There are several limitations to our study, due to retrospective data collection using the existing WardWatcher database for outcomes. This prevented us collecting detailed process measure compliance data following the implementation of the new sedation protocol with the RASS targets or the CAM-ICU scores. Interestingly, a recent cluster randomised study in the UK failed to show improved processes to optimise pain, sedation and delirium management in a similar setting to ours [23] . Due to our methodology and the lack of data from the pre-implementation period, we cannot be certain if the increase in the use of antipsychotics reflects better recognition and treatment of delirium, or a genuine increased incidence of delirium in our patients. Previous data including our own, suggests that the introduction of a structured assessment leads to better recognition of, not just delirium, but other ICU-acquired adverse events also [5, 24] .

Interestingly, a recent cluster randomised study in the UK failed to show improved processes to optimise pain, sedation and delirium management in a similar setting to ours.

Previous data including our own, suggests that the introduction of a structured assessment leads to better recognition of, not just delirium, but other ICU-acquired adverse events also.


Owing to wide range of technological applications including electronic systems, hydrocyclone devices, quenching, and nuclear reactors flow over a sphere saturated in nanofluid has attracted so many attention [33] [34] [35] . To the best of the author's knowledge, despite the frequent mentioned literatures, there is no investigation on the unsteady flow and heat transfer of nanofluid in the stagnation point region of a time-dependent rotating sphere. In this paper, the basic boundary layer equations have been reduced to a two-point boundary value problem via similarity variables, and solved numerically. The employed model for nanofluid includes two-component four-equation non-homogeneous equilibrium model that incorporates the effects of Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis simultaneously. The numerical results of interest, such as the heat transfer and concentration rates, temperature and concentration profiles are obtained and demonstrated in both tabular and graphical form. It is hoped that the obtained results will not only present useful information for applications, but also serves as a complement to the previous studies.

Owing to wide range of technological applications including electronic systems, hydrocyclone devices, quenching, and nuclear reactors flow over a sphere saturated in nanofluid has attracted so many attention.


What would be the consequences of the presence of inflow currents from the point of view of a low energy physics on a brane? For example, can one distinguish between a 4-dimensional anomaly-free theory and a theory with extra dimensions and anomaly inflow? Naively, one would think that anomaly inflow current is a flux of particles from higher dimensions. From 4-dimensional point of view such a process would seem as a "loss of unitarity". However, for a brane-world model to be phenomenologically acceptable, there should be a mass gap between zero and bulk modes of matter fields and zero mode particles cannot leave the brane at energies below the mass gap. Instead, the inflow current by its nature is a vacuum or non-dissipative current. Although inflow current is not carried by real particles, the redistribution of the charges in the Dirac sea of the full (5-dimensional) theory leads to an appearance of an electric charge on the brane [7] . As a result, for example, electric field, created by a capacitor, changes when the latter is placed in a magnetic field. In particular, a field appears outside the capacitor, while inside it diminishes in value and gets redistributed in space. Another example is a charged elementary particle: when placed in a magnetic field its electric charge gets screened. From the 4-dimensional point of view it looks as if photon had acquired a mass, depending on a magnetic field. In addition, particle with both electric charge and magnetic moment acquires time-dependent dipole moment. These effects would not be present in a purely 4-dimensional theory with anomaly canceled by addition of new (chiral) particles at higher energies, and thus can be considered a signature of extra dimension. As we will see, they are not suppressed by the mass scale of extra dimensions.

Although inflow current is not carried by real particles, the redistribution of the charges in the Dirac sea of the full (5-dimensional) theory leads to an appearance of an electric charge on the brane.


The null findings of learning communities' effect on persistence may give readers pause regarding the relationship between integration and retention in community colleges. MDRC's learning communities' evaluations were not designed to definitively answer questions about causal mediation, which may be more difficult to answer than is generally acknowledged (Bullock, Green, & Ha, 2010) . It is possible that the learning communities in this study increased students' feelings of integration, but that increased integration alone may not be sufficient to meaningfully change student success rates; this seems reasonable given the multiple barriers faced by many community college students (e.g., financial, balancing the demands of school, work, and family). Alternatively, these single-semester learning communities may not have provided the additional sense of integration needed to make a difference in community college students' likelihood of persisting.

MDRC's learning communities' evaluations were not designed to definitively answer questions about causal mediation, which may be more difficult to answer than is generally acknowledged.


Presence of Teacher Effects. In this study, random assignment was conducted at the student level, creating two similar groups of students for future comparisons. Due to practical restrictions, instructors were not randomly assigned; thus, the selection of instructors may have influenced the estimated effects of learning communities for better, for worse, or not at all. The presented effect estimates represent the combined effect of learning communities and the types of instructors delivering those services, or teacher effects, whereas we are most interested in the effects of learning communities alone (Weiss, 2010) . To some extent, this concern is mitigated as many learning community instructors also taught stand-alone versions of these classes, sometimes to control group students. However, it is unclear how frequently control group students took classes with instructors who also taught the program group.

Presence of Teacher Effects.

The presented effect estimates represent the combined effect of learning communities and the types of instructors delivering those services, or teacher effects, whereas we are most interested in the effects of learning communities alone.


The heel-off approach is the latest approach used for detecting step initiation, and it is based on the heel-off time [12] . This approach utilizes the heel-off time generated from ankle markers or force plates, and it is the fastest approach for detecting step initiation without using any bio-electrical signals for the lower limb exoskeletons. However, it is not reliable. The heel-off approach needs additional methods to detect step initiation reliably, such as a complicated learning algorithm or more sensors. The RoboKnee utilizes the heel-off approach [13] .

The heel-off approach is the latest approach used for detecting step initiation, and it is based on the heel-off time.

However, it is not reliable.

The RoboKnee utilizes the heel-off approach.


The approach using the COP detects the trajectory event of the net COP from the start to release event of the swing leg [11] . It can detect step initiation faster than the toe-off approach. However, this approach is only suitable for helping patients maintain balance during medical therapy or rehabilitation. As a result, it has mainly been applied to human gait analysis for the control of balance.

The approach using the COP detects the trajectory event of the net COP from the start to release event of the swing leg.


With the augmented strength provided to the operator, the lower limb exoskeleton has received considerable attention from the military and rehabilitation industries over the past several decades [1] [2] [3] [4] . The operator can not only walk more easily, but also walk further for less metabolic cost because of the augmented strength from the lower limb exoskeleton. It is important for the lower limb exoskeleton to assist the operator's movement as soon as possible to achieve this feat. Consequently, many studies have been conducted to detect the operator's movement intention [5] [6] [7] . In particular, many studies investigating the detection of step initiation have been conducted using electromyography (EMG), the center of pressure (COP), the heel-off time and the toe-off time.

With the augmented strength provided to the operator, the lower limb exoskeleton has received considerable attention from the military and rehabilitation industries over the past several decades.

Consequently, many studies have been conducted to detect the operator's movement intention.


A large class of N = 1 superconformal gauge theories in four dimensions can be realized on the worldvolume of a stack of D3-branes probing toric Calabi-Yau threefold singularities in Type IIB string theory. The field content and interactions of such gauge theories are elegantly described by a bipartite graph on the 2-torus, known as a dimer model or brane tiling [1] [2] [3] . The faces, edges and nodes of the brane tiling are associated to U (N ) gauge group factors, bifundamental/adjoint matter and superpotential terms respectively. A simple class of toric CY singularities consists of orbifolds of the form C 3 /Γ where Γ is a finite Abelian subgroup of SU (3) [4] [5] [6] [7] . For Abelian Γ, the brane tiling is made of n = |Γ| hexagonal faces covering the torus. The superpotential, inherited from the parent N = 4 theory, is cubic in this case and the global symmetry is at least U (1) 3 , including the U (1) R R-symmetry of the N = 1 superconformal theory.

The field content and interactions of such gauge theories are elegantly described by a bipartite graph on the 2-torus, known as a dimer model or brane tiling.

A simple class of toric CY singularities consists of orbifolds of the form C 3 /Γ where Γ is a finite Abelian subgroup of SU (3).


This construction admits a natural generalization to RG flows triggered by mass deformations of N = 2 superconformal theories for D3 branes probing C 2 /Z n × C [9] . The generalization starts with a quiver gauge theory with n adjoint fields -one for each U (N ) factor -besides the bifundamental matter. By giving masses to any of the adjoint fields, one generates a flow to a new -in general non-toric -N = 1 superconformal gauge theory. As we will review, toricity can be preserved by choosing the mass parameters to be all equal with alternating signs in a sequence of k pairs of adjoints. In addition, a field redefinition is required in the IR to restore the toric property of the superpotential. The resulting quiver gauge theory is associated to the toric singularity C(L k,n−k,k ), where C(X) denotes the cone over X, also known as a generalized conifold.

This construction admits a natural generalization to RG flows triggered by mass deformations of N = 2 superconformal theories for D3 branes probing C 2 /Z n × C.


Coordination among developers can be done in several ways. Coordination could happen in formal condition such as group meeting to discuss about the source codes, test cases and documentations [23] . Meanwhile, informal coordination happen outside the company where they can discuss freely with other developers about the project issues during development phase [24] . Coordination among developers not only happens in meeting room or informal situations but also via email, instant messenger (IM) and web-based application in order to monitor project progress [25] . As it is known, development of project in software engineering involves people from different backgrounds, skills, knowledge and expertise and requires them to mingle, work together as well as coordinate with each other [26] [27] . To elaborate further as distributed developers work in a team during the project, they can combine their expertise and skills to reduce the cost of transferring information and decision-making time [28] . Teamwork helps by increasing the skills and collaboration level in development of each individual.

Coordination could happen in formal condition such as group meeting to discuss about the source codes, test cases and documentations.

Meanwhile, informal coordination happen outside the company where they can discuss freely with other developers about the project issues during development phase.

Coordination among developers not only happens in meeting room or informal situations but also via email, instant messenger (IM) and web-based application in order to monitor project progress.

As it is known, development of project in software engineering involves people from different backgrounds, skills, knowledge and expertise and requires them to mingle, work together as well as coordinate with each other.

To elaborate further as distributed developers work in a team during the project, they can combine their expertise and skills to reduce the cost of transferring information and decision-making time.


As our study was a retrospective cohort study with a small study population and/or short median follow-up periods, it was inevitable that treatment bias due to physician discretion in making treatment decisions would arise. Therefore, prospective randomized trials will be required to confirm the value of maintaining a high RDI. For instance, an alternative strategy to intensify RDI by shortening the intervals between cycles of chemotherapy, such as biweekly CHOP, may be promising [22] . Indeed, Groupe d'Etudes de Lymphomes de L'Adulte (GELA) is now conducting a phase III prospective randomized trial to assess the difference between eight cycles of bi-weekly R-CHOP and three-weekly R-CHOP. The results of this prospective randomized trial are awaited.

For instance, an alternative strategy to intensify RDI by shortening the intervals between cycles of chemotherapy, such as biweekly CHOP, may be promising.


NRF signatures are most commonly measured by either a backscatter or a transmission measurement [9, 10] . In both measurement techniques, a source photon beam is used to induce nuclear excitations in a target. The rate at which NRF occurs in the target is proportional to the amount of the corresponding isotope contained therein. Hence, measurement of the amount of an isotope present in a target is accomplished by determining the rate at which the isotope undergoes NRF. In the backscatter method, this rate is determined by measuring the fluorescence γ-rays using radiation detectors positioned at backwards locations, relative to the beam incident upon the target. In a transmission measurement, the rate at which NRF occurs in the target is determined by the attenuation of resonant-energy photons, which causes a reduced NRF rate in a sheet of the same isotope located further along the beam trajectory. This sheet is herein referred to as the transmission detection sheet.

NRF signatures are most commonly measured by either a backscatter or a transmission measurement.


In this paper, we describe transmission NRF measurements of 238 U in thick targets using bremsstrahlung. The target dimensions were selected to have an areal density and attenuation properties similar to a nuclear fuel assembly so that the applicability of the transmission method as a non-destructive measurement technique to quantify minor actinide content in * bjquiter@lbl.gov nuclear fuel could be tested. In this experiment, Pb was used as a surrogate for the UO 2 matrix in spent fuel and the 238 U in depleted uranium (DU), was used as a surrogate for 239 Pu or any other minor actinide that would be measured in spent fuel. The DU sheets were 99.799% 238 U by mass, and the remaining portion of the DU was mostly 235 U. The amount of 238 U used in the experiment represents significantly higher concentrations than those of minor actinides in spent fuel. These amounts were selected to demonstrate the transmission attenuation effect in a timely manner using readily available radiation detectors and photon sources. A similar measurement has been made using thinner targets and a quasi-monoenergetic photon source [4] . This measurement reported a null result for the observation of the notch refill phenomenon, whereas the data presented here indicate notch refill has occurred. The process of notch refill will be discussed in Section 3.

A similar measurement has been made using thinner targets and a quasi-monoenergetic photon source.


To within statistical uncertainties, the measurement agrees with models used to describe resonant attenuation and subsequent measurement of fluorescence emitted from the transmission detector. However, it also indicates the difficulty of using transmission nuclear resonance fluorescence to precisely measure small quantities of an isotope in an assay target. Rates at which statistics accrue in a transmission measurement are strongly dependent on the strengths of the resonances used for the measurement. Measurements of NRF in 235 U and 239 Pu have indicated their resonances are smaller than those examined here. This indicates that a transmission NRF measurement that is useful for nuclear safeguards applications would require a significantly more intense photon source than the 65 µA bremsstrahlung beam used in this experiment. Higher current electron accelerators are commercially available [20] . However, required photon count rates pose difficult challenges for semiconductor detectors and energy resolution requirements make scintillating detectors less attractive. These constraints are the subject of further study.

Higher current electron accelerators are commercially available.


The adenoma detection rate (ADR) was negatively correlated with the incidence of CRC, and was also negatively correlated with CRC mortality; with a 1% increase in ADR, cancer mortality rate was reduced by 5% [15] . However, the ADR is not a perfect metric as it only ascertains whether at least 1 adenoma is identified. Once the endoscopists found 1 adenoma, their attention may wane because they think they already have a good ADR; this could lead to missing neoplasia (a behavior called "one-and-done"). Therefore, we derived the ADR-Plus by calculating the mean number of adenomas found after the first examination in procedures in which 1 or more adenomas were detected. In this manner, ADR-plus is a true measure of incremental gain after the first adenoma is detected and is independent of the ADR itself [16] . In conclusion, with more polyps, instead of saying "one-and-done", they should say "more and done" to increase detection of polyps. As a consequence, the endoscopists must intubate the cecum and watch for patients with multi-polyps found in the first colonoscopy.

The adenoma detection rate (ADR) was negatively correlated with the incidence of CRC, and was also negatively correlated with CRC mortality; with a 1% increase in ADR, cancer mortality rate was reduced by 5%.

In this manner, ADR-plus is a true measure of incremental gain after the first adenoma is detected and is independent of the ADR itself.


By comparing the missing group with the non-missing group, we found that patients with more lesions were more prone to have missing detection. The age, sex, and examination period (morning or afternoon) of patients had no significant effect on the missing rate, suggesting that age, sex, and examination period are not crucial factors affecting accurate diagnosis. In terms of withdrawal time, all patients had more than 6 min of time, in accordance with guidelines, and it made no significant difference in outcome [14] . Thus, it can be seen that the endoscopic physicians should pay more attention to the patients who have more lesions during the treatment because of the potentially higher missing rate. However, this may also be due to the limitation of this study, which was not back-toback. Apparently, the distribution of the lesions in the colorectal segment may be dispersed along with the increasing number of lesions. The endoscopists may observe the whole colorectum subconsciously in the overall process of endoscopic polypectomy in order to search for the polyps found in the first colonoscopy. No patients had fewer polyps and more y missing polyps may be found during the second endoscopic polypectomy. But in turn, the concept of Adenoma Detection Rateplus (ADR-plus) comes from the "one-and-done" problem.

In terms of withdrawal time, all patients had more than 6 min of time, in accordance with guidelines, and it made no significant difference in outcome.


Thus the bgl locus responsible for synthesis of 22 kDa P-glucanase maps within a relatively poorly marked area of the B. subtilis chromosome and provides a useful tool for genetic mapping in this bacterium. Furthermore, the location of the bgl locus also suggests that genes coding for several extracellular enzymes are distributed over the entire chromosome of B. subtilis (Henner & Hoch, 1980) . For fine mapping of bgl mutations within the bgl coding region we intend to do a complementation analysis using deleted derivatives of the integrative plasmid pHV60-28.

Furthermore, the location of the bgl locus also suggests that genes coding for several extracellular enzymes are distributed over the entire chromosome of B. subtilis.


In this letter, we shall construct a model of massive Hermitian gravity coupled to four complex scalar fields z A . First, we will briefly review a derivation of the Hermitian gravity action based on gauging of the U (1, 3) symmetry and promoting it to be the tangent group of the manifold [13, 14] . Then we will introduce four complex scalar fields and show how these fields, when acquire vacuum expectation values, generate the same masses for both the graviton and the antisymmetric tensor. Finally we determine non-covariantly the physical degrees of freedom of the antisymmetric field and find the strong coupling scales for them.

First, we will briefly review a derivation of the Hermitian gravity action based on gauging of the U (1, 3) symmetry and promoting it to be the tangent group of the manifold.


Urban residents may be exposed to higher temperatures than residents of surrounding suburban and rural areas because of the "urban heat island effect": this heat effect refers to the high thermal absorption by dark paved surfaces and buildings, heat emitted from vehicles and air conditioners, a lack of vegetation and trees, and poor ventilation [4, 18] . As a result of the urban heat island effect, people in urban areas are usually at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from ambient heat exposure [4] . The effects of temperature on mortality and morbidity are likely to become more severe because of the increasing elderly population among metropolitan areas in addition to the effects of climate change [19] .

Urban residents may be exposed to higher temperatures than residents of surrounding suburban and rural areas because of the "urban heat island effect": this heat effect refers to the high thermal absorption by dark paved surfaces and buildings, heat emitted from vehicles and air conditioners, a lack of vegetation and trees, and poor ventilation.

As a result of the urban heat island effect, people in urban areas are usually at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from ambient heat exposure.

The effects of temperature on mortality and morbidity are likely to become more severe because of the increasing elderly population among metropolitan areas in addition to the effects of climate change.


A complete DFB model is shown in Fig. 3 . Here, scattering matrices have been inserted between the circulators of each section. Also, alternate sections' transmission-lines have different impedances. This creates impedance mismatches at the section boundaries, which couple the forward and backward waves [12] . Each section has an associated carrier rate equation model to enable the local gain, refractive index and spontaneous noise to be calculated from the injection current and the carrier recombination rates [ 131.

This creates impedance mismatches at the section boundaries, which couple the forward and backward waves.


It is a known fact that states of the type IIB superstring theory even under world-sheet parity projection Ω : σ → −σ correspond to the states of type I superstring theory [2] . More precisely, the states, which correspond to the background fields: graviton G µν and dilaton Φ from NS-NS sector, the sum of two same chirality gravitinos ψ α +µ = ψ α µ +ψ α µ and dilatinos λ α + = λ α +λ α from NS-R sector and two rank antisymmetric tensor A (2) from R-R sector, survive this projection. The states that are odd under Ω transformation: antisymmetric tensor B µν from NS-NS sector, difference of two gravitinos ψ α −µ = ψ α µ −ψ α µ and dilatinios λ α − = λ α −λ α from NS-R sector, and scalar A (0) and four rank antisymmetric tensor A (4) with self dual field strength from R-R sector, are eliminated by above projection.

It is a known fact that states of the type IIB superstring theory even under world-sheet parity projection Ω : σ → −σ correspond to the states of type I superstring theory.


A second group of analytical models, again including interfacial tension, is based on slender-body theory (Taylor, 1964; Acrivos and Lo, 1978; Khakhar and Ottino, 1986) . These theories treat highly elongated droplets, but cannot model the transition from a compact to an elongated shape. They also apply only to droplets that are much less viscous than the matrix. In the limit of zero interfacial tension, they predict that the droplet axis elongates at the same rate as the matrix fluid.

A second group of analytical models, again including interfacial tension, is based on slender-body theory.


Eight environmental factors were measured that can affect the distribution of spiders (Pearce et al. 2004; Oxbrough et al. 2005) . They were measured nearby the traps and averaged for the sites. Ground temperature at 2 cm depth, air temperature on the soil surface and relative humidity on the soil surface were measured at each site monthly on the morning of a typical sunny day. The statistical analyses were based on averages. We also estimated the percentage cover of leaf litter, decaying wood material, herbs, shrubs and canopy cover in each site within a 10 9 10 m plot.

Eight environmental factors were measured that can affect the distribution of spiders.


To test for differences in total species richness and in the ratio of species with different habitat affinity (forest, generalist and open-habitat species) among the urban, suburban and rural areas, one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were performed using data from the individual sites. Normal distribution of the data was achieved by log (x ? 1) transformation. When ANOVA revealed a significant difference between the means, a Tukey-test was performed for multiple comparisons among means (Sokal and Rohlf 1995) .

When ANOVA revealed a significant difference between the means, a Tukey-test was performed for multiple comparisons among means.


Generally, Iranian students are not proficient writers. Of many factors involved in poor writing, anxiety, as an underestimated factor, was addressed in the present study. The merit of this study lies in the fact that as a novel study in the Iranian educational context, it examines the levels, types and causes of writing anxiety among EFL learners using a mixed method design which validates the obtained results. The study also introduced Causes of Second Language Writing Anxiety Inventory (CSLWAI) proposed by the authors on the basis of a comprehensive study of literature available on this issue which can be utilized by other researchers in this field. The study showed high levels of writing anxiety among iranian EFL students which were mainly cognitive, as reflected in preoccupation with performance and high expectations, and were due to fear of teacher's negative feedback, low self-confidence and poor linguistic knowledge. Actually, these problems are inherent in the nature of education in Iran which provokes fears such as that of the teachers as the main readers and evaluators of the students' writings, pressure for perfect work, and writing goals which are not compatible with thoes of the students expectations. These findings suggest that educational goals in Iran should develop a clear understanding of the learners' writing needs, and reduce the fear of being evaluated and judged on the basis of writing ability and proficiency. It is important to note that EFL students are more challenged in the writing process because they have to shoulder the difficulty writing creates for them along with the fear of making mistakes due to their limited L2 knowledge and capacity to develop their ideas in the target language. As a result, it is suggested that these limitations which are mainly rooted in classroom practicescan be removed by taking "a nonpunitive, nonjudgemental, and non-mixed message process approach to teaching L2 writing" (Leki, 1999) .

As a result, it is suggested that these limitations which are mainly rooted in classroom practicescan be removed by taking "a nonpunitive, nonjudgemental, and non-mixed message process approach to teaching L2 writing".


Eco-efficiency is characterized by a continuous effort towards the improvement of economical and environmental values and a long-term need for sustainability. Therefore, the goals for wastewater treatment systems are moving beyond the protection of human health and aquatic ecosystems to include minimizing loss of scarce resources, reducing the use of energy and water, reducing waste generation and enabling the recycling of nutrients (Lundin et al., 2000) . The directive 91/271/CE of the Council from May 1991 and the subsequent initiatives concerning municipal wastewater treatment are important guidelines for water resources protection in the European Union. Currently, most of the large scale problems are being solved or addressed and the challenge concerns wastewater treatment of communities located in rural areas. Under these conditions, it is hardly feasible, from an economical point of view, to build sewer systems and centralized wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, it is a priority the implementation of decentralised solutions and a pertinent question arises then concerning the selection of the most appropriate design. Two technological options are available for such purpose, the so-called natural or energy-saving wastewater treatment systems and the intensive treatment systems.

Therefore, the goals for wastewater treatment systems are moving beyond the protection of human health and aquatic ecosystems to include minimizing loss of scarce resources, reducing the use of energy and water, reducing waste generation and enabling the recycling of nutrients.


The energy-saving technologies are those that simulate the conditions of natural wetlands (e.g. constructed wetlands), the processes which occur in rivers and lakes (e.g. artificial lagoons) and the soil ecosystem (e.g. slow rate infiltration) (García et al., 2006) . Therefore, such wastewater treatments systems show different performances, result in different impacts on the environment and have different associated costs. Cost functions are essential to produce estimations based on a reduced number of variables, easily identifiable and quantifiable. Based on investment and operation costs, such tool should enable a first pre-selection among the existing wastewater treatment solutions. The Life Cycle Assessment methodology has been used to explore the sustainability of wastewater systems, allowing a comparison of different technical solutions in terms of the estimated environmental loads (Dennison et al., 1999; Dixon et al., 2003) . The wastewater treatment in rural areas requires decentralized systems and different options and technologies are available for such purpose.

The energy-saving technologies are those that simulate the conditions of natural wetlands (e.g. constructed wetlands), the processes which occur in rivers and lakes (e.g. artificial lagoons) and the soil ecosystem (e.g. slow rate infiltration).

The Life Cycle Assessment methodology has been used to explore the sustainability of wastewater systems, allowing a comparison of different technical solutions in terms of the estimated environmental loads.


While the formation of dense nanoparticle structures on liquid interfaces has been demonstrated, the controlled formation of more complex structures is still a matter of much investigation. The confinement of molecules to two dimensions can change the structures formed (compared to a fully threedimensional system) and the different properties of the two liquid components can have a strong influence on the interaction between molecules confined to the interface between them. In particular capillary interactions (interactions mediated by the interface) can themselves be affected by pinning of the contact line to the particles [23] .

In particular capillary interactions (interactions mediated by the interface) can themselves be affected by pinning of the contact line to the particles.


With the above qualities in effect the primary aim of the research here is to investigate how the constraint of a conserved resource effects the dynamics and interaction properties of the species evolution. The mean species diversity exhibits a monotonic increase with respect to system resource availability which is expected for a real system with a heterogeneous environment. This increase is also accompanied by a greater level of fluctuation which is consistent with a reduction in the degree of species permanence, as implicated by the lifetime distributions. Although the effect is small due to the inclusion of all mutant phenotypes in the distribution statistics, there is a clear decrease in mean lifetimes as we increase the resource level. To ensure this decline is not simply an artefact of the higher diversity systems producing more short-lived mutants, which are included in the statistics here, we repeated the analyses omitting contributions below various threshold lifetime values. In each case the decline was observed. We can infer from this that the decrease in mean lifetime is applicable to the more permanent members which is more representative of a real system. Species considered in the collection of field data would not be random mutants, but recognisable community members. If there exists a higher species turnover rate at higher resource levels then it is conceivable that the evolutionary rate is enhanced as well. There is evidence of a positive relationship between evolutionary rate and energy supply but the mechanisms suggested for its existence are not related to the concepts here (Pawar, 2005) . It has recently been discovered though that higher diversity systems may incur a greater turnover rate of species and so a smaller duration probability (Emerson & Kolm, 2005) . Our work certainly points to the same conclusion.

In each case the decline was observed.

There is evidence of a positive relationship between evolutionary rate and energy supply but the mechanisms suggested for its existence are not related to the concepts here.

It has recently been discovered though that higher diversity systems may incur a greater turnover rate of species and so a smaller duration probability.


A functioning ecosystem relies on various environmental resources to sustain its component species with some of these resources being universally required for survival. The limitation of supply rate or overall quantity of such a resource, acts as a restriction to the development of an ecosystem and systematic properties are expected to depend on the level at which this occurs (Loeuille & Loreau, 2003) . It is known from field data that the diversity of species changes across energy and water gradients such as is found in latitudinal variations (Hawkins et al., 2003) (Bonn et al., 2004) . In general, heterogeneous environments will support greater species numbers at higher resource availabilities with the relationship taking a monotonically increasing form (Currie, 1991) (Waide et al., 1999) (Bonn et al., 2004) . This difference in diversity and the knock-on effect of elevated competition could conceivably lead to a change in the topology and dynamics of the species interaction network. These networks and their associated interaction matrices have been studied and are considered to be significant in adjudging the stability and permanence of ecosystems (May, 1974) (Tregonning & Roberts, 1979) .

The limitation of supply rate or overall quantity of such a resource, acts as a restriction to the development of an ecosystem and systematic properties are expected to depend on the level at which this occurs.

It is known from field data that the diversity of species changes across energy and water gradients such as is found in latitudinal variations.

In general, heterogeneous environments will support greater species numbers at higher resource availabilities with the relationship taking a monotonically increasing form.

These networks and their associated interaction matrices have been studied and are considered to be significant in adjudging the stability and permanence of ecosystems.


Hylids living in the Atlantic Rainforest Biome of eastern Brazil present 11 of the 12 reproductive modes known for the whole family (Haddad and Sawaya, 2000) . The genus Scinax is presently divided in five groups of species, the S. rubra, S. rostrata, S. catharinae, S. staufferi and S. perpusilla groups (Pombal and Bastos, 1996; Faivovich, 2002) . Species that make up the S. catharinae group (in which S. trapicheiroi is included) are mainly known from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. These frogs reproduce in clear waters (mainly streams, but more rarely in standing bodies of water -modes 1 and 2 sensu Duellman and Trueb, 1994 -eggs and feeding tadpoles in lentic (1) and lotic (2) water) inside forested areas (Carvalho e Silva and Carvalho e Silva, 1994; Pombal and Bastos, 1996; Faivovich, 2002) .

Hylids living in the Atlantic Rainforest Biome of eastern Brazil present 11 of the 12 reproductive modes known for the whole family.

The genus Scinax is presently divided in five groups of species, the S. rubra, S. rostrata, S. catharinae, S. staufferi and S. perpusilla groups.

These frogs reproduce in clear waters (mainly streams, but more rarely in standing bodies of water -modes 1 and 2 sensu Duellman and Trueb, 1994 -eggs and feeding tadpoles in lentic (1) and lotic (2) water) inside forested areas.


Aerosol particles are of importance for atmospheric chemistry and physics and exert crucial influence on the climate system, air quality and human health (Fuzzi et al., 2015) . The carbonaceous fraction of aerosol comprises a large fraction of the fine aerosol mass (20 %-80 %) (Cao et al., 2007; Tao et al., 2017) . Carbonaceous aerosols are often operationally subdivided into organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) . OC consists of a large variety of organic species that cover a great range of volatilities and are not or only weakly light absorbing, while EC is nonvolatile, resistant to chemical transformation and strongly light absorbing (Pöschl, 2005) . It should be noted that since no clear distinction between OC and EC exists, OC and EC are operationally defined based on measurement techniques (Petzold et al., 2013) . When a thermal-optical method is used to separate and determine OC and EC, EC is described as a thermally refractory carbon continuum and OC is weakly refractory (Pöschl, 2003 (Pöschl, , 2005 Petzold et al., 2013) .

Aerosol particles are of importance for atmospheric chemistry and physics and exert crucial influence on the climate system, air quality and human health.

The carbonaceous fraction of aerosol comprises a large fraction of the fine aerosol mass (20 %-80 %).

OC consists of a large variety of organic species that cover a great range of volatilities and are not or only weakly light absorbing, while EC is nonvolatile, resistant to chemical transformation and strongly light absorbing.

It should be noted that since no clear distinction between OC and EC exists, OC and EC are operationally defined based on measurement techniques.

When a thermal-optical method is used to separate and determine OC and EC, EC is described as a thermally refractory carbon continuum and OC is weakly refractory.


Vegetables are the staple food for most of the world and play an important role in human diet. Among these vegetables, onions are of great importance and a natural part of the daily diet for most of the world's population. Common red onion (Allium cepa L.) is a vegetable of great economic importance grown all over the world (Mogren et al., 2007) . In recent years, the consumption of faba beans -Vicia faba L. has increased, as they are rich source of protein, vitamin and minerals (Duc, 1997) . Although V. faba are consumed less in western countries, it is one of the main source of protein and energy in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Common red onion (Allium cepa L.) is a vegetable of great economic importance grown all over the world.

In recent years, the consumption of faba beans -Vicia faba L. has increased, as they are rich source of protein, vitamin and minerals.


The question of the optimal spacing of psychotherapy sessions is also of practical relevance. A frequent criticism of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychotherapy is that they are conducted in a manner that is inconsistent with typical clinical practice (Seligman, 1995) . For example, in RCTs treatment is typically delivered in evenly spaced, consecutive sessions (usually weekly) for a given number of sessions, then terminated abruptly. In clinical practice, however, therapy is often terminated gradually, with increasing inter-session intervals.

A frequent criticism of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychotherapy is that they are conducted in a manner that is inconsistent with typical clinical practice.


There are several limitations of this study that merit consideration. First, the relatively small sample size limits confidence in the generalizability of these findings. In particular, we were unable to collect follow-up data on many participants, thereby precluding definitive conclusions about the durability of treatment gains. Although the intent-to-treat analyses suggest that treatment gains were maintained over the 3-month follow-up period for both groups, it remains possible that the more successful participants were more likely to be available for follow-up assessment. Our results are consistent, however, with other research demonstrating similar maintenance of treatment gains (Fava et al., 2001; Gould et al., 1997; Heimberg, Salzman, Holt, & Blendell, 1993) . Second, our assessment strategy was limited to measures of symptoms and social behavior assessed in a laboratory task. Although such measures are of course central to the assessment of treatment effects in SAD, broader assessment of social functioning and an assessment of quality of life would have been instructive, as would post-treatment diagnostic data by blind interviewers. Finally, since we did not measure homework compliance we were unable to examine this factor's potential mediating role in the results. Several methodological strengths of the study are also noteworthy, including the random assignment of participants to conditions, the balanced therapist involvement across the two conditions, and the relatively minimal participant exclusion criteria resulting in a clinically representative sample.

Our results are consistent, however, with other research demonstrating similar maintenance of treatment gains.


No research has yet examined the optimal delivery schedule of CBT for SAD. Nevertheless, a series of studies has examined the effects of the schedule of treatment delivery for other disorders. Several studies of exposure-based interventions have compared the effects of "massed" to "spaced" exposure in the treatment of various anxiety disorders. Two early studies suggested the superiority of massed exposure (Dua, 1972; Foa, Jameson, Turner, & Paynes, 1980) . In contrast, three other studies found no differences between massed and spaced exposure (Grey, Rachman, & Sartory, 1981; Emmelkamp, van Linden Van den Heuvell, Ruphan, & Sanderman, 1989; Chambless, 1990) . The discrepancy in the results of these studies is difficult to interpret in light of the differences in types of samples studied, as well as the wide range of what constituted the massed versus spaced exposure conditions across the studies. One consistent feature of these studies was the fact that all sessions were evenly spaced in time, regardless of condition. In other words, in both the massed and spaced conditions the inter-session interval was the same throughout the course of treatment.

Two early studies suggested the superiority of massed exposure.

In contrast, three other studies found no differences between massed and spaced exposure.


Despite the mentioned advantages of multi-agent approaches, most of the simulations relying on it are based on a homogeneous structure of behavior. This implies that all the travelers have similar preferences when they make mode choice or other decisions. This similarity renders the results less accurate especially considering that user preferences are one of the key components that determine SAV market share and its impact (Stocker & Shaheen, 2018) . This paper aims to: first, better understand how user preferences would impact the SAV modal split in a multi-modal transportation system; and second, to gain insight into how to integrate those factors in a multi-agent simulation approach. This study introduces the first large-scale multi-agent activity-based simulation of Paris area developed in MATSim, a multi-agent transport platform. The following sections describe related studies, the methodology of modeling and considering user preferences in a multi-agent simulation, the experiment, key findings, and study conclusions.

This similarity renders the results less accurate especially considering that user preferences are one of the key components that determine SAV market share and its impact.


Because of bio-based nanoparticles' potential inherent biodegradability, researchers have considered such nanoparticles to be especially beneficial as oil-spill response agents for promoting oil dispersion; many of the currently available soluble synthetic polymeric dispersants, in contrast, have been associated with negative health and environmental impacts [18] [19] [20] . Certain nanoparticles have been reported to possess low toxicity and reduced negative impact on marine organisms, with good stabilization performance [21] . Previously, nanoparticles that contain silica, clay, iron oxide, and carbon black, for example, have been tested in o/w emulsions, with the aim of enhancing preparedness for oil spills in deep-water seas [22] . These emulsifying particles can improve the natural biodegradability of oil by marine organisms when mechanical oil recovery is not feasible (for example, due to harsh climate conditions).

Because of bio-based nanoparticles' potential inherent biodegradability, researchers have considered such nanoparticles to be especially beneficial as oil-spill response agents for promoting oil dispersion; many of the currently available soluble synthetic polymeric dispersants, in contrast, have been associated with negative health and environmental impacts.

Certain nanoparticles have been reported to possess low toxicity and reduced negative impact on marine organisms, with good stabilization performance.

Previously, nanoparticles that contain silica, clay, iron oxide, and carbon black, for example, have been tested in o/w emulsions, with the aim of enhancing preparedness for oil spills in deep-water seas.


As a renewable and abundant raw material, plant celluloses have become an attractive resource in the development of novel "green" materials and chemicals for the emerging biobased economy. In addition to the utilization of celluloses in the form of fibers, researchers have paid a great deal of attention to the fabrication and exploitation of micro-and nano-sized cellulose constitutes, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils, in multiple applications [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . CNCs possess many advantages like unique optical properties, and higher strength properties such as stiffness and modulus [8] . A typical individual cellulose crystal from a wood source is approximately 3-5 nm in diameter, with a length of 200 nm or less [3] . Depending on the cellulose source, the aspect ratios (length to width [L/w]) of CNCs range from 10-100 [1] . The presence of several hydroxyl groups on the surfaces of CNCs makes them inherently hydrophilic, and enhances their interaction with water [9, 10] .

In addition to the utilization of celluloses in the form of fibers, researchers have paid a great deal of attention to the fabrication and exploitation of micro-and nano-sized cellulose constitutes, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils, in multiple applications.

CNCs possess many advantages like unique optical properties, and higher strength properties such as stiffness and modulus.

A typical individual cellulose crystal from a wood source is approximately 3-5 nm in diameter, with a length of 200 nm or less.

Depending on the cellulose source, the aspect ratios (length to width [L/w]) of CNCs range from 10-100.

The presence of several hydroxyl groups on the surfaces of CNCs makes them inherently hydrophilic, and enhances their interaction with water.


Fog Computing brings a new approach to Internet access networks by making computation, storage, and networking resources available at the edge of access networks. This improves the performance, by minimizing latency and availability, since resources are accessible even if Internet access is not available [10] . Fog-based solutions aim at introducing an intermediate architectural layer where resources and applications are made available in the proximity of end devices, thus avoiding continuous access to the Cloud.

This improves the performance, by minimizing latency and availability, since resources are accessible even if Internet access is not available.


This report describes a sample of suburban drug injectors and identifies differences within this population. The sample is younger and appears to have smaller social networks than those found in most current studies of IDUs in large cities of the U.S. Northeast [49] [50] [51] [52] . Their experiences with the different systems with which they interact as drug users-criminal justice, substance abuse treatment, and harm reduction services-reveal near universal engagement with the police and the courts, less (but still considerable) experience with substance abuse treatment services, and almost no contact with harm reduction services. Injectors' knowledge about HIV is poor and statistically no better than it is regarding either hepatitis or overdose, which differs from findings from studies of urban injectors in Connecticut [22] . This suggests that the HIVcentric prevention messages targeted to urban injectors have failed to reach their suburban counterparts. Furthermore, individuals seem to have limited awareness of their HIV or hepatitis infection status. But the most striking difference between our results and studies of urban injectors is the lack of association between residing in areas of poverty and disadvantage and injection risk behaviors.

The sample is younger and appears to have smaller social networks than those found in most current studies of IDUs in large cities of the U.S. Northeast.

Injectors' knowledge about HIV is poor and statistically no better than it is regarding either hepatitis or overdose, which differs from findings from studies of urban injectors in Connecticut.


The bottled water industry is generally proclaimed as having negative environmental impacts, as an excess of energy and resources are used in the process of bottles manufacturing. For a long time, bottled water was only available in glass containers; but nowadays polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used for packaging. Thus, the most important impacts are attributed to the production of bottles, transport and disposal of solid waste resulting from packaging (Lagioia et al., 2012; McRandle, 2004; Papong et al., 2014) .

Thus, the most important impacts are attributed to the production of bottles, transport and disposal of solid waste resulting from packaging.


Reading comprehension is commonly known as an interactive mental process between a readers' linguistic knowledge, knowledge of the world, and knowledge about a given topic (Rahmani & Sadeghi, 2011) . Reading is a complex process; L2 reading is even more complex. Success in reading comprehension is regularly depicted as an essential element to the academic success of EFL learners. Reading ability has always been viewed as critical to academic success (Bernhardt, 1991; Carrell, 1991; Urquhart and Weir, 1998; Levine, A., Ferenz, O., Reves, T., 2000; Grabe and Stoller, 2002) .

Reading comprehension is commonly known as an interactive mental process between a readers' linguistic knowledge, knowledge of the world, and knowledge about a given topic.

Reading ability has always been viewed as critical to academic success.


There are several devices designed to reduce roll motion including bilge keels, antiroll fins and antiroll tanks (Cox and Lloyd 1977) . Among all roll stabilizers, bilge keels are the most suitable type for the EJFB since they are much simpler to design and install. Unlike the antiroll fin and the antiroll tank, bilge keels do not take up any cabin space and do not need to be actively operated during a boat's operation. These features make bilge keels very suitable for the EJFB. Bilge keels are widely used for modern large ships, such as large cargo vessels. However, it is not a common practice to use bilge keels for a traditional small wooden boat. Therefore, a thorough design optimization study is necessary to obtain maximum benefit from a bilge keel to be installed to a traditional fishing boat such as EJFB in this study.

There are several devices designed to reduce roll motion including bilge keels, antiroll fins and antiroll tanks.


It should be mentioned that the color neutral component of the polarization tensor had been calculated repeatedly in Fujikawa gauge, [6] , [7] , [2, 3] . In that case the structure is much simpler, especially because the tensor is transversal. In addition it has only three tensor stuctures and accordingly only three form factors instead of four in background gauge (see below). But in this gauge the color charged components are much more complicated.

It should be mentioned that the color neutral component of the polarization tensor had been calculated repeatedly in Fujikawa gauge.


The medoid classification algorithm was a best attempt at reproducing the algorithm used in many of the studies conducted in the laboratories of Emmanuel Petricoin and Lance Liotta [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . As opposed to the method used in the references cited above, this investigation will fix the number of features that are present in the classifier. Again, a wrapper algorithm is used to determine which features will be used in a putative classifier.

The medoid classification algorithm was a best attempt at reproducing the algorithm used in many of the studies conducted in the laboratories of Emmanuel Petricoin and Lance Liotta.


Chemical composition and nutritive values of feeds are determined to better characterize them and to formulate rations of animals according to the specific feeding standards. Feeds differ in their methane production potentiality depending upon chemical composition and plant metabolites present in them (Benchaar et al., 2001; Patra, 2012b) . Because methane production is an important characteristic of feeds accounting loss of energy and contributing to the greenhouse effects, methane production potential per unit of dry matter (DM) or DM degradability should be measured and be tabulated like chemical composition and nutritive values of feeds. Identification of low-methane producing feeds may be practically feasible options to prepare low methane producing rations for ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the methane production potential and fermentation profile of different feedstuffs commonly used to feed ruminants.

Feeds differ in their methane production potentiality depending upon chemical composition and plant metabolites present in them.


Artificial intelligence (AI) enhanced electric power consumption short-term forecasting is an important technique for smart grid planning, sustainable energy usage and electricity market bidding system design. Existing work shows that 20% extra energy output is required to overcome a 5% integrated residential electric power consumption peak increment without effective power consumption forecasting [1] . The advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) introduces the possibility to learn power consumption pattern for each residential house from its historical data. The resulting power consumption prediction provides an important hint for both the power suppliers and consumers to maintain a sustainable environment for energy saving, management and scheduling [2, 3] .

Existing work shows that 20% extra energy output is required to overcome a 5% integrated residential electric power consumption peak increment without effective power consumption forecasting.

The resulting power consumption prediction provides an important hint for both the power suppliers and consumers to maintain a sustainable environment for energy saving, management and scheduling.


This study proposed a novel hybrid deep learning neural network framework combining convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short term memory (LSTM) neural work to deal with univariate and volatile residential power consumption forecasting. Recent works already show that by LSTM neural network alone, high prediction accuracy for power consumption forecasting can be achieved [2, 12, 13] . We further demonstrate that the hybrid framework that was proposed in this study outperforms the conventional LSTM neural network. The CNN extracts the most useful information from the original raw data and converts the univariate single household power consumption dataset into multi-dimensional data, which potentially facilitates the prediction performance of LSTM. Figure 8 shows the prediction accuracy improvement from conventional LSTM to CNN-LSTM using MAPE as a measurement metric. The results were obtained based on five real-world households power consumption data collected by the UK-DALE project. The proposed CNN-LSTM framework is 13.1%, 48.8%, 2.4%, 33.2% and 14.5% lower than LSTM, respectively, for the five tested households, using MAPE as the error metric, which demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed method for maintaining a sustainable balance between energy consumption and savings. Instead of adopting the traditional one-step forecasting approaches, our method proposes a k-step forecasting algorithm for small step sizes, e.g., 6-step or 30 min forecasting period compared with the original 5 min short-term forecasting, to provide more response time for real-world applications, such as the electricity market bidding system design. The experimental results show the effectiveness for the proposed k-step forecasting algorithm for longer time period power consumption forecasting. The proposed approach can be further extended to deal with longer response time by varying different time interval resolutions and k values.

Recent works already show that by LSTM neural network alone, high prediction accuracy for power consumption forecasting can be achieved.


In order to achieve good glycemic control and to avoid complications, key components of outpatient diabetes care comprise patient-centered chronic disease management and support of patient self-management [7] [8] [9] . General practitioners (GPs) are central in chronic diabetes care but have only limited time per patient. These circumstances call for time-and costeffective as well as easy-to-implement routines in general care. It has been suggested that patient care could be intensified without increasing time load for the GP by enhancing involvement of practice nurses [10, 11] . With regards to supporting lifestyle modifications and risk factor management, which is also crucial in type 2 diabetes care, telephone counseling has been shown to be effective in other specific patient groups [12, 13] . Therefore, supplemental supportive telephone-based counseling by practice nurses could be a feasible and cost-effective method to enhance the quality of medical care and to improve patients' risk factor profile and associated outcomes.

In order to achieve good glycemic control and to avoid complications, key components of outpatient diabetes care comprise patient-centered chronic disease management and support of patient self-management.

It has been suggested that patient care could be intensified without increasing time load for the GP by enhancing involvement of practice nurses.

With regards to supporting lifestyle modifications and risk factor management, which is also crucial in type 2 diabetes care, telephone counseling has been shown to be effective in other specific patient groups.


While engaging in dinner conversation in an elegant restaurant, your attention is simultaneously tuned to the television screen overhead, the siren and flashing lights of a passing ambulance, the radio song playing in the background, and the gossip at the table next to you. Your attention is both voluntarily and involuntarily divided among these competing stimuli. You are certainly not affording your dinner companion your undivided attention. This is one example of the multisensory world in which we live and highlights the dynamic interactions that are continually taking place across the various sensory systems [1] . For the purpose of this article, we will use the term multisensory to refer to stimuli that are contextually similar and are aligned temporally and spatially as found in nature [2] . Multisensory alarms consist of interactions between multiple sensory streams, not just multiple concomitant unisensory streams. Indeed, one of the major challenges for our brains is to decide what amongst this vast array of sensory information to filter out and what should gain preferential access to be processed further.

This is one example of the multisensory world in which we live and highlights the dynamic interactions that are continually taking place across the various sensory systems.

For the purpose of this article, we will use the term multisensory to refer to stimuli that are contextually similar and are aligned temporally and spatially as found in nature.


The concepts of multisensory integration and related neuroscience principles have rarely been applied to clinical settings. The utility of applying the concepts of multisensory integration to the clinical environment may ultimately lie in the increased ability to process complex information within an attentionally demanding setting, and in the decreased need for high intensity stimuli as primary alarm delimiters. There has been significant work showing the problems with alarm fatigue and a subsequent call-to-action to improve patient monitoring [4, 9, 12, 14, 17] . We believe that the neuroscience concepts articulated in this manuscript provide a powerful set of tools to design better alarms and patient monitoring environments for the clinician and patient. Clinicians are already required to integrate information across modalities; now is the time for alarms and patient monitors to adopt these neuroscience principles in an efficient, effective, and safe manner.

There has been significant work showing the problems with alarm fatigue and a subsequent call-to-action to improve patient monitoring.


Such as attitude, one of the factors affecting the quality of learning is motivation. Motivation is also very important in terms of affect the success and learning, in the learning environment as in all areas of life. Because highly motivated students tend to show more effort and perseverance according to low motivated students in classroom activities and tasks [14] . Individuals' time spent to learn a subject, shows that the degree of their motivation [15] . It was determined that the factors affecting students' motivations in science education studies on the importance of motivations; the interests of students towards subjects, their notes which were taken in classroom, students' perceptions of task, success and failures of obtaining scientific knowledge, the general aim and orientations of students in science and understanding of scientific achievements [16] .

Because highly motivated students tend to show more effort and perseverance according to low motivated students in classroom activities and tasks.

Individuals' time spent to learn a subject, shows that the degree of their motivation.

It was determined that the factors affecting students' motivations in science education studies on the importance of motivations; the interests of students towards subjects, their notes which were taken in classroom, students' perceptions of task, success and failures of obtaining scientific knowledge, the general aim and orientations of students in science and understanding of scientific achievements.


Learning cycle approach is a learning approach that is based on mental development theory, brought forward by Piaget. This approach is based on the basis of discussion of the knowledge that students gained by means of conceptual development in class [3] . This approach carried out in three steps in classroom environment implementation and firstly developed by Karplus and his friends [4, 5] . This approach is implemented in three stages. The learning cycle approach is a student-centered teaching approach which is composed of three main sections as exploration, term introduction and concept implementation. Exploration section consists of activities involving data collection and recording which is obtained from students' observations, measurements, experiments and travelling. The main purpose of this section is to encourage students to learning based upon their own experiences. The teacher is in a passive role in this section and gives instructions of experiment, activity or travelling which is carried out then observes and listens to students.

This approach is based on the basis of discussion of the knowledge that students gained by means of conceptual development in class.

This approach carried out in three steps in classroom environment implementation and firstly developed by Karplus and his friends.


In recent hundred years, importance given to education and instruction has gradually increased and still increases around the world. In this knowledge era, education and instruction become one of the most important activity. Raising individuals who have essential knowledge is a necessary for developing countries and bringing about innovations in all areas. It will be possible with giving effective and retentive education. In this sense, while being carried out education and training activities in schools, choosing methods and techniques coherent with lesson content will make easier being learned of lessons significantly. In recent years, constructivist approach that was started to implement in Turkey was come out as a theory which moved student to center. One of the student centered implementation based on constructivist approach philosophy is also learning cycle approach. Learning cycle approach offers a new approach to science educators. The learning cycle approach can be considered as a design implemented to science education which is used as the working methods of science and research method which is expressed as a scientific method [1] . With this aspect, learning cycle models encourage students to learning science by using scientific research processes. This approach requires to determine of target concept, collect information with observation, research and test with experimental methods by generating estimation and hypothesis [2] .

The learning cycle approach can be considered as a design implemented to science education which is used as the working methods of science and research method which is expressed as a scientific method.

This approach requires to determine of target concept, collect information with observation, research and test with experimental methods by generating estimation and hypothesis.


In concept implementation which is the third section, it is expected from students to study science concepts and use them. So, additional experiments, readings, films and discussions must be made. Defined concept knowledge can be extended more by using different sources. Thus, students try to establish relation between concepts and facts by seeing the meanings of concepts in other areas. This stage is quite beneficial for students who are especially under the average of mental development level, who cannot associate with their own gained experiences and teachers' telling, in a word, for students who have difficulty in achieving meaningful learning [6] . Learning cycle which is consists of three parts should be included into the content of science program and should be conducted at every stage of the educational process. By this way, students will obtain knowledge of evaluation and interpretation of scientific data [7] . Teacher takes not an active but a passive role in teaching process based on learning cycle approach. The role of teacher in learning cycle is to constitute a social and logical education environment cooperatively, based on finding out working paper that made think and supported by constructivist and other learning methods, exploring problems met in the daily life and generating meaningful solutions [8] .

This stage is quite beneficial for students who are especially under the average of mental development level, who cannot associate with their own gained experiences and teachers' telling, in a word, for students who have difficulty in achieving meaningful learning.

By this way, students will obtain knowledge of evaluation and interpretation of scientific data.

The role of teacher in learning cycle is to constitute a social and logical education environment cooperatively, based on finding out working paper that made think and supported by constructivist and other learning methods, exploring problems met in the daily life and generating meaningful solutions.


In this research, it was determined that the effect of learning cycle approach-based science teaching on academic achievement, attitude, motivation and retention. According to research results, learning cycle approach-based teaching was more effective than teacher centered teaching at increasing motivation towards science learning, academic achievement and retentive learning. This results are similar to the research results that learning cycle approach-based teaching activities to increase academic achievement [17, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32] . These results showed that learning cycle approach was more effective than the other methods in teaching concrete materials and concepts, students' comprehension and understanding skills improved more in science lessons and students satisfied from educational environment.

This results are similar to the research results that learning cycle approach-based teaching activities to increase academic achievement.


The overall findings of the present study provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the SATS-36 item version for a South African sample. A one-factor structure model did not fit the data well. This is in line with suggestions from the developer of the survey (Schau, 2008) . The six-factor structure was confirmed and all the sub-factors, except for difficulty, displayed acceptable levels of internal consistency. This result is in accordance with previous results which also showed the reliability coefficients of difficulty ranging between 0.64 and 0.81 (Dauphinee et al., 1997; Hilton et al., 2004; Schau et al., 1995) . It therefore seems that presenters of statistics courses in South Africa can use the SATS-36 as a measure of students' attitude toward statistics in future.

This is in line with suggestions from the developer of the survey.

This result is in accordance with previous results which also showed the reliability coefficients of difficulty ranging between 0.64 and 0.81.


District heating systems are beginning to change, going from 3 rd generation heat sources to 4 th generation heat sources. One of the most important aspects of this transition is integration of renewable energy sources (hereinafter RES). The main aim is to achieve a non-fossil district heat supply system, which will be a sustainable energy system [1] . Energy and climate policy is based on increasing renewable energy resources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To increase renewable energy sources to 54 % by 2030 in district heating in Latvia, is part of the objective in Latvia's National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030 [2] .

The main aim is to achieve a non-fossil district heat supply system, which will be a sustainable energy system.

To increase renewable energy sources to 54 % by 2030 in district heating in Latvia, is part of the objective in Latvia's National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030.


Demand for wireless communication technologies and systems keeps increasing and has reached the peak where the capacity can only be achieved by improving spectrum utilization. Spectrum allocated to TV operators can potentially be shared by wireless data services, either at the times when the primary service is switched off or by exploiting spatial reuse opportunities. For a couple of years researchers have focused on how to evaluate/quantify TV white space. The TV white space can be temporal (i.e., times/periods the primary service is off) or spatial (i.e., where TV signals cannot be successfully received),technically when the reception level is less than −116 dBm for digital TV (DTV) and −94 dBm for analogue TV [1] . The temporal white spaces, have not been subjected to extensive research because the idea is that the DTV (digital television) will be operating for 24 hours daily. In order to recover the spatial TV white space, signal prediction techniques are required to make a decision whether the location is white space or not, and the decision is based on threshold (i.e., if the received signal level at the position is greater than a certain value as described in the IEEE 802.22 draft. The incumbent systems currently operating in the TV bands are analogue TV with sensitivity value of −94 dBm, digital TV with sensitivity of −116 dBm and wireless microphone with −107 dBm. In this regard, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States announced −114 dBm as the criteria of the empty spaces for TV white space [1] . The whole idea of these is to free more spectrums (white spaces) for secondary access so that low power, low-range wireless devices in a strictly localized manner (Keep-out distance) can utilize the white space without interfering with the TV transmission. Figure 1 shows the spatial deployment scenario Figure 1 . Deployment scenarios for co-channel and adjacent channel TV band devices in TV white space [2] .

The TV white space can be temporal (i.e., times/periods the primary service is off) or spatial (i.e., where TV signals cannot be successfully received),technically when the reception level is less than −116 dBm for digital TV (DTV) and −94 dBm for analogue TV.

In this regard, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States announced −114 dBm as the criteria of the empty spaces for TV white space.

Deployment scenarios for co-channel and adjacent channel TV band devices in TV white space.


Identifying personal determinants of performance and success has always been a key challenge for the Armed Forces (Sellman, Born, Stricland, & Ross, 2010) . A considerable amount of resources are invested in the selection and training of military personnel. As work tasks become more specialized and technically demanding, the individual operative actions of soldiers are consistently gaining more strategic significance (Shamir, 2011) . This accentuates the importance of valid selection processes and optimization of military education.

Identifying personal determinants of performance and success has always been a key challenge for the Armed Forces.

As work tasks become more specialized and technically demanding, the individual operative actions of soldiers are consistently gaining more strategic significance.


Alkali silica reactivity (ASR) is one of the major causes of the deterioration in concrete of highway structures, pavements, dam, bridges and airport. ASR is a chemical reaction that occurs between the hydroxyl ions of the alkalis, contributed primarily by Portland cement, and reactive silica in aggregates which form an alkali-silica gel. In the presence of sufficient moisture, the gel expands and produces stresses resulting in concrete cracks, spalling and other deterioration mechanisms (Stanton 1940) . The ASR-induced damages can be prevented through the selection of innocuous aggregates that are not susceptible to ASR reaction. Utilizing the appropriate mitigation techniques in suppressing ASR, however, the reactive aggregates can also be safely used in the concrete (McCoy and Caldwell 1951; Touma et al. 2001; Freitag et al. 2003) . The most practical and beneficial mean of suppressing ASR-induced expansion is the use of Class F fly ash as a partial replacement of Portland cement because of its economical, technical and ecological benefits (Shehata and Thomas 2000) . Furthermore, fly-ash not only reduces the amount of non-durable calcium hydroxide (lime) in concrete, but in the process it converts lime into calciumsilicate-hydrate (CSH) over time (Brough et al. 1996) . Fly ash is proven to be somewhat variable in its effectiveness, principally because its composition depends on the coal properties from which it is derived (Hudec and Banahene 1993; Stark et al. 1993; Shehata and Thomas 2000; Malvar and Lenke 2006) .

In the presence of sufficient moisture, the gel expands and produces stresses resulting in concrete cracks, spalling and other deterioration mechanisms.

Utilizing the appropriate mitigation techniques in suppressing ASR, however, the reactive aggregates can also be safely used in the concrete.

The most practical and beneficial mean of suppressing ASR-induced expansion is the use of Class F fly ash as a partial replacement of Portland cement because of its economical, technical and ecological benefits.

Furthermore, fly-ash not only reduces the amount of non-durable calcium hydroxide (lime) in concrete, but in the process it converts lime into calciumsilicate-hydrate (CSH) over time.

Fly ash is proven to be somewhat variable in its effectiveness, principally because its composition depends on the coal properties from which it is derived.


When a large amount of Class F fly ash or lithium salt is unable to suppress ASR-induced expansion of severe reactive aggregate completely, the combination of lithium and moderate amounts of fly ash is an option to control alkalisilica reactivity efficiently (Mckeen et al. 1998; Malvar et al. 2001; Folliard et al. 2003; Johnston et al. 2002; Islam 2010) . This technique requires less amount of lithium thereby reduces cost, and a smaller amount fly ash, reduces the risk on the early strength development and produces a low permeable concrete. A number of research investigations confirmed the positive effect of combining lithium compounds and fly ash in attaining the identical concrete properties without sacrificing the damages due to alkali-silica reactivity (Stark et al. 1993; McKeen et al. 1998; Johnston et al. 2002; Ramyar et al. 2004; Taha and Nounu 2008) .

When a large amount of Class F fly ash or lithium salt is unable to suppress ASR-induced expansion of severe reactive aggregate completely, the combination of lithium and moderate amounts of fly ash is an option to control alkalisilica reactivity efficiently.

A number of research investigations confirmed the positive effect of combining lithium compounds and fly ash in attaining the identical concrete properties without sacrificing the damages due to alkali-silica reactivity.


The main concern with BA is the possibility of occurrence of protrusion acetabuli and groin pain from the acetabular erosion [38, 39] . Cartilage damage and erosion of the acetabular surface are highly correlated with groin pain [40] . Compromised articular cartilage in the hips of normal elderly patients puts them at a greater risk. In our study, although VAS was slightly higher in the BA group, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Patients with intertrochanteric fractures caused by osteoporosis often have coexisting medical problems and limited life expectancy, which means that the daily demands placed on prostheses are low [41] . It is also found in our study that more than 25% of the patients (19 out of 72) expired within 5 years post surgery, long before severe protrusion would occur. Obvious acetabular erosion was observed in only one BA patient, who underwent THA as a revision since the pain in the groin was not relieved by oral administration of NSAIDs. This is a retrospective study, which bears some limitations. The number of cases included may not be large enough, and the follow-up period is relatively short. A further prospective, randomized study is necessary to compare the arthroplasty procedures in more cases with longer follow-up.

The main concern with BA is the possibility of occurrence of protrusion acetabuli and groin pain from the acetabular erosion.

Cartilage damage and erosion of the acetabular surface are highly correlated with groin pain.

Patients with intertrochanteric fractures caused by osteoporosis often have coexisting medical problems and limited life expectancy, which means that the daily demands placed on prostheses are low.


In treatment settings, cognitive treatments that involve the provision of information aimed to dispute erroneous cognitions, have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing gambling behaviours and intentions to gamble [18] . Comparisons with cognitive-behavioural treatment methods indicate that purely cognitive treatments are equally as effective as combined cognitive-behavioural techniques in reducing gambling behaviours and intentions to gamble, which can be explained by the significant role of erroneous cognitions in the development of disordered gambling behaviours [18] [24] . However, despite the fundamental role of cognitions in disordered gambling, previous empirical research investigating the effectiveness of cognitive treatments for gambling has failed to include measures of gambling-related cognitions, making it difficult to assess whether there were changes in cognitions from pre to post treatment. Furthermore, little has been done to evaluate the effectiveness of brief cognitive interventions, nor the impact of these administered online.

In treatment settings, cognitive treatments that involve the provision of information aimed to dispute erroneous cognitions, have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing gambling behaviours and intentions to gamble.

Comparisons with cognitive-behavioural treatment methods indicate that purely cognitive treatments are equally as effective as combined cognitive-behavioural techniques in reducing gambling behaviours and intentions to gamble, which can be explained by the significant role of erroneous cognitions in the development of disordered gambling behaviours.


Predictive control is a very effective approach for tackling problems with constraints and nonlinear dynamics, especially when analytical computation of the control law is difficult [5] . Standard predictive control involves recalculating at every sampling instant the input that minimises a criterion defined over a horizon window in the future, taking into account the current state of the system. Only the first part of the computed optimal input is applied to the system. Such a methodology is widely used in the process industry where system dynamics are sufficiently "slow" to permit its implementation [7] . In contrast, applications of predictive control to fast dynamic systems are rather limited [8] . This is mainly due to the two following reasons: (i) the computational burden of the nonlinear optimization limits the frequency of reoptimization, and (ii) when the reoptimization interval is large relative to the system dynamics, the predictions are quite sensitive to modeling errors and disturbances.

Predictive control is a very effective approach for tackling problems with constraints and nonlinear dynamics, especially when analytical computation of the control law is difficult.

Such a methodology is widely used in the process industry where system dynamics are sufficiently "slow" to permit its implementation.

In contrast, applications of predictive control to fast dynamic systems are rather limited.


As an SMA specific outcome measure, the HFMSE is widely used internationally in clinical practice, in clinical trials and to document SMA natural history and trajectories of disease course [15] [16] [17] [18] . The reliability, validity and sensitivity of change of the HFMSE was discussed at a recent international workshop on SMA outcome measures and the scale was found to fulfil the majority of criteria required by regulatory authorities [9] . Furthermore, the HFMSE is correlated with other aspects of SMA disease severity with positive associations found with SMN2 copy number, compound muscle action potential (CMAP), forced vital capacity (FVC) and muscle strength, making it clearly a disease-specific outcome measure of choice for clinical trials [3, 19, 20] .

As an SMA specific outcome measure, the HFMSE is widely used internationally in clinical practice, in clinical trials and to document SMA natural history and trajectories of disease course.

The reliability, validity and sensitivity of change of the HFMSE was discussed at a recent international workshop on SMA outcome measures and the scale was found to fulfil the majority of criteria required by regulatory authorities.

Furthermore, the HFMSE is correlated with other aspects of SMA disease severity with positive associations found with SMN2 copy number, compound muscle action potential (CMAP), forced vital capacity (FVC) and muscle strength, making it clearly a disease-specific outcome measure of choice for clinical trials.


Hardiness is a psychological style associated with resilience, good health, and performance under a range of stressful conditions (Bartone, 1999; Kobasa, 1979; Maddi & Kobasa, 1984) . People high in hardiness have a strong sense of commitment to life and work, and are actively engaged in what's going on around them. They believe they can control or influence what happens, and they enjoy new situations and challenges. Also, they are internally motivated and create their own sense of purpose. Conceptually, this is a personality profile well-suited to the Special Forces occupation, which frequently requires its members to operate alone or in small teams, relatively isolated from supporting units, and in uncertain environments that will call for spontaneous solutions to unanticipated challenges (Kilcullen et al., 1999) .

Hardiness is a psychological style associated with resilience, good health, and performance under a range of stressful conditions.

Conceptually, this is a personality profile well-suited to the Special Forces occupation, which frequently requires its members to operate alone or in small teams, relatively isolated from supporting units, and in uncertain environments that will call for spontaneous solutions to unanticipated challenges.


We present in this paper some simple solvability theorems applicable to the study of some problems considered in the theory of projected dynamical systems [5] , [6] , [8] , [16] , [21] , [22] . The theory of projected dynamical systems is a new chapter in the theory of dynamical systems. In our solvability results some inequalities are essential. The inequalities are so important in mathematics [20] .

We present in this paper some simple solvability theorems applicable to the study of some problems considered in the theory of projected dynamical systems.

The inequalities are so important in mathematics.


We note that, we will give an answer to an open subject related to projected dynamical systems [6] . This open subject motivated us to write this paper. To the end we will add some comments.

We note that, we will give an answer to an open subject related to projected dynamical systems.

To the end we will add some comments.


Owing to the complexity and diversity of practical problems and variations in working environment, multilayered algorithms have not been reached in this paper. In addition, complex theory has become a powerful framework to deal with the complexity problems in real-world systems [20] [21] [22] [23] . Thus, concurrent collaborations of multiant colonies will be a key emphasis in work so as to increase the speed and efficiency of solving tasks.

In addition, complex theory has become a powerful framework to deal with the complexity problems in real-world systems.


The management literature frequently discusses management ideas but discussions often remain on the conceptual level and do not deal with how the ideas are in fact used in organizations (Benders 1999) . In fact, there is some conceptual ambiguity in descriptions of management ideas, which makes it difficult to identify their literal meaning (Alänge et al. 1998) . It is possible to interpret them differently and one single idea can be given different meanings according to the subjective perceptions of members of an organization. This makes it necessary to look at these interpretations in research on management ideas as the "impact on organizational practice lies in the first place in its interpretations rather than in its original content" (Benders and van Bijsterveld 2000) . This means that, to be able to say anything about how useful management ideas are, we have to study how they are applied.

The management literature frequently discusses management ideas but discussions often remain on the conceptual level and do not deal with how the ideas are in fact used in organizations.

In fact, there is some conceptual ambiguity in descriptions of management ideas, which makes it difficult to identify their literal meaning.

This makes it necessary to look at these interpretations in research on management ideas as the "impact on organizational practice lies in the first place in its interpretations rather than in its original content".


There is a unique variation in the ranges of these parameters (relative humidity, temperature and refractivity) over the four regions in the country. It was observed that the ranges of the parameters increases northward at low level and mid level. This may be associated with the seasonal variation in these regions. As the southern part (coastal and Guinea savannah regions) of the country is characterized with long rainy season and short dry season, whereas the northern part (midland and sub Sahel regions) is characterized with short rainy season and long dry season (Imo and Ekpenyong, 2011) . The ranges of relative humidity at low level are 17. 85, 25.27, 56.19 and 72 .51% in coastal, Guinea savannah, midland and sub Sahel regions, respectively at low level. For the temperature at this level, the differences are 3.19, 5.44, 5.64 and 5.9 K, respectively. This may be accounted for the variation observed in refractivity at this level. From the foregoing, the behaviour of radio wave propagation will vary from one region to the other.

As the southern part (coastal and Guinea savannah regions) of the country is characterized with long rainy season and short dry season, whereas the northern part (midland and sub Sahel regions) is characterized with short rainy season and long dry season.


Recently, motivated by the positron excess seen in PAMELA, it was suggested that DM may annihilate into two light bosons which are weakly mixed with the SM and so subsequently decay into light particles such as electrons, muons and pions [7] . As mentioned above, such channels cannot be probed by neutrino telescopes since those final states will stop in the Sun before decaying to neutrinos. However, gauge invariance requires these light bosons to also mix with the Z 0 and so have a small coupling to neutrinos as well. In the case of kinetic mixing the coupling to neutrinos compared to the coupling to charge is suppressed by m 2 /M 2 Z , where m is the mass of the dark vector-boson. Considering the enormous yield from direct neutrino production this might be observable when m > 3 GeV. However, in that case, the unsuppressed decay into charm quarks is likely to give a better bound.

Recently, motivated by the positron excess seen in PAMELA, it was suggested that DM may annihilate into two light bosons which are weakly mixed with the SM and so subsequently decay into light particles such as electrons, muons and pions.


Here, a fairly simple model describing two weakly interacting scalar fields, denoted by χ and ϕ, is presented which exhibits some new and interesting features. A potential V (χ, ϕ) = V 0 (χ, ϕ) + V 1 (χ, ϕ) is chosen which admits solutions describing interacting φ 4 -type kink solutions in a 1 + 1 dimensional spacetime (or planar domain walls in higher dimensional spacetimes. These are simply referred to here as "kinks" for simplicity (see, e.g., [1] - [8] )). The unperturbed potential is given by V 0 (χ, ϕ) = β (χ 2 − η 2 ) (ϕ 2 − σ 2 ) where the parameter β is small in comparison to λ χ or λ ϕ , i.e., |β| ≪ λ. When β = 0 the model admits the familiar tanh -like solutions describing χ and ϕ kinks and antikinks, and when the interaction is turned on with β = 0 the χ and ϕ kinks interact with each other. We allow the nonvanishing β to be either positive or negative, allowing for either repulsive or attractive interactions between the χ and ϕ kinks. We note that V 1 vanishes in the vacuum state of either field, where χ vac = ±η and ϕ vac = ±σ, i.e., the vacuum states are preserved by the interaction.

These are simply referred to here as "kinks" for simplicity (see, e.g.,-)).


One of the most common alternatives to using age as a metric is to examine previous technology usage [7] . This can be measured using a variety of methods, with the most prevalent being user self-reported information. Possible implementations involve the use of questionnaires allowing users to report on aspects relating to technology usage, experience, and comfort. When examining the relationship between technology experience and task performance, older adults with high levels of previous technology experience have shown to have higher levels of performance in data-entry, file modification, and inventory management tasks than those with low levels of previous technology experience [6] .

One of the most common alternatives to using age as a metric is to examine previous technology usage.

When examining the relationship between technology experience and task performance, older adults with high levels of previous technology experience have shown to have higher levels of performance in data-entry, file modification, and inventory management tasks than those with low levels of previous technology experience.


While Islamist policies have broken the patrimonial basis of the former elite, they have not replaced it with an apparatus for coordination that has any coherence or stability. Expectations have widened but coordination has weakened. The government must reconsider its economic policies in light of the weakening importance of its sovereignty in relation to foreign investment. Without oil, occupying the state is not enough to bring about economic development and access to patronage. Sudan has long been regarded as a potential breadbasket for the Arabian Gulf and the agricultural sector is labour-intensive and spatially spread. Agricultural development could halt increasing youth unemployment and ease urbanisation pressures. Yet many businesspeople confide that the regime has squandered its opportunity to use oil wealth for agricultural modernisation. Exogenous modernisation, akin to Ethiopian agriculture or to the Sudan's own oil sector, seems unlikely. Foreign investors appear hesitant, considering Sudan too risky and underdeveloped in both infrastructure and human capacity. As Woertz writes: 'many of the involved Gulf institutions do not have a single agro-engineer among their ranks and are at best in a process of commissioning feasibility studies and scouting land leases' (Woertz 2011, 124) . It is suspected that many agreements are purely speculative. In the long term, the Islamists would do well to focus on its educated and unemployed youth, synchronising their education once more with the needs of the economy. Evidence from other countries suggests that strong industrial policy is required to jump-start risky sectors and overcome collective action problems (Kelsall 2013) . To do this, the regime must reinstitutionalise coordination and restore a functional civil service.

Evidence from other countries suggests that strong industrial policy is required to jump-start risky sectors and overcome collective action problems.