However, each of the communicating devices has it owns limited range. Due to this, sometimes the data exchange between nodes may not be successful across the network. Thus, multiple 'hops' networks are needed to exchange data across the network In order to do so, a routing protocol is needed where each node in the networks will act as a router to find the destination node. In general, traditional routing protocol used in wired network cannot be applied directly to wireless and mobile network [2] . There are several considerations are needed before embark on the development of a protocol for a wireless network which is on-trivial due to nodes high mobility [2] . There are many of routing protocol that had been proposed by researches such as Ad Hoc OnDemand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and etc. However, most of the existing protocol suffered from high overhead network traffic. This paper introduced a new method for ad hoc routing that utilized less overhead network traffic and less computational resources by extending the existing protocol, Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). The simulation is done using the OMNET++ simulation software for three nodes. In this paper, there are two types of environment which are with and without obstacles with different distance and different size of data are done for the ARP and AODV protocol.

In general, traditional routing protocol used in wired network cannot be applied directly to wireless and mobile network.

There are several considerations are needed before embark on the development of a protocol for a wireless network which is on-trivial due to nodes high mobility.


Several ad hoc routing protocols have utilized topology established routing approach [5] . There are three types of topology established routing which are proactive routing, reactive routing and hybrid routing [6] . The proactive routing protocols focuses on the shortest path algorithms are the most active routing protocol. All nodes that are connected will be updated in each of the node's table to maintain the configuration of the protocol and were shared among themselves. Therefore, if there are any changes in the network topology, each node will update its routing table [7] . These types of routing are applied in the link-state routing and distance vector routing.

Several ad hoc routing protocols have utilized topology established routing approach.

There are three types of topology established routing which are proactive routing, reactive routing and hybrid routing.

Therefore, if there are any changes in the network topology, each node will update its routing table.


Recently, an ad hoc network is one of the communication technologies that provide the possibility for wireless devices to communicate directly with others. It provides benefits such as reduction of transmission output and decreased battery consumption. The wireless mesh network has become an exciting research area and a popular commercial application of the ad hoc network [1] . Ad hoc network allows the wireless devices to operate within the range of each other in order to communicate in peer-to-peer fashion without the existing of access point. The network has the ability of self-healing structure and this makes the possibility of failing links in communication low even the communicating devices are removed or added in the network.

The wireless mesh network has become an exciting research area and a popular commercial application of the ad hoc network.


A route request message is transmitted by a node requiring a route of the destination node. As an optimization, AODV uses an expanding ring technique when flooding these messages [13] . Every RREQ carries a time to live value that states for how many hops this message should be forwarded. This value is set to a predefined value at the first transmission and increased at retransmissions. Retransmissions occur if no replies are received. Every node maintains two separate counters which are a node sequence number and a broadcast id. Route reply message is unicasted back to the originator of a RREQ if the receiver is either the node using the requested address, or it has a valid route to the requested address. The reason one can unicast the message back is that every route forwarding a RREQ caches a route back to the originator. Nodes monitor the link status of the next hops in active route [13] . When a link breakage in an active route is detected, a RERR message is used to notify other nodes of the loss of the link. In order to enable this reporting mechanism, each node keeps a precursor list which contains the IP address for each of its neighbors that are likely to use it as a next hop towards each destination.

As an optimization, AODV uses an expanding ring technique when flooding these messages.

Nodes monitor the link status of the next hops in active route.


Hurricanes, otherwise known as tropical cyclones (TC) or typhoons, are among the most destructive natural phenomena impacting the oceans and coastal waters. Tropical cyclone intensity, characterized by the SaffirSimpson scale of sustained winds, is a key parameter that ultimately helps define the potential impact of the surface winds, the extent of storm surge, and the depth of upperocean mixing. While forecasting the track of tropical cyclones has significantly improved in recent decades, TC intensity forecasts remain uncertain in a context where climate models suggest an increase in the frequency of intense TCs (Bender et al. 2007) .

While forecasting the track of tropical cyclones has significantly improved in recent decades, TC intensity forecasts remain uncertain in a context where climate models suggest an increase in the frequency of intense TCs.


In this paper, we propose a novel statistical regression (STAR) algorithm for high-dimensional linear/nonlinear response surface modeling. STAR determines all unknown model coefficients from a set of random samples by moment matching. The proposed moment matching approach is derived from statistics theory [9] , [11] , [13] . It is especially tuned for circuit modeling applications such that a large number of (e.g., 10 3~1 0 5 ) unknown model coefficients can be accurately and efficiently extracted from a small set of (e.g., 10 2~1 0 3 ) sampling points without over-fitting. We theoretically prove that such a momentmatching strategy is optimal where the weighted fitting error is minimized.

The proposed moment matching approach is derived from statistics theory.


As IC technologies are scaled to nanoscale regime, it becomes increasingly difficult to control the variations in manufacturing process [1] . Process variations can be classified into two broad categories: inter-die variations and intra-die variations. Inter-die variations model the common/average variations across the die, while intra-die variations model the individual, but spatially correlated, local variations (e.g., random device mismatches) within the same die. Both inter-die and intra-die variations introduce substantial uncertainty in circuit behavior and significantly impact parametric yield. Hence, accurately modeling and analyzing process variations to ensure manufacturability has been identified as one of the most critical problems for today's IC design.

As IC technologies are scaled to nanoscale regime, it becomes increasingly difficult to control the variations in manufacturing process.


Separate groups of 1-yr-old, well-water-reared LCT were sampled 3 wk (202.3 + 17.5 g [n = 9]) and 5 wk (242.4 + 9.2 g [n = 13]) after exposure to lake water. Data are also reported for 3-4-yr-old cutthroat trout (500.0 + 16.3 g [n = 6]) that had been free-living in Pyramid Lake for approximately 2 yr. These latter trout were netted as they migrated up an artificial spawning channel. All fish from these three groups were held in 500-L tanks provided with flowing lake water for at least 1 wk prior to experimentation. All fish were starved a minimum of 1 wk to minimize variation in N metabolism (Fromm 1963) .

All fish were starved a minimum of 1 wk to minimize variation in N metabolism.


Approach (b) performs the MC simulations in a semi-grand canonical ensemble where the chemical potential difference is fixed and the relative number of each species is allowed to vary [41, 45] . It is initiated by first randomly populating the boundary with the concentration of Au expected for a given chemical potential and thermally equilibrating for 10 ps with NVT MD. After every 25 time steps (or 0.025 ps) the algorithm randomly selects a number of atoms, equal to the initial number of Au atoms, and attempts to swap the species (Pt-Au, or Au-Pt) of each atom individually with the swap success probability governed by the difference in energy adjusted by the difference in chemical potential between the species. The swapping procedure occurred 100000 times attempting to equilibrate the composition, whereupon an additional 50000 cycles were performed over which the composition is averaged. The bulk concentrations are calibrated to the chemical potential difference in separate simulations on bulk lattices.

Approach (b) performs the MC simulations in a semi-grand canonical ensemble where the chemical potential difference is fixed and the relative number of each species is allowed to vary.


The most common pathologic conditions that involve teeth are the periapical lesions, usually composed of solid soft tissue (granulomas) or semisolid, liquefied cystic area (cyst). They are the result of a localized inflammatory reaction to infection within the root canal system reducing mineral density of the affected periapical bone, resulting in resorption identified as radiolucencies in radiographs. It is essential to correctly diagnose these lesions as the choice of treatment is dependent on it [1] . Root canal therapy is accepted as the most effective conservative method for treating periapical lesions [2] . Periapical granuloma may heal without surgical treatment if given the opportunity; however, sometimes it may require surgical removal. It is controversial whether cysts heal with nonsurgical treatment because until a biopsy is taken, the clinician does not know the histologic diagnosis.

It is essential to correctly diagnose these lesions as the choice of treatment is dependent on it.

Root canal therapy is accepted as the most effective conservative method for treating periapical lesions.


There are a number of reasons why it is important to complement experimental data with real-life or observational, data. Firstly, study subjects and protocols in experimental (e. g. randomised controlled trial) settings have often been found to inaccurately reflect the real patient population, i. e., key patient groups and typical care patterns are underrepresented [9] . Secondly, observational studies are able to incorporate a much wider range of potential risk factors, allowing for analysis of more complex comorbidity structures. Thirdly, and more pertinently for the prevention of thrombosis in AF in particular, like many other countries, the Netherlands could well be on the verge of a paradigm shift from VKAs to NOACs as the predominant type of thrombosis prophylaxis. Consequently, comparing adverse event outcomes between these two types of anticoagulation in a real-world setting will become increasingly more important for the provision of good healthcare for patients with AF.

Firstly, study subjects and protocols in experimental (e. g. randomised controlled trial) settings have often been found to inaccurately reflect the real patient population, i. e., key patient groups and typical care patterns are underrepresented.


The lower troposphere (i.e., the altitude range up to 5 km), where more than 80% of particles are concentrated, is the most complex subject for study. It is the altitude range where the majority of sources of particles, aerosol-producing vapors, and the main processes determining aerosol sinks occur. The lower troposphere is characterized by the strongest spatiotemporal variability of almost all parameters because of complex geophysical, synoptic, and meteorological factors. According to the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the current lowest level of scientific understanding in estimates of radiative forcing of different atmospheric constituents is assigned to aerosols [4, 5] .

According to the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the current lowest level of scientific understanding in estimates of radiative forcing of different atmospheric constituents is assigned to aerosols.


Improvement of radiative and chemical transport models of the cloudless atmosphere depends to a large extent on correctly setting the scattering and absorbing properties of atmospheric aerosol [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . However, obtaining accurate quantitative information on the aerosol parameters is very difficult, due to its strong spatial-temporal variations and the great variety of the particles' chemical composition [14] . The modern development of climatic models requires an appropriate level of knowledge about the radiative-relevant optical characteristics, such as the aerosol optical depth, the single scattering albedo, and the asymmetry factor of the scattering phase function. The most important aspect is the relationship between the scattering and absorbing properties of the aerosol [15] . This paper presents the results of modeling the radiative-relevant characteristics of an aerosol containing black carbon (single scattering albedo and asymmetry factor of the scattering phase function). Single scattering albedo is one of the principal parameters determining the aerosol radiative effects. It is the parameter that causes the role of the aerosol in the atmosphere as either a cooling or heating factor. Its magnitude strongly depends not only on the mass ratio of the absorbing and non-absorbing aerosol substance, but also on how and in what size range the absorbing substance is concentrated inside the submicron fraction of particles, which in turn determines the aerosol radiative forcing in the visible wavelength range. Another important parameter is the asymmetry factor of the scattering phase function, which, on average, characterizes the direction of propagation of the scattered radiation [16] [17] [18] .

Improvement of radiative and chemical transport models of the cloudless atmosphere depends to a large extent on correctly setting the scattering and absorbing properties of atmospheric aerosol.

However, obtaining accurate quantitative information on the aerosol parameters is very difficult, due to its strong spatial-temporal variations and the great variety of the particles' chemical composition.

The most important aspect is the relationship between the scattering and absorbing properties of the aerosol.

Another important parameter is the asymmetry factor of the scattering phase function, which, on average, characterizes the direction of propagation of the scattered radiation.


At the final stage, the single scattering albedo and the asymmetry factor of the scattering phase function were computed using the scattering and extinction coefficients at each altitude retrieved using the present model. Figure 6 shows the single scattering albedo (SSA) at different wavelengths for different median radii of the size distribution of the absorbing substance in summer and winter, and Figure 7 presents analogous data on the asymmetry factor of the scattering phase function. Black vertical lines show the columnar mean values of the single scattering albedo and the asymmetry factor obtained from the data measured at the Tomsk AERONET site in summer, averaged over the period 2002-2017 [59] . Unfortunately, there are very few data for winter, so we do not present the comparison for this season.

Black vertical lines show the columnar mean values of the single scattering albedo and the asymmetry factor obtained from the data measured at the Tomsk AERONET site in summer, averaged over the period 2002-2017.


At the final stage, the single scattering albedo and the asymmetry factor of the scattering phase function were computed using the scattering and extinction coefficients at each altitude retrieved using the present model. Figure 6 shows the single scattering albedo (SSA) at different wavelengths for different median radii of the size distribution of the absorbing substance in summer and winter, and Figure 7 presents analogous data on the asymmetry factor of the scattering phase function. Black vertical lines show the columnar mean values of the single scattering albedo and the asymmetry factor obtained from the data measured at the Tomsk AERONET site in summer, averaged over the period 2002-2017 [59] . Unfortunately, there are very few data for winter, so we do not present the comparison for this season. It is seen that in both seasons, the lowest values of SSA are observed in the case of the maximum median radius of the absorbing substance and the highest SSA values are at the minimum median radius r BC . The minimum of the SSA in winter is observed near the ground, because of the highest values of the mass concentration of the absorbing substance in this layer. The range of variations of the SSA in winter is greater than in summer. Furthermore, the range of variations of SSA is greater at altitudes above 1 km than in the near-ground atmospheric layer.


The behaviour constraint model posited three basic steps which are perceived loss of control, psychological reactance and learned helplessness. Initially, the person either loses some degree of control or perceives that he/she has lost control. Later, the person experiences discomfort which is a negative effect and thereby reasserts control over the situation termed psychological reactance (Brehm & Brehm, 1981) . When psychological reactance is unsuccessful, the ultimate consequence after several trials is learned helplessness (Garber & Seligman, 1981) .

Later, the person experiences discomfort which is a negative effect and thereby reasserts control over the situation termed psychological reactance.

When psychological reactance is unsuccessful, the ultimate consequence after several trials is learned helplessness.


Learned helplessness is when one repeatedly experiences a lack of control in altering bad life events. When an unpleasant situation is perceived to be inescapable, humans develop the belief that they are helpless to alter their circumstances by means of any voluntary behaviour. Due to the expectation that one's behaviour has no effect on outcome; the person simply gives up trying to change the outcome (Seligman & Maier, 1967) . Learned helplessness is less severe than death, it often leads to death (Seligman, 1992) .

Due to the expectation that one's behaviour has no effect on outcome; the person simply gives up trying to change the outcome.

Learned helplessness is less severe than death, it often leads to death.


For this work, the contact material is Ru. Previous research has investigated the performance of electrical contacts coated with different materials under cold switching and mechanical cycling conditions. In Au contacts, adhesion was found to be a major issue leading to contacts sticking closed [12] . Au alloys, with better hardness and lower adhesion, were also investigated [13] . Pt, Ir, Ru, Au, and Au alloys were compared [14, 15] . Of these materials, Ru contacts which have undergone oxygen plasma cleaning and have a thin layer of ruthenium oxide have shown excellent performance under cold switching conditions, being resistant to contamination as well as having very low adhesion [15, 16] .

In Au contacts, adhesion was found to be a major issue leading to contacts sticking closed.

Au alloys, with better hardness and lower adhesion, were also investigated.

Pt, Ir, Ru, Au, and Au alloys were compared.

Of these materials, Ru contacts which have undergone oxygen plasma cleaning and have a thin layer of ruthenium oxide have shown excellent performance under cold switching conditions, being resistant to contamination as well as having very low adhesion.


The presence of outliers may considerably affect the performance of MD imputation methods. Different approaches have been proposed in the literature dealing simultaneously with missing data and outliers [22] [23] [24] [25] . However, this is out of the scope of this paper and would deserve future research.

Different approaches have been proposed in the literature dealing simultaneously with missing data and outliers.


Other methods rely on maximum likelihood-based estimations of missing data, like the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm [10] [11] [12] . A more complex method is data augmentation (DA) [10] [11] [12] [13] . DA is a multiple imputation method, i.e. for each missing value several values are imputed randomly, and it requires the computation of prior distributions of the parameters. Both EM and DA are not so widely used as the previous ones (NIPALS or IA). The reason is that the usual chemometrics data sets have strongly correlated variables with a low number of observations. The use of either DA or EM implies the inversion of the covariance submatrix corresponding to the known variables given an observation, which in these data sets often is not feasible due to submatrices are singular. A recent approach for PCA-MB with MD is the nonlinear programming approach (NLP). In this method the PCA model is obtained solving a nonlinear programming problem, in which the errors between the non-missing values and the model estimations are minimised [14] .

Other methods rely on maximum likelihood-based estimations of missing data, like the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm.

A more complex method is data augmentation (DA).

In this method the PCA model is obtained solving a nonlinear programming problem, in which the errors between the non-missing values and the model estimations are minimised.


The two water quality parameters measured by the EXO-2 probe (chlorophyll concentration and BGA concentration) are based on the measurement of the intensity of fluorescence of organic matter particles, illuminated with a beam of light with specific wavelength [13] . This measurement can be disturbed by sunlight penetrating the water layer and entering the sensors measuring the intensity of fluorescence which means that reducing the depth of immersion of the EXO-2 probe can result in significant measurement errors. In order to determine the appropriate conditions for taking chlorophyll and algae concentration measurements, a series of stationary tests were performed at the depths of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 m. The results of these measurements are presented in Table 6 . The evaluation of the significance of the effect of probe immersion depths on the results of measurements of chlorophyll and BGA concentrations in the Sulejow Reservoir requires the acceptance (or rejection) of the hypothesis that the results of measurements at different depths belong to the same population, i.e. that the calculated mean values of parameters measured with the probe immersed at the depth h = 1.5 m, 2.5 m and 3.5 m do not differ in any significant manner.

The two water quality parameters measured by the EXO-2 probe (chlorophyll concentration and BGA concentration) are based on the measurement of the intensity of fluorescence of organic matter particles, illuminated with a beam of light with specific wavelength.


Surface waters of rivers, lakes and artificial reservoirs are subject to anthropogenic impact [1] . For this reason, they should be placed under particular protection and all activities in their vicinity should be well considered, assessed and periodically controlled [2, 3] . Water in artificial reservoirs created by planned actions for various purposes, e.g. as drinking water storage or for tourism, recreation and sports should be of high quality.

Surface waters of rivers, lakes and artificial reservoirs are subject to anthropogenic impact.

For this reason, they should be placed under particular protection and all activities in their vicinity should be well considered, assessed and periodically controlled.


The Sulejow Reservoir was built in the early 1970s. The Reservoir functions are evolving; starting out as a place to store water to what is now an important place for recreation, water sports and a unique and very complex ecosystem with variety of plant and animal species. The Reservoir evolution strongly impacted the local economy, farming, water retention and microclimatic conditions. The water condition is degrading due to unconstrained volumes of pollutants that are draining into the Reservoir, resulting in the excessive growth of blue-green algae [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . This process as harmful and dangerous for every way of using the natural qualities of the reservoir must be assessed, predicted and minimized [9] .

The water condition is degrading due to unconstrained volumes of pollutants that are draining into the Reservoir, resulting in the excessive growth of blue-green algae.

This process as harmful and dangerous for every way of using the natural qualities of the reservoir must be assessed, predicted and minimized.


Consequently, a more revisionist analysis separates North/South relations into three distinct phases over the life of climate negotiations to date. The first is portrayed as consisting of a formal, institutionalised divide through the designation of Convention participants as being either Annex I Parties, i.e. developed countries, or Non-Annex I Parties. The second stage was largely dominated by internal NorthNorth struggles between various alliances either in support of, or reluctant to ratify, the Kyoto Protocol and implement market mechanisms. The third, current, period is one of increasing North-South co-operation around Kyoto implementation. This more contemporary period is nevertheless also commensurate with a fragmentation of Southern interests, culminating in the Copenhagen Accord of 2010. It was at this point in the negotiations that the least developed countries and small island states were separated from the other developing countries, which were required to put in place mandatory climate mitigation measures (Mejı´a 2010) .

It was at this point in the negotiations that the least developed countries and small island states were separated from the other developing countries, which were required to put in place mandatory climate mitigation measures.


In our laboratories, as part of BIOTEX (Biosensing textile for health management) project (http://www.biotex-eu.com/), the first generation of a wearable, wireless sweat analysis system was successfully fabricated and tested [16] . This sensor was integrated into a wearable platform consisting of a black masked case containing a fluid-handing system and an optical detector. A textile-based fluidic system was used to draw and deliver sweat to the sensing area where a pH sensitive dye was incorporated in one end of the polyester/lycra ® blends wicking textile. The colorimetric response of the pH sensitive dye was detected using Light Emitted Diodes (LEDs) integrated and positioned over the fabric channel into the device holder.

In our laboratories, as part of BIOTEX (Biosensing textile for health management) project (http://www.biotex-eu.com/), the first generation of a wearable, wireless sweat analysis system was successfully fabricated and tested.


Sweat is a body fluid naturally produced during physical exercise and emotional stress, and it is essentially a filtrate of blood plasma containing many substances such as sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate, calcium, ammonia and organic compounds, such as glucose and lactate [1] . Sweating is primarily a mechanism of body thermoregulation to avoid dangerous rise in body temperature that correlates with the increases in metabolic rate of the individual. During this physiological process, electrolytes and liquid are excreted by sweat glands via a duct to the outer skin surface.

Sweat is a body fluid naturally produced during physical exercise and emotional stress, and it is essentially a filtrate of blood plasma containing many substances such as sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate, calcium, ammonia and organic compounds, such as glucose and lactate.


The extraction of poles by mode fitting can now be achieved by magVF, followed by delay extraction. A more accurate result for the mode fitting can in general be obtained by simultaneous optimization of poles and delays [20] , [22] . However, that approach is less effective due to the need for calling VF repeatedly.

A more accurate result for the mode fitting can in general be obtained by simultaneous optimization of poles and delays.


Endoscopic therapy can be broadly categorized into injection therapy, thermal coagulation, and mechanical hemostasis. When analyzed separately, mostly in early studies, no single hemostatic technique was found to be superior [5, 6] . That resulted in the consensus statement that all endoscopic techniques are equally efficient, and the decision of which one to use should be based on its availability and the personal experience/preference of the endoscopist [7, 8] .

When analyzed separately, mostly in early studies, no single hemostatic technique was found to be superior.

That resulted in the consensus statement that all endoscopic techniques are equally efficient, and the decision of which one to use should be based on its availability and the personal experience/preference of the endoscopist.


Epinephrine alone induces vessel compression, vasoconstriction, and platelet aggregation, but does not induce vessel thrombosis. Therefore the addition of sclerosing agents such as ethanol, ethanolamine or polidocanol would be advantageous in theory. Despite the theoretical advantage of sclerosant agents, previous clinical trials demonstrated no significant benefit of combination therapy compared to epinephrine alone [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . It is likely that this is the result of the small number of patients in some of the above studies, combined with the fact that epinephrine monotherapy is in most cases adequate to control acute ulcer bleeding. This possibility is highlighted in two recent meta-analyses that examined combination therapy versus monotherapy in the endoscopic treatment of high-risk bleeding ulcers [9, 12] . Both studies examined separately the trials that compared epinephrine versus epinephrine and a second injected agent. They considered a total of 11 and 10 trials involving 1,135 and 1,075 patients respectively, and they consistently report a significant reduction in the recurrence risk when dual injection therapy was used [9, 12] .

Despite the theoretical advantage of sclerosant agents, previous clinical trials demonstrated no significant benefit of combination therapy compared to epinephrine alone.

This possibility is highlighted in two recent meta-analyses that examined combination therapy versus monotherapy in the endoscopic treatment of high-risk bleeding ulcers.

They considered a total of 11 and 10 trials involving 1,135 and 1,075 patients respectively, and they consistently report a significant reduction in the recurrence risk when dual injection therapy was used.


Recently, several methods have been proposed to deal with these drawbacks as well as to avoid convolution integration. The Finite Element Method requires the line to be subdivided into a finite number of regions. This allows the telegraph equations to be converted into one-dimensional differential vector equations only related to variable t, and the recursive formulas of each element can be obtained [9] [10] [11] . This method does not need inverse Laplace transform but needs large amount of recursive convolution computation. Waveform relaxation techniques avoid time domain convolution by solving the transmission line equations in the frequency domain and using the faster Fourier transform (FFT) to transform the results back and forth between time and frequency domain at each iteration [12] [13] [14] [15] . However, this requires many data points in order to avoid aliasing effects when very fast signals have to be studied. Recently, growing attention has been devoted to wavelets in applied electromagnetics, mainly for the solution of Galerkin-like problems and as shape functions in the moment method to obtain sparse matrices [16] . These methods still require large amount of computation.

This allows the telegraph equations to be converted into one-dimensional differential vector equations only related to variable t, and the recursive formulas of each element can be obtained.

Waveform relaxation techniques avoid time domain convolution by solving the transmission line equations in the frequency domain and using the faster Fourier transform (FFT) to transform the results back and forth between time and frequency domain at each iteration.

Recently, growing attention has been devoted to wavelets in applied electromagnetics, mainly for the solution of Galerkin-like problems and as shape functions in the moment method to obtain sparse matrices.


This paper has shown that the radial distribution load capability computation can be formulated as a conic quadratic optimisation problem. Such problems can be solved efficiently using interior-point methods [16] . Numerical results indicate that the load capability can be calculated by a commercial interior-point conic optimiser. A byproduct of the conic solution is a static voltage stability index. This index gives a clear measure of the distance to collapse as compared to other previously published indices. Because of high computational speed, this solution method has the potential to be a faster option in SCADA applications. The proposed formulation can be extended to unbalanced three-phase networks.

Such problems can be solved efficiently using interior-point methods.


Nevertheless, the theoretical concepts of any tourism patterns might be proven from academic studies, but distinct dilemmas and challenges are likely encountered in the operation process. Slow tourism experiences the same situations that operational challenges still exist in slow tourism despite that there is clear interpretation of the connotation (Mair 2011; Bâc 2013) . Such slow tourism challenges could be solved through the education of operators and consumers and the construction of industry alliance.

Slow tourism experiences the same situations that operational challenges still exist in slow tourism despite that there is clear interpretation of the connotation.


Slow tourism is an emerging tourism pattern and a good way to promote sustainable development through tourism campaigns. Nevertheless, the selection of slow tourism destinations appears certain restrictions; remote areas and the areas with inconvenient transportation are the most suitable destinations for developing slow tourism (Conway and Timms 2010) . So far, there are not many empirical cases on slow tourism, and the slow tourism promotion in Green Island reveals favorable effectiveness. As a consequence, the slow tourism promotion architecture drawn in this study, under the premise of the destination conditions being suitable for developing slow tourism, could be the reference of slow tourism development.

Nevertheless, the selection of slow tourism destinations appears certain restrictions; remote areas and the areas with inconvenient transportation are the most suitable destinations for developing slow tourism.


Agency is retained through the individual decisions that bounded rational actors can make. In the short term, the combination of decisions of the individual actors in both flows, within the boundaries set by technical options and institutional environment, ultimately determines overall performance. Generally, it is hypothesized that a certain degree of coherence or alignment between the organization of the systemic and market dimensions furthers adequate performance [31] . In the long term, the accumulation of individual activities can lead to an overhaul of the technical and institutional boundaries.

Generally, it is hypothesized that a certain degree of coherence or alignment between the organization of the systemic and market dimensions furthers adequate performance.


Value-sensing is also credited with providing a sense of goodness to young children that allows them to have a basic trust in being. During makebelieve play, children foster a value of sensing and goodness, learning the social skills of sharing, taking turns, and cooperating with one another [29] . A number of research studies have shown that young children who have more opportunities to engage in make-believe play develop more positive emotions and identify an adverse relationship between imaginative play skills and overt manifestations of anger and aggression [26] . Encouraging children to respect one another's ideas and contributions to play, promoting sharing and turn-taking through modeling, and giving children responsibility for caring for materials, toys, and pets also contribute to value-sensing. Furthermore, inviting children to express their thoughts, and involving all children in establishing rules for community building and respectful listening and talking are important during the early childhood years.

During makebelieve play, children foster a value of sensing and goodness, learning the social skills of sharing, taking turns, and cooperating with one another.

A number of research studies have shown that young children who have more opportunities to engage in make-believe play develop more positive emotions and identify an adverse relationship between imaginative play skills and overt manifestations of anger and aggression.


Fowler pioneered contemporary spiritual development in the 1980s, describing eight stages of spiritual development starting with infancy and ending with a universal faith, much like Lawrence Kolberg's moral development stages [38, 39] . In Fowler's view of development, the infant stage is a preliminary stage during which children learn about a spiritual self by discovery and basic trust in people. As young children grow in their ability to form relationships and develop empathy and reciprocity, they also grow in spirituality. During early and middle childhood growth and development, Fowler's stages of spiritual development continue from two to seven years as the intuitive-projective stages. In young children, gross motor, fine motor, and cognitive development are intertwined processes related to the maturation timetables of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Neurons migrate, proliferate, and make complex connections [3] . Young children explore the use of language, fantasy, and imagination, becoming capable of increasingly sophisticated communications. Their thought processes are more intuitive, holistic, and mood-based. Selfdevelopment continues with the beginning awareness of individual feelings and experiences.

Fowler pioneered contemporary spiritual development in the 1980s, describing eight stages of spiritual development starting with infancy and ending with a universal faith, much like Lawrence Kolberg's moral development stages.

Neurons migrate, proliferate, and make complex connections.


The realization that a spiritual dimension to all of life colors young children's whole sense of being and their sense of the world leads to the next developmental implication for fostering spiritual development in young children. Kahn perceived nature, which children innately love, as part of a physical and biological reality that bonds their cognition and culture as well as people's psychological structures across cultures [51, 52] . The natural attraction to nature connects to children's learning and development. When young children take time to experience the wonder and beauty of nature, they are constructing knowledge, becoming more self-aware of their senses, and making sense of real-life experiences as well as the human social world [53] . During the early childhood years, this love of nature directly affects the intel-lectual activities of children's minds, which ultimately shapes their way of knowing about nature [52] . By encouraging children to nurture a respect and care for the natural universe (through enjoying and investigating the wonder of nature), children are empowered to see themselves as an integral part of the world and universe [54] .

Kahn perceived nature, which children innately love, as part of a physical and biological reality that bonds their cognition and culture as well as people's psychological structures across cultures.

When young children take time to experience the wonder and beauty of nature, they are constructing knowledge, becoming more self-aware of their senses, and making sense of real-life experiences as well as the human social world.

During the early childhood years, this love of nature directly affects the intel-lectual activities of children's minds, which ultimately shapes their way of knowing about nature.

By encouraging children to nurture a respect and care for the natural universe (through enjoying and investigating the wonder of nature), children are empowered to see themselves as an integral part of the world and universe.


Finally, children's spirituality enjoys unprecedented freedoms for all young children, to wonder, make new discoveries, experiment, and create new possibilities in their world. The spiritual experiences of children reflect the wide variety of ways they can respond to different environments [7] . As a result, children's feelings, beliefs, attitudes, and experiences, make spirituality a multidimensional construct. To understand children's spirituality fully in a valid and complete, holistic way for all children, methodology must account for the multiple ways children perceive, experience, and express spirituality [2] .

The spiritual experiences of children reflect the wide variety of ways they can respond to different environments.

To understand children's spirituality fully in a valid and complete, holistic way for all children, methodology must account for the multiple ways children perceive, experience, and express spirituality.


The intrinsic power of play is grounded in a sense of awe and wonder for all young children. Play contributes to the wonder and mystery. All children play as they do because they are learning how to live in the world. They are experimenting with life and developing (through trial-and-error) faculties that will enable them to thrive as they grow and develop [22] . Play is not frivolous, rather it greatly enriches children in all developmental domains, including the spiritual domain. Makebelieve play offers tremendous opportunities for wonder, which ranges from awe-inspiring spiritual epiphanies to small moments of being overwhelmed by the color or fragrance of a flower [17] . Wonder surfaces when a child observes leaves falling from trees in autumn and tells a teacher the tree is slowly getting tired, or the first time a child observes snowflakes in winter, or plays with his or her shadow outdoors. These types of mysterysensing moments are timeless. Tillich wrote of the ability to be lost in the moment, to absorb what is happening, and to have the capacity to be open to new perceptions [23] . Knowing is not half as important as feeling. A child's world is full of wonder and excitement. Every mystery solved brings the individual to the threshold of a greater mystery [24] .

They are experimenting with life and developing (through trial-and-error) faculties that will enable them to thrive as they grow and develop.

Makebelieve play offers tremendous opportunities for wonder, which ranges from awe-inspiring spiritual epiphanies to small moments of being overwhelmed by the color or fragrance of a flower.

Tillich wrote of the ability to be lost in the moment, to absorb what is happening, and to have the capacity to be open to new perceptions.

Every mystery solved brings the individual to the threshold of a greater mystery.


The third dimension of children's spirituality is value-sensing, which is experienced via emotion [16] . Donaldson suggested that spiritual enlightenment is an advanced outcome of the education of value-sensing and that this is a link with the way children express their ideas of value in the intensity of everyday experiences of delight and despair [28] . Value-sensing is characterized by a quest for meaning, trust in life, and affirmation of ideas of value or worth expressed in feelings of delight or despair [7] .

The third dimension of children's spirituality is value-sensing, which is experienced via emotion.

Donaldson suggested that spiritual enlightenment is an advanced outcome of the education of value-sensing and that this is a link with the way children express their ideas of value in the intensity of everyday experiences of delight and despair.

Value-sensing is characterized by a quest for meaning, trust in life, and affirmation of ideas of value or worth expressed in feelings of delight or despair.


Spirituality is the craving deep within each human being for meaning. This feeling or experience emerges from time to time when people encounter shades of orange, red, and purple of a sunset or the stage of a magical summer evening, or when Josie, examined the smile and texture of a fish that appeared while she was out walking with her mom and baby sister. Spirituality is manifested in ordinary human activities and concerns, and its definition embraces the ways in which people look for and perceive meaning, purpose, and values, as well as other qualities like beauty, appreciation of nature, fulfillment, happiness, and community [8] . Spirituality influences how people think together, what they value, how they act, and especially, where they place their trust. Beginning at birth, spiritual development involves changes and continues to evolve over each stage of growth. Supporting the development and education of the "whole child," includes consideration of children's spirituality [9] .

Spirituality is manifested in ordinary human activities and concerns, and its definition embraces the ways in which people look for and perceive meaning, purpose, and values, as well as other qualities like beauty, appreciation of nature, fulfillment, happiness, and community.

Supporting the development and education of the "whole child," includes consideration of children's spirituality.


Children's spirituality is inwardly intrinsic and involves growth and change. Because growth and development constantly change, it is impossible to avoid addressing children's spirituality every day in every early childhood classroom. Children seem to reveal a natural spirituality in their sense of wonder, their fantasies and imagination, their play, and their spirit of curiosity [10] . The continual growth of a child's spiritual development begins at infancy and continues throughout adolescence. Changes shape and uplift all areas of a child's holistic, whole development. Spirituality is the human capacity for transformation in which the individual participates, and goes through passages [11] .

Children seem to reveal a natural spirituality in their sense of wonder, their fantasies and imagination, their play, and their spirit of curiosity.

Spirituality is the human capacity for transformation in which the individual participates, and goes through passages.


According to John Dewey, when we view education as growth, we come to see the child "intrinsically" rather than "comparatively" [12] . The school and home, rooted in spirituality, are places that children, teachers, and families feel intrinsically connected; it includes every aspect of being "whole" for a young child. They are also experiencing authentic learning that is not focused on what will be on the next test. Instead, it is learning that leads to a deep sense of joy and fulfillment. Learning from a spiritual perspective is radically different from present approaches to education [13] . This perspective in teaching requires compassion and responsibility for all beings, including oneself. As a result, all children learn virtues in ways that help to maintain positive relations with others, especially with those who share the aim of establishing caring relationships [14] .

According to John Dewey, when we view education as growth, we come to see the child "intrinsically" rather than "comparatively".

Learning from a spiritual perspective is radically different from present approaches to education.

As a result, all children learn virtues in ways that help to maintain positive relations with others, especially with those who share the aim of establishing caring relationships.


Trusting and nurturing relationships are important developmental issues for studying children's spirituality. Children's spiritual needs seem to be closely linked with their social and emotional needs [41] . Requiring a sense of trust and security in their environment, all young children thrive on secure, reliable, and consistent care [42] . Their growth in spirituality involves living and belonging, and building close relationships from the trust created in comfortable environments (both at home and school). Caring family members and teachers can provide secure environments with consistency and routine in which children can grow and develop in all areas to their fullest potential. Fowler described these needs in terms of (a) experiencing well-being through belonging, (b) interrelationships characterized by mutual love and trust, and (c) being cherished and loved as unique and irreplaceable [43] . These qualities constitute the essence of sensitive, responsive relationships that foster secure attachments [44] . Attachment is a reciprocal process for both the young child and family [41] . Its importance for a healthy development and competent functioning in children has been well-established [45] . Providing a safe haven for all young children will give them a sense of trust, and nourish their souls to allow opportunities for spirituality to grow and deepen [46] .

Children's spiritual needs seem to be closely linked with their social and emotional needs.

Requiring a sense of trust and security in their environment, all young children thrive on secure, reliable, and consistent care.

Fowler described these needs in terms of (a) experiencing well-being through belonging, (b) interrelationships characterized by mutual love and trust, and (c) being cherished and loved as unique and irreplaceable.

These qualities constitute the essence of sensitive, responsive relationships that foster secure attachments.

Attachment is a reciprocal process for both the young child and family.

Its importance for a healthy development and competent functioning in children has been well-established.

Providing a safe haven for all young children will give them a sense of trust, and nourish their souls to allow opportunities for spirituality to grow and deepen.


Spirituality during the infant and toddler years builds upon Erik Erickson's theory of trust versus mistrust in early childhood. Erikson believed that at every stage a new miracle unfolds for young children, and this constitutes a new hope and new responsibility for everyone [35] . During the first stage of psychosocial development, a young child's task is to develop a sense of trust in himself or herself, in other people, and in the world around the child. When children develop a strong sense of trust during their first years of life, they are able to form trusting relationships with caregivers and peers.

Erikson believed that at every stage a new miracle unfolds for young children, and this constitutes a new hope and new responsibility for everyone.


A number of child theorists have contributed to current understanding of children's spiritual development, including Erik Erickson [35] . Erickson studied psychosocial development across a lifetime and identified conflicts and crises that are experienced at various stages of development. His work indicated that normal development does not follow a set pattern over time, and acknowledged the importance of trusting relationships and attachments for young children. Jean Piaget studied cognitive development and theory of mind for understanding how young children think [36] . Lev Vygotsky's studies concerning language and thought highlighted the connection between social/cultural interactions and cognitive develop-ment [37] . Lawrence Kohlberg's identification of levels of moral reasoning and James Fowler's stages of faith development also shed light on the awareness and description of spiritual development [38, 39] . James Fowler is largely responsible for opening the door to serious investigation of faith development as a critical piece of human development [40] . Faith is a basic human quality defined as a dynamic pattern of trust in and loyalty to a center of value and to an image of power. Faith involves all of these aspects of human development, and movement from one stage to another, and is not automatic or assured [3] . Fowler's stages of faith seem to reflect the spiritual path of many children raised in Western Christian families [40] . This serves as a reminder for educators to be considerate about expecting children with different backgrounds to fit into certain developmental theories.

A number of child theorists have contributed to current understanding of children's spiritual development, including Erik Erickson.

Jean Piaget studied cognitive development and theory of mind for understanding how young children think.

Lev Vygotsky's studies concerning language and thought highlighted the connection between social/cultural interactions and cognitive develop-ment.

Lawrence Kohlberg's identification of levels of moral reasoning and James Fowler's stages of faith development also shed light on the awareness and description of spiritual development.

James Fowler is largely responsible for opening the door to serious investigation of faith development as a critical piece of human development.

Faith involves all of these aspects of human development, and movement from one stage to another, and is not automatic or assured.

Fowler's stages of faith seem to reflect the spiritual path of many children raised in Western Christian families.


In the last few years, there has been an increasing interest, and awareness, in the whole area of spirituality in education [4] . Part of this stems from the perception that spirituality is an inherent part of human existence and cannot be ignored in educational settings. Unless the development of the mind and body go hand in hand with a corresponding awakening of the soul, the former alone would be a poor, lopsided affair [5] . What exactly is spirituality? Globally, a concern has grown with regard to spirituality in the general public as well as among scholars [6] . Any discussion of spirituality can become a very complicated conversation. Difficult to define, the term spirituality is a broad concept used in many ways in modern society. Writings on the spirituality of children also vary widely in their descriptions and assumptions about spiritual experiences [7] . Spirituality, like identity, frequently emerges as an important concept when education and personal development are considered [8] .

In the last few years, there has been an increasing interest, and awareness, in the whole area of spirituality in education.

Unless the development of the mind and body go hand in hand with a corresponding awakening of the soul, the former alone would be a poor, lopsided affair.

What exactly is spirituality?

Globally, a concern has grown with regard to spirituality in the general public as well as among scholars.

Writings on the spirituality of children also vary widely in their descriptions and assumptions about spiritual experiences.

Spirituality, like identity, frequently emerges as an important concept when education and personal development are considered.


Childhood is often viewed as a unique period that prepares the youngster for adult life [1] . The emerging field of spirituality has enormous potential to achieve a key goal-to understand the developing child who grows outward in small steps or sudden sprints while proceeding ever more steadfastly on his or her own journey towards adulthood [2] . Like growth in other dimensions of life, growth in the spiritual domain follows a broadly recognizable pattern that includes emotional, cognitive, social, and moral interpretations and responses according to early childhood theorists [3] .

Childhood is often viewed as a unique period that prepares the youngster for adult life.

The emerging field of spirituality has enormous potential to achieve a key goal-to understand the developing child who grows outward in small steps or sudden sprints while proceeding ever more steadfastly on his or her own journey towards adulthood.

Like growth in other dimensions of life, growth in the spiritual domain follows a broadly recognizable pattern that includes emotional, cognitive, social, and moral interpretations and responses according to early childhood theorists.


Fundamental to learning, imagination is a cognitive capacity [27] . Imagination is a means by which all young children, both typically developing and children with disabilities, are able to make meaning and sense of their experiences. Imagination creates new discoveries, wonder, inventions, not just in education, but also in life [27] . Dewey considered imagination as the ability to look at things with different lenses as if they could be otherwise [12] . For young children, imagination creates new adventures in play and makes life joyful. Conscious imaginative play for young children reaches its peak from age three to six. Studies of children's ability to enter into fantasy in make-believe play show that children have a powerful capacity for (and enjoyment of) letting go of material reality. When used sensitively, work with the imagination provides a powerful way to discover meanings and values in response to children's experiences, especially experiences for which their language is inadequate [16] . Imagination provides young children with opportunities to transcend the ordinary and discover for themselves the meanings and values of their experiences. The mystery-sensing created in imaginative acts is perhaps as significant in children's responses as what religion is to adults [16] . In children's imagination, seen in their artwork, dramatic play, stories with peers during social play, and even perhaps through their fears, others can gain a glimpse of the mystery of their spirituality. It is during this type of make-believe play that the union of a child's soul and mind emerges.

Fundamental to learning, imagination is a cognitive capacity.

Imagination creates new discoveries, wonder, inventions, not just in education, but also in life.

Dewey considered imagination as the ability to look at things with different lenses as if they could be otherwise.

When used sensitively, work with the imagination provides a powerful way to discover meanings and values in response to children's experiences, especially experiences for which their language is inadequate.

The mystery-sensing created in imaginative acts is perhaps as significant in children's responses as what religion is to adults.


Imagination and creativity are also claimed as expressions of, or forms of, mystery-sensing [25] . Imagination can be regarded as a critical feature of human cognition and information processing [26] . Imagination is a means by which young children are able to make meaning and sense of their experiences. The free use of imagination is evident in children's play, where an old cardboard box can become a car, house, or spaceship. Imagination provides a powerful way to discover meanings and values in response to children's experiences. Imagination may involve elaborated verbal sequences conducted privately in consciousness, or it may take on story-life-forms, such as a reminiscence or wished-for future sequence of events [26] .

Imagination and creativity are also claimed as expressions of, or forms of, mystery-sensing.

Imagination can be regarded as a critical feature of human cognition and information processing.

Imagination may involve elaborated verbal sequences conducted privately in consciousness, or it may take on story-life-forms, such as a reminiscence or wished-for future sequence of events.


Empathy, which supports goodness in children as well as value-sensing, has been described as the basis of moral development, and as the trait that makes us most human [30, 31] . Empathy awakens human interconnection, compassion, and love [17] . Young children's pro-social behaviors may be motivated by empathy, for example, when a young child plays doctor and puts a bandage on another child who has an imaginary injury, or when a peer is the victim of imaginary danger [32] . Theories of mind about empathic motives, expressed by consistent predictions, are related to young children when sharing a snack and helping a friend in distress during play [32] . Research has also shown that all young children are motivated by empathy. For example, when Zahn-Waxler observed the reactions of toddlers to stimulated distress in their mothers, she found that toddlers in turn cried and looked distressed [33] . Research has also indicated that young children who serve as peer intervention agents possess a capacity for empathy-motivating prosocial behavior, such as kindness, forgiveness, and compassion for individual differences [34] . With establishing and maintaining a sense of classroom community within the curriculum, educators implicitly convey to children that they value relationships and healthy interdependence. One way teachers can promote this philosophy in the classroom is to become familiar with early childhood theorists who described the foundations of growth and development. Nourishing the growth of children in all aspects of their lives requires an understanding of human development [7] . Like many dimensions of our lives, faith seems to have a broadly recognizable pattern of development.

Empathy, which supports goodness in children as well as value-sensing, has been described as the basis of moral development, and as the trait that makes us most human.

Empathy awakens human interconnection, compassion, and love.

Young children's pro-social behaviors may be motivated by empathy, for example, when a young child plays doctor and puts a bandage on another child who has an imaginary injury, or when a peer is the victim of imaginary danger.

Theories of mind about empathic motives, expressed by consistent predictions, are related to young children when sharing a snack and helping a friend in distress during play.

For example, when Zahn-Waxler observed the reactions of toddlers to stimulated distress in their mothers, she found that toddlers in turn cried and looked distressed.

Research has also indicated that young children who serve as peer intervention agents possess a capacity for empathy-motivating prosocial behavior, such as kindness, forgiveness, and compassion for individual differences.

Nourishing the growth of children in all aspects of their lives requires an understanding of human development.


Children's spirituality is embedded in meaningful relationships and is actively nurtured for the child, the family, and the larger community, including all peers, teachers, and health professionals. Providing a meaning for participation, spirituality evokes feelings of hope, trust, and inspiration, embodying the human emotion to be connected with something larger than our own egos [15] . Based in consciousness, children's spirituality is universal and characterized by an inner peace. Referring to something more than being alert and mentally attentive, this consciousness is a distinctly reflective meta-cognition, and a degree of awareness on the part of a child of the remarkable nature of his or her mental activity in certain contexts [16] .

Providing a meaning for participation, spirituality evokes feelings of hope, trust, and inspiration, embodying the human emotion to be connected with something larger than our own egos.

Referring to something more than being alert and mentally attentive, this consciousness is a distinctly reflective meta-cognition, and a degree of awareness on the part of a child of the remarkable nature of his or her mental activity in certain contexts.


Many researchers have fabricated zircon reinforced MMCs using different techniques and reported their microstructure and mechanical properties [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . Though, a significant amount of work has been done on zircon composites, review articles are limited. Hence, a detailed review consolidating all the various aspects including possible fabrication methods for the production of zircon reinforced MMCs, their microstructure as well mechanical property characterization such as hardness and wear has been attempted.

Many researchers have fabricated zircon reinforced MMCs using different techniques and reported their microstructure and mechanical properties.


Another cost-efficient multi-cloud storage system is CHARM [28] . Similar to our work, CHARM offers the functionality to find the cheapest storage solution from a set of available cloud storage providers to realize high availability and to avoid vendor lock-in. However, in comparison with our work, the system uses two separate redundancy mechanisms, replication and erasure coding. The system uses the access history of a data object to determine whether the storage cost is lower for one of these two mechanisms. CHARM uses a similar pricing model as Scalia, leading to the same limitations.

Another cost-efficient multi-cloud storage system is CHARM.


Similar to Scalia, RACS uses erasure coding to split data objects into several data object chunks and to store them on several cloud providers [2] . In contrast to Scalia and our work, RACS does not monitor the usage of the data objects. Hence, RACS is not able to take this information into account for finding a cost-efficient data placement.

Similar to Scalia, RACS uses erasure coding to split data objects into several data object chunks and to store them on several cloud providers.


We consider square matrix pencils A(s) = sE − A with E, A ∈ C n×n , which are regular, i.e., det(sE − A) is not the zero polynomial. If det(sE − A) = 0 for all s ∈ C, then the matrix pencil A(s) is called singular. In the numerical treatment of matrix pencils it turns out that regular pencils which are close to a singular one are difficult to handle [16] . It is a hard task to compute canonical forms, because rank decisions seem to be impossible in general.

In the numerical treatment of matrix pencils it turns out that regular pencils which are close to a singular one are difficult to handle.


To make this case, our argument will be presented in the following manner. Section 2 will expand on the theoretical foundations underpinning the SBV social constructivist framework. Section 3 will then draw from this foundation to demonstrate how Felder's critique (and others like it) not only misses the mark, but also validates our perspective. Section 4 focuses policy implications, and section 5 summarizes why the SBV social constructivist framework is valuable for seeking compromise in the face of wicked energy problems, that is problems, often intractable, that span across many agencies, organizations, and public members but also lack easily identified solutions (Weber and Khademian 2008) .

Section 4 focuses policy implications, and section 5 summarizes why the SBV social constructivist framework is valuable for seeking compromise in the face of wicked energy problems, that is problems, often intractable, that span across many agencies, organizations, and public members but also lack easily identified solutions.


Surgical complications after inguinal hernia repair are important to recognize early such that further morbidity can be minimized. The introduction of mesh for the repair of inguinal repair has clearly minimized the rate of recurrence [8] . However, other complications have emerged from the common used of prosthetic materials utilized for the repair of inguinal hernias. In general, about 10% of patients will experience chronic postoperative pain after the repair of an inguinal hernia where mesh has been utilized [8] . Other complications of inguinal hernia repair occur commonly both in the laparoscopic and open approach and include hematomas and seromas (∼8% risk), wound infection (∼1% risk), and rarely testicular atrophy [8] . The use of mesh has also led to other complications that, while rare, may present a complex clinical management [4] .

The introduction of mesh for the repair of inguinal repair has clearly minimized the rate of recurrence.

In general, about 10% of patients will experience chronic postoperative pain after the repair of an inguinal hernia where mesh has been utilized.

Other complications of inguinal hernia repair occur commonly both in the laparoscopic and open approach and include hematomas and seromas (∼8% risk), wound infection (∼1% risk), and rarely testicular atrophy.

The use of mesh has also led to other complications that, while rare, may present a complex clinical management.


Moore found that the three most common categories of recommendations not followed were (1) diagnostic procedures, (2) subspecialty referrals, and (3) laboratory tests. Diagnostic procedures were the least common type of recommendation needing follow-up in our study (4.6% of all recommendations). This difference may be due to the fact that our sample of older, more frail NH subjects may have been thought to need fewer diagnostic procedures as opposed to outpatients in the Moore study [3] . It is also possible that diagnostic procedures were easier to obtain at BMC, and so they were able to occur during the acute hospitalization.

This difference may be due to the fact that our sample of older, more frail NH subjects may have been thought to need fewer diagnostic procedures as opposed to outpatients in the Moore study.


Cockle shell is a natural reservoir of purified aragonite and recently, we have documented a novel method for the synthesis of rod-shaped aragonite nanoparticles from this low-cost and abundant natural resource [6] . However, it has been widely reported that the properties of nanomaterials and nanoparticles are size, shape and morphology dependent [7] . For examples, honey comb gold nanoflakes have superior optoelectronic properties than ordinary gold flakes. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for methodologies for the synthesis of nanoparticles with various morphologies, sizes and shapes to streamline their applications in specialized areas.

Cockle shell is a natural reservoir of purified aragonite and recently, we have documented a novel method for the synthesis of rod-shaped aragonite nanoparticles from this low-cost and abundant natural resource.

However, it has been widely reported that the properties of nanomaterials and nanoparticles are size, shape and morphology dependent.


Another aspect of mukbang watching was its entertainment uses. The reviewed papers and articles emphasized that the sounds produced during mukbang may provide an autonomous sensory meridian response experience for some of the viewers that may lead to happiness and relief and have entertainment value (Choe 2019; Pettit 2019; Woo 2018) . In this scenario, viewers become more interested in the sounds produced by the act of eating than the consumption itself (Schwegler-Castañer 2018) . This observation that mukbang is being watched for entertainment purposes concurs with the studies from other online activity use literature. For instance, individuals engaged in social media use for entertainment purposes (Horzum 2016) . Similarly, the online gaming literature has identified recreation as one of the motives that drives individuals to engage gaming (Demetrovics et al. 2011) . Some youngsters consider pornography watching as entertaining and watch pornography for entertainment in order to cope with their boredom (Rothman et al. 2015) . Mukbang also harbours entertaining elements with different mukbangers who demonstrate a variety of different behaviours. For instance, some mukbangers can entertain in their videos by giving themselves food challenges (e.g., finishing a specific amount of food in a very short period of time), while others may entertain their viewers by engaging in bizarre and unpredictable behaviours, showing odd and extreme eating styles (Hong and Park 2018) .

The reviewed papers and articles emphasized that the sounds produced during mukbang may provide an autonomous sensory meridian response experience for some of the viewers that may lead to happiness and relief and have entertainment value.

In this scenario, viewers become more interested in the sounds produced by the act of eating than the consumption itself.

For instance, individuals engaged in social media use for entertainment purposes.

Similarly, the online gaming literature has identified recreation as one of the motives that drives individuals to engage gaming.

Some youngsters consider pornography watching as entertaining and watch pornography for entertainment in order to cope with their boredom.

For instance, some mukbangers can entertain in their videos by giving themselves food challenges (e.g., finishing a specific amount of food in a very short period of time), while others may entertain their viewers by engaging in bizarre and unpredictable behaviours, showing odd and extreme eating styles.


Another aspect of mukbang watching was its alleged sexual uses. Mukbang watching was theorized to sexualize women's bodies in a way that viewers were more focused on the mukbanger than the food being eaten (Donnar 2017; Schwegler-Castañer 2018) . One of the very few cross-cultural studies regarding mukbang phenomenon found that physical attractiveness of the mukbanger was positively related to viewers' attitude towards mukbang (Pereira et al. 2019) . This relationship may indicate that mukbang has the potential to be a sexual activity for some viewers because sexual arousal is moderately correlated with the watched person's physical attractiveness among both men and women (Sigre-Leirós et al. 2016) . Although, existing studies mostly mentioned sexualization of female bodies, male mukbangers could also have been watched for sexual gratification. Extant literature supports the notion that both men and women engage in unusual sexual fantasies (Joyal et al. 2015) . In fact, some individuals may combine sexual and eating gratifications and form a unique type of fantasy (i.e., feederism). In one study, men and women from general population who were shown neutral and feeding still images while listening to audio recordings of neutral and feeding stories subjectively rated feeding stimuli as more sexually arousing than neutral stimuli (Terry et al. 2012) .

Mukbang watching was theorized to sexualize women's bodies in a way that viewers were more focused on the mukbanger than the food being eaten.

One of the very few cross-cultural studies regarding mukbang phenomenon found that physical attractiveness of the mukbanger was positively related to viewers' attitude towards mukbang.

This relationship may indicate that mukbang has the potential to be a sexual activity for some viewers because sexual arousal is moderately correlated with the watched person's physical attractiveness among both men and women.

Extant literature supports the notion that both men and women engage in unusual sexual fantasies.

In one study, men and women from general population who were shown neutral and feeding still images while listening to audio recordings of neutral and feeding stories subjectively rated feeding stimuli as more sexually arousing than neutral stimuli.


Another important aspect of mukbang watching is its use as a form of vicarious eating. Both academic papers and newspaper articles have theorized that some viewers who are on diets, who love food, and who want to obtain satisfaction from watching the consumption of a wide range of different food watch mukbang videos (Bruno and Chung 2017; Donnar 2017; Hakimey and Yazdanifard 2015) . Watching mukbang appears to help such individuals satisfy food cravings, experience the feeling of binge eating themselves, and have a vicarious satiation via visual and audio stimulation (Choe 2019; Gillespie 2019) . This is in line with the extant literature. For instance, viewers have been reported to achieve vicarious satisfaction from viewing fetish-themed pornography movies (Brennan 2017) . Vicarious viewing serves as a compensation of acts that an individual would never perform in real life and/or as a fulfilment of known experiences regarding the watched act via triggering a memory (Brennan 2017) . Similarly, gaming has also been reported to be preferred as a leisure activity because it provides vicarious satisfaction of making the impossible appear possible (Lee et al. 2016) . Moreover, feeling vicarious satisfaction is an important motive in watching reality television programmes (Kim et al. 2017a) . Consequently, the review of the existing literature suggests that mukbang watching is another online activity that could be used to fulfil virtual satisfaction and compensation.

Both academic papers and newspaper articles have theorized that some viewers who are on diets, who love food, and who want to obtain satisfaction from watching the consumption of a wide range of different food watch mukbang videos.

Watching mukbang appears to help such individuals satisfy food cravings, experience the feeling of binge eating themselves, and have a vicarious satiation via visual and audio stimulation.

For instance, viewers have been reported to achieve vicarious satisfaction from viewing fetish-themed pornography movies.

Vicarious viewing serves as a compensation of acts that an individual would never perform in real life and/or as a fulfilment of known experiences regarding the watched act via triggering a memory.

Similarly, gaming has also been reported to be preferred as a leisure activity because it provides vicarious satisfaction of making the impossible appear possible.

Moreover, feeling vicarious satisfaction is an important motive in watching reality television programmes.


The present review is a first attempt to scope the literature from the lens of psychology and associated disciplines and present information on what has been theorized and discussed concerning the psychological characteristics of mukbang viewers and possible consequences of mukbang watching. One of the most important aspects of mukbang viewing was that individuals appeared to use mukbang to compensate for their unattained real-life social needs. Almost all existing theoretical studies argued that viewers obtained social gratifications from mukbang watching. This was mainly lonely individuals using mukbang to alleviate their social isolation by interacting with a virtual community of a shared interest and developing higher feelings of belongingness. This is in line with the existing literature regarding other online activities which suggest that individuals engage in online activities which facilitate social interaction (Stafford et al. 2004) . For instance, individuals use social media sites to maintain their existing social relationships, meeting new individuals, and socializing (Horzum 2016) .

This is in line with the existing literature regarding other online activities which suggest that individuals engage in online activities which facilitate social interaction.

For instance, individuals use social media sites to maintain their existing social relationships, meeting new individuals, and socializing.


Online gaming platforms provide the opportunity to create strong friendships and emotional relationships because players have the ability to express themselves in ways they might not feel comfortable doing in real life (Cole and Griffiths 2007) . Online gambling has also been found to be affected by social facilitation whereby feeling others' presence while gambling increased gamblers' arousal (Cole et al. 2011) . Furthermore, some studies emphasize the prominent role of mukbanger-viewer connection on mukbang watching. The interaction and emotional relationship established between the mukbanger and viewer appears to facilitate viewers to watch mukbang for social compensation. This is also in line with previous studies showing that emotional connection between the broadcaster and viewers make online videos electronic forms of intimacy that allows broadcasters to create richer social relationships with their audience (Liu et al. 2013; Rosen 2012) .

Online gaming platforms provide the opportunity to create strong friendships and emotional relationships because players have the ability to express themselves in ways they might not feel comfortable doing in real life.

Online gambling has also been found to be affected by social facilitation whereby feeling others' presence while gambling increased gamblers' arousal.

This is also in line with previous studies showing that emotional connection between the broadcaster and viewers make online videos electronic forms of intimacy that allows broadcasters to create richer social relationships with their audience.


These theoretical assumptions on potential consequences of mukbang found in the present review concur with the existing studies that have investigated consequences of other online activities. For instance, in a systematic review of the effects of online gaming, game players were reported to experience enjoyment, feeling of achievement, friendship, and a sense of community as a result of gaming (Sublette and Mullan 2012) . Gambling has been positively related to undesired interpersonal, psychosocial, and financial consequences among adolescents (Ricijas et al. 2016) . Some of the negative consequences of internet pornography consumption were diminishing sexual interest towards potential real-life partners, having an abnormal sexual response, decreased social integration, and elevated conduct problems (Owens et al. 2012; Pizzol et al. 2016; Rothman et al. 2015) .

For instance, in a systematic review of the effects of online gaming, game players were reported to experience enjoyment, feeling of achievement, friendship, and a sense of community as a result of gaming.

Gambling has been positively related to undesired interpersonal, psychosocial, and financial consequences among adolescents.

Some of the negative consequences of internet pornography consumption were diminishing sexual interest towards potential real-life partners, having an abnormal sexual response, decreased social integration, and elevated conduct problems.


Within MPEG-21, only one tool (AdaptationQoS) which is part of the DIA specification deals somehow with the issue of adaptation decision taking. AdaptationQoS supports the selection of optimal parameter settings for media resource adaptation engines that satisfy constraints imposed by terminals and/or networks while maximizing the Quality of Service [14] . Therefore, the relationship between constraints, feasible adaptation operations satisfying these constraints, and associated utilities (qualities) is described for a certain resource. However, these relationships do not cope with the semantics of the actual adaptation process as described within this paper. Furthermore, it provides only relationships for a subset of the possible adaptation operations and is always related to one particular resource. Thus, it reflects only the adaptation possibilities taken into account by the content creator or provider. On the other hand, this information can be used as a decision support mechanism by providing optimal parameter settings within one adaptation step. Additionally, it provides means for describing optimization problems allowing the adaptation engine to achieve suboptimal solutions which is currently not supported by our approach, but will become part of our future work.

AdaptationQoS supports the selection of optimal parameter settings for media resource adaptation engines that satisfy constraints imposed by terminals and/or networks while maximizing the Quality of Service.


Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be imagined as a sheet of carbon atoms turned up into a pipe with a diameter of nanometres [1] [2] [3] . There are two major types of CNTs including single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). SWCNTs are made from numerous concentric layers of turned graphene as shown in Figure 1 . SWCNTs are particularly described by a high feature proportion [4] . Furthermore, their multipurpose physicochemical features facilitate the noncovalent and covalent beginning of several biosensing and biomedicine functions of appropriate entities [5] .

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be imagined as a sheet of carbon atoms turned up into a pipe with a diameter of nanometres.

SWCNTs are particularly described by a high feature proportion.

Furthermore, their multipurpose physicochemical features facilitate the noncovalent and covalent beginning of several biosensing and biomedicine functions of appropriate entities.


Micro end milling has been investigated and analytical and mechanistic models have been developed for better process planning [6] [7] [8] [9] . In laser assisted micro end milling, cutting edge geometry produces ploughing and excessive plastic deformations in thermally softened work material resulting in unsuccessful cutting with side burrs. Preliminary studies of laser assisted micro mechanical machining have demonstrated some benefits to the cutting forces, however, its effect on surface integrity and tool life is still unresolved [10] [11] .

Micro end milling has been investigated and analytical and mechanistic models have been developed for better process planning.

Preliminary studies of laser assisted micro mechanical machining have demonstrated some benefits to the cutting forces, however, its effect on surface integrity and tool life is still unresolved.


TA is a rare large vessel vasculitis and there are few pediatric studies published to date from which to compare with our study results. In our contemporary cohort there is a female predominance similar to other studies [6] . Also, both the mean and median ages of symptom onset (11.5 ± 4.4 and 13 years respectively) were similar to the data presented by Brunner in her review article [6] . Only one of our patients had a positive PPD test, while studies from more endemic regions have reported rates ranging from 29% to 90% [2, 10, 11] . Interestingly, 1 of our patients and 2 patients in Hahn's review of 31 patients from South Africa reported a co-diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer although both had been exposed to total lymphoid irradiation [10] . Inflammatory bowel disease has also been reported multiple times (37 per Kusunoki's literature review) in patients with TA and also in 2 patients in our study [3, 12] . This is possibly related to a genetically-mediated increased propensity for autoimmune-mediated disease processes.

In our contemporary cohort there is a female predominance similar to other studies.

Also, both the mean and median ages of symptom onset (11.5 ± 4.4 and 13 years respectively) were similar to the data presented by Brunner in her review article.

Only one of our patients had a positive PPD test, while studies from more endemic regions have reported rates ranging from 29% to 90%.

Interestingly, 1 of our patients and 2 patients in Hahn's review of 31 patients from South Africa reported a co-diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer although both had been exposed to total lymphoid irradiation.

Inflammatory bowel disease has also been reported multiple times (37 per Kusunoki's literature review) in patients with TA and also in 2 patients in our study.


ANA and SMA are clues for the diagnosis of AIH type 1. They may be consequences of liver injury rather than the cause. They typically lack disease specificity, fluctuate in titer, and variably appear and disappear in individual patients [16] . Eight of our patients with T1D demonstrated high ANA titers without SMA positivity or a clinical or biochemical evidence of liver dysfunction. Thirteen percent of patients with AIH type 1 have only ANA at presentation and SMA develop later in 50% of patients [17] . Interpretation of the significance of ANA reactivity in our patients should be tempered by the fact that ANA reactivity, albeit in low titer, is commonly seen in sera from normal individuals [18] . The presence of autoantibodies, regardless of the titer, does not establish a diagnosis or justify treatment if not supported by other findings [17] . It is possible that autoimmune dysfunction in patients with T1D could have contributed to ANA reactivity, as systemic non-liver autoimmune diseases, like systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome or other connective tissue diseases, are a wellrecognized causes of ANA positivity [19] . However, it seems unlikely that any of the ANA-positive patients in this study have sub-clinical systemic lupus erythematosus as all were anti-double stranded DNA negative. Longterm follow-up of the entire autoimmune spectrum of ANA positive patients, especially those with titres >1/320 is required. This will allow us to determine whether the antibodies are transient findings, following any epigenetic antigenic stimulus or a precursor of an autoimmune systemic disease of pathogenic prognostic significance. Larger confirmatory studies are required to further evaluate the findings of this study.

They typically lack disease specificity, fluctuate in titer, and variably appear and disappear in individual patients.

Thirteen percent of patients with AIH type 1 have only ANA at presentation and SMA develop later in 50% of patients.

Interpretation of the significance of ANA reactivity in our patients should be tempered by the fact that ANA reactivity, albeit in low titer, is commonly seen in sera from normal individuals.

The presence of autoantibodies, regardless of the titer, does not establish a diagnosis or justify treatment if not supported by other findings.

It is possible that autoimmune dysfunction in patients with T1D could have contributed to ANA reactivity, as systemic non-liver autoimmune diseases, like systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome or other connective tissue diseases, are a wellrecognized causes of ANA positivity.


An important limitation of our study is not testing for other serological markers of autoimmune hepatitis: antisoluble liver antigen and anti-liver cytosol type 1 [20] . Therefore, future studies should consider testing for complete panel of AIH-related autoantibodies. Another limitation is the small sample size and lack of a control group to help understand how specific our findings to T1D.

An important limitation of our study is not testing for other serological markers of autoimmune hepatitis: antisoluble liver antigen and anti-liver cytosol type 1.


The basic idea of this novel approach is to use a limited set of potential solutions evolving for a small number of generations, according to some specific evolution strategies (the stochastic step), in subregions of the solution space defined by a branching procedure (the deterministic step). On the other hand, the branching rules, i.e. the rules used to partition the solutions space, are functions of the outcome from the evolution step. This technique has been used to conduct an extensive search for families of potentially interesting transfer trajectories from Earth to Mars, and return, in view of future exploration and colonisation missions envisaged by the Aurora programme [13] . Several types of trajectories have been modelled including: multiple impulsive transfers, low thrust propulsion trajectories and indirect transfers, exploiting gravity-assisted manoeuvres or 3rd body dynamics in order to reduce either the transfer time or propellant consumption.

This technique has been used to conduct an extensive search for families of potentially interesting transfer trajectories from Earth to Mars, and return, in view of future exploration and colonisation missions envisaged by the Aurora programme.


Finding an optimal sensor placement for full-sized networks containing 100000 or more nodes is likely to require parallelization using, for example,the PICO massively-parallel MIP code [3] . Parallel LP solvers are being incorporated into PICO, which will enable the solution of MILPs whose LP solves are too large for workstations. PICO also has facilities for exploiting structure to speed search and reduce the number of subproblems. An analyst can stop the computation early once a solution is provably optimal within a desired tolerance.

Finding an optimal sensor placement for full-sized networks containing 100000 or more nodes is likely to require parallelization using, for example,the PICO massively-parallel MIP code.


The IPs for the datasets in this paper are extraordinarily easy, with most solving at the root or with very few subproblems. We have proved that the problem is NP-complete for general graphs. We conjecture that the formal complexity of the problem is significantly reduced for planar graphs. There may be a (pseudo)polynomial-time algorithm in this case. For example, a number of network partitioning problems are easier for planar graphs than they are for general graphs [6] .

For example, a number of network partitioning problems are easier for planar graphs than they are for general graphs.


Magnetic fields play an important role in a variety of astrophysical processes. For instance, the galactic field affects the dynamics of the galaxy as it confines cosmic rays, influences the dynamics of compact stars and the process of star formation [2] . Large scale magnetic fields are also quite important in quasars, active galactic nuclei and in intercluster gas or rich clusters of galaxies.

For instance, the galactic field affects the dynamics of the galaxy as it confines cosmic rays, influences the dynamics of compact stars and the process of star formation.


In this study, the IER was defined using the C 1 and C 2 of the backscattered signals. Thecurrent findings and explanations are summarized below to support the proposed method: (i) referring to the schematic of an ultrasound imaging system (Figure 2) , ultrasound echo signals are received by a transducer with a specific bandwidth. The received signals are subsequently amplified using the same amplifier stage with a passband that is typically designed to overlap with the transducer bandwidth for amplifying the signals with the same gain; (ii) the results showed that the C 1 and C 2 account for up to 90% of the amplitude of the backscattered signals, demonstrating that the first and second IMFs are the primary components of the original signals; and (iii) the summation of each IMF multiplied by the gain factor equals the signal multiplied using the same gain. For these reasons, it is convincing to define the IER using the first and second IMFs based on the proposed Equations (12) and (13) .

For these reasons, it is convincing to define the IER using the first and second IMFs based on the proposed Equations (12) and.


On the other hand, noise is the other potential issue to influence the IER. The phantom results indicated that the gain independence of IER performs worse when the gain is small, as indicated by the results in Figure 8 . This may be explained by the noise effect on EMD that has been clarified in the previous study [12] . In general, the sources of external noise are numerous and complex, which mainly originate from the environment and user operation such as electromagnetic fields, instrument switching, or personnel contacting. Internal noises come from the electronic components and conduction wires within a system that may be a summation of various noises including thermal noise, shot noise, flicker noise, partition noise, and burst noise [26] . Due to those external and internal noises respectively exhibiting different frequency characteristics, the white noise, the summation of noises from all aspects, is the most commonly encountered electrical noise that affects the characteristics of input and output signals [27] . Smaller gains easily generate significant white noise interference to affect the EMD outcomes. White noise has a large bandwidth (a uniform distribution for an ideal condition) and contains fluctuations at higher frequencies compared with those in the signal. Therefore, noise provides the signal waveform with additional local extrema, thereby altering the probability of detecting local extrema for large-and small-amplitude waveforms in the signals [12] . The waveforms for the large-amplitude oscillations exhibit a relatively steeper slope compared with the small-amplitude waveforms; thus, the extrema of noise may not be conspicuous in the signal. By contrast, for the small-amplitude waveforms, the extrema from noise may be conspicuous and detectable. In this condition, IMF contains severe mode-mixing effects to affect EMD of data [12, 28] . As supported by the results in Figure 7 , the IER decreased with decreasing the SNR (i.e., equivalently increasing the noise interference). Thus, a larger gain and any strategiesfornoise reductionare suggested to improve the measurement error of the IER.

This may be explained by the noise effect on EMD that has been clarified in the previous study.

Internal noises come from the electronic components and conduction wires within a system that may be a summation of various noises including thermal noise, shot noise, flicker noise, partition noise, and burst noise.

Due to those external and internal noises respectively exhibiting different frequency characteristics, the white noise, the summation of noises from all aspects, is the most commonly encountered electrical noise that affects the characteristics of input and output signals.

Therefore, noise provides the signal waveform with additional local extrema, thereby altering the probability of detecting local extrema for large-and small-amplitude waveforms in the signals.

In this condition, IMF contains severe mode-mixing effects to affect EMD of data.