Recent years witnessed the emergence of metamaterials [1] . Metamaterials are synthesized materials in which electron oscillations over electrically small inclusions can result in new electromagnetic properties [1] . There are two main approaches for metamaterial design at microwave (MW) frequencies: the resonance-type approach and the artificial transmission line (TL) approach [2, 3] .

Recent years witnessed the emergence of metamaterials.

Metamaterials are synthesized materials in which electron oscillations over electrically small inclusions can result in new electromagnetic properties.

There are two main approaches for metamaterial design at microwave (MW) frequencies: the resonance-type approach and the artificial transmission line (TL) approach.


Different techniques have been investigated and used in order to produce compact branch-line couplers by decreasing the physical lengths of their branches compared to conventional structures [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . This paper introduces a new technique to produce two miniature hybrid branch line couplers (HBLCs) operate at 2.4 GHz by loaded the complementary shape S-SRRs into the ground plane of the microstrip transmission lines used to implement each branch. The square shape is chosen because of its advantages over conventional SRR as mentioned before.

Different techniques have been investigated and used in order to produce compact branch-line couplers by decreasing the physical lengths of their branches compared to conventional structures.


The incidence of skin cancer is rapidly increasing through-out the world [1] . An estimated 76,250 new cases of invasive melanoma were diagnosed in the US in 2012, with an estimated 9,180 resulting in death [2] . Australia has one of the highest rates of skin cancer in the world. Over 1890 Australians die from skin cancer each year [3] . Melanoma is capable of deep invasion. The most dangerous characteristic of melanoma is that it can spread widely over the body via the lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. Thus, early diagnosis of melanoma is a key factor for prognosis of the disease.

The incidence of skin cancer is rapidly increasing through-out the world.

An estimated 76,250 new cases of invasive melanoma were diagnosed in the US in 2012, with an estimated 9,180 resulting in death.

Over 1890 Australians die from skin cancer each year.

Melanoma is capable of deep invasion.


Stepping-stone attack is a common way for network intruders to conceal their identity. In a stepping-stone attack, the attacker compromises (multiple) hosts as relay machines, constructs a chain of connections through these hosts using remote login such as Telnet or SSH, and then sends attacking commands through this chain to the victim [1] . Because each connection is made by a separate remote login, the next host in the chain can only see the identity of its immediate upper stream neighbor, and the victim only sees the identity of the last host. Therefore, we have to trace back the chain to find the origin of an attack. Such tracing can be overwhelming because of the huge volume and highly dynamic nature of the network traffic.

In a stepping-stone attack, the attacker compromises (multiple) hosts as relay machines, constructs a chain of connections through these hosts using remote login such as Telnet or SSH, and then sends attacking commands through this chain to the victim.


The next section gives a simple example of an eventdriven system of the type we will consider. The example specifies one possible implementation of the trivial alternating bit protocol [1] . Many types of flaws of distributed software applications of this type can be exposed mechanically with the verification technique we will describe. The scope of the verification based checks is substantially more thorough than what can be realized with conventional software testing techniques. We will say more about the nature of the remaining scope limitations in the conclusion of the paper.

The example specifies one possible implementation of the trivial alternating bit protocol.


The CD4 Cell count and HIV status were analyzed individually and in conjunction with the Socio-demographic variables. Analyzing the CD4 cell count individually among HIV Reactive patients, the study reveal an overall mean CD4 Cell count was 337 indicating immune system compromization in terms of CD4 reference levels as well as 350 indicating severe immune compromization in terms In the present study, CD4 cell count was associated with cervical pre cancer lesions and CC, in line with other studies conducted in USA and Kenya. The USA study reported that among CIN II patients CD4 Cell counts were less than 350 and the Kenyan study reported median counts of 239 among women diagnosed with Squamous Intra-epithelial Lesion (McKenzie et al., 2011; Keller et al., 2012) . A recent South African study concluded that there is an increasing risk for cervical lesion progression in women with CD4 Cell counts below 500 (Omar et al., 2011) . The same study found that HAART reduce the risk of cervical progression, clearly emphasizing the role of a low CD4 cell count in cervical progression.

The USA study reported that among CIN II patients CD4 Cell counts were less than 350 and the Kenyan study reported median counts of 239 among women diagnosed with Squamous Intra-epithelial Lesion.

A recent South African study concluded that there is an increasing risk for cervical lesion progression in women with CD4 Cell counts below 500.


This leads to the second area for further work -how to train the classifier. In this study, an assumption was made that training data were available in order to perform supervised training of the classifier. Whilst for the purposes of this research -to evaluate the usefulness of user interactions being derived from network metadata -it was normal to assume and label the traffic, in practice the question of where do these data come from exists. Indeed, this is a common problem across behavioural profiling studies and the wider anomaly detection work performed within Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs). Typically, researchers merely refer to the requirement that at some point (typically at the beginning of use) data are collected and assumed to belong (either to a user or is not anomalous) (Chun, 2016) . For behavioural studies where the system is merely looking to verify an individual, whilst still open to error, this is acceptable (as is the case for anomaly detection in IDSs). However, it is not possible to do so in an identification task -it would require the organization to fix IP addresses to static -which if merely left in place would remove the need for the approach as IP would be a reliable indicator of the user. As such, further work needs to be undertaken in investigating approaches that can cluster interactions through a mix-model approach of both unsupervised and supervised learning. Whilst the focus of this research has been the classification of users without using the source (or user's) IP address, because of mobile devices and DHCP, in practice, the IP address is likely to be static in small time windows (up to a couple of minutes). Therefore, through the use of services with a high recognition performance, to provide a strong confidence of a particular user's IP address, this could then be used to associate any other traffic coming from or to that address within the time window -identifying further traffic which was not identifiable being successfully labelled. The intelligence gleaned from the recognition provides a strong indicator to enable investigators to examine certain aspects of the network traffic.

Typically, researchers merely refer to the requirement that at some point (typically at the beginning of use) data are collected and assumed to belong (either to a user or is not anomalous).


The results have presented a series of analyses that show that the use of user interactions is a reliable means of creating a behavioural profile. The performance achieved in these experiments are certainly in line with if not exceeding in many cases previous research conducted in behavioural profiling (Fridman et al., 2016; Li et al., 2014) . Unfortunately, a direct comparison to prior research in flow-based approaches is not possibly due to the research having focused upon anomaly detection (a 2-class problem) rather than identification (a n-class problem). Additional, prior work is focused upon using the user's IP address within the classifier -something this research specifically sought not to do. However, to provide a basis for understanding the value of interactions versus flows, a further experiment was conducted. The data flows and interactions from the Dropbox service were extracted and processed (inline with the aforementioned experimental methodology in Section 5). The results of the experiment are presented in Table 9 . As can be seen, the interaction-based approach outperforms the flow-based approach by approximately 10% at rank 1 TPIR, with the gap shrinking for tops 3 and 5. This suggests the interaction-based processing provides for a more discriminative feature-set than the flow-based approach.

The performance achieved in these experiments are certainly in line with if not exceeding in many cases previous research conducted in behavioural profiling.


In the same line of research, another experimental comparison was carried out by Tuddenham, who explored the benefits of tangible user interfaces (TUIs) versus multi-touch input, measuring the performance in terms of time and tracking error [5] . Since the explored TUI elements can be used in tangible tabletops, many of their benefits could be applied to tangible surfaces, given that these are a specific TUI type. The comparison explores simple but common basic interface actions found in many multi-touch and tangible surface interfaces focused on acquisition and manipulation issues. This is an important contribution because it provides designers with the information needed to decide between TUIs and multi-touch input on interactive 812 J. Comput. Sci. & Technol., July 2012, Vol.27, No.4 surfaces. It also assesses the value of the tangible element to the user in this type of system, especially in the case of the TUI elements explored in the study, whose physical shape and size perfectly match the characteristics of the virtual counterparts.

In the same line of research, another experimental comparison was carried out by Tuddenham, who explored the benefits of tangible user interfaces (TUIs) versus multi-touch input, measuring the performance in terms of time and tracking error.


Previous ERP research on native speaker subjects has established that a negative increase in voltage around 400 ms post-stimulus is indexed with the processing of semantic anomalies, e.g., errors in truth value (Kutas & Hillyard 1980) . This pattern of electrophysiological activity is referred to as the N400 effect. For the processing of syntactic errors, on the other hand, a positive increase in voltage around 600 ms post-stimulus, referred to as the P600 effect, has been found (Osterhout and Holcomb 1992) . Given that the previously established N400 and P600 effects occur in the 300-500 ms and 500-700 ms time windows, respectively, ANOVAs were conducted on the mean amplitude data of the six subgroups in these time windows.

Previous ERP research on native speaker subjects has established that a negative increase in voltage around 400 ms post-stimulus is indexed with the processing of semantic anomalies, e.g., errors in truth value.

For the processing of syntactic errors, on the other hand, a positive increase in voltage around 600 ms post-stimulus, referred to as the P600 effect, has been found.


Within this context, the classical method of continuous in time data assimilation (i.e. by employing observational measurements obtained continuously in time) consists in inserting the measurements directly into the model as it is integrated in time [9, 12] . For example, in the case of measurements given by projections onto low Fourier modes, one may explore this idea by introducing the low Fourier mode observables into the equation for the evolution of the high Fourier modes [8, 25, 26, 30, 36, 37] . However, in the case when the measurements are collected from a discrete set of nodal points, such approach may present some difficulties, since it is not possible to compute the exact values of the spatial derivatives present in the model.

Within this context, the classical method of continuous in time data assimilation (i.e. by employing observational measurements obtained continuously in time) consists in inserting the measurements directly into the model as it is integrated in time.

For example, in the case of measurements given by projections onto low Fourier modes, one may explore this idea by introducing the low Fourier mode observables into the equation for the evolution of the high Fourier modes.


Flip chip (FC) assembly is becoming a mainstream technology among electronics manufacturers, due to the many potential advantages over conventional surface mount technology including: a lower package profile, the potential to provide a much greater number of (area array) connections and shorter interconnection paths [1] . This packaging method is most obviously exploited in the mobile telecommunications sector where products are significantly smaller, yet far more sophisticated than their predecessors. FC is increasingly being implemented in other electronics sectors where the performance and environmental requirements may be significantly more demanding, and/or where reliability is critical.

Flip chip (FC) assembly is becoming a mainstream technology among electronics manufacturers, due to the many potential advantages over conventional surface mount technology including: a lower package profile, the potential to provide a much greater number of (area array) connections and shorter interconnection paths.


The cavitation erosion phenomenon is the major problem confronting designers and users of high-speed hydrodynamic system. It occurs mostly in fluid-flow machinery, for example pumps, water turbines, marine propellers, also in devices in the chemical and petrochemical industries, in diesel engines and pipelines [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Cavitation erosion is a reason of a drop of efficiency, an increase of noise and a decrease of service life of the systems [2] [3] [4] 6] . Therefore, an interest of investigations of materials resistant to cavitation erosion remains at high level from many years.

It occurs mostly in fluid-flow machinery, for example pumps, water turbines, marine propellers, also in devices in the chemical and petrochemical industries, in diesel engines and pipelines.

Cavitation erosion is a reason of a drop of efficiency, an increase of noise and a decrease of service life of the systems.


Cavitation phenomenon is defined as the process of development and growth of vapor bubbles in fast flowing liquid due to a rapid pressure drop, and then implosions of bubbles at the time of liquid pressure increase [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . During bubble implosion shock wave and micro-jet are formed. Factors contributing to the phenomenon are: flow rate, pressure drop, temperature and chemical activity of liquid and content of dissolved gases or steam in the liquid [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Degradation of materials caused by the multiple impacts of shock waves and micro-jets is called cavitation erosion.

Cavitation phenomenon is defined as the process of development and growth of vapor bubbles in fast flowing liquid due to a rapid pressure drop, and then implosions of bubbles at the time of liquid pressure increase.

Factors contributing to the phenomenon are: flow rate, pressure drop, temperature and chemical activity of liquid and content of dissolved gases or steam in the liquid.


On the MESSENGER spacecraft, fast neutrons were measured with the Neutron Spectrometer (NS) portion of the GRNS ( Goldsten et al., 2007 ) . Although fast neutrons do not yield element-specific data, the derived map of fast neutron flux from Mercury's surface ( Section 4 ) provides full, spatially resolved coverage of Mercury's equatorial region and northern hemisphere. Only Mg/Si and Al/Si maps have comparable coverage. Other datasets have marked gaps in the northern hemisphere (e.g., Fe/Si, Ca/Si, S/Si) or lack coverage south of ∼20 °N (e.g., K, slow neutrons). Fast-neutron data are complementary to slow-neutron data, as certain key elements can cause relatively large variations to slow neutrons (e.g., Cl, Gd, Sm) but have little effect on < A > because of their relatively small concentrations.

On the MESSENGER spacecraft, fast neutrons were measured with the Neutron Spectrometer (NS) portion of the GRNS.


A geriatric facility is always integrated into a specific health system. In this sense, a variable such as the trade power of professionals in the public or private health market should be taken into account in research on professionals' wellbeing. Nevertheless, studies concerning burnout seldom deal with indicators such as ownership of the facility [11] .

Nevertheless, studies concerning burnout seldom deal with indicators such as ownership of the facility.


The beneficial effect of growth promoting feed additives on animals arises from stabilizing feed hygiene and beneficially modulating the gut ecosystem by controlling potential pathogens. Phytogenic compounds have a number of active ingredients and pharmacologically active substances that are beneficial for maintaining health and improving performance of poultry and other livestock species. They are reported to stimulate secretion of digestive enzymes (lipase and amylase) and intestinal mucous in broilers, to stimulate feed digestion, to impair adhesion of pathogens and to stabilize microbial balance in the gut (Lee et al., 2003) . However, effects of phytogenic compounds and their active ingredients are not always observed in terms of performance parameters, as they also affect different metabolic pathways and activity of different body systems.

They are reported to stimulate secretion of digestive enzymes (lipase and amylase) and intestinal mucous in broilers, to stimulate feed digestion, to impair adhesion of pathogens and to stabilize microbial balance in the gut.


The possibility exists that none of the xpr mutants are processing mutants. Processing mutants may be rare or some may be lethal. For example, one type of processing the protease might be expected to undergo would be removal of a signal peptide (Blobel et al., 1979; Perlman & Halvorson, 1981) . It has been suggested that a signal peptidase mutation would be conditionally lethal (Wickner, 1979) .

For example, one type of processing the protease might be expected to undergo would be removal of a signal peptide.

It has been suggested that a signal peptidase mutation would be conditionally lethal.


Evaluation and optimization of a machining system with different configurations are complex processes in the design phase. Therefore, virtual prototyping technology is considered as a promising approach to avoid the traditionally timeand cost-consuming development process [9, 10] . With an iterative process in meeting the performance requirements, the feeding or positioning system of a machine tool or automatic apparatus can be analyzed and redesigned. However, the prototyping technology requires rapid and accurate 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering assessment of the dynamic characteristics of the designed system with all possible design configurations. Generally, an adequate description of the dynamic behavior of a complex mechanical structure can be derived by finite element analysis (FEA) or multibody simulation (MBS) [9, 11] . The former method is widely used for predicting structural static or dynamic behaviors under various loading conditions and for optimizing the structural components in the detailed design phase [12] . The multibody simulation in terms of analytically derived model extends the possibilities for analyzing the motion dynamic characteristics in the time domain taking into account the behavior of the control loops of the drivers [13, 14] .

Therefore, virtual prototyping technology is considered as a promising approach to avoid the traditionally timeand cost-consuming development process.

Generally, an adequate description of the dynamic behavior of a complex mechanical structure can be derived by finite element analysis (FEA) or multibody simulation (MBS).

The former method is widely used for predicting structural static or dynamic behaviors under various loading conditions and for optimizing the structural components in the detailed design phase.

The multibody simulation in terms of analytically derived model extends the possibilities for analyzing the motion dynamic characteristics in the time domain taking into account the behavior of the control loops of the drivers.


In finite element method, the machine structure with linear components can also be appropriately modeled with sufficient accuracy by introducing the modeling schemes of the rolling elements into the analysis model [6, 7] . However, creation of the finite element models for all structure components is a complicated task, especially when the variation in dynamic characteristics with the change in configuration of the structure modules is concerned [11, 15] . The analytically mathematical model is derived based on the assumption that the structural modulus or components are considered as rigid bodies, instead of being considered as the flexible or elastic structures in finite element model. It follows that the analytical model cannot adequately reflect the dynamic characteristics of a real machine, hence leading to inaccurate modeling results, whereas, considering the efficiency in analysis in the initial design phase, development of a simplified analytically mathematical model integrated with dimensional parametric design concept for the machine structure system is necessary. This can be an effective method to help the designer to determine the candidate model from a set of possible designs.

In finite element method, the machine structure with linear components can also be appropriately modeled with sufficient accuracy by introducing the modeling schemes of the rolling elements into the analysis model.

However, creation of the finite element models for all structure components is a complicated task, especially when the variation in dynamic characteristics with the change in configuration of the structure modules is concerned.


However, these mutants containing disulfide bonds may be less flexible, which correlates to their decreased specific activities [24] . Moreover, the N-terminal was the most relevant to the catalytic-and substrate-binding capacity of GH family 11 xylanases [33] . Thus, the activity and k m of Xyn2 C14-52 were influenced a lot by the introduction of the disulfide bond at the N-terminal (Table 3) . However, there was no significant difference of k m between the mutant Xyn2 C59-149 and the wild type. The mutant Xyn2 C59-149 lost 15% of its enzyme activity compared to Xyn2, whereas the mutant Xyn2 C14-52 lost almost 50% of its enzyme activity (Table 3) .

However, these mutants containing disulfide bonds may be less flexible, which correlates to their decreased specific activities.

Moreover, the N-terminal was the most relevant to the catalytic-and substrate-binding capacity of GH family 11 xylanases.


Improving the thermal properties of mesophilic xylanases through genetic engineering is considered an effective approach to obtaining thermostable xylanases [10, 13] . Introduction of a disulfide bond is the most efficient method for improving the stability of a protein and has been widely used in many other proteins [14, 15, 16] . Previous studies on xyalnases indicated that the β-sheet core is a stable structure of GH family 11 xylanases. Moreover, the N-terminal, C-terminal, and α-helix are the most notable differences between thermophilic and mesophilic xylanases [17, 18, 19, 20] . In addition, many studies have successfully improved the thermostability of mesophilic xylanases by connecting the N-terminal, C-terminal, or α-helix [17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25] . However, the connection between the N-terminal, C-terminal, and α-helix and the β-sheet core was barely mentioned in previous studies.

Improving the thermal properties of mesophilic xylanases through genetic engineering is considered an effective approach to obtaining thermostable xylanases.

Introduction of a disulfide bond is the most efficient method for improving the stability of a protein and has been widely used in many other proteins.

Moreover, the N-terminal, C-terminal, and α-helix are the most notable differences between thermophilic and mesophilic xylanases.

In addition, many studies have successfully improved the thermostability of mesophilic xylanases by connecting the N-terminal, C-terminal, or α-helix.


In this work, we introduced two disulfide bonds to connect the N-terminal and the α-helix to the β-sheet core in this study. The disulfide bonds are considered to stabilize the protein structure by decreasing the entropy of the unfolded state. Two of the disulfide bonds separately connected the N-terminal and α-helix to the β-sheet core in two mutant Xyn2. As a result, the half-lives of the Xyn2 . with 10 mM DDT at 4°C for 12 h, the mutants showed a significant decrease (P b 0.05) in residual activity compared to that in the untreated mutants for the same condition, and the wild type enzyme showed no significant difference (P N 0.1). This indicates that the disulfide bond plays an important role in connecting the N-terminal and α-helix to the β-sheet core. This is similar to the packaging of the N-terminal [31] . However, the residual activity of the DDT-treated Xyn2 C59-149 significantly increased (P N 0.05) and that of DDT-treated Xyn2 C14-52 significantly decreased (P b 0.05) compared to the residual activity of DDT-treated Xyn2 (wild type) for the same condition. The DDT-treated Xyn2 C14-52 , Xyn2 C59-149 , and Xyn2 were modeled by the Protein Interactions Calculator server (Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; http://pic.mbu.iisc.ernet.in/job.html) and visualized by the Swiss model program (http://spdbv.vital-it.ch). The results showed that there is an extra aromatic interaction in Xyn2 (Fig. 6A) and the presence of a hydrogen bond in Xyn2 59-149 (Fig. 6B) , which is considered to have a similar role as the disulfide bond that connects the N-terminal and α-helix to the β-sheet core. Similar to the previous study, the packaging of the N-terminal and α-helix to the β-sheet core has the same effect as the packaging of the N-terminal and the α-helix themselves [17, 23, 24, 31, 32] . In addition, the introduction of the disulfide bond in this work has shown a great improvement in alkali resistance, similar to that in the previous study [24] . Moreover, the introduction of the disulfide bond between the N-terminal and β-sheet core has improved the acid resistance, which has been barely achieved in previous studies.

This is similar to the packaging of the N-terminal.

Similar to the previous study, the packaging of the N-terminal and α-helix to the β-sheet core has the same effect as the packaging of the N-terminal and the α-helix themselves.

In addition, the introduction of the disulfide bond in this work has shown a great improvement in alkali resistance, similar to that in the previous study.


Lung cancer is the foremost reason for mortality and morbidity globally and its incidence is vastly increasing [1] . The high mortality rate can be attributed to late diagnosis and increased metastatic potential of the disease. In several cases, multiple metastases from primary lung cancer to different organs develop at a clinically early stage or at the time of diagnosis [2, 3] . Moreover, 30-40% patients with advanced lung cancer develop liver metastases resulting into an increased morbidity and low survival rate [4, 5] . The treatment for metastatic lung cancer clinically consists of systemic therapy encompassing cytotoxic and/or molecularly-targeted agents and palliative radiotherapy for symptomatic management. But the life expectancy of lung carcinoma patients depends on the extent of the disease and the response to chemotherapy [6] . However, currently no curative therapy exists for patients suffering from lung cancer liver metastasis and thus treatment and prevention is of utmost importance for the management of this disease [5, 7, 8] .

Lung cancer is the foremost reason for mortality and morbidity globally and its incidence is vastly increasing.

In several cases, multiple metastases from primary lung cancer to different organs develop at a clinically early stage or at the time of diagnosis.

Moreover, 30-40% patients with advanced lung cancer develop liver metastases resulting into an increased morbidity and low survival rate.

But the life expectancy of lung carcinoma patients depends on the extent of the disease and the response to chemotherapy.

However, currently no curative therapy exists for patients suffering from lung cancer liver metastasis and thus treatment and prevention is of utmost importance for the management of this disease.


Maternal age, education and smoking data were obtained from the interviewer-administered questionnaire completed at recruitment. Maternal education was equivalised to UK standard attainments and participants were included in one of five mutually exclusive categories (full details in the ESM Methods). Maternal smoking was categorised as never, past (but not during this index pregnancy), current/during the index pregnancy. Maternal BMI was calculated from height measured at the time of recruitment and from weight measured at first antenatal clinic, which was abstracted from the antenatal medical records; median (interquartile range) gestational age of the mothers at this booking clinic was 12 (11) (12) (13) (14) weeks. Maternal parity, gestational age (to the last completed week) and infant birthweight and sex were abstracted from the antenatal/obstetric medical records.

Maternal BMI was calculated from height measured at the time of recruitment and from weight measured at first antenatal clinic, which was abstracted from the antenatal medical records; median (interquartile range) gestational age of the mothers at this booking clinic was 12 weeks.


The impact of outdoor conditions on the inner wall and on the indoor temperature and humidity of different rooms is more complex in heritage buildings, which throughout their service life often undergo a number of restorations involving different building materials and construction techniques [4] . Moreover, heritage buildings exhibit wide architectural variability due to the long construction times involved, often measured in decades or even centuries in the case of cathedrals. Such variability can be attributed to factors such as changes in works supervision, the depletion of the initial quarries, alterations the initial design for technical or aesthetic reasons or complete overhauls of architectural style [5] .

The impact of outdoor conditions on the inner wall and on the indoor temperature and humidity of different rooms is more complex in heritage buildings, which throughout their service life often undergo a number of restorations involving different building materials and construction techniques.

Such variability can be attributed to factors such as changes in works supervision, the depletion of the initial quarries, alterations the initial design for technical or aesthetic reasons or complete overhauls of architectural style.


The rainy seasons raise in-wall humidity, a process favoured by gusts of wind [31, 32] . Fig. 9 depicts the wind rose for rainy days in October and November. The façades are highly exposed, for on rainy days the wind was perpendicular to the north, and to a lesser extent, the south façade, albeit at low or moderate wind speed, which was not normally in excess of 5.5 m/s.

The rainy seasons raise in-wall humidity, a process favoured by gusts of wind.


The largest difference in temperature between the south and north walls is induced by solar radiation [2] . The materials used to build these walls have a specific heat (C) of 800 to 1000 J/kg K, but these values may climb to 1500 J/kg K when they are watersaturated, for the specific heat for water is 4186 J/kg K [15, 36, 37] . The south façade masonry can be divided into two clearly distinguishable parts: a 90-cm high rubble stone-clad brick dado and a brick and rubble stone checkerboard wall. The north wall, by contrast, consists primarily of rough limestone rubble with a clay and brick fragment fill. The apse is made of dolostone ashlars. These differences and the presence of moisture in the lower part of the walls determine variations in the heat capacity of the materials and solar heat transfer, both between walls and within each at different heights.

The largest difference in temperature between the south and north walls is induced by solar radiation.

The materials used to build these walls have a specific heat (C) of 800 to 1000 J/kg K, but these values may climb to 1500 J/kg K when they are watersaturated, for the specific heat for water is 4186 J/kg K.

The apse is made of dolostone ashlars.


The monitoring point numbering reflects the positions finally determined after ruling out sites found to be unsuitable or where anomalous mote operation was identified. The motes were fitted with Sensirion SHT11 sensors to record the temperature and humidity inside and outside the wall and then convey the information to a database node. Sensirion SHT11 sensors, which operate at 0-100% relative humidity with an accuracy of ±3.0% and at temperatures of 40 to +125 C with ±0.4 C accuracy, have built-in signal processing elements with a very small footprint and deliver automatically calibrated and digitised readings [29] . The wireless network that monitored conditions inside the walls comprised sensors positioned at depths, measured from inside the church, of 20 cm (motes 2, 4, 6 and 7) or 10 cm in the apse (mote 1). They were placed at heights of 40, 140 and 240 cm from the indoor flooring (Fig. 2b) . The indoor temperature and relative humidity, in turn, were monitored at heights of 40 and 240 cm, with 1-wire/iButton sensors that operated at 0-100% relative humidity with an accuracy of ±5.0% and at temperatures of 20 to +85 C with an accuracy of ±0.5 C.

Sensirion SHT11 sensors, which operate at 0-100% relative humidity with an accuracy of ±3.0% and at temperatures of 40 to +125 C with ±0.4 C accuracy, have built-in signal processing elements with a very small footprint and deliver automatically calibrated and digitised readings.


The humidity in the north wall may rise on rainy days, when the wind blows predominantly from the north, intensifying the impact on that side of the building [33] . Water absorption by the walls was only observed in the sensors positioned at 240 cm, the highest point, for the stone dado around the lower wall hinders water ingress. Nonetheless, rain may induce higher humidity in the stone and brick rubble by significantly affecting the sorptivity of these materials, which in turn generates humidity variations at 140 cm. Rain also favours the absorption of capillary water from the subsoil, which would explain why the lower parts of the wall are permanently saturated. Water is absorbed much more slowly across the apse wall, primarily because of its thickness. Moreover, stone hydraulic behaviour may differ substantially from the behaviour observed in the brick and clay fill in the nave walls.

The humidity in the north wall may rise on rainy days, when the wind blows predominantly from the north, intensifying the impact on that side of the building.


Supplementation with GDP reduced (P=0.048) the number of areas on the foot that lacked sensation from 5.9 ± 1.5 to 4.1 ± 1.3. Moreover, individual evaluation (Table I) showed that 10 patients (55.5%) experienced a reduction in the number of points without sensation after supplementation with GDP. In agreement with these results, supplementation with glutamine has been shown to reduce the loss of neurons in the duodenum of diabetic rats. This effect was attributed to the neuroprotective effect of glutamine which prevents oxidative stress by increasing the availability of reduced glutathione from glutamine (Zanoni et al., 2011) .

This effect was attributed to the neuroprotective effect of glutamine which prevents oxidative stress by increasing the availability of reduced glutathione from glutamine.


Minocycline has anti-inflammatory activities and is used as a disease modifying antirheumatic drug. It has been reported to inhibit T cell activation, gletanisases and other matrix proteases activity and cytokine production in rheumatoid arthritis, thus reducing inflammation [45] [46] [47] [48] . On the other hand indomethacin is purported to produce analgesia and anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of cycloxygenase and prostaglandin synthesis [21, 49] . Since these drugs affect different targets, all involved in inflammation and pain during arthritis, coadministration could result in an enhancement of each other's activity and be more effective at lower doses.

It has been reported to inhibit T cell activation, gletanisases and other matrix proteases activity and cytokine production in rheumatoid arthritis, thus reducing inflammation.

On the other hand indomethacin is purported to produce analgesia and anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of cycloxygenase and prostaglandin synthesis.


The present dogma is that ROS and other redox molecules influence the redox environment and that this leads to the process of oxidative stress, leading to cellular damage [19] . To some extent, this is probably true, with considerations of compartmentalization being taken into account. However, it is argued here that the opposite is also true, that the redox environment of the cell will be a major influence on whether redox signaling molecules persist in the cell and whether they are able to have effects often assigned to them.

The present dogma is that ROS and other redox molecules influence the redox environment and that this leads to the process of oxidative stress, leading to cellular damage.


The economic lot scheduling problem (ELSP) deals with scheduling of multi products on a single machine. In essence, the purpose of ELSP is to minimize the costs of holding and setup while the demand of each product in each cycle is satisfied. The solution involves determining a consistent and repetitive production schedule for all products to meet the necessary demand (Chatfield (2007) ).

The solution involves determining a consistent and repetitive production schedule for all products to meet the necessary demand).


In 2010, electric lighting energy use is estimated to account for 5.42 quad (quadrillion = 10 15 Btu) or 13% of total primary US building energy use (D&R International, Ltd. 2012) . For the commercial building sector, lighting is estimated to account for 3.69 quad of which, it is estimated that 2.21 quad is associated with electric lighting use in perimeter zones located 0-12.2 (0-40 ft) from the building façade during typical daytime work hours (8:00-18:00), excluding non-applicable floor space such as religious worship or vacant space (Shehabi et al. 2013) . With the introduction of useful daylight to perimeter zones, lighting energy use and associated carbon emissions can be reduced. Peak summer demand can be reduced when daylight availability is at its greatest, reducing loads on stressed utility grids.

In 2010, electric lighting energy use is estimated to account for 5.42 quad (quadrillion = 10 15 Btu) or 13% of total primary US building energy use.

For the commercial building sector, lighting is estimated to account for 3.69 quad of which, it is estimated that 2.21 quad is associated with electric lighting use in perimeter zones located 0-12.2 (0-40 ft) from the building façade during typical daytime work hours (8:00-18:00), excluding non-applicable floor space such as religious worship or vacant space.


This condition is akin to ghost condensation [41] . Indeed we will see that our model has much in common with the ghost condensate. In particular, there is a scalar mode with dispersion relation ω 2 = 0 at lowest order in derivatives which becomes dynamical when higher-derivative terms compatible with the symmetries are included. When these higherderivative operators are included, we find similar behavior to ghost condensation, insofar as a new dynamical scalar degree of freedom appears and mixes with gravity. We find a similar Jeans-like instability at large distances (or at low momenta) that is stabilized by higher-order terms in the dispersion relation. This is not problematic, as strong Lorentzviolation effects imply that the instability is suppressed at early times on long distances. Our theory is therefore a consistent infrared modification of gravity. In a sense, our theory is to TDiff theories what the ghost condensate is to GR. We will demonstrate how degravitation works explicitly in this theory using two simple working examples for U (X, Y b). We will present a full and comprehensive analysis of the cosmology of the superfluid in a forthcoming publication.

This condition is akin to ghost condensation.


While these studies provide much of the foundational understanding of stresses and deformation of patterned film/substrate systems, especially those with patterned lines, they are not directly applicable to the situation we consider here -a substrate of comparable thickness to the film. We are motivated primarily by MEMS applications where film layer thicknesses are not only small (on the order of micrometers) relative to in-plane dimensions, but they are often comparable. This can lead to much larger deflections, relative to the thickness of structures, than are observed in microelectronics applications, and make it necessary to include geometric nonlinearity in order to accurately model deformation. Furthermore, the geometric nonlinearity can lead to bifurcations in the deformation behavior for plate-like structures that possess high symmetry. In addition, the curvature, and thus stresses, can vary significantly over the in-plane dimensions of the structure (Finot and Suresh, 1996; Finot et al., 1997; Freund et al., 1999; Freund, 2000; Dunn et al., 2002; Zhang and Dunn, 2004) .

In addition, the curvature, and thus stresses, can vary significantly over the in-plane dimensions of the structure.


Recently, composites using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) dispersed in organic matrices have offered an alternative low-cost method for generating MO materials [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] . Properly surface modified paramagnetic nanofillers, together with selected photomonomers, have resulting in thin film composites with good transparency [40, 41] . To balance the trade-off between high NP loading and decreased transparency, the small particle scattering loss need be taken into consideration and alleviated. For small particles, much smaller than the wavelength of light, Rayleigh scattering predominates; large scattering can arise when there are substantial (> 0.1) differences between the refractive indices of the polymer matrix and inorganic NP. In this case, it is a necessary to use small NPs (< 20 nm) that are evenly distributed in a pore-free polymer matrix [22, 23] . The transmittance of the film follows Beer's law, which is exponentially dependent on both NP concentration and propagation length. Taken together, fine control of the NP fill fraction and dispersion, as well as film thickness, are essential to guarantee adequate film transparency.

Recently, composites using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) dispersed in organic matrices have offered an alternative low-cost method for generating MO materials.

Properly surface modified paramagnetic nanofillers, together with selected photomonomers, have resulting in thin film composites with good transparency.

In this case, it is a necessary to use small NPs (< 20 nm) that are evenly distributed in a pore-free polymer matrix.


Aluminum-lithium (Al-Li) alloys are used commercially in military aircraft and space vehicles in several critical applications. However, there is still an interest in developing the next generation of Al-Li alloy with improved specific strength and damage tolerance and reduced mechanical property anisotropy [1] . This interest stemmed from the fact that each 1 % lithium added to the alloy reduced its density by 3 % and increased the elastic modulus by *5 % [2, 3] . A representative third-generation AlLi alloy is the AF/C 458 alloy, which was developed in 1997 and designated as AA 2099 by the Aluminum Association in 2004 [4] . When compared to its predecessor of 2090, 2099 has fewer planar anisotropy, higher transverse ductility, superior stress corrosion cracking resistance, and excellent toughness, and like 2090, it has superb cryogenic properties [5, 6] .

However, there is still an interest in developing the next generation of Al-Li alloy with improved specific strength and damage tolerance and reduced mechanical property anisotropy.

This interest stemmed from the fact that each 1 % lithium added to the alloy reduced its density by 3 % and increased the elastic modulus by *5 %.

A representative third-generation AlLi alloy is the AF/C 458 alloy, which was developed in 1997 and designated as AA 2099 by the Aluminum Association in 2004.

When compared to its predecessor of 2090, 2099 has fewer planar anisotropy, higher transverse ductility, superior stress corrosion cracking resistance, and excellent toughness, and like 2090, it has superb cryogenic properties.


STATCOM was initially developed for transmission systems to regulate the voltage profile so as to provide reactive power compensation and power factor control; then similar 2 Modelling and Simulation in Engineering concept has been started to be applied to distribution systems [7, 8] . DSTATCOM is used to improve the voltage profile, power factor, and voltage stability of the distribution system. DSTATCOM is a shunt connected voltage source converter (VSC) that can be used to compensate power quality issues [9] . The DSTATCOM is a fast and rapid compensating device which enhances voltage profile and power losses reduction through injection of compensating current into the system [10] . It is advised to place the DG and DSTATCOM units at optimal place with optimal size to achieve maximum benefits of the system. Improper placement of DG and DSTATCOM units will lead to collapse and even endanger the entire system operation [11] . The main objective of DG placement is to compensate the real power, whereas the DSTATCOM placement is to compensate reactive power in the distribution system.

STATCOM was initially developed for transmission systems to regulate the voltage profile so as to provide reactive power compensation and power factor control; then similar 2 Modelling and Simulation in Engineering concept has been started to be applied to distribution systems.

DSTATCOM is a shunt connected voltage source converter (VSC) that can be used to compensate power quality issues.

The DSTATCOM is a fast and rapid compensating device which enhances voltage profile and power losses reduction through injection of compensating current into the system.

Improper placement of DG and DSTATCOM units will lead to collapse and even endanger the entire system operation.


Studies indicated that 10-13% of the total power generation is consumed as 2 losses (real power loss) at the distribution system [2] [3] [4] [5] . Hence, it is necessary to place the compensating devices in the distribution system to reduce power losses and improve the voltages between the buses. In this work, DG and DSTATCOM units are placed simultaneously in the distribution for compensation. There are different benefits of simultaneous allocation of DG and DSTATCOM in the distribution system including reducing system power loss, voltage profile enhancement, power factor correction, load balancing, power quality improvement, on-peak operating costs reduction, releasing the overloading of distribution lines, system stability improvement, pollutant emission reduction, and increased overall energy efficiency.

Studies indicated that 10-13% of the total power generation is consumed as 2 losses (real power loss) at the distribution system.


In recent years Distributed Generation integration plays an important role in distribution system planning which results in major system upgrade, power loss reduction, and voltage profile enhancement and, finally, improving overall system reliability. DG is defined as electricity generation with limited size generator connected to the distribution system. Several factors have been responsible for the appearance of DG in radial distribution system. The environment issues such as reducing the greenhouse effect, reduction of fossil fuel, and current scenario of deregulation of electricity market recommend the requirement for more flexible electric systems [6] .

The environment issues such as reducing the greenhouse effect, reduction of fossil fuel, and current scenario of deregulation of electricity market recommend the requirement for more flexible electric systems.


A lot of research work has been carried out to successfully optimize the siting and sizing problems of DG and DSTATCOM devices when allocated separately. Though, only a single research work has been done in simultaneous allocation of DG and DSTATCOM in the radial distribution networks. The authors have used particle swarm optimization algorithm for the problem of simultaneous placement of DG and DSTACOM with an objective of total power loss minimization [12] .

The authors have used particle swarm optimization algorithm for the problem of simultaneous placement of DG and DSTACOM with an objective of total power loss minimization.


Another example of manmade omniphobic coatings is called "slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS)" [31] . This coating was inspired by the Nepenthes pitcher plant. SLIPS was engineered to enhance the wetting properties of the surface for a low-surface-energy intermediary infused liquid (lubricant) such as DuPont Krytox oil in a fluorinated microstructural roughness. The oil is utilized as a repellent surface for different liquids such as water, blood, crude oil, alcohols, etc. This, in turn, could cause slip effect. Engineered SLIPS could be produced using microfabrications of ordered or disordered roughness. However, the well-matched surface energies of the lubricant and the solid surface is crucial [31] . The lubricant should not only wet the rough substrate but also be more attracted to the solid than the other liquid needed to be repelled. Additionally, both liquids must be immiscible. These surfaces could have an impact in applications requiring significantly low contact-angle hysteresis, self-healing, working under pressure, and anti-fouling.

Another example of manmade omniphobic coatings is called "slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS)".

This, in turn, could cause slip effect.

However, the well-matched surface energies of the lubricant and the solid surface is crucial.


If these anthropogenic trends continue, efforts to sustain species and their population diversity will increasingly include the establishment of in situ and ex situ rescue and conservation populations [4] . The establishment and management of such plant populations can be costly and often involves extensive investments of labor. For example, rescue population establishment includes the collection of appropriate propagules, the preserve restoration sites must be identified, acquired, prepared, and planted, followed by various maintenance, monitoring, manipulation, and harvesting activities [5] . Thus, there is a need to develop technologies that facilitate the success of such rescue-conservation projects.

If these anthropogenic trends continue, efforts to sustain species and their population diversity will increasingly include the establishment of in situ and ex situ rescue and conservation populations.

For example, rescue population establishment includes the collection of appropriate propagules, the preserve restoration sites must be identified, acquired, prepared, and planted, followed by various maintenance, monitoring, manipulation, and harvesting activities.


Factors in our representation correspond to connected components in a previous graphical representation for games, the Multi-Agent Influence Diagrams (MAIDs) of Koller and Milch [11] . MAIDs also capture structure in probabilistic events and directed independence (where one decision is independent of another but not vice-versa), but are more complex and have not been investigated from our perspective of search and approximation. Using our algebraic representation and restricting our model to complete independence enables our two key contributions.

Factors in our representation correspond to connected components in a previous graphical representation for games, the Multi-Agent Influence Diagrams (MAIDs) of Koller and Milch.


Each year during the last five decades an enormous amount of pesticides has been used in agricultural activities. The environmental effect of this use is that the pesticides can be found in important concentrations in surface waters and ground waters because of their physicochemical properties such as Log octanol/ water partition coefficient, hydrolysis, photolysis, adsorption/desorption, mobility, volatility [4, 5] . These concentrations can have an adverse effect on aquatic organisms. Furthermore, pesticides are never observed in aquatic environment alone. Various pesticides that are used in agriculture can be found together in various concentrations in water close to agricultural fields [5] . The existence in the same time of different pesticides may have an additive, antagonistic or synergistic effect on the aquatic life [2] .

The environmental effect of this use is that the pesticides can be found in important concentrations in surface waters and ground waters because of their physicochemical properties such as Log octanol/ water partition coefficient, hydrolysis, photolysis, adsorption/desorption, mobility, volatility.

Various pesticides that are used in agriculture can be found together in various concentrations in water close to agricultural fields.

The existence in the same time of different pesticides may have an additive, antagonistic or synergistic effect on the aquatic life.


The contamination of the aquatic and terrestrial environment with various agrochemicals poses a direct risk of toxic effects on the ecosystem. An integrated evaluation of the environmental impact of agrochemicals requires performance of both physicochemical and ecotoxicological analyses. Ecotoxicological analysis is an important issue for the assessment of chemical contamination and its potential impact on water quality and biota of receiving aquatic ecosystems [1] . Bioassays provide a more direct measure of environmentally relevant toxicity of contaminated systems than chemical analyses, since aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are impacted by numerous chemicals. In addition, single chemicals almost never occur alone in nature; even with products or wastes containing only a few chemicals, the ultimate toxicity is not the sum of the individual toxicities. Phenomena such as e.g. bioavailability, synergistic or antagonistic effects indeed always dictate the ultimate hazard of the mixtures [1] [2] [3] .

Ecotoxicological analysis is an important issue for the assessment of chemical contamination and its potential impact on water quality and biota of receiving aquatic ecosystems.

Phenomena such as e.g. bioavailability, synergistic or antagonistic effects indeed always dictate the ultimate hazard of the mixtures.


In an exploratory analysis, we observed an unexpected independent inverse association between endometrial cancer and a GRS based on BMI-increasing common risk alleles at loci containing MOS genes. We did not observe between-study heterogeneity; each risk variant of the MOS GRS showed an inverse association with risk, and we confirmed the positive association between the MOS GRS and BMI. MOS genes play a physiologic role in neurodevelopment and regulation of the hypothalamic leptin-melanocortin system [35] . To our knowledge, the influence of this pathway on cancer development independent of energy balance has not been established, suggesting our results may be due to chance and require validation.

MOS genes play a physiologic role in neurodevelopment and regulation of the hypothalamic leptin-melanocortin system.


The chlorine atom (Cl q ) acts as a major oxidant that can "jump-start" the photochemistry of the atmosphere (Finlayson-Pitts, 1993) . It oxidizes various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a similar fashion to the hydroxyl radical (OH) but with reaction rates up to 2 orders of magnitude faster, and hence facilitates faster removal of VOCs and formation of ozone (O 3 ) and other oxidants (Atkinson et al., 1999; Chang et al., 2002; Tanaka et al., 2003b) . In the troposphere, Cl q originates from a number of potential sources and the most recognized ones include the reaction of hydrochloric acid (HCl) with OH and photolysis of molecular chlorine (Cl 2 ), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), nitryl chloride (ClNO 2 ) and ClONO 2 (Riedel et al., 2014) . These so-called Cl q precursors are either emitted from anthropogenic activities or formed through chemical activation of stable Cl-containing compounds (Tanaka et al., 2000) . An example of the latter that has been recently demonstrated is the hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide (N 2 O 5 ) on Cl-containing aerosols producing ClNO 2 (Thornton et al., 2010) . Despite ultra-trace ambient abundance, Cl q may play important roles in atmospheric chemistry in a variety of environments (e.g., polar, coastal and inland regions) wherever anthropogenic or natural chlorine sources exist.

The chlorine atom (Cl q ) acts as a major oxidant that can "jump-start" the photochemistry of the atmosphere.

It oxidizes various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a similar fashion to the hydroxyl radical (OH) but with reaction rates up to 2 orders of magnitude faster, and hence facilitates faster removal of VOCs and formation of ozone (O 3 ) and other oxidants.

In the troposphere, Cl q originates from a number of potential sources and the most recognized ones include the reaction of hydrochloric acid (HCl) with OH and photolysis of molecular chlorine (Cl 2 ), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), nitryl chloride (ClNO 2 ) and ClONO 2.

These so-called Cl q precursors are either emitted from anthropogenic activities or formed through chemical activation of stable Cl-containing compounds.

An example of the latter that has been recently demonstrated is the hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide (N 2 O 5 ) on Cl-containing aerosols producing ClNO 2.


As mentioned, the slot waveguide is composed of two high refractive index material (HI) layers separated by a thin film of a lower index material (LI), called the slot region. This provides the vertical confinement in our case. The confinement within the slot is coming from merging of two single-rail modes together (totally decoupled initially). Each single-rail sustains a mode having evanescent tails extending on both sides. When the two rails are close enough the constructive superimposition of their evanescent tails become predominant over the rail mode. A good estimation of this critical distance can be determined by observing the characteristic length 1/γ s of the resulting mode profile inside the slot [1, 15] . The slot thickness has to be smaller than the HI-layers has to be optimized for a specific wavelength in order to prevent light being too much confined in the high index regions. Also note that the propagation constant β depends on the thickness of the HI-layers, and careful simulations have to be performed, taking into account the dependence of the characteristics of the mode with all the geometrical parameters at the same time.

A good estimation of this critical distance can be determined by observing the characteristic length 1/γ s of the resulting mode profile inside the slot.


In some theorems (Proposition 3.1 and 3.4) conditions of ergodicity are formulated in terms of integral sums for the Volkenborn integral, see, e.g., Schikhof [43] . One can expect to find formulations of ergodicity in terms of this integral (playing an important role in number theory). However, at the moment this is an open problem.

In some theorems (Proposition 3.1 and 3.4) conditions of ergodicity are formulated in terms of integral sums for the Volkenborn integral, see, e.g., Schikhof.


Held-out likelihood is generic but it may not provide a satisfactory solution in all cases. First, from a computational standpoint it can be intractable to evaluate the likelihood of data under certain generative models (Bishop, 2006) . In other cases, the model is to be used in a setting where likelihood does not capture every desiderata. In such cases comparing models according to task-specific evaluation metrics may be a better indicator of real-world performance.

First, from a computational standpoint it can be intractable to evaluate the likelihood of data under certain generative models.


The framework for this study is universal decoding [6] . Roughly speaking, a decoder is said to be universal if it performs as well (in terms of error exponents) as a coherent decoder that knows 0. For many problems, universal decoders do not exist. In other problems (roughly speaking, when the complexity of the family of channel distributions parameterized by 0 is sufficiently small), universal decoders may exist. For our problem, this notion of complexity can be Work supported by NSF grant CCR 03-25924.

The framework for this study is universal decoding.


As previously reported, creatine supplementation resulted in greater increases in lean-tissue mass and Type II fiber area than placebo (Burke et al., 2003) . It is difficult to determine whether the greater increase in lean-tissue mass and fiber area with creatine was caused by greater muscle protein accretion. There was a trend (p = .06) for a greater increase in muscle IGF-I content with creatine supplementation than with placebo, suggesting a greater muscle protein synthetic response from creatine and exercise. The greater intramuscular IGF-I content (78%) from creatine supplementation than with placebo (55%) might help explain the differences in muscle mass and exercise performance as previously reported (Burke et al., 2003) . The addition of creatine and subsequent increase in TCr and PCr might have directly or indirectly stimulated production of muscle IGF-I concentration and muscle protein synthesis, leading to muscle hypertrophy.

As previously reported, creatine supplementation resulted in greater increases in lean-tissue mass and Type II fiber area than placebo.

The greater intramuscular IGF-I content (78%) from creatine supplementation than with placebo (55%) might help explain the differences in muscle mass and exercise performance as previously reported.


Additional files 1, 2 and 3: Tables S1a to S1c provide information on the number of GS deaths collected for adults, children and neonates by cause and by diagnostic level. The study protocol defined three levels of cause of death assignment based on the diagnostic documentation: Level 1, 2A and 2B. Level 1 diagnoses are the highest level of diagnostic certainty possible for that condition, consisting of either an appropriate laboratory test or X-ray with positive findings, as well as medically observed and documented illness signs. Level 2A diagnoses are of moderate certainty, consisting of medically observed and documented illness signs. Level 2B was used rarely in place of level 2A if medically observed and documented illness signs were not available but records nonetheless existed for treatment of a particular condition. Details of the clinical and diagnostic criteria for each cause have been published [13] . Of all GS deaths collected, 88% met Level 1 criteria, which we used for all primary analysis. In various sensitivity analyses that have been conducted, the results do not differ when only Level 1 deaths are used compared to all deaths. Because of small numbers of deaths collected for some causes, we were able to estimate causes of death and evaluate the methods for 34 causes for adults, 21 causes for children and 5 causes for neonates plus stillbirths [13] . The choice of the causes used in the study is elaborated elsewhere [13] . The number of neonatal causes evaluated was reduced from 10 to 5, excluding stillbirths, because of the use of combinations of causes that do not map to the International Classification of Diseases and Injuries (ICD). Results from these analyses are presented based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010 cause list, which divides causes of death into three broad groups: communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional disorders; non-communicable diseases; and injuries [22] .

Details of the clinical and diagnostic criteria for each cause have been published.

Because of small numbers of deaths collected for some causes, we were able to estimate causes of death and evaluate the methods for 34 causes for adults, 21 causes for children and 5 causes for neonates plus stillbirths.

The choice of the causes used in the study is elaborated elsewhere.

Results from these analyses are presented based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010 cause list, which divides causes of death into three broad groups: communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional disorders; non-communicable diseases; and injuries.


In practice, the determination of trade-offs between economic and environmental factors is a very difficult task. The main factor complicating the process is that benefits cannot be easily expressed in monetary terms for a direct determination of trade-offs in relevant physical quantities. The optimization techniques currently in practice do not provide a convenient way to solve this type of multiobjective problems. Various assumptions are usually made to make the problem solvable using realistic computational resources. The hybrid approach presented in this paper overcomes this problem by combining the advantages offered by knowledgebased approaches with the strengths of evolutionary computation [9] techniques. Heuristics are used to ensure that all the constraints, both linear and nonlinear, are fulfilled for each member of the genetic population, while the evolutionary algorithm works towards simultaneously optimizing the objective functions to obtain high quality solutions. Together, these two overcome the limitations of the traditional optimization approaches to solve the generation scheduling problem, compounded in complexity by the emission compliance requirements. The principle and algorithm of the proposed method are given in the paper. Test results on a system consisting of 19 thermal generating units are presented.

The hybrid approach presented in this paper overcomes this problem by combining the advantages offered by knowledgebased approaches with the strengths of evolutionary computation techniques.


The modification of bitumen by means of polymers is the most widespread method in flexible pavement applications. The polymers such as Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS), Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) are satisfactorily used to enhance temperature susceptibility by increasing stiffness at high temperature and decreasing stiffness at low temperature [1] [2] [3] [4] . In addition to SBS, various polymers are utilized in bituminous materials. Polyolefins such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP) have been used as modifier, for generally to enhance mechanical properties of bitumen [5] [6] [7] [8] .

The polymers such as Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS), Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) are satisfactorily used to enhance temperature susceptibility by increasing stiffness at high temperature and decreasing stiffness at low temperature.

Polyolefins such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP) have been used as modifier, for generally to enhance mechanical properties of bitumen.


In order to compare AspectJRMI collocation performance with other middleware systems, we have implemented the same experiment using the Java implementation of ICE [6] . Figure 4 presents the speedup generated by collocation in the Windows version of both systems (i.e. the figure shows the ratio of calls/msec when direct collocation is enabled to calls/msec when the optimization is disabled). AspectJRMI speedup was slightly superior to ICE in most of the iterations measured. Since ICE is well-known for its performance and scalability properties -particularly when compared with CORBA systems -we consider very acceptable the performance increment generated by collocation in AspectJRMI.

In order to compare AspectJRMI collocation performance with other middleware systems, we have implemented the same experiment using the Java implementation of ICE.


The increasing use of virtual teams presents a unique challenge for managing human resources (Harvey, Novicevic, & Garrison, 2004) . Thus, our findings have several practical implications for organizations as they revisit their human resource practices in light of the virtual nature of 21st century work. First, from a staffing perspective, organizations that rely on virtual teams should consider integrating emotional intelligence into their current selection system. Although emotional intelligence is frequently conceptualized as an innate ability, recent research suggests that emotional intelligence can be developed over time, meaning that it is trainable skill upon which organizations can capitalize (Ashkanasy et al., 2005) . Thus, in addition to employee selection using emotional intelligence assessments, organizations should invest resources in emotional intelligence training for virtual team members to enhance their current workforce. Organizations that offer emotional intelligence training may be able to increase self-awareness, self-management, and social awareness among employees, and ultimately develop virtual team members who can more effectively handle the challenges created by the virtual environment.

The increasing use of virtual teams presents a unique challenge for managing human resources.

Although emotional intelligence is frequently conceptualized as an innate ability, recent research suggests that emotional intelligence can be developed over time, meaning that it is trainable skill upon which organizations can capitalize.


In one way or another, the launch of major school reforms requires teachers to reconsider how they teach. However, what effects reforms get depend on a wide range of factors (Ryder 2015) . In recent times, compulsory school in Sweden has undergone major changes. This study focuses on the national tests in science education and the assignment of grades to students, both of which were introduced in grade 6 (Y6) in the academic year 2012/2013, along with a new curriculum. We have investigated teachers' responses to the introduction of this centralised control in science education in Y6 as well as what implications these reforms have for teachers' teaching and assessment practices in science education. Interviews with 16 teachers teaching Y6 conducted over the first 3 years after the major reforms introducing national testing and grading were used to perform the investigation.

However, what effects reforms get depend on a wide range of factors.


Sixteen teachers were interviewed, using semi-structured interview protocols (Kvale and Brinkmann 2015) . Interviews were conducted three times during three consecutive years, 2013-2015, starting from the introduction of grading and national tests. In the following, we describe the process of data gathering and data analysis.

Sixteen teachers were interviewed, using semi-structured interview protocols.


An important issue is "duration dependence " a term often used in studies of unemployment to refer to the probability of …nding a job decreasing as the length of a spell of unemployment increases (Lancaster, 1979) . Negative duration dependence in this context indicates how, as the length of the spell of good health increases, the probability of exiting good health decreases. This is re‡ected in the sign and signi…cance of "log sigma"in Figure 3 , which shows that, for the whole sample, while is no duration dependence for mobility problems, log sigma is signi…cant and positive for self-assessed health, indicating negative duration dependence. The likelihood ratio test for heterogeneity, "log theta" con…rms that there is no individual heterogeneity present.

An important issue is "duration dependence " a term often used in studies of unemployment to refer to the probability of …nding a job decreasing as the length of a spell of unemployment increases.


Due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production the salt-induced disturbance in ionic homeostasis causes a spill of secondary effects such as oxidative stress [7, 8] . By entailing some key enzymes like peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (antioxidant enzymes) plants have developed an antioxidative defense system in order to escape from the damaging effects of ROS [7, 9] . Though, by scavenging free radicals an active antioxidative defense system comprising enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants reduces the level of oxidative stress in plant cells [9, 10] . At the cellular level, salt inducing oxidative damage can be determined by malondialdehyde, a lipid peroxidation product, which is accumulated in plants under saline stress [11, 12] .

Due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production the salt-induced disturbance in ionic homeostasis causes a spill of secondary effects such as oxidative stress.

By entailing some key enzymes like peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (antioxidant enzymes) plants have developed an antioxidative defense system in order to escape from the damaging effects of ROS.

Though, by scavenging free radicals an active antioxidative defense system comprising enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants reduces the level of oxidative stress in plant cells.

At the cellular level, salt inducing oxidative damage can be determined by malondialdehyde, a lipid peroxidation product, which is accumulated in plants under saline stress.


In the present study due to salinity stress all wheat genotypes showed decreasing trend in K + content. The reduction in K + was due to the existence of excessive Na + in the growth medium since high external Na content is recognized to have an aggressive effect on K uptake in plant [28] . Regulation of K + uptake and avoidance of Na + entrance, efflux of Na + from cell are the strategies normally used by plants to uphold desirable K and Na ratio in the cytosol. In the present study, the tolerant genotypes are expressing the same trend for K and Na ratios. Genotypes Sehar-06, Lu-26, NARC-09, BARC-09 and Pirsbak-09' (salt-tolerant) relatively higher in accumulating more K than sensitive ones. K and Na ratio is the criterion which is recognized by the scientist and the genetically accepted for salt tolerance. Consequently, the varie-ties maintaining higher K and Na ratio are the salt tolerant and showing positive correlation between grain yield and K and Na ratio. It was concluded that on the basis of less than 40% reduction in yield, five varieties Sehar-06, Lu-26, NARC-09, BARC-09 and Pirsbak-09 were better. One of the early symptoms of salinity stress in plant tissue is the decrease of relative water content (RWC). This reduction of RWC in stressed plants may be associated with a decrease in plant vigor and was observed in many plant species [5] . It was also observed that the tolerant genotypes have higher relative water content, high K and Na ratio, antioxidant enzyme activity and less chlorophyll degradation as compared to sensitive ones. The tolerant genotypes also maintained high grain yield at different salinity levels which is in agreement to the biochemical studies.

The reduction in K + was due to the existence of excessive Na + in the growth medium since high external Na content is recognized to have an aggressive effect on K uptake in plant.

This reduction of RWC in stressed plants may be associated with a decrease in plant vigor and was observed in many plant species.


Our study has several limitations. CVD risk factors could only be assessed once (at baseline) and there is no information about changes in exposures. The found association with mortality can thus be assumed to be conservative, i.e. an underestimation of the "real" magnitude of the effect. Previous sensitivity analyses showed, however, that point estimates for relative risks of CVD risk factors only moderately differed if 10 or 15 years were considered instead of the full follow-up time [29] . An underestimation can also be expected from the fact that we may have included non-fasting persons. In fact, restricting to persons who did not eat four hours (instead of two) before blood sampling resulted in higher risks in virtually all strata (see Additional file 1: Figure A2 ).

Our study has several limitations.

Previous sensitivity analyses showed, however, that point estimates for relative risks of CVD risk factors only moderately differed if 10 or 15 years were considered instead of the full follow-up time.


There are several methods to predict rainfall-runoff. Groundwater level fluctuations are simulated using dendrochronology (tree-rings) and artificial neural network (ANN) to predict drought [10] . Rainfall-runoff modeling was improved in many researches [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . In this study, alert levels for rainfall are calculated without involving any complex aspects.

Groundwater level fluctuations are simulated using dendrochronology (tree-rings) and artificial neural network (ANN) to predict drought.

Rainfall-runoff modeling was improved in many researches.


Conventional cameras fail to capture a proper description of 3D scenes in the real world. In fact, conventional cameras record the summation of all the rays passing through a point and therefore, lose an enormous amount of the angular information [31] . In contrast, plenoptic cameras get samples from different rays passing through each point in the space. To do that, a microlens array is placed at the image plane of a conventional camera, and the CCD is displaced up to the focal plane of the microlenses [30, 32] . In this way, any microlens provides a microimage, which has the information of all the rays passing through the center of the microlens but with different inclination. From the microimages it is possible to compute a collection of perspective images (also known as elemental images) and also to calculate the integral image, that is, the image that is displayed in the plenoptic monitor [33] .

In fact, conventional cameras record the summation of all the rays passing through a point and therefore, lose an enormous amount of the angular information.

To do that, a microlens array is placed at the image plane of a conventional camera, and the CCD is displaced up to the focal plane of the microlenses.

From the microimages it is possible to compute a collection of perspective images (also known as elemental images) and also to calculate the integral image, that is, the image that is displayed in the plenoptic monitor.


Swift development of information technology has facilitated sharing digital images. Consequently, it seems necessary to have some tool to preserve the authors undergoing illegal duplication of digital content [1] . Digital watermarking is to embed the logo, the desired information, into the host image in a way that the watermarked image seems identical to the host one [2] . The basic premise of image watermarking lies on the hypothesis that HVS is unable to identify small modification of the pixels of the host image. In this way, the logo can be embedded into the host image such that it will be very difficult for the HVS to discriminate between the host image and the watermarked one [3] . Importantly, the embedded logo should be as robust as possible against various attacks applied to the watermarked image. In other words, despite how sever is the attack, it should be possible to extract the embedded logo perfectly with minimum or (if feasible) zero error. Other important characteristic is imperceptibility, which implies that the watermarked image should seem identical to the host one such that it is impossible to discriminate between them. Finally, the higher the capacity, the higher amount of information can be embedded via watermarking algorithm. There is always a compromise between the robustness, imperceptibility and ca-pacity [4] . Hence, incorporating all the three aforementioned characteristics in the same watermarking method remains a daunting challenge.

Consequently, it seems necessary to have some tool to preserve the authors undergoing illegal duplication of digital content.

Digital watermarking is to embed the logo, the desired information, into the host image in a way that the watermarked image seems identical to the host one.

In this way, the logo can be embedded into the host image such that it will be very difficult for the HVS to discriminate between the host image and the watermarked one.

There is always a compromise between the robustness, imperceptibility and ca-pacity.


It may be discussed controversially, whether organic evolution is an adaptation or an amelioration process, or neither of those. But, mimicking some rules of that "game of life" has led to powerful optimum seeking algorithms [1] . Three different approaches that emerged in the 1960s have been given the common denominator Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) or Evolutionary Computation (EC) [2] . Together with Neural and Fuzzy Computation, EC has become part of the new field called Computational Intelligence (CI) [3] . The common feature of CI methods is their emphasis on "imitating life" by subsymbolic information processing.

But, mimicking some rules of that "game of life" has led to powerful optimum seeking algorithms.

Three different approaches that emerged in the 1960s have been given the common denominator Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) or Evolutionary Computation (EC).

Together with Neural and Fuzzy Computation, EC has become part of the new field called Computational Intelligence (CI).


Each stage of a dispel4py encoded method is represented as a Python object that takes data from zero or more input streams and emits data on zero or more output streams. Typically it applies a function to units of data taken from the input streams and emits units of data on its output streams. Where the function only uses a small number of data units per function application and where the data units are of modest size the stage can work with a limited memory footprint. Such near-linear stages predominate once the combined expertise has transformed the method into an appropriate form. The connections between stages are also set up in the Python program. When the program is run, a graph is produced, which consists of nodes that perform the operations on data and arcs along which data streams between nodes. That graph is interpreted during development, when processing rates are not usually a priority, and is transformed, optimised and mapped for production runs. That is, if the enactment is local, the normal case during development, the processes in each node, corresponding to stages in the method, are set running, data is streamed into the inputs, consumed and passed along communication channels to the next stage(s), eventually reaching the output stages. The complete graph is choreographed by flow control along the channels (Barker et al., 2009) . Termination occurs for one of three reasons: a) the incoming streams terminate, and the 'end-of-stream' propagates through the nodes and reaches the final outputs; b) a 'no-longerinterested' signal propagates back through the graphthis may save much computation when a user recognises that an output stream is erroneous, c) or a signal to stop is sent to the control software that deployed the graph, for example when expected termination has not occurred.

The complete graph is choreographed by flow control along the channels.


The second approach is the well-known simultaneous localization and mapping method (SLAM). It is a technique that can map the environment and localize the vehicle at the same time [7] . And it can be divided into two kinds of methods.

It is a technique that can map the environment and localize the vehicle at the same time.


Before presenting our proof of the generalized Rogers-Ramanujan identities (1), we must outline our notation and review two important ideas. The first is Andrews' notion of successive Durfee squares which gives a combinatorial interpretation to the left hand side of (1) and (2) . The second is Dyson's proof of Euler's pentagonal number theorem based on his definition of rank.

The first is Andrews' notion of successive Durfee squares which gives a combinatorial interpretation to the left hand side of (1) and.


Normally an animation of an animated object is conducted easily by drawing repeatedly and slightly changeing the position or size. A geometrical simple object can be drawn by means of drawing functions, such as draw-line, draw-rectangle, draw-oval etc. A Problem is raised when there is the need of making an animation of a complicated object by means of drawing functions. Animation of fractal object has many advantages, first it has objects that are easy to be controlled over and it has relatively needed smaller size of animated objects in fractal form than in nonfractal form when those are stored. The second advantage of fractal model is it can be constructed easily to represent a lot of natural objects, such as trees, clouds etc., rather than non-fractal model. The other advantage of the fractal model is it can be zoomed and still has good resolution over the non-fractal model [1] . The IFS (iterated function systems) code sets as the inverse problem of any objects in fractal form contain the scaling, rotation and translation factors of affine transformation and represented by the coefficient-a, b, c, d, e and f [4] . The number of function in a set depends on the complexity of the fractal object. Each transformation equation pin point to the next position of point inside the object that depends on the previous one can be expressed as mathematics expression as presented in the Fig. 1 below. Those code set can be reconstructed become objects of fractal by means of random iteration algorithm and become multi-objects of fractal by means of partitioned-random iteration algorithm. So at any time the position and or the size, and also the form of IFS fractal object can be changed easily simply by drawing many pixels randomly at the position determined by IFS code over and over again. The most remarkable advantage of fractal object is the easy way of its manipulation such as evolutional changes between two slightly different IFS code sets by interpolating of its factors as a metamorphic animation and can exhibit a special effect such as rotational effect around Z-axis perpendicular to the 2D space [10] . There is other kind of rotational effect that will be described in the next section.

The other advantage of the fractal model is it can be zoomed and still has good resolution over the non-fractal model.

The IFS (iterated function systems) code sets as the inverse problem of any objects in fractal form contain the scaling, rotation and translation factors of affine transformation and represented by the coefficient-a, b, c, d, e and f.

The most remarkable advantage of fractal object is the easy way of its manipulation such as evolutional changes between two slightly different IFS code sets by interpolating of its factors as a metamorphic animation and can exhibit a special effect such as rotational effect around Z-axis perpendicular to the 2D space.


Owing to the capability of meeting the need of constantly changing market conditions, batch reactors have been widely used in pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals and bio-tech related industries for producing small amount of various products with high-added-value. Unlike continuous processes, batch processes do not operate at steady state; they are usually operated to follow a desired trajectory as precisely as possible to realize high value-added products. However, due to their intrinsic nonlinear characteristics, the existence of plant/model mismatch and the lack of steady-state operating conditions, the control of batch reactors presents some of the most interesting and challenge problems for control engineers (Berber, 1996) .

However, due to their intrinsic nonlinear characteristics, the existence of plant/model mismatch and the lack of steady-state operating conditions, the control of batch reactors presents some of the most interesting and challenge problems for control engineers.


A common technique used by many transportation agencies for preventive maintenance and/or rehabilitation of both flexible and composite pavements, is simply to construct a thin Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) overlay (Finn and Monismith, 1984) . This approach is designed to protect the existing surface against water intrusion, reduce roughness, restore skid resistance, increase structural capacity, and improve the overall ride quality to the traveling public (Roberts et al., 1996) . However, many HMA overlays prematurely exhibit a cracking pattern similar to that in the old underlying pavement. The cracking in the new overlay surface is due to the inability of the overlay to withstand shear and tensile stresses created by movements concentrated around preexisting cracks in the underlying pavement. This movement may be due to traffic loading causing differential deflections at cracks in the underlying pavement layers, expansion or contraction of subgrade soils, expansion or contraction of the pavement itself due to changes in temperature, or combinations of these phenomena. Pavement movement, induced by any of the above causes, creates shear and/or tensile stresses in the new overlay. When these stresses become greater than the shear or tensile strength of the HMA, a crack develops in the new overlay. This propagation of an existing cracking pattern from the old pavement into and through a new overlay is known as reflective cracking (Cleveland et al., 2002) .

A common technique used by many transportation agencies for preventive maintenance and/or rehabilitation of both flexible and composite pavements, is simply to construct a thin Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) overlay.

This approach is designed to protect the existing surface against water intrusion, reduce roughness, restore skid resistance, increase structural capacity, and improve the overall ride quality to the traveling public.

This propagation of an existing cracking pattern from the old pavement into and through a new overlay is known as reflective cracking.


Some treatments have shown significant delays in the appearance and reductions in the amount and severity of reflective cracks. One frequently used solution is to install an interlayer between the old and new pavements as shown in Figure 1 . To control or delay reflection cracking, many crack interlayer countermeasures have been investigated in the laboratory and the field experimental roads (Monismith and Coetzee, 1980; Kim and Buttlar, 2002; Bozkurt, 2003; Button and Lytton, 1987; Al-Qadi et al., 2004) . For characterizing interlayer products, it is better to distinguish between asphalt based interlayer materials (e. g. stress-absorbing membrane interlayer [SAMI] , sand asphalt) and other types of interlayer products such as reinforcing fiberglass, grids, and fabrics.

To control or delay reflection cracking, many crack interlayer countermeasures have been investigated in the laboratory and the field experimental roads.


In order to effectively attain criticality in citizen science where knowledge acquisition, transfer, and control are optimized through self-organization, we need to reach a collective intelligence that is distributed in a parallel way both in our subjective mind and in objective reality. The cost of data-driven science sometimes depends on the overly weighted objective measurement for complete modelling, which can also hinder the agility of taking actions, and opportunity of effective interaction through internal observation [3] . As explored in this article, if there exist natural laws extended in our collective intelligence-much like the physical law in objective nature-we may count on such topological structure, and it may be possible to take effective guidance through partial and distributed observation. Such a way to organize collective intelligence among independent and parallel activity producers could be considered as a social-environmental expansion of the "intelligence without representation", which is based on the direct interface to the world through perception and action, rather than comprehensive representation of knowledge isolated from the environment [43] . Data acquisition needs to generate potentially effective action strategies, or the affordance under global management principles, instead of modelling the phenomena without essential intervention of actors [44] . This can be described as data-affordance science in contrast to exhaustive data-driven science, in which we substantially depend on the emergent topological structure of inter-subjective objectivity to make decisions in real time, represented at the intersection of the human mind, computation, and natural phenomena. The buoy-anchor-raft model developed as a mutual framework can provide a theoretical basis that expands external observation of conventional science to internal observation necessary for the management and knowledge extraction as a data-affordance science [5, 27] . As a cumulative effect of synergistic efficiency, observation and data processing could diminish within a computable time scale by implicitly augmenting the knowledge representation incorporated into actual action principles. With measurement-action unity as a process of affordance in both data and reality, a cost-effective interface and a human-dependable system could be realized within the framework of internal observation, as a crucial premise for a sustainable solution. The edge of criticality for a successful citizen science-in terms of its nature and resource restriction-could find its limits neither in our internal mind nor external world, but on the topology of these interactions.

The cost of data-driven science sometimes depends on the overly weighted objective measurement for complete modelling, which can also hinder the agility of taking actions, and opportunity of effective interaction through internal observation.

Such a way to organize collective intelligence among independent and parallel activity producers could be considered as a social-environmental expansion of the "intelligence without representation", which is based on the direct interface to the world through perception and action, rather than comprehensive representation of knowledge isolated from the environment.

Data acquisition needs to generate potentially effective action strategies, or the affordance under global management principles, instead of modelling the phenomena without essential intervention of actors.

The buoy-anchor-raft model developed as a mutual framework can provide a theoretical basis that expands external observation of conventional science to internal observation necessary for the management and knowledge extraction as a data-affordance science.


The helicopters are most likely to encounter icing problems due to the lower flight height and slower flight speed. The helicopter rotor blade icing is easy to cause a flight accident because rotor is both the lifting surface and the operating surface. Therefore, the rotor icing problem needs to be studied for all-weather flight helicopters [1] .

Therefore, the rotor icing problem needs to be studied for all-weather flight helicopters.


With regard to a potential strong immunogenicity of these nanovesicles, due to their microbial origin, which might be a serious drawback for their use in vivo, it has already been documented for bacterial derived particles. By contrast, a first in vivo study upon the immunogenicity of Dictyostelium nanovesicles, intravenously injected twice in the tail of Balb/C mice, has shown a specific antibody response, but no pyrogenic response nor any inflammation, as measured by five pertinent cytokines (study performed by Genosafe, Evry, France). This should minimize the risk of undesirable immune responses upon in vivo administration of these biological nanovesicles, such as those triggered by tumor-released exosomes [26] .

This should minimize the risk of undesirable immune responses upon in vivo administration of these biological nanovesicles, such as those triggered by tumor-released exosomes.