigenvalues. For the real eigenvalues associated with the edge waves under consideration, we adopt a variational approach, which involves the minimization of the appropriate functionals along with the estimation of continuous spectra (Roitberg et al. 1998) .

In some sense, this paper generalizes the results on complex eigenvalues of a semi-infinite strip, which coincide with the cut-off frequencies of the fundamental edge wave.

For the real eigenvalues associated with the edge waves under consideration, we adopt a variational approach, which involves the minimization of the appropriate functionals along with the estimation of continuous spectra.


The recorded audio files were transferred to a computer hard disk using an A/D converter (Audiophile 2496; MAudio, Irwindale, California) at a sampling rate of 48 kHz with 24-bit resolution. The resulting sound files were analyzed using the computer software program Praat 4.3 (University of Amsterdam, Institute of Phonetic Sciences, Netherlands). Praat is a software program designed to analyze frequency and other sound parameters with high accuracy (Boersma, 1993) . A sampling rate of 100 samples per second was used for the analysis of vibrato. Praat has been used in several recent investigations of pitch performance in music (Geringer & Allen, 2004; Geringer, Allen, & MacLeod, 2005; Kopiez, 2003) .

Praat is a software program designed to analyze frequency and other sound parameters with high accuracy.

Praat has been used in several recent investigations of pitch performance in music.


In summary, reproductive events in P. argentinus are affected by high salinities, even though reproduction was successful irrespective of population origin. The response of ovary maturation to salinity treatments in terms of start and time to development was highly flexible indicating that the process of vitellogenesis is in this species a plastic trait, and salinity does not seem to be a limiting factor for the occurrence of stable populations in both freshwater and brackish water environments. Future studies should explore mechanisms that allow this species to reproduce successfully in a wide salinity range. Regardless of population origin, the ability of this ''freshwater'' shrimp to survive and reproduce also at relatively high salt concentrations (25 ppt) supports the view that this species is still in an early evolutionary stage of its invasion of freshwater environments (Menú-Marque 1973; Anger 2001) .

Regardless of population origin, the ability of this ''freshwater'' shrimp to survive and reproduce also at relatively high salt concentrations (25 ppt) supports the view that this species is still in an early evolutionary stage of its invasion of freshwater environments.


In the chemical industries, drying is one of the most important processes used in the processing of foods and in the storage of grains. This process consists of the partial transfer of the liquid part (usually water) of a solid. The drying process can also be explained as a process of heat and mass transfer that generates the removal through evaporation of part of the moisture contained in the product (Fortes, 1978) . Drying differs from other separation techniques due to the movement of the molecules, which in this case is obtained by a mass transfer of the liquid due to the difference in partial pressure of the steam between the surface of the solid to be evaporated and the air that surrounds it. In the case of foods, water is removal from the moist material up to a level where deterioration provoked by microorganisms can be minimised.

The drying process can also be explained as a process of heat and mass transfer that generates the removal through evaporation of part of the moisture contained in the product.


Firstly, the most important result from our study was that a 63.3% down-staging rate was achieved with neoadjuvant combination treatment with weekly nab-PC and cisplatin, and down-staged patients showed significantly longer survival than patients without downstaging. The correlation between down-staging and histological response to any preoperative therapy and prognosis has been reported previously in ESCC [7, 25] . This finding was in according with other studies indicating that down-staging with preoperative therapy could result in achieving a high tumor response and improving the complete resection rate and prolonging survival. That 63.3% down-staging rate exceeds the down-staging rates reported for other cisplatin-based regimens. Thus, this encouraging result indicates that evaluation of nab-PC and cisplatin as neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens in randomized trials seems to be warranted.

The correlation between down-staging and histological response to any preoperative therapy and prognosis has been reported previously in ESCC.


In this study we sought to compare the effectiveness of established rash management strategies. Therefore, we first assessed the efficacy of a potent anti-inflammatory topical glucocorticosteroid with low-atrophogenic potential [28] . Twenty-one patients (ERSS ranging from 10.3 to 77.9) were treated with mometason furoate cream. Assessment of the ERSS prior to therapy initiation and after three weeks revealed that the mean rash severity improved significantly (P = 0.00009) from 45.9 to 27.0 and demonstrated the efficacy of our approach (Figure 2A) .

Therefore, we first assessed the efficacy of a potent anti-inflammatory topical glucocorticosteroid with low-atrophogenic potential.


Mean global native T1, T2, and ECV values were strong differentiators of pediatric patients with acute myocarditis compared to healthy controls, mirroring numerous studies published in the adult literature [4, 9, 12, 14, 22, 23] . While many of these studies examined patients that were either critically ill or had significant heart failure, we found important differences in global mapping values in a pediatric population that was generally less acutely ill-only a quarter of our patients required inotropic support and there was no significant difference in ejection fraction between controls and patients at the time of CMR. Though CMR referral practices may be different across adult and pediatric centers, a milder initial disease presentation appears more common in younger patients and similar to the findings of a previously published multi-center pediatric study [17] . Nonetheless, the strong performance of mapping techniques in our study, which included patients as young as 1.5 years old, may increase enthusiasm for obtaining CMR in younger, more critically ill patients.

Mean global native T1, T2, and ECV values were strong differentiators of pediatric patients with acute myocarditis compared to healthy controls, mirroring numerous studies published in the adult literature.

Though CMR referral practices may be different across adult and pediatric centers, a milder initial disease presentation appears more common in younger patients and similar to the findings of a previously published multi-center pediatric study.


High planting density increases the intraspecific competition, and which will inevitably affect some shoot and root growth (Hébert et al., 2001; Tetio-Kagho & Gardner, 1988) . Thus, due to increased competition between the individual plants, the root system and its anchoring ability could become weak under high planting densities. However, to data very little information is available regarding how root traits of maize plants respond to high planting density (Stamp & Kiel, 1992) . And mass and height of gravity center of shoot was changed, and requirement of anchoring accordingly changed during the reproductive period. However how root respond the anchoring requirement and how lodging resistance respond the increasing of planting density during the reproductive period of maize are not satisfactory enough.

High planting density increases the intraspecific competition, and which will inevitably affect some shoot and root growth.

However, to data very little information is available regarding how root traits of maize plants respond to high planting density.


Readers who are accustomed to the original Lorentzian-signature derivation of blackhole evaporation will be used to the notion of radiation (scalar-field, Mazwell, etc.) piling up around the future event horizon, and then undergoing an enormous redshift, depending in a specific way on the mass M I , as the radiative fields move out towards future null infinity. The detailed form of this redshift is intimately connected with the thermality and temperature of the black-hole radiation. But this radiative behaviour can be learnt equally well through study of high-frequency or W KB solutions of the separated wave equation, as in Eqs. (2.4,5) below. The W KB transmission and reflection coefficients describe the thermal radiation. And W KB investigation of wave equations such as Eqs. (2.4,5) is also at the base of the present approach [4, 6, 8] . One might say that detailed knowledge concerning the (Lorentzian) event horizon is 'imbedded' in the relevant spin-s wave equations, such as Eqs. (2.4,5) . Thus, it should not be surprising that one can arrive at the thermal spectrum using either geometrical considerations of the Lorentzian horizon or analytic arguments requiring a complex metric (for which case the event horizon is undefined). In similar fashion, one may still speak here, if desired, about particles which fall into the hole as well as particles which travel out to infinity; these correspond to the usual basis of two W KB solutions of the radial wave equation.

And W KB investigation of wave equations such as Eqs. (2.4,5) is also at the base of the present approach.


Currently, the incorporation of nanoparticles as polymer reinforcement has shown huge potential for providing enhancement performances for different applications at very low filler content (lower than 1 wt %) [9, 10] . In recent works, they allow an increase of the Glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymers and/or a shift of their continuous working temperature towards higher values [11] . Composite materials added with different kind of nanoparticles can be turn into a solution to implement composites for aerospace applications, specially, when the environmental conditions require high performance behavior from the thermal, mechanical or UV resistant points of view.

Currently, the incorporation of nanoparticles as polymer reinforcement has shown huge potential for providing enhancement performances for different applications at very low filler content (lower than 1 wt %).

In recent works, they allow an increase of the Glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymers and/or a shift of their continuous working temperature towards higher values.


Distinct from the above micro-level considerations of instructor analytics use in classrooms, a final strand of work has focused on macro-level implementation of institutional supports for translating analytics into action. For example, brought together instructors, administrators, and learning analysts at their university to understand the information made available by a predictive analytics system and develop a menu of response actions. This informed the use of the system by five tutors. Findings showed that the analytics helped the tutors in two ways: engaging in a regular cycle of student monitoring and deciding when to contact at-risk students. Their study also emphasized the importance of sharing such lessons learned as part of larger efforts to build up institutional knowledge and community around analytics use. More recent work has expanded these efforts to develop guidelines in support of analytics adoption across their institution (Herodotou, Rienties, Verdin, & Boroowa, 2019) .

More recent work has expanded these efforts to develop guidelines in support of analytics adoption across their institution.


Canola (Brassica napus, Brassica rapa) is a major oilseed crop in the world, and canola oil is used not only for salad oil and frying but also in the development of margarines, shortenings, and other food products (de Oliveira et al. 2015) . On the Canadian prairies, the production of canola has increased dramatically over the past two decades. In 1990, approximately 2.5 million ha of canola was seeded with total production of 3.26 million tonnes; by 2012, the area seeded to canola increased three fold with the production of 13.3 million tonnes annually (AAFC 2015) . The trend continues and it is estimated that western Canadian canola production will reach 25 million tonnes by 2025, an increase of 20% from 2012.

Canola (Brassica napus, Brassica rapa) is a major oilseed crop in the world, and canola oil is used not only for salad oil and frying but also in the development of margarines, shortenings, and other food products.

In 1990, approximately 2.5 million ha of canola was seeded with total production of 3.26 million tonnes; by 2012, the area seeded to canola increased three fold with the production of 13.3 million tonnes annually.


Heat treatment (HT) is one of the most commonly used physical measures to reduce fruit decay, which has been reported to be effective in decreasing fly infestation, inducing resistance to chilling injury and enhancing the 2 Journal of Food Quality biocontrol effectiveness of antagonistic yeasts [10] [11] [12] . Previous reports also showed that heat treatment enhanced the efficacy of preservative and decreased the amount of chemicals used for decay control in fruits [13, 14] . However, the effects of HT combined with iminoctadine tris (albesilate), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and imazalil mixture on storability and quality in Ponkan fruit have rarely been studied.

Heat treatment (HT) is one of the most commonly used physical measures to reduce fruit decay, which has been reported to be effective in decreasing fly infestation, inducing resistance to chilling injury and enhancing the 2 Journal of Food Quality biocontrol effectiveness of antagonistic yeasts.

Previous reports also showed that heat treatment enhanced the efficacy of preservative and decreased the amount of chemicals used for decay control in fruits.


Studies regarding the influence of diesel engine operating conditions on PM emission have commonly focused on the engine steady-state performance, i.e., when both the engine speed and the fuel consumption remain constant. However, real-world engine operating conditions likely deviate from this ideal situation and is best represented by a transient cycle, where both engine speed and fuel consumption vary. Therefore, experimental investigations of exhaust emissions are to be expanded to transient diesel engine operation cycles (Giakoumis et al., 2012) .

Therefore, experimental investigations of exhaust emissions are to be expanded to transient diesel engine operation cycles.


Wafer-based first-generation photovoltaic technologies are presently booming, a situation likely to continue for the next decade. However, second-generation thin-film approaches also appear attractive because of their potential reduction in material costs. Third-generation approaches aim to reduce the manufacturing cost of thin-film second-generation technologies by increasing the efficiency through using multiple energy thresholds, whilst still using abundant and non-toxic materials. The effects of increasing efficiency and lowering the cost of thin-film processes can significantly leverage costs per peak watt (Wp) of generating capacity, perhaps to less than US $ 0.20/Wp [1] . Figure 1 shows main loss mechanisms in a standard pn junction solar cell. The most important loss mechanisms in single p-n junction solar cells are the nonabsorption of below-bandgap photons ( i 1 in Figure 1 ) and thermalization of electron-hole pairs generated by absorption of shortwavelength photons, through electron (hole) relaxation to the conduction (valence) band edge ( i 2 in Figure 1 ). Other losses are junction loss ( i 3 in Figure 1 ) and contact loss ( i 4 in Figure 1 ), which can be arbitrarily small in an ideal device. Recombination loss ( i 5 in Figure 1 ) can be reduced to purely radiative recombination again in an ideal device.

The effects of increasing efficiency and lowering the cost of thin-film processes can significantly leverage costs per peak watt (Wp) of generating capacity, perhaps to less than US $ 0.20/Wp.


The concept of the tandem solar cell is the use of several solar cells of different bandgaps stacked on top of each other, each absorbing photons of different energies, such that the uppermost cell has the highest bandgap and lets the photon less than its bandgap pass through to lower bandgap cells underneath. Most commonly, these cells are contacted in series. The highest efficiency examples are monolithically grown single-crystal lattice-matched devices based on a GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction structure [3] . Another example in less exotically grown materials is micromorph aSi/μc-Si tandem cells [4] . Use of silicon also conveys the very significant advantage of use of an abundant nontoxic material.

The highest efficiency examples are monolithically grown single-crystal lattice-matched devices based on a GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple-junction structure.

Another example in less exotically grown materials is micromorph aSi/μc-Si tandem cells.


It has been suggested that learning basic motor skills does need not much instruction and other feedback from teachers; the individual will find the optimal solution based on inner feedback, and that having enough time to practice many repetitions is essential (Siedentop, 2002) . It is important to understand the factors influencing motor skill development and how to accommodate motor skill performance by manipulating the instructional environment and equipment, and modifying the task, so that effective instruction can be provided (Newell, 1984; Davis & Burton, 1991) . Several factors can influence motor skill performance, such as the time spent in practice, intensity of exercise, quality of instructions and learning method, and it is difficult to identify specific intervention components that may contribute to success (Rietmuller et al., 2009) . However, in primary schools, many teachers are not sufficient educated in PE. Thus, the PE teacher can accommodate the child's developmental level by 'manipulating' the instructional environment and equipment and modifying the task (Siedentop et al., 2002; Beck et al., 2007) . For example, distance throwing can be 'manipulated' by the need to control the throw in order to hit a target at the appropriate height using the overarm technique.

It has been suggested that learning basic motor skills does need not much instruction and other feedback from teachers; the individual will find the optimal solution based on inner feedback, and that having enough time to practice many repetitions is essential.

It is important to understand the factors influencing motor skill development and how to accommodate motor skill performance by manipulating the instructional environment and equipment, and modifying the task, so that effective instruction can be provided.

Several factors can influence motor skill performance, such as the time spent in practice, intensity of exercise, quality of instructions and learning method, and it is difficult to identify specific intervention components that may contribute to success.

Thus, the PE teacher can accommodate the child's developmental level by 'manipulating' the instructional environment and equipment and modifying the task.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide [1] . Surgical resection is the major treatment modality for patients with early-stage HCC and wellpreserved liver function [1] [2] [3] . However, the long-term outcome after resection remains unsatisfactory because of the high postoperative recurrence rate, which accounts for the high mortality [4, 5] . To improve prognosis, risk factors affecting hepatocarcinogenesis and post-surgical recurrence of HCC must be identified.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide.

Surgical resection is the major treatment modality for patients with early-stage HCC and wellpreserved liver function.

However, the long-term outcome after resection remains unsatisfactory because of the high postoperative recurrence rate, which accounts for the high mortality.


In this paper, we propose new algorithm-independent "microscopic" measures of epistases. We suggest a new framework for the formulation and quantification of the epistases. The framework is based on Shannon's information theory [10, 11] . We propose three measures: gene significance, gene epistasis, and problem epistasis. They are helpful to investigate both the individual epistasis of a gene group and the overall epistasis that a problem has.

The framework is based on Shannon's information theory.


This paper is organized as follows. After the Preliminaries section devoted to fix some definitions and notations, we derive the constant mean curvature equation in Section 3 obtaining some properties of the solutions showing differences in both ambient spaces. Section 4 describes the method of continuity to solve the Dirichlet problem (1) . In Section 5 we obtain the height estimates for solutions of (1) and we prove that the boundary gradient estimates imply global (interior) gradient estimates. In Section 6, we analyze the solvability of the Dirichlet problem in the Euclidean case showing that a strong convexity hypothesis is necessary to solve the problem. Finally, in Section 7 we solve the Dirichlet problem in Lorentz-Minkowski space for arbitrary domains and we show the role of the cmc rotational surfaces in the solvability of the problem.

This paper is organized as follows.

Section 4 describes the method of continuity to solve the Dirichlet problem.


Complexity and uncertainty are leading factors for concern when analyzing spreading sources of pollution such as those due to anthropogenic activities on natural water ecosystems [17] . Classification models can be used to analyze various influential factors in natural environmental processes and in this case, we analyze the impact of human activities using the water quality classification standards (WQCS) for a river basin [18] . Among various classification models, such as the Bayesian network (BN), artificial neural networks (ANNs), decision trees and support vector machines, we propose to use the BN model to find the optimum population ranges that can be carried by the natural environment in a watershed [19] . The BN is a network with nodes representing probabilistic variables and links representing probabilistic dependencies. The conditional probability distribution given to each variable represents the influence of the parent nodes. The BN was employed to derive the sustainable population ranges for specific water uses such as drinking, bathing and fishing through analyzing the probabilistic influence between the water quality parameters and the population.

Complexity and uncertainty are leading factors for concern when analyzing spreading sources of pollution such as those due to anthropogenic activities on natural water ecosystems.

Classification models can be used to analyze various influential factors in natural environmental processes and in this case, we analyze the impact of human activities using the water quality classification standards (WQCS) for a river basin.

Among various classification models, such as the Bayesian network (BN), artificial neural networks (ANNs), decision trees and support vector machines, we propose to use the BN model to find the optimum population ranges that can be carried by the natural environment in a watershed.


In this research, we introduced a method for finding the sustainable range of human population density that can be carried by the natural environment in a watershed. This proposed concept can be explained as a river classification method for different purposes such as drinking, bathing and fishing according to the population density of a particular watershed. Therefore, any country can apply this model for the new establishment of watershed management. Other than that, the existing urbanized watersheds can identify the threshold value of population and offer many waste-water treatment facilities to remove pollution. After training, the classification model can be applied to different watersheds in the same river to identify threshold population densities by considering watershed population without using water quality parameters. Due to this reason, it is a better and low-cost method for river water management specially in developing countries. According to the situation at the Ambatala water intake point in the Kelani River, which has faced problems many times in recent years due to its inability to maintain drinking water standards [13] . If they followed the population densities recommended by the proposed system, there would be a possibility to maintain the required water quality standards. Otherwise, as an alternative solution, a new water intake point can be suggested in the watershed that has a population density of less than 2375.

According to the situation at the Ambatala water intake point in the Kelani River, which has faced problems many times in recent years due to its inability to maintain drinking water standards.