Several publications using a challenge test show that it has been difficult to show and interpret changes in health status as judged by changes in challenge-response induced by a nutritional intervention, especially for the less known nutrigenomics based biomarkers [2, 21, 22] . Our used approach would be able to facilitate accurate quantification of health changes as well as allow for intuitive interpretation of the results on a group and individual subject level simultaneously. This was shown for example by the description of the three outlier subjects.

Several publications using a challenge test show that it has been difficult to show and interpret changes in health status as judged by changes in challenge-response induced by a nutritional intervention, especially for the less known nutrigenomics based biomarkers.


Our study joins other previous publications, suggesting various molecular mechanisms for sorafenib resistance in the context of HBV-associated HCC; for example, the expression of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) protein has been found to be elevated in HBV positive HCC cells and its down-regulation by over expressing miR193b restored the pro-apoptotic effect of sorafenib in these cells [24] . On the other hand, another study suggests that sorafenib destabilizes HBx and suppresses HBV replication, thereby maintaining the drug's pro-apoptotic effect even in the presence of HBV [25] . These conflicting results might derive from inherent differences in experimental systems and conditions used in those studies.

Our study joins other previous publications, suggesting various molecular mechanisms for sorafenib resistance in the context of HBV-associated HCC; for example, the expression of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) protein has been found to be elevated in HBV positive HCC cells and its down-regulation by over expressing miR193b restored the pro-apoptotic effect of sorafenib in these cells.

On the other hand, another study suggests that sorafenib destabilizes HBx and suppresses HBV replication, thereby maintaining the drug's pro-apoptotic effect even in the presence of HBV.


Typical XRD patterns (see Fig. S1 in supplementary materials) of spincast Ti 2 CT x films just after spincasting and after storage for a 100 d in a dry N 2 glove box were typical MXene diffractograms in that the (000 l) peaks are downshifted in 2θ , while broadening considerably compared to those of Ti 2 AlC [14] . The lack of any peaks belonging to the latter shows them to be largely free of unetched starting material. As importantly no other oxide peaks can be seen. This is true even after storing in a dry N 2 glove box for 100 d. The c-lattice parameters, c-LP, of these films-2.43 to 2.54 nm are considerably larger than the values obtained when the films are etched in 10% HF, where they are closer to 1.5 nm [35] . This large difference can be attributed to the presence of multiple water layers between the flakes [36] . Interestingly, this intercalated water is present even after storage in the dry N 2 glove box for at least 100 d.

Typical XRD patterns (see Fig. S1 in supplementary materials) of spincast Ti 2 CT x films just after spincasting and after storage for a 100 d in a dry N 2 glove box were typical MXene diffractograms in that the (000 l) peaks are downshifted in 2θ , while broadening considerably compared to those of Ti 2 AlC.

The c-lattice parameters, c-LP, of these films-2.43 to 2.54 nm are considerably larger than the values obtained when the films are etched in 10% HF, where they are closer to 1.5 nm.

This large difference can be attributed to the presence of multiple water layers between the flakes.


To date all work in this area has focused on Ti 3 C 2 T x [8, 9, 31, 32] . Herein, we start to probe the importance of MXene chemistry on the optoelectronic properties of spincast films from aqueous colloidal solutions. Spincasting was the chosen method of producing our films because to date it has shown the largest FOM. Herein, we spincast Ti 2 CT x films and measured their transmittance and conductivity as a function of spin rotation and the solid content in the initial colloidal solutions. The relationships between film properties and processing conditions generated herein provide a map for future applications of this promising new 2D material.

To date all work in this area has focused on Ti 3 C 2 T x.


An SEM micrograph of a top view of a typical Ti 2 CT x film spincast on a glass slide is shown in Figure 2 . The top left inset shows the same at a higher magnification. The top right inset shows a typical cross-section of a ≈ 200 nm thick film. Not surprisingly, these films are quite reminiscent of our Ti 3 C 2 T x spincast films in that for the most part they are quite smooth with what appears to be a small number of multilayer flakes sporadically sprinkled on the surface [32] . At the magnification in Figure 2 , however, the film appears to be quite smooth. Figure 3(a,b) plots the film thicknesses, h, as a function of process variables. Figure 3(a) plots the film thickness, h, on the reciprocal of the spinning speed, ω. A widely used formula in the literature on spincasting relating ω to h, is h = A ω −0.5 , where A is a material-and solventspecific constant. A least-squares fit to a plot of h versus ω −0.5 of our data gives h (nm) = 1280 ω −0.5 , when the fit is forced to pass through the origin. As expected, higher spinning speeds, ω, resulted in thinner films ( Figure  3(a) ). The effects of colloidal solution concentration, c, on thickness at spin speeds of 800 and 3500 rpm are shown in Figure 3(b) . If the least-squares fits of the results are forced through the origin, then at 3500 rpm, h (nm) ≈ 2.95c; at 800 rpm, h (nm) ≈ 6.1c where c is in mg/ml. The dependencies of τ , at 550 nm, of the spincast films on ω and c are shown in Figure 3(c) . Not surprisingly, the faster rotation speeds and lower solid loadings result in thinner films that in turn are more transparent. Varying the spinning speed in the 500-4000 rpm range varies τ in the 43-65% range. The Ti 2 CT x films, spun at 3500 rpm can be increased from 62% to 99.9%, by varying c over the 25-0. 25 mg/ml range, respectively.

Not surprisingly, these films are quite reminiscent of our Ti 3 C 2 T x spincast films in that for the most part they are quite smooth with what appears to be a small number of multilayer flakes sporadically sprinkled on the surface.


Films made of MXene colloidal solutions are typically quite conductive and hydrophilic [14] . If the films are thin enough, they are also transparent [8, 9, 31, 32] . For quantitative comparison of transparent conductors, we use a common figure of merit (FOM), defined as the ratio of the DC conductivity, σ DC , to a quantity termed the 'optical conductivity', σ OP , derived from the optical transmittance [33] .

Films made of MXene colloidal solutions are typically quite conductive and hydrophilic.

If the films are thin enough, they are also transparent.

For quantitative comparison of transparent conductors, we use a common figure of merit (FOM), defined as the ratio of the DC conductivity, σ DC , to a quantity termed the 'optical conductivity', σ OP , derived from the optical transmittance.


Changes in the environment, such as drought, salinity, high or low temperature, are an important factor which affects the growth of crops and the volume of crop yields [1] [2] [3] . Very important legume grown and consumed extensively worldwide is pea [4] . As a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, fibre, vitamins and minerals, peas are important in human nutrition [5] . Pea is the fourth leading legume in terms of consumption in the world after soybean, peanuts and bean [6] . One of the major abiotic stress often occurs in Europe is osmotic stresses induced with polyethylene glycol (within −0.5 MPa). The earliest metabolic change caused by water stress is a decreased amount of polysomes [7] . Once the polysomes have been disaggregated, the plant growth is inhibited due to a slower protein synthesis rate [7] [8] [9] . Considerable reduction in the amount of polysomes in plant tissues is observable after osmotic stress lasting for just 20-30 minutes [10] . Decrease of the content of polysomes in response to abiotic stresses is connected with the process of "switching" the expression of genes from those participating in the growth and development of plants under unstressed conditions to the ones active in response to stress [11] .

Changes in the environment, such as drought, salinity, high or low temperature, are an important factor which affects the growth of crops and the volume of crop yields.

Very important legume grown and consumed extensively worldwide is pea.

As a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, fibre, vitamins and minerals, peas are important in human nutrition.

Pea is the fourth leading legume in terms of consumption in the world after soybean, peanuts and bean.

The earliest metabolic change caused by water stress is a decreased amount of polysomes.

Once the polysomes have been disaggregated, the plant growth is inhibited due to a slower protein synthesis rate.

Considerable reduction in the amount of polysomes in plant tissues is observable after osmotic stress lasting for just 20-30 minutes.

Decrease of the content of polysomes in response to abiotic stresses is connected with the process of "switching" the expression of genes from those participating in the growth and development of plants under unstressed conditions to the ones active in response to stress.


This investigation was motivated by application of highresolution interferometric techniques into multiaxis measuring systems in nanometrology and micro CMMs. This means measurement within a limited length range and an effort to reduce all sources of uncertainty. The configuration of the setup follows the conditions of these systems (laboratory conditions, enclosure, measuring range, beam diameter, etc.). The question we wanted to answer is whether it is useful to introduce relatively complex techniques of active compensation of the fluctuations of the refractive index of air we proposed before [17] , [18] . The observed threshold length of about 50 mm refers under these conditions to the value l 0 of the air cells. It seems that below this threshold the compensation technique would not bring a useful improvement.

The question we wanted to answer is whether it is useful to introduce relatively complex techniques of active compensation of the fluctuations of the refractive index of air we proposed before.


IMENSIONAL METROLOGY on the macroscale as well as the nanoscale is a domain of interferometric techniques. The concept of instrumentation for nanometrology has resulted in the combination of a microscope with a measuring system capable of delivering the accuracy and precision needed on the nanoscale with traceability to the primary length standard. The standard configuration consists of a scanning probe microscope (SPM) and a coordinate multiaxis positioning system which moves the stage with a sample with interferometric measurement of displacement [1] , [2] .

The standard configuration consists of a scanning probe microscope (SPM) and a coordinate multiaxis positioning system which moves the stage with a sample with interferometric measurement of displacement.


With the growing need for different forms of energy outside of fossil fuels, it must be recognized that renewable energy resources will be more commonly used in the future. Unlike fossil fuels, however, renewable energy is closely affected by current environmental conditions. Solar energy, for example, is affected by the amount of sunlight or cloud cover in an area. Wind energy, of course, is susceptible to variations in wind speed. Wind statistics such as mean wind speed and gustiness are affected on a wide range of time scales. This can pose a problem for decision makers on the siting of new wind farms, as well as pose challenges to utility wind power users. Many wind power simulations and projections, such as the US Department of Energy's 20% wind power plan by 2030, assume a constant or near constant wind resource in the future [1] . However, as this paper shows, wind velocities vary, and will continue to vary and change in the future.

Many wind power simulations and projections, such as the US Department of Energy's 20% wind power plan by 2030, assume a constant or near constant wind resource in the future.


In this context, carrying capacity is a widely used concept that encompasses four aspects namely physical, production, ecological and social carrying capacity (Inglis et al. 2000; McKindsey et al. 2006) . Most of the recent literature on the carrying capacity of coastal ecosystems for bivalve culture has been directed at the production and ecological components and at providing knowledge and developing tools to inform the decision-making process of coastal management in building a sustainable shellfish aquaculture sector (Brigolin et al. 2009; Byron et al. 2011b; Dabrowski et al. 2013; Ferreira et al. 2008; Filgueira et al. 2013) . While production carrying capacity represents the stock that maximizes harvest, the ecological component is defined as the stock causing ecological impacts, such as decreased phytoplankton abundance, organic enrichment of the sediment or changes in nutrient cycling, of an unacceptable intensity (Inglis et al. 2000; McKindsey et al. 2006) .

In this context, carrying capacity is a widely used concept that encompasses four aspects namely physical, production, ecological and social carrying capacity.

Most of the recent literature on the carrying capacity of coastal ecosystems for bivalve culture has been directed at the production and ecological components and at providing knowledge and developing tools to inform the decision-making process of coastal management in building a sustainable shellfish aquaculture sector.

While production carrying capacity represents the stock that maximizes harvest, the ecological component is defined as the stock causing ecological impacts, such as decreased phytoplankton abundance, organic enrichment of the sediment or changes in nutrient cycling, of an unacceptable intensity.


Depending on the rock composition of the formations, the compressibility of the reservoirs varies widely [8] [9] . Hence, for sensitivity study the value of compressibility was varied within one order of magnitude by multiplying and dividing the base case value by five, respectively. Figure 2 on the right shows the outcome. Higher values of compressibility cause significant differences on the results especially when the number of well increases. To explanation this behaviour, it should be mentioned that injecting a finite amount of fluid into a subsurface is accommodated by compressibility of the system components (brine, formation) and the increase in fluid pressure [10] . The first response is elevated by the more compressible component which is almost always the brine. For the range of pressures and temperatures usually encountered in reservoir the brine compressibility is in the order of 10 -9 (1/Pa). When a higher value is assigned to rock compressibility, the bulk of the reservoir and its fluid gain the same order of magnitude and therefore act simultaneously in accommodating the exerted stress. Due to this fact, the slope of the curve also increases considerably and with fewer wells higher storage is accomplished. In contrast, when the compressibility is decreased, the main responsibility of pressure handling is again delivered to the brine and therefore in comparison with the base case no dramatic change will occur.

Depending on the rock composition of the formations, the compressibility of the reservoirs varies widely.

To explanation this behaviour, it should be mentioned that injecting a finite amount of fluid into a subsurface is accommodated by compressibility of the system components (brine, formation) and the increase in fluid pressure.


For low-angle grain boundaries, the classical Read-Shockley relation is usually employed in models to describe the dependence of grain boundary energy on misorientation [13] . For high-angle boundaries, however, no general theory or model exists to describe the relation between grain boundary energy and grain boundary character. Usually some constant level of grain boundary energy is assigned to the high-angle boundaries as a simplifying assumption.

For low-angle grain boundaries, the classical Read-Shockley relation is usually employed in models to describe the dependence of grain boundary energy on misorientation.


From Fig. 11b it can be seen that introduction of anisotropic grain boundary properties will cause minor deviations from the grain size distribution obtained with isotropic boundary properties. With the present model of anisotropic grain boundary properties it appears as if anisotropic energy will cause the largest deviation from the isotropic case, compared to anisotropic boundary mobility, although the changes are small. The current observations are in line with other studies also indicating that anisotropic grain boundary mobility may have less impact on the grain size distribution, compared to the isotropic case, than anisotropic grain boundary energy [24, 27, 31, 32] .

The current observations are in line with other studies also indicating that anisotropic grain boundary mobility may have less impact on the grain size distribution, compared to the isotropic case, than anisotropic grain boundary energy.


It is common to describe the character of grain boundaries through the misorientation between the adjacent crystals. This misorientation is found by the three parameters that define the crystal orientations on opposite sides of the boundary. However, a full characterization of grain boundaries requires a total of five parameters: three parameters to describe the mis-DOI: 10.1088/0965-0393/22/8/085005orientation and two parameters to define the orientation of the boundary plane [9, 10, 11] . Accordingly, grain boundary properties tend to vary with the full set of five parameters.

However, a full characterization of grain boundaries requires a total of five parameters: three parameters to describe the mis-DOI: 10.1088/0965-0393/22/8/085005orientation and two parameters to define the orientation of the boundary plane.


Although a large number of studies -especially in the field of grain boundary engineeringindicate that enhanced material properties can be correlated to an increased presence of special boundaries in the material, this correspondence is far from clear [7, 8] . Although beneficial material properties seem to correlate with the presence of special grain boundaries, the reason for this correlation remains an open question. Further investigations are needed to establish the relations between grain boundary character distribution and material properties as well as on how grain boundary character distributions evolve. This latter aspect is considered in the present work.

Although a large number of studies -especially in the field of grain boundary engineeringindicate that enhanced material properties can be correlated to an increased presence of special boundaries in the material, this correspondence is far from clear.


Using the simulation model, established in the preceding sections, four different cases were studied. To provide reference data, simulations were performed with fully isotropic grain boundary properties, using m = γ = 1. One set of simulations were run with isotropic boundary energy, using γ = 1, and anisotropic mobility according to eq. (6). Another set of simulations were run with isotropic mobility, using m = 1, and anisotropic boundary energy according to eqs. (4) and (5). Finally, a set of simulations were run with anisotropic mobility and energy by considering both eqs. (4) and (5) as well as eq. (6) .

Finally, a set of simulations were run with anisotropic mobility and energy by considering both eqs. (4) and (5) as well as eq..


The effect of pH on the biodegradation of saturated hydrocarbons fraction of crude oil by planktonic and immobilized bacteria was investigated at 30 C in a rotatory shaker (180 rpm). The immobilized bacteria showed a higher degradation rate than that of planktonic bacteria (Fig. 2) . In the pH range of 5.6e8.6, the degradation rate of both planktonic and immobilized bacteria showed no obvious change, which maintained above 60%. The highest degradation rate was detected at pH 7.6. When pH was reduced below 5.0, planktonic bacteria showed degradation efficiency lower than 10%, this indicated that the degrading activity of bacteria was inhibited. In contrast, the immobilized bacteria remained a degradation rate about 30%. Overall, pH could affect the biodegradation of the crude oil. The immobilized bacteria have better tolerance ability to acid conditions than planktonic bacteria (Wang et al., 2007) .

The immobilized bacteria have better tolerance ability to acid conditions than planktonic bacteria.


Solar cycle 23 was a cycle of great interest firstly, as it was characterized by a lot of violent periods of extreme solar events mainly in the descending phase, such as OctoberNovember 2003, January 2005, July 2005, and December 2006 and secondly, it had an extraordinary and extended minimum with duration more than three years. In this solar minimum, the cosmic ray intensity was much higher than in the previous cycles [11] . This long, quiet period was characterized by limited magnetic flux emergence at the photosphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, and low coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and flare activity in the corona.

In this solar minimum, the cosmic ray intensity was much higher than in the previous cycles.


As part of a larger effort to document and explain variation in outsourced product development outcomes, this paper explores the many meanings of "success" in this domain. Specific objectives are to: 1) understand how practitioners assess project outcomes, 2) identify and pilot test an appropriate output variable for future use in benchmarking studies and quantitative causal analysis, and 3) describe several failure modes commonly encountered in practice. By focusing on outcome measures, the paper complements our examination of the factors that influence project outcomes [14] . Together, the two papers lay the foundation for statistical and case-based analyses linking specific outcomes to explanatory factors.

By focusing on outcome measures, the paper complements our examination of the factors that influence project outcomes.


In general, N uptake rates by seagrasses show a Michaelis-Menten relation to the concentration of substrate (Touchette & Burkholder 2000) . However, this relation is often established for a large range of concentrations regardless of the ambient concentrations in nitrate or ammonium. In the nutrient concentrations measured in Revellata Bay, such a relation between substrate concentration and uptake rates is very confusing. The variability of measurements is very important, and only the highest uptake rates of nitrate by leaves are correlated to the highest nitrate concentrations in the environment (Figs. 3 & 6 ). This peak of nitrate is very restricted in time and, consequently, the high variability of uptake rates observed in this study is not explained by the variation of substrate concentrations. Although this variability could result from uncertainty in nutrient concentration measurements, it is more likely a biological reality, demonstrating that other environmental and physiological factors influence nutrient uptake rates (e.g. light availability and photosynthetic rate, temperature, competition with other organisms).

In general, N uptake rates by seagrasses show a Michaelis-Menten relation to the concentration of substrate.


Whole-Nation system provides talented athletes, across the country, with a fast track to the right resources with which to hone their talents and develop the necessary competencies required to be effective in both the national and international Major Games (e.g., the All-China Games and Olympic Games). Much of these resources are concentrated on the most talented athletes, while still encouraging the ordinary, for example good performers are selected to the national second string teams, training together with athletes from the national first teams (Yang, 2012) . Despite its limitations (e.g., reduced funding to sports for the general public), the power and efficiency of the Whole-Nation system is evident and its mission is to serve the collective interests of the country, namely, to win medals in major competitions (especially gold at the Olympic Games) and boost national pride.

Much of these resources are concentrated on the most talented athletes, while still encouraging the ordinary, for example good performers are selected to the national second string teams, training together with athletes from the national first teams.


While, S. macrophylla from the family of Maliaceae consists of various chemical constituents include alkaloids, terpenoids, antraquinoes, cardiac glycosides, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, volatile oils, phospholipids and long chain unsaturated acid (Sahgal et al., 2011; Bacsal et al., 1997) . The seeds have been used traditionally as cure for various ailments. The seed have been used for abortion medicine, leishmaniasis, cancer, amoebiasis, malarial, hypertension, diabetes, cough, chest pain and intestinal parasitism (Bacsal et al., 1997) . Previously, there are limited studies that report on antioxidant activity of both plants. Therefore this study were aimed to investigate the ability of Eurycoma longifolia roots and Swietenia macrophylla seeds to scavenge the free radical that cause oxidation.

While, S. macrophylla from the family of Maliaceae consists of various chemical constituents include alkaloids, terpenoids, antraquinoes, cardiac glycosides, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, volatile oils, phospholipids and long chain unsaturated acid.

The seed have been used for abortion medicine, leishmaniasis, cancer, amoebiasis, malarial, hypertension, diabetes, cough, chest pain and intestinal parasitism.


Eurycoma longifolia and Swietenia macrophylla are two plants that can be found commonly in Malaysia and Southeast Asia. E. longifolia from the family Simaroubaceae contains wide range of chemical compounds mostly from the roots. Some of them include alkaloids, quassinoids, quassinoids diterpenoids, eurycomaoside, tirucallane-type triterpenes, squalene derivatives, biphenylneolignans, eurycolactone, laurycolactone and eurycomalactone (Bhat and Karim, 2010) . The plant extracts have been proved for its antimalarial, anticancer, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, aphrodisiac and anti-pyretic activities (Bhat and Karim, 2010; Kuo et al., 2003) .

Some of them include alkaloids, quassinoids, quassinoids diterpenoids, eurycomaoside, tirucallane-type triterpenes, squalene derivatives, biphenylneolignans, eurycolactone, laurycolactone and eurycomalactone.

The plant extracts have been proved for its antimalarial, anticancer, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, aphrodisiac and anti-pyretic activities.


Although mild increase may be seen in cardiac enzymes in TTC, no such increase was detected in our case on serial follow-ups. In a systemic review of 14 trials, 81.6% of the cases were detected to have ST segment elevation, 64.3% of the patients were detected to have Q wave and T wave abnormalities, and 86.2% of the cases exhibited a mild increase in cardiac biomarkers [13] . The rapid relieve of pain and a parallel spontaneous ST segment resolution within a very short period of time is another noticeable point.

In a systemic review of 14 trials, 81.6% of the cases were detected to have ST segment elevation, 64.3% of the patients were detected to have Q wave and T wave abnormalities, and 86.2% of the cases exhibited a mild increase in cardiac biomarkers.


One serious problem that can affect oil production, transportation and processing, is asphaltene precipitation. Asphaltenes are the toluene / benzene soluble fractions that precipitate from oil when an excess (25 to 40 times) of n-heptane / n-pentane is mixed with oil after waiting for at least four hours before filtering [1] . Asphaltene precipitation causes fouling in the reservoir, in the well, in the pipeline and in the production and processing facilities . Asphaltene phase behavior has therefore been the subject of numerous theoretical studies . The lack of suitable characterization parameters is one of the difficulties encountered in describing the phase behavior of asphaltene-containing systems, because asphaltenes are not well-identified components/ mixtures [1, 7] . They consist of several polar components of aromatic nature with high molecular weights [1, 7] . In the majority of cases, the complexity of the asphaltene fraction leads to the assumption that the asphaltenes can be regarded as one single pseudo-component (monodisperse) [1, 7] .

Asphaltenes are the toluene / benzene soluble fractions that precipitate from oil when an excess (25 to 40 times) of n-heptane / n-pentane is mixed with oil after waiting for at least four hours before filtering.

The lack of suitable characterization parameters is one of the difficulties encountered in describing the phase behavior of asphaltene-containing systems, because asphaltenes are not well-identified components/ mixtures.

They consist of several polar components of aromatic nature with high molecular weights.

In the majority of cases, the complexity of the asphaltene fraction leads to the assumption that the asphaltenes can be regarded as one single pseudo-component (monodisperse).


The interoperability of 3D city models and especially the integration of 3D GIS and building information (BIM) models has been a significant research question [4, [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . One of the aims has been in developing a process where the building data of a 3D city model would be updated using BIM models of new buildings. BIM data is typically exchanged using the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) standard. IFC is a semantic model like CityGML, a standard exchange format in 3D GIS, but it is restricted to building data and focuses on the structural information related to the construction and design of buildings [19] . Numerous conversion tools have been developed but a robust two-way conversion between IFC and CityGML models still remains unsolved even in the scale of single buildings of fairly simple structures [23] . Moreover, 3D game engines lack the support for both CityGML and IFC standards since they have not been optimized for efficient visualization required in immersive applications [12, 19, 26] . On the other hand, common standards and formats (e.g., Collada, OBJ, and FXB) in 3D computer graphics that focus on powerful visualization lack the semantic structures and descriptions used in both IFC and CityGML [4] . Despite numerous research activities the interoperability of 3D city models remains as a challenging task and is still hindered by many issues, such as the ambiguities and differences in modeling, differences in perspectives, missing guidelines, challenges in data conversion and georeferencing, and problems in data quality [4, [23] [24] [25] 27] . So far, very few if any contributions have been published focusing on the integration of 3D GIS, BIM, and computer graphics models. However, these three categories are noted in the literature and can be seen as a topic for further research to achieve more comprehensive overview of 3D city modeling.

The interoperability of 3D city models and especially the integration of 3D GIS and building information (BIM) models has been a significant research question.

IFC is a semantic model like CityGML, a standard exchange format in 3D GIS, but it is restricted to building data and focuses on the structural information related to the construction and design of buildings.

Numerous conversion tools have been developed but a robust two-way conversion between IFC and CityGML models still remains unsolved even in the scale of single buildings of fairly simple structures.

Moreover, 3D game engines lack the support for both CityGML and IFC standards since they have not been optimized for efficient visualization required in immersive applications.

On the other hand, common standards and formats (e.g., Collada, OBJ, and FXB) in 3D computer graphics that focus on powerful visualization lack the semantic structures and descriptions used in both IFC and CityGML.

Despite numerous research activities the interoperability of 3D city models remains as a challenging task and is still hindered by many issues, such as the ambiguities and differences in modeling, differences in perspectives, missing guidelines, challenges in data conversion and georeferencing, and problems in data quality.


Bullying can have very serious consequences, even suicide, as has appeared in many news reports in Thailand as well as other countries (Amaraphibal, 2016) . Just as in other countries, Thai adolescents use a range of possible coping strategies, some more optimal than others. An encouraging finding of this study was the large proportion of pupils who recommended telling someone if bullied, and this needs to be built upon by teachers and parents. Besides helping bullied students develop good coping strategies, schools, teachers, parents and peers have important roles to play in reducing the prevalence and harmful consequences of bullying.

Bullying can have very serious consequences, even suicide, as has appeared in many news reports in Thailand as well as other countries.


Other gender differences suggest some new avenues of investigation. For cyber victimization, girls in this sample were more likely than boys to recommend both Blocking messages/identities, and Changing email address or phone number; these were both popular strategies but substantially more so for girls. Perhaps girls (more likely to be smart phone owners in this sample) felt more competent about doing such actions; and/or perhaps they might be more effective for the kinds of relational bullying more common in girls (Besag, 2006) . Similarly girls were more likely to recommend Ignoring it (both traditional and cyber) and this might be more effective for relational bullying than for the physical bullying more common in boys.

Perhaps girls (more likely to be smart phone owners in this sample) felt more competent about doing such actions; and/or perhaps they might be more effective for the kinds of relational bullying more common in girls.


For traditional bullying, the most common recommended strategy was to Tell someone (teacher or parent). This was significantly less common for cyberbullying. A lesser willingness to tell adults about cyber victimization than traditional victimization has been reported in other studies (Slonje & Smith, 2008) . At least in this historical period as ICT changes so fast, adolescents seem to have less confidence in an adult's ability to understand and act constructively in the cyber domain. Nevertheless the relatively high figure for telling are encouraging, as seeking help by telling someone has often been found to be an effective response in western studies, for cyberbullying as for traditional bullying (Machmutow et al., 2012; Smith et al., 2004) . The effectiveness does depend on the adult told, responding in an effective and consistent manner. In this respect more parent education, and clear school policies on bullying, are important steps to take in Thailand (Amaraphibal, 2016) .

A lesser willingness to tell adults about cyber victimization than traditional victimization has been reported in other studies.

Nevertheless the relatively high figure for telling are encouraging, as seeking help by telling someone has often been found to be an effective response in western studies, for cyberbullying as for traditional bullying.

In this respect more parent education, and clear school policies on bullying, are important steps to take in Thailand.


The main types of traditional bullying are physical bullying (kicking, hitting, punching, slapping, shoving and other physical attacks), verbal bullying (threatening statements, name-calling, insulting; direct relational (social exclusion); and indirect relational (rumour spreading). Cyberbullying is typically defined as aggression that intentionally and repeatedly carried out via mobile phones and the internet, against a person who are not be able easily defend him/herself (Kowalski, et al., 2014; Patchin & Hinduja, 2012; Smith et al., 2008) . Cyberbullying can be via phone calls, text messaging, instant messaging, e-mail, chat rooms or on social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter.

Cyberbullying is typically defined as aggression that intentionally and repeatedly carried out via mobile phones and the internet, against a person who are not be able easily defend him/herself.


That a worldsheet derivation could exist in string perturbation theory is natural since the closed string coupling constant λ s is kept small. On the other hand, t = λ s N is not necessarily taken to be small. This means that infinitely many holes can contribute to the amplitudes. This is very much like how we deform string backgrounds in closed string perturbation theory. There, we add marginal perturbations t d 2 zV (z, z) to the worldsheet action. We can compute worldsheet amplitudes by expanding it in powers of t, which counts the number of insertions of V and we may find it necessary to take into account infinitely many insertions of V . Of course this is still compatible with string perturbation theory, which is an expansion in λ s . That D-branes may be incorporated in such a manner in a closed string theory was also proposed in early days of D-branes [3] .

That D-branes may be incorporated in such a manner in a closed string theory was also proposed in early days of D-branes.


The monthly averages of SO 2 When two figures (Figs 4 and 5) are compared, it is seen that wind speed is more effective on SO 2 concentration than that of TSP concentration. Effects of variations of mean temperature on SO 2 and TSP concentrations are presented in Figs 6(a-c) and 7(a-c) , respectively. Data consist of the same effect as wind speed on SO 2 and TSP concentrations that both SO 2 and TSP concentrations are decreased with increasing temperature. Maximum values of SO 2 and TSP concentrations are obtained around the 0°C of air temperature. Consumption of fuel depends on the air temperature and it is not the primary parameter that affects the diffusion conditions of pollution. Thus, temperature is considered a pollution control parameter (Kartal & Ozer, 1998) . Variations of relative humidity with SO 2 and TSP concentrations are shown in Figs 8(a-c) and 9(a-c), respectively. On the contrary of wind speed and temperature, which was plotted in Figs 4-7, SO 2 and TSP concentrations are increased with increasing relative humidity. Relative humidty should also be inversely related to pollutant concentrations since it controls the rate of absorbtion of pollutants (Kartal & Ozer, 1998) . Variations of SO 2 and TSP concentrations with atmospheric pressure are plotted in Figs 10(a-c) and 11(a-c) , respectively. These figures show that SO 2 and TSP concentrations are slightly increased with increasing atmospheric pressure. However, atmospheric pressure is more effective parameter on SO 2 concentration than on TSP concentration.

Thus, temperature is considered a pollution control parameter.

Relative humidty should also be inversely related to pollutant concentrations since it controls the rate of absorbtion of pollutants.


The air pollution in urban areas has different characteristics on account of the changing meteorological factors depending on the geographical and topographical peculiarities of the urban area. The level of the air pollution concentrations is correlated with the combination of the various meteorological factors. For that reason, the air pollution concentrations and meteorological data should be evaluated statistically in order to correlate them (Demirci & Cuhadaroglu, 2000) .

For that reason, the air pollution concentrations and meteorological data should be evaluated statistically in order to correlate them.


Manual data entry and data collection became problematic during the early stages of part identification largely due to human error. Technological advancements in the 1960s and 1970s allowed for the achievement of better product coding that improved the accuracy and speed of data processing. One of the earliest forms of product coding is barcode technology. Barcodes simplified inventory tracking and management and greatly improved checkout speeds in retail, wholesale, and grocery industries. Realizing the efficiency that barcodes brought to commercial applications, the United States Department of Defense (DoD) mandated barcodes for all DoD material in 1981 [1] .

Realizing the efficiency that barcodes brought to commercial applications, the United States Department of Defense (DoD) mandated barcodes for all DoD material in 1981.


A considerable interest has been shown in the study of thermal radiation on boundary layer flow and heat transfer in fluids due to its significant effects in the surface heat transfer. Radiation is another process of heat transfer through electromagnetic waves. Radiative convection flows are encountered in countless industrial and environment processes such as heating and cooling chambers, evaporation from large open water reservoirs, astrophysical flows and solar power technology, fossil fuel combustion energy processes and space vehicle reentry. Radiative heat transfer in such processes plays very important role [1] . Thermal radiation transfer is also essential in Nuclear power plants, gas turbines and various propulsion devices for aircraft, missiles, satellites and space vehicles. The gravity-driven convection heat transfer is a vital phenomenon in the cooling mechanism of many engineering systems such as electronic industries, solar collectors and cooling systems for nuclear reactors because of its minimum cost, low noise, smaller size and reliability. There has been increasing interest in studying the problem of MHD with convection boundary layer flow and heat transfer characteristics over a vertical plate [2] .

Radiative heat transfer in such processes plays very important role.

There has been increasing interest in studying the problem of MHD with convection boundary layer flow and heat transfer characteristics over a vertical plate.


When assessing the feasibility of TOL or any other managed lane strategies, the concept of value of time (VOT) is important. Value of time is defined as the opportunity cost of the travel time on a trip, and value of travel time saving is the maximum amount of money that travellers would be willing to pay, in order to reduce their travel time (Qing, Wang & Adams, 2011) . Route choice, time of day choice and location choice decisions made by motorists and carriers depend on their perceived value of time, particularly when tradeoffs are being made between cost and time, for example, when a tolled route is available.

Value of time is defined as the opportunity cost of the travel time on a trip, and value of travel time saving is the maximum amount of money that travellers would be willing to pay, in order to reduce their travel time.


In the original theory, option prices were viewed as a function of the underlying dynamic of the security price changes. It followed that the volatility profile should be a flat line, constant across all strikes, since the considered options only differ by their strike prices; the pricing took place with the same underlying security over the same time to maturity with the same governing interest rates. However, since the stock market crash of 1987, volatility profiles have generally been not flat, rather displaying distinct smiles or smirks, as in Figure 1 . That volatility profiles are not flat refutes the basic assumptions of the BS option formula. Recent years have witnessed a flurry of research to explain the volatility smile, and the focus has been to vary the underlying dynamic of the security prices changes. This process has two goals: to reproduce witnessed option prices and to employ an assumption of security price changes that is reasonable. A number of models have been proposed, outlined below (following Derman [6] ).

A number of models have been proposed, outlined below (following Derman).


An often reiterated view of modern finance states that the Black-Scholes (BS) option pricing formula "accurately reflects" options prices, but this view forgives a free parameter (volatility) which accommodates a considerable degree of variations in option prices. Not only does implied volatility vary over time, but also at any point in time over related options, that is a group of options whose characteristic differ only by strike price. All other characteristic (underlying security, maturity) are identical. This definition does not assume that they use the same volatility for pricing, but it is generally assumed that the same interest rate is applicable. This variation, referred to as the volatility smile or smirk (or sneer), reflects the greater sin, since variation over time could easily be ascribed to changing conditions in the market environment, but variations at any particular instance cannot [1] . This paper addresses these latter variations by offering a slight modification to the BS formula which reflects most of the volatility smile. A (small) drift parameter is added, and a closed-form solution, quite similar to BS, is derived. Using a likelihood ratio test, this new drift parameter is determined to be significant over a sample series of financial data. Furthermore, we argue that this change may explain volatility smiles. To place this model in the proper context, the paper starts with background concerning the volatility smile and the general classes of models used to explain these smiles.

This variation, referred to as the volatility smile or smirk (or sneer), reflects the greater sin, since variation over time could easily be ascribed to changing conditions in the market environment, but variations at any particular instance cannot.


In view of these global developments the question of who is responsible for food safety arises. As consumers lack the scientific and infrastructural capacity to evaluate food risk, it is incumbent on the food industry to act with both integrity and within the legal guidelines, and for governments to provide those guidelines and enforce them for the consumer's protection [9] . This article will survey how governments in the United States, the European Union and Australasia regulate the food industry and influence the corporate social responsibility (CSR) behavior of companies-and even the official world of governmental authorities at home and abroad-by examining the relevant characteristics of their food safety systems. We argue that government influence on CSR in the food industry is determined by the intensity and salience of its own behavior and actions including regulations. The case studies have been selected for the purposes of: a) providing exemplars of good and innovative international practice in prevention of food scandals and promoting good practices; and b) showing how national (USA), supranational-plus-international (EU), and bi-national (Australia and New Zealand) authorities handle food safety issues. This is of relevance to China in that it is a unitary state like the USA, but with a policy of strengthening regional cooperation in East and Central Asia (multilateral regionalism) as well as an internal system of provinces and autonomous regions whose collective population size more than doubles that of the EU. The PRC also functions as a "one country, two systems" entity with regard to the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong, Macao and potentially Taiwan that are different to the provinces and autonomous regions within China. The regulatory authority that covers Australia and New Zealand, Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), provides a successfully functioning model for a regulatory function across two polities. While this "one system, two countries" is the reverse of China's "one country, two systems" formula, it does show that as the PRC and its Special Administrative Regions continue to converge in terms of a capitalistic system but emphasize politico-social differences within the One China concept, a common regulatory mechanism across various sectors could be an acceptable evolutionary move.

As consumers lack the scientific and infrastructural capacity to evaluate food risk, it is incumbent on the food industry to act with both integrity and within the legal guidelines, and for governments to provide those guidelines and enforce them for the consumer's protection.


In our analysis, there was a trend of decreased GNSS measurement accuracy at the Heel location when compared to the Grapple location. The movement of the transponders around a smaller swing circumference means the transponders are less likely to be able to accurately and concisely plot varying points because the range of the movements is shorter. This is due to the inherent accuracy of GNSS. For example, GNSS accuracy of ±1 m will have a greater impact on accurately capturing movements when the overall distance traveled 5 m as opposed to 15 m or 20 m. One possible solution to help account for this error when the swing arc is smaller is to incorporate additional sensors and mechanisms to capture grapple and other intricate movements to assist in defining elements [8] . These would augment GNSS data in ways that get around constraints related to GNSS accuracy. At the longer GNSS-RF transmission intervals, minute machine boom movements are not as accurately captured. This is seen by observing both the positional data itself, as well as the successful classification proportions. This is especially clear for the 10.0 s interval data. As suggested by Devlin and McDonnell, the 10.0 s interval may be beneficial for analysis of general machine movements across the landscape [10] . However, precise and intricate machine movements are best captured and analyzed using higher frequency data transmission of locations. Importantly, transmission intervals should be tested and tailored to meet the needs of particular equipment movements rather than relying on a general rule of thumb.

For example, GNSS accuracy of ±1 m will have a greater impact on accurately capturing movements when the overall distance traveled 5 m as opposed to 15 m or 20 m. One possible solution to help account for this error when the swing arc is smaller is to incorporate additional sensors and mechanisms to capture grapple and other intricate movements to assist in defining elements.

As suggested by Devlin and McDonnell, the 10.0 s interval may be beneficial for analysis of general machine movements across the landscape.


Among strongly coupled quantum systems, a distinguished class are dual to weakly coupled gravitational theories and are therefore efficiently tackled by the gauge-gravity correspondence. Models in this class are characterized by a large-N expansion and a sparse spectrum of local operators: all single-trace primary operators with small scaling dimension have spin two or less [1] . While the gravity side of the correspondence typically remains more straightforward to use, new analytic bootstrap techniques are becoming applicable and should be vigorously pursued being potentially more general. They appear especially advantageous for observables like four-point correlation functions, which can now be studied to unprecedented precision.

Models in this class are characterized by a large-N expansion and a sparse spectrum of local operators: all single-trace primary operators with small scaling dimension have spin two or less.


In this paper we revisited the problem of computing correlation functions in holographic conformal field theories, focusing on the important example of N = 4 super Yang-Mills. We used a conformal field theory approach which constructs OPE data from the singular part of correlators, the Lorentzian inversion formula [23] . Other approaches to this problem include the direct evaluation of supergravity Witten diagrams and the solution of crossing symmetry constraints in Mellin-space; a chief interest of the present method is that the singular part can be computed rather straightforwardly in holographic theories, and the approach extends seamlessly to one-loop level. By inserting the identity operator in the cross-channels, we thus obtained the OPE data at order 1/N 0 in section 3; inserting a finite set of protected single-trace operators in section 4 then yielded the full 1/N 2 corrections, corresponding to tree-level supergravity. In particular, we obtained mixing matrices and anomalous dimensions of double trace operators, see eq. (4.27), confirming a recent conjecture [41] .

We used a conformal field theory approach which constructs OPE data from the singular part of correlators, the Lorentzian inversion formula.

In particular, we obtained mixing matrices and anomalous dimensions of double trace operators, see eq. (4.27), confirming a recent conjecture.


Caligus lalandei Barnard, 1948 is another sea louse parasitc on S. lalandi. Unlike C. aesopus which is parasitic on the gills of its host, C. lalandei lives on the skin. Caligus lalandei is known from South Africa, Chile, Japan, Korea, and New Zealand (Ho et al. 2001) . Thus this species has an almost same distributional range as that of C. aesopus.

Caligus lalandei is known from South Africa, Chile, Japan, Korea, and New Zealand.


When designing a wireless implant communication link it is important to model the transmission channel to aid in link margin calculations and overall transceiver design. Many papers have been published on models of antenna structures for implants in the UWB band, but these papers have focused on antenna matching not investigations of channel loss [4] [5] [6] . Likewise similar models have been created for lower frequency ISM bands [7] .

Many papers have been published on models of antenna structures for implants in the UWB band, but these papers have focused on antenna matching not investigations of channel loss.

Likewise similar models have been created for lower frequency ISM bands.


In order to solve this issue, the Semantic Web was created, which aims to transform the Web of documents into the Web of data, in which all data on the Web must be associated to a given semantics and are connected among themselves. In the Web setting, this would represent attributing meaning to the data, connecting them with other datasets or knowledge domains, and creating a relation of meaning among the content published on the Internet so that they can be analyzed not only by humans, but also by software agents [5] . That results in more effective searches with results closer to what the user wants.

In the Web setting, this would represent attributing meaning to the data, connecting them with other datasets or knowledge domains, and creating a relation of meaning among the content published on the Internet so that they can be analyzed not only by humans, but also by software agents.


The degradation of concrete structures subject to environments containing chloride ions, particularly marine structures and potable water and wastewater treatment plants, poses major problems in economic and environmental terms. Indeed, the action of these media on reinforced concrete structures causes serious degradation problems after some time which involves very high costs in terms of repair and may in some situations jeopardize the stability of parts of the structure. With a view to minimizing repair costs, several monitoring techniques have been developed and implemented in various structures throughout the world [1] [2] [3] . The monitoring of the degradation of this type of structure allows estimates of degradation rates and lifetimes of structures and thus timely maintenance interventions at significantly lower costs can be ensured [4] .

With a view to minimizing repair costs, several monitoring techniques have been developed and implemented in various structures throughout the world.

The monitoring of the degradation of this type of structure allows estimates of degradation rates and lifetimes of structures and thus timely maintenance interventions at significantly lower costs can be ensured.


Several techniques have been proposed and implemented in this type of monitoring, including several magnetic, electromagnetic and electrochemical techniques, in particular X-ray Radiography, Computerized Tomography, Surface Penetrating Radar, Magnetic Field Disturbance, Electrochemical Noise, Linear Polarization Resistance -LPR, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy -EIS, Localized Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy -LEIS, Galvanostatic Pulse Method -GPM, Bar Electrical Resistance -BER, Surface Potential Survey, Concrete Resistivity, and Galvanic Cell among others [3] [4] [5] 9] . In parallel to this type of more specific techniques for corrosion measurements, other parameters such as temperature and relative humidity of the concrete can also complement the characterization of the corrosion process [4] . Electrochemical techniques have the greater success as monitoring techniques due to their relative low cost of installation and operation, as well as from the fact that the techniques share the same nature as the corrosion process itself, i.e., they are electrochemical in nature.

Several techniques have been proposed and implemented in this type of monitoring, including several magnetic, electromagnetic and electrochemical techniques, in particular X-ray Radiography, Computerized Tomography, Surface Penetrating Radar, Magnetic Field Disturbance, Electrochemical Noise, Linear Polarization Resistance -LPR, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy -EIS, Localized Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy -LEIS, Galvanostatic Pulse Method -GPM, Bar Electrical Resistance -BER, Surface Potential Survey, Concrete Resistivity, and Galvanic Cell among others.

In parallel to this type of more specific techniques for corrosion measurements, other parameters such as temperature and relative humidity of the concrete can also complement the characterization of the corrosion process.


This degradation mechanism only becomes visible when, in a phase of frank progression, ferroginous run-off appears on the surfaces of the structures. The detection of corrosion problems only when the structure clearly shows these types of disorders usually gives rise to very costly repairs. From the standpoint of a project owner, there is an interest in being able to have information about the states of initiation of degradation processes to carry out repairs at reduced costs. Several papers have been published on the use of monitoring systems that allow obtaining online information on the kinetics of degradation processes, with particular attention to the stages of initiation of the corrosion process of the reinforcement and its dependence on the variations in corrosivity of the concrete over time [7, 8] .

Several papers have been published on the use of monitoring systems that allow obtaining online information on the kinetics of degradation processes, with particular attention to the stages of initiation of the corrosion process of the reinforcement and its dependence on the variations in corrosivity of the concrete over time.


Our previous works have shown that the combined effects of large compressive residual stresses and crack tip blunting with secondary cracks are responsible for the overload-induced crack growth retardation [15] . In addition, the strain evolution near the crack tip was systematically examined at the various crack growth stages (with a different stress intensity factor range) through the retardation period [16] . For a better understanding of the correlation between the stress/strain distributions around the crack tip and fatigue crack growth rate, the direct comparison of the evolution of the crack tip stress/strain fields between the steady-and overloaded-fatigue conditions under the same applied stress intensity factor range should be elucidated. In this regard, the two fatigued compact-tension specimens were prepared for the direct comparison of the crack tip stress/strain distributions. Importantly, they experienced the identical stress intensity factor range, but a different fatigue history. The evolution of the strain fields around the crack tip under loading was compared using in situ neutron diffraction. The results show the nonlinearity of the strain response as a function of distance from the crack tip under loading, and we discuss the influence of the crack tip stress distribution on the strain nonlinearity, crack opening process, crack tip driving force, and fatigue crack growth rate.

Our previous works have shown that the combined effects of large compressive residual stresses and crack tip blunting with secondary cracks are responsible for the overload-induced crack growth retardation.

In addition, the strain evolution near the crack tip was systematically examined at the various crack growth stages (with a different stress intensity factor range) through the retardation period.


Numerous researchers found that two top-rated reasons for procrastinating were that the task was unpleasant, or that it was boring and uninteresting (Anderson, 2001; Briody, 1980; Froehlich, 1987; Haycock, 1993 , as cited in Steel, 2007 . In turn, this may explain why some people procrastinate more than others, as they simply find more of life's chores and duties aversive (Steel, 2007) . A contributing factor as well is the nature of our hunter-gatherer brains: by their design, more interest is expressed in immediate tasks than abstract tasks in the future (Kotler, 2009; Gropel & Piers, 2011) . The further away a deadline, the less urgent completion of a task feels. Procrastinators tend not to have a future temporal orientation (Lasane & Jones, 2000; Specter & Ferrari, 2000 , as cited in Steel, 2007 . Low self-efficacy and low self-esteem are associated with procrastination (Steel, 2007) . In addition, depression is a culprit, with tiredness being one of the top three reasons that students give for putting off work (Strongman & Burt, 2000 , as cited in Steel, 2007 .

In turn, this may explain why some people procrastinate more than others, as they simply find more of life's chores and duties aversive.

A contributing factor as well is the nature of our hunter-gatherer brains: by their design, more interest is expressed in immediate tasks than abstract tasks in the future.

Low self-efficacy and low self-esteem are associated with procrastination.


Stimulus control can consist of something as simple as working in an office, where distractions are minimized, or turning off email while working on a project; indeed, some 90% of college computer users admit to using email to delay irrationally (Brackin, Ferguson, Skelly, & Chambliss, 2000 , as cited in Steel, 2007 . Automaticity consists of minimizing the number of "choice points" a task requires; few choices mean fewer delays (Silver, 1974 , as cited in Steel, 2007 . Finally, increasing organization and setting goals have both been shown to reduce procrastination (Steel, 2007) .

Finally, increasing organization and setting goals have both been shown to reduce procrastination.


Despite its long history, the subject of procrastination received little attention in the United States prior to the late 1970s (Knaus, 2000) . And it was not until 2007 that Steel produced a meta-analytic and theoretical review of the nature of the problem, by then having some 621 sources to comb for information. Even today, research on the matter seems fractured. Studies reach competing conclusions, or differing conclusions are drawn from the same data. Still, some clear findings have emerged, many subverting popular beliefs about the causes and treatments of this problem.

Despite its long history, the subject of procrastination received little attention in the United States prior to the late 1970s.


From the PL research side, we note existing e orts to apply PL methodology to user interfaces, speci cally in the case of program editors. Hazelnut is a formal model of a program editor that enforces that every edit state is meaningful (it consists of a well-de ned syntax tree, with a well-de ned type) [14] . Its type system and editing semantics permit partial programs, which contain missing pieces and well-marked type inconsistencies. Speci cally, Hazelnut proposes a editing language, which de nes how a cursor moves and edits the syntax tree; the planned bene ts of this model range from be er editing assistance, the potential to be er automate systematic edits, and further context-aware assistance and automation based on statistical analysis of (semantically-rich) corpora of recorded past edits, which consist of traces from this language [15] . Likewise, in the context of game design, we expect similar bene ts from the lens of language design.

Hazelnut is a formal model of a program editor that enforces that every edit state is meaningful (it consists of a well-de ned syntax tree, with a well-de ned type).

Speci cally, Hazelnut proposes a editing language, which de nes how a cursor moves and edits the syntax tree; the planned bene ts of this model range from be er editing assistance, the potential to be er automate systematic edits, and further context-aware assistance and automation based on statistical analysis of (semantically-rich) corpora of recorded past edits, which consist of traces from this language.


The patient had an uneventful in-hospital course and was well at her first follow-up clinic visit after surgery. Further followup will combine aspects of recommended followup for both RCC and UC, as per published guidelines [11] . The lessons learned in this case are to be aware of the possibility of synchronous renal tumours, as they do rarely occur, and to request intraoperative pathology consultation in the setting of nephrectomy for unusual renal lesions. In medicine, usually one explanation suffices, in this case puta-tively RCC with invasion into the renal pelvis. This diagnosis might have explained the hematuria, negative cytology, and large mass consistent with RCC on CT scan. In this case, 2 cancers presented together in a typical manner, but their simultaneous presence was definitely unexpected.

Further followup will combine aspects of recommended followup for both RCC and UC, as per published guidelines.


In 2002, the European Union (EU) introduced the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) in order to promote energy efficiency in the building sector [1] . The reduction of energy consumption and the use of renewable resources represent important measures aimed to reduce EU energy dependency and pollutant emissions. The first recast of EPBD, Directive 2010/31/EU (EPBD 2010/31/EU), promotes the improvement of buildings' energy performance within the EU and introduces a new standard for new buildings built by 2020: the nearly-zero energy building (nZEB or NZEB) [2] . The EU asked member states (MS) to draw up national guidelines for increasing the numbers of nZEB projects, develop policies, and fix targets to increase the quality of the buildings and fight against climate change. To facilitate the application by MS and guarantee flexibility, the Directive gives only a qualitative definition of nZEBs [3] . In 2010, the EU introduced the Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) as a synthetic indicator that expresses energy performance to promote the improvement of buildings' performances thanks to the information provided to prospective owners and tenants about energy consumption. The EPC is a mandatory assessment of new buildings for construction companies and, at the time, when selling or renting for the owners. However, a certain level of flexibility in reaching these goals is tolerated. The Directive does not prescribe a uniform approach for its implementation [4] . In 2015, during the 21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) in Paris (COP21), new visions aimed at decarbonizing the building sector by 2050 were set and accepted by the latest European Directive [5] . With the Directive 2018/844/EU, the European Union shifted attention toward real estate by proposing to MS a census of building stock, both public and private, and a program to reach the main goals [6] .

In 2002, the European Union (EU) introduced the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) in order to promote energy efficiency in the building sector.

The first recast of EPBD, Directive 2010/31/EU (EPBD 2010/31/EU), promotes the improvement of buildings' energy performance within the EU and introduces a new standard for new buildings built by 2020: the nearly-zero energy building (nZEB or NZEB).

To facilitate the application by MS and guarantee flexibility, the Directive gives only a qualitative definition of nZEBs.

The Directive does not prescribe a uniform approach for its implementation.

In 2015, during the 21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) in Paris (COP21), new visions aimed at decarbonizing the building sector by 2050 were set and accepted by the latest European Directive.

With the Directive 2018/844/EU, the European Union shifted attention toward real estate by proposing to MS a census of building stock, both public and private, and a program to reach the main goals.


This study confirmed that the implementation of the EPC schemes is still irregular and needs to be strengthened. The requirements of the EPBD recast should be fully implemented in all Member States through a standardized EPC rating model. Connecting EPCs to political and financial support programs could significantly increase the number and quality of energy-saving renovations and make consumers aware of efficient buildings [70] .

Connecting EPCs to political and financial support programs could significantly increase the number and quality of energy-saving renovations and make consumers aware of efficient buildings.


We have proposed an extension of the GRP transform and its efficient implementation for the inverse transformation. The GRP transform is a proper generalization of the BWT and their typical variations. We can also say that, in an algorithmic viewpoint, the proposed inverse transformation is a generalization of the Nong-Zhang-Chan implementation of the inverse ST [6] . The generality of the GRP transform will result also in the generality of second-step encoders, which are used after the transform for actual compression. We can extend the Move-to-Front heuristics, an example of the second-step encoders incorporated into the block-sorting compression algorithm, so that it accommodates the characteristics of the output of the GRP transform. We will present its details with compression experiments on another occasion.

We can also say that, in an algorithmic viewpoint, the proposed inverse transformation is a generalization of the Nong-Zhang-Chan implementation of the inverse ST.


It is well known since the half of the past century that the simple models are no-longer effective in predicting the real behavior of non-prismatic beams ( Boley, 1963; Hodges et al., 2010 ) . On the other hand, 2D FE models lead to a high computational effort. As a consequence, the enhanced models seem the best compromise.

It is well known since the half of the past century that the simple models are no-longer effective in predicting the real behavior of non-prismatic beams.


The IL-6 is a cytokine secreted by many cell types and in particular by the macrophages and smooth muscle cells of the atherosclerotic lesion [10] . Indeed, IL-6 stimulates the expression of endothelial adhesion proteins associated with chemokines to promote inflammatory cells adhesion and platelet aggregation resulting in the theatheromatous plaque formation. On the other hand, IL-6 can activate complement, which affects thenitric oxide production and endothelin-1, resulting in endothelial dysfunction. IL-6 promotes the expression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) contributing to coagulation disorders and thrombus formation [11] .

The IL-6 is a cytokine secreted by many cell types and in particular by the macrophages and smooth muscle cells of the atherosclerotic lesion.

IL-6 promotes the expression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) contributing to coagulation disorders and thrombus formation.


In Hanwoo, individual bulls have genetic influences in the population because large numbers of progeny are produced by artificial insemination. In most situations, breeding beef bulls are evaluated based on their own yearling weight and growth rate. Estimation of genetic parameters in body weights of Hanwoo were made by some researchers (Shin and Park, 1990; Son et al., 1997) . Growth rate and live weight are correlated with carcass traits but the correlation may not be strong enough to improve Hanwoo. Using the results of progeny test leads to improved reliability for individual evaluation of bulls. Despite the endeavor to improve Hanwoo, the information on the merit of carcass with the effects of genetic and environment is limited.

Estimation of genetic parameters in body weights of Hanwoo were made by some researchers.


Much has been written concerning the personalities, psyche and so-called magical thinking of individuals and groups who adhere to conspiracy theories and engage in fringe alternative practices while rejecting orthodox medicine [190] . But what do we know about the opposite pole, the fringes at the extremes of scientism and authoritarianism in medicine? How would that knowledge aid in addressing the barriers to human health? The evidence explored here suggests we do not know nearly enough. We can only conclude that it might be helpful to know more about the psyche of those who rigidly cling to the idea that the same applied science that develops rockets and particle accelerators can also be forced to fit-Rosetta Stone-like-into the ecological complexities of human health and healing.

Much has been written concerning the personalities, psyche and so-called magical thinking of individuals and groups who adhere to conspiracy theories and engage in fringe alternative practices while rejecting orthodox medicine.


I wanted to know whether native grasses and, eventually, a diverse mixture of native forbs could be restored in permanent pastures on a diversified farm by means of rotational grazing. Rotational grazing is a method of managing forage and livestock that has become increasingly popular among dairy and beef cattle farmers in the United States. Pastures are divided into several smaller paddocks using low-cost, portable electric fencing and water tanks. The cattle graze one paddock thoroughly and then are moved to the next paddock (Fig. 1 ). This prevents them from regrazing the plants they have recently defoliated. Under ideal management, plants recover leaf area and carbohydrate reserves before being grazed again, thus preserving species that are less tolerant of grazing (Voisin 1959) . Rotational graziers report lower production costs, improved animal health, improved farm working conditions, and higher profit margins (Chan-Muehlbauer et al. 1994) .

Under ideal management, plants recover leaf area and carbohydrate reserves before being grazed again, thus preserving species that are less tolerant of grazing.

Rotational graziers report lower production costs, improved animal health, improved farm working conditions, and higher profit margins.


The research goal of the present study is the evaluation of the merit of a paper based on the number of citations instead of the JIF of the journal where it has been published. With a different purpose, the same idea has been used in a previous article, where the probability that a random paper in a journal receives more citations than a random paper in another journal is used to calculate the "citation success index" (Milojevic et al, 2017) . In particular, our goal can be illustrated through the analysis of two publications authored by researchers A and B: Pa and Pb. These papers have been published in journals Ja and Jb, which have journal impact factors JIFa and JIFb, and have received Ca and Cb number of citations. Evaluating by the JIF, if JIFa is higher than JIFb, it is concluded that Pa has more merit than Pb. But assuming that Ca and Cb are direct measurements of merit, the use of the JIFs will provide a wrong result when Cb is higher than Ca. In summary, in an evaluation by means of the JIFs, researcher A will be preferred to B when actually B has more merit than A. This study calculates the probability of this wrong evaluation, namely, the failure probability.

With a different purpose, the same idea has been used in a previous article, where the probability that a random paper in a journal receives more citations than a random paper in another journal is used to calculate the "citation success index".


The material-property maps can be generated in various ways including from inverted NDT data, from inverted micro-sectional analysis or, as in this case, from a custom MATLAB-based wrinkle simulator, in which the simulated maps were based on the coupons used for the validation. Section 2 defines the wrinkle topology used in this paper, and Section 3 explains this novel combination of the wrinkle simulator, the numerical analysis and the transfer process to automatically create large numbers of FE models with controlled variations of specific parameters. The validation is described using coupon-based models, controlled by the simulator and the transfer process, against the same experimental test data reported previously [6] . Section 4 contains the results of the simulations created to realize the main objective of this paper -a parametric study of the knock-down in compressive strength due to wrinkled load-direction fibres. In Section 5, the wrinkle orientation was rotated by 90°relative to the load direction, for further analysis. Finally, a discussion is presented in Section 6 and conclusions are given in Section 7.

The validation is described using coupon-based models, controlled by the simulator and the transfer process, against the same experimental test data reported previously.


As stated above, the material-property maps used to create FE models were from a simulation process and governed by Eqs. (1) and (2) . In future work, direct NDT-inversion material maps will be applied to assist the model creation and control the wrinkle topology. This will allow the suggested methodology in this paper to be applied to more general wrinkle geometries. Within the stated limitations, the study presented here is sufficient for initial guidance on wrinkle metrics for flat laminates under in-plane compressive loads.

As stated above, the material-property maps used to create FE models were from a simulation process and governed by Eqs. (1) and.


Albumin and globulin are the main protein components of plasma which are typically monitored as A/G ratio [5] . Haematological albumin concentrations are indicative of long term dietary protein intake [33] . Consequently, lambs supplemented with high Spirulina levels have greater long term dietary protein intakes which would influence albumin levels and, in return, alter the A/G ratios, as shown. Merino-sired lambs' divergence from other sire breed A/G ratio trends may have arisen from previously discussed differences in feed use efficiency.

Albumin and globulin are the main protein components of plasma which are typically monitored as A/G ratio.

Haematological albumin concentrations are indicative of long term dietary protein intake.


Haematological chloride concentrations are useful indicators of animal hydration [5] . Also, these concentrations are only indicative of the animal's status at the time of sampling [33] . Therefore, we can assume that the experimental lambs were probably slightly dehydrated during blood sampling.

Haematological chloride concentrations are useful indicators of animal hydration.

Also, these concentrations are only indicative of the animal's status at the time of sampling.


GGT plays a critical role in cellular detoxification and is found in the kidneys, pancreas, intestine and liver [14] . The liver is the main source of GGT [5] . Hence, haematological GGT is a useful biomarker of optimal liver function [15] . In sheep, haematological GGT concentrations will elevate from normal ranges during periods of hepatic tissue damage, injury and disease [6] . Our results suggest that Spirulina supplementation amended elevated GGT concentrations towards normality. Hence, Spirulina supplementation can be associated with improved lamb liver health. Other researchers have reaffirmed this association by linking Spirulina consumption with improved liver health [16, 17] .

GGT plays a critical role in cellular detoxification and is found in the kidneys, pancreas, intestine and liver.

The liver is the main source of GGT.

Hence, haematological GGT is a useful biomarker of optimal liver function.

In sheep, haematological GGT concentrations will elevate from normal ranges during periods of hepatic tissue damage, injury and disease.

Other researchers have reaffirmed this association by linking Spirulina consumption with improved liver health.


Flexible transparent conducting films (TCF) are technologically important for future wearable displays. Although present indium-tin-oxide thin films have excellent electrical properties and high optical transmittance, their flexibility upon bending is extremely poor. Therefore, development of an alternative material with high mechanical flexibility is highly desired. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been recently proposed as a promising candidate to satisfy the desired flexibility, owing to their high aspect ratio and excellent elastic property, in addition to high electrical conductivity [1] [2] [3] . Consequently, the fabrication of flexible TCFs with CNTs has recently been carried out. These recent studies have shown that the electrical conductivity and optical transmittance of CNT films varies, depending on the coating methods and the intrinsic properties of the CNTs [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . In general, the performance of CNT-based TCFs are typically governed by the inherent properties of the CNTs, such as purity, defect concentration, and electrical conductivity. Efforts have been made to associate material-induced factors with better TCF performance [1, 15] . However, the characteristics of CNT-based TCFs are still not clear due to a lack of systematic studies on the relationship between preparation conditions and film properties. The performance of CNT-based TCFs depends strongly on the higher order structure of the CNTs, such as entangled and bundle structures. This feature could be evaluated while investigating the performance-determining factors for designing better TCFs.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been recently proposed as a promising candidate to satisfy the desired flexibility, owing to their high aspect ratio and excellent elastic property, in addition to high electrical conductivity.

These recent studies have shown that the electrical conductivity and optical transmittance of CNT films varies, depending on the coating methods and the intrinsic properties of the CNTs.

Efforts have been made to associate material-induced factors with better TCF performance.


Health suffers the influence of inherited, nutritional, and environmental factors. Populations of industrial areas are intensely exposed to chemical substances that can cause mutations, cancer, and congenital defects (Hirvonen, 1995) . Occupational agents can induce several types of cancer, such as urinary tract, skin, larynx, and pancreas cancers, and leukemias (Santos-Mello and Cavalcante, 1992) . Since the exposure to hazardous agents can be identified, actions to decrease their presence in the environment or to protect the population against them can minimize the consequences on people's health. One way to study the effects on an exposed population is to conduct monitoring studies, using pertinent biological parameters with a shortterm manifestation, such as cytogenetic analysis, by which damages to the DNA or to the chromosomes resulting from exposure can be identified. The obtained information can be used as an early warning about the potential risk of health problems developing in the long run (Au, 1991) .

Populations of industrial areas are intensely exposed to chemical substances that can cause mutations, cancer, and congenital defects.

Occupational agents can induce several types of cancer, such as urinary tract, skin, larynx, and pancreas cancers, and leukemias.

The obtained information can be used as an early warning about the potential risk of health problems developing in the long run.


The formation of PBHs with masses as large as Eq. (1) and much larger is known to be mathematically possible during the radiation era. An existence theorem is provided by hybrid inflationary models [5] . One specific prediction of hybrid inflation is a sharplypeaked PBH mass function. If we need a specific PIMBH mass, we shall use a calligraphic PIMBH defined by M PIMBH ≡ 100M ⊙ exactly. This is merely an example and extension to the whole range of Eq.(1) can also be discussed.

An existence theorem is provided by hybrid inflationary models.


Recently France has launched an initiative for the construction of an advanced SFR prototype, ASTRID by 2020 [10] . Within the European framework, an industrial size (3600 MWth) advanced SFR is being investigated in the CP-ESFR project [11] . After the reference design has been established, foremost efforts will be oriented to improve the safety of the system.

Recently France has launched an initiative for the construction of an advanced SFR prototype, ASTRID by 2020.

Within the European framework, an industrial size (3600 MWth) advanced SFR is being investigated in the CP-ESFR project.


Quantifying the effect of the inflation tax is tricky, however. The inflation tax may be one of several channels for inflation, making it difficult to disentangle each within the broader issue of the costs of inflation (Burstein and Hellwig, 2008) . Moreover, the welfare loss due to inflation may not be due to the tax itself but to other frictions such as an inefficient pricing mechanism, as the welfare costs of inflation have been shown to depend critically on the pricing mechanism being used (Aruoba et al, 2007; Craig and Rocheteau, 2008; Rocheteau, 2012) . Also, due to the inherent difficulty of implementing a controlled test of the inflation tax in the field, all measures of the effects of inflation -regardless of the channel -have been conducted within the confines of theoretical macroeconomic models.

The inflation tax may be one of several channels for inflation, making it difficult to disentangle each within the broader issue of the costs of inflation.

Moreover, the welfare loss due to inflation may not be due to the tax itself but to other frictions such as an inefficient pricing mechanism, as the welfare costs of inflation have been shown to depend critically on the pricing mechanism being used.


Creatine kinase, considered to be the most sensitive bioindicator of degenerative muscle disease, showed the highest affinity for muscular tissue (Kohli et al. 2005) . A permanent rise in CK activity is indicative of disease, and it is correlated with the degree of pathological changes. In our study, an increase in CK activity was noted in the serum of calves diagnosed with NMD at the last two samplings, and the steepest increase was reported at the end of the experiment. The above points to progressive muscle degeneration but the noted values are significantly below those reported by other authors investigating nutritional muscular dystrophy in ruminants (Bickhardt et al. 1999) . The above difference can be attributed to the degree of disease progression as well as significant variations in CK activity levels between individuals.

Creatine kinase, considered to be the most sensitive bioindicator of degenerative muscle disease, showed the highest affinity for muscular tissue.

The above points to progressive muscle degeneration but the noted values are significantly below those reported by other authors investigating nutritional muscular dystrophy in ruminants.


Respondent numbers were almost equally male (52%) and female (48%). This contrasts with what would be found in a study of training in large Western business where HRD is dominated by females. It also contrasts with studies of SMEs in other developing countries such as Pakistan where the respondents were exclusively male (Bhutta et al., 2008) . The relatively equal proportion of male and female respondents in theory fits with the notion of family business (husband and wife) however, in terms of marital status, most (61%) were single.

It also contrasts with studies of SMEs in other developing countries such as Pakistan where the respondents were exclusively male.


Human resources are important to every kind and size of business, especially SMEs, which are more labour intensive than their larger counterparts (Miller, 1987) . There are few comprehensive studies which focus on training in family run SMEs, particularly in Thailand. Our study partially fills this gap. The following section first reviews the nature of human resource management (HRM) in Thailand. HRM is examined because there is little or no literature on training in Thailand, thus the wider subject of HRM, under which training fits in our conceptual approach, is examined as an alternative. When training is viewed as one function of HRM examining what is known about other HRM functions in Thailand or the overall approach to HRM in that country can throw some light on what we might expect to find about training in particular. The paper then summarises literature on SMEs and family run business, overviews training concepts and addresses training in SMEs.

Human resources are important to every kind and size of business, especially SMEs, which are more labour intensive than their larger counterparts.

Our study partially fills this gap.


There is, however, some evidence that suggests summertime overheating can be avoided in Passivhaus buildings. For instance, the CEPHEUS (Cost Efficient Passive Houses as European Standards) project, which monitored 221 dwellings in 5 European countries, revealed that mean indoor temperatures could be kept within a comfortable range in the summer, and comfort could be improved through appropriate occupant ventilation behaviour [6, 43, 44] . It is worth noting that the aforementioned research was conducted by practitioners from the Passivhaus Institute with a detailed understanding PassivHaus dwelling operation.

For instance, the CEPHEUS (Cost Efficient Passive Houses as European Standards) project, which monitored 221 dwellings in 5 European countries, revealed that mean indoor temperatures could be kept within a comfortable range in the summer, and comfort could be improved through appropriate occupant ventilation behaviour.


Besides the use of stevia as a sweetening agent, there are some reports on the antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts that makes it an important medicinal plant [4] [5] [6] . Due to the increasing emergence of resistant pathogens, scientists have shown increased interest in identifying new phytochemicals to tackle plant diseases. Stevia leaf extracts contain some phytochemicals such as phenols and flavonoids.

Besides the use of stevia as a sweetening agent, there are some reports on the antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts that makes it an important medicinal plant.


This research has shown that developments in spatial climate data products have enhanced the depiction and assessment of climate characteristics in wine producing regions by accounting for climate variations over the entire landscape. However, we acknowledge that this type of data is synthetic, has errors associated with localized atmospheric dynamics (e.g., inversions, land-sea breezes, etc.), and depends on the observational data available, the density of which varies from region to region (Tait, 2008) . It is also important to note that micro-scale site differences are still not fully depicted in our spatial climate data, but thẽ 500 m resolution of the NIWA climate grids provides a substantial improvement in understanding general regional climate characteristics over the use of a single or a few stations. Furthermore, the application of producing a statistical range of climate over entire wine producing regions allows for a more complete assessment of the spatial climate characteristics within them.

However, we acknowledge that this type of data is synthetic, has errors associated with localized atmospheric dynamics (e.g., inversions, land-sea breezes, etc.), and depends on the observational data available, the density of which varies from region to region.


Nowadays, in the universe of new medicine, carbon nanotubes have experimentally showed their capacity in passing through the cell shell. Accordingly, scientists believe that they can apply them in releasing active drug molecules in the cell, particularly in the most sensitive and essential molecules for special diseases such as cancer and AIDS. The physical and chemical nature of these nanotubes has been studied by many scientists to prepare this material for such a significant task [1] . The major aim of developing nanocarrier drug delivery systems is to enhance the therapeutic effect or reduce toxicity of therapeutically active materials. This is conventionally achieved using cylindrical molecules made of carbon atoms such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [2, 3] .

The physical and chemical nature of these nanotubes has been studied by many scientists to prepare this material for such a significant task.

This is conventionally achieved using cylindrical molecules made of carbon atoms such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs).


Skin cancer is the most common form of human cancer. As a result, many drugs have been developed to treat skin cancer. In addition, there are very few demonstrable biochemical differences between cancerous cells and normal cells. For this reason, the effectiveness of many anti-cancer drugs is limited by their toxicity to normal rapidly growing cells in the intestinal and bone marrow areas. A final problem is that cancerous cells which are initially suppressed using a specific drug may develop a resistance to that drug. For this reason, cancer treatments may consist of using several drugs in combination for varying lengths of time [4] [5] [6] . The anti-cancer drug that was selected in this work is Tretinoin that is an important regulator of cell reproduction, proliferation, and differentiation and is used to treat acne and photo-damaged skin and to manage keratinization disorders such as ichthyosis and keratosis follicularis [7] [8] [9] .

For this reason, cancer treatments may consist of using several drugs in combination for varying lengths of time.

The anti-cancer drug that was selected in this work is Tretinoin that is an important regulator of cell reproduction, proliferation, and differentiation and is used to treat acne and photo-damaged skin and to manage keratinization disorders such as ichthyosis and keratosis follicularis.


The effect of product fire performance on occupant tenability during the course of a building fire, long the subject of research and professional dialog, has reached the stage where evaluation of concepts for pragmatic implementation of our knowledge is justifiable. There are framework documents for performance-based design, which provide the context for the use of information regarding the time that people can safely remain within a burning building [1] . From ISO TC92 SC3, Fire Threat to People and the Environment, there is a set of Standards and supporting documents that put smoke toxic potency and other tenability factors in perspective, describe how to measure them, and organize how to use the data [2] . Finally, there are numerous apparatus, being used or proposed (although not necessarily of known accuracy), for obtaining toxic potency data for combustible construction and furnishing products [3] .

There are framework documents for performance-based design, which provide the context for the use of information regarding the time that people can safely remain within a burning building.

From ISO TC92 SC3, Fire Threat to People and the Environment, there is a set of Standards and supporting documents that put smoke toxic potency and other tenability factors in perspective, describe how to measure them, and organize how to use the data.

Finally, there are numerous apparatus, being used or proposed (although not necessarily of known accuracy), for obtaining toxic potency data for combustible construction and furnishing products.


However, in the case of the LPC messages, the gendered usernames provided greater heuristic value, elevating the perceived effectiveness of the messages somewhat, despite the absence of nonverbal cues. Male LPC helpers were seen as more effective than females (p < .001), who in turn were more effective than gender-ambiguous helpers (p < .001). The genderless LPC message, without the heuristic cue of helper gender, may have been interpreted in terms of message quality alone and came up short. Although observers assumed that gender-ambiguous LPC helpers were more likely to be male than female, the gender-ambiguous LPC messages were rated less effective than LPC messages from a male-gendered source. When there is insufficient information about an individual online, SIP asserts, evaluations tend to be impersonal and negative (Walther, 1992) . A gendered username (or a HPC or LPC message) provides a cue to identity, and that cue, in turn, improves message evaluations.

When there is insufficient information about an individual online, SIP asserts, evaluations tend to be impersonal and negative.