The wavelength tuning was performed by changing the MgO:PPLN crystal temperature at the fixed grating period of 31.5 m. At the temperatures of 200°C, 188°C, and 172°C, the signal and idler spectra were, respectively, presented in Fig. 6(a) -(c), and the corresponding average , with a conversion efficiency of 76%. Compared with doubly resonant OPO in degeneracy, the singly resonant OPO was even more efficient because of the lower intra-cavity optical intensity. The slightly low output power at 172°C [see Fig. 6 (c)] was due to an increasing loss resulting from mirror coating which reflectivity decreased to 97% near 1860 nm. It was noticed that for different tuning wavelengths, the output powers of signal and idler were always stable. It is noteworthy that due to phase conjugation of signal and idler in OPO, the high-power picosecond OPO system can be used for restoration of blurred images with high temporal resolution [17] , [18] . In addition, it can also be used for generation of far infrared and THz waves by intracavity difference frequency generation of signal and idler pulses [19] - [21] .

It is noteworthy that due to phase conjugation of signal and idler in OPO, the high-power picosecond OPO system can be used for restoration of blurred images with high temporal resolution.

In addition, it can also be used for generation of far infrared and THz waves by intracavity difference frequency generation of signal and idler pulses.


In this paper, the incenter method will be revised using the Nagel point of a triangle to increase efficiency. The Nagel point is the point of intersection of the line segments from the vertices of the triangle to the points of tangency of the opposite excircles [27] . In order to save most of the information of triangular fuzzy numbers, we associate these fuzzy numbers with triplets instead of real numbers. We will show that, unlike previously mentioned methods, we can efficiently order triangular fuzzy numbers by the proposed method.

The Nagel point is the point of intersection of the line segments from the vertices of the triangle to the points of tangency of the opposite excircles.


Several types of somatic cell have been used for in vitro culture of bovine embryos including bovine oviduct epithelial cell (BOEC), granulosa cell, uterine fibroblasts, trophoblastic vesicles and buffalo rat liver cells (Orsi and Reischl, 2006) . The co-culture system with somatic cells is an effective and useful method for in vitro culture of bovine IVF embryos, affecting the success of IVP systems which may stimulate embryo development through amelioration of embryotoxic substance or secretion of embryotropic factor (Carolan et al., 1995; Donnay et al., 1997) . Antioxidant enzymes (MnSOD, CuZnSOD, Gpx, glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) and catalase) as an embryotropic factor were constituently expressed in both bovine oviduct cell monolayers and nonattached epithelial cell vesicle cultures during an 8-day culture period (Harvey et al., 1995; Jang et al., 2005) . The somatic cells used to increase development in the embryo co-culture system may secrete various growth factors, including IGF, LIF and TGF (Rief et al., 2002) . BOEC are the most popular and notable somatic cells in bovine embryo culture in vitro. The BOEC co-culture system is an excellent method for overcoming the in vitro developmental block of bovine IVM/IVF embryos. However, BOEC may produce unknown substances, embryotropic factors and/or embryotoxic factors, making in difficult to determine the exact requirements for embryo development and preventing a clear understanding of embryo metabolism. Moreover, the effects of status (more than 1-passage and fresh or frozen/thawed) of BOEC on in vitro development of embryo culture has not been investigated and also the specific mechanism of their action is still unclear. Therefore, more complete analysis of the somatic cell co-culture system supporting high developmental rates is needed, not only to obtain consistent results but also to examine the exact requirements of embryo culture in vitro. Furthermore, cell lines that retain the ability over many passages to provide the conditions favorable for embryo development through the transition stage should be established.

Several types of somatic cell have been used for in vitro culture of bovine embryos including bovine oviduct epithelial cell (BOEC), granulosa cell, uterine fibroblasts, trophoblastic vesicles and buffalo rat liver cells.

The co-culture system with somatic cells is an effective and useful method for in vitro culture of bovine IVF embryos, affecting the success of IVP systems which may stimulate embryo development through amelioration of embryotoxic substance or secretion of embryotropic factor.

Antioxidant enzymes (MnSOD, CuZnSOD, Gpx, glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) and catalase) as an embryotropic factor were constituently expressed in both bovine oviduct cell monolayers and nonattached epithelial cell vesicle cultures during an 8-day culture period.

The somatic cells used to increase development in the embryo co-culture system may secrete various growth factors, including IGF, LIF and TGF.


Currently, solar thermal only provides around 0.5% of the estimated global water and space heating demand in the buildings sector within the European area [6] . In 2005 Europe had a solar thermal system capacity of around 10 GW th . This is expected to grow to 200 GW th by 2030, of which up to 50% will be used for the delivery of low and medium temperature water [7] . In the UK, around 131 GW th of domestic hot water has already been provided by solar systems, partly replacing conventional gas and electrical heating systems in 2011 [8] . In 2013, it was indicated that 148.2 million tonnes of oil equivalent was consumed, with 66% used for space heating and another 17% for water heating, with a total estimated cost of around £33 billion to the UK economy [9] . Meanwhile, solar driven water heating systems have been identified as having the potential to offset around 70-90% of the total energy required for water heating, thus enabling significant savings in household fossil fuel energy use [10] . Supporting the UK Government's Renewable Heat Premium Payment scheme, solar thermal is expected to offer great potential for heat source diversity and for the development of towns and cities in sustainable and affordable ways.

Currently, solar thermal only provides around 0.5% of the estimated global water and space heating demand in the buildings sector within the European area.

This is expected to grow to 200 GW th by 2030, of which up to 50% will be used for the delivery of low and medium temperature water.

In the UK, around 131 GW th of domestic hot water has already been provided by solar systems, partly replacing conventional gas and electrical heating systems in 2011.

In 2013, it was indicated that 148.2 million tonnes of oil equivalent was consumed, with 66% used for space heating and another 17% for water heating, with a total estimated cost of around £33 billion to the UK economy.

Meanwhile, solar driven water heating systems have been identified as having the potential to offset around 70-90% of the total energy required for water heating, thus enabling significant savings in household fossil fuel energy use.


Especially, the cutting tool iPSS (ct-iPSS) integrates intangible cutting services with physical cutting tools to satisfy consumers' cutting requirements (Sun et al., 2016b) . By prolonging the business chains, traditional cutting tool manufacturers turned to ct-iPSS providers. Moreover, the third-party ct-iPSS providers were also available. Both of them had professional skills about cutting tools and provided excellent professional cutting services. In the ct-iPSS model, the cutting tools are owned by the service providers. Cutting service consumers pay for the intangible cutting tool services only. Their requirements can be fulfilled without focusing on the physical cutting tools. It is expected that ct-iPSS helps cutting tool service consumers, cutting tool manufacturers and the third-party cutting tool service providers to realise a win-win situation (Lindahl et al., 2014) .

Especially, the cutting tool iPSS (ct-iPSS) integrates intangible cutting services with physical cutting tools to satisfy consumers' cutting requirements.

It is expected that ct-iPSS helps cutting tool service consumers, cutting tool manufacturers and the third-party cutting tool service providers to realise a win-win situation.


The sample used in this study, which originates from the culturally, economically, and politically diverse Middle East region, did not demonstrate correlation between the percentage of science questions sent by females and the gender equity of specific countries. Contrary to expectation, gender differences with regard to interest in science are not smaller in technologically advanced countries, which foster mass education and equity legislation (Steinkamp & Maehr, 1984) . It is an example of cultured technology, in which communities reshape a technology and make it a part of their culture, while at the same time changing their customary ways of life and unwritten laws to adapt to it (Barzilai-Nahon & Barzilai, 2005) . In this case study, the Internet serves as a potential bypass for traditional gender inequities by allowing girls to pursue their science interests through an open and distant science learning environment even when their direct environment does not necessarily encourage such interests.

Contrary to expectation, gender differences with regard to interest in science are not smaller in technologically advanced countries, which foster mass education and equity legislation.

It is an example of cultured technology, in which communities reshape a technology and make it a part of their culture, while at the same time changing their customary ways of life and unwritten laws to adapt to it.


Socially and economically marginalized people tend to bear a disproportionate burden of environmental hazards, including pollution and toxic waste, based on empirical studies focusing on the US [1] [2] [3] . In this regard, the environmental justice movement initiated in the US has considered racial inequalities in particular in the establishment of environmental equality. Environmental justice is defined as "the provision of adequate protection from environmental toxicants for all people, regardless of age, ethnicity, gender, health status, social class, or race" [4] . The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines environmental justice somewhat differently as "the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies" [5] .

Socially and economically marginalized people tend to bear a disproportionate burden of environmental hazards, including pollution and toxic waste, based on empirical studies focusing on the US.

Environmental justice is defined as "the provision of adequate protection from environmental toxicants for all people, regardless of age, ethnicity, gender, health status, social class, or race".

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines environmental justice somewhat differently as "the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies".


However, this research did not indicate a significant relationship between the economic statuses of communities with the siting of hazardous waste facilities in Korea. Our results show that the siting of TRI facilities is related to sociopolitical factors but not to a community's economic status. However, communities with less sociopolitical power (lower political participation rates) have fewer resources and limited access to decision makers compared to communities with larger proportions of highly educated people and higher political participation rates. This is important, as these factors enable effective lobbying to block the placement of TRI facilities near the community [26, 34] .

This is important, as these factors enable effective lobbying to block the placement of TRI facilities near the community.


The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of culture on adolescents' perceptions of parenting and family functioning in order to highlight the similarities and differences among two different southern regions in Italy and Spain. In particular, the fundamental question motivating the present research was: Does a Mediterranean model of family exist? In fact, during these years, testing the so-called Mediterranean model has become one of the prime goals of research for family researchers working on southern Europe (Viazzo, 2003) . Nevertheless, the results are controversial.

In fact, during these years, testing the so-called Mediterranean model has become one of the prime goals of research for family researchers working on southern Europe.


Furthermore, the influence of species traits on the ability to invade certain ecosystems suggests that invasibility is dependent on invader identity and therefore invasibility is not a fixed attribute of an ecosystem (Lloret et al ., 2005) . Rather, because invasibility is determined by the interaction of the introduced species with the resident biota and the limits imposed by environmental constraints, invasibility of a particular ecosystem seems to be context and time specific (Thomsen et al ., 2006) . Only by comparing how a range of different species invade the same set of ecosystems might we be able to discern how much differences in the degree of invasion among ecosystems depend upon the characteristics of the receptor ecosystem or of the invader species (Mitchell et al ., 2006) .

Furthermore, the influence of species traits on the ability to invade certain ecosystems suggests that invasibility is dependent on invader identity and therefore invasibility is not a fixed attribute of an ecosystem.

Rather, because invasibility is determined by the interaction of the introduced species with the resident biota and the limits imposed by environmental constraints, invasibility of a particular ecosystem seems to be context and time specific.

Only by comparing how a range of different species invade the same set of ecosystems might we be able to discern how much differences in the degree of invasion among ecosystems depend upon the characteristics of the receptor ecosystem or of the invader species.


Similarly, we found large inter-annual variations. The lower establishment success and establishment rates from the sowing undertaken in 2001 compared to the 2002, and the high summer mortality were most likely caused by strong water limitation. In Mediterranean ecosystems, high summer water stress is known to decrease the likelihood of invasion (Thomsen et al., 2006) . These findings suggest that timing and ecosystem vulnerability to invasion might be largely dependent on water availability conditions triggering plant recruitment as proposed by the resource pulse hypothesis (Davis et al., 2000; Renne et al., 2006) . Therefore, microsite soil differences in water retention as well as extreme events might play an important role in determining seedling establishment.

In Mediterranean ecosystems, high summer water stress is known to decrease the likelihood of invasion.

These findings suggest that timing and ecosystem vulnerability to invasion might be largely dependent on water availability conditions triggering plant recruitment as proposed by the resource pulse hypothesis.


The use of mobile phone while driving may require different actions: initiating or receiving a call, holding the phone, texting, picking it up if dropped and so on, which causes drivers to lose attention to their surroundings. Although the use of a hands-free mobile phone devices, are universally recommended and permitted, calls can be a distraction, since conversation may consumes mental energy, thus loosing concentration while driving leading to potentially complications and may result in an accident (Walter, 2010) . Even though that the Omani Laws are very restrict to the usage of mobile phones while driving (incarceration for 10 days), data showed that the percentages of drivers using mobile phones while driving was very high, 83% always used the mobile phone while driving and 16% occasionally used it (Fig. 7) .

Although the use of a hands-free mobile phone devices, are universally recommended and permitted, calls can be a distraction, since conversation may consumes mental energy, thus loosing concentration while driving leading to potentially complications and may result in an accident.


Femtocell, also known as femtocell access point (FAP), is a short-ranged, low-powered, and low-cost base station that has been shrunk down to the size of a paperback book. Femtocell is similar to a wireless internet router and easy to install in offices and residences. It is a mini base station for the indoor coverage purpose and an extension of outdoor network. It provides high quality indoor coverage and increases the capacity of the network by diverting a portion of the traffic through wired-backhaul connection [1] . Cellular operators throughout the world are facing challenges in increasing system capacity, coverage, and residential connectivity in suburban and urban environments due to the huge investment that follows. Femtocell offers an economically appealing way to improve the quality, coverage, and the service of the existing network. However, dense deployment of femtocell induces interference concern, which remains a strong challenge so far [2, 3] . Moreover, the indoor wireless environment and short distances among the cells have made the situation more complex. Since the cellular operators prefer cochannel deployment for better spectral efficiency, femtocell increases the capacity without considering the fairness of per femtocell user capacity.

It provides high quality indoor coverage and increases the capacity of the network by diverting a portion of the traffic through wired-backhaul connection.

However, dense deployment of femtocell induces interference concern, which remains a strong challenge so far.


The design of the rotor is an important issue for FESS. Most designs adopt the shape of disk-like flywheel that is made of high-strength carbon filaments [5, 6] . Recently, a ring-type FESS was proposed [7] . It adopted a thin-walled composite hoop as the rotor. Such design can allow reaching higher rotor tangential speed. In addition, the ring-type rotor possesses larger mass moment of inertia several design parameters cannot be determined, such as the geometric sizes of the permanent magnets in the magnetic bearings and the relative position of inner and outer Halbach arrays (which is called offset). More importantly, accurate magnetic force model is the key for obtaining the accurate dynamic model and for designing stable levitation controller. However, establishing accurate magnetic force model is a nontrivial task since it involves many factors, such as magnet geometry, air gap, coil currents, etc.

Most designs adopt the shape of disk-like flywheel that is made of high-strength carbon filaments.

Recently, a ring-type FESS was proposed.


However, the Taylor series expansion used herein is local in nature and restricted to low-dimensional systems. In order to target arbitrarily high levels of amplitude, as well as high-dimensional systems, more efficient methods should be developed for solving the system of PDEs (51) or (55). As mentioned in Section 4.5 there are differences between these systems and the one obtained in the work of Shaw and Pierre. Nonetheless, all these systems share a common structure, which might allow the extension of numerical methods developed using master coordinates to this new framework. In addition, the Koopman operator approach is associated with recent data analysis techniques that are well-suited to high-dimensional systems [29] . This could potentially open the door to develop data-driven methods for computing NNMs of large systems.

In addition, the Koopman operator approach is associated with recent data analysis techniques that are well-suited to high-dimensional systems.


Successive-approximation analog-to-digital converters (SAADCs) have recently become very attractive in energyefficient moderate-resolution/moderate-speed applications due to their minimal active analog circuit requirements [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . In a SA-ADC, a digital-to-analog converter (sub-DAC) tries to estimate the value of each sample of the input analog signal through successive approximations and comparisons. Based on the ADC resolution, after a particular number of cycles, the digital word stored in the successive-approximation register (SAR) corresponds to the analog sample with a particular quantization error. Fig. 1 demonstrates a single-ended realization example of a capacitor-based SA-ADC [1] . In this ADC, during the sampling phase when the sampling switch is on, the most-significant bit (MSB) is set to "1" while all other bits are "0" and thus the bottom plates of half of the capacitors are tied to V REF_H and the rest to V REF_L . After disconnecting the sampling switch, the input signal, already sampled on the sub-DAC capacitors is compared to V half =(V REF_H -V REF_L )/2 and the MSB is decided to remain "1" or set back to "0". Then, the next most-significant bit is set to "1" and this procedure is repeated until all N bits are found. One advantage of this architecture is that the input common-mode level of the comparator is constant thus reducing its dynamic offset voltage [2] . Nevertheless, this architecture can readily be converted to a fully-differential version.

Successive-approximation analog-to-digital converters (SAADCs) have recently become very attractive in energyefficient moderate-resolution/moderate-speed applications due to their minimal active analog circuit requirements.

Fig. 1 demonstrates a single-ended realization example of a capacitor-based SA-ADC.

One advantage of this architecture is that the input common-mode level of the comparator is constant thus reducing its dynamic offset voltage.


As we know, the efficiency and output power of the WPT system will be maximized if the system satisfies the optimal impedance matching condition [11] . However, the uncertain parameter variations Figure 1 shows the structure of a WPT system using CMR. A power source is used to supply high-frequency power to the transmitter coil. The power is transmitted from the transmitter coil to the receiver coil through magnetic coupling. A load is used to consume the power received by the receiver coil. Two tuning and impedance matching circuits are used to compensate the reactive power in the WPT system. In this paper, the following uncertain parameters are mainly investigated: First, the coupling coefficient k between the transmitter and receiver coils is one uncertain parameter. As shown in Figure 1 , the receiver coil movement may lead to lateral, longitudinal, and angular displacements between the coils. The influence of the coil displacements on the WPT system is reflected in the change of the coupling coefficient.

As we know, the efficiency and output power of the WPT system will be maximized if the system satisfies the optimal impedance matching condition.


The growing demand for oil and the decreasing number of newly discovered significant oil fields require more efficient management of the existing oil fields. Oil fields are developed in two or three phases. In the primary phase, the reservoir pressure is large enough to make the oil flow to the production wells. In the secondary phase, water must be injected to maintain pressure and move the oil towards the producers. In some cases, a tertiary phase known as enhanced oil recovery is considered. Enhanced oil recovery includes technologies such as in situ combustion, surfactant flooding, polymer flooding, and steam flooding (Thomas, 2008) . After the secondary phase, typically the oil recovery is somewhere between 10% and 50% (Chen, 2007; Jansen, 2011) .

Enhanced oil recovery includes technologies such as in situ combustion, surfactant flooding, polymer flooding, and steam flooding.

After the secondary phase, typically the oil recovery is somewhere between 10% and 50%.


It is also believed that the isolated organisms should posses catabolic enzymes for the specific biodegradation in the presence of different PAHs. The catabolic pathways, which encode the different aromatic hydrocarbon degradation routes, are frequently located on plasmids. Although degradation genes can be located on either chromosome or plasmid. Phenanthrene degrading Pseudomonas from crude oil contaminated soil samples collected in a petroleum refining area were isolated and characterized [17] . They concluded that hydrocarbon degradation routes are frequently located on plasmid.

Phenanthrene degrading Pseudomonas from crude oil contaminated soil samples collected in a petroleum refining area were isolated and characterized.


Twenty four bacteria capable of utilizing naphthalene as their sole source of carbon and energy for growth from three different soils in Nsukula, Nigeria were isolated and characterized [10] . The usage of petroleum hydrocarbon products has been increased. Therefore, the soil contamination with diesel and engine oil is becoming one of the major environmental problems. Various microbial species are effective degraders of hydrocarbons in natural environment. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, yeast and microalgae can degrade petroleum hydrocarbons [11, 12] .

Twenty four bacteria capable of utilizing naphthalene as their sole source of carbon and energy for growth from three different soils in Nsukula, Nigeria were isolated and characterized.

Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, yeast and microalgae can degrade petroleum hydrocarbons.


Modern day's business environment is frequently distinguished by increasing intricacy, ambiguity, unsteadiness and unpredictability. Thus, organizations must take each and every opportunity to advance their operational performance to stay competitive in the world-wide marketplace by appropriately selecting its trading partners. Supply chain management (SCM) is a process that covers raw material procurement, production of finished products and distributing the finished good to consumers through distributors and retailers. In a supply chain network, supplier evaluation and selection is a deliberated task because of high complications with several conflicting, commensurable, ordinal and cardinal factors involved in the decision making process. In this network, organizations are forced to harmonize their purchasing activities in order to gain advantage. In managing purchasing activities proficiently, supplier evaluation and selection plays a crucial role and has become a very fundamental component for viable benefits of any organization (Rezaei 2015) . In the concept of SCM, supplier is as the first echelon, followed by manufacturer, distributor, retailer and, finally, end customer. Thus, selecting proper suppliers plays a significant role in firms and industries as this influence the overall performance of a SCM (Omurca 2013; Amindoust et al. 2012) . Indeed, suitable suppliers significantly help in alleviating unnecessary costs, improving the operations and increasing customer satisfaction (Arikan 2013) . Therefore, the issue of supplier selection has attracted a lot of research attention. In this study, a new model is proposed by integrating genetic-based artificial intelligence (AI) technique with non-parametric approach in supplier selection.

In managing purchasing activities proficiently, supplier evaluation and selection plays a crucial role and has become a very fundamental component for viable benefits of any organization.

Thus, selecting proper suppliers plays a significant role in firms and industries as this influence the overall performance of a SCM.

Indeed, suitable suppliers significantly help in alleviating unnecessary costs, improving the operations and increasing customer satisfaction.


Mushrooms have been used for traditional foods and medicines in Asia (Chang, 1996) . Generally, mushrooms are rich in dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins and low in fat (Manzi, 2001; Mattila et al., 2001) . Moreover, mushrooms contain various polyphenolic compounds recognized as an excellent antioxidant (Ishikawa and Morimoto, 1984) . Especially, Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) is the second most popular and the third widely cultivated edible mushroom in the world. Several important compounds including bioactive polysaccharides (lentinan), dietary fiber, ergosterol, vitamins B 1 , B 2 and C, and minerals have been isolated from the fruiting body, mycelia, and culture medium of this mushroom. Resent numerous studies have shown its medicinal attributes including anti-tumor, antimicrobial, liver function improving and cholesterol lowering activity (Fukushoma et al., 2001; Mizuno et al., 1995) .

Mushrooms have been used for traditional foods and medicines in Asia.

Generally, mushrooms are rich in dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins and low in fat.

Moreover, mushrooms contain various polyphenolic compounds recognized as an excellent antioxidant.

Resent numerous studies have shown its medicinal attributes including anti-tumor, antimicrobial, liver function improving and cholesterol lowering activity.


We claim that existing tools for exploration and analysis of LD provide little or no support for summaries so that the user can have an idea of the structure of the dataset and the parts that seem more interesting for analysis. In that line, we have also looked into approaches that provide graph summaries over LD using different techniques such as bisimulation and clustering (Alzogbi and Lausen, 2013; Khatchadourian and Consens, 2010) . However, these graph summaries are produced without an analytical focus, therefore, the resulting summaries may not be useful for analysis purposes.

In that line, we have also looked into approaches that provide graph summaries over LD using different techniques such as bisimulation and clustering.


Economic analyses of life saving policies require appropriate discount rate for comparing long-term health benefits. It is, in general, argued that the society's risk less rate of time preference can serve as the discount rate for all benefit components if capital markets are perfect. The issue becomes more complex if capital markets are imperfect and particularly for health benefits because human health/life can not be traded explicitly in an inter-temporal market (Moore and Viscusi, 1990) . In this context, the debate is whether one can use the same discounting rate that is used for evaluating other benefit components or one can find a different rate for health benefits.

The issue becomes more complex if capital markets are imperfect and particularly for health benefits because human health/life can not be traded explicitly in an inter-temporal market.


This step is repeated until it meets the optimized network (Cross 1985) . The analytical method o ers speci c algorithms for the solution of particular design, used in describing a method that solves a particular design problem by a unique series of mathematical steps (Kuang 1996) . In this method the nonlinear matrix function describing the quality of the network is linearized around an initial point using Taylor series. Then by adopting the available optimization methods such as linear or quadratic programming, some corrections to the initial values are made in such a way that the network becomes optimal.

This step is repeated until it meets the optimized network.

The analytical method o ers speci c algorithms for the solution of particular design, used in describing a method that solves a particular design problem by a unique series of mathematical steps.


Pflanz explores the effect of resiliency on command and control architectures within his dissertation. Within his exploration of several command and control examples, he models the system processes, information flows, and system interfaces in order to assess the system performance as it adjusts to disruptive events and performs system recovery [8] . We emulate his approach in utilizing our SoS architecture artifacts in order to describe the structure and evaluate initial requirements allocations to constituent systems. These SoS outcomes may then serve as an indicator of whether our allocation was correct or not, and serves to identify particular system requirements that contribute to a satisfactory SoS performance.

Within his exploration of several command and control examples, he models the system processes, information flows, and system interfaces in order to assess the system performance as it adjusts to disruptive events and performs system recovery.


COMET explores a new way of performing code offloading by experimenting with distributed shared memory (DSM) [18] . For this to work, the authors extended the DalvikVM by adding several VM synchronization primitives to the Android CyanogenMod Gingerbread release so it could support DSM. COMET operates at the thread level, allowing the same threads to run on two different environments. A full-duplex byte stream is then established to allow both threads to migrate from one environment to the other and to share their state.

COMET explores a new way of performing code offloading by experimenting with distributed shared memory (DSM).


Precipitation in tropical savanna climate is less than 60 mm in the driest month and also less than h (as defined in Equation (1)) [46] . Further microclimate sub-classifications of the country have also been made based on agro-ecological characteristics of various zones and is used by organizations such as the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) [47] . These sub-classifications are: Rain Forest, Deciduous Forest, Forest-Savannah Transition, Coastal Savannah and Northern (Interior) Savannah which comprises Guinea and Sudan Savannahs [47] .

Precipitation in tropical savanna climate is less than 60 mm in the driest month and also less than h (as defined in Equation (1)).

Further microclimate sub-classifications of the country have also been made based on agro-ecological characteristics of various zones and is used by organizations such as the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

These sub-classifications are: Rain Forest, Deciduous Forest, Forest-Savannah Transition, Coastal Savannah and Northern (Interior) Savannah which comprises Guinea and Sudan Savannahs.


With the completion of GLONASS, the quality of ZTD/ PWV retrieved from GLONASS data is expected to improve and increase the benefit of combining GLONASS and GPS for ZTD/PWV estimation, especially in real-time processing (Li et al. 2015a) . We investigate the real-time ZTD/PWV retrieval from stand-alone GLONASS, GPS, and GLONASS ? GPS observations based on the PPP technique. The observations of 80 globally distributed stations from the IGS network are processed in real-time PPP mode to derive three different solutions: GLONASSonly, GPS-only, and GPS/GLONASS combined solution. First, the performance of the GLONASS-derived ZTD is assessed by comparing to those derived from GPS. All the three solutions are then compared to results derived from very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and radiosondes (RS) to independently evaluate the performance of the GLONASS-only solution and the benefit of adding GLO-NASS to GPS for ZTD/PWV retrieval.

With the completion of GLONASS, the quality of ZTD/ PWV retrieved from GLONASS data is expected to improve and increase the benefit of combining GLONASS and GPS for ZTD/PWV estimation, especially in real-time processing.


The Hugoniot stress in the materials, Fig. 5 , was measured with a manganin gauge mounted approximately 3 mm from the impact surface and sandwiched between two pieces of PMMA. The times have been shifted so that the rise for each experiment starts at approximately the same time for ease in comparison of the various experiments. There is significant rounding of the shock pulse, which is attributed to the viscoelastic nature of the material [1] . The rise time decrease with increasing impact velocity. The values appended to the individual traces within the graph indicate the average stress for the plateau region.

There is significant rounding of the shock pulse, which is attributed to the viscoelastic nature of the material.


Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is widely used in dynamic high pressure experiments as a window material and in explosive characterization tests, e.g. gap tests, as a shock mitigation material. Although there has been considerable work in the literature characterizing PMMA, often the pedigree of the materials tested is not discussed. There was considerable effort to characterize a particular PMMA material-Rohm and Haas UVA Type II-as windows for shock experiments [1] . However, this material is no longer manufactured, and the question has arisen as to whether new PMMA materials intended for use as attenuators or windows in shock experiments need to be characterized or if the detailed calibration performed on a separate material is sufficient.

There was considerable effort to characterize a particular PMMA material-Rohm and Haas UVA Type II-as windows for shock experiments.


It can be seen that the relationship is not linear at low impact velocities, particularly for the Rohm and Haas material, which was also observed by Barker and Hollenbach [1] . Due to the maximum impact velocity for the Polycast material, it is difficult to see if the non-linearity holds, and additional, higher impact velocity experiments, would be needed to validate this claim. This is attributed to the two dimensional nature of the local deformation due to the higher strength of the polymer chain backbone compared to compression of the space between chains [2] .

It can be seen that the relationship is not linear at low impact velocities, particularly for the Rohm and Haas material, which was also observed by Barker and Hollenbach.

This is attributed to the two dimensional nature of the local deformation due to the higher strength of the polymer chain backbone compared to compression of the space between chains.


A related problem is answering probabilistic range queries [5] . The proposed model allows uncertain query and data objects. Addressing NN queries under the same model raises different challenges, as it involves not only the interaction between each data object and the query object, but also the interaction among objects.

A related problem is answering probabilistic range queries.


Let us first discuss the correlators appearing in these formulae from the perspective of the dual QFT. Stress-energy tensor correlation functions are defined by coupling the QFT to a background metric and then successively functionally differentiating with respect to the metric, before setting the background metric equal to the flat metric. Functionally differentiating, say, three times with respect to the background metric gives rise, in addition to the 3-point function of T ij , to semi-local 2 and ultralocal terms since the stress-energy tensor itself depends on the background metric. The ultralocal terms are not important (except when they are related to anomalies, but there are no relevant anomalies in the case at hand) because their value can be changed at will by adding a finite local counterterm. On the other hand, semi-local terms are important. From a cosmological perspective, they may contribute to non-Gaussianity of the 'local' type [1] . Our holographic formulae therefore carefully include the contribution of all such terms. Note that on the holographic side, the results presented here are the complete 3-point functions involving the stress-energy tensor. Correlation functions involving the stress-energy tensor and the scalar operator dual to the bulk scalar field follow from Ward identities [10] .

From a cosmological perspective, they may contribute to non-Gaussianity of the 'local' type.

Correlation functions involving the stress-energy tensor and the scalar operator dual to the bulk scalar field follow from Ward identities.


On one side, sometimes students think that physics is a collection of formulas that must be memorized and applied when faced with questions [4] , [6] . This presumption will increasingly affect poor learning outcomes, if not supported by the ability of teachers to teach physics properly. On the other side, in physics lessons, teachers tend to teachthe formulas instead of applying the practical concepts of physics itself. In addition, in delivery the lessons teachers still apply conventional learning patterns. Teaching is more focused on the flow of information from teacher to the students. Teachers portray themselves as orator, and students are considered to have no experience at all about the concepts being taught.

On one side, sometimes students think that physics is a collection of formulas that must be memorized and applied when faced with questions.


Due to the advantages of direct instruction, this model can also be implemented on a wider scale, making it especially useful for distance learning with older students. As education expands to more areas and is disseminated to increasingly diverse learners, this method of instruction is likely to be usefull. It allows for students from all range of ages to interact with an instructor and obtain valuable information [16] .

It allows for students from all range of ages to interact with an instructor and obtain valuable information.


In view of the disadvantages of the present BTMS, a new BTMS using TECs combined with liquid cooling is proposed. A TEC is a device in which an electric current is applied to semiconductor devices to produce an appreciable temperature difference at the two ends of the semiconductor. The cold end may then be utilized for cooling purposes [9] . In the BTMS, the cold end of the TEC is adhered to the battery and the hot end is cooled by water. Thus the TEC serves as a heat pump between the battery and the cooling fluid, so the heat can be controlled precisely. Therefore, the new BTMS can control the battery temperature in the optimum temperature range and keep a more uniform temperature distribution in a battery pack than the present BTMS. It is helpful to extend the life of a battery pack.

The cold end may then be utilized for cooling purposes.


However this solution requires a new study of the vehicle behavior (geometry, balance, ligther material) and entails an increase in cost. Increasing the engine performance is also costly for a Hachimi Fellouah 3 FE-12-1377 production vehicle. Reducing the aerodynamic drag has become an important improvement avenue since it allows increasing the fuel economy of the vehicle without adding any weight or without introducing any expensive technologies [2, 3] . Moreover, the internal study also showed a dissipation force distribution in a World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC) of 32 % for the rolling resistance drag and 68 % for the aerodynamic vehicle total drag. Some aerodynamic studies on different vehicles were completed on simplified geometries, like Ahmed body or simplify truck [4] [5] [6] [7] . As a consquences of these simplications, some flow details inherent to the geometry complexity are ignored, particularly the flow interaction between the different parts. In fact these simplications will not alter the broad lines of the vehicle aerodynamic shape design.

Reducing the aerodynamic drag has become an important improvement avenue since it allows increasing the fuel economy of the vehicle without adding any weight or without introducing any expensive technologies.

Some aerodynamic studies on different vehicles were completed on simplified geometries, like Ahmed body or simplify truck.


This paper contributes to the assessment of external effects of (city) airports by providing an indepth investigation of three airports in Berlin, Germany. While we find strong evidence of negative productivity and utility effects reflected in significant property price discounts within areas that are exposed to high levels of aircraft noise, evidence of positive accessibility effects is less compelling. For residential properties, an average treatment effect of approximately 5-6% is evident for every 10-dB increase in aircraft noise, which is within the range for results available in the literature (Nelson, 2004) . Moreover, for the submarket of one-and two-family houses, there is evidence of a significant discontinuity in the noise perception when a threshold of 55dB is crossed. Within the zones of highest noise exposure, properties sell at discounts of more than 40%, corresponding to €85,000 for an average property. For commercial properties, the discontinuity is even more pronounced. Conditional mean property prices decrease relatively abruptly by approximately 40% once the threshold is crossed, indicating a strong adverse effect on office worker productivity. Positive accessibility effects could only be found at the city level for one-and two family houses, where a 1-km increase in the weighted average distance to flight connections reduces prices by 2.2%, and for commercial properties within the narrower impact area of Tegel airport.

For residential properties, an average treatment effect of approximately 5-6% is evident for every 10-dB increase in aircraft noise, which is within the range for results available in the literature.


The study adopted an explanatory mixed methods approach to respond to the research objectives and ensure both breadth and depth of findings. An explanatory mixed methods approach consists of collecting both quantitative and qualitative data, and qualitative data are addressed to help explain or elaborate on the quantitative results (Creswell, 2005) . In this approach, we first developed and administered a large scale survey to capture teachersí professional proficiency and training needs in reference to the three aspects of Singapore CL teachersí professional proficiency framework. Then the quantitative survey data were supplemented by qualitative exploration via focus group discussion (FGD) and interviews. The qualitative data were used to explore in greater depth and helped reveal teachersí perspectives concerning their strengths and difficulties of Chinese teaching in Singapore as well as in-service training needs.

An explanatory mixed methods approach consists of collecting both quantitative and qualitative data, and qualitative data are addressed to help explain or elaborate on the quantitative results.


Continuous professional development can help teachers not only understand sustainable development concepts and issues but also experience life-long learning, thus becoming responsible mentors for sustainable education. It requires teachers to be learners, researchers, and collaborators, to reflect on their teaching practices and improve professional proficiency (Mohammadi & Moradi, 2017) . Understanding teachersí professional proficiency and their training needs, government and university level policies and directives can provide more targeted in-service courses or workplace learning support for teachers to attain their goals for sustainable development (Kabadayi, 2016) . The present paper reports on an exploratory investigation into the teachersí professional proficiency and training needs of Singapore Chinese Language (CL) teachers with various backgrounds. The findings of the study suggest the forms and priorities of training for inservice teachers to help them become a powerful agent of sustainable teaching.

It requires teachers to be learners, researchers, and collaborators, to reflect on their teaching practices and improve professional proficiency.

Understanding teachersí professional proficiency and their training needs, government and university level policies and directives can provide more targeted in-service courses or workplace learning support for teachers to attain their goals for sustainable development.


For the LBS in outdoor environments, global positioning system (GPS) and assisted GPS (A-GPS) are popular techniques and meet most of the positioning requirements. However, these techniques may be no longer applicable if the problems of multi-path propagation of wireless signals exist [20] . Furthermore, higher power consumptions are required by these techniques [1] . Therefore, some studies proposed cellular-based positioning methods to analyze the signals of cellular networks for location estimation [1, 6, 8, 11, 13, 14] . Although cellular-based positioning methods can estimate the locations of mobile stations without GPS modules, big errors of estimated locations may be obtained.

However, these techniques may be no longer applicable if the problems of multi-path propagation of wireless signals exist.

Furthermore, higher power consumptions are required by these techniques.

Therefore, some studies proposed cellular-based positioning methods to analyze the signals of cellular networks for location estimation.


For the LBS in indoor environments, Wi-Fi-based positioning methods are popular techniques to detect and analyze the received signal strength indications (RSSIs) from Wi-Fi access points (APs) [7, 12, 14, [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . The fingerprinting positioning methods based on machine learning algorithms were proposed to learning the relationships among locations and RSSIs for the estimation of locations. Although these methods can estimate the locations of mobile stations without GPS modules, big errors of estimated locations may be obtained. Although higher precise estimated locations can be obtained by Wi-Fi-based positioning methods, these methods may be invalid in outdoor environments if the transmission coverage of Wi-Fi APs is not enough.

For the LBS in indoor environments, Wi-Fi-based positioning methods are popular techniques to detect and analyze the received signal strength indications (RSSIs) from Wi-Fi access points (APs).


The most common reason for borrowing stories appears to be a desire to own a funny or entertaining anecdote. In fact, a number of respondents expressed story envy, and the act of retelling the coveted incident may represent an indirect effort to make this ownership a reality. Another important motivation involves social facilitation, or enhancing the degree of connection with one's audience (in the moment). Convenience also plays a role, in that it is easier to pretend that a story happened to you than to provide a complicated disclaimer that it actually happened to somebody else. People did not frequently report borrowing stories in order to enhance their own status, a finding in stark contrast to the literature on lying where self-serving reasons predominate: protecting one from embarrassment, loss of face, or disapproval, as well as making one appear to be a better person (DePaulo et al., 1996) .

People did not frequently report borrowing stories in order to enhance their own status, a finding in stark contrast to the literature on lying where self-serving reasons predominate: protecting one from embarrassment, loss of face, or disapproval, as well as making one appear to be a better person.


There are several problems that are closely related to the GPP. One of them is the Frequency Assignment Problem (FAP). In the FAP, a set of partitions must also be identified. However, the objective is related to minimizing the number of edges that appear between vertexes that belong to the same class, instead of vertexes that belong to different classes [1] .

However, the objective is related to minimizing the number of edges that appear between vertexes that belong to the same class, instead of vertexes that belong to different classes.


The degree to which the health workforce is employed in the public sector can be an indicator of the quality and array of services that are provided, especially if the vast majority of health care is provided by the public sector in settings where health care expenditures are limited. Such is the situation for most developing countries (Zurn et al. 2002) . Additionally, the distribution of occupational skill mix and provider education, training and experience are hypothesized to significantly affect health care production through the types of services that are offered, the ability of providers to incorporate state-of-the-art knowledge and skills, and the quality of services that are produced. Even providers' job satisfaction and level of motivation can have significant consequences for health care production, acting as a mediator between a provider's capability to provide efficient, quality services and the actual provision of such (Franco et al. 2002) .

Such is the situation for most developing countries.

Even providers' job satisfaction and level of motivation can have significant consequences for health care production, acting as a mediator between a provider's capability to provide efficient, quality services and the actual provision of such.


The DNA base composition of the type strain Thiospirillum jenense is 45.5 tool% G + C and thus by far lower than for strains 06511 and SSP1. Cells of T. jenense are considerably larger (30-40 gm long and 2.5-4 gm wide) than the new strains and bear flagellar tufts. In contrast to Thiorhodovibrio winogradskyi, Thiospirillum jenense has so far been found only in freshwater habitats (Pfennig and Triiper 1989) .

In contrast to Thiorhodovibrio winogradskyi, Thiospirillum jenense has so far been found only in freshwater habitats.


The present work is focused on the use of PCL as co-component in binary PHB-PCL blends. PCL is a readily biodegradable, semicrystalline thermoplastic polyester which is produced by the ring opening polymerization of caprolactone monomer by using a catalyst [15] . PCL is characterized by a low melting point at around 60°C and a very low glass transition temperature, T g , at about -60°C; nevertheless, the thermal decomposition temperature is relatively high, with values around 350°C [16, 17] . With regard to its mechanical properties, PCL is extremely ductile with a high elongation at break value and low modulus [18, 19] .

PCL is a readily biodegradable, semicrystalline thermoplastic polyester which is produced by the ring opening polymerization of caprolactone monomer by using a catalyst.

PCL is characterized by a low melting point at around 60°C and a very low glass transition temperature, T g , at about -60°C; nevertheless, the thermal decomposition temperature is relatively high, with values around 350°C.

With regard to its mechanical properties, PCL is extremely ductile with a high elongation at break value and low modulus.


In the last decades, a remarkable increase in the use and consumption of polymeric materials has been detected; this increase has been particularly noticeable in the packaging industry. This fact has led to large waste generation around the world. An important fraction of these wastes are incinerated or poured into controlled landfills because of technical or economical reasons, thus leading to important environmental problems such as waste removal from the environment, soil contamination or toxic gas emissions from incineration processes. This acts as a leading force to the study, development and use of bio-based and/or biodegradable polymers characterized by low environmental impact [1] [2] [3] .

This acts as a leading force to the study, development and use of bio-based and/or biodegradable polymers characterized by low environmental impact.


This study included three data sources for each of the three cases: responses to questionnaires sent to three students via email, written responses during online peer discussions, and assignments, course data, and course documents. The first source of data was the questionnaire (see Appendix B), which utilized a laddering technique in order to allow the researcher to 'dig deeply' into what course design elements students valued most (Reppel, Gruber, Szmigin, & Voss) . This technique for qualitative research has been used to investigate personal values using a systematic hierarchal questioning structure (Modesto Veludo-de-Oliveira, et al., 2006) . Section I of the questionnaire consisted of general questions about course design elements and student perceptions of success leading to more specific triad sorting questions in Section II, and finally a ranking table in Section III (Reppel, et al., 2008; Trocchia, Swanson, & Orlitzky, 2007) . Section I was intended to activate background knowledge about the course design categories and begin the process of defining participant perceptions of the importance of these categories to their success. In Section II, each of the four course design components was presented to the participants who were asked to compare two of them in relation to the third until all possible combinations were addressed (i.e. Triad Sorting). Students were then asked, in Section III, to rank the four course design elements perceived as most to least helpful in supporting student success and write an explanation.

This technique for qualitative research has been used to investigate personal values using a systematic hierarchal questioning structure.

Section I of the questionnaire consisted of general questions about course design elements and student perceptions of success leading to more specific triad sorting questions in Section II, and finally a ranking table in Section III.


The last data source was a record review consisting of course assignments, course data, and course documents as artifacts (Merriam, 2009) . Course assignment rubrics and grades were used to determine student success and ultimate understanding of lesson plan design, unit design, and the practice TWS. These artifacts as well as student comments added in the online assignment Dropbox were used to support emerging questionnaire themes. Course data included, for example, the number of responses or timeliness of feedback as further evidence of questionnaire emergent themes (Merriam, 2009) . Course documents, such as the course schedule were also used to support emerging student case study questionnaire themes.

The last data source was a record review consisting of course assignments, course data, and course documents as artifacts.

Course data included, for example, the number of responses or timeliness of feedback as further evidence of questionnaire emergent themes.


Research began after the three case study students successfully completed their student teaching the semester following this course. The course that is being studied is one that was taken by all three of the case study students the fall prior to spring student teaching. The three students who were asked to complete the research earned a grade of 'A' in the course and had successful student teaching experiences the following semester (Tunks, 2012) . They had also earned a 3.0 GPA or higher in their undergraduate degree coursework.

The three students who were asked to complete the research earned a grade of 'A' in the course and had successful student teaching experiences the following semester.


Classes designated for observation were chosen at the discretion of each selected teacher according to the following criteria: similarity of class size and language level of the students across all three classes. Ten hours of classroom interaction per teacher across one curricular unit of study were audio-visually recorded for a total of 30 hours and the linguistic data analyzed for acts of codeswitching between Mandarin Chinese and English. The data were then transcribed at points before, during, and after the codeswitch occurred in order to capture turn-taking practices and the interactional practices between the two languages as the conversation was constructed (Wong & Waring, 2010) . All speech samples in this paper will be presented in Mandarin traditional characters and English, a gloss for the characters is provided in pinyin (the Romanization of the Chinese Characters adopted by the People's Republic of China), followed by a direct translation in italics.

The data were then transcribed at points before, during, and after the codeswitch occurred in order to capture turn-taking practices and the interactional practices between the two languages as the conversation was constructed.


After emission, fresh particles undergo transformation processes during dispersion. These processes cause the number distribution of the aerosol particles to evolve at varying rates, sometimes very rapidly. For point and line sources such as roads, dilution is the key process and has a significant effect on the other possible processes affecting the number distribution; it sets the timescale that other processes should be compared against. Other transformation processes acting on the aerosol population are nucleation, condensation, evaporation, coagulation, deposition and chemical reactions [22] . The effect of these processes varies between different particle size ranges. The main transformation processes and their effect on number concentrations of total particle population and NCA population have been shown in Figure 1 , with the effect on total mass concentration also included. The relative magnitudes of these processes are the main factor determining the fate and contribution of emitted NCA in the urban environment.

Other transformation processes acting on the aerosol population are nucleation, condensation, evaporation, coagulation, deposition and chemical reactions.


The concentration of particles in each size range (1.3-4 nm, larger than 1.3 nm and larger than 4 nm) falls more rapidly during the afternoon in comparison to the morning measurements. Since this also true for NO x concentrations, it is likely that the change in atmospheric conditions causes faster dilution during the afternoon measurements and reduces the relative importance of particle transformation processes. In our measurements during the afternoon, both temperature and wind speed was higher. Higher wind speed has been seen to reduce particle and gas concentrations already near the source [26, 34] . In addition, the global radiation between the measurements was stronger than during the measurements which would reduce the stability of the atmosphere and cause stronger mixing [35] .

Higher wind speed has been seen to reduce particle and gas concentrations already near the source.

In addition, the global radiation between the measurements was stronger than during the measurements which would reduce the stability of the atmosphere and cause stronger mixing.


The overall concentration of particles as a function of distance from roadside depends strongly on dilution. However, modelling studies showed that, to account for the measured data presented here, additional mechanisms are also necessary. Our dataset was limited to one day and specific circumstances, and therefore generalized conclusions should not be made. The morning and afternoon results are also different most likely due to stronger dilution in the afternoon. Of the other transformation processes, condensation has no effect on the number of concentrations of the total particle population. The effect of coagulation was also seen to be very small, which is in agreement with earlier studies [39, 40] . The time scales involved are too short for coagulation to have a significant effect on the aerosol population. Condensation and coagulation therefore cannot explain the measured particle dispersion.

The effect of coagulation was also seen to be very small, which is in agreement with earlier studies.


Simulating NCA concentration with dilution and deposition gives higher concentrations than the data suggests, as mentioned above. The effect of coagulation is again negligible, but adding condensation to the simulation lowers the NCA concentration significantly. Condensation grows particles out of the NCA range, therefore reducing the NCA concentration, but does not have an effect on the total particle concentration. The morning size distribution in Figure 6 seems to support this, since the concentration peak moves to slightly smaller particle size, which would happen if NCA particles were growing to a larger size range. The simulation was done by defining an initial condensable gas concentration at the highway. The initial condensable gas concentration of 1.92 × 10 9 molecules/cm 3 fits the data well. This value is obtained by finding a concentration that produces modelling results that fit the data. There are earlier modelling studies suggesting that the condensable gas concentration in the Helsinki region would be between 10 9 molecules/cm 3 and 10 10 molecules/cm 3 [46] . The simulated condensable gas concentration value presented here is directly after the emission. Condensation is therefore a likely explanation to the measured data. Size dependent deposition may also explain some of the faster dispersion, since the deposition coefficient used is an average value underestimating the true NCA deposition.

There are earlier modelling studies suggesting that the condensable gas concentration in the Helsinki region would be between 10 9 molecules/cm 3 and 10 10 molecules/cm 3.


Particle concentrations originating from traffic depend heavily on the distance from a road acting as a source, and the wind conditions. Upwind concentrations tend to be significantly lower than downwind and in fact differ little from the urban background concentrations. Downwind concentrations are significantly higher next to the road and gradually decrease to urban background concentrations when moving further away from the road [16] [17] [18] . Downwind, emitted pollutants undergo dispersion, affected by wind speed, which has a significant effect on particle concentrations in urban environments and near roads.

Downwind concentrations are significantly higher next to the road and gradually decrease to urban background concentrations when moving further away from the road.


Roadside number distribution measurements show number distributions with 2-3 modes. These modes are nucleation mode with peaks somewhere between 10-20 nm, Aitken mode (40-50 nm) and accumulation mode (100-150 nm) [16, 17, 19] . Nucleation mode particles are formed during the the dilution of the exhaust gas while larger primary or soot particles are formed during the combustion in the engine.

These modes are nucleation mode with peaks somewhere between 10-20 nm, Aitken mode (40-50 nm) and accumulation mode (100-150 nm).


These nanowires are quasi-1D chains where electrons can follow only one path [23] . To investigate effects of disorder and temperature we compare results for perfect and disordered chains for two nominal distances between target sites (R 0 ). Both interdonor distances are chosen to be significantly larger than the range of disorder R 0 δ = 0.4 nm. We choose the two distances sustaining (R 0 = 5.37 nm) and loosing (R 0 = 7.68 nm) the AF correlations at low T > 0 [See Fig. 3(b) ]. Results for C j shown in Fig. 4(b) show that in all cases effects of the 2D disorder are mild, and do not affect significatively C j general trends-even for temperatures up to 4K. Magnetic correlations, on the other hand, are more clearly affected by disorder, as seen in Fig. 4(c) . On average, disorder leads to less than 20% reduction for non neglectable correlations. The dispersion among spin correlations for individual realizations, indicated by the error bars in Fig. 4 , means that disordered samples may present sizeable correlations, eventually stronger than the ordered ones. In real experiments, small chains are susceptible to this dispersion and may result in enhanced magnetic behavior.

These nanowires are quasi-1D chains where electrons can follow only one path.


Unavoidable positional disorder impacts all Hamiltonian parameters. We estimate this effect in the electronic properties through a simple model for disorder where P donors can occupy any position inside a disk with radius δ = 0.4 nm around a target substitutional site (see Fig. 4(a) ). With this uncertainty radius, each donor can occupy 5 positions. This level of uncertainty is realistically achieved for STM placement of donors [10, 13] .

This level of uncertainty is realistically achieved for STM placement of donors.


There are many technical challenges in the use of Big Data, mainly related with the use and management of vast volumes of raw data (McAfee and Brynjolfsson, 2012) . Furthermore, management is still not prepared to deal with such a large variety and quantity of information. The awareness and identification of benefits that a good and meaningful analysis of these data could bring to business competitiveness is still starting. The proper appropriation of this competitive advantage is a challenge that does not involve only changes in technology, but adaptation of processes to the change of management and data analysis.

There are many technical challenges in the use of Big Data, mainly related with the use and management of vast volumes of raw data.


The application of new information, communication and sensor technologies, the capture and analysis of data as well as the proper use of resulting information can contribute for the emergence of more adaptable supply chains. For consolidating this potential is necessary to concatenate involved technologies, planning and control methods and the human-machine interaction. In fact, the availability of suitable information at the place, time and format for the decision making is fundamental for improving the efficiency of physically distributed production processes. The management of supply chains and their subsystems embodies strategic and contemporaneous challenges, involving a combination of people, hardware, software, communication networks, computation capabilities, control systems, data, policies and procedures that store, retrieve, transform and disseminate data and information (O'brien and Marakas, 2007) . Logistics can be considered the subsystem of supply chains responsible for the movement and stock of goods and raw materials from order creation till its delivery, crossing several stages such as raw materials acquisition, production, internal and external displacement.

The management of supply chains and their subsystems embodies strategic and contemporaneous challenges, involving a combination of people, hardware, software, communication networks, computation capabilities, control systems, data, policies and procedures that store, retrieve, transform and disseminate data and information.


In the article we want to answer two basic research questions: what is the importance for young people aged between 15 and 24 from defined EU countries (Slovenia, Austria and Germany) and the USA regarding factors of purchase and information behaviour when purchasing clothing and what is the opinion of the researched population towards fashion clothing. On the basis of the gained results we want to find intercultural differences in the purchase and information behaviour as well as their opinions towards fashion clothing. Culture is reflected as an important factor of purchase decision making. Intercultural differences in the purchase behaviour of consumers on different continents were discovered in more research (Kwan, 2006) .

Intercultural differences in the purchase behaviour of consumers on different continents were discovered in more research.


Consumer purchase behaviour can be defined as behaviour that is demonstrated by consumers when looking for, assessing, purchasing, using and abandoning products and services for which it is expected that they will satisfy the consumer's wishes and needs in the process of change (Solomon et al., 2010) . Young people usually adopt new technologies and the newest trends first; they pay remarkable attention to image and besides that they have a relatively high purchasing power (Werbner, 2005) . For the clothing industry young people capable of paying are interesting. Young people are to a larger extent independent and self-dependent when making purchase decisions for products which they need (Kroeber-Riel et al., 2009) . Research in the world shows that young people are financially well supported, spend irrationally, buy their identity and friendship and they take risks (Solomon, 2011) . Besides the specific structure of consumption young people also have specific demands and opinions towards individual products and trademarks. The basic function of clothing is to protect the body and to have look aesthetic. But clothing is becoming more and more important for todays youth. Clothing also enables identification. Young people nowadays play a central role in fashion as they are in the period of searching for their own identity which is expressed and created through fashion and clothing. They can also be obsessed with their appearance and needs.

Consumer purchase behaviour can be defined as behaviour that is demonstrated by consumers when looking for, assessing, purchasing, using and abandoning products and services for which it is expected that they will satisfy the consumer's wishes and needs in the process of change.

Young people usually adopt new technologies and the newest trends first; they pay remarkable attention to image and besides that they have a relatively high purchasing power.

Young people are to a larger extent independent and self-dependent when making purchase decisions for products which they need.

Research in the world shows that young people are financially well supported, spend irrationally, buy their identity and friendship and they take risks.

Clothing also enables identification.


Undoubtedly, many studies have shown the various health benefits of vitamin A including lower risk of hearing loss and even reduced risk of death. However, vitamin A should be taken with caution as there is a significant potential for vitamin A toxicity. Especially in the developed world where 200,000 international units (IU) of vitamin A is commonly given for long-term maintenance dose and 25,000 IU capsules are easily available, the potential for toxic effects must be highlighted as a public health concern. In contradistinction, vitamin A deficiency is common in the developing world and efforts should focus on providing adequate daily allowance of 5000 IU for adults and 2500 IU in children [31] . In conclusion, vitamin A impacts hearing in the critical developmental period, and its impact on Cx expression may be the underlying mechanism. Especially, ATRA holds early promise in treating Cx30 null-induced deafness by overexpression of Cx26. Therefore, further research investigating the risk and benefits of ATRA and other vitamin A sub-types is critical for the development of possible therapeutics in non-syndrome hereditary deafness.

In contradistinction, vitamin A deficiency is common in the developing world and efforts should focus on providing adequate daily allowance of 5000 IU for adults and 2500 IU in children.


This study provides insight into how novice social science tutors formed identities as academic teachers over their first two years in-service. The longitudinal methodology facilitates an in-depth study of how identity is co-constructed over time through an examination of explicit identity positioning cues. Movement between positioning stages reflects a developing biography as an academic teacher, which reflects the lived experience of teaching (McAlpine & Lucas, 2011) . Of particular interest is how tutors replaced reference to their student pasts with reference to their teaching experiences as they claimed legitimacy as academic teachers. Then further, how they claimed legitimacy as class and later as disciplinary teachers and as members of an academic community on the basis of their competence and knowledge. However, this study raises questions as to whether certain aspects of academic teaching identity are hierarchical, as presented in the CoTs literature. For example, in this study the 'class teacher' and the 'teaching course participant' positions developed in parallel, although not necessarily at the same rate. Hence certain aspects of development may be co-constructed and co-developed.

Movement between positioning stages reflects a developing biography as an academic teacher, which reflects the lived experience of teaching.


The time series spanned pre-service writing to texts written at the end of each of their first four teaching terms (two in each academic year). Participants were chosen on the basis of having no previous teaching experience. The five assignments tutors wrote in the time series had a word guide of 2000 words. The analysis for this study encompasses 65 time-series transcripts (approximately 120,000 words). The analysis was of naturally occurring texts that were written as part of these tutors' career development. The analytical focus was on how tutors explicitly identified themselves in their writing. The data analysis process combined discursive psychological discourse analysis and thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Edley, 2001) . Data analysis was conducted on paper copies of the texts, with one researcher initially cataloguing all explicit identity positioning cues present in each text. This researcher then inferred organising themes from these catalogues of cues, initially for each participant in each assignment. Then global themes were inferred from the organising themes captured across participants and assignments. The second researcher independently verified this initial coding and subsequent thematic analysis. This is illustrated in Table 1 .

The data analysis process combined discursive psychological discourse analysis and thematic analysis.

This is illustrated in Table 1 .


Although small wounds of the liver parenchyma can be managed with electrocautery or simple suturing and hemodynamically stable patients, mostly with low-grade hepatic injuries due to blunt injury, can be managed nonoperatively, the treatment strategy of the patients sustaining major hepatic trauma is still controversial. Particularly deeper lacerations of the hepatic tissue are challenging for the surgeon. Abbreviated and necessary procedures such as packing procedure only done to keep the patients alive are called "damage control surgery" (DCS). In contrast, prolonged and extensive surgical procedures performed on critically injured patients often results in poor outcome with high mortality rates of 46% and 80% for grade IV and V injuries, respectively [1] . The majority of these deaths (54%) have been attributable to hemorrhage with resulting coagulopathy, acidosis, and hypothermia [2] . Peri-hepatic packing (PHP) procedure, which is the basic damage control technique to arrest hepatic hemorrhage, is one of the cornerstones of the trauma surgery and cur-rently, this is the most commonly accepted and performed method for major liver trauma. The main goal after packing is to correct acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy, the lethal triad causing death [3] . The literature review has allowed for emphasis on the most common problems of PHP, adequacy of particular indications, their evolution, timing, the results in general and critical situations in particular [4] .

In contrast, prolonged and extensive surgical procedures performed on critically injured patients often results in poor outcome with high mortality rates of 46% and 80% for grade IV and V injuries, respectively.

The majority of these deaths (54%) have been attributable to hemorrhage with resulting coagulopathy, acidosis, and hypothermia.

The main goal after packing is to correct acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy, the lethal triad causing death.

The literature review has allowed for emphasis on the most common problems of PHP, adequacy of particular indications, their evolution, timing, the results in general and critical situations in particular.


The deep branch of the medial femoral artery and the piriformis branch of the inferior gluteal artery are the main arteries supplying the femoral head. Therefore, knowledge of their topography is very important during surgery in the hip region to prevent iatrogenic damage with an avascular necrosis of the femoral head [24] . The knowledge of the anatomy of corona mortis is essential in pelvic surgery (ilioinguinal approach to fractures of the acetabulum, pelvic osteotomies) to prevent bleeding which can be difficult to control in that anatomical location.

Therefore, knowledge of their topography is very important during surgery in the hip region to prevent iatrogenic damage with an avascular necrosis of the femoral head.


With the industrialization of modern society, the world is faced with the serious problem of environmental pollution. Several entities are conducting extensive research towards clean and renewable energy. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have also been investigated as part of this effort. SOFCs have the advantage of having a high efficiency of energy conversion and low carbon emission [1] . Therefore, several research institutions, specialists and scholars have devoted themselves to developing more efficient SOFCs using both experiments as well as numerical methods.

SOFCs have the advantage of having a high efficiency of energy conversion and low carbon emission.


An interesting variation on mainstream MSC/UML scenarios is given by live sequence charts (LSCs) [15] . As mentioned in the introduction, these permit more expressitivity by permitting exemplary and mandatory behavior to be annotated directly within a scenario. It is also possible to synthesize state machines from LSCs [16] . Although both UML and MSC scenarios are widespread in industry, LSCs have not yet achieved a large following outside of the academic community.

An interesting variation on mainstream MSC/UML scenarios is given by live sequence charts (LSCs).

It is also possible to synthesize state machines from LSCs.


The Mid-south has grown upland varieties almost exclusively although a pilot program was conducted in 1989 -1991 to grow Upland and Pima cotton and gin it with roller gins (Mangialardi, 1995) . Mangialardi conducted his study of a (traditional speed) roller gin plant located in the Mississippi Delta. He included data for one extra long staple and several Upland smooth-leaf cultivars. He found that non-lint was higher for the roller ginning system because of less aggressive lint cleaning resulting in lower grades (at the time color and leaf were combined in the grade determination). He found that the roller ginned cotton had greater fiber length and fewer neps, both desirable traits for mills. However, because of the increased non-lint the value of the cotton was lower when roller ginned than when saw ginned. The spinning tests showed that the roller ginned Upland cottons performed better than when they were saw ginned and potentially could be used for finer quality fabrics. However, the lint pricing at the time eliminated interest in continuing the study.

The Mid-south has grown upland varieties almost exclusively although a pilot program was conducted in 1989 -1991 to grow Upland and Pima cotton and gin it with roller gins.


The transmission performance of multispot array generation based on near-field CGH design using baseband modulation scheme, 16-QAM at a transmission distance of 1.25 m ∼ 2.5 m was further experimentally evaluated. The measurement results are shown in Fig. 8(a) and (b) respectively. As illustrated in Fig. 8(a) , when GS algorithm was used to generate two dimension spot array i.e., 3 × 3, at a transmission distance of 1.25 m, the maximum data transmission rate of each port measured was varied between 202 Mbps and 350Mbps (BER = 10 −3 ). Since spot array was generated based on the same modulated light source and for multispot configuration scenario, the maximum data rate of each spot should be the same and would be restricted by the port (spot) which has the lowest data transmission rate. Therefore the maximum data modulation speed of the system should be limited to 202 Mbps (port 4) in this case. However when an optimized GS algorithm was used, we can see that the port 4 which has the lowest data transmission rate of 202 Mbps has been raised to 240 Mbps. The improvement of the system's limitation is about 13.9%. Similar results have also measured when GS and optimized GS algorithm were used to generate two dimension spot array i.e., 3 × 3, at a transmission distance of 2.5 m. As compared from Fig. 8(b) , we can observe that the maximum data modulation speed of the system (BER = 10 −3 ) will be restricted by the port 1 which is about 216 Mbps and after the use of an optimized GS algorithm, the port 1 which has the lowest data transmission rate of 216 Mbps has been raised to 240 Mbps. The improvement of the system's limitation is about 11.1%. From these measurement results comparing the received power intensity and the corresponding data rate (BER = 10 −3 ) of each port as illustrated in Figs. 7 and 8 respectively, we can conclude that the port which has received a higher power, can normally achieve a higher data transmission rate under the same evaluation criterion (BER = 10 −3 ). The spot profiles using 3 × 3 spot array as the representative result generated from GS and optimized GS algorithm at a transmission distance of 1.25 m are shown in Fig. 9(a) and (b) respectively. Their constellation diagrams of the spot (port 4) which has the lowest data rate of 202 Mbps and 240 Mbps are shown in Fig. 9(c) and (d) respectively. The spot profiles using 3 × 3 spot array as the representative result generated from GS and optimized GS algorithm at a transmission distance of 2.5 m are also shown in Fig. 10(a) and (b) respectively. Their constellation diagrams of the spot (port 1) which has the lowest data rate of 216 Mbps and 240 Mbps are shown in Fig. 10(c) and (d) respectively. The BERs of all the measured constellation diagrams shown in Figs. 9 and 10 were all estimated to be less than 10 −3 which meets the FEC (Forward Error Correction) limitations (BER ≤ 3.8 × 10 −3 ) [22] . Although the maximum data transmission rate of each spot that can be transmitted in our proposed system, is limited by the lowest transmission rate of the port (spot) i.e., 240 Mbps (BER = 10 −3 ) in a 3 × 3 spot array generations, a system capacity over 2 Gbps (9 × 240 Mbps) can be achieved in the configuration of 3 × 3 spot array generations. A higher system capacity is also possible when the numbers of the spot are increased.

The BERs of all the measured constellation diagrams shown in Figs. 9 and 10 were all estimated to be less than 10 −3 which meets the FEC (Forward Error Correction) limitations (BER ≤ 3.8 × 10 −3 ).


The A2518G SNP in the regulatory region of MCP-1 might cause increased promoter activity via inflammatory molecules such as interleukin and chemokine, and is also associated with elevated circulating levels of MCP-1 (Tse et al., 2007) . Homozygous GG individuals produce significantly higher MCP-1 levels than those with the AA genotype (Luo et al., 2007) . In the present study, the abundance of genotypes of GG, which is correlated with circulating levels of MCP-1 in the previous studies, perhaps elevates the risk of bladder cancer by increasing the transcription of gene product (Tse et al., 2007) . There have been conflicting results related to the effect of CCR2 -64I genotype on the expression levels. While some authors suggested that CCR2-64I genotype increased the protein levels, others did not confirm these results. The CCR2-64I variant in our study does not seem to be a risk factor for the development of bladder cancer possibly because this polymorphic variant has been reported to be protective in the development and progression of development of breast cancer and cervical cancer (Zafiropoulos et al., 2004; Coelho et al., 2005) . Although the current study has some interesting observations, there are some limitations as the expression of MCP-1 and CCR2 could not be measured.

The A2518G SNP in the regulatory region of MCP-1 might cause increased promoter activity via inflammatory molecules such as interleukin and chemokine, and is also associated with elevated circulating levels of MCP-1.

Homozygous GG individuals produce significantly higher MCP-1 levels than those with the AA genotype.

In the present study, the abundance of genotypes of GG, which is correlated with circulating levels of MCP-1 in the previous studies, perhaps elevates the risk of bladder cancer by increasing the transcription of gene product.

The CCR2-64I variant in our study does not seem to be a risk factor for the development of bladder cancer possibly because this polymorphic variant has been reported to be protective in the development and progression of development of breast cancer and cervical cancer.


We show in this paper that a joint approach can be used with Graph Cuts and enhance image restoration. Image de-noising was one of the first Graph Cuts applications, and it has recently been shown that Graph Cuts can be used for image registration [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21] . We propose a joint approach, where image de-noising helps the registration process, and the good overlap of a clearer image improves de-noising of a corrupted image. This method can be used in any situations where degraded images need to be restored and when at least one clear image is available. Typical applications include the recovery of a corrupted frame in a sequence, for instance when the imaging device failed for one image acquisition. The sequence could be a short animation (e.g., a cardiac sequence), or different images taken days apart (e.g., monitoring a pathology evolution). In the following, we first remind how Graph Cuts are used to solve image de-noising, and how it can recover deformation fields. Later, we show that both problems can be combined in the same formulation. The results show that a corrupted image, even in an extreme case with missing parts, can indeed be recovered with the registration of an additional image.

Image de-noising was one of the first Graph Cuts applications, and it has recently been shown that Graph Cuts can be used for image registration.


Admission control is the task of determining whether a network is capable of admitting and supporting a given connection. For real time multimedia traffic, Call Admission Scheme (CAS) is not an easy task. Most CAS algorithms work by organizing the total utilized bandwidth, calls, and the number of packets. A new call may be blocked by the network when a defined limit is reached until at least one of the current calls terminates [7] [8] .

A new call may be blocked by the network when a defined limit is reached until at least one of the current calls terminates.


To abuse alcohol means to use it in a way that poses a threat to the safety and well being of the user, society or both. Not all people who use alcohol abuse it, and not all people who abuse alcohol are suffering from alcoholism. For example, the individual who drives under the influence of alcohol poses a serious threat to both him/herself and others, but he/she may not suffer from alcoholism (Buskist and Gerbing, 1990) .

For example, the individual who drives under the influence of alcohol poses a serious threat to both him/herself and others, but he/she may not suffer from alcoholism.


In this paper, we study the charge migration in large-scale MAPbI 3 structures with a semi-classical site-to-site hopping model. We generated the structures based on our previous observations in our supercell DFT studies, applying the PM description and a self-developed structure-generation algorithm. We then analyzed the effect of dipole orientations on the charge migration velocity, by comparing the generated structures to various reference systems, for example ordered dipole configurations (corresponding to tetragonal and orthorhombic phases), parallel and antiparallel dipoles and randomly oriented dipoles. We also analyzed the effect of structural defects (such as planar defects and precipitates) on the charge velocity. Finally, we estimated the charge mobility in our model based on an experimental reference value for the scattering time at room temperature [8] .

Finally, we estimated the charge mobility in our model based on an experimental reference value for the scattering time at room temperature.


The strong coupling α s is one of the most important parameters of the standard model. A clean environment for determining α s is the study of event shape distributions in electron-positron collisions. Particularly well suited for this task are quantities related to three-jet events, as the leading term in a perturbative description of such observables is already proportional to the strong coupling. Accordingly, three-jet event shapes were measured extensively, especially at LEP [1] [2] [3] [4] . The precision of experimental measurements calls for an equally precise theoretical description of these quantities. Because the strong interactions occur only in the final state, non-perturbative QCD corrections are restricted to hadronization and power corrections. These corrections can be determined either by extracting them from data by comparison to Monte Carlo predictions or by using analytic models. Hence, the precision of the theoretical predictions is mostly limited by the truncation of the perturbative expansion in the strong coupling.

Accordingly, three-jet event shapes were measured extensively, especially at LEP.


Coller and Scott describe an interesting approach for teaching mechanical engineering through game programming [24] . In a numerical methods course, the students are asked to program the behavior of a car in the Torcs open racing car simulator. The students must use numerical methods to program acceleration, steering, gearshifts, and breaking. A comparison with a traditional version of the course showed that for the game-based course the students on average spent roughly twice as much time on the course, and that the students achieved deeper learning as the students were more interested, more engaged, and invested more in learning the material.

Coller and Scott describe an interesting approach for teaching mechanical engineering through game programming.


Youngblood describes how XNA game segments can be used to engage students in advanced CS education [16] . Game segments are developed solution packs providing the full code for a segment of a game with a clear element left for a student to implement. The paper describes how XNA was used in an artificial intelligence course where the students were asked to implement a chat bot, motion planning, adversarial search, neural networks, and flocking. Finally, the paper describes seven design principles for using game segments in CS education based on lessons learned. The approach described by Youngblood could also be used in a software architecture course, where the students can put together parts of the game (game segments) based on their designed architecture. However, this approach is very limiting as the architectural freedom will be very restricted and the students will not get the chance to design their own software architecture of their own game.

Youngblood describes how XNA game segments can be used to engage students in advanced CS education.


The configuration with all sites 0 is an absorbing state. This naturally raises the question of finding conditions that guarantee the existence of a nontrivial stationary distribution. Our model has three states but it is "attractive," i.e., if χ 0 (x) ≤ χ ′ 0 (x) for all x then we can construct the process so that this inequality holds for all time. From this, it follows from the usual argument that if we start from χ 2 0 (x) ≡ 2 then χ 2 t converges to a limit χ 2 ∞ that is a translation invariant stationary distribution, and there will be a nontrivial stationary distribution if and only if P (χ 2 ∞ (0) = 0) < 1. Since 2's give birth to 1's and 1's grow into 2's, if χ 2 ∞ is nontrivial then both species will be present with positive density in χ 2 ∞ . If ω ≡ γ is constant, ν = 1 + δ, and µ = 1 then our system reduces to one studied by Krone [10] . In his model, 1's are juveniles who are not yet able to reproduce. Krone proved the existence of nontrivial stationary distributions in his model by using a simple comparison between the sites in state 2 and a discrete time finite-dependent oriented percolation. In the percolation process we have an edge from (x, n) → (x + 1, n + 1) if a 2 at x at time nǫ will give birth to a 1 at x + 1, which then grows to a 2 before time (n + 1)ǫ, and there are no deaths at x or x + 1 in [nǫ, (n + 1)ǫ]. As the reader can imagine, this argument produces a very crude upper bound on the critical value of the system.

If ω ≡ γ is constant, ν = 1 + δ, and µ = 1 then our system reduces to one studied by Krone.


Despite indications that media portrayals of men's bodies are becoming more restrictive and unattainable, they may still offer more flexibility regarding body shape and size than the images shown of women. Indeed, many current TV programs feature heavy-set male lead characters partnered with slender women (Macleod, 2004) . The prevalence of larger male lead characters may provide men with the opportunity for positive comparisons and may further make body shape a less salient dimension for comparison. Previous research has focused primarily on specific genres, such as fitness magazines, that specifically feature the muscular body ideal or have used experimental images that showcase this same ideal. It may be that the media content to which men are regularly exposed is more varied in the presentation of body ideals. There is also likely to be some variability within certain genres, such as music videos (e.g., country vs. rap) or prime-time TV. Accordingly, frequent media use may not unilaterally predispose men to body image dissatisfaction to the same degree as it does women.

Indeed, many current TV programs feature heavy-set male lead characters partnered with slender women.


The potential for conflict between conservation values and social justice values is dynamicit grows and deepens as the abundance of humans increase. In starker terms: The relevance and appropriateness of justice does not lessen as per capita resources lessen. Rather, we might expect that justice becomes, under those conditions, increasingly harsh and tragic and increasingly difficult to satisfy. At the same time, conflict can also be a creative force, inspiring positive values that transcend those in conflict (Tjosvold, 2008) . In that respect, we are never beyond the hope of responding wisely to whatever circumstance we find ourselves confronting.

At the same time, conflict can also be a creative force, inspiring positive values that transcend those in conflict.