With the advancement of industrialization, air pollution has become increasingly serious, and the problems of air quality have attracted more and more public attention. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta have been included in key air pollution monitoring areas. Air quality is a reflection of the degree of air pollution and is judged by the pollutant concentration in the air [1] . Air pollutants include soot, total suspended particulate matter, inhalable particulate matter (PM 10 ), fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), CO, NO 2 , O 3 , SO 2 , volatile organic compounds, etc., where PM 2.5 refers to particles in the atmosphere with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microns, which can enter the lungs [2] . Although PM 2.5 is only a small component in the earth's atmosphere and has a small particle size, it contains a large amount of toxic and harmful substances, has a long residence time in the atmosphere, and has a long transportation distance, which has an important impact on air quality and visibility, and has direct or indirect effects on human health and plant growth [3] . Forecasting of PM 2.5 time series. It has a significant effect on improving forecasting accuracy and efficiency of the model and system.

Air quality is a reflection of the degree of air pollution and is judged by the pollutant concentration in the air.

Air pollutants include soot, total suspended particulate matter, inhalable particulate matter (PM 10 ), fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), CO, NO 2 , O 3 , SO 2 , volatile organic compounds, etc., where PM 2.5 refers to particles in the atmosphere with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microns, which can enter the lungs.

Although PM 2.5 is only a small component in the earth's atmosphere and has a small particle size, it contains a large amount of toxic and harmful substances, has a long residence time in the atmosphere, and has a long transportation distance, which has an important impact on air quality and visibility, and has direct or indirect effects on human health and plant growth.

Forecasting of PM 2.5 time series.


Polyaniline owing to benefiting from high environmental stability, facile synthesis method, and low production cost is counted as one of the most used conducting polymers. With regard to these unique characteristics, polyaniline could have applications in various fields like sensors, batteries, wastewater treatment, anticorrosion coatings, and antistatic coatings [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . Furthermore, polyaniline's different shapes with regard to their improved properties could, even more, increase its applicability. For example, polyaniline production in nanofiber and nanowire forms causes improvement in its electrical conductivity [21, 22] . Addition of inorganic nanoparticles to polyaniline's matrix leads to increased electrical conductivity and efficacy of polyaniline to be utilized in antistatic coatings production [23] . Addition of ZnO nanoparticles would also have a noticeable effect on increasing polyaniline's electrical conductivity and its electrical efficiency [24] .

With regard to these unique characteristics, polyaniline could have applications in various fields like sensors, batteries, wastewater treatment, anticorrosion coatings, and antistatic coatings.

For example, polyaniline production in nanofiber and nanowire forms causes improvement in its electrical conductivity.

Addition of inorganic nanoparticles to polyaniline's matrix leads to increased electrical conductivity and efficacy of polyaniline to be utilized in antistatic coatings production.

Addition of ZnO nanoparticles would also have a noticeable effect on increasing polyaniline's electrical conductivity and its electrical efficiency.


Nowadays, human's life is always under threat of different infectious agents, and bacterial species have a major role in the emergence of such infections and their consequences. Considering bacteria adhesion to different surfaces as one of the main stages in bacterial species' growth and proliferation processes, developing antibacterial surfaces have an undeniable effect on preventing damages caused by bacteria growth [1] . Moreover, increase in resistance of bacterial species to the common antibacterial agents leads to a growing demand for novel and effective antibacterial agents for the production of antibacterial coatings [2] [3] [4] . In some industries, especially in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, utilizing the coatings with antibacterial and antistatic properties would be necessary to safety and efficacy of such plants to be guaranteed [5] . In this regard, nanocomposite material owing to their improved physical and chemical properties could be counted as a proper choice for creating antibacterial and antistatic properties in polymer coatings [5, 6] .

Considering bacteria adhesion to different surfaces as one of the main stages in bacterial species' growth and proliferation processes, developing antibacterial surfaces have an undeniable effect on preventing damages caused by bacteria growth.

Moreover, increase in resistance of bacterial species to the common antibacterial agents leads to a growing demand for novel and effective antibacterial agents for the production of antibacterial coatings.

In some industries, especially in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, utilizing the coatings with antibacterial and antistatic properties would be necessary to safety and efficacy of such plants to be guaranteed.

In this regard, nanocomposite material owing to their improved physical and chemical properties could be counted as a proper choice for creating antibacterial and antistatic properties in polymer coatings.


By the year 2050 the total energy consumption is expected to double, as the world's population is steadily increasing. Fossil fuels are not able to meet this energy demand in the long term, therefore, renewable energy resources will come more sharply into focus. The most promising alternative is solar light, because the amount of energy that arrives on earth every hour from the sun is greater than the amount that is required by the entire humanity in one year [1] . Yet, there is no practical way to transform and store this huge energy reserve efficiently, because the widely used silicon solar cells are of limited use here due to their high costs. Therefore it is necessary to look for less expensive and in sufficient quantities available alternatives to high-purity silicon. Storage of solar energy is possible for example by batteries and capacitors, but, compared to chemical bonds, these storage systems feature a low energy density. In this regard hydrogen is a good energy reservoir. It can be used as fuel for vehicles or can be converted into electrical energy by the use of fuel cells. The generation of hydrogen by electrolysis requires electrical energy, which could be obtained by use of solar cells, but the effectiveness is just approximately 8% for large-scale facilities [2] . Thus, direct photolytic water splitting by the use of suitable and inexpensive nanocrystalline semiconductors would be an promising alternative. Here the water is split without use of electricity and with high efficiency by solar light [1, 3] .

The most promising alternative is solar light, because the amount of energy that arrives on earth every hour from the sun is greater than the amount that is required by the entire humanity in one year.

The generation of hydrogen by electrolysis requires electrical energy, which could be obtained by use of solar cells, but the effectiveness is just approximately 8% for large-scale facilities.

Here the water is split without use of electricity and with high efficiency by solar light.


The consequences of these two hypotheses can be associated with the transformation of landscapes, since a higher incidence of "non-apparent" (herbs) and exotic plants in local pharmacopoeia can be explained by the use of anthropogenic areas as the main source of plant resources [14] . Some authors have reported that a large proportion of medicinal plants in traditional pharmacopoeia are derived from secondary forests and anthropogenic areas, and exotic herbs tend to dominate the most cited species [15, 16] . Thus, in the context of a transformed landscape, as historically has been the case for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, this study aims to investigate, using the apparency and diversification hypotheses, the role of "apparent" and "non-apparent" plants and native and exotic plants in the local pharmacopoeia of the rural community of Engenho Cuieiras in the city of Aliança, Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. The following questions are addressed: Do "apparent" and "non-apparent" medicinal plants have the same importance? Do "non-apparent" plants make up more local categories of diseases than "apparent" plants? Do native and exotic medicinal plants have the same importance in a local pharmacopoeia? Do exotic and native plants occupy different local categories of diseases?

The consequences of these two hypotheses can be associated with the transformation of landscapes, since a higher incidence of "non-apparent" (herbs) and exotic plants in local pharmacopoeia can be explained by the use of anthropogenic areas as the main source of plant resources.

Some authors have reported that a large proportion of medicinal plants in traditional pharmacopoeia are derived from secondary forests and anthropogenic areas, and exotic herbs tend to dominate the most cited species.


Most members of the Ericaceae, including Vaccinium spp., are calcifuge plants that grow naturally in acid soils of low to moderate fertility with nutrients available to plants primarily in organic forms. When we grew blueberry plants with inorganic or organic fertilizer, we found that four ('Bluecrop', 'Blueray', 'Darrow', and 'Earliblue') of the seven cultivars tested grew less when grown with organic fertilizer (Fig. 2A) . When grown with organic fertilizers, these four cultivars also took up less total N, P, K, and S (Fig. 3) and their growth may have been limited by uptake of N, K, S and Cu when noninoculated with EMF (Table  2) . Admittedly, the fertilizers used in our study did not provide an equal amount of nutrients to plants and the form of N was different between the two fertilizers, however fertilizer application rates were similar in regards to fertilizer analysis for total N. When growing with organic fertilizer, plants of all cultivars took up less N, K, and S after two growing seasons (Fig. 3A) , however lower uptake of these nutrients did not influence total growth of 'Georgia Gem', 'Patriot', or 'Spartan', and total biomass accumulation of noninoculated plants of these cultivars appeared to not be limited by any nutrients we measured (Table  2) . These three cultivars appeared to be more efficient at using organic sources of nutrients for growth regardless of the level of EMF colonization. The increased efficiency of nutrient use exhibited by these plants is partially related to increased root growth when growing with organic fertilizer (Fig. 2A) . Although total biomass of these cultivars was not influenced by fertilizer type, above ground biomass was lower when plants were grown with organic fertilizer. This differential partitioning of biomass when grown with organic fertilizer may have implications to grading of nursery stock based on aboveground phenotype, even though root systems of these plants may be larger. In other nursery crops, root system size in relation to above ground size can have a substantial influence on survival and initial growth of plants after transplanting (Cabrera and Devereaux, 1999; Frampton et al., 2002) . It is possible that growing these cultivars with organic sources of nutrients may be beneficial to nursery stock quality.

In other nursery crops, root system size in relation to above ground size can have a substantial influence on survival and initial growth of plants after transplanting.


Being a good source of nutrients and vitamins, strawberry is used in different purposes which make it a most versatile fruit. Strawberries can be eaten fresh, cooked or frozen too. The demand of strawberries has been increased and growers and researchers have attempted to produce strawberry all year round in Korea. Production of strawberry varieties developed in Korea has increased with higher potential for export to other countries. The "Goha" strawberry is a new cultivar in Korea, which was developed from a cross between "Elan" and "Flamingo" and now successfully grown in summer with high fruit quality [10] .

The "Goha" strawberry is a new cultivar in Korea, which was developed from a cross between "Elan" and "Flamingo" and now successfully grown in summer with high fruit quality.


Protective coatings on wooden surfaces face challenging demands: on the one hand, they should protect the wood from exterior impacts such as water, light, and microorganisms and on the other hand, coatings have to endure high mechanical stresses during their service life. Mechanical stresses are not only caused by external impacts including scratching or hailstone impact, but also by dimensional changes of the wood substrate. Wood swells and shrinks due to changes in moisture, with a considerable variability depending mainly on the density and the anatomical direction. The largest dimensional changes occur in tangential direction, whereas the smallest changes are observed longitudinally. The maximum shrinkage and swelling of wood, which describes the difference in length between dry wood and swollen wood at fiber saturation, can be as high as 13.4 % in tangential, 6.2 % in radial and 0.6 % in longitudinal direction for beech wood [30] . However, around local deformations or crack openings, considerably larger dimensional changes are possible. These dimensional movements have to be met by protective coatings with appropriate mechanical properties also at low temperatures and after exposure to the environment. For this reason, the mechanical effects of NFC addition to coating materials were investigated.

The maximum shrinkage and swelling of wood, which describes the difference in length between dry wood and swollen wood at fiber saturation, can be as high as 13.4 % in tangential, 6.2 % in radial and 0.6 % in longitudinal direction for beech wood.


Many different composites were already produced by compounding NFC with a wide variety of polymers such as polyacrylates, polylactic acid, hydroxypropylcellulose, epoxy resins, natural rubber, or polyurethanes [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . Mechanical properties of such composites change compared to the respective neat polymers [21] . The modulus of elasticity (MOE), which is a parameter describing the stiffness, increases after the addition of NFC, a stiff material with a high MOE. The tensile strength, which indicates the maximum stress a tested material can endure before failure, usually increases, as well. The elongation at break indicates how extensible or flexible a material is and the extensibility of polymers is usually reduced by adding NFC, which is less extensible than the neat polymers.

Many different composites were already produced by compounding NFC with a wide variety of polymers such as polyacrylates, polylactic acid, hydroxypropylcellulose, epoxy resins, natural rubber, or polyurethanes.

Mechanical properties of such composites change compared to the respective neat polymers.


This work is part of a feasibility study, to investigate, if NFC is suitable for wood coating applications based on commercially used, water-borne polymeric binders. In an earlier publication, the fibrillation of the applied cellulose raw material and the characterisation of the resulting NFC were described. Moreover, the impact of NFC on the rheological properties of water-borne binders was evaluated [28] .

Moreover, the impact of NFC on the rheological properties of water-borne binders was evaluated.


Wood as complex, organic, and biodegradable compound is sensitive to UV radiation, water, mechanical impacts, and microorganisms [1] . All these factors damage an unprotected wood surface, decrease its durability, and change its appearance. Many polymeric binders with varying properties and specific advantages and disadvantages, such as acrylates, alkyds (oil-modified polyester resins), polyurethanes, epoxies, and others, are used for protective wood coatings [2] . Acrylates and alkyds are predominantly applied in outdoor applications. Here, suitable mechanical properties of coatings, such as strength, stiffness and ductility, are required to resist stresses due to swelling and shrinkage of the wood substrate. Additionally, functional additives are applied and many organic and inorganic compounds are introduced to coating systems to achieve improved UV, micro-organism or scratch resistance [3] [4] [5] [6] . Agglomeration, migration, and leaching of these components are a known problem.

Wood as complex, organic, and biodegradable compound is sensitive to UV radiation, water, mechanical impacts, and microorganisms.

Many polymeric binders with varying properties and specific advantages and disadvantages, such as acrylates, alkyds (oil-modified polyester resins), polyurethanes, epoxies, and others, are used for protective wood coatings.

Additionally, functional additives are applied and many organic and inorganic compounds are introduced to coating systems to achieve improved UV, micro-organism or scratch resistance.


This article is an attempt to further evaluate the toxic effects of carbamate insecticides in support of the earlier papers published by the first author on evaluation of carbamate insecticides as chemotherapeutic agents for cancer [1] [2] [3] . The evaluation of the deleterious effects of chemical agents on biological membranes can be performed through the analysis of the stability of erythrocytes against a concentration gradient of certain chemical agent in physiologic saline solution. Keeping this in view, we have tried to assess the consequence in the normal cells while treating cancer with carbamates.

This article is an attempt to further evaluate the toxic effects of carbamate insecticides in support of the earlier papers published by the first author on evaluation of carbamate insecticides as chemotherapeutic agents for cancer.


Here, we propose a simple yet efficient learning-to-rank supervised framework specifically designed to uncover links in social networks, by combining rankings obtained from different sources of information. Throughout this article, our Ariadne's thread is the examle of a mobile phone service provider (PSP). Because PSPs only have access to records involving their own clients, they have an incomplete view on the social network as a whole. In several practical applications, however, this missing information is crucial. An important example is churn prediction, that is the detection of clients at risk of leaving to another PSP. This risk is known to depend on the local structure of the social network [7, 25] . Therefore, the knowledge of connections between subscribers of other providers is crucial for the design of efficient customer retention campaigns. As we discuss further below, a direct application of our method is the prediction of links on the other side of the frontier accessible to a PSP. This article is organized as follows. In Section 2, we describe the mobile phone dataset and how it is processed in order to model the situation of a PSP confronted to churn. In Section 3, we briefly present how classic unsupervised learning methods can be applied to the problem under consideration. In Section 4, we develop a supervised machine learning framework, called RankMerging, which improves the quality of predictions by aggregating the information from various metrics. We also compare our results to those of standard supervised methods, and show that RankMerging is particularly suited to social networks where information is partial and noisy.

This risk is known to depend on the local structure of the social network.

This article is organized as follows.


Plastic optical Fiber (POF) is a well known medium for short distance communication application and it is finally making a way into the optical fiber market. It does not require any expensive or special tool, no special training and no long technical procedures to operate. POF is basically an optical fiber with large-core size with multimode characteristics, low cost, and robust characteristics. In addition to short distance communication, POF is also being used in signaling, lighting and decoration system. Other niche application of POF are in the automotive, entertainment, and sensor industries [1] . In all of these applications, it is necessary to split or combine the optical signals using passive optical components.

Other niche application of POF are in the automotive, entertainment, and sensor industries.


A 1 × 2 POF coupler has been designed using a simple acrylic-based mold insert. The POF coupler device is composed of three sections: an input POF fiber, an intermediate hollow taper waveguide and output POF fibers. Finally, based on the CAD design, mold insert of the device is fabricated using a desktop engraver on an acrylic block. POF cable of 1 mm core size is inserted at the input and output branches of the coupler. The POF coupler here is part of the passive components that are being designed and fabricated to be used in a new portable optical accesscard system [9, 10] . This 1 × 2 POF coupler will be one part of the optical code generating device where the other part will be the 1 × 2 asymmetric couplers. By using low-cost arcylic material which can be easily obtained in large bulk sheet and low-cost desktop engraver system, we are able to fabricate POF coupler with very minimum cost. The design and fabrication processes shown in this paper illustrate the potential of low-cost acrylic material and a simple engraving technique for producing POF coupler. Nevertheless, some modifications are required in order to improve the optical performance of the devices which will be illustrated also along in this paper.

The POF coupler here is part of the passive components that are being designed and fabricated to be used in a new portable optical accesscard system.


Among the passive components for POF applications, optical coupler plays an important role that is borne out by the availability of a complete line of products. There have been many techniques of assembling POF couplers. These techniques include (i) twisting and fusion (ii) side polishing (iii) chemical etching (iv) cutting and gluing (v) thermal deformation (vi) molding (vii) biconical body and (viii) reflective body [2] .

These techniques include (i) twisting and fusion (ii) side polishing (iii) chemical etching (iv) cutting and gluing (v) thermal deformation (vi) molding (vii) biconical body and (viii) reflective body.


Moodle may suggest that there is a need for an intervention that may help managers to create learning environments that promote a strong alignment between personal, social and professional visions for the use of Moodle. We selected Moodle because it was used by the participants (the managers) for this study. In addition, we selected reflection as a tool, as it is a powerful resource that supports managers to transform and understand how they should adapt according to their strengths and weaknesses (Mezirow & Associates, 1990; Milner, 2003) . In other words, reflection processes may help managers, teachers, and learners to learn by interrogating their past and present experience in order to make decisions regarding their future. As such, the next section presents the literature/studies on the phenomenon for the study.

In addition, we selected reflection as a tool, as it is a powerful resource that supports managers to transform and understand how they should adapt according to their strengths and weaknesses.


The voltage instability is considered as one of the critical issue in electric power system. The inherent complexity and interconnectivity forces a power system to operate closer to limits of stability, along with the added contribution to system instability by inadequate supply of reactive power which in turn leads to voltage collapse. Fast voltage stability analysis and prediction of collapse point are great challenges in power system. Many of the researchers in the recent-past focused on the effective online monitoring of status of the system and hence to solve the problem of voltage collapse. In this regard, voltage stability index of each transmission line becomes the useful measure of power system monitoring. The index could identify how far a system is from its point of collapse [1] . Performance indices to predict closeness to voltage stability boundary have been a permanent concern of researchers and power system operators, as these indices can be used online or offline to help dispatchers determine how close the system is to a possible voltage instability state [2] . Several voltage stability indices used to measure proximity to voltage collapse in off-line as well as on-line applications are described with great detail [3] . A fast method to compute the minimum singular value, together with corresponding left and right singular vectors of a power flow Jacobian matrix has been proposed [4] . A voltage stability indicator for identification of the weakest bus or area in power systems was derived from the Newton power flow equations [5] . An Incremental Condition Estimation (ICE) method for estimating the condition member of a triangular matrix was proposed [6] . If the off diagonal row of the triangular matrix is zero, it could not give exact result. This problem was overcome and also more accurate singular value has been obtained which was derived based on the non-iterative characteristic of the ICE method [7] .

The index could identify how far a system is from its point of collapse.

Performance indices to predict closeness to voltage stability boundary have been a permanent concern of researchers and power system operators, as these indices can be used online or offline to help dispatchers determine how close the system is to a possible voltage instability state.

Several voltage stability indices used to measure proximity to voltage collapse in off-line as well as on-line applications are described with great detail.

A fast method to compute the minimum singular value, together with corresponding left and right singular vectors of a power flow Jacobian matrix has been proposed.

A voltage stability indicator for identification of the weakest bus or area in power systems was derived from the Newton power flow equations.

An Incremental Condition Estimation (ICE) method for estimating the condition member of a triangular matrix was proposed.

This problem was overcome and also more accurate singular value has been obtained which was derived based on the non-iterative characteristic of the ICE method.


The major challenge with DP5 is its scalability (or lack thereof). The presence database of DP5 grows much more rapidly than the number of users of the service. This creates a very expensive service for even a small number of users. To correct this issue, we propose MP3-the Minnesota Private Presence Protocol-as an improvement to DP5. MP3 significantly reduces the size of the presence database by leveraging a dynamic broadcast encryption scheme [7] . As a result, MP3 is significantly cheaper to run for even a relatively modest user base, with savings that increase as the number of users scales up.

MP3 significantly reduces the size of the presence database by leveraging a dynamic broadcast encryption scheme.


Phosphate, as an irreplaceable and nonrenewable resource, has an important contribution to industry and agriculture [1] [2] [3] [4] . But this precious resource will be exhausted as a result of increased consumption in the near future [5] [6] [7] [8] . The sustainable utilization of phosphate has become a severe challenge for human beings. Calcium silicate hydrate, due to the unique release capability of Ca 2+ and OH − , has caused international extensive concern in the field of "recovery of phosphate from wastewater" [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . This is because the released Ca 2+ and OH − can react with the phosphate ions to form hydroxyapatite (HAP) on the surface of CSH when the concentration of these ions reached to the supersaturated conditions [15] [16] [17] . Therefore, the release capability of Ca 2+ and OH − of CSH plays a key role in the field of phosphate recovery.

Phosphate, as an irreplaceable and nonrenewable resource, has an important contribution to industry and agriculture.

But this precious resource will be exhausted as a result of increased consumption in the near future.

Calcium silicate hydrate, due to the unique release capability of Ca 2+ and OH − , has caused international extensive concern in the field of "recovery of phosphate from wastewater".

This is because the released Ca 2+ and OH − can react with the phosphate ions to form hydroxyapatite (HAP) on the surface of CSH when the concentration of these ions reached to the supersaturated conditions.


It is worthy to notice that the release capability is related to the specific surface area ( BET ) and pore structure. Large BET and porous structures are beneficial to enhance the solubility of CSH [18, 19] . The current CSH samples were prepared by dynamic hydrothermal synthesis using CaO materials and SiO 2 materials [20] [21] [22] [23] . However, there two critical problems that affect the solubility of CSH. On the one hand, the reactivity of SiO 2 was too poor to participate in the formation of CSH. The residual SiO 2 precipitated on the surface of CSH is easy to block the pore structure and decrease the solubility of CSH. According to the previous study, the proper temperature to synthesize CSH was 170 ∘ C [18, 19] . However, there were abundant hard dissolve intermediates such as calcium silicate, formed during the heating process. These intermediates coated on the surface of CSH and affected the solubility of CSH [24, 25] . Therefore, enhancing the reactivity of SiO 2 materials and avoiding the formation of intermediates are the critical factors for the formation of CSH with porous structure.

Large BET and porous structures are beneficial to enhance the solubility of CSH.

The current CSH samples were prepared by dynamic hydrothermal synthesis using CaO materials and SiO 2 materials.

According to the previous study, the proper temperature to synthesize CSH was 170 ∘ C.

These intermediates coated on the surface of CSH and affected the solubility of CSH.


In the past few years, Gillette successfully finished one-day rollouts for the Mach3 and Fusion razors in CVS, the largest pharmacy chain in the United States (O'Neill 2006) . Without sharing critical information with CVS, it would have been impossible for Gillette to smoothly execute the product rollover in just 24 hours. In contrast, Sichuan Changhong Electric (hereafter, Changhong), once the largest television manufacturer in China, adopted a "secret rollout" strategy in 1997. In fewer than 12 months, Changhong consecutively launched new models and cut prices of old models without notifying its retail partners. Such a strategy was intended to surprise consumers and competitors, but it backfired a year later. Many retailers refused to carry Changhong's products or reduced their order sizes after suffering a serious loss due to product obsolescence. Eventually, Changhong's market share tumbled and never recovered (Foo 1998) . These examples accentuate the importance of sharing critical upstream information with supply chain partners during product rollover.

In the past few years, Gillette successfully finished one-day rollouts for the Mach3 and Fusion razors in CVS, the largest pharmacy chain in the United States.

Eventually, Changhong's market share tumbled and never recovered.


To undertake simulation input data including material properties, initial condition and boundary settings are input as constants, analytical expressions or interpolation files [1] . At the room level a steady state simulation could calculates the indoor airflow field, temperature and humidity distributions, and these values are set as the initial values of the transient analysis [2] . Correct estimation of the initial conditions can have significant impact on the predicted solutions also at the whole building level [3] . Therefore, when performing the analysis of building structures in simulation tools it is necessary to enter the initial temperature and moisture content. Temperature initial condition is considered as rapidly changing factor usually considered as a constant temperature of material built into the building structure. Nevertheless, more of simulation tools support the possibility of using the initial temperature condition as course of measured or calculated values, for example by making start-up pre-calculation. The aim is to show the importance of considering start-up pre-calculation in the process of simulation and its impact on the course of temperature. Effect of the pre-calculation on the simulation results is confronted with the measured temperatures characteristic within parts of the experimental wall of the outdoor test cells. The DOI: 10.1515/sspjce-2015-0007 result will determine its consideration need according to the length of the calculation. Validation of the simulation is a valuable tool for controlling the accuracy of numerical experiments. Outdoor test cells or laboratory climate chambers equipment are appropriate instruments. Our institution has already conducted the similar research [4] . Structures fullscale state monitoring in non-stationary boundary conditions is a current trend of building physics researches [5] . Appropriate devices are outdoor on-site test cells for energy and hygrothermal assessment of structures implemented in Dübendorf, Glasgow, Cottbus, Limelette, Almeria, Espoo, Delft etc., since 1993 [6 & 7] . In order to work with measured data local climatic data pertaining to outdoor test cells placement should be collected. In such a case it is helpful to use data from a nearby weather station [8] .

To undertake simulation input data including material properties, initial condition and boundary settings are input as constants, analytical expressions or interpolation files.

At the room level a steady state simulation could calculates the indoor airflow field, temperature and humidity distributions, and these values are set as the initial values of the transient analysis.

Correct estimation of the initial conditions can have significant impact on the predicted solutions also at the whole building level.

Our institution has already conducted the similar research.

Structures fullscale state monitoring in non-stationary boundary conditions is a current trend of building physics researches.

In such a case it is helpful to use data from a nearby weather station.


The hydroturbine governing system plays a very important role in a hydroelectric station, and its running conditions directly affect the stable operation of hydroelectric stations and electrical systems, which has arisen many researchers' interests [11] [12] [13] . In recent years, many scholars try to establish the nonlinear model of HGS [14] [15] [16] . However, most of the models are on the basis of integer order calculus. As we all know, HGS is a highly coupling, nonlinear as well as nonminimum phase system. For this reason, integer calculus is not suitable for describing complex hydroturbine governing system. According to the history-dependent and memory character of hydraulic servo system, the fractional order hydroturbine governing system that is more in line with actual project is considered in this paper.

The hydroturbine governing system plays a very important role in a hydroelectric station, and its running conditions directly affect the stable operation of hydroelectric stations and electrical systems, which has arisen many researchers' interests.

In recent years, many scholars try to establish the nonlinear model of HGS.


In the present study, we tackled the issue of NFB delay [1] . To this end, we propose a new method to decrease NFB latency. We first employed an experimental paradigm, where NFB-based learning was affected by the latency of NFB signal. Next, we developed a novel algorithm based on the adaptive optimization of the FIR filter weights. The algorithm estimated the instantaneous power of EEG rhythms at short latency using the dynamic structure present in the EEG signal. This approach can be applied to reducing latency in NFB applications: users could specify the trade-off between the shorter latency and less accurate estimation of the EEG envelope. We also show that even negative latencies are possible, corresponding to predictive NFB.

In the present study, we tackled the issue of NFB delay.


However, an important factor restricting the development of FLRDS is that real-time continuous monitoring of the inherent system loss (broadband optical loss in the loop) is inconvenient and time-consuming [15] , [16] . The traditional way to obtain the inherent system loss is to purge the gas cell with a zero gas which is a purge gas distinguished the test-gas (e.g. Nitrogen). Meanwhile, gas absorption losses can be ignored because the concentration of the gas to be measured is reduced to insignificance. In this case, the inherent system loss can be derived from the 1/e ring-down time of the output pulse train. This way is not only a waste of resources and time, but also may interrupt a long-term continuous gas monitoring. Unfortunately, the inherent system loss is sensitive to the surrounding environment and may always vary across environments [17] , [18] . The time-varying property can result in a terrible measurement error without monitoring and calibration.

However, an important factor restricting the development of FLRDS is that real-time continuous monitoring of the inherent system loss (broadband optical loss in the loop) is inconvenient and time-consuming.

Unfortunately, the inherent system loss is sensitive to the surrounding environment and may always vary across environments.


Over the last several years, a new kind of fiber optic sensing technique known as fiber loop ringdown spectroscopy (FLRDS) has been developed for gas and other physical quantities sensing [8] - [12] . The FLRDS technique is fundamentally evolved from the well-known cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) technique [13] , [14] . It not only inherits the multi-pass feature from CRDS to obtain a high sensitivity, but also solves the problem in high reflectivity mirror design by using an optical fiber coupler instead of the resonator structure. Therefore, it has good promotion prospects for trace gas detection.

Over the last several years, a new kind of fiber optic sensing technique known as fiber loop ringdown spectroscopy (FLRDS) has been developed for gas and other physical quantities sensing.

The FLRDS technique is fundamentally evolved from the well-known cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) technique.


With Computer-aided technologies (CAx) and systems becoming, if not already, commonplace in industry, digital representations are increasingly used to supplement (and sometimes replace) drawings as a mechanism for communicating part geometry and specifications [6] . CAx systems provide a digital backbone on which information can be structured and stored. Accordingly, in what can be described as a transition to digital manufacturing, MBE requires users to create digital packages that can be interpreted by humans and computers [7, 8] . These digital packages are beginning to incorporate Product and Manufacturing Information (PMI), or annotations on a CAD model to precisely define product geometry and product specifications [8] . However, where product definition needs in traditional manufacturing can be satisfied by available annotation methods, including presentation methods, AM product definitions cannot.

With Computer-aided technologies (CAx) and systems becoming, if not already, commonplace in industry, digital representations are increasingly used to supplement (and sometimes replace) drawings as a mechanism for communicating part geometry and specifications.

Accordingly, in what can be described as a transition to digital manufacturing, MBE requires users to create digital packages that can be interpreted by humans and computers.

These digital packages are beginning to incorporate Product and Manufacturing Information (PMI), or annotations on a CAD model to precisely define product geometry and product specifications.


Power supply is an essential part of almost every electronic device. The miniaturization of electronic devices demands the smaller sized power supplies. The development of emerging semiconductor devices, like Cool MOS, GaN and SiC power MOSFETs, and high frequency multilayered PCB power transformers have made it possible to design the compact, high frequency and power efficient isolated converters. Using these new power MOSFETs and multilayered PCB power transformers the power converters are designed in the switching frequency range of 2-4 MHz and tested output power level up to 40 W [1] - [4] . It is very important to analyze the EMI generated by these converters and develop them according to Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) standards.

Using these new power MOSFETs and multilayered PCB power transformers the power converters are designed in the switching frequency range of 2-4 MHz and tested output power level up to 40 W.


This experiment was conducted in the Kubik by tecnalia research facility [7] [8] . This is a research infrastructure located in Derio, Spain, focused on full scale testing of energy efficiency within the building sector. Its main goal being to bridge the gap between laboratory testing and full scale market deployment of building envelopes, HVAC & ICT solutions for Energy Efficiency, where the full energy interaction between different elements is evaluated. A 2 storey-high façade was constructed in the Kubik by Tecnalia test facility and several thermal bridge elements were located in it. However, due to the need to assess heat transfer through these elements, a multidimensional heat transfer model was created and calibrated.

This experiment was conducted in the Kubik by tecnalia research facility.


When freshly manufactured components are first loaded together in operation, they tend to undergo an initial settling period which is commonly termed 'running-in'. The running-in phenomenon is specified as a series of processes during which wear rates and friction for lubricated contacts stabilise [1] . These factors are governed by changes in the surface topography due to plastic deformation and mild wear and also chemical changes that may take place both in the lubricant and by tribo-film formation on the contacting surfaces.

The running-in phenomenon is specified as a series of processes during which wear rates and friction for lubricated contacts stabilise.


Apart from this result, very little is known: for example, it is not known if exotic spheres admit Besse metrics. Furthermore, except a couple of constructions giving rise to infinite families of Besse metrics on spheres, no other Besse metrics are known. In particular, it is not known if there are non-canonical Besse metrics on the projective spaces. As a matter of fact, Lin-Schmidt proved that the only Besse metric on a real projective space of dimension at least 4 is the round one [25] .

As a matter of fact, Lin-Schmidt proved that the only Besse metric on a real projective space of dimension at least 4 is the round one.


When the Marquina's splitting technique is applied to the standard ENO flux calculation, it fixes all known problematic cases. Thus the resulting finite difference ENO method with Marquina's splitting seems to meet the original goal of an elegant, general, accurate, robust, parameter-free method for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. If this turns out to be the case, it may be the ultimate conservative difference scheme [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] . Since only further experience can determine its limitations, for now we propose it as the penultimate method. In any case, it is an important enhancement of the original ENO method, and should replace it for future applications.

If this turns out to be the case, it may be the ultimate conservative difference scheme.


Essentially Non-Oscillatory (ENO) methods were developed to address the special difficulties that arise in the numerical solution of systems of nonlinear conservation laws, such as those arising in high speed gas dynamics and other convective transport problems. Numerical methods for these problems must be able to handle steep gradients-shocks and contact discontinuities-that may develop spontaneously and then persist in these flows. Classical numerical schemes had a tendency to either produce large spurious oscillations near steep gradients, or to greatly smear out both these gradients and the fine details of the flow. An excellent introductory discussion of these difficulties and the methods developed to deal with them can be found in Leveque's book [8] .

An excellent introductory discussion of these difficulties and the methods developed to deal with them can be found in Leveque's book.


TRANSFORMER windings are often exposed to different short-duration impulse voltage of high amplitude produced by lightning or switching transients, and by insulator flash over. These impulses may cause permanent damage to the insulation of the winding. In order assess the withstand capability of insulation, transformers are impulse tested in laboratory as per standard [1] . Fault may occur in the winding during such tests due to improper or inadequate insulation. In the case of such a fault, it is essential to detect the fault and its location in the winding for taking necessary corrective measures. In the case of a fault within the winding, the shape of the winding current changes as compared to that of a healthy winding. It has been established that the pattern of fault currents contain a typical signature of type and location of the fault for a given winding [2] . It is of great practical importance to asses the type of fault and also to identify exact location of fault during such tests. All the faults involving non self-restoring insulation are destructive in nature and hence have to be necessarily rectified. In the case of failure of a transformer during an impulse test, manufacturers have to detank the winding in order to locate the fault. It would be appropriate to develop a method for accurate fault location so that results are available prior to the detanking the transformer.

In order assess the withstand capability of insulation, transformers are impulse tested in laboratory as per standard.

It has been established that the pattern of fault currents contain a typical signature of type and location of the fault for a given winding.


The researchers used a mixed-methods research design using a combination of two surveys (one for graduates and one for the school principal), and individual and focus group interviews. The researchers opted for this research design to capitalize on the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative methods, which enabled them to compensate for the weaknesses of each approach (Punch, 2005) . They also chose both methods to gain an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon and to avoid skewed findings (Newcomer and Allen, 2008) . However, in this article, we focus on the qualitative aspect of both instruments used for the study as they are directly related to the theme of this article.

The researchers opted for this research design to capitalize on the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative methods, which enabled them to compensate for the weaknesses of each approach.

They also chose both methods to gain an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon and to avoid skewed findings.


Optimum irrigation application treatments increased TDM accumulation by enhancing crop CGR. Reduced TDM production in water stress treatments may be due to unstable plant-soil-water relations which led to decreased photosynthetic rate. The response of fertilizer to TDM accumulation was almost in a similar pattern in both years throughout the growing season. Low fertilizer rate (F1= 80 kg ha -1 ) yielded statistically low dry matter because growth was limited due to nitrogen stress (Awais et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016) . Nitrogen stress resulted in lower LAI and ultimately low dry matter (Xiao et al., 2009) . More light capture due to higher leaf chlorophyll contents, increased leaf area and broader plant leaves in response of higher fertilizer rate finally enhanced TDM accumulation (Fan et al., 2005) .

Low fertilizer rate (F1= 80 kg ha -1 ) yielded statistically low dry matter because growth was limited due to nitrogen stress.

Nitrogen stress resulted in lower LAI and ultimately low dry matter.

More light capture due to higher leaf chlorophyll contents, increased leaf area and broader plant leaves in response of higher fertilizer rate finally enhanced TDM accumulation.


Finitistic Dimension Conjecture: Let R be an artin algebra. Then fdimR = sup{pd R X| pd R X < ∞} is finite. Indeed, if the Finitistic Dimension Conjecture holds for all artin algebras then the Auslander-Reiten Conjecture holds for all artin algebras. However, for an artin algebra satisfying the Finitistic Dimension Conjecture, we don't know if it also satisfies the Auslander-Reiten Conjecture. For instance, it is still a question if the AuslanderReiten Conjecture holds for all self-injective artin algebras and in this case, it is just the Tachikawa conjecture [15] . However, there is a counterexample over QF-rings [14] .

For instance, it is still a question if the AuslanderReiten Conjecture holds for all self-injective artin algebras and in this case, it is just the Tachikawa conjecture.

However, there is a counterexample over QF-rings.


We note that the Auslander-Reiten Conjecture actually makes sense for any ring. In fact, there are already some results in the study of the Auslander-Reiten Conjecture for commutative algebras, see for instance [1, 5, 11, 12] etc.. Recently, Christensen and Holm proved that every left noetherian ring satisfy the Auslander-Reiten Conjecture if it satisfies the Auslander's condition on vanishing of cohomology [6] . Such rings contain group algebras of finite groups and artin algebras such that every module M has an ultimately closed projective resolution [6, 16] .

In fact, there are already some results in the study of the Auslander-Reiten Conjecture for commutative algebras, see for instance etc..

Recently, Christensen and Holm proved that every left noetherian ring satisfy the Auslander-Reiten Conjecture if it satisfies the Auslander's condition on vanishing of cohomology.

Such rings contain group algebras of finite groups and artin algebras such that every module M has an ultimately closed projective resolution.


Periodic porous structures made of elastic materials are capable of undertaking homogeneous and reversible pattern transformations under compression due to the buckling of their beam-like ligaments. For example, upon reaching a critical applied deformation a square array of circular holes in a 2D elastomeric matrix suddenly transforms into a periodic pattern of alternating, mutually orthogonal ellipses (Mullin et al., 2007; Michel et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2008) . Such pattern transformation has been found to be robust and only marginally affected by small imperfections and edge effects (Bertoldi et al., 2008) . However, its emergence can be compromised in structures characterized either by low levels of porosity or by multiple nucleation sites (Bertoldi et al., 2010; Zhu, 2011; Kang et al., 2013) . In fact, it has been found that by progressively reducing the porosity a transition from instabilities with a short wavelength to instabilities characterized by a wavelength much larger than the scale of the microstructure occurs (Bertoldi et al., 2010) . Moreover, the presence of multiple nucleation sites has been shown to result in domains of uniform buckling patterns separated by antiphase boundaries (Zhu, 2011; Kang et al., 2013) .

For example, upon reaching a critical applied deformation a square array of circular holes in a 2D elastomeric matrix suddenly transforms into a periodic pattern of alternating, mutually orthogonal ellipses.

Such pattern transformation has been found to be robust and only marginally affected by small imperfections and edge effects.

However, its emergence can be compromised in structures characterized either by low levels of porosity or by multiple nucleation sites.

In fact, it has been found that by progressively reducing the porosity a transition from instabilities with a short wavelength to instabilities characterized by a wavelength much larger than the scale of the microstructure occurs.

Moreover, the presence of multiple nucleation sites has been shown to result in domains of uniform buckling patterns separated by antiphase boundaries.


Market segmentation becomes an essential element of marketing in industrialized countries and in living of any business (Wedel, Kamakura 2000) . Market segmentation is defined as the partitioning of a market into distinct subsets of customers and any subset could be possibly selected as a target market to be reached with a distinct marketing mix (Kotler 1999) . In other words, market segmentation makes it possible to find homogeneous smaller markets by this means, helping marketers to recognize marketing opportunities and to develop products and services in a more tailor-made manner (Jang et al. 2002) .

Market segmentation becomes an essential element of marketing in industrialized countries and in living of any business.

Market segmentation is defined as the partitioning of a market into distinct subsets of customers and any subset could be possibly selected as a target market to be reached with a distinct marketing mix.

In other words, market segmentation makes it possible to find homogeneous smaller markets by this means, helping marketers to recognize marketing opportunities and to develop products and services in a more tailor-made manner.


Selecting an appropriate market segment based on evaluation of segments is one of the most complicated and time consuming problems for many companies, due to many feasible alternatives, conflicting objectives and variety of factors (Aghdaie et al. 2011) . Market segment evaluation and selection decisions are sophisticated by the fact that the decision-making process must consider various criteria. Therefore market segment evaluation and selection can be viewed as a multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. Hence, this study has the main objective of proposing a mechanism for market segment evaluation and selection.

Selecting an appropriate market segment based on evaluation of segments is one of the most complicated and time consuming problems for many companies, due to many feasible alternatives, conflicting objectives and variety of factors.


The wastescapes mapping exercise held in the PULLs help with identifying the sets of Eco-Innovative Solutions and Strategies which could theoretically be implemented. This is due in part to interviews and collective discussions, as well as thorough desk research and co-creation sessions with local stakeholders collaborating within the PULLs (e.g., municipalities, regional authorities, etc.) [20, 33] . Hence, even if the final aim is to develop transferable EIS, they contain place-specific components that are related to the local challenges in the area. In addition, different disciplines and interests are represented in the structure of the PULLs, and the systemic changes required for the regeneration of wastescapes can be correctly addressed.

This is due in part to interviews and collective discussions, as well as thorough desk research and co-creation sessions with local stakeholders collaborating within the PULLs (e.g., municipalities, regional authorities, etc.).


The use of remote sensing (RS) data has been proven as a comprehensive tool for the mapping of forest cover, estimation of biomass, determining tree species distribution, and the assessment of past forest dynamics [24] [25] [26] . Using the common non-parametric methods Random Forest (RF) (as a processing application for the land cover classification of satellite imagery) and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) (as a modelling system for the determination and calculation of forest parameters) provide strict, explicit, and reliable data on forest vegetation cover, live biomass and their parameters [27] [28] [29] [30] . A number of studies based on remote sensing data assessed major natural disturbance agents across North America and reported large forest patches influenced by wildfires, windthrows and bark beetle outbreaks [31, 32] . Meanwhile, European studies that focused on wind and bark beetle disturbances with smaller occurrence and severity, considered Landsat time series a reliable tool capable of assessing the disturbance agents mentioned above at 76%-86% precision in protected and actively managed stands [33, 34] . Characterizing disturbances in forest ecosystems using satellite images has been proved to be successful tool for monitoring forest changes. Although dense time series of remote sensing data have been extensively used, a bi-temporal approach for the detection of disturbances is more preferential for use with commercial satellite images.

The use of remote sensing (RS) data has been proven as a comprehensive tool for the mapping of forest cover, estimation of biomass, determining tree species distribution, and the assessment of past forest dynamics.

Using the common non-parametric methods Random Forest (RF) (as a processing application for the land cover classification of satellite imagery) and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) (as a modelling system for the determination and calculation of forest parameters) provide strict, explicit, and reliable data on forest vegetation cover, live biomass and their parameters.

A number of studies based on remote sensing data assessed major natural disturbance agents across North America and reported large forest patches influenced by wildfires, windthrows and bark beetle outbreaks.

Meanwhile, European studies that focused on wind and bark beetle disturbances with smaller occurrence and severity, considered Landsat time series a reliable tool capable of assessing the disturbance agents mentioned above at 76%-86% precision in protected and actively managed stands.


A notable difference between CONNFFESSIT and BCF is that the latter yields solutions that are significantly smoother in space; this is not surprising, given the structure of the noise. This has at first led to a speculation that BCF is a "variance reduced" variant of CON-NFFESSIT [4] . It was later realized, however, that smoothness does not necessarily imply a small variance. In fact, while in certain situations BCF yields velocity fields with a variance significantly lower than that obtained from CONNFFESSIT, the variance of the stress is much larger with BCF. Thus, the measure of variance reduction depends on how the statistical errors in the stress and in the velocity are weighted.

This has at first led to a speculation that BCF is a "variance reduced" variant of CON-NFFESSIT.


There exists, however, a technique that needs no test signal. It is known as oscillation based testing (OBT) [2] . The basic idea behind this powerful method is to create a redundant feed-back loop that is activated during testing only. By measuring the output signal and by comparing with the response of the fault-free circuit, one can determine whether there are defects in the circuit or not. Note that, instead of creating test signals targeting specific faults, here all possible defects are targeted with only one measurement making OBT very effective.

It is known as oscillation based testing (OBT).


The reliance on self-reports, lack of social desirability measures, and the cross-sectional research design may limit conclusions about the predictability of the employee attitudes and happiness. However, since this study was concerned with the perceptions of entrepreneur-leaders by their employees, the self-report methodology is reasonable (Schmitt, 1994) . However, future research efforts could be strengthened by employing additional data collection methods, such as observation or structured interviews, and explicitly addressing the potential for social desirability bias. Once again, exploring the direct link between employee attitudes and performance outcomes was beyond the scope of this study, but seems needed for future research.

However, since this study was concerned with the perceptions of entrepreneur-leaders by their employees, the self-report methodology is reasonable.


For instance, A. K. Mishra's investigation indicated the possibility to decrease the hot corrosion attack on alloys (A.K. Mishra used the alloy U-700) by increasing the SO 2 content in the atmosphere [17, 18] . Since there are very few investigations on the hot corrosion behavior of MCrAlY coatings in sulphate-plus-SO 2 environment at type-I-hot-corrosion temperatures, some hot corrosion tests were carried out in this investigation. Two MCrAlY coatings, with different Al and Cr content, will be tested at 900 °C in different corrosion conditions: with sulphate only, with SO 2 gas only, and with sulphate plus SO 2 gas.

For instance, A. K. Mishra's investigation indicated the possibility to decrease the hot corrosion attack on alloys (A.K. Mishra used the alloy U-700) by increasing the SO 2 content in the atmosphere.


Dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) project primarily to the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex, forming the mesocorticolimbic system [1] [2] [3] . Like other drugs of abuse, morphine influence DA neurotransmission directly or indirectly [4, 5] . Positive reinforcement of drugs of abuse is believed to be mediated through the activation of the mesocorticolimbic DA system [6] . Repeated exposure to morphine induce substantial adaptive changes in cellular and synaptic functions in the mesocorticolimbic DA system [7, 8] . These adaptations are believed to play a critical role in the development of tolerance and dependence [9, 10] .

Dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) project primarily to the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex, forming the mesocorticolimbic system.

Like other drugs of abuse, morphine influence DA neurotransmission directly or indirectly.

Positive reinforcement of drugs of abuse is believed to be mediated through the activation of the mesocorticolimbic DA system.

Repeated exposure to morphine induce substantial adaptive changes in cellular and synaptic functions in the mesocorticolimbic DA system.

These adaptations are believed to play a critical role in the development of tolerance and dependence.


Rhizosphere plant associated bacteria are able to interact more closely with the host plant and fungal pathogens living in soil and plant tissue [36] . Our findings confirm that they could be efficient BCAs. More efficient methods on characterization and identification of BCC are now available for precise evolutionary relationship. Notably, these methods enable the study of fastidious or pathogenic species without employing tricky or expensive microbiological methods. Consistency and distance values prove B. cepacia (IBSD-LKBI) relates to the genomovar I phylogenetic tree of BCC genomovar relatedness based on 16S r DNA are shown in Figure 3 . The rhizosphere associated B. cepacia IBSD-LKBI is an interesting candidate for biological control. In further experiments, these selected BCAs will be evaluated in field trial to select the best candidate for commercialization. B. cepacia strains reported in this study as a strong BCA is required to study their ecological role in soil and may be used as a biocontrol agent in sustainable agricultural practices.

Rhizosphere plant associated bacteria are able to interact more closely with the host plant and fungal pathogens living in soil and plant tissue.


Production of cell wall degrading enzymes such as glucanase, chitinase, protease, and production of secondary metabolites (Siderophore and HCN) are common mechanisms that bacteria use to inhibit fungal pathogens [5, 32, 33] . In this study, IBSD-LKBI found to produce different cell wall degrading extracellular enzymes such as protease, glucanase, chitinase and stipulated its role in biological control. The result also supported with the earlier studies [34, 35] . This biocontrol strain also produces phenazine when assessed with gene specific primers (Figure 2) .

Production of cell wall degrading enzymes such as glucanase, chitinase, protease, and production of secondary metabolites (Siderophore and HCN) are common mechanisms that bacteria use to inhibit fungal pathogens.

The result also supported with the earlier studies.


One of the obstacles in the production of high quality and yield of food crops is the difficulty to control fungal diseases in plant. Every year, plant pathogenic fungi cause damage to crops, worthy of millions of dollars, all over the world despite the extensive use of chemical pesticides. So the demand for alternative biocontrol techniques, without using any synthetic fungicides, is increasing [1] . Also, environmental concerns and development of resistance in target populations have reduced the availability of effective fungicides. Therefore, the interest in so-called microbial biocontrol agents or their product to limit the attack and damage by phytopathogens has been increased and recommended. In North East region of India the yield of French beans are severely affected due to fungal infection by Fusarium oxysporum and R. solani causing charcoal rot, wilt and damping off diseases. Fusarium and R. solani are the most common and destructive plant pathogens and a monotypic soil borne species with a wide host range involving more than 200 species in 75 families [2] . These fungi infect plants from seedling stage to maturity. It is also called summer wilt or dry weather wilt because it often occurs during the summer, when plants are under heat and drought stresses. When severe, the disease reduces yield by killing plants at early reproductive stages. Microsclerotia is a compact mass of hardened mycelium stored with reserve food material that becomes detached and remains dormant until a favourable opportunity for growth occurs.

So the demand for alternative biocontrol techniques, without using any synthetic fungicides, is increasing.

Fusarium and R. solani are the most common and destructive plant pathogens and a monotypic soil borne species with a wide host range involving more than 200 species in 75 families.


Continued use of chemical pesticides causes several negative and harmful effects on health and environment and thereby killing all the beneficial microorganisms from the soil. Due to continuous use of chemical pesticides the pathogens become resistant to a wide spectrum of fungicides applied in the soil. The use of microbial biocontrol agents is an alternative approach for reducing the use of chemicals in agriculture because it is ecofriendly in nature and safe to use in agricultural system to increase crop productivity since the action of such bacteria is highly specific and cost effective. It has been suggested that these bacteria might interact more closely with the host plants and act as effective biocontrol agents in sustainable crop production. Several species of bacteria are known to have beneficial effect on plant growth promotion and disease suppression through production of plant growth promoting regulators and secondary metabolite substances. Organisms such as Burkholderia cepacia have shown effective in suppressing many plant diseases and also promote plant growth [3] . Recently, Burkholderia species has been classified into 10 genotypically distinct but phenotypically similar species (genomovars) referring to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) [4] .

Organisms such as Burkholderia cepacia have shown effective in suppressing many plant diseases and also promote plant growth.

Recently, Burkholderia species has been classified into 10 genotypically distinct but phenotypically similar species (genomovars) referring to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc).


We next demonstrate experimentally the interferometric interpretation for the degree of polarization as stated in equation (20) . The optical beam is created with the delay-line setup shown in figure 2, where the degree of polarization is adjusted by rotating the wave plate according to (23) . The beam is subsequently divided into two equal parts and directed into the pinholes of Youngʼs interferometer, as depicted in figure 4 . The apertures are circular with ∼30 μm diameter and their center-to-center distance is 2 mm. This geometry ensures that the beam at one pinhole does not significantly affect the field at the other hole. Information on the polarization-state modulation is transferred into the intensity modulation by inserting suitable wave plates onto the apertures (see figures 3 and 4).

We next demonstrate experimentally the interferometric interpretation for the degree of polarization as stated in equation.


We showed theoretically and experimentally that the degree of polarization of optical beams can be considered as an ability of light to produce polarization modulation in self-interference. This is a new interpretation of the degree of polarization and it follows directly from the electromagnetic interference law. The formulation and experiments in this work are in the time domain, but analogous results are naturally found in the frequency domain for the spectral degree of polarization [27] [28] [29] . The results of this research illustrate and demonstrate experimentally the role of partial polarization in electromagnetic coherence and interference and are obviously important for many applications dealing with physical optics.

The formulation and experiments in this work are in the time domain, but analogous results are naturally found in the frequency domain for the spectral degree of polarization.


Thus, a more "radical" or confrontational strategy may be necessary that aims to address the root of the problem: one in which non-governmental organizations, social movements, and concerned citizens work with local communities to monitor and publicize violations of a country's forestry regulations by Chinese companies. These efforts should be combined with governments enforcing existing conservation laws and passing new legislation (Lewis 2003) . This approach has been successful in closing Chinese mining operations in Gabon and a hydroelectric dam in Zambia that were being scrutinized for human rights abuses, forest loss, and water pollution (Mol 2011) . There is no reason to expect that such tactics cannot be applied forestry companies. Ultimately, a combination of tactics can be employed to reduce forest loss due to China's demand for natural resources, especially forestry products (Keck and Sikkink 1998) . Efforts should be taken to both reduce demand as well as improve sustainability and conservation efforts.

These efforts should be combined with governments enforcing existing conservation laws and passing new legislation.

This approach has been successful in closing Chinese mining operations in Gabon and a hydroelectric dam in Zambia that were being scrutinized for human rights abuses, forest loss, and water pollution.

Ultimately, a combination of tactics can be employed to reduce forest loss due to China's demand for natural resources, especially forestry products.


Despite these limitations, our study has several strengths. First, we used both variable-and person-oriented approaches to answer our research questions [18] . Second, except for the measure of impulsivity, all of the scales used in the study showed good psychometric properties. Third, we also used dimensional instead of categorical measures, which increases the variance and thus the power in our analyses. Finally, we used measures of both negative and positive affect in the same study, which has seldom been done in previous research. Thus, this study extends previous findings to a normal population, and revealing that gender showed evidence of moderation regarding both depressive symptoms and life satisfaction, with the young women in the AnxiousInhibited and the Anxious-Impulsive clusters faring worst.

First, we used both variable-and person-oriented approaches to answer our research questions.


In our results, the women in the anxious-impulsive and anxious-inhibited groups fared worse than men, which is in accordance with previous research where the gender ratio of depressive symptoms was twice as high for adolescent girls as for boys [24] . Trying to regulate emotions by impulsive behaviors, such as getting intoxicated at a party or engaging in impulsive sexual acts may come at a higher cost for women than men. In our study, we found support for this idea, as there was a significant difference between women and men in the anxious-impulsive group regarding depressive symptoms.

In our results, the women in the anxious-impulsive and anxious-inhibited groups fared worse than men, which is in accordance with previous research where the gender ratio of depressive symptoms was twice as high for adolescent girls as for boys.


This study has several limitations. First, we only used self-report measures. Nonetheless, previous research has demonstrated that people's own reports of internalizing problems quite accurately measure subjective experiences [25] . Second, we used dimensional measures of symptoms. Even though the dimensional view is assumed to be a better measure of elevated symptomatology that later proceeds on to clinical levels than the categorical clinical view is, the dimensional approach could yield different results than a clinical view. Third, the reliability of the impulsivity measure was not as high as the other measures. This might be because it is difficult for people to judge their own impulsivity. Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity of the scale has been found, however, as it loads on the correct factor in the overall instrument and does not cross-load on the other factors [13] . Nonetheless, the relatively low reliability might have made our results more conservative than they would have been if the measure had been more internally consistent.

This study has several limitations.

Nonetheless, previous research has demonstrated that people's own reports of internalizing problems quite accurately measure subjective experiences.

Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity of the scale has been found, however, as it loads on the correct factor in the overall instrument and does not cross-load on the other factors.


Previous research has identified subgroups of anxiousimpulsive and anxious-inhibited young adults, and com- pared them regarding external adjustment [1] [2] [3] . Going beyond previous research, however, we attempted to identify these subgroups in a general population, compare them on levels of internal adjustment, as well as examine if these associations were moderated by gender. We found that gender showed evidence of moderation in these associations, as the young women in the anxiousimpulsive and anxious-inhibited subgroups fared worse than the men. We did not, however, find differences on depressive symptoms or life satisfaction between individuals who were anxious-impulsive and anxious-inhibited.

Previous research has identified subgroups of anxiousimpulsive and anxious-inhibited young adults, and com- pared them regarding external adjustment.


Socially anxious people are typically thought of as being behaviorally inhibited and avoiding anxiety-provoking social situations. Although the majority of socially anxious people fit this description, an unexpected or atypical subgroup has recently been identified. Rather than being inhibited, this subgroup of socially anxious people appear to be impulsive [1] [2] [3] . What could be the reasons for this atypical pattern of characteristics, and what does it imply for the life experiences and adaptation of socially anxious individuals?

Rather than being inhibited, this subgroup of socially anxious people appear to be impulsive.


Knowledge about the anxious-impulsive subgroup regarding the approach-avoidance conflict is sparse, nonetheless. One could imagine that approach behavior and participation in social situations should be greater among people in the anxious-impulsive subgroup. As a result, anxious-impulsive people may take part in social situations to a greater extent than anxious-inhibited people. However, using control strategies with the function of avoiding negative emotions has in the long term been linked to low positive affect [e.g., 22]. This does not imply that people in the anxious-impulsive group experience more positive emotions in general. Indeed, this did not seem to be the case in the current study, as the anxious-impulsive group fared as poorly as the anxiousinhibited group in terms of both depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Unfortunately, we cannot differentiate between short and long term implications of our results. However, based on the same type of classification we have used in this study, Kashdan and Weeks showed that the anxious-impulsive group reported short-term pleasure of impulsive behavior in social situations, such as increased sexual activity and social proximity [23] . If the same were true in this sample, those feelings were not transformed into a more global sense of life satisfaction. A possible mechanism explaining why these people fail to transform the short-term pleasure to a sense of life satisfaction could be that their memories of social situations are mostly negatively colored in retrospect, and they may, therefore, try to avoid these unpleasant inner experiences by using such control strategies as worry and rumination [23] . This notion is in line with the fact that emotional control strategies may work in the short term by relieving anxiety, but in the long term they often fail and are associated with the maintenance of ill-health [7] . In addition, this could also be one factor that explains why young women in this study fared worst, because women more than men use worry and rumination as strategies to regulate emotions [7] . Hence, these two explanations should be interpreted cautiously, and further research is needed to empirically test them.

However, based on the same type of classification we have used in this study, Kashdan and Weeks showed that the anxious-impulsive group reported short-term pleasure of impulsive behavior in social situations, such as increased sexual activity and social proximity.

A possible mechanism explaining why these people fail to transform the short-term pleasure to a sense of life satisfaction could be that their memories of social situations are mostly negatively colored in retrospect, and they may, therefore, try to avoid these unpleasant inner experiences by using such control strategies as worry and rumination.

This notion is in line with the fact that emotional control strategies may work in the short term by relieving anxiety, but in the long term they often fail and are associated with the maintenance of ill-health.

In addition, this could also be one factor that explains why young women in this study fared worst, because women more than men use worry and rumination as strategies to regulate emotions.


Different forms of social anxiety and their implications for depressive symptoms and life satisfaction are particularly relevant in young-adult populations. For young adults, establishing new social networks is a timely issue, and socially anxious young adults might be particularly susceptible to exhausting their abilities to control the escape tendency. Thus, they might be prone to impulsive behavior. In addition, socially anxious young adults have been shown to have few and low quality interpersonal relationships, and they tend to hesitate about pursuing goals such as education because of their social anxiety [6] . Thus, young adults with social anxiety should show lower life satisfaction than young adults without social anxiety. The question is how the typical, anxious-inhibited subgroup might compare with an atypical, anxious-impulsive subgroup in young adulthood.

In addition, socially anxious young adults have been shown to have few and low quality interpersonal relationships, and they tend to hesitate about pursuing goals such as education because of their social anxiety.


One consequence of research on categorical diagnoses according to the DSM is the lack of possibility in capturing the entire picture of mental problems. Instead, the information is often restricted to the development of extreme, or clinical levels of for example anxiety and depressive symptoms, more or less based on arbitrarily set "cut-offs". This categorical classification system does therefore not fully reflect the dimensionality of mental problems [7] . It is therefore important to examine if we could replicate the previous findings of an anxious-impulsive subgroup, and identify whether this subgroup is associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms than those who are not socially anxious in a general population as well. To our knowledge, this has not yet been done in the current literature.

This categorical classification system does therefore not fully reflect the dimensionality of mental problems.


With a worldwide decline in plant genetic resources, an increasing demand in plant production, and a public aversion in pesticide use, new methods of crop diversity are required to address agricultural challenges. Such methods include the use of plant breeding, genetic engineering and induced mutations. Coffee crop is becoming susceptible to more virulent diseases such as coffee leaf rust that is responsible for average reduction of 31 and 16% during the epidemics year (Cristancho et al., 2012) .

Coffee crop is becoming susceptible to more virulent diseases such as coffee leaf rust that is responsible for average reduction of 31 and 16% during the epidemics year.


The D-statistic is computed on blocks of 5Mb, to ensure that every block is not subject to linkage disequilibrium from the other blocks, and that the number of loci in each block is large enough to make the D-statistic approach the approximation by a standard normal distribution (see Appendix 1) . The use of blocks allows for estimation of a proper normalization constant for the D-statistic using the m-block jack-knife bootstrap method [21] . The threshold for rejection of the null hypothesis is set to a p-value 0.001, corresponding approximately to the two-tailed acceptance region [−3, 3].

The use of blocks allows for estimation of a proper normalization constant for the D-statistic using the m-block jack-knife bootstrap method.


These methods vary not only in scope and the underlying assumptions but also in their approach to broader questions such as a hierarchical and concurrent multiscale approach. In the first class, the computations are performed on each scale separately. Often, the scale coupling is done by transferring problem parameters; that is, the results obtained on one scale determine the parameters for the computational model on another scale [6, 7] . Thus, for instance, a continuum model can be derived from the atomic information [8] . Another approach is pursued in the concurrent coupling techniques, where the behavior at each length scale depends strongly on the others and an appropriate model is solved on each scale simultaneously, while smooth coupling between the scales is introduced. In the following, we confine our considerations to concurrent methods.

Often, the scale coupling is done by transferring problem parameters; that is, the results obtained on one scale determine the parameters for the computational model on another scale.

Thus, for instance, a continuum model can be derived from the atomic information.


Polyaniline (PANI) is known as one of the most technologically important materials because of its high conductivity, ease of preparation, good environmental stability, and a large variety of applications, especially in light-emitting and electronic devices, chemical sensors, separation membranes, and antistatic coating [7] . In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the synthesis and design of conducting polymer-ferrite nanocomposites. Polymer magnetic nanocomposites represent a class of functional materials that have potential appli-cations in high density information storage media, wave absorbers, optical-magnetic media, cell separation, medical diagnosis, and controlled drug delivery [8] .

Polyaniline (PANI) is known as one of the most technologically important materials because of its high conductivity, ease of preparation, good environmental stability, and a large variety of applications, especially in light-emitting and electronic devices, chemical sensors, separation membranes, and antistatic coating.

Polymer magnetic nanocomposites represent a class of functional materials that have potential appli-cations in high density information storage media, wave absorbers, optical-magnetic media, cell separation, medical diagnosis, and controlled drug delivery.


In previous works we have reported that incorporation of materials in amorphous matrix prepared by sol-gel route promotes a reduction in the particle size, situation that governs the properties of the formed composite. In particular, M-Ba hexaferrites embedded in a SiO 2 matrix present coercivity values which are significantly larger than those presented by pure coprecipitated M-Ba ferrite and of samples obtained directly by the sol-gel method [5] . This improvement in the coercivity can be ascribed to a reduction of the sizes of the particles.

In particular, M-Ba hexaferrites embedded in a SiO 2 matrix present coercivity values which are significantly larger than those presented by pure coprecipitated M-Ba ferrite and of samples obtained directly by the sol-gel method.


The precursor ferrite-glass interface strongly influences the coercivity of the nanocomposite. In a previous work, we have reported that the grain size of barium hexaferrite particles, synthesized by the coprecipitation method, embedded in a silica xerogel matrix noticeably diminished with respect to the pure particle and then the obtained coercivity values were improved with respect to the values obtained from the pure coprecipitated hexaferrite sample [5, 10] . Similar results have been reported for M-Sr ferrite embedded in a SiO 2 matrix [11] . The coercivity of this kind of pure ferrite materials is affected by defects, grain size, and grain distribution. The improvement in the coercivity has been ascribed to a reduction in the grain size of the embedded magnetic particles as well as to a reduction in the magnetic interaction of the magnetic particles. The improvement in coercivity has been reported with a factor of two.

In a previous work, we have reported that the grain size of barium hexaferrite particles, synthesized by the coprecipitation method, embedded in a silica xerogel matrix noticeably diminished with respect to the pure particle and then the obtained coercivity values were improved with respect to the values obtained from the pure coprecipitated hexaferrite sample.

Similar results have been reported for M-Sr ferrite embedded in a SiO 2 matrix.


The spinal cord is the first relay site in the transmission of nociceptive information from the periphery to the brain. Spinal microglia become activated rapidly following an injury to peripheral nerve. The contribution of activated spinal microglia in the generation and maintenance of injury triggered chronic pain has been well established [18, 19] . It is thus of importance to understand how aging and obesity affect spinal microglia phenotypes and function, and whether such changes could be related to abnormal sensory behavior in elderly. It will be intriguing to further understand whether and how obesity can impact spinal microglia, with or without priming by aging. In this study, by using C57BL/6 mice fed with regular or high fat diet, we characterized the phenotypes of spinal microglia in adult (6 months old) lean and obese mice, as well as in aged (17 months old) lean and obese mice. A special attention was paid to microglia inflammatory properties to understand their potential contribution to aging and/or obesity associated impaired sensory behavior in these animals.

The contribution of activated spinal microglia in the generation and maintenance of injury triggered chronic pain has been well established.


The finding of the intensifying mental health risks of sexual coercion such as rape in marriage is especially striking in the Turkish context, where in 2016, the government was pressured to withdraw a law bill that was drafted to pardon men who were convicted of having sex with underage girls if they would marry them. Although not legal, the patriarchal practices continue. If a family decides to marry a girl, she may be forced to engage in sexual intercourse, actually to rape, and physical violence (Jensen and Thornton 2003) . The traditions of great gender inequality and suffering are thus present despite the fact that child marriage is itself a human right violation and criminal pedophilic act.

If a family decides to marry a girl, she may be forced to engage in sexual intercourse, actually to rape, and physical violence.


Understanding the business processes modelling of an organisation is preliminary for determining its success [3] . Business process was earlier defined as "the combination of a set of activities within an enterprise with a structure describing their logical order and dependence whose objective is to produce a desired result" [3] . This is apt for the natural stone production. The business processes of interest are actual manufacturing processes, which include processes of stone production occurring within quarries.

Understanding the business processes modelling of an organisation is preliminary for determining its success.

Business process was earlier defined as "the combination of a set of activities within an enterprise with a structure describing their logical order and dependence whose objective is to produce a desired result".


Laser intensity and droplet scattering angles vary based on droplet transit location (Dye and Baumgardner, 1985; Brenguier et al., 1998) . Therefore, droplets are only counted and sized if they pass through the qualified sample area -an elliptical region within the depth of field (DOF) where laser intensity and droplet scattering angles are relatively homogenous. Nonetheless, laser intensity and scattering angles are somewhat variable within the qualified sample area, resulting in counting and sizing error that is dependent on droplet transit location (Brenguier et al., 1998; Wendisch et al., 1996) . For the geometry of the CDP, one may expect a variation of 2 • in collection angles along the DOF, introducing uncertainty as large as 20 % in sizing along the beam . Uncertainty in collection angles can also be a result of variations in optical component placement for individual probes (Dye and Baumgardner, 1984) . The cross-sectional area of the DOF is included in calculations of sample volume, such that errors in the length of the DOF will propagate as a scaling bias in concentration (Wendisch et al., 1996) .

Laser intensity and droplet scattering angles vary based on droplet transit location.

Nonetheless, laser intensity and scattering angles are somewhat variable within the qualified sample area, resulting in counting and sizing error that is dependent on droplet transit location.

Uncertainty in collection angles can also be a result of variations in optical component placement for individual probes.

The cross-sectional area of the DOF is included in calculations of sample volume, such that errors in the length of the DOF will propagate as a scaling bias in concentration.


Historically, FSSP electronic limitations required an "electronic delay sequence" for a period after particle detection. Particles passing through the sample area during the delay sequence were not detected, resulting in undercounting, or "dead-time losses", which required algorithmic corrections to FSSP-measured concentration (Baumgardner et al., 1985; Brenguier et al., 1998 Brenguier et al., , 1998 Baumgardner and Spowart, 1990) . Improved electronics introduced in the 1990s negated dead-time losses in FSSP measurements. Likewise, deadtime losses do not impact newer OPCs such as the Fast FSSP, CDP, and FCDP.

Particles passing through the sample area during the delay sequence were not detected, resulting in undercounting, or "dead-time losses", which required algorithmic corrections to FSSP-measured concentration.


The LC is one of the major stress-responsive nuclei in the CNS. The present model does not provide a mechanism for distinguishing LC activation related to stress as opposed to positively-motivated behavioral activity. However, others have proposed that it may be a matter of degree in that stress causes maximal activation and bursting in LC neurons with a consequent release of the noradrenergic cotransmitter, galanin, which might mediate certain stress-related behavioral changes [95] . Also the above schematic omits LC outputs to structures that have been implicated in negatively motivated behaviors including the periaqueductal gray, amygdala, septum, hippocampus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. As will be discussed below, certain of the latter areas also receive a prominent innervation from the tegmental noradrenergic cell groups (A1, A2) which appear to be more closely related to aversive stimulation and negative motivation [96, 97] .

However, others have proposed that it may be a matter of degree in that stress causes maximal activation and bursting in LC neurons with a consequent release of the noradrenergic cotransmitter, galanin, which might mediate certain stress-related behavioral changes.

As will be discussed below, certain of the latter areas also receive a prominent innervation from the tegmental noradrenergic cell groups (A1, A2) which appear to be more closely related to aversive stimulation and negative motivation.


We have estimated CCs between different characteristics of CSF and sera. It was shown that there was no good correlation between several identical indexes characterizing CSFs and sera of MS patients, CCs varying in the range of 20.12 to +0.57 (Tables 2  and 3 ). The correlation between the total protein concentration and: a) total concentration of IgGs in CSF (CC = +0.17; columns 1 and 3) and sera (CC = +0.47; columns 2 and 4); b) relative concentration of anti-DNA Abs in CSF (CC = +0.11; columns 1 and 5) or sera (CC = 20.04; columns 2 and 6) was low ( Table 2) . At the same time, low but still the best positive correlation was observed between the total protein concentration and relative DNase activity of total CSF protein (CC = +0.61; columns 1 and 7), whereas in the sera these values showed negative correlation (CC = 20.49; columns 2 and 8) (Tables 2 and 3 ). Similar low CCs were observed for other estimated parameters. CC between the relative concentrations of IgGs and anti-DNA Abs was relatively low in CSF (CC = +0.4; columns 3 and 5), and negative in the sera (CC = 20.32; columns 4 and 6) ( Table 2) . Interestingly, CC between the concentration of IgGs and the relative specific DNase activity of CSF Abs (CC = +0.16; columns 3 and 11) was lower than that of the sera (CC = 20.58; columns 4 and 12) (Tables 1  and 2 ). Finally, the relative concentration of total anti-DNA Abs correlated with the relative specific IgG DNase activity better in the sera (CC = +0.51; columns 6 and 12) than in CSF (CC = + 0.11; columns 5 and 11) (Tables 2 and 3 ). An additional question is why there is no good correlation between various indexes, characterizing different MS patients. An analysis of correlation between titers of Abs to DNA as well as to MBP and 13 different standard clinical parameters including Poser criteria (indexes for evaluation of damage to functional systems: pyramidal functions; cerebellar functions; functions of brain stem; sensitive functions; functions of intestines and urinary bladder; visual functions; cerebral (psychical) functions and sum of these characteristics) in the case of 49 patients with MS was carried out [17] . For the whole group of MS patients, the absolute values of positive CCs between titers of anti-DNA or anti-MBP Abs and clinical Poser indexes were very low (between 0.01 and 0.19), absent (,0), or even negative (20.02 to 20.07) and statistically non-significant. Several CCs became higher and reached values up to 0.1 to 0.55 and 20.04 to 20.47 after the division of cohort into subgroups of patients with primary progressing, secondary progressing and remitting course of the disease [17] .

An analysis of correlation between titers of Abs to DNA as well as to MBP and 13 different standard clinical parameters including Poser criteria (indexes for evaluation of damage to functional systems: pyramidal functions; cerebellar functions; functions of brain stem; sensitive functions; functions of intestines and urinary bladder; visual functions; cerebral (psychical) functions and sum of these characteristics) in the case of 49 patients with MS was carried out.

Several CCs became higher and reached values up to 0.1 to 0.55 and 20.04 to 20.47 after the division of cohort into subgroups of patients with primary progressing, secondary progressing and remitting course of the disease.


The new literature in empirical finance that uses nonlinear models and techniques that may fit better subperiods is faulting the old literature that uses linear models and applies the estimation to full sample periods when the results are time-dependent and difficult to capture with linear techniques. Some authors now say that empirical finance is in crisis (De Prado, 2015) . Others assert that a possible solution to false empirical findings lies in multiple trials and peer p-values (Harvey and Liu, 2015) .

Some authors now say that empirical finance is in crisis.

Others assert that a possible solution to false empirical findings lies in multiple trials and peer p-values.