We have tested the effectiveness of the DAS system using the COTS DFB laser and cyclic Simplex coding. We used 6 km of standard single mode fiber in which a 1.5 meter section at around 5 km was wound on a Piezoelectric Tube (PZT), so that low amplitude vibrations can be applied at different frequencies using a WFG driven by an amplifier, to simulate external interferences. A number of coded traces were then acquired at a repetition rate corresponding to the fiber RTT (16.67 kHz). Subsequently, each trace was decoded and the time variation of the intensity of the point of vibration was studied. The limit of frequency of vibration that the sensor can measure is determined by the RTT of light along the fiber, which depends on the sensing distance while the RTT and codeword length determine the duty cycle. Fig. 6(a) shows a comparison of an averaged single pulse trace and a 255-bit averaged decoded trace at the end of the sensing fiber, with 50 ns pulses and just 10 moving averages, clearly showing the presence of coherent speckles and the benefit of pulse coding in terms of noise suppression. Note that the properties of cyclic coding allow effective decoding in less than a single RTT without degrading the DAS dynamic performance [14] .

Note that the properties of cyclic coding allow effective decoding in less than a single RTT without degrading the DAS dynamic performance.


Many physical processes can be referred to threshold phenomena, when the increase of the governing parameter leads to the appearance of an increasing solution. Such an example is thermal convection, when the growth of thermal instability starts at a certain critical value of the Rayleigh number Ra cr , which characterizes the amplitude of the heat sources (Chandrasekhar 1961) . The same situation occurs if magnetic field B is generatied in a conductive medium: the increase of the convection intensity, parametrized by the magnetic Reynolds number R m , can lead to an exponentially growing solution (Moffatt 1978) . After that magnetic field grows up to the moment when it starts to have an effect on the flow. As in many astrophysical objects R m is very large, providing quite extended spectra of the fields, it is generally believed that this influence need not lead to a direct suppression of fluid motions. This statement is supported by the fact that in some cases transition from the non-magnetic to the magnetic state can be accompanied by the growth of Reynolds numbers. In other words, knowledge of R m is not sufficient to answer the question whether the magnetic field will grow further or not.

Such an example is thermal convection, when the growth of thermal instability starts at a certain critical value of the Rayleigh number Ra cr , which characterizes the amplitude of the heat sources.

The same situation occurs if magnetic field B is generatied in a conductive medium: the increase of the convection intensity, parametrized by the magnetic Reynolds number R m , can lead to an exponentially growing solution.


Due to their lower levels of coverage, Asian Americans are less likely to have a usual source of care compared to non-Hispanic White Americans [17] . Moreover, poor health outcomes are common among immigrant subgroups due to cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic barriers in accessing healthcare services [18] [19] [20] [21] . A small qualitative study found that foreign-born Asian Indians tend to be unfamiliar with routine care for disease prevention when immigrating to the USA, and chronic diseases are only discovered when emergency services are utilized [22] . Moreover, having a usual source of healthcare varies by Asian ethnic group, while having insurance was the only common pathway for all Asian groups [17] .

Due to their lower levels of coverage, Asian Americans are less likely to have a usual source of care compared to non-Hispanic White Americans.

Moreover, poor health outcomes are common among immigrant subgroups due to cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic barriers in accessing healthcare services.

A small qualitative study found that foreign-born Asian Indians tend to be unfamiliar with routine care for disease prevention when immigrating to the USA, and chronic diseases are only discovered when emergency services are utilized.

Moreover, having a usual source of healthcare varies by Asian ethnic group, while having insurance was the only common pathway for all Asian groups.


Recent work on domain adaptation of BERT includes BIOBERT and CLINI-CALBERT (Alsentzer et al., 2019; Huang et al., 2019) . BIOBERT is trained on PubMed abstracts and PMC full text articles, and CLIN-ICALBERT is trained on clinical text from the MIMIC-III database . In contrast, SCIBERT is trained on the full text of 1.14M biomedical and computer science papers from the Semantic Scholar corpus (Ammar et al., 2018) . Furthermore, SCIBERT uses an in-domain vocabulary (SCIVOCAB) while the other abovementioned models use the original BERT vocabulary (BASEVOCAB).

Recent work on domain adaptation of BERT includes BIOBERT and CLINI-CALBERT.

In contrast, SCIBERT is trained on the full text of 1.14M biomedical and computer science papers from the Semantic Scholar corpus.


The composition and properties of this species have been fairly extensively investigated, and the results of the research have recently been reviewed (Riaz et al., 1996; Siddiqui and Sharma, 1996; Worthen et al., 1998) . Whole seeds or their extracts have antidiabetic, antihistaminic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumour, galactagogue and insect repellent effects. Most properties are mainly attributed to quinone constituents, of which thymoquinone is the most abundant. Quinonic alkaloids are likely to be involved in pharmaceutical properties as well. Another use of N. sativa seeds is as seasoning for foodstuffs like bread and pickles, especially widespread among Turkish people.

The composition and properties of this species have been fairly extensively investigated, and the results of the research have recently been reviewed.


Coronary angiography is a minimally invasive procedure that requires the administration of a contrast agent via a catheter into the coronary arteries to visualize the inside by lumen [1] . It is performed during both diagnostic and interventional procedures. During the passage of the contrast agent through the coronary arteries, images are acquired with an angiographic X-ray system at 12.5 or more frames/s. Because of the low pass characteristics of X-ray systems, the sharpness of the visualized coronary arteries is limited (images are blurred), which become especially visible when zooming in on interesting parts of the image for observing its detailed structures. In certain cases, e.g., branching vessels or complex lesions, high quality visualization of certain anatomical information is of great significance for the diagnosis. Therefore, post image enhancement, a process by which the image is manipulated to achieve a better perception or interpretability of the information in the image, could assist cardiologists in appreciating the finer details of the coronary anatomy.

Coronary angiography is a minimally invasive procedure that requires the administration of a contrast agent via a catheter into the coronary arteries to visualize the inside by lumen.


The visibility deterioration caused by atmospheric pollution is a global problem. It occurs in many densely populated areas that have experienced population growth and industrialization. However, visibility is a complex issue. On one hand, it is directly affected by the anthropogenic air pollution. On the other hand, it is influenced by the meteorological conditions [1] .

However, visibility is a complex issue.

On the other hand, it is influenced by the meteorological conditions.


Air quality monitoring has already been performed in Warsaw for about 20 years. Nevertheless, the measurement standards were adjusted to comply with the European Union (EU) regulations and requirements in 2004. Since then, the air quality has been successfully recorded in order to warn the community of high pollutant levels. The system also contributes to the research on air pollutant influence on human health [23, 24] . The collected data also enables investigations into the air pollution impact on visibility. Taking into consideration the necessity to improve the visibility in urban areas, the underlying mechanisms must be well understood, particularly when it comes to aspects such as the main contributing air pollutants and their origin. This research field has a worldwide significance. Nonetheless, it needs further development in Poland. Among the key statistical methods applied in this study, the researchers found the correlation analysis and the related Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Generalized Regression Models (GRMs) particularly useful. All the models served to identify the air pollutants and meteorological parameters influencing visibility in an urban area.

The system also contributes to the research on air pollutant influence on human health.


More than five years from the start of the Great Recession, employment in the euro area still has not recovered. Compared to 2008, aggregate employment in the euro-12 countries was lower by over five million people in 2013 and unemployment is at historic highs. While there are important differences across countries, out of the euro-12 economies 8 have not yet made up for the employment lost since 2008. Observers such as the European Central Bank attribute an important part of this negative employment experience to reallocation frictions (European Central Bank, 2012) . Given unbalanced growth across sectors before the crisis, they attribute the employment slack in the subsequent bust to mismatch between the skills of the workers set free in declining industries and the jobs demanded in more viable ones. With skill-mismatch being one possible issue, looking at frictions stemming from sectoral reallocation more generally is of crucial importance from a policy perspective. The reason is straight forward: If subdued employment growth and high unemployment are mainly due to weak aggregate demand, monetary or fiscal policy may have a lever to stimulate demand and lift employment. However, with structural issues such as reallocation of workers as a result of sector specific shocks at play these policies are of limited help. Instead, supply side measures such as active labor market policies are in order to remove the structural obstacles to labor market recovery. In the United States, this important discussion is well under way. Some researchers tend to conclude in favor of the aggregate demand explanation (Farber, 2012; Rothstein, 2012; Ball et al., 2013) . Others present evidence for structural impediments and mismatch (Estevão and Tsounta, 2011; Mulligan, 2011; Kocherlakota, 2010) . However, the topic does not yet feature equally prominently on the European agenda.

Observers such as the European Central Bank attribute an important part of this negative employment experience to reallocation frictions.

Some researchers tend to conclude in favor of the aggregate demand explanation.

Others present evidence for structural impediments and mismatch.


With more children than ever receiving education, schools are effective way of reaching school-age youths in an organized way, on enlightenment programme on HIV/STD programmes, to broaden their knowledge and attitude to these life threatening infections. The promotion of children's healthcare through schools is being recognized globally as an important means of influencing health behavior. It has been an important goal of WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, and other international agencies for more than 40years-a goal which have gained significant momentum in recent years (Birdthistle &Whiteman, 2012) .

It has been an important goal of WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, and other international agencies for more than 40years-a goal which have gained significant momentum in recent years.


Proximal humeral fractures account for 5% of all fractures and constitute the third most frequent fracture in elderly patients, with substantial economic effect on health care systems [1] [2] [3] [4] . The restoration of a painless shoulder with satisfactory function is the goal of treatment. Non-operative treatment can be applied for most of the stable proximal humeral fractures with minimal or no displacement with good results [2] . A fracture is considered to be displaced if the fracture fragment has a displacement more than 1 cm or an angulation more than 45°in at least one view of the trauma-series radiographs [5] .

Proximal humeral fractures account for 5% of all fractures and constitute the third most frequent fracture in elderly patients, with substantial economic effect on health care systems.

Non-operative treatment can be applied for most of the stable proximal humeral fractures with minimal or no displacement with good results.

A fracture is considered to be displaced if the fracture fragment has a displacement more than 1 cm or an angulation more than 45°in at least one view of the trauma-series radiographs.


The high percentage (96.5%) of live trees used as nest trees differed from the common view of a ''wildlife tree'' as a decaying snag. The low percentage of nest trees classified as having high wildlife habitat value (6.1%) occurred because the majority of nest trees were live trees that were of smaller diameter (Ͻ50 cm) and height (Ͻ20 m) than the highest rated class (Guy and Manning 1994) . The appropriateness of the variables used in this classification system for determining habitat value for northern flying squirrels seems questionable. Abundance of lichens on nest trees was not different from that in random samples, but arboreal lichens (Bryoria) were present at every nest site and throughout the stand. Hence, nest-site selection by flying squirrels in our study probably was not limited by availability of arboreal lichens, which are consumed and also used as nesting materials (Hayward and Rosentreter 1994; Maser et al. 1985) .

The low percentage of nest trees classified as having high wildlife habitat value (6.1%) occurred because the majority of nest trees were live trees that were of smaller diameter (Ͻ50 cm) and height (Ͻ20 m) than the highest rated class.

Hence, nest-site selection by flying squirrels in our study probably was not limited by availability of arboreal lichens, which are consumed and also used as nesting materials.


Current practices of patch retention in commercial harvesting (typically retaining 5-20% of the forested area of a cut block) may provide habitat for forest specialists by maintaining structural diversity within stands (Coates and Steventon 1995) . Postharvest patches, however, may not be large enough to be used by flying squirrels until the surrounding 2nd-growth stand has reached a suitable age for travel and foraging. Flying squirrels are highly arboreal and are not likely to cross large openings that would require travel on the ground (Mowrey and Zasada 1984) . Flying squirrels that recolonize remnant patches after surrounding stands have regenerated could potentially assist in the rebuilding of the mycorrhizal community in the cut area by dispersing fungal spores and transporting lichen fragments to the younger stand (Fogel and Trappe 1978) . Sufficient mature forest, however, must remain in the landscape to sustain populations and provide for dispersal of flying squirrels.

Current practices of patch retention in commercial harvesting (typically retaining 5-20% of the forested area of a cut block) may provide habitat for forest specialists by maintaining structural diversity within stands.

Flying squirrels are highly arboreal and are not likely to cross large openings that would require travel on the ground.

Flying squirrels that recolonize remnant patches after surrounding stands have regenerated could potentially assist in the rebuilding of the mycorrhizal community in the cut area by dispersing fungal spores and transporting lichen fragments to the younger stand.


Vivid images of helpless victims from the Tsunami of South Asian countries, 2004, and the devastated New Orleans due to Hurricane Katrina, 2005 in the U.S. compelled policy makers and citizens alike to focus on improving efficiency in coordinating multiple organizations operating under extreme conditions (Comfort 2006) . While participants in disaster response activities agree that they have to share information and work together, such a cooperative relationship is never easy to achieve. Emergency response organizations have their own organizational structure developed over years, but the structure is not necessarily designed to expedite interorganizational cooperation. Under tight time constraints, at issue is whether agents engaged in emergency response are more efficient when they conduct their own information search with the possibility of missing some aspect of the situation, or when they receive direction from an unchallenged authority that may not be on site and may not have complete information. Action is directed by those organizational units with higher authority that are presumed to have greater knowledge or experience in the field. The supporters of the hierarchical command and control structure argue that the coordination and efficiency can be achieved through structure. In contrast, we also expect that the tension between efficiency and coordination escalates in emergency environments under conditions of high uncertainty. Regarding efficient interorganizational communications to support information sharing and coordination, we consider seven propositions, as follows.

Vivid images of helpless victims from the Tsunami of South Asian countries, 2004, and the devastated New Orleans due to Hurricane Katrina, 2005 in the U.S. compelled policy makers and citizens alike to focus on improving efficiency in coordinating multiple organizations operating under extreme conditions.


Piezo film (polyvinylidene fluoride or PVDF film) was used as a strain sensor (Smith and Mee, 1996b) . The gauge used in the tests was labelled PF3 and was a 25 mm long piece of 28 µm thick piezo film wrapped around the stress bar with its most sensitive axis aligned with the axis of the bar. Such an arrangement provides bending compensation so that only axial strains are measured (Smith and Mee, 1996b) . Gauge PF3 was located 425 mm from the junction between the model and the stress bar. The gauge was connected to a PCB Model 462A Charge Amplifier that had a frequency response of 0.3 Hz to 180 kHz at −3 dB break points. PVDF film can be sensitive to changes in pressure. Whilst the sting was shielded from aerodynamic loads in the shock-tunnel tests, the gauge was further isolated from changes in pressure within the shielding by enclosing it in a sealed sleeve around the stress bar. In all tests, a 12-bit data-acquisition system, designed and built in-house, was used to record the strain and pressure signals at intervals of 5 µs.

Piezo film (polyvinylidene fluoride or PVDF film) was used as a strain sensor.

Such an arrangement provides bending compensation so that only axial strains are measured.


The measurement of aerodynamic forces on models in hypersonic impulse facilities has been restricted in the past because of the time it takes for the test model to reach a state of force equilibrium with its support mechanisms (Bernstein, 1975) . Conventional force balances rely on damping mechanisms and/or filters to reduce the effects of vibrations, associated with the sudden application of aerodynamic forces when the flow starts or when the model is injected into the flow. In impulse facilities, particularly high-enthalpy facilities, the duration of the test flow may be insufficient for such vibrations to be damped before the end of the test. The period of vibrations can even exceed the test time.

The measurement of aerodynamic forces on models in hypersonic impulse facilities has been restricted in the past because of the time it takes for the test model to reach a state of force equilibrium with its support mechanisms.


As expected, the time required to generate RTs using the naive O-T-F approach is very large. However, it requires minimal memory as it does not store any RTs. The database approach works best when compiling many applications, since the one-time DB computation is better amortized. However, the memory penalty is large when compared to the other approaches. The cached version results in significant time improvement (as compared to O-T-F) and memory reduction (as compared to database). E.g., for DLX the cached approach performs well for small sets of benchmarks (1, 2, 4), while the database approach performs better for large sets (16) .

E.g., for DLX the cached approach performs well for small sets of benchmarks (1, 2, 4), while the database approach performs better for large sets.


In OBDA, the ontology is usually specified in a lightweight language, like a Description Logic (DL) of the DL-Lite family [4] . DL-Lite logics have the ability of essentially capturing conceptual models such as UML class diagrams, while being characterized by nice computational properties with respect to query answering. Indeed, this task in DL-Lite based OBDA systems is first-order (FO) rewritable, which means that any conjunctive query over the ontology (or TBox) can be answered by rewriting it first into a FO-query over a virtual set of facts (or ABox), and then into FO-queries over the data sources, by suitably unfolding (traversing backward) the mappings [17] .

In OBDA, the ontology is usually specified in a lightweight language, like a Description Logic (DL) of the DL-Lite family.

Indeed, this task in DL-Lite based OBDA systems is first-order (FO) rewritable, which means that any conjunctive query over the ontology (or TBox) can be answered by rewriting it first into a FO-query over a virtual set of facts (or ABox), and then into FO-queries over the data sources, by suitably unfolding (traversing backward) the mappings.


Besides guaranteeing the above behaviour, our goal is to allow users to update the data at the ontology level while maintaining the independence of the data sources. This is in contrast with the traditional way to handle updates in databases, since we should not force the update to propagate to the sources, as done in view updating [10, 11, 19] . Indeed, sources are not under the exclusive control of the ontology, and changing them has a high risk of deeply impacting the contents used by other source clients.

This is in contrast with the traditional way to handle updates in databases, since we should not force the update to propagate to the sources, as done in view updating.


Septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint is rare in adults, and represents less than 0.5% of all bone and joint infections, occurring commonly in diabetics, IV drug users, and those with rheumatoid arthritis, renal failure, and the human immunodeficiency virus patients [1] [2] [3] . Usually monoarticular and insidious in onset, it may take place due to hematogenous spread or spread from a nearby infection [1, 4] . The proximity of the sternoclavicular joint to the mediastinum increases the likelihood of the infection spreading to and from the mediastinum. In fact, mediastinitis is the most feared complication, occurring in about 15% of patients [1] . Sternoclavicular septic arthritis may also be complicated by osteomyelitis of the clavicles or sternum and abscess formation, which can migrate into the surrounding soft tissue.

Septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint is rare in adults, and represents less than 0.5% of all bone and joint infections, occurring commonly in diabetics, IV drug users, and those with rheumatoid arthritis, renal failure, and the human immunodeficiency virus patients.

Usually monoarticular and insidious in onset, it may take place due to hematogenous spread or spread from a nearby infection.

In fact, mediastinitis is the most feared complication, occurring in about 15% of patients.


One possible mechanism that could generate distinct populations of microbleeds and macrobleeds is a threshold model, whereby once a nascent hemorrhage reaches a particular size, it continues to grow, becoming a macrobleed. Such a feedforward mechanism for hemorrhage growth was suggested by early neuropathological studies showing secondary shearing of blood vessels surrounding a hematoma [10] . Fisher interpreted these data as hemorrhages growing in ''domino'' or ''avalanche'' fashion, one ruptured vessel triggering bleeding from the next.

Such a feedforward mechanism for hemorrhage growth was suggested by early neuropathological studies showing secondary shearing of blood vessels surrounding a hematoma.


In this study, we attempted to identify in a systematic way as many MC events as possible that require considering the curvature effects of the global configuration. For this purpose, we examined the solar wind data obtained by the WIND and ACE spacecraft during 10 years, from 1995 through 2004, with special attention to identifying the MC events with durations longer than 30 h, which corresponds to about two times the most frequently observed MCs (Lepping et al., 2006) . The selection of long-duration events is based on an idea that the durations of spacecraft passage through MCs tend to be longer when traversed near the flanks of loop structures of MCs compared with those cases when traversed near the apex, as is expected from Fig. 1a . As a result, we identified 17 long-duration MCs. Then, we performed the model fitting analysis for these 17 events with both cylinder and torus models, when possible, and compared the results from the two different models. This comparison shows that the 17 MC events are categorized into several different groups: such as (1) MCs which can be well interpreted only by the torus model, (2) MCs for which both the cylinder and torus models provide satisfactory fitting results with similar geometries, and (3) MCs for which the two models provide satisfactory fitting results but their geometries are substantially different from each other.

For this purpose, we examined the solar wind data obtained by the WIND and ACE spacecraft during 10 years, from 1995 through 2004, with special attention to identifying the MC events with durations longer than 30 h, which corresponds to about two times the most frequently observed MCs.


Clustering: Many techniques have been proposed in the literature of cluster analysis [2] . A classical technique for colour segmentation is k-means [9] . ISODATA (Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Techniques) is another algorithm often used for colour space clustering [2] . Connected component labelling methods are used for compute the final segmentation based on the clusters [18] . Clustering-based approaches are useful when the clusters of features are normal and easily distinguishable. If the features are cluttered among objects, this approach can not be guaranteed to give a good segmentation.

Clustering: Many techniques have been proposed in the literature of cluster analysis.

A classical technique for colour segmentation is k-means.

ISODATA (Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Techniques) is another algorithm often used for colour space clustering.

Connected component labelling methods are used for compute the final segmentation based on the clusters.


The next generation of mobile networks should support a rich set of network services such as VoIP (Voice over IP), HighDefinition (HD) video streaming, gigabit broadband connectivity, mobile cloud services and online gaming. As a result, the mobile traffic usage is drastically growing regardless of the limited radio bandwidth. However, the legacy mobile networks are inflexible, costly and complex to upgrade in order to satisfy this demand [1] .

However, the legacy mobile networks are inflexible, costly and complex to upgrade in order to satisfy this demand.


Therefore, mobile network operators adopt innovative technologies to overcome above limitations. On these grounds, SoftwareDefined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) are identified as promising technologies to solve the existing limitations in legacy mobile networks. The adaptation of SDN concepts is directing the current mobile network towards a flow centric model that employs inexpensive hardware and a centralized controller. Basically, it offers three new features: logically centralized intelligence, programmability and abstraction [1] . Moreover, the adaptation of NFV allows decoupling the network func- nisms. Thus, we investigate the usability of these technologies to secure SDMN communication channels and highlight the limitations in legacy IPsec mechanisms. Then, we propose a novel secure communication channel architecture by using HIP not only to overcome the identified limitations but also to provide the required level of security for SDMN communication channels.

Basically, it offers three new features: logically centralized intelligence, programmability and abstraction.


Polarised beams are a key ingredient of the physics program of future electron-positron colliders [1] . The precise knowledge of the beam polarisation is as important as the knowledge of the luminosity, since for electroweak processes, the absolute normalisation of expected event rates depends on both quantities to the same order. The values relevant for the experiments, namely the luminosity-weighted average polarisations at the interaction point P lumi , have to be determined by combining fast measurements of Compton polarimeters with long-term scale calibration obtained from reference processes in collision data.

Polarised beams are a key ingredient of the physics program of future electron-positron colliders.


The task of arranging s points on a sphere as 'evenly' as possible has an appealingly simple and fundamental air about it [19] . It is not surprising that it has been studied for a long time and has found many applications [11] . The answer, of course, depends on what we mean by 'evenly arranged'; for s = 12 points, for example, the 12 vertices of a regular icosahedron would satisfy most people, while for other values of s the best arrangements depend on the criterion. Maximizing the minimum interpoint distance and minimizing the potential energy of Coulomb particles placed at the points are two examples of such criteria.

The task of arranging s points on a sphere as 'evenly' as possible has an appealingly simple and fundamental air about it.

It is not surprising that it has been studied for a long time and has found many applications.


The delay differential equations (DDEs) are the equations where the rate of change of certain quantity depends on the value of that quantity at previous time [1] . The DDE models are proved very useful while modeling natural systems [2, 3] . The analysis of DDE is more difficult than that of ODE. The characteristic equation corresponding to DDE is a transcendental equation unlike a polynomial in case of ODE. Some first-order nonlinear DDEs may exhibit chaotic oscillations [4] .

The delay differential equations (DDEs) are the equations where the rate of change of certain quantity depends on the value of that quantity at previous time.

The DDE models are proved very useful while modeling natural systems.

Some first-order nonlinear DDEs may exhibit chaotic oscillations.


We found that the GIMMS "g" NDVI record captures forest disturbances in the Pacific Northwest, primarily due to stand clearance events, which have large changes in near-infrared reflectance. We also found the ability of AVHRR to detect insect disturbance. We do not directly evaluate complex cascading events, such as insect damaged stands susceptible to fire disturbance, although we have implemented a salvage logging component, which reduced classification errors between insect outbreak and logging [92] . Future efforts could evaluate temporal vectors for these types of events. Insect outbreaks that cause mortality are important ecosystem state variables that need to be accounted for in remote sensing observations that are integrated in modeling studies of forest C fluxes.

We do not directly evaluate complex cascading events, such as insect damaged stands susceptible to fire disturbance, although we have implemented a salvage logging component, which reduced classification errors between insect outbreak and logging.


To improve predictions, we used only the ratings from the 10 nearest neighbors. For each user in the test set, we compared the user ratings for the first 8 jokes to all of the training data, using the cosine as the metric to find the 10 nearest neighbors. The SVD on the 10 nearest neighbors was used to predict the user's ratings for the remaining 2 jokes in the gauge set. Figures 4 and 3 show the results with nearest neighbor. Figures 4 and 3 show that using nearest neighbors improves the predictions significantly. The NMAE with nearest-neighbor is 0.34, approximately the same as the expected NMAE for random predictions. The NMAE is 0.187 using Eigentaste, the collaborative filtering algorithm developed by the designers of the Jester system [7] . The Eigentaste system uses Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in lieu of SVD. PCA allows dimensionality reduction for fast offline clustering of user preferences. Because this is a proof-of-concept CAPTCHA and the training data is small, PCA is unimplemented.

The NMAE is 0.187 using Eigentaste, the collaborative filtering algorithm developed by the designers of the Jester system.


Biological organisms live in an ever-changing world. However, early population genetics theory assumed the environment to be constant while the mathematical ecology assumed the genetic makeup of the species involved to be constant. About 40 years ago, Richard Levins published a seminal work which modeled the situation where evolution is taking place while the environment changes [7] . This work has influenced the population genetic theory to conPermission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. GECCO'07, July 7-11, 2007 , London, England, United Kingdom. Copyright 2007 ACM 978-1-59593-698-1/07/0007 ...$5.00.

About 40 years ago, Richard Levins published a seminal work which modeled the situation where evolution is taking place while the environment changes.


This paper has proposed an iterative method, which employs HOBIES to compute complex field vector components over the closed surface near the antenna without platform, and iteriates the equivalent electric and magnetic currents by UTD method. Since the ray-tracing of UTD method is time-consuming, the paper has presented an approximate method. Three examples are given, and the results obtained from present methods and from pure MoM approach agree very well. The examples have demonstrated the advantages of this method over the commonly hybrid methods, especially when the antenna is complex. Considering the action of platform on the currents distribution along antenna, the results are more appropriate than the ones obtained in references [6, 7] . The approach presented in this paper might be very useful in practical engineering.

Considering the action of platform on the currents distribution along antenna, the results are more appropriate than the ones obtained in references.


The occurrence of tannins in E. camaldulensis and T. catappa show that the plants may be useful in various industries. For example, tannin is useful in food, pharmaceutical and leather industries as well as in agriculture (Nguji, 1988; Dalziel, 1995) . The lemon scented volatile oil in E. camaldulensis may be incorporated in pharmaceuticals e.g. Eucalyptus syrup, anticough solutions and suppositories for its strong antibacterial action. It could also find much use as expectorants and decongestants.

For example, tannin is useful in food, pharmaceutical and leather industries as well as in agriculture.


Although most patients in our study had typical clinical manifestations and laboratory findings including lymphopenia and low levels of immunoglobulins except for maternal IgG, some of them indicated elevated value of absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and normal levels of immunoglobulins. These patients are known to have an atypical presentation of lymphocyte subsets and normal serum immunoglobulins suggesting to be a subgroup of SCID patients with normal B lymphocytes, having a potential capacity to produce measurable amounts of serum IgE and eosinophilia [2, 7] . In atypical cases different clinical and immunological features, even within one family, were described [20] . Pulmonary diseases were the most complicated problem (80%) in our patients. The other affected organs were ENT, reticuloendothelial, GI, skin, bone and joint, in turn. However, autoimmune diseases were not found in them.

These patients are known to have an atypical presentation of lymphocyte subsets and normal serum immunoglobulins suggesting to be a subgroup of SCID patients with normal B lymphocytes, having a potential capacity to produce measurable amounts of serum IgE and eosinophilia.

In atypical cases different clinical and immunological features, even within one family, were described.


Increasing the efficiency of welding processes is obtained by a very high rate of heating of the elements up to their melting point and by a high cooling rate. Presently, the most commonly applied method of joining car body steel elements is resistance spot welding (Ref [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . The basic limitations of this method include the necessity for using a high-pressure force which causes frequent surface deformations (decreases aesthetics) and ensuring proper surface quality in the point of contact between the electrodes and the elements being welded as well as the necessity for providing double-sided access to the elements being welded. Additional limitations include the necessity for proper positioning of welds in relation to one another and to the edges of elements being welded .

Presently, the most commonly applied method of joining car body steel elements is resistance spot welding (Ref.


The increasing demands of the automotive industry for materials with rigorously specified mechanical and technological properties have resulted in the development of new alloys combining high strength, ductility, and formability. In the recent decade, the greatest technological progress in the automotive industry has been made in the development and production of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). These have allowed reducing the weight of the car structure with a simultaneous increase in the passive safety of the vehicleÕs users. Reduction of the car weight is directly connected with the complex replacement of mild steels by AHSS and with using modern methods of forming sheets combined with highly efficient processes of joining them. AHSS include multiphase microstructure steels such as Dual Phase (DP), Complex Phase (CP), and Transformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP). The high strength and plasticity of AHSS can be ascribed to their multiphase microstructure and high capability of work hardening during forming (Ref [1] [2] [3] [4] .

The high strength and plasticity of AHSS can be ascribed to their multiphase microstructure and high capability of work hardening during forming (Ref.


Assertions have been found to be beneficial for solving a wide range of tasks in systems design ranging from modeling, verification and even manufacturing test [1] . In this paper we consider assertion-based verification which has been recognized as an efficient approach to cope with many difficulties in the state-of-the-art digital systems functional verification. Verification assertions can be used in both dynamic and static verification. Here, we consider only the first case, where assertions play the role of monitors for particular system behavior during simulation.

Assertions have been found to be beneficial for solving a wide range of tasks in systems design ranging from modeling, verification and even manufacturing test.


Momordica charantia is a cucurbit vine native to Asia and now widely cultivated throughout the world for the immature fruits, and sometimes for the tender leafy shoots or the ripe fruits (Yamaguchi, 1983) . The immature fruits, called bitter melon, bitter gourd or balsam pear, are harvested at developmental stages up to seed hardening. The bitter principle, for which the fruit is named, is due to the alkaloid momordicine, not to cucurbitacins as in other members of the Cucurbitaceae (Walters and Decker-Walters, 1988) . The bitter melon is also important for its medicinal properties (Morton, 1967; Walters, 1989) .

Momordica charantia is a cucurbit vine native to Asia and now widely cultivated throughout the world for the immature fruits, and sometimes for the tender leafy shoots or the ripe fruits.

The bitter principle, for which the fruit is named, is due to the alkaloid momordicine, not to cucurbitacins as in other members of the Cucurbitaceae.

The bitter melon is also important for its medicinal properties.


In the past, fundus photography and fluorescein angiography (FA) have been the standard for evaluating RPE loss; however, there are key disadvantages in using these imaging modalities. Currently, fundus autofluorescence and SD-OCT have become the most widely used imaging technologies for evaluating loss of the RPE. Recently, it has been shown that RPE loss progression rates in nonneovascular AMD-after square root transformation-have a linear progression using different imagining modalities [7] . Despite the current advances in RPE imaging and potentially first upcoming treatment options to prevent RPE loss, there is no formal consensus terminology of RPE loss in AMD and its precise definition. One aspect however-most experts agree upon-is the total loss of RPE in areas with hypertransmission seen in SD-OCT.

Recently, it has been shown that RPE loss progression rates in nonneovascular AMD-after square root transformation-have a linear progression using different imagining modalities.


Referring to companies strategic decisions to outsource, it is essential that all sourcing decisions support the organization's overall business strategy and are revised accordingly as competitive conditions change [16] . According to the responses, it is essential that the personnel is informed and updated of the company's outsourcing strategy. Based on this study, the outsourcing decisions or the strategic decisions were not clearly informed to company's personnel. If the company's management does not have enough knowledge about the requirements and time-consuming tasks of regulatory affairs, the company has problems taking care of the regulatory affairs tasks without transferring these extra tasks to a third party. This might also reflect the relationships at a practical level when the company and the CRO personnel discuss the outsourcing of the tasks. This might lead to a rapid turnover of the company's or CRO's skilled employees to seek for jobs in companies where communication and strategies are more clear. The employees have to be treated respectfully, fairly, and equal in accordance with laws and culture. It is also necessary to create an environment that supports the development and well-being of every employee.

Referring to companies strategic decisions to outsource, it is essential that all sourcing decisions support the organization's overall business strategy and are revised accordingly as competitive conditions change.


The pharmaceutical industry has a long tradition in outsourcing. About 30 years ago, the outsourcing strategy was adopted to formulation, clinical trials, and registration. In the last 10 years, outsourcing has expanded to include most development and registration processes. Outsourcing has been practiced where capacity and specialist techniques and knowhow are required. Pharmaceutical research, development, and manufacturing processes as well as quality control can and are the subject of regular outsourcing from the largest to the smallest of pharmaceutical companies [5] .

Pharmaceutical research, development, and manufacturing processes as well as quality control can and are the subject of regular outsourcing from the largest to the smallest of pharmaceutical companies.


Appropriate management of rare plant species requires an understanding of their life-history characteristics. One of the life-history features critical to successful management is the mating system of the species (Karron, 1991) . Knowledge of the mating system permits assessment of potential problems with the regeneration of natural and & situ populations. For instance, small populations of selfincompatible plant species may not obtain sufficient pollen for maximum seed set if there is a small number of reproductive individuals or cross-compatible plants, or if there is variation in phenology among individuals (Les et al., 1991; Whisler & Snow, 1992; Widen, 1993) . In addition, self-compatible plants that typically outcross may experience higher rates of selfing and consequently higher inbreeding depression in small populations (Barrett & Kohn, 1991) . In contrast, small population size may pose no particular recruitment threat to selfing plants unless necessary pollinator service is diminished. Population size enhancement, the introduction of plants carrying a variety of incompatibility alleles, hand-pollination and pollinator introductions could be utilized to ameliorate reproductive difficulties.

One of the life-history features critical to successful management is the mating system of the species.

For instance, small populations of selfincompatible plant species may not obtain sufficient pollen for maximum seed set if there is a small number of reproductive individuals or cross-compatible plants, or if there is variation in phenology among individuals.

In addition, self-compatible plants that typically outcross may experience higher rates of selfing and consequently higher inbreeding depression in small populations.


Renal function was monitored by daily measurement of the serum creatinine level. The creatinine clearance rate was calculated using the equation of Cockcroft and Gault [15] . In patients with normal renal function (serum creatinine level, !1.2 mg/dL, or 110 mM), renal failure was defined as a serum creatinine value of 12 mg/dL (171 mM), as a reduction in the calculated creatinine clearance of 50% relative to the value at antibiotic therapy initiation, or as a decline in renal function that resulted in the need for renal replacement therapy (i.e., intermittent hemodialysis or continuous venovenous hemofiltration). In patients with preexisting renal dysfunction, renal failure was defined as an increase of у50% of the baseline creatinine level, as a reduction in the calculated creatinine clearance of 50% relative to the value at antibiotic therapy initiation, or as a decline in renal function that resulted in the need for renal replacement therapy. The decision to initiate renal replacement therapy was made by the physician in charge of the patient and always as part of the management of acute renal failure. Total bilirubin levels and platelet counts were determined daily to monitor liver function and coagulation.

The creatinine clearance rate was calculated using the equation of Cockcroft and Gault.


On the other hand, the presence of glucose can repress the expression of MAL genes in two different ways: (1) inhibiting the activation of the regulatory protein MALx3 by maltose and (2) activating the MIG1 repressor, which prevents the transcription of the three MAL genes by binding at their promoter regions (Hu et al., 1995 (Hu et al., , 2000 Santangelo, 2006) . In addition to its role in regulating transcription of MAL genes, glucose also exerts a strong control on the fermentation of other carbon sources by promoting the inactivation of their respective transport systems. This catabolic inactivation involves the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of the transporters, followed by their endocytosis and vacuolar degradation (Riballo et al., 1995; Medintz et al., 1996) .

On the other hand, the presence of glucose can repress the expression of MAL genes in two different ways: (1) inhibiting the activation of the regulatory protein MALx3 by maltose and (2) activating the MIG1 repressor, which prevents the transcription of the three MAL genes by binding at their promoter regions.

This catabolic inactivation involves the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of the transporters, followed by their endocytosis and vacuolar degradation.


Climatically, sizable green spaces such as LCG can have a clear assimilating effect on the surrounding urbanized area, and results of the present study indicate that the degree of assimilation is proportional to the distance. In this study, the locations closer to the LCG were measured and found to have smaller Ta differences and higher velocity ratios than those farther away from it ( Figure 4 ). Compared to the ground level, selected locations at the LEW level were measured with higher MRT on the order of 2-6˝C, higher ITD on the order of 0.2-0.8˝C, and lower WVR on the order of 0.1-0.3. The lower velocity ratio at higher elevation seems counter-intuitive. A possible reason can be that the horizontal convection on the ground level was enhanced due to thermal buoyancy between shaded (directly under LEW) and un-shaded places, i.e., thermal buoyancy causes uplift of warmer air at sun-lit spaces, and they were supplied by cooler air from surrounding shaded spaces (Figure 14) . Under hot and calm weather conditions, thermal buoyancy could be the major forces behind measured air movement at the pedestrian level [25] . However, more data are to be collected before any solid conclusions can be made on this observation.

Under hot and calm weather conditions, thermal buoyancy could be the major forces behind measured air movement at the pedestrian level.


Under the peak summer weather conditions in Shanghai, outdoor thermal comfort cannot be met even with sufficient shading. A previous study shows that when outdoor air temperature is in the range of 30-32˝C, shaded street space can be comfortable with wind velocity on the order of 2.2-3.6 m/s [25] . The measured WVR and reference WV indicate that, on average, this WV range was not achieved during the field measurement. To boost air movement at the pedestrian level over the LEW, electrical fans can be installed on the shading canopy. For instance, in the Clarke Quay redevelopment in Singapore, air-ducts and mechanical fans were incorporated into the canopy structure over the pedestrian area to promote air ventilation under nearly calm weather conditions [26] . Combined with water misting devices to lower sensible heat (by increasing latent heat), the LEW canopy can be upgraded into a "cool corridor" during the daytime. The installation and maintenance can be costly, but for a high-profile walkway being heavily used such as LEW, it can be worthwhile to invest.

A previous study shows that when outdoor air temperature is in the range of 30-32˝C, shaded street space can be comfortable with wind velocity on the order of 2.2-3.6 m/s.

For instance, in the Clarke Quay redevelopment in Singapore, air-ducts and mechanical fans were incorporated into the canopy structure over the pedestrian area to promote air ventilation under nearly calm weather conditions.


Climatically, sizable green spaces such as LCG can have a clear assimilating effect on the surrounding urbanized area, and results of the present study indicate that the degree of assimilation is proportional to the distance. In this study, the locations closer to the LCG were measured and found to have smaller Ta differences and higher velocity ratios than those farther away from it ( Figure 4 ). Compared to the ground level, selected locations at the LEW level were measured with higher MRT on the order of 2-6 °C, higher ITD on the order of 0.2-0.8 °C, and lower WVR on the order of 0.1-0.3. The lower velocity ratio at higher elevation seems counter-intuitive. A possible reason can be that the horizontal convection on the ground level was enhanced due to thermal buoyancy between shaded (directly under LEW) and un-shaded places, i.e., thermal buoyancy causes uplift of warmer air at sun-lit spaces, and they were supplied by cooler air from surrounding shaded spaces (Figure 14) . Under hot and calm weather conditions, thermal buoyancy could be the major forces behind measured air movement at the pedestrian level [25] . However, more data are to be collected before any solid conclusions can be made on this observation.


Climatically, sizable green spaces such as LCG can have a clear assimilating effect on the surrounding urbanized area, and results of the present study indicate that the degree of assimilation is proportional to the distance.

In this study, the locations closer to the LCG were measured and found to have smaller Ta differences and higher velocity ratios than those farther away from it ( Figure 4 ).


However, aesthetically, its raw and "brutalism" look might seem incompatible with the modern glass-steel towers commonly found in CBD areas. Alternatively, various shading devices that are light-weight and opaque can be applied in the EW design. Note that vegetation density is found significantly correlated with mean radiant temperature and the thermal comfort index. At the LEW level, planting trees would be structurally difficult and not cost-effective. The effective strategy to increase greenery mass can be shading canopy by climbing plants (Figures 15 and 16) . Under the peak summer weather conditions in Shanghai, outdoor thermal comfort cannot be met even with sufficient shading. A previous study shows that when outdoor air temperature is in the range of 30-32 °C, shaded street space can be comfortable with wind velocity on the order of 2.2-3.6 m/s [25] . The measured WVR and reference WV indicate that, on average, this WV range was not achieved during the field measurement. To boost air movement at the pedestrian level over the LEW, electrical fans can be installed on the shading canopy. For instance, in the Clarke Quay redevelopment in Singapore, air-ducts and mechanical fans were incorporated into the canopy structure over the pedestrian area to promote air ventilation under nearly calm weather conditions [26] . Combined with water misting devices to lower sensible heat (by increasing latent heat), the LEW canopy can be upgraded into a "cool corridor" during the daytime. The installation and maintenance can be costly, but for a high-profile walkway being heavily used such as LEW, it can be worthwhile to invest.

A previous study shows that when outdoor air temperature is in the range of 30-32 °C, shaded street space can be comfortable with wind velocity on the order of 2.2-3.6 m/s.


Until very recently, it was believed that Pacific Bluefin tuna was not in an overfished condition, even though overfishing was occurring [2] . On the other hand, as sushi and sashimi markets developed all over the world in the 1980s, the demand for Bluefin tuna grew dramatically. Fisheries expanded, and fishing pressure increased significantly due to their commercial activities. In particular the catch of age-0 fishes has increased significantly since the early 1990s [1] .

Until very recently, it was believed that Pacific Bluefin tuna was not in an overfished condition, even though overfishing was occurring.

In particular the catch of age-0 fishes has increased significantly since the early 1990s.


The initial purpose of this paper is to examine the necessity of a moratorium on all commercial fishing as sustainable stock management of Pacific Bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis). Pacific Bluefin tuna is a highly migratory species of great economic importance found throughout the North Pacific Ocean. They mature at 3 to 5 years and live for more than 20 years. The latest stock assessment for Pacific Bluefin found that the population has been heavily depleted to just 2.6% of its historic unfished size by nearly a century of overfishing [1] . In order to end the overfishing, the Pew Charitable Trusts and Greenpeace proposed immediately implementing a moratorium on all commercial fishing for Pacific Bluefin tuna. On the other hand, however, the tuna is an important source of protein for In the following sections, the paper examines pros and cons of the current management plan, rationales for a moratorium, and the possibility for alternative management regulation. The paper reveals that gradual rebuilding of the population with an additional catch limit is more realistic way as sustainable stock management. The paper concludes with a statement that it is important to consider the balance between the recovery of the stock and exploitation of them rather than a simple calculation of conservation since millions of people rely on the consumption of Pacific Bluefin.

The latest stock assessment for Pacific Bluefin found that the population has been heavily depleted to just 2.6% of its historic unfished size by nearly a century of overfishing.


We associate to any integrable Dirac structure a sub-2-groupoid of LWX(M ) whose 1-truncation can be identified with the Lie groupoid integrating the Dirac structure. We prove that the pullback of ω H 2 vanishes on this sub-2-groupoid; as a result, we can deduce that the pullback of ω H 1 descends to the 1-truncation, inducing an H-closed, multiplicative 2-form on the Lie groupoid integrating the Dirac structure. This 2-form precisely coincides with the one constructed by Bursztyn, Crainic, Weinstein, and Zhu [1] . We can thus view the Liu-Weinstein-Xu 2-groupoid as being the geometric origin of presymplectic groupoids.

This 2-form precisely coincides with the one constructed by Bursztyn, Crainic, Weinstein, and Zhu.


In recent years, with the growth of the volume and travel speed of road traffic, the number of traffic accidents, especially severe crashes, has been increasing rapidly on a yearly basis. The issue of traffic safety has raised great concerns across the globe, and it has become one of the key issues challenging the sustainable development of modern traffic and transportation. Therefore, it is crucial for engineers to be able to extract useful information from existing data to analyze the causes of traffic accidents, so that traffic administrations can be more accurately informed and better policies can be introduced [1] [2] [3] .

Therefore, it is crucial for engineers to be able to extract useful information from existing data to analyze the causes of traffic accidents, so that traffic administrations can be more accurately informed and better policies can be introduced.


One of the most pressing challenges that modern society faces is to provide energy sources for a variety of applications, ranging from small portable devices to electric vehicles (EVs) and large grid-scale systems to store energy from intermittent solar or wind-driven devices [1] . Recently, enough technological advancement has been made that Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are now considered the most promising solution for this problem. There is, however, no single universal battery material that can meet the demands of all these applications. Just as there are various devices that can benefit from Li-ion battery technology, each respective application has a different set of prioritized features for energy storage, such as high power for power tools, high energy for portable devices, or competitive cost for grid-scale energy storage [2] [3] [4] . Particularly, cathode materials have received considerable attention because they are considered as the primary determinant for meeting these demands. As a result, diverse cathode materials have been proposed and intensely investigated by both academia and industry [5] . Categorized by their unique crystal structures, the current state-of-the-art cathode materials include layered oxide compounds (LiCoO2, LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2, LiNi0.85Co0.10Al0.05O2), spinel compounds (LiMn2O4, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO)), and olivine compounds (LiFePO4, LiCoPO4 (LCP)).

One of the most pressing challenges that modern society faces is to provide energy sources for a variety of applications, ranging from small portable devices to electric vehicles (EVs) and large grid-scale systems to store energy from intermittent solar or wind-driven devices.

Just as there are various devices that can benefit from Li-ion battery technology, each respective application has a different set of prioritized features for energy storage, such as high power for power tools, high energy for portable devices, or competitive cost for grid-scale energy storage.

As a result, diverse cathode materials have been proposed and intensely investigated by both academia and industry.


We therefore wished to examine the items making up the factor "depression" in POMS (i.e. Unhappy, Discontent, Melancholy, Sad, Without hope, Unworthy, Discouraged, Lonely, Dejected, Very bad mood, Disheartened, Without help, Worthless, Terrified, Sorry for things done) to delineate the composition of this factor in each of the two groups. We decided to use factorial analysis to achieve this goal [23] . The KMO test for the measure of sampling adequacy was 0.644 (best >0.600) The results proved the adequacy of the distribution, allowing us to proceed with the exploratory factorial analysis. The comparison of the answers given to the items under POMS D between the two groups showed significant difference as regards item 18 ("without hope") and a slightly smaller although still significant difference regarding item 42 ("without help"): in both cases, scores of psoriatic patients were higher than those of patients with seborrheic dermatitis ( Table 3) . Examination of the three main factors emerging from patients affected by seborrheic dermatitis or psoriasis revealed that the two depression profiles were different ( Table 4) .

We decided to use factorial analysis to achieve this goal.


Some studies have focused on the causal link between inflammation and emotional stress [11, 12] . Evidence supporting the correlation between mood and seborrheic dermatitis is provided by studies that show a high incidence of this disease in psychiatric patients suffering from depression or other diagnostic frames, e.g. anxiety, hostility and somatization [13] . Psoriasis has also been found to be correlated with emotional state. Recent research has confirmed that about half of psoriatic patients report a stressful event in the six months prior to the onset of the disease, and have high levels of anxiety [14] [15] [16] .

Some studies have focused on the causal link between inflammation and emotional stress.

Evidence supporting the correlation between mood and seborrheic dermatitis is provided by studies that show a high incidence of this disease in psychiatric patients suffering from depression or other diagnostic frames, e.g. anxiety, hostility and somatization.

Recent research has confirmed that about half of psoriatic patients report a stressful event in the six months prior to the onset of the disease, and have high levels of anxiety.


The results of the analysis of the variables showed a statistically significant result in relation to POMS factor D (depression) for both the skin disorders examined. In detail, the analysis of the variables making up factor D of POMS revealed a difference between the two groups in relation to items 18 ("without hope") and 42 ("without help"). This highlights the difference between the two groups as regards the intensity of feelings of depression, that were found to be more severe in the case of psoriasis. The factorial analysis of factor D of POMS allowed to detect qualitative differences in the composition of the items between the two skin disorders, in particular in relation to the variables "melancholy", "without hope" and "unworthy" that occur together in the case of psoriasis. This underlines that in this disease the expression of depression contains many of the core symptoms of depression and thus is clinically closer to that of "major depression" [24] . In contrast, the depression manifested by seborrheic dermatitis patients is closer to the clinical frame of "minor depression" (see Factor 1 in Table 4 ).

This underlines that in this disease the expression of depression contains many of the core symptoms of depression and thus is clinically closer to that of "major depression".


This study shows the correlation between depression and two skin disorders, seborrhoeic dermatitis and psoriasis. In both cases, the clinical picture falls under the definition of "depression due to a general medical condition". However, qualitative differences make the psychologic frame of psoriatic patients close to that of "major depression", while in patients affected by seborrheic dermatitis the psychologic frame is more similar to that of "minor depression" [24] . Furthermore, the findings of this preliminary study prompt some considerations regarding the different composition of the depression manifested by patients suffering from two dermatological conditions. This evaluation is clearly epidemiologic, and does not consider the etiopathogenesis of the two cutaneous diseases. Based on the criteria of clinical epidemiology, our study suggests that, in a therapeutic perspective, psychopharmacological support could be useful in the treatment of psoriasis, psychological support for patients affected by seborrheic dermatitis.

However, qualitative differences make the psychologic frame of psoriatic patients close to that of "major depression", while in patients affected by seborrheic dermatitis the psychologic frame is more similar to that of "minor depression".


The literature suggests that depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in dermatological diseases, but that it is diagnosed in a purely generic sense. Indeed, all previous studies investigated only the presence or absence of depression, or, at best, evaluated this disorder quantitatively [5, 6] . In contrast, the organization of emotions is qualitatively different, in the composition of the clinical framework, between groups of skin disorders, and the difference in this organization appears even if subjects do not manifest a specific clinical disease, as in cases of "subthreshold depression" [7] .

Indeed, all previous studies investigated only the presence or absence of depression, or, at best, evaluated this disorder quantitatively.

In contrast, the organization of emotions is qualitatively different, in the composition of the clinical framework, between groups of skin disorders, and the difference in this organization appears even if subjects do not manifest a specific clinical disease, as in cases of "subthreshold depression".


More generally, it proved very difficult to identify relationships between abundance of dipteran species and environmental factors. This is due to several reasons: While there is probably environmental heterogeneity within individual logs, there is certainly high variability within cohorts (Fig. 2) , since every log undergoes a very special decomposition process (Derksen 1941) . Furthermore, most species are highly aggregated: for example, Scatopsciara pusilla was recorded from 32 logs but 19 % of the individuals were reared from a single log, and many other species exhibited similar distributional patterns. Another problem is that many potentially suitable logs were left uncolonized: for example, Euthyneura myrtilli was recorded from three logs with moss cover >85 % but was absent from the remaining four logs in the same cover class. Similar patterns hold for Atrichopogon lucorum, Forcipomyia nigra and several other species. The combined effects of distributional inconsistencies of this kind result in severe difficulties in identifying statistically significant relationships between environmental factors and fly abundances even in the more common species.

This is due to several reasons: While there is probably environmental heterogeneity within individual logs, there is certainly high variability within cohorts (Fig. 2) , since every log undergoes a very special decomposition process.


The constructivist model of learning suggests that students learn by connecting new ideas into an existing framework of knowledge. Analogies are commonly used by students, teachers, and text books to make these connections, particularly where abstract concepts or ideas are involved. Regardless of type, analogies share common features, such as the familiar concept or idea (analog), the new concept or idea (target), elements of similarity between the analog and target (links, features, or attributes), and the mapping of similarities between the target and analog (Glynn, 1995) . Even though all analogies share those common features, they vary significantly in their makeup, for example, whether the analog is scientific or non-scientific, whether the analogy is planned or not, whether the analogy is student or teacher-initiated, and whether the analog and target are concrete or abstract (Oliva, Axcarate, & Navarrete, 2007) . It is also important to note that six general elements are considered important for analogy use, but not do not necessarily always follow the same systematic order: 1) target introduction, 2) analog review, 3) feature identifications, 4) analog-target similarity mapping, 5) analogy breakdown, and 6) analogy conclusion (Oliva, Axcarate, & Navarrete, 2007; Glynn, 2007; Glynn, 2008) .

Regardless of type, analogies share common features, such as the familiar concept or idea (analog), the new concept or idea (target), elements of similarity between the analog and target (links, features, or attributes), and the mapping of similarities between the target and analog.

Even though all analogies share those common features, they vary significantly in their makeup, for example, whether the analog is scientific or non-scientific, whether the analogy is planned or not, whether the analogy is student or teacher-initiated, and whether the analog and target are concrete or abstract.

It is also important to note that six general elements are considered important for analogy use, but not do not necessarily always follow the same systematic order: 1) target introduction, 2) analog review, 3) feature identifications, 4) analog-target similarity mapping, 5) analogy breakdown, and 6) analogy conclusion.


To explore the practical limits of fossil fuel reductions in the electricity and road transport sectors two scenarios were constructed. Each scenario excluded plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) on the basis that these are an intermediate technology between conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) and full electric drive vehicles. The scenarios are: The scenarios were simulated using the multi-regional partial equilibrium model UniSyD4.4 [8] . This is a system dynamics based model with a high degree of technological specificity in the electricity generation and transport sectors of the New Zealand economy. Each energy sector considers existing technologies and those that are contending to come on-stream to 2050 such as co-generation of hydrogen and electricity from coal or natural gas with sequestration as an option [8] . The model contains about 1150 variables and equilibrates supply and demand in fortnightly time steps in four primary markets in 13 geographic regions of New Zealand. These four markets comprise electricity generation, hydrogen generation, lignocellulose from purpose grown forests and the vehicle fleet. The model incorporates dynamic interactions based on the elasticity of prices with demand. The primary energy resource base for the model consists of hydro, geothermal, wind, biomass (lignocellulose, rape seed), natural gas, coal and solar.

The scenarios are: The scenarios were simulated using the multi-regional partial equilibrium model UniSyD4.4.

Each energy sector considers existing technologies and those that are contending to come on-stream to 2050 such as co-generation of hydrogen and electricity from coal or natural gas with sequestration as an option.


Two primary consequences emerge from a comparison of the Fossil Future and Renewables Future scenarios. Firstly in 2050 in both scenarios all generation excluding backup peak load generation is renewable. The only effect of the high carbon tax in the RF scenario is to reduce geothermal generation by about 4% and replace this with wind. All GHG emissions are from the vehicle fleets. GHG emissions in the RF scenario are 54% less than in the FF scenario by 2050 which equates to a 54% reduction by weight in fossil vehicle fuel. Secondly the proportion of light ICEVs under the RF scenario of 56% is 32% less than that under the FF scenario of 88%. The fact that the combined penetration of ICEV and HEV in the RF scenario remains high at 56% is a result of the improving fuel economy of ICEVs and HEVs that enhances the competitiveness of these technologies and delays their replacement by all electric BEV and HFCV technologies. Reducing the penetration of ICEV and HEV to less than 30% of the total fleet may require government regulation to encourage adoption of electric vehicles. The primary focus of any regulation should be to reduce the purchase price of electric vehicles with subsidies while recovering the subsidy as a fuel tax. The motive behind this is that purchasers value an incremental reduction in purchase price at twice that of a reduction in running costs [15] .

The motive behind this is that purchasers value an incremental reduction in purchase price at twice that of a reduction in running costs.


Education is the most valuable tool used by nations of the World to realize their individual and collective goals and aspiration. It also helps to eradicate mass illiteracy and to achieve better development of the human person (Yesufu, 1991) . To a large extent, education, both formal and informal, equips man better to face the challenges of life and to contribute ones quota towards the development of the society. To ensure that those who for one reason or another were deprived of opportunities for early life education, adult education arrangement was devised at all levels of education.

It also helps to eradicate mass illiteracy and to achieve better development of the human person.


Previous studies have shown that electron beam radiation at doses of 10 Gy, 12 Gy, and 14 Gy causes severe radiological effects in the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow (Jagetia & Tiyyagura, 2002) . In our study also death occurred within 15 days post radiation and maximum deaths were observed between the 9th and 14th days with 10 Gy, 12 Gy, and 14 Gy radiation. At higher doses of 12 Gy and 14 Gy there was facial edema, hypopigmentation, corneal opacity indicating loss of eyesight in mice. Reduced body weight and ruffled skin are some of the common radiological characteristics seen in mice. There was a drastic reduction in the body weights for initial 15 days post radiation. The present study reports the median lethal dose for electron beam radiation with 15 MeV electrons at a dose rate of 1 Gy/min as 8.933 Gy in Swiss albino mice.

Previous studies have shown that electron beam radiation at doses of 10 Gy, 12 Gy, and 14 Gy causes severe radiological effects in the gastrointestinal tract and bone marrow.


Carica papaya (L.)-commonly known as papaya, pawpaw has been studied extensively for its invaluable medicinal properties. Its herbal tea has shown to enhance the platelet levels in dengue patients (Kala, 2012) . These properties can be attributed to the various bioactive components like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, proteins, fat, and steroids.

Its herbal tea has shown to enhance the platelet levels in dengue patients.


In the field of medicine using radiation treatment against cancers, these effects can be seen in normal tissues also. Thus, various attempts have been made to increase the radiation sensitivity of cancerous cells and or protect the normal cells from radiation. Thus, the use of chemicals along with radiation has proved to be ameliorative in cancer treatment (Upadhyay, Dwarakanath, Ravindranath, & Mathew, 2005) . Herbal formulations which are non-toxic and inexpensive have been evaluated for their radioprotective efficacy (Suzen, 1999) . WR-2721, also known as amifostine-a phosphorothioate is one of the best known radioprotectors which has undergone extensive preclinical testing and clinical trials for its radioprotective and chemoprotective effects (Citrin et al., 2010) . The major reason for its success is its selective concentration in the normal tissues compared to the tumor tissue and its interaction with the DNA (Joseph, 1997; Yuhas, 1980) .

Thus, the use of chemicals along with radiation has proved to be ameliorative in cancer treatment.

Herbal formulations which are non-toxic and inexpensive have been evaluated for their radioprotective efficacy.

WR-2721, also known as amifostine-a phosphorothioate is one of the best known radioprotectors which has undergone extensive preclinical testing and clinical trials for its radioprotective and chemoprotective effects.

The major reason for its success is its selective concentration in the normal tissues compared to the tumor tissue and its interaction with the DNA.


Exposure to ionizing radiations causes deleterious effects on physiology, metabolism, and behavior in almost all organisms. One of the basic mechanisms of radiation damage is the production of free radicals, leading to the formation of peroxides and oxidative reactive species. The free radicals produced may also lead to leakage of lysosomal acid phosphatases, changes in the surface properties of chromosomes leading to stickiness, breakage of double-strands of DNA, and chromosomal aberrations (Kumar et al., 2006) . The study of these effects and novel approaches to counter them is of great importance in the field of radiation biology. In the present study, the effects of DADS-A synthetic compound and C. papaya (L.) extract-A natural herbal source were compared against different doses of electron beam radiation-induced hematological and cytogenetic changes in mice.

The free radicals produced may also lead to leakage of lysosomal acid phosphatases, changes in the surface properties of chromosomes leading to stickiness, breakage of double-strands of DNA, and chromosomal aberrations.


Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is a constituent of garlic which has been studied previously for its anticancer properties (Lawson, Wang, & Hughes, 1991; Yan, Wang, & Barlow, 1992) . Garlic and garlic extracts have been reported previously for their antioxidant properties and protection against free radical damage in the body (Block, 1985) . Studies on the antioxidant properties of garlic compounds, allyl cysteine, alliin, allicin, and allyl disulfides indicated hydroxyl scavenging potential and prevent microsomal lipid peroxidation (Chung, 2006) .

Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is a constituent of garlic which has been studied previously for its anticancer properties.

Garlic and garlic extracts have been reported previously for their antioxidant properties and protection against free radical damage in the body.

Studies on the antioxidant properties of garlic compounds, allyl cysteine, alliin, allicin, and allyl disulfides indicated hydroxyl scavenging potential and prevent microsomal lipid peroxidation.


Our results provide several practical implications. The non-significant direct effect between interethnic ideologies and the intention to discriminate implies that if managers and organizations want to reduce hiring discrimination intention, they need to first act on in-group favoritism. In this regard, our findings show that both interethnic ideologies play a complementary role in in-group favoritism, which means that two ways exist to reduce organizational discrimination, i.e., strengthening multiculturalism and reducing the endorsement of assimilation. To this end, organizations should favor (avoid) a multiculturalism (assimilation) context. The perception of multiculturalist (assimilationist) context is indeed positively related to the personal endorsement of multiculturalism (assimilation), which in turn is negatively (positively) related to prejudice [4] .

The perception of multiculturalist (assimilationist) context is indeed positively related to the personal endorsement of multiculturalism (assimilation), which in turn is negatively (positively) related to prejudice.


The high frequency of ANA positivity in juvenile myositis patients is consistent with both paediatric and adult IIM studies, where the ANA test by indirect immunofluorescence is positive in 30-70% [18, 29, [39] [40] [41] . Our finding of a higher ANA frequency in JDM-SSc patients than those with classical JDM is also consistent with adult data, where ANA frequency is higher in myositis-overlap syndromes than in classical DM [27] . While we found some antibodies typical of SSc in the JDM-SSc group (in particular, U1-RNP and PM-Scl), other specificities associated with scleroderma in adults, such as anti-centromere or anti-RNA polymerases I, II or III, were absent, emphasizing the differences between paediatric and adult IIM populations [9, 27] . As expected, the MSA profile of our JDM patients is different to Figures refer to the percentage of patients within serological subtype. See Table 1 adult DM. Frequencies of anti-Jo-1 and anti-Mi-2 antibodies in adult DM studies range 16-23% [19, 25, 27, 42] . The frequencies of anti-Jo-1 and anti-Mi-2 antibodies in our JDM cohort are considerably lower than this, consistent with other studies, [29] . The frequency of MAAs detected here in JDM is similar to that in adult DM, and in the JDM-SSc group, it approximates to that seen in adult CTD/myositis overlap [25] .

The high frequency of ANA positivity in juvenile myositis patients is consistent with both paediatric and adult IIM studies, where the ANA test by indirect immunofluorescence is positive in 30-70%.

Our finding of a higher ANA frequency in JDM-SSc patients than those with classical JDM is also consistent with adult data, where ANA frequency is higher in myositis-overlap syndromes than in classical DM.

While we found some antibodies typical of SSc in the JDM-SSc group (in particular, U1-RNP and PM-Scl), other specificities associated with scleroderma in adults, such as anti-centromere or anti-RNA polymerases I, II or III, were absent, emphasizing the differences between paediatric and adult IIM populations.

See Table 1 adult DM.

Frequencies of anti-Jo-1 and anti-Mi-2 antibodies in adult DM studies range 16-23%.

The frequencies of anti-Jo-1 and anti-Mi-2 antibodies in our JDM cohort are considerably lower than this, consistent with other studies.

The frequency of MAAs detected here in JDM is similar to that in adult DM, and in the JDM-SSc group, it approximates to that seen in adult CTD/myositis overlap.


During daylight hours there were always several workers on the outer envelope of our observations nests. These were concentrated nearest the entrance and included foragers, nest maintenance workers, and receivers of foraged loads. We saw no evidence of "guards" of the sort found in honey bees, that is, workers stationed at the entrance that contact individuals entering the nest (Butler and Free, 1952) . The nest entrance, a circular hole in the envelope 1-1.5 cm in diameter, was typically unencumbered with stationary workers. Most returning foragers, as well as ants that made their way onto the nest, were contacted by the workers scattered over the outer surface of the envelope.

We saw no evidence of "guards" of the sort found in honey bees, that is, workers stationed at the entrance that contact individuals entering the nest.


Age polyethism, or temporal division of labor within the worker caste, is widespread among social Hymenoptera (Wilson, 1971) . The age-related specializations of workers are well developed in honey bees, stingless bees, and bumble bees (Michener, 1974; Sommeijer, 1984; Winston, 1987) . A similar ontogenetic specialization among workers occurs in the eusocial wasps, especially in species characterized by a large colony size (Potter, 1964; Akre et al., 1976; Sim6es, 1977; Jeanne et al., 1988; Jeanne, 1991) .

Age polyethism, or temporal division of labor within the worker caste, is widespread among social Hymenoptera.

The age-related specializations of workers are well developed in honey bees, stingless bees, and bumble bees.

A similar ontogenetic specialization among workers occurs in the eusocial wasps, especially in species characterized by a large colony size.


For developing high-performance portable appliances with light weight and slim body, consumer electronics will require higher density mounting. Therefore, heat dissipation becomes an extremely important issue for electronics production. Heat pipe is a two-phase heat transfer exchanger with a very high thermal conductivity. The working fluid is filled into the heap pipe in vacuum. When the working fluid absorbs the heat from the heat source, it evaporates at the boiling point and the vapor delivers to the cooling end. Then the vapor releases heat and condenses to liquid. The wick supplies capillary force, facilitating the liquid to return to the heat source again. This two-phase thermal cycle needs minimal temperature gradients by enthalpy difference between phase changes (Yau and Ahmadzadehtalatapeh, 2010) .

This two-phase thermal cycle needs minimal temperature gradients by enthalpy difference between phase changes.


Educational technology aims to improve education. Technology should facilitate learning processes and increase performance of the educational system(s) as it regards to effectiveness and/or efficiency. Many types of instructional media and resources, as distinct from equipment for games and sports, are available to aid the physical education teacher. In addition to textbooks, workbooks, and more conventional printed materials, resources include films, filmstrips, videos, laser discs, CD-Rom, and large-screen projections of televised or videotaped images. Physical education teachers should look for ways not only to incorporate a variety of instructional media into their teaching but also to make sure that the media are available and are included in the overall budget for physical education (Dawson, Hunt, Stein, Tempes, & Henderson, 1994) .

Physical education teachers should look for ways not only to incorporate a variety of instructional media into their teaching but also to make sure that the media are available and are included in the overall budget for physical education.


This research has studied the role of media in teaching the practical courses of football in the practice of physical education through distance education to promote the educational quality and reduce the attendance hours of students. Research statistical university includes 150 Iranian male students of physical education through distance education in 1998. The samples were randomly chosen homogeneously based on measurable indices such as age, weight, height, and the scores of BA entrance practical exam. The number of students in the sample was .60. They were divided in two 30-student groups namely experimental and control groups. Experimental group was taught the course of football at the first semester of the academic year 2001-02 via educational films. The control group was offered the mentioned course through traditional system. At the end of educational period, the two groups were assessed by the same condition and the same examination items. The evaluation was according to the individual questionnaire to know their physical condition and physical activities and also their final examination scores. As a result, there is a significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and that of control group. So the result of this study shows that we can teach the course of football through ancillary materials to reduce the attendance hours for students and without the educational quality shortage ( Keshavarz. 2003) .

So the result of this study shows that we can teach the course of football through ancillary materials to reduce the attendance hours for students and without the educational quality shortage.


One of the main motives to study physical activity (PA) patterns in different urban environments is to develop urban-planning and design policies. To find ways to inform urban planners and policymakers, we have to pose ancillary questions: How do we design a city that encourages people to use their muscles for moving, and how do we avoid making built environments (BE) that do the opposite? To answer these questions, we need to define the key features of an urban environment that support active transportation. In this context, children and adolescents form a critical group, since the foundations for adulthood health are built in youth (Malina 2001) . Based on this reasoning, it seems that the qualities of urban environments might have remarkable impacts on national health.

In this context, children and adolescents form a critical group, since the foundations for adulthood health are built in youth.


In this study, especially residential environments allowed for walking and cycling, whereas mixeduse and commercial environments were reached by public transportation. Most car use was reported on trips directed to commercial or green spaces. We made a similar finding earlier concerning mobility to shopping mall types of environments (Broberg, Salminen, and Kyttä 2013) . This supports the hypothesis that composing multivariate profiles of the physical environment might produce more consistent results in respect to active transportation among children and adolescents, at least in Finnish context. As noted above, applying this method to different contexts and countries could help us find more uniform correlations between BE and PA.

We made a similar finding earlier concerning mobility to shopping mall types of environments.


This study systematically identified six urban morphological types in two city regions in Finland. The resulting types reflected quite closely the commonly known types of urban environments. Also worth noting is that each urban morphology type was depicted by one principal component. These types form a very rough framework to be utilized in urban design, and more research is needed to create more usable guidelines. Hence, this study provides knowledge about how walkable and bikeable the typical neighborhoods of Finnish cities are for children and youth. Still, six purely built environmental types offer a relatively diverse description of the physical environment compared to many other related studies, as the BE is often classified into three or four types (Boone-Heinonen et al. 2010; Yan et al. 2010; Norman et al. 2010) .

Still, six purely built environmental types offer a relatively diverse description of the physical environment compared to many other related studies, as the BE is often classified into three or four types.


Energy materials are essential in our modern world and are expected to have useful lifetimes that extend from 25 to greater than 50 years. The need for long lifetimes and large investments are barriers that new energy producing technologies must be surmounted if they are to provide a substantial proportion of global energy. These challenges were made evident by the Li-ion batteries in the Boeing 787 that were predicted to short circuit only once per 10 million flight hours [1] [2] [3] . Two adverse events grounded the whole fleet within four months of introduction, which was three orders of magnitude greater events than estimated. We know much about the synthesis, properties, and function of energy materials, but we do not yet know how to address the fundamental degradation science of energy materials under real-world conditions and time spans.

These challenges were made evident by the Li-ion batteries in the Boeing 787 that were predicted to short circuit only once per 10 million flight hours.


An SOA is an important component of optical communication systems, and numerous reports regarding this type of device have been published since its invention in the 1960s. One of the main advantages of the SOA is its ability to be monolithically integrated with other devices. An SOA can be used as a pre-amplifier or a booster amplifier as well as in other functional devices, such as a wavelength converter or optical switch that utilizes its nonlinear nature [5, 6] . An SOA can also be applied as a gain medium to produce short optical pulses in conjunction with a saturable absorber [7] . In high peak power applications, such as two photon bioimaging, an SOA can be used to boost the short optical pulses generated by a mode-locked laser diode (MLLD) [8, 9] .

An SOA can be used as a pre-amplifier or a booster amplifier as well as in other functional devices, such as a wavelength converter or optical switch that utilizes its nonlinear nature.

An SOA can also be applied as a gain medium to produce short optical pulses in conjunction with a saturable absorber.

In high peak power applications, such as two photon bioimaging, an SOA can be used to boost the short optical pulses generated by a mode-locked laser diode (MLLD).


Despite the recent popularity, large-scale HTTP streaming solutions are relatively new, and there are many challenges left to solve. For example, segmented video streaming causes a distinct traffic pattern (on/off) different from most HTTPbased traffic, and TCP's unicast-nature is not a good match for the limited resources in mobile broadband networks. Moreover, mobile devices are heterogeneous, which means that one quality scheduling algorithm will not provide the optimal experience for all devices. Also, the bandwidth in wireless networks, especially mobile broadband networks, fluctuates more than in fixed networks [8, 9] . In this paper, we address some of the key challenges in such a streaming scenario with a main focus on mobile devices. In particular, we discuss performance related aspects of the entire streaming pipeline, from the sender machine to the receiving device. We have evaluated the different components by conducting a series of simulations and real-world experiments. From the experimental results, we put forward suggestions for a range of enhancements to improve streaming performance. As a worst-case scenario with high workload peaks and a large number of concurrent users, Section 3 presents an analysis of user statistics from a large live streaming event. These statistics demonstrate the benefits of HTTP streaming from a service provider's perspective. We then look at how HTTPbased streaming affects server performance in Section 4, while Section 5 focuses on video coding and adaptation with respect to server performance and user perception. Section 6 provides an analysis of streaming performance and quality (bitrate) adaptation schemes, whereas Section 7 outlines how HTTP streaming can benefit from bandwidth aggregation. Section 8 presents ideas and suggestions on how to improve streaming quality by using bandwidth lookup services. Finally, Section 10 summarizes and concludes the work by highlighting the core ideas.

Also, the bandwidth in wireless networks, especially mobile broadband networks, fluctuates more than in fixed networks.


The rest of this paper is arranged as followed: In Section 2 we prove the existence of a weak solution by a martingale approach. In Section 3, we obtain the weak uniqueness by verifying the separating condition of Kurtz and Ocone [11] . Pathwise uniqueness is then proved in Section 4 under the (LT) condition. Some sufficient conditions for the (LT) condition are then presented. Finally, an example which motivates our research is discussed in Section 5. Throughout this paper, we will use K to denote a constant whose value can change from place to place.

In Section 3, we obtain the weak uniqueness by verifying the separating condition of Kurtz and Ocone.


While sophisticated closed loop selection methods have been shown to empirically identify good hyperparameter configurations faster (i.e., with fewer iterations) than open loop methods like random search, two trends have rekindled interest in embarrassingly parallel open loop methods: 1) modern deep learning model are taking longer to train, sometimes up to days or weeks, and 2) the rise of cloud resources available to anyone that charge not by the number of machines, but by the number of CPU-hours used so that 10 machines for 100 hours costs the same as 1000 machines for 1 hour. This paper explores the landscape of open loop methods, identifying tradeoffs that are rarely considered, if at all acknowledged. While random search is arguably the most popular open loop method and chooses each x k independently of {x i } k−1 i=1 , it is by no means the only choice. In many ways uniform random search is the least interesting of the methods we will discuss because we will advocate for methods where x k depends on {x i } k−1 i=1 to promote diversity. In particular, we will focus on drawing {x i } k i=1 from a k-determinantal point process (DPP) (Kulesza et al., 2012) . We introduce a sampling algorithm which allows DPPs to support real, integer, and categorical dimensions, any of which may have a tree structure, and we describe connections between DPPs and Gaussian processes (GPs).

In particular, we will focus on drawing {x i } k i=1 from a k-determinantal point process (DPP).


In order to appraise different transport strategies, a set of objectives must be defined against which the policies are appraised. The objectives of our case study cities are based on suggestions made in the UK Government's White Paper on the Future of Transport (DETR, 1998a,b) . Based on this, we agreed with the cities to use sustainability as an overarching objective, and took the six underlying policy objectives to be: † protection of the environment † safety and severity of traffic accidents † economic efficiency † equity and social inclusion † contribution to economic growth † intergenerational equity Traditionally, strategies are assessed using a cost benefit analysis (CBA); however, the local authorities have more recently moved to a target-based approach in response to national guidelines for monitoring impacts. We have thus also developed an alternative approach to CBA which is based on goal achievement with respect to targets for indicators which reflect the policy objectives stated above. A full comparison of policies resulting from these two appraisal approaches is presented elsewhere (Emberger et al., 2003) .

A full comparison of policies resulting from these two appraisal approaches is presented elsewhere.