We used the monitoring method illustrated in Figure 7 to classify non-defect and defect particle maps. The threshold in the monitoring chart corresponds to the upper control limit (UCL) in the statistical process control chart. Therefore, we compared the classification performance of the particle defect map by adjusting the decision threshold of the defect/non-defect. Further, we used the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, a graphical plot that illustrates the performance of a binary classification. Moreover, in order to compare these curves, the area under the ROC (AUROC) curve was considered [13] . A broader AUROC can detect a particle defect more accurately. As defect classification is more important than non-defect classification, the ROC curve uses a false negative rate for the X-axis and a true negative rate for the Y-axis. Figure 11 depicts the ROC curves for both PD and KDPD of the four datasets defined in Table 1 , and the AUROC examines the monitoring performances.

Moreover, in order to compare these curves, the area under the ROC (AUROC) curve was considered.


The particles in the chamber of a facility need to be monitored to maintain the chamber's stability. Current manufacturing processes manage particle defects through a simple control chart (cchart) that monitors the number of particles. As these monitoring charts do not consider the distribution or density of the particles on the wafers, engineers do not know whether the particles are assignable or what the common causes are. Therefore, this study proposes a particle defect management method to overcome the limitation of this monitoring chart. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the conventional particle management method. Section 3 provides the details of the proposed method, and Section 4 presents the experimental results and evaluation. Finally, Section 5 concludes this study. In the field of semiconductor manufacturing, a particle defect indicates a failure resulting from fine particles, such as dust, that are present on the wafers during FAB. The size of the particle defect owing to the manufacturing environment has remained unchanged, but the FAB process has been improved to develop capabilities for the fabrication of fine patterns. During one inspection, as shown in Figure 4 , there was no defect when the pitch was 130 nm, but a pitch of 45 nm resulted in a defect because the size of the particle was greater than the pitch size. Therefore, the structure and stability of the deposited chemical must be carefully controlled, and reduction in contamination in particular becomes increasingly crucial as device sizes shrink [7] .

This paper is organized as follows.

Therefore, the structure and stability of the deposited chemical must be carefully controlled, and reduction in contamination in particular becomes increasingly crucial as device sizes shrink.


Wafer fabrication for semiconductor devices such as microprocessors, memories, digital signal processors, and consumer electronics applications involves a complex and lengthy process with 30-40 reentrant loops, and the above-mentioned processes (①-⑧), as shown in Figure 1 [4] . This study focuses on these eight processes and the inter-process metrology. Semiconductor FAB includes various physical and chemical treatments and takes six to eight weeks. Therefore, there is a considerable difficulty in identifying causes of failure in the fabrication process, which involves numerous facilities. Figure 2 chronologically shows a pitch change in the lithography process used for fabricating DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory), NAND (Negative-AND gate flash memory), and logic products that have been actively manufactured in recent years. The pitch on the Y-axis illustrates the integration capacity of the semiconductor products and significantly affects product yield, hence the increasing significance of defect management as current FAB processes design and fabricate sophisticated patterns [5] . Semiconductor FAB includes various physical and chemical treatments and takes six to eight weeks. Therefore, there is a considerable difficulty in identifying causes of failure in the fabrication process, which involves numerous facilities. Figure 2 chronologically shows a pitch change in the lithography process used for fabricating DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory), NAND (Negative-AND gate flash memory), and logic products that have been actively manufactured in recent years. The pitch on the Y-axis illustrates the integration capacity of the semiconductor products and significantly affects product yield, hence the increasing significance of defect management as current FAB processes design and fabricate sophisticated patterns [5] . The defects in a semiconductor manufacturing process are generally distributed as shown in Figure 3 . The pie chart on the left shows that the particle defects account for 75% of the total defects. As shown in the pie chart on the right, 75% of the particle defects are caused by process equipment [6] . In the field of semiconductor manufacturing, a particle defect indicates a failure resulting from fine particles, such as dust, that are present on the wafers during FAB. The size of the particle defect owing to the manufacturing environment has remained unchanged, but the FAB process has been improved to develop capabilities for the fabrication of fine patterns. During one inspection, as shown in Figure 4 , there was no defect when the pitch was 130 nm, but a pitch of 45 nm resulted in a defect because the size of the particle was greater than the pitch size. Therefore, the structure and stability of the deposited chemical must be carefully controlled, and reduction in contamination in particular becomes increasingly crucial as device sizes shrink [7] .

Wafer fabrication for semiconductor devices such as microprocessors, memories, digital signal processors, and consumer electronics applications involves a complex and lengthy process with 30-40 reentrant loops, and the above-mentioned processes (①-⑧), as shown in Figure 1.

The pitch on the Y-axis illustrates the integration capacity of the semiconductor products and significantly affects product yield, hence the increasing significance of defect management as current FAB processes design and fabricate sophisticated patterns.

As shown in the pie chart on the right, 75% of the particle defects are caused by process equipment.


The particles in the chamber of a facility need to be monitored to maintain the chamber's stability. Current manufacturing processes manage particle defects through a simple control chart (cchart) that monitors the number of particles. As these monitoring charts do not consider the distribution or density of the particles on the wafers, engineers do not know whether the particles are assignable or what the common causes are. Therefore, this study proposes a particle defect management method to overcome the limitation of this monitoring chart. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the conventional particle management method. Section 3 provides the details of the proposed method, and Section 4 presents the experimental results and evaluation. Finally, Section 5 concludes this study. The defects in a semiconductor manufacturing process are generally distributed as shown in Figure 3 . The pie chart on the left shows that the particle defects account for 75% of the total defects. As shown in the pie chart on the right, 75% of the particle defects are caused by process equipment [6] . The defects in a semiconductor manufacturing process are generally distributed as shown in Figure 3 . The pie chart on the left shows that the particle defects account for 75% of the total defects. As shown in the pie chart on the right, 75% of the particle defects are caused by process equipment [6] . In the field of semiconductor manufacturing, a particle defect indicates a failure resulting from fine particles, such as dust, that are present on the wafers during FAB. The size of the particle defect owing to the manufacturing environment has remained unchanged, but the FAB process has been improved to develop capabilities for the fabrication of fine patterns. During one inspection, as shown in Figure 4 , there was no defect when the pitch was 130 nm, but a pitch of 45 nm resulted in a defect because the size of the particle was greater than the pitch size. Therefore, the structure and stability of the deposited chemical must be carefully controlled, and reduction in contamination in particular becomes increasingly crucial as device sizes shrink [7] .

This paper is organized as follows.

Therefore, the structure and stability of the deposited chemical must be carefully controlled, and reduction in contamination in particular becomes increasingly crucial as device sizes shrink.


As intended, the trauma films successfully induced negative emotional states, as evidenced by significant increases in PANAS-NA scores following the aversive (but not the neutral) films. Importantly, NA scores increased similarly in both conditions in response to the target film, which indicates that our findings cannot be attributed to differential emotional impact of the target film in both conditions. Still, one might argue that participants in the repeated-event condition perceived more emotional stress at memory retrieval than participants in the singleevent condition during the report sessions, elicited by the semantic links with the other traumatic video memories. This might have led to differences in recall performance between the conditions. However, a recent study showed that stress does not influence recall performance when using the SAI as the recall tool (Krix et al., 2016) . These findings suggest that emotional impact is perhaps not an alternative explanation for the difference found in accuracy results between the conditions. Moreover, this view is in line with the finding that the increases in NA scores in response to the target film were not related to accuracy, completeness, or inconsistency outcomes.

However, a recent study showed that stress does not influence recall performance when using the SAI as the recall tool.


These results fit with our expectations. That is, FTT would predict that participants in the repeated-event condition would rely more on (erroneous) gist traces that are based on similar experiences, and less on verbatim traces from the target film, leading to less accurate reports (Wolfe et al., 2005; Reyna & Brainerd, 1995; Schneider et al., 2011) . Contrary to expectation there were no differences between groups in completeness and inconsistency, suggesting that the effects of exposure to repeated negative events are limited to report accuracy. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to explore the impact of repeated emotional experiences on memory completeness and consistency in adults. In children, prior studies on non-emotional memory found either no effects, or lower consistency for multiple similar events compared to a single event (Connolly et al., 2008; Schneider et al., 2011) . However, unlike the free-report method we used, these authors tested memory for specific, non-emotional details using cued recall. Thus, it remains to be determined whether these differences can be attributed to the effects of age, reporting method, and/or emotionality of the memories.

That is, FTT would predict that participants in the repeated-event condition would rely more on (erroneous) gist traces that are based on similar experiences, and less on verbatim traces from the target film, leading to less accurate reports.

In children, prior studies on non-emotional memory found either no effects, or lower consistency for multiple similar events compared to a single event.


The test lecture rooms of KU Leuven Ghent Technology Campus, which are studied in this paper, were one the demonstration cases of IEA EBC Annex 62: Ventilative Cooling [20] . Natural night ventilation and indirect evaporative cooling techniques are applied. This paper aims to evaluate thermal comfort in this nZEB school building and to discuss the performances of its ventilative cooling systems.

The test lecture rooms of KU Leuven Ghent Technology Campus, which are studied in this paper, were one the demonstration cases of IEA EBC Annex 62: Ventilative Cooling.


One of the major new challenges in these highly insulated and airtight buildings is the increased need for cooling and the risk on overheating not only during summer but all year round. In addition, this cooling demand depends less on the outdoor temperature and more on the internal and solar heat gains [3] . A shift is noticed from reduction in heating to reduction in cooling demand. As a consequence, conceptual and building technical measures as well as energy efficient cooling systems are needed in these nZEB buildings to guarantee good thermal comfort all year round. Ventilative cooling is an example of an energy efficient cooling method that can contribute to achieve the goal of the 2nd recast of the EPBD and was extensively studied within IEA EBC Annex 62 [4] . Ventilative cooling is defined as "the application of the cooling capacity of the outdoor air flow by ventilation to reduce or even eliminate the cooling loads and/or the energy use by mechanical cooling in buildings, while guaranteeing a comfortable thermal environment" [3] .

In addition, this cooling demand depends less on the outdoor temperature and more on the internal and solar heat gains.

Ventilative cooling is an example of an energy efficient cooling method that can contribute to achieve the goal of the 2nd recast of the EPBD and was extensively studied within IEA EBC Annex 62.

Ventilative cooling is defined as "the application of the cooling capacity of the outdoor air flow by ventilation to reduce or even eliminate the cooling loads and/or the energy use by mechanical cooling in buildings, while guaranteeing a comfortable thermal environment".


This current study is also in the spirit of a threefold motivational argument from the literature survey. First, the financial press found that increased globalisation has significantly reduced the risk minimisation benefits from diversifications of international markets through strengthening the correlations among international equity markets. This phenomenon indicates primarily that investment strategies that are based upon sectoral diversifications, within the country or across the countries, may surrender better pricing of risk, which might not be possible through international diversification and therefore is worthy of attention for researchers (Baca, Garbe, & Weiss, 2000 and Elyasiani et al., 2011) .

This phenomenon indicates primarily that investment strategies that are based upon sectoral diversifications, within the country or across the countries, may surrender better pricing of risk, which might not be possible through international diversification and therefore is worthy of attention for researchers.


Secondly, it is established that the rise or fall in macroeconomic variables stems from a dissimilar effect on stock returns across the sectors resulting is different volatility dynamics (Elyasiani et al., 2011) . Thirdly, it is widely agreed in the financial press that investors always expect higher returns for holding risky assets. Therefore, the understanding of volatility dynamics of various sectors is a critical component for any investment decision (Elyasiani et al., 2011) .

Secondly, it is established that the rise or fall in macroeconomic variables stems from a dissimilar effect on stock returns across the sectors resulting is different volatility dynamics.

Therefore, the understanding of volatility dynamics of various sectors is a critical component for any investment decision.


For product domains and weakly coupling diffusion matrices, the differential operator in (1.1) has formally low rank, that is, its action only leads to a moderate increase in the ranks of suitable tensor representations. This justifies the hope that, for instance, for separable right hand sides the solution may be approximable efficiently by low-rank tensor expansions, where the low-dimensional factors in the rank-one summands are not predefined basis functions but are allowed to depend on the solution. This hope is indeed supported by substantial numerical evidence and, at least for diagonal M , also on a theoretical level [10] .

This hope is indeed supported by substantial numerical evidence and, at least for diagonal M , also on a theoretical level.


Enzyme immobilization enables the bioprocessing industry to harness the full potential of a particular enzyme. Immobilization facilitates the separation of the enzyme catalyst from the reaction mixture, increases the efficiency of the enzymatic resulting in a lower processing cost. Biochemical studies have demonstrated that enzyme immobilization leads to a well-balanced overall performance, reasonable immobilization yields, low mass transfer limitations, and high operational stability [13] . The immobilization strategy is vital to maintain the biological activity of the enzyme [14] . Cross linking is one of the strategies which have been applied effectively to improve the stability and activity of an enzyme. For instance, biocompatibility between glutaraldehyde and eggshell membrane contributes to functional stability [15] .

Biochemical studies have demonstrated that enzyme immobilization leads to a well-balanced overall performance, reasonable immobilization yields, low mass transfer limitations, and high operational stability.

The immobilization strategy is vital to maintain the biological activity of the enzyme.

For instance, biocompatibility between glutaraldehyde and eggshell membrane contributes to functional stability.


Glucose oxidase has high demanded in many industrial applications and the demand for more stable, highly active and specific enzymes are growing rapidly [12] . Immobilization is the process of attaching enzyme onto insoluble material using physical or chemical interaction. Immobilization leads to the partition of the enzyme catalyst from the reaction mixture, and can increase enzyme turnover, which in turn leads to higher efficiencies and the associated reduction in operational costs. The immobilized enzyme can be used repeatedly and continuously. This resolves the issues associated with effluent disposal. In addition to this, immobilized enzymes typically have greater thermal and operational stability than the soluble versions of the enzyme.

Glucose oxidase has high demanded in many industrial applications and the demand for more stable, highly active and specific enzymes are growing rapidly.


High levels of factor VIII are associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis. In the Leiden Thrombophilia Study, factor VIII levels greater than 150 IU/dl conferred an increased risk of first venous thrombosis with an odds ratio of almost 5.0 [1] . In a retrospective study, O'Donnell detected high factor VIII activity in 25% of 260 patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) [2] .

In the Leiden Thrombophilia Study, factor VIII levels greater than 150 IU/dl conferred an increased risk of first venous thrombosis with an odds ratio of almost 5.0.

In a retrospective study, O'Donnell detected high factor VIII activity in 25% of 260 patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE).


Aquatic macrophytes play a key role in structuring food webs in shallow lakes and in maintaining water transparency by direct and indirect effects on phytoplankton growth (Scheffer et al., 1993; Jeppesen et al., 1998; Van Donk & Van de Bund, 2002) . Empirical studies undertaken in temperate and some subtropical areas have shown that water transparency is generally high in lakes with high macrophyte cover (Jeppesen et al., 1990; Canfield & Hoyer, 1992) . Phytoplankton communities in macrophyte beds are often dominated by small and motile forms such as cryptophytes, while algae with high sinking rates (e.g. diatoms and green algae) are less well represented (Balls, Moss & Irvine, 1989; Van Donk et al., 1990) .

Aquatic macrophytes play a key role in structuring food webs in shallow lakes and in maintaining water transparency by direct and indirect effects on phytoplankton growth.

Empirical studies undertaken in temperate and some subtropical areas have shown that water transparency is generally high in lakes with high macrophyte cover.

Phytoplankton communities in macrophyte beds are often dominated by small and motile forms such as cryptophytes, while algae with high sinking rates (e.g. diatoms and green algae) are less well represented.


As can be seen from Table 2 , farmers in Botswana take into consideration current price as opposed to previous year (t-1) price when making marketing decisions.This scenario is contrary to available economic theory as Cobweb models stipulate that expectations are based on lagged prices by only one time period. The Nerlove's adaptive expectation model on the other hand suggests that in agricultural markets, expected prices are based on a weighted sum of past prices, in which weights decline as one goes back in time. This perhaps suggests that only information from past prices is taken into account when making production decisions and not when making selling decisions. Some economic commentators argue that price in the previous period(s) affects the decision to increase or decrease inventory whereas current price directly influence cattle supply (Ospina and Shumway, 1979) .

Some economic commentators argue that price in the previous period(s) affects the decision to increase or decrease inventory whereas current price directly influence cattle supply.


Rhy has been proven to be a potent calcium channel antagonist in blood vessels and it is assumed to act as one of the noncompetitive antagonists for glutamate receptors [2] . Therefore Rhy is thought to contribute to the neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activity of plant extracts of Uncaria species [13] . Moreover, another in vivo behavioral study indicates that Rhy has protective features against harmful effects of MA [14] . To conclude, our study demonstrates that Rhy decreases the high level of intracellular calcium induced by MA in cultured neurons, through the direct blockade of calcium channels and/or the inhibition of ionotropic glutamate receptors. This is the first report demonstrating an inhibitory effect of Rhy against MA impairment in cultured neurons in vitro. Our results suggested that Rhy can protect the neuronal cultures against MA exposure and promptly attenuate intracellular calcium overload triggered by the MA toxin.

Rhy has been proven to be a potent calcium channel antagonist in blood vessels and it is assumed to act as one of the noncompetitive antagonists for glutamate receptors.

Therefore Rhy is thought to contribute to the neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activity of plant extracts of Uncaria species.

Moreover, another in vivo behavioral study indicates that Rhy has protective features against harmful effects of MA.


Since their commercialization in the early 90's, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have become a huge success, and are now found in more or less every portable electronic device. The up-scaling of different LIB chemistries is on-going for mainly automotive applications, but also for large-scale battery storages to support smart grids and renewable electricity production. There are, however, still critical issues to be addressed for electric vehicle batteries; cost reductions, environmental aspects of usage, energy density, safety, and durability. All these issues and the substantial efforts needed must, however, be put in the light of the need for vehicle manufacturers to comply with the fleet emission target of 95 g CO 2-eq km −1 within EU [1] .

All these issues and the substantial efforts needed must, however, be put in the light of the need for vehicle manufacturers to comply with the fleet emission target of 95 g CO 2-eq km −1 within EU.


There are several environmental and geopolitical concerns for lithium based batteries. From a natural resource perspective, the amount of available lithium is constantly revised [9] . Increasing the lithium content in the cells could make it easier to establish economical recycling routes and to close the material loop for lithium, but also means more of the stock of lithium bound in operating batteries.

From a natural resource perspective, the amount of available lithium is constantly revised.


Poultry industry which has started during 1980 s is an excellent agribusiness (Haque, 2001) . Over the last decades surprising development in the poultry sector has been occurred (Rahman, 2003) . It has become a vital sector for its employment generation, creating additional income and improving the nutritional level of the country. This sector provides fulltime employment to about 20% and partial employment to about 50% of the rural people (Alam et al., 2003) . Development of poultry sector in Bangladesh is being hampered by a number of factors, of which the diseases are considered as the major factor causing 30% mortality of chicken per year (Das et al., 2005) . Intestinal bacteria play an important role on health through their effects on gut morphology, nutrition, pathogenesis of intestinal diseases and immune responses (Mead, 2000) .

Poultry industry which has started during 1980 s is an excellent agribusiness.

Over the last decades surprising development in the poultry sector has been occurred.

This sector provides fulltime employment to about 20% and partial employment to about 50% of the rural people.

Development of poultry sector in Bangladesh is being hampered by a number of factors, of which the diseases are considered as the major factor causing 30% mortality of chicken per year.

Intestinal bacteria play an important role on health through their effects on gut morphology, nutrition, pathogenesis of intestinal diseases and immune responses.


Increasing insured losses that have been induced by severe natural catastrophes during the last decades brought up the problem that traditional reinsurance has not been sucient due to capacity shortage. Several alternative instruments came up to give remedy to capacity shortage on reinsurance markets (Cummins and Weiss (2009) ). CAT bonds are of particular importance among these instruments. They secure natural catastrophes by reducing coupon or principal payments when a certain natural catastrophe occurs in a certain region. In 2011 the amount of total risk capital of CAT bonds was USD 11.89 billion (Carpenter (2012) ). It is assumed that the CAT bond market will continue to grow in the future (Cummins and Weiss (2009) ). An important condition for successful trading of securities is the determination of accurate prices. However, because CAT bonds are not standardized, it is a challenging question how to price CAT bonds accurately. There can be various factors that inuence the risk premium that is required by investors. For instance, it is usually assumed that the chosen trigger mechanism or the peril aect the CAT bond premium. However, in the literature there are only few empirical studies that analyze on relatively small data sets which factors determine the CAT bond premium.

Several alternative instruments came up to give remedy to capacity shortage on reinsurance markets).

In 2011 the amount of total risk capital of CAT bonds was USD 11.89 billion).

It is assumed that the CAT bond market will continue to grow in the future).


Functional ability was assessed using the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) at baseline and after the exercise training program (within three days of completion) [30] . The questionnaire is divided into three portions: disability index, discomfort index (pain), and health status (quality of life). CHAQ is reported on a zero to three scale, with zero meaning the child has full function. Due to the comprehensive and concurrent measure of pain in this study, discomfort index was not used in the analysis.

Functional ability was assessed using the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) at baseline and after the exercise training program (within three days of completion).


Infested wheat grains are the carry pathogens which can have long-distance dissemination. The major impact of seed-borne diseases in wheat is not only yield reduction but also the deteriorate of marketable grain quality. Early detection of pathogens is a crucial step in the diagnosis as well as for the management programs in wheat (Majumder et al. 2013) .

Early detection of pathogens is a crucial step in the diagnosis as well as for the management programs in wheat.


The RIF-transform precludes wavelength bias by reporting the roughness that riders actually experienced at the speed that they travelled, and in their real vehicles (Bridgelall 2015) . Unlike the IRI that uses a precise speed of 80 km h -1 , the RIF-transform uses the actual speed travelled. Therefore, the notation for RIF-indices includes a subscript to indicate the average traversal speed in a speed band. Previous studies described the tradeoff in selecting the width of the speed band, and the number of traversals needed to achieve some desired level of precision (Bridgelall 2015) .

The RIF-transform precludes wavelength bias by reporting the roughness that riders actually experienced at the speed that they travelled, and in their real vehicles.

Previous studies described the tradeoff in selecting the width of the speed band, and the number of traversals needed to achieve some desired level of precision.


Our supervised lithology classification example evaluates MLA performance in the economically important Broken Hill area of western New South Wales, a region of Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary, metavolcanic and intrusive rocks with a complex deformation history. In this study, we use airborne geophysics and Landsat ETMþ imagery to classify lithology. Airborne geophysics, unlike satellite spectral reflectance imaging, it is not affected by cloud and/or vegetation cover and represents the characteristics of surface and near surface geological materials (Carneiro et al., 2012) . Landsat ETMþ data are freely available and have extensive coverage at medium resolutions over large regions of the globe (Leverington and Moon, 2012) . Although hyperspectral data has been shown to generate excellent results in sparsely vegetated regions due to high spectral and spatial resolutions this data is limited in its coverage and ability to penetrate dense vegetation for the characterization of geological materials (Leverington and Moon, 2012) .

Airborne geophysics, unlike satellite spectral reflectance imaging, it is not affected by cloud and/or vegetation cover and represents the characteristics of surface and near surface geological materials.

Landsat ETMþ data are freely available and have extensive coverage at medium resolutions over large regions of the globe.

Although hyperspectral data has been shown to generate excellent results in sparsely vegetated regions due to high spectral and spatial resolutions this data is limited in its coverage and ability to penetrate dense vegetation for the characterization of geological materials.


It has been reported that the blood calcitonin level is significantly increased in racehorses with a bone fracture relative to the level in healthy horses [1] . But there has been no pathological research conducted on the morbidity of thyroid gland C cells, which play a role in bone metabolism and in the formation of the lesion causing the fracture. In the present study, we conducted a comparative investigation of C cell kinetics in 171 racehorses who had a bone fracture during training or when running in a race, and 78 racehorses without any bone di seas e or a his tory of endocrinological disease.

It has been reported that the blood calcitonin level is significantly increased in racehorses with a bone fracture relative to the level in healthy horses.


In addition to exposure to infected patients, contact with sick colleagues and household members were reported to be associated with HCWs infected with H1N1 influenza [8, 10] . However, the highest rate of exposure for HCWs in this study was due to unspecified contact. HCWs who acquired H1N1 influenza appeared to have been infected from non-patient care exposure or in social settings with colleagues. This phenomenon highlights the necessity of public education to prevent further influenza transmission. In addition, the viral loads in throat swabs were higher in HCWs with patient contact and household contact infections than in those with unspecified contact infections. A possible explanation is that the HCWs in the first group were infected with H1N1 influenza via direct, close contact with patients in confined spaces such as wards or homes.

In addition to exposure to infected patients, contact with sick colleagues and household members were reported to be associated with HCWs infected with H1N1 influenza.


The positive diagnosis of SFTs is histological, while keeping in mind the frequent difficulty to precisely characterize a mesenchymal neoplasm on small biopsies, as illustrated by our case. Analysis shows a proliferation of rounded to fusiform cells arranged without any well-defined architecture (so-called 'patternless pattern') in a fibrous stroma. Appearance can be very different from one area to another depending on the relative proportion of cells and stroma. This can explain some of the difficulties on small biopsy samples. Branching staghorn vessels are characteristically seen. IHC shows strong expression of CD34 by tumor cells and importantly helps to rule out numerous differential diagnoses, namely smooth muscle tumors, desmoid tumors, tumors of peripheral nerves, GIST, spindle cell sarcomas, notably dedifferentiated liposarcomas and synovial sarcomas. As with our patient's tumor, molecular biology can also help to rule out some differential diagnoses, mainly GISTs [2] .

As with our patient's tumor, molecular biology can also help to rule out some differential diagnoses, mainly GISTs.


For the Australian Business Deans Grant, the 50+20 project outlines the philosophy of the collaboratory involving a circular space that is open to concerned stakeholders for any given issue [22] . It represents an open-source metaspace: a facilitated platform based on open space and technologies designed to build conscious awareness. Once understood, a collaboratory can be established anywhere, virtual or real, within companies, communities -or within a management school. Its primary strengths lie in enabling issue-centered learning, conducting research for a sustainable world, and providing open access between academia and practice. The collaboratory offers a powerful alternative for public debate and problem solving, inclusive of views from business and management faculty, citizens, politicians, entrepreneurs, people from various cultures and religions, the young and the old.

For the Australian Business Deans Grant, the 50+20 project outlines the philosophy of the collaboratory involving a circular space that is open to concerned stakeholders for any given issue.


Universities can also take something that starts out as an innovation and quickly turn it into something anodyne. We can see this in the much trumpeted push for universities to embrace the concept of the Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), a program freely available to anyone who wishes to study it over the internet. The academics who first implemented the MOOCs report that 'attitudes towards MOOCs are in a period of flux and that criticism is mounting because they are simply repackaging what is already known rather than encouraging creativity and innovation' [11] .

The academics who first implemented the MOOCs report that 'attitudes towards MOOCs are in a period of flux and that criticism is mounting because they are simply repackaging what is already known rather than encouraging creativity and innovation'.


The process of selection of the literature to review was based on searching academic databases, relevant government department websites, and various futures journals and publications using the terms 'future', 'Higher Education' and 'University'. The literature provides an overview of what the future might look like from which the scenario building team draw down the features that they view as being important for each scenario. This is not as random a process as it might appear. It involves a process of discussion and sharing expertise, to highlight the factors most impactful in each of the areas of expertise, looking for synergies, overlaps and areas of conflict. The discussion of the literature takes the form of making sense of the ideas stemming from the literature in the respective areas of expertise and working through how these then impact on the future of the sector. A process of exploring the factors underlying the issues in the literature, in search of the drivers for the changes suggested, gradually filters through to a limited number of issues to take forwards into the scenarios for the university sector itself [23] . The 'obvious influences' that are currently dominating the agenda that were discounted as core factors, as they are unlikely to be the dominant factors influencing differentiation in the development of the sector beyond 2025, are digitalization/ICT, internationalisation and the impact of demographic trends. These factors will be embedded in all surviving institutions in 2025 and hence are not key differentiators in the development of the scenarios.

A process of exploring the factors underlying the issues in the literature, in search of the drivers for the changes suggested, gradually filters through to a limited number of issues to take forwards into the scenarios for the university sector itself.


Also, as collaborative tasks get complex and dynamic, beside exchanging roles, the parties need to employ mechanisms to adapt to each other [2] . This adaptation might require a process where parties discuss and negotiate to take certain roles. In this regard, the negotiation process requires the communication and interpretation of sensory cues. Ultimately, a system in which the computers can infer the human's intentions may prove to be effective in collaboration. In this study, we allowed the users to communicate their intentions on changing control levels through the haptic link. In return, we programmed the computer to react and adapt to the actions of the user.

Also, as collaborative tasks get complex and dynamic, beside exchanging roles, the parties need to employ mechanisms to adapt to each other.


Magnetosomes are magnetite crystals, embedded in an organic membrane, that are synthesized by magnetotactic bacteria [1] . The bacteria are ubiquitous in sediments of freshwater and marine aqueous environments [2] . The bacteria form chains of magnetosomes by a process regulated by a combination of physical and biological forces, while particles, when isolated from the cells, often form closed ring structures [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . The magnetosome properties (dimension, morphology, magnetic properties), as well as the magnetosome chain pattern (single chain, multiple chains and their cellular distribution), are biologically controlled so the same strain of bacteria always forms magnetosomes with the same mature size and morphology, and have the same magnetosome arrangements [2] . Therefore, the magnetosome chains have advanced as a model system for magnetic nanostructures, because a variety of magnetic properties arise from the varying particle dimension and organization observed in different strains, and particularly in terms of magnetic anisotropy [9] [10] [11] .

Magnetosomes are magnetite crystals, embedded in an organic membrane, that are synthesized by magnetotactic bacteria.

The bacteria are ubiquitous in sediments of freshwater and marine aqueous environments.

The bacteria form chains of magnetosomes by a process regulated by a combination of physical and biological forces, while particles, when isolated from the cells, often form closed ring structures.

The magnetosome properties (dimension, morphology, magnetic properties), as well as the magnetosome chain pattern (single chain, multiple chains and their cellular distribution), are biologically controlled so the same strain of bacteria always forms magnetosomes with the same mature size and morphology, and have the same magnetosome arrangements.

Therefore, the magnetosome chains have advanced as a model system for magnetic nanostructures, because a variety of magnetic properties arise from the varying particle dimension and organization observed in different strains, and particularly in terms of magnetic anisotropy.


Next to these rather "physical" properties of a city exists a hurdle that results from the practice of planning itself: although the decisions of planners have a considerably high impact on the ultimately built neighborhood, their decisions are not the only ones affecting the final result. Some of their decisions that are made during early phases of the planning process have ultimately to be realized by implementations during later phases of the process (Bruno et al., 2011) . Those implementations, however, are also subject to decisions of different actors, such as energy supplier(s), architects, building contractors, landlords, and tenants. This holds especially if the decisions of planners take the form of postulated targets. An example therefore would be the target for a specific share of energy from renewable sources (RES), where the achievement of the target ultimately depends on the ensemble of decisions for energy supply technologies or the insulation of buildings.

Some of their decisions that are made during early phases of the planning process have ultimately to be realized by implementations during later phases of the process.


Due to the multitude of domains and scales affected, the amount of all decisions to be taken during a planning process is very high, spanning a considerably large decision space (Figure 1 ). This decision space is especially large for greenfield urban planning, where the task is to sketch a new urban development on an unbuilt patch of land. In fact, it is so large that a single individual could not hope to capture all interdependencies within this decision space and all its boundaries. A group of individuals would already more likely be capable to do so, which lead to the rise of collaborative planning (Godschalk and Mills, 1966) . However, it brings along limitations of communication and thus mutual understanding. Whether a single person or a group, there remains the limitation that they are not entitled by law to take all decisions. Although the legal situation might partly result from the recognition of the mental and communication limitations, a part of the decisions is expressively left to followers to respect their freedom. This holds especially for more subjective or contextspecific decisions about, e.g., architectural design, which can thus not be decided "at once" and are almost impossible to anticipate. However, other decisions by followers are more rationally driven and thus easier to anticipate and it is this kind of decisions, this work aims at incorporating in the planning process. This process could then profit from the insight into the effect of decisions of the planners on those of the followers, by adapting the upstream decisions accordingly.

A group of individuals would already more likely be capable to do so, which lead to the rise of collaborative planning.


In the literature, several types of Synchronous alternating current (AC) machines can be found, e.g., Interior and Surface Permanent Magnet Motors (IPMs and SPMs) and Synchronous Reluctance Motors (SynRMs) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Thanks to their high efficiency, synchronous machines have received great interest in several applications, e.g., electric vehicles and photovoltaic (PV) pumping systems [3] [4] [5] . Recently, more research focus has been given to the SynRMs. This is thanks to their low cost and high efficiency compared to induction machines. In addition, a rotor of several flux-barriers per pole is always employed that has a simple and a rugged structure. The rotor losses are low, and hence it can work properly at higher temperatures [6] [7] [8] . However, SynRMs have two main disadvantages: the high torque ripple and the low power factor [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . On the one hand, the high torque ripple can be reduced by two main approaches: selecting optimal geometrical parameters for the rotor flux-barriers (in particular, the flux-barrier angles) and skewing the rotor with respect to the stator [3, 6] . These two methods can be combined together, resulting in a SynRM design with a torque ripple of less than 10% [3] . On the other hand, the rather poor power factor of SynRMs requires a high kVA inverter. This means that the low cost of SynRM may be compensated for by a higher cost inverter [3, 8] . In order to improve the power factor and to enhance the torque density and efficiency of SynRMs, permanent magnets (PMs) are inserted into the rotor flux-barriers, resulting in a PM-assisted SynRM (PMaSynRM) [9] . Ferrite PMs are always employed in a PMaSynRM to reduce the machine's cost compared to conventional permanent magnets synchronous machines (PMSMs) [9, 10] . In addition, they can work at higher temperatures compared to PMSMs with rare-earth magnets. This indeed increases the reliability of PMaSynRMs. Moreover, the stator winding configuration can be a possible way to further improve the overall SynRM performance [11, 12] .

In the literature, several types of Synchronous alternating current (AC) machines can be found, e.g., Interior and Surface Permanent Magnet Motors (IPMs and SPMs) and Synchronous Reluctance Motors (SynRMs).

Thanks to their high efficiency, synchronous machines have received great interest in several applications, e.g., electric vehicles and photovoltaic (PV) pumping systems.

The rotor losses are low, and hence it can work properly at higher temperatures.

However, SynRMs have two main disadvantages: the high torque ripple and the low power factor.

On the one hand, the high torque ripple can be reduced by two main approaches: selecting optimal geometrical parameters for the rotor flux-barriers (in particular, the flux-barrier angles) and skewing the rotor with respect to the stator.

These two methods can be combined together, resulting in a SynRM design with a torque ripple of less than 10%.

This means that the low cost of SynRM may be compensated for by a higher cost inverter.

In order to improve the power factor and to enhance the torque density and efficiency of SynRMs, permanent magnets (PMs) are inserted into the rotor flux-barriers, resulting in a PM-assisted SynRM (PMaSynRM).

Ferrite PMs are always employed in a PMaSynRM to reduce the machine's cost compared to conventional permanent magnets synchronous machines (PMSMs).

Moreover, the stator winding configuration can be a possible way to further improve the overall SynRM performance.


Admission to a hospital ward or Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is a significant stressor for both the patient and their family [1] . Not only do the patient and family have many fears and concerns that surround the illness, surgery, or trauma instigating the admission, but also they are forced to cope with unfamiliar environments in which they have little control. The hospitalization affects not only the patient, but also the network of family, friends, and community.

Admission to a hospital ward or Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is a significant stressor for both the patient and their family.


In this context a simple and effective tool, such as an air quality index, is needed for giving timely information about air quality which has to be easy to communicate and useful for assessing compliance with reference standards and evaluating the effects of emission control policies. Air quality indexes are easily computed and synthesize multiple and multiscale measurements in a standardized indicator that provides timely and easily understandable information. Their use is suggested, for example, by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which publishes national guidelines for their computing and reporting (U.S. EPA, 2003) .

Their use is suggested, for example, by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which publishes national guidelines for their computing and reporting.


Building construction and operation contribute to more than one-third of the carbon emissions in the United States [1] . In addition, greenhouse gas emissions are caused by building construction. A total of 82%-87% of greenhouse gas emissions are from the embodied greenhouse gas emissions of building materials, 6%-8% are from the transportation of building materials, and 6%-9% are caused by the energy consumption of construction equipment [2] . Building construction contributes anthropogenic CO 2 emissions [3, 4] . Although the construction industry is a significant indicator of economic development, it consumes a significant amount of energy and produces substantial pollution [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Construction has been blamed for causing various environmental problems, ranging from excessive consumption of global resources for construction and building operations to polluting the surrounding environment [10] . Based on estimations by the United Nations Environment Programme, the building sector accounts for 30% to 40% of global energy use [11] . Thus, improving construction practices to minimize their detrimental effects on the natural environment is an emerging issue [12, 13] . The environmental impact of construction, green buildings, recycling, and eco-labeling of building materials has attracted the attention of building professionals worldwide [14] [15] [16] .

Building construction and operation contribute to more than one-third of the carbon emissions in the United States.

A total of 82%-87% of greenhouse gas emissions are from the embodied greenhouse gas emissions of building materials, 6%-8% are from the transportation of building materials, and 6%-9% are caused by the energy consumption of construction equipment.

Building construction contributes anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.

Although the construction industry is a significant indicator of economic development, it consumes a significant amount of energy and produces substantial pollution.

Construction has been blamed for causing various environmental problems, ranging from excessive consumption of global resources for construction and building operations to polluting the surrounding environment.

Based on estimations by the United Nations Environment Programme, the building sector accounts for 30% to 40% of global energy use.

Thus, improving construction practices to minimize their detrimental effects on the natural environment is an emerging issue.

The environmental impact of construction, green buildings, recycling, and eco-labeling of building materials has attracted the attention of building professionals worldwide.


For the maintenance of potential pollinators in an area, the preservation of nesting sites for bees, such as rotten tree trunks and bounds in the case of solitary bees are essential. Trees with hollows and abandoned ant and termite nests should be preserved to be used for social bee nesting sites (Cortopassi-Laurino et al., 2009) . Thus, the conservation of the studied area subject of this research is extremely relevant. Its significance lies in the fact that it is a fragment located near an urban area that maintains important and diverse plant species, offering a possible refuge, and providing food resources for many bee species.

Trees with hollows and abandoned ant and termite nests should be preserved to be used for social bee nesting sites.


Amidst the most generalist bees sampled in this study, there were several species of Meliponina, such as Paratrigona lineata, Tetragona clavipes, Scaptotrigona depilis and Trigona spinipes. Other surveys carried out in the Cerrado biome have also reported large amplitude niches for some of these species (Antonini & Martins, 2003; Nogueira-Ferreira & Augusto, 2007) . The niche size may be related to their eusocial group behavior, perenniality of their colonies and generalized foraging and recruitment habits (Roubik, 1989) . In general, social species are more generalists and, therefore, have broader niches than solitary bees (Biesmeijer et al., 2005) .

Other surveys carried out in the Cerrado biome have also reported large amplitude niches for some of these species.

The niche size may be related to their eusocial group behavior, perenniality of their colonies and generalized foraging and recruitment habits.

In general, social species are more generalists and, therefore, have broader niches than solitary bees.


Despite the various algorithmic approaches for the optimisation of building structures that have been developed in the past, the practical implementation of such methods is very limited in real design situations. The luck of integration with collaborative design workflows is an important limitation of the current methods. However, the development of Building Information Modelling (BIM) offer opportunities that could effectively consolidate structural MODM in buildings sustainability domain for early decisionmaking whilst BIM-integrated optimisation procedures could offer new ways to increase the adoption levels of structural optimisation techniques in practice [40] . In fact, the capabilities of BIM technologies have not been appropriately utilised in the optimisation of reinforced concrete structures even though BIM-enabled optimisation methods have been introduced for other structural material such as steel in the past [41] .

However, the development of Building Information Modelling (BIM) offer opportunities that could effectively consolidate structural MODM in buildings sustainability domain for early decisionmaking whilst BIM-integrated optimisation procedures could offer new ways to increase the adoption levels of structural optimisation techniques in practice.

In fact, the capabilities of BIM technologies have not been appropriately utilised in the optimisation of reinforced concrete structures even though BIM-enabled optimisation methods have been introduced for other structural material such as steel in the past.


Graphene has emerged as an interesting material for flexible electronics because it is ultra-flexible, strong and can provide high-performance electronics, owing to its superior electrical properties [7] . However, the zero-band gap currently poses a significant challenge for graphene based electronics and circuits. Nonetheless, the excellent properties of graphene can be exploited to develop multiple functionalities such as sensors or optoelectronic devices. As for electronics, with careful integration strategy, the Si based electronics (in particular the CMOS chips) could still be used to read or drive the devices [8] . This paper demonstrates our research in this direction through the development of an e-skin module. The eskin module presented here has the graphene based touch sensors integrated with CMOS based circuitry on the same flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) substrate. The graphene based capacitive touch sensors presented in this paper have interdigitated electrodes. As shown in later sections, the graphene based touch sensor can detect capacitance changes in the order of pF. For this order of capacitance detection the required amplification circuitry is relatively much simpler than for other alternatives such as CMOS capacitive sensors, which detect capacitance change is in range of aF ~ fF [9] . To read the sensor response, we demonstrate here the heterogeneous integration of sensors and CMOS integrated circuit (IC) on same flexible PVC substrate (Fig. 1) . The CMOS IC provides capacitance-to-voltage (CVC) conversion for the graphene based touch sensors.

Graphene has emerged as an interesting material for flexible electronics because it is ultra-flexible, strong and can provide high-performance electronics, owing to its superior electrical properties.

As for electronics, with careful integration strategy, the Si based electronics (in particular the CMOS chips) could still be used to read or drive the devices.

As shown in later sections, the graphene based touch sensor can detect capacitance changes in the order of pF. For this order of capacitance detection the required amplification circuitry is relatively much simpler than for other alternatives such as CMOS capacitive sensors, which detect capacitance change is in range of aF ~ fF.


X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the most demanded methods of the surface analysis [1] . XPS allows extracting elemental and phase composition of the analyzed surfaces. For that, after background subtraction, position of the peaks formed by inelastically and elastically scattered photoelectrons in the XPS spectrum is determined. Intensities of those peaks are interpreted into the relative concentrations of the elements. The standard method for interpretation of XPS data is based on the assumption about uniform distribution of the elements across the whole depth of analysis. In reality though sample surface is always nonuniform and can be represented as consisting of layers. Failure to account for that leads to significant errors. For example, assume a sample has on its surface a layer of thickness d 1 of material other than the the rest of the sample. In such case, following the Bouguer law, intensity of the peaks formed by the photo electrons under that surface layer will be reduced by the factor of exp (−d 1 /λ 1 ), where λ 1 is electron mean free path in that surface layer. In case of XPS with Mg/Al-anode X-ray source, electron mean free path is of the order of a few nanometers. Consequently, even as thin as 1 nm surface layer will noticeably misrepresent the concentrations calculated by the standard mean concentration method.

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the most demanded methods of the surface analysis.


Standard XPS analysis calculates relative concentrations assuming the sample is uniform at the whole information depth of analysis. However, both before and after sputtering, the sample is nonuniform, multicomponent and multilayer. For quantitative depth profile analysis, recorded lines needs to decomposed into the partial peaks formed by photoelectrons emitted by the different chemically bonded elements. Figs. 5b, 5c and 5d demonstrate experimental spectra and their interpretation following the method presented in the Section 3. Circles show recorded detailed spectra, the solid lines show calculated spectra. Background removal followed the method presented in the Section 3. For all calculated peak spectra, the instrumental broadening W sp = 0.575 eV was used, as all the detailed spectra were recorded with the same parameters for energy analyser operated in FAT mode with the pass energy of 20 eV. The surface state changed after each sputtering cycle, consequently, so did background parameters. The Doniach-Sunjic asymmetry coefficient α DS depends on composition and state of surface and thus were the same for each spectral line. This allowed finding the α DS values for spectra after each sputtering cycle. Linewidths δ for each peak were calculated following Eq. (10) . Details of the spectra before and after cycles 1,3 and 8 of sputtering are summarized in Table  1 . In Table 1a , the key global, i.e. the common for all spectral peaks, parameters are presented: generalized indicatrix parameters (ε pl B and ε pl S are the energies of bulk and surface plasmons), a CH parameter for SEP calculation following formula (3) as well as α DS coefficient. Table 1b shows, into which peaks the lines are decomposed: binding energy BE, chemical Nb formulas, relative concentration c, value n a = I σpλ , where I is the intensity of a single or doublet peak, σ p is the photoionization cross section for the particular line, λ is the IMFP calculated for a particular compound/chemical formula. Parameter n a is proportional to the atomic concentration n of particular element. Calculated for the different lines, but for the same compound chemical formula, n a should be proportional to its stoichiometric coefficients.

Linewidths δ for each peak were calculated following Eq..


A lot of work has thus gone into the creation of flexible and easy to adapt simulation interface software, but the support of standard air traffic control interfaces has not yet been fully realized. One major reason for this is certainly the multitude of legacy point-to-point connections and data formats used by air traffic management systems. However, we argue that with the specification of SWIM an opportunity to support a universal standard air traffic control interface becomes available. In addition, new air traffic management procedures and software will have to be SWIM-compliant and should therefore be evaluated in a SWIM-compliant environment. In our view, air traffic management simulation environments shall therefore support SWIM's Air Traffic Management Information Reference Model (AIRM) and SWIM's message passing based communication pattern to evaluate proposed air traffic management procedures and tools in a realistic simulation environment. SWIM compliance is achieved by supporting the AIRM semantic [10] .

SWIM compliance is achieved by supporting the AIRM semantic.


It has been reported that age can affect the eradication rate. Elderly patients with atrophic gastritis followed by decreased gastric acid secretion show a higher eradication rate [32, 33] . In the present study, age was not significantly associated with eradication outcomes. Several studies have assessed the possible association between H. pylori and alcohol intake. Of note, one study showed that alcoholic beverages have some bactericidal activity. For this reason, regular wine (1 glass/day) or beer (0.5 pint/day) consumption was found to prevent H. pylori infection [34] . In addition, some studies have indicated that alcohol consumption contributes to the efficacy of H. pylori eradication [35, 36] . Nonetheless, self-reported alcohol consumption is not accurate. This inaccuracy is a possible limitation of our study and studies by others. We could not find any association between alcohol intake and eradication efficacy.

Elderly patients with atrophic gastritis followed by decreased gastric acid secretion show a higher eradication rate.

For this reason, regular wine (1 glass/day) or beer (0.5 pint/day) consumption was found to prevent H. pylori infection.

In addition, some studies have indicated that alcohol consumption contributes to the efficacy of H. pylori eradication.


In recent years, an explosive spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens has become a serious concern worldwide in terms of public health and economic effects. Increased public awareness of the negative effects caused by overexposure to synthetic chemicals has led to the search for "green solutions", such as organic and synthetic chemical-free food products [6] [7] . For organic fish production it is essential to develop antibacterial treatments that are made from materials with natural sources.

Increased public awareness of the negative effects caused by overexposure to synthetic chemicals has led to the search for "green solutions", such as organic and synthetic chemical-free food products.


In these paper we will follow a different direction and explore the possibility of finding regular solutions directly in four dimensions. In this case, if in addition we want to remain in pure general relativity, there are very stringent theorems constraining the occurrence of asymptotically flat regular geometries [11, 12] . One thing that these theorems fails to take into account is the possibility of considering non trivial topologies for the spacetime, in particular the presence of more than one asymptotic region. Indeed it's well known that AdS 2 has a disconnected boundary, therefore a crude extension to flat space should resembles a topologically non trivial wormhole-like geometry.

In this case, if in addition we want to remain in pure general relativity, there are very stringent theorems constraining the occurrence of asymptotically flat regular geometries.


Inverse numerical acoustics techniques using both the direct and indirect boundary element methods have been investigated [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . In INA, the goal is to solve for the surface normal velocities using measured field point sound pressures. For practical reasons, it is beneficial to utilize a minimal number of field points for collecting information about the acoustic field. Therefore, the number of field points is normally less than the number of nodes where velocities are to be computed. This results in an ill-posed problem, in which the solution is not unique on a practical level and does not depend continuously on the measured data. In practice this means that INA is sensitive to measurement errors unless suitable stabilizing constraints are imposed. In experimental data such errors and noise are of course inevitable and thus s ome information about the sound source is lost due to these errors. Therefore, the challenge is to solve an INA problem in the face of lost information and experimental errors. This paper focuses on several critical aspects that need to be considered in conducting INA in order to minimize the reconstruction error.

Inverse numerical acoustics techniques using both the direct and indirect boundary element methods have been investigated.


The most widely used numerical method to predict sound radiated by vibrating structures has been the boundary element method (BEM) [1] . A BEM analysis requires the surface vibration as an input. Traditional noise prediction approaches use either a structural finite element analysis or measurements to obtain this surface vibration. However, it takes considerable effort to build a finite element model or to run experiments on large and complex models. To alleviate the difficulties related to the traditional approach, several reconstruction approaches such as nearfield acoustical holography (NAH), the HELS method, and inverse numerical acoustics (INA) have been developed to reconstruct the surface vibration. The advantages and disadvantages for different methods were discussed in a paper by the authors [2] .

The most widely used numerical method to predict sound radiated by vibrating structures has been the boundary element method (BEM).

The advantages and disadvantages for different methods were discussed in a paper by the authors.


VEST IV is a unique study, presenting for the first time the long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of external stenting of SVGs used in CABG surgery. Our key finding is that the benefits of external stents on improving Fitzgibbon perfect patency and reducing IH that was demonstrated at 1 year are maintained at 4.5 years. Similarly, with the exception of an additional vein graft occlusion in the nonstented group, there was little further deterioration at longer-term follow up. A second key finding, as discussed subsequently, is that the distance of the VEST stent from the SVG lumen was an important determinant of the degree of IH. The MACCE rate of 18% in this study was comparable to that reported by the SYNTAX trial group for their 3-vessel disease subgroup at 4 years and at 5 years post CABG at 19 and 24% respectively [11, 12] .

The MACCE rate of 18% in this study was comparable to that reported by the SYNTAX trial group for their 3-vessel disease subgroup at 4 years and at 5 years post CABG at 19 and 24% respectively.


The adverse effects of obesity are related not only to total body weight, but also the distribution of stored fat. Central or visceral obesity, characterized by the accumulation of fat in the trunk and the abdominal cavity, is associated with a greatly increased risk of numerous diseases, in contrast to excessive accumulation of fat diffusely distributed throughout the subcutaneous tissue [1] . Obesity is associated with several chronic diseases, including insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, hypertension, dyslipidemia, sleep apnea, asthma, thrombosis, heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome [2] [3] [4] [5] .

Central or visceral obesity, characterized by the accumulation of fat in the trunk and the abdominal cavity, is associated with a greatly increased risk of numerous diseases, in contrast to excessive accumulation of fat diffusely distributed throughout the subcutaneous tissue.

Obesity is associated with several chronic diseases, including insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, hypertension, dyslipidemia, sleep apnea, asthma, thrombosis, heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome.


The available literature on the convective flow, heat and mass transfer with chemical reaction over a stretching sheet/cylinder reveals that not much work has been carried out for convective flow heat and mass transfer over a vertical slender cylinder. Buoyancy is one of the important phenomena in an environment where the difference between land and air temperatures can give rise to complicated flow patterns Therefore; the authors study the combined effects of buoyancy and the homogeneous first order chemical reaction on the axisymmetric flow over a vertical slender cylinder in the presence of transverse magnetic field. In the present analysis, we have considered MHD heat and mass transfer mixed convective axisymmetric flow over a slender cylinder with chemically reactive species (in contrast to the work of Bachok and Ishak [23] ). The transformed systems of equations with the appropriate boundary conditions are solved numerically by a second order finite difference scheme for different values of the physical parameters. The effects of the physical parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration fields are presented graphically and the local skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number and the Sherwood number are presented in Tables.

In the present analysis, we have considered MHD heat and mass transfer mixed convective axisymmetric flow over a slender cylinder with chemically reactive species (in contrast to the work of Bachok and Ishak).


The high rate of progression observed in women with CD4 ART. In addition to preserving maternal health, this change has the potential to prevent the vast majority of cases of MTCT of HIV. Indeed, data from Zambia indicate that 92% of maternal deaths and 88% of perinatal or postnatal transmissions occurred among the 68% of women who would have met the new criteria for ART [20] . In contrast, the rate of progression in women with CD4 + counts of 350-500 cells/mm 3 was low after cessation of ARVs, supporting current WHO recommendations that triple ARV prophylaxis can be interrupted after breastfeeding cessation, with initiation of ART when the woman meets criteria for initiation of therapy. However, it is important to note that 25% of such women did reach the current CD4 + threshold for treatment within 2 years postpartum. Antepartum care should be viewed as an opportunity to bring women into care for their own health, and assurance of careful and close follow-up of women after giving birth and maintenance of their retention in care is critical to maximize maternal (and child) health.

Indeed, data from Zambia indicate that 92% of maternal deaths and 88% of perinatal or postnatal transmissions occurred among the 68% of women who would have met the new criteria for ART.


Model predictive control (MPC) has been widely used in the process industry over the last two decades for controlling key unit operations in chemical plants. As a consequence, there has been significant research activity in the process control community with the aim of improving the analysis and synthesis of MPC controllers [1] . The focus of research in the last decade in the area of linear model predictive control (MPC) has been mainly on the development of controller synthesis schemes based on stochastic state space models. Model based diagnosis of process faults is another area of research that is receiving increasing attention in the field of process control [2] . An important class of methods which appear quite promising for on-line fault diagnosis is based on state observers or Kalman filters [3] . Thus, the development of reliable stochastic models for capturing unexplained dynamics of a process appears to be the key to success of these advanced control and on-line diagnosis schemes.

As a consequence, there has been significant research activity in the process control community with the aim of improving the analysis and synthesis of MPC controllers.

Model based diagnosis of process faults is another area of research that is receiving increasing attention in the field of process control.

An important class of methods which appear quite promising for on-line fault diagnosis is based on state observers or Kalman filters.


The participants were then asked to use one of two mobile learning applications for a few minutes. Following this, they were asked to rate the audio and video quality as well as the perceived suitability of each device being used for each software application and the likelihood that they would use that application on a seven-point scale, as in references [10, 12] . Finally, the participants were also asked to rank each device (iPhone, iPad mini, and iPad) according to which they felt would give the best sound quality. When asked this question, they were allowed to give 'same' rankings to two or three devices at once. The whole experiment took no more than 30 min.

Following this, they were asked to rate the audio and video quality as well as the perceived suitability of each device being used for each software application and the likelihood that they would use that application on a seven-point scale, as in references.


We first compared the subjective ratings of audio and picture quality of generic samples across iPad, iPad mini, and iPhone as an index of sensory affordances [10] . For audio quality, three types of sound were rated for user-perceived quality (audio book, music sample, or audio portion of the video clip playing the same piece of music as the audio clip). The data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA using device type and stimulus type as within-subject factors. We also analyzed the group factor of musical proficiency. The analyses for generic content quality rating were performed separately from the application rating, and Bonferroni corrections for family-wise error rates were applied for pairwise multiple comparisons.

We first compared the subjective ratings of audio and picture quality of generic samples across iPad, iPad mini, and iPhone as an index of sensory affordances.


In this study, we addressed three hypotheses. Our first hypothesis was that Finnish speakers might rate the sound quality of English language speech more poorly compared to native language speech. This hypothesis was not supported. We were surprised as this contrasted with data from another study using a different language learning application with children who were Finnish speakers of English [13] . The contrast in findings between the two Finnish studies could be due to the fact that this sample was already fairly proficient compared to the child sample we tested in the other study. Even though the stimuli were the same, it was clear that the adults in this study had language proficiency that was better than that of the children in the other study. Indeed, the participants here had universally learned English from about age nine to adulthood, so there were very clear differences in the level of English proficiency. In order to see similar patterns as we did with the child sample, we will likely need to test adult participants with a lower level of proficiency to match the child sample. Another possibility is that children cannot tell the difference between difficulties caused by sound quality and those due to their own (poor) non-native language skills, whereas the adults Further multivariate analyses of other measures did not show any statistically significant different results between different application types (musical training versus language training) nor device type interactions. In general, the applications were rated relatively high (mean rating between 5.5 and 5.0 on a Likert scale of 1-7), but by contrast, the likelihood of future use ratings was much more modest (mean between 3.6 and 4.0 on a Likert scale of 1-7). The latter modest ratings likely reflect the fact that there was little use for the applications, especially-as most participants noticed-because they found the applications too basic for their needs. There were also no significant differences in perceived sound quality between different language stimuli (native versus non-native).

This hypothesis was not supported.

We were surprised as this contrasted with data from another study using a different language learning application with children who were Finnish speakers of English.


In this study, we addressed three hypotheses. Our first hypothesis was that Finnish speakers might rate the sound quality of English language speech more poorly compared to native language speech. This hypothesis was not supported. We were surprised as this contrasted with data from another study using a different language learning application with children who were Finnish speakers of English [13] . The contrast in findings between the two Finnish studies could be due to the fact that this sample was already fairly proficient compared to the child sample we tested in the other study. Even though the stimuli were the same, it was clear that the adults in this study had language proficiency that was better than that of the children in the other study. Indeed, the participants here had universally learned English from about age nine to adulthood, so there were very clear differences in the level of English proficiency. In order to see similar patterns as we did with the child sample, we will likely need to test adult participants with a lower level of proficiency to match the child sample. Another possibility is that children cannot tell the difference between difficulties caused by sound quality and those due to their own (poor) non-native language skills, whereas the adults might better realize that their difficulties are due to their skills and not to sound quality. In this sense, adults may be more objective in their sound quality judgements.

This hypothesis was not supported.


Recent studies have been conducted to establish fermentation online monitoring methods using vis/NIR spectroscopy to assess the fermentation parameters -pH and soluble solid content -in microbrewery (Giovenzana et al., 2014) . Regarding the chemical parameters, a comparison of Italian, Croatian and German beers revealed higher original and real extracts, as well polyphenol content in Italian craft beer, than in the industrial ones (Mascia et al., 2014) . It was also suggested the usage of autochthonous yeasts -isolated from sourdough -in brewing process to create a stronger link with the Sardinian region (Mascia et al., 2016) .

Recent studies have been conducted to establish fermentation online monitoring methods using vis/NIR spectroscopy to assess the fermentation parameters -pH and soluble solid content -in microbrewery.

Regarding the chemical parameters, a comparison of Italian, Croatian and German beers revealed higher original and real extracts, as well polyphenol content in Italian craft beer, than in the industrial ones.

It was also suggested the usage of autochthonous yeasts -isolated from sourdough -in brewing process to create a stronger link with the Sardinian region.


An NC can be coupled to any passive (or semi-passive) shunt in order to increase its performance-especially the traditional R-and RL-shunts. The latter solution allows the attenuation provided by the pure resistive shunt to be improved a lot, despite losing its robustness [11] . The idea followed in this article is to use a negative capacitance to increase the attenuation performance of a pure resistive shunt while keeping its robustness. This article also addresses a tuning strategy to obtain multi-mode attenuation by means of a negative capacitance resistive shunt, whereas vibration attenuation is localised in a narrow frequency band around a given resonance for traditional R and RL shunts.

The latter solution allows the attenuation provided by the pure resistive shunt to be improved a lot, despite losing its robustness.


Many structures are designed to be multi-stable equilibrium systems, so-called compliant mechanisms such as bi-stable mechanism and tri-stable mechanisms. These mechanisms store energy in some initial position and then release the stored energy through motion to another stable position [1] . For example, a discrete truss model, which consists of two bars connected by pin joints, has been investigated as a pseudo-bistable structure for morphing [2] . Others have investigated a thin-walled bi-stable geometry from natural systems and origami design principles. Finite element analysis and experimental results show the bi-stability of a reinforced silicone elastomer [3] . However, unstable equilibria could be considered to connect different configurations, as presented by Guenther, Hogg and Huberman [4] .

These mechanisms store energy in some initial position and then release the stored energy through motion to another stable position.

For example, a discrete truss model, which consists of two bars connected by pin joints, has been investigated as a pseudo-bistable structure for morphing.

Finite element analysis and experimental results show the bi-stability of a reinforced silicone elastomer.

However, unstable equilibria could be considered to connect different configurations, as presented by Guenther, Hogg and Huberman.


There are two primary sources of H 2 O 2 in guard cells: chloroplasts and plasma membrane-associated NADPH oxidase [22, 31, 32] . The results of the time course experiments with single cell assays using the fluorescent probe DCFH-DA showed that H 2 O 2 generation was dependent on SO 2 concentration and that the increase in fluorescence intensity of chloroplasts occurred significantly earlier than within the other regions of guard cells (date not shown), demonstrating an enhanced H 2 O 2 production in chloroplasts of guard cells. NADPH oxidase in plasma membrane contributes to O 2 ⋅ generation and ROS elevation in plant responses to abiotic stresses [33] . Application of DPI, which is widely accepted as a relatively specific direct inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, markedly blocked SO 2 -induced cell death but cannot suppress stomatal closure evoked by low concentrations of SO 2 . These findings indicate that H 2 O 2mediated stomatal closure in Arabidopsis leaves exposed to low concentrations of SO 2 is not dependent on the activity of plasma membrane NADPH oxidase, but cell death evoked by high concentrations of SO 2 is NADPH oxidase-dependent. Briefly, environmental SO 2 has a remarkable effect on the size of the stomatal aperture. Exposure to SO 2 induced the overproduction of H 2 O 2 in guard cells, as shown in other plant cells exposed to environmental challenges [40, 41] . Elevated H 2 O 2 acts in conjunction with other factors to activate stomatal movement and cell death under SO 2 stress. Guard cells are a well-developed model system for characterizing early signal transduction mechanisms in plants. In this study, the dual role of H 2 O 2 in plant cells in response to air pollutant was clearly displayed in Arabidopsis guard cells, which additionally broaden the role of stomatal guard cells in cytotoxicity study. Our results suggest that guard cells are a valuable model system for the study of cytotoxicity in plant cells.

There are two primary sources of H 2 O 2 in guard cells: chloroplasts and plasma membrane-associated NADPH oxidase.

NADPH oxidase in plasma membrane contributes to O 2 ⋅ generation and ROS elevation in plant responses to abiotic stresses.

Exposure to SO 2 induced the overproduction of H 2 O 2 in guard cells, as shown in other plant cells exposed to environmental challenges.


TTIs can pose risks for healthcare workers. Because the prevalence of transfusion-transmissible pathogens is high in the general population, the occupational risk of exposure to these pathogens for healthcare workers poses a major public health challenge. According to WHO estimates, 3 million healthcare workers experience percutaneous exposures to blood pathogens worldwide each year. Of these, 2 million are exposed to HBV [9] . A study conducted in Bulle Hora, Ethiopia, showed that HBV was higher among healthcare workers (7.3%) than nonhealthcare workers (0.9%) [10] .

Of these, 2 million are exposed to HBV.

A study conducted in Bulle Hora, Ethiopia, showed that HBV was higher among healthcare workers (7.3%) than nonhealthcare workers (0.9%).


Each study used either the in vivo method, in vitro method or ex-vivo method for efficacy monitoring. Pharmacokinetics measurement was sometimes coupled with one of the previous methods (Ezzet et al., 1998) . The present study enumerates each method, describe the principle of each method, summarize the main results and propose their respective strengths and weaknesses.

Pharmacokinetics measurement was sometimes coupled with one of the previous methods.


Heyting algebras (HA) are algebraic structures developed by the Dutch mathematician Arend Heyting, for intuitionistic logic. In mathematics, HAs are bounded lattices which in turn are a special type of partially ordered set (poset). HAs are loaded with connectives like ∧ and → and generalize the Boolean algebra and also provide a truth table [10] . Later on, HAs were studied by various researcher to establish their connection with various theories like lattices, MV-algebra, semirings and BL-algebra.

HAs are loaded with connectives like ∧ and → and generalize the Boolean algebra and also provide a truth table.


However, the dimming operation will interfere with the communication function of VLC systems since it will alter the received optical power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For the IEEE 802.15.7 Standard, single carrier pulsed modulations such as on-off keying (OOK), pulseposition modulation (PPM) and color shift keying (CSK) are utilized, whereas dimming control is usually realized by combining the existing modulation schemes with pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) or pulse width modulation (PWM) [3] . Besides, several compensation schemes have been proposed combined with various forward error correction (FEC) codes [6] - [8] .

For the IEEE 802.15.7 Standard, single carrier pulsed modulations such as on-off keying (OOK), pulseposition modulation (PPM) and color shift keying (CSK) are utilized, whereas dimming control is usually realized by combining the existing modulation schemes with pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) or pulse width modulation (PWM).

Besides, several compensation schemes have been proposed combined with various forward error correction (FEC) codes.


The classic 'target mass' picture on CT scan as found in our case, is pathognomonic of intussusception [6] . It consists in a central dense area and a halo of low attenuation being respectively the intussusceptum and the edematous intussuscepiens [7, 8] . In a sagittal view, we found the classical « sausage sign » in our patient. Moreover, CT scan may identify the underlying cause of the intussusception [1] . The common sites of occurrence of this condition are the junction between the movable segments of the intestine and segments that are relatively fixed as in our case.

The classic 'target mass' picture on CT scan as found in our case, is pathognomonic of intussusception.

It consists in a central dense area and a halo of low attenuation being respectively the intussusceptum and the edematous intussuscepiens.

Moreover, CT scan may identify the underlying cause of the intussusception.


The subject of sustainable agriculture does not only refer to continuing soil productivity, but also to the impacts of farming on the environment and to economic viability. Sustainability was described as the ability to maintain agricultural output in quantity and quality year after year without degradation; particularly in relation to environmental concerns (Barnett 1994) . Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental stewardship, farm profitability, and prosperous farming communities. These goals have been defined by a variety of disciplines and may be looked at from the vantage point of the farmer or the consumer. Sustainable agriculture refers to agricultural production that can be maintained without harming the environment (Wikipedia).

Sustainability was described as the ability to maintain agricultural output in quantity and quality year after year without degradation; particularly in relation to environmental concerns.


There are situations, where soil productivity obviously cannot be sustained, e.g., in case processes such as erosion, salting-up, acidification, and the like occur. Under these circumstances, field trials likely would not exist for a long time. Hence, a study on long-term field experiments automatically precludes those conditions. Numerous papers spend special attention on the prominent role of soil organic matter with regard to sustainable soil productivity (Weil and Magdoff 2004) . Soil organic matter and associated biological activities promote soil physical conditions, but their greatest effect on soil productivity likely often is brought about by the supply of N through mineralization as was already shown in the seventies (Hoogerkamp 1973) .

Numerous papers spend special attention on the prominent role of soil organic matter with regard to sustainable soil productivity.

Soil organic matter and associated biological activities promote soil physical conditions, but their greatest effect on soil productivity likely often is brought about by the supply of N through mineralization as was already shown in the seventies.


In recent years, magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have attracted great attention for use as structural materials due to their superior properties which include high strength to weight ratio, low density, good electromagnetic shielding, recycling ability, and good machining [1] [2] [3] . Unfortunately, Mg and Mg alloys have very poor corrosion resistance which is attributed to the high chemical activity of Mg. The physical and mechanical properties of Mg implants will decrease as the corrosion of the alloy increases and this disadvantage has limited its use in several applications, particularly in aggressive environments [4, 5] .

In recent years, magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have attracted great attention for use as structural materials due to their superior properties which include high strength to weight ratio, low density, good electromagnetic shielding, recycling ability, and good machining.

The physical and mechanical properties of Mg implants will decrease as the corrosion of the alloy increases and this disadvantage has limited its use in several applications, particularly in aggressive environments.


Photo catalysis is a reaction that uses light to activate a substance which in turn modifies the rate of the chemical reaction. TiO 2 is a semiconductor material that is well known for its numerous advantages which include high photo catalytic activity, long-term stability, photosensitivity, and antimicrobial properties [9] [10] [11] . Although photo catalytic reactions can only occur under UV light, various studies have been conducted in order to improve the catalytic reaction of TiO 2 .

TiO 2 is a semiconductor material that is well known for its numerous advantages which include high photo catalytic activity, long-term stability, photosensitivity, and antimicrobial properties.


The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the dominant component of intraseasonal (≈30-60 days) variability in the tropics [10] [11] [12] . It is an equatorial wave envelope of complex multi-scale convective processes, coupled with planetary-scale (≈10,000-40,000 km) circulation anomalies. Individual MJO events propagate eastward at a speed of roughly 5 m/s, and their convective signal is most prominent over the Indian and western Paci c Oceans [39] . In addition to its signi cance to its own right, the MJO also signi cantly a ects many other components of the atmosphere-ocean-earth system, such as monsoon development, intraseasonal predictability in mid-latitude, and the development of the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) [8, 39] .

The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the dominant component of intraseasonal (≈30-60 days) variability in the tropics.

Individual MJO events propagate eastward at a speed of roughly 5 m/s, and their convective signal is most prominent over the Indian and western Paci c Oceans.

In addition to its signi cance to its own right, the MJO also signi cantly a ects many other components of the atmosphere-ocean-earth system, such as monsoon development, intraseasonal predictability in mid-latitude, and the development of the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO).


Wide range of sweeteners has been used in ice cream formulation. For both economic and rheology reasons, sucrose is the most frequent used sweetener used in ice cream production. However, it has many disadvantages due to high glycemic index (GI) which is correlated with, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases and dental caries [1, 3] . Therefore, in the recent decades, artificial sweeteners have been suggested to be substituted with sucrose [4] . Although, these compounds produce little or no calories but a variety of safety issues has been raised including carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and interference with some metabolic or vascular diseases. Thus, many attempts have been focused on application of natural sweeteners in producing sugar containing food stuff [5] .

However, it has many disadvantages due to high glycemic index (GI) which is correlated with, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases and dental caries.

Therefore, in the recent decades, artificial sweeteners have been suggested to be substituted with sucrose.

Thus, many attempts have been focused on application of natural sweeteners in producing sugar containing food stuff.


Ice cream is the most popular frozen dessert all over the globe. It is a combination of milk, sweetener, stabilizer, emulsifier and flavoring agents, egg products, coloring additives and hydrolyzed products of starch. Three important structural compositions of ice cream are: air cells, ice crystals and fat corpuscles which are dispersed in connected phase from a non-frozen solution [1] . Among this variety of ingredients, sweeteners are more important factors on consumer's acceptance mainly due to their influential effect on freezing point, viscosity and maintaining good texture [2] .

Three important structural compositions of ice cream are: air cells, ice crystals and fat corpuscles which are dispersed in connected phase from a non-frozen solution.

Among this variety of ingredients, sweeteners are more important factors on consumer's acceptance mainly due to their influential effect on freezing point, viscosity and maintaining good texture.


An example of the velocity fields that were obtained simultaneously from both phases is shown in Fig. 3 . The air entrainment results (shown at 8.5 MPa injection pressure, 0.54 ms after start of injection) adequately capture the air movement as it is pushed outward by the prespray and recirculated at the edge of the main spray. The fuel velocity data illustrate the predominantly downward direction of the fuel droplet flow. The most significant problem associated with measuring the velocity of the fuel phase using PIV is due to the dense nature of the GDI spray. For PIV ideally one requires clearly resolved images of the droplets whose velocities are being measured. In the fuel spray the number density of droplets is such that images of droplets overlap to some degree, creating partial speckle at the image plane. The speckle component of the image will decorrelate between laser pulses especially if there is out-of-plane motion (Adrian 1984) . The subtraction of a sliding minimum improves the correlation of the fuel Mie scattering images. We also tried to eliminate speckle by doping the fuel with 1% 3-pentanone and excited with a frequency-quadrupled Nd:YAG laser (3 mJ/ pulse). Fluorescence signals were too weak to be detected with the nonintensified camera, and an intensified camera was not desirable since it would further blur results). Thus, Mie scattering was used to visualize the fuel spray in all experiments.

The speckle component of the image will decorrelate between laser pulses especially if there is out-of-plane motion.


Damage is the result of the larval feeding activity, which, at the beginning of its development, bores longitudinal galleries beneath the bark of young and healthy branches. At the end of the larval stage, the insect changes its boring direction, turning in the gallery and interrupting the sap flow. This causes the death of the branch upon completion of metamorphosis [3, 4] .

This causes the death of the branch upon completion of metamorphosis.


Given a finite presentation of a group G it is in principle possible by Gausselimination to compute the structure of the commutator factor-group Gab. There are effective methods to do this [21] . At Canberra a computer program derived by G. Havas and S. Sterling to compute these data for our programs has been used.

There are effective methods to do this.


Even if the index is small the presentations given by the Reidemeister-Schreier algorithm have many generators and relations. The complexity of the presentations can be reduced by Tietze transformation programs [22] . We have used a program designed by G. Havas.

The complexity of the presentations can be reduced by Tietze transformation programs.