The first aspect we wanted to examine was the existence, if any, of a relationship between affective variations and subliminal projections while learning the tricks. Fig.  4 shows the average quantitative affective variations of learners with regards to valence and arousal when learning all three tricks with and without the subliminal module. The signal used and correlated with valence is the heart's inter-beat interval (IBI) and galvanic skin response was used and correlated with arousal (GSR) [15] .

The signal used and correlated with valence is the heart's inter-beat interval (IBI) and galvanic skin response was used and correlated with arousal (GSR).


In recent years, researchers in human-computer interfaces (HCI) as well as in various fields such as Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) have taken advantage of adaptive and customizable HCI to record and analyze emotions [1] . This is not surprising since emotions, especially motivation and engagement, are widely related in various cognitive tasks [2] . Moreover, the importance of measuring emotions as well as consider them has become the focus of much growing research. The availability, ease of use and affordability of physiological devices helped in their integration into the tutoring systems. That data is then used to model the learner's emotional and physiological profile in order to better adjust and adapt learning accordingly [3] . Learning in virtual worlds has taken a very important part in the HCI community for recent evidence has shown the relevance of using such virtual ITS for affective feedback and adaptation [3, 4] . Nevertheless, the current learning strategies have a limitation when it comes to processing complex information. Indeed, cognitive learning theories base mostly their intervention on attention to the specified task at hand. Complex information is broken down into pieces to gradually enable the learner to concentrate on one small part of the puzzle at a time. However, a large body of work in neuroscience and other fields lead us to believe that learning simple to complex information can be done without perception or complete awareness to the task at hand [5] [6] [7] [8] . In fact, the existence of perceptual learning without perception has been neurologically proven and accepted [9] . Furthermore, recent work has put forth the performance increase in performance when using a subliminally teaching Intelligent Tutoring System [10] . Yet, subconscious learning systems are still widely absent in the HCI community.

In recent years, researchers in human-computer interfaces (HCI) as well as in various fields such as Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) have taken advantage of adaptive and customizable HCI to record and analyze emotions.

This is not surprising since emotions, especially motivation and engagement, are widely related in various cognitive tasks.

That data is then used to model the learner's emotional and physiological profile in order to better adjust and adapt learning accordingly.

Learning in virtual worlds has taken a very important part in the HCI community for recent evidence has shown the relevance of using such virtual ITS for affective feedback and adaptation.

However, a large body of work in neuroscience and other fields lead us to believe that learning simple to complex information can be done without perception or complete awareness to the task at hand.

In fact, the existence of perceptual learning without perception has been neurologically proven and accepted.

Furthermore, recent work has put forth the performance increase in performance when using a subliminally teaching Intelligent Tutoring System.


Fault diagnosis (FD) is crucial for the high-performance operation of complex systems to meet stringent requirements on system availability and safety in the event of component failures. System uncertainties (e.g., due to exogenous disturbances and measurement noise), along with compensatory control actions, often impair reliable fault diagnosis using the measurements acquired during normal system operation (Campbell and Nikoukhah, 2004) . Auxiliary input signals can be applied to the system to enhance the detectability and isolability of faults in the system outputs. The so-called active fault diagnosis involves designing input signals that ensure the detection or isolation of faults in the presence of uncertainties, while being least intrusive to the system performance (Blanke et al., 2006) . Active FD is particularly useful when the reachable output sets of the different faults and the nominal operation overlap due to measurement or process uncertainties, or when the control actions mask the influence of faults.

System uncertainties (e.g., due to exogenous disturbances and measurement noise), along with compensatory control actions, often impair reliable fault diagnosis using the measurements acquired during normal system operation.

The so-called active fault diagnosis involves designing input signals that ensure the detection or isolation of faults in the presence of uncertainties, while being least intrusive to the system performance.


Here we propose a correctly tuned 3-steps cyclic Bosch process (step 1 -C 4 F 8 deposition, step 2 -Ar bottom removal, and step 3 -SF 6 isotropic silicon etch) as suggested in previous literature [8] . From now on we will call this procedure DREM (Deposit, Remove, Etch, Multistep). By carefully tuning the balance between deposition and bottom removal, the mask can stay fully intact and an infinite etch selectivity is achieved. Furthermore, a linear time ramping of the etch step is employed to counteract the decreasing etch rate caused by RIE lag. By combining these two techniques, it is possible to etch silicon trenches (1 μm linewidth, 10 μm pitch) with an aspect ratio of more than 50 without degradation of a conventional photoresist while keeping all the scallops downwards the trench almost identical in size rendering the sidewall almost perfectly straight.

Here we propose a correctly tuned 3-steps cyclic Bosch process (step 1 -C 4 F 8 deposition, step 2 -Ar bottom removal, and step 3 -SF 6 isotropic silicon etch) as suggested in previous literature.


A third important high aspect ratio feature is sidewall corrosion due to off-normal ionic bombardment. It can be due to the not always perfectly straight trajectory of ions leaving the plasma boundary, some collisions inside the plasma sheath, or deflection of the charged species by an image force [14] . Although this issue can be very problematic, it has not been truly pronounced in the present work and will therefore not be addressed in detail.

It can be due to the not always perfectly straight trajectory of ions leaving the plasma boundary, some collisions inside the plasma sheath, or deflection of the charged species by an image force.


Another issue to consider in Bosch sequences is the non-uniform distribution of scallops [7] . While the scallops are generated during the isotopic silicon etch steps, due to RIE lag the scallop size decreases while the Bosch process continues. This non-uniformity in scallop size is pronounced especially in devices with high aspect ratio. Furthermore, this aspect ratio dependent scallop size distribution will not only change the sidewall profile, but it will also generate difficulties for post-etch sidewall smoothening procedures.

Another issue to consider in Bosch sequences is the non-uniform distribution of scallops.


The fundamental frequency of speech signals is an essential feature of human voice [1] . Its estimation is very important in various speech processing systems, especially in speaker recognizers, speech instruction systems for hearing impaired children, and analysis by synthesis speech coders. We know a lot of algorithms for estimating the fundamental frequency. However, the accurate estimation method of the fundamental frequency has not been established yet. Many engineers have been studying new methods.

The fundamental frequency of speech signals is an essential feature of human voice.


The average number of shoots per explant varied, revealing a large overlap between homogenous groups ( Table 2 ). The number of shoots was generally higher on the media with lower BAP concentrations (1 mgL -1 and lower) and it did not grow with the increasing concentration of BAP. In addition, the type of explants had no significant impact, as in the case of D. gratianopolitanus micropropagation (Fraga et al., 2004) .

In addition, the type of explants had no significant impact, as in the case of D. gratianopolitanus micropropagation.


Plants within the genus Dianthus are popular with many gardeners. D. deltoides is a spreading plant, growing to 30 cm in height. The flowers are scented and the plants bloom in late spring and summer. Single blooms appear in shades of pink and rose, although cultivars are available in salmon, white and crimson. These plants make perfect borders or edgings where a semi-trailing plant is needed. D. deltoides is not invasive and it can easily be controlled when planted around the outer edges of landscapes. These plants can also be used in rock gardens (Nau, 1996) . For all these reasons, because of its low maintenance requirements, and the fact that it is a native species that fits into a natural environment without adverse impacts on the surrounding natural ecosystems, D. deltoides is suitable for planting in Serbian mountain resorts. The characteristics of D. deltoides are in accordance with the increasingly dominating trend of naturalistic garden design that involves wild plant species (Rappaport, 1993) .

These plants can also be used in rock gardens.

The characteristics of D. deltoides are in accordance with the increasingly dominating trend of naturalistic garden design that involves wild plant species.


Western models of corporate governance tend to be dominated by either a focus on 'shareholder' or 'stakeholders'. In the Anglo-American environment, corporate governance is primarily concerned with maximizing shareholder value, whilst in Continental Europe and Japan, corporate governance attempts to consider the interests of a wide range of "stakeholder groups, such as investors, employees, suppliers, customers and managers" (Hoffman, 2007) . Whilst these models are more usually a response to the nature of different ownership structures, the fundamental premise of most models of corporate governance is that of rationality.

In the Anglo-American environment, corporate governance is primarily concerned with maximizing shareholder value, whilst in Continental Europe and Japan, corporate governance attempts to consider the interests of a wide range of "stakeholder groups, such as investors, employees, suppliers, customers and managers".


Recently, there has been a surge in the interest for spatial models among fishery economists. Particularly, an extensive literature on marine reserves has emerged over several years. This development towards spatial notions in fishery economics in particular, and renewable resource economics in general, is welcome (Wilen 2000) . Although the model in this paper is simpler than the sophisticated models common among ecologists, it is a step up from the traditional, homogenous models often employed in fisheries economics.

This development towards spatial notions in fishery economics in particular, and renewable resource economics in general, is welcome.


The fuzzy numbers can be treated as the imprecise data. For example, in the financial market, the data may not be precisely measured owing to the fluctuation. However, based on the knowledge of experts, it may be said that each numerical data will be around some certain value. In this case, these imprecise data can be described as the fuzzy numbers. In other words, the fuzzy sets theory may provide a useful tool to tackle this kind of imprecision. The basic ideas and applications of fuzzy sets theory can refer to the monographs [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .

The basic ideas and applications of fuzzy sets theory can refer to the monographs.


The acquisition of selectional preferences, or the tendency of verbs to prefer arguments of a particular type, is a second closely related area [8, 9] . In this line of research statistical models are typically trained on parsed sentences to determine verb-subject or verb-direct object relationships. Such information can be useful for prepositional phrase attachment or to help determine the semantic class of a previously unseen word.

The acquisition of selectional preferences, or the tendency of verbs to prefer arguments of a particular type, is a second closely related area.


One potential limitation of the generalization data in this study is the fact that two of the children's parents, David's and Paul's fathers, chose to observe the sessions. It is possible that these two parents learned the treatment strategies through observation of the intervention sessions, thus limiting the generalization findings. However, we find this possibility unlikely for two reasons. First, Jack's mother did not observe the intervention, yet Jack demonstrated a substantial increase in his rate of spontaneous language with her. Second, we conducted fidelity of implementation on the parents during the structured observations and the generalization sessions that occurred during baseline and intervention and found that the parents did not meet fidelity for the intervention at any point during the study. These findings are not surprising given that research on milieu teaching, a related approach, has shown that parents did not meet fidelity of implementation until after they had received extensive practice and feedback (Kaiser, Hemmeter, Ostrosky, Alpert, & Hancock, 1995) .

These findings are not surprising given that research on milieu teaching, a related approach, has shown that parents did not meet fidelity of implementation until after they had received extensive practice and feedback.


Electrical impedance tomography is used in medical imaging to reconstruct the electric conductivity of a part of the body from measurements of currents and voltages at the surface [23] . The same technique is also used in geophysical explorations. An important special case consists in reconstructing the shape of an unknown inclusion or void assuming (piecewise) constant conductivities. In this case, only one pair of current/voltage measurements is necessary, in principle.

Electrical impedance tomography is used in medical imaging to reconstruct the electric conductivity of a part of the body from measurements of currents and voltages at the surface.


There is substantial interest in the use of magnetorheological (MR) and electrorheological (ER) fluids to provide semi-active damping in vibration control. In these devices, the level of damping can be altered through the application of an electric (for ER) or magnetic (for MR) field. Such dampers have the potential to outperform their passive counterparts and this has recently led to commercial success (Jolly et al. 1998) . However, despite this success, a wide variety of control strategies are in use (either experimentally or commercially) and as yet, there is no consensus on how best to perform automatic control.

Such dampers have the potential to outperform their passive counterparts and this has recently led to commercial success.


A second objective sought to determine the factors associated with the perceived importance of personalised nutrition technologies to dietetics practice. The finding that the perceived importance of biotechnology was determined by the perceived usefulness of "omics" indicates that a potential strategy to encourage the adoption of personalised nutrition could be to raise awareness of microbiome and metabolomics technology. This could be achieved through case examples, success stories from early adopters, encouraging research, and addressing any negative perceptions that non-practicing dietitians may hold [34] . These include a fear of one's practice license being revoked and adopting a technology that is not evidence-based or endorsed by professional organizations [9, 13] .

This could be achieved through case examples, success stories from early adopters, encouraging research, and addressing any negative perceptions that non-practicing dietitians may hold.

These include a fear of one's practice license being revoked and adopting a technology that is not evidence-based or endorsed by professional organizations.


Higher relative abundance of the dominant ECM morphotype represented by Piloderma sp. in sites fertilized with wood ash corroborates results of other studies (Mahmood et al. 2001; Mahmood 2003) . Lower abundance of the ECM morphotype represented by Tylospora asterophora in sites treated with wood ash was observed in our previous studies (Klavina et al. 2015b) . Although the importance of ectomycorrhizas has been widely acknowledged, the factors determining ECM com- In conclusion, our data indicate that forest fertilization has specific effects on morphological parameters of fine roots, ECM fungal community composition and abundance of soil bacteria in P. abies stands on drained peat soils. These findings should become the basis for future studies to clarify the effects of fertilization on stand growth and recovery after recent foliage damage in the long term, as well as to elaborate recommendations for the forestry practitioners.

Higher relative abundance of the dominant ECM morphotype represented by Piloderma sp. in sites fertilized with wood ash corroborates results of other studies.

Lower abundance of the ECM morphotype represented by Tylospora asterophora in sites treated with wood ash was observed in our previous studies.


Theory on three heat transfer enhancement mechanisms in compact heat exchangers was derived from performance correla-tions [1] [2] [3] . The three types are transition-turbulent flow enhancement, secondary laminar flow enhancement, and laminar flow enhancement. Evidence from flow structures in the heat exchanger cores is desired to shed light on the enhancement mechanisms.

Theory on three heat transfer enhancement mechanisms in compact heat exchangers was derived from performance correla-tions.


It is concluded that the OSF core has higher turbulence intensity and consequently would result in higher heat transfer performance than the SLF and PSF cores. At low Re, steady laminar flow prevails throughout the entire OSF core. As Re is increased, oscillating flow appears downstream of steady laminar flow, resulting in the secondary laminar flow enhancement of heat transfer performance [1] [2] [3] . At high Re, steady laminar, oscillating, and turbulent flow appear in sequence along the flow. The turbulent flow region spreads upstream with an increase in Re and may eventually occupy the entire flow passage in the OSF core. The dominance of the flow passage by turbulent flow causes the occurrence of a transition-turbulent flow enhancement mechanism in heat transfer inside compact heat exchangers [1] .

As Re is increased, oscillating flow appears downstream of steady laminar flow, resulting in the secondary laminar flow enhancement of heat transfer performance.

The dominance of the flow passage by turbulent flow causes the occurrence of a transition-turbulent flow enhancement mechanism in heat transfer inside compact heat exchangers.


Besides that, inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) at the early stage of oil palm seedling growth is one of the promising alternative strategies as a measure to produce high-quality planting material. Inoculation of PGPR to oil palm seedling at the early stage of growth would enable early associative interactions between the bacteria and the seedling. These early associations would enhance adaptation of the seedlings to the environmental conditions, hence, increase the survival rate (Sturz and Nowak 2000; Azlin et al. 2007) . Previous studies have shown that inoculation of PGPR at the early stage of plant growth could significantly enhance survival rates of the host plants (Pandey et al. 2000) . Thus, in this study, the potential of a new strain of soil bacteria, B. salmalaya strain 139SI, as plant growth promoting bacteria were evaluated. Subsequently, the effects of strain 139SI inoculation at the early stage of oil palm seedling growth and the colonization of the strain on palm root were also determined.

These early associations would enhance adaptation of the seedlings to the environmental conditions, hence, increase the survival rate.

Previous studies have shown that inoculation of PGPR at the early stage of plant growth could significantly enhance survival rates of the host plants.


The above program is viable by generalizing the AdS approach [5, 6] . In the next section we will study the case of the massive interacting scalar boson and the free massive spinor to explain the general method. In the rest of the paper the correspondence QFT onM versus CFT on M = ∂M is explained together with the proof of stability of the spectral map.

The above program is viable by generalizing the AdS approach.


A last limitation refers to the small sample size of this study. In structural equation modeling, the risk of improper solutions and of problems with model convergence increases with decreasing sample size (Byrne, 2010) . To address these concerns, two other steps were taken. First, we calculated the confidence interval around the RMSEA. The relatively narrow 90% confidence interval of the RMSEA of our presented model (.04 to .07) shows the precision of the RMSEA fit index and indicates a low risk of inadequate model fit. Second, in addition to the maximum likelihood method, the significance of all path coefficients was confirmed using the nonparametric bootstrapping method. Although model misspecification due to small sample size cannot be ruled out completely by these measures, the results lend support to the validity of our model.

In structural equation modeling, the risk of improper solutions and of problems with model convergence increases with decreasing sample size.


To develop a sustainable manufacturing system, system designers need not merely to apply traditional methods to improve system efficiency and productivity but also to examine the environmental impact on the developed system. This is because governments in many countries have been enforcing ever-stricter environmental policies and regulations by promoting energy saving and lowemission manufacturing activities in industry. A manufacturing system can be defined as a process or system of transforming raw materials, components or parts into final products that meet customer's needs and specifications [1] . The traditional manufacturing system design is involved in determination and analysis of such as material-handling methods, system capacities, production methods, material flow, shop-floor layouts, system flexibilities and operations. Nevertheless, there is an environmental consideration that needs also to be addressed today; this leads to a new challenge for manufacturing system designers to develop an effective approach by incorporating environmental parameters or constraints [2] .

A manufacturing system can be defined as a process or system of transforming raw materials, components or parts into final products that meet customer's needs and specifications.

Nevertheless, there is an environmental consideration that needs also to be addressed today; this leads to a new challenge for manufacturing system designers to develop an effective approach by incorporating environmental parameters or constraints.


Lean concepts are widely adopted by many manufacturing plants as a popular model for improving system efficiency and productivity without additional investments. Lean manufacturing is a systematic approach to eliminate non-value added wastes in various forms and it enables continuous improvement [7] . These wastes are overproduction, waiting for parts to arrive, unnecessary movement of materials, the waste in processing, unnecessary inventory, excess motion and the waste of rework [8] . However, traditional lean manufacturing does not consider environmental wastes which also need to be identified as these wastes add no values on manufactured products. This paper presents an integrated method by incorporating parameters of energy consumption and CO2 emissions into a manufacturing system design at an early stage. A case study was used for obtaining computational results based on data collected from a real production line.

Lean manufacturing is a systematic approach to eliminate non-value added wastes in various forms and it enables continuous improvement.

These wastes are overproduction, waiting for parts to arrive, unnecessary movement of materials, the waste in processing, unnecessary inventory, excess motion and the waste of rework.


Voice Conversion (VC) is a technique that aims to modify the speech of a source speaker to make it sound like that of a target speaker. The most obvious application for VC is Text-to-Speech (TTS) synthesis, for creating new and personalized voices. Other potential applications include security-related usage (e.g. hiding the identity of the speaker), vocal restoration in case of pathology, speech-to-speech translation, movie dubbing, as well as games and other entertainment applications [1] .

Other potential applications include security-related usage (e.g. hiding the identity of the speaker), vocal restoration in case of pathology, speech-to-speech translation, movie dubbing, as well as games and other entertainment applications.


LFS-induced LTD is more complex consisting of two mechanistically separate components inhibited by antagonists of NMDA and mGlu receptors, respectively (Dudek and Bear, 1992; Oliet et al., 1997; Nicoll et al., 1998) . LFS-induced LTD in the G␣ q (Ϫ/Ϫ) mice was, therefore, expected to be reduced just partially. Interestingly, a 1 Hz paired-pulse LFS, while generating significant LTD in the wild-type and the G␣ 11 (Ϫ/Ϫ) mice, caused weak LTP in mice lacking G␣ q (Fig. 6) . Moreover, the NMDAR antagonist AP-5 had no effect on PP-LFS-induced LTD in the wild type, and G␣ q (Ϫ/Ϫ) mice again showed LTP in response to 1 Hz paired-pulse LFS in the presence of AP-5 (Fig. 7) . Therefore, changes in NMDAR function are obviously not involved in the conversion of LTD into slight LTP observed in mice lacking G␣ q . Altered synaptic plasticity in the G␣ 11 (Ϫ/Ϫ) mice may result from unmasking alternative signaling mechanisms mediated neither by G q -coupled receptors nor by NMDA receptors.

LFS-induced LTD is more complex consisting of two mechanistically separate components inhibited by antagonists of NMDA and mGlu receptors, respectively.


Outpatients with systemic sclerosis were recruited from an observational cohort managed in the Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology. The diagnosis of the disease was established according to ACR/Eular 2013 criteria [20] . Patients were eligible for the study if they had the diffuse form of the disease according to LeRoy criteria [21] .

The diagnosis of the disease was established according to ACR/Eular 2013 criteria.

Patients were eligible for the study if they had the diffuse form of the disease according to LeRoy criteria.


The idea of canceling or diminishing the unwanted information without causing damage to the relevant signal is very complex, and the more the noise and the relevant signal share the same frequency spectrum, the less the designer can remove the unwanted information by using classical filters. In fact, when the unwanted information and the relevant signal share the same (or a very similar) frequency spectrum, the use of classical filters should be discarded [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] . When this happens, it is often said that the signal is buried in a broad-band noise background.

In fact, when the unwanted information and the relevant signal share the same (or a very similar) frequency spectrum, the use of classical filters should be discarded.


Time delays in the feedback loop appear frequently in industrial processes, both from the process itself and caused by the controllers. The presence of deadtime in a feedback control loop has a significant impact on the performance of the control loop. Depending on the magnitude of the delay, performance of the feedback loop can be severely limited. A difficult and challenging problem is to control a process without instantaneous measurement of the state variables, or via delayed actuators (Richard, 2003) .

A difficult and challenging problem is to control a process without instantaneous measurement of the state variables, or via delayed actuators.


Other important components of table olives are mineral substances. Minerals have important functions in the body, and they are essential for healthy growth and life. Mineral substances in table olives are important from nutritional and toxicological point of view. The mineral content of table olives depends on various parameters, such as location, weather conditions, environmental pollution, phytochemical product contamination, cultivar differences, maturation, processing method, packing material and chemicals used (Garcia et al., 2002; Soares et al., 2006; Lopez et al., 2008; Fernandez-Hernandez et al., 2010; Sahan, 2010) .

The mineral content of table olives depends on various parameters, such as location, weather conditions, environmental pollution, phytochemical product contamination, cultivar differences, maturation, processing method, packing material and chemicals used.


One example of a rare carnivorous species with a rapidly diminishing natural range requiring urgent conservation and management is Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. (Droseraceae), a rootless submerged carnivorous macrophyte with a disjunct global distribution (Elansary, Adamec & Storchov a, 2010; Cross, 2012a) . The only species known to have evolved snap-trap carnivory in the aquatic environment, A. vesiculosa has intrigued botanists since its discovery in 1696 (Darwin, 1876; Cross, 2012a) . Most notably, its ecological novelty fascinated Charles Darwin, whose early experiments of carnivory and nutrient uptake in A. vesiculosa led to the conclusion that the foliage of the species was manifestly adapted for the capture of aquatic living prey such as water fleas and mosquito larvae (Darwin, 1876) . The species once had an astonishingly expansive historical distribution, occurring naturally in nutrient-impoverished, oligo-mesotrophic and dystrophic (humic) wetland systems in Australia, Africa, Asia and continental Europe (Cross, 2012a) .

One example of a rare carnivorous species with a rapidly diminishing natural range requiring urgent conservation and management is Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. (Droseraceae), a rootless submerged carnivorous macrophyte with a disjunct global distribution.

The only species known to have evolved snap-trap carnivory in the aquatic environment, A. vesiculosa has intrigued botanists since its discovery in 1696.

Most notably, its ecological novelty fascinated Charles Darwin, whose early experiments of carnivory and nutrient uptake in A. vesiculosa led to the conclusion that the foliage of the species was manifestly adapted for the capture of aquatic living prey such as water fleas and mosquito larvae.

The species once had an astonishingly expansive historical distribution, occurring naturally in nutrient-impoverished, oligo-mesotrophic and dystrophic (humic) wetland systems in Australia, Africa, Asia and continental Europe.


Another main purpose, in fact the original motivation, of this work is an application in financial mathematics. It has been known that an important problem in the valuation and hedging of exotic options is to characterize the short time asymptotics of the implied volatility surface, given the prices of European options for all maturities and strikes. The need to resort to asymptotics is due to the fact that only a discrete set of maturities and strikes are available. This difficulty is bypassed by practitioners by using the asymptotics in order to extend the volatility surface to the un-observed regimes. We refer to Henry-Labordère [7] . The results available in this literature have been restricted to the Markovian case, and our results in a sense opens the door to a general non-Markovian, path-dependent paradigm.

We refer to Henry-Labordère.


Since the turn of the 20 th century, educators have used various types of technology aids to help them teach and to improve their students' learning (Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino, 2001) . During the last decade, the use of computer-based technology in college education has dramatically increased to include emerging technology for visual presentation, simulation, accessing course materials and World Wide Web resources, and interactivity. Our students have grown up in a "high technology" environment and are adept at the use of computers and the Internet for information exchange. Students frequently ask professors to prepare their lecture notes using PowerPoint, have a course Web site, and use multimedia to illustrate key themes. These new technologies also offer new learning strategies for students who do not perform as well using traditional methods. With computer-assisted instruction, instructors can provide different ways of learning besides traditional learning methods. For example, if a student is weak in verbal and linguistic ability or is lacking in motivation, the instructor may use visual cues in PowerPoint to help students grasp and conceptualize information and generate interest in the subject matter.

Since the turn of the 20 th century, educators have used various types of technology aids to help them teach and to improve their students' learning.


Loss to follow-up is a further potential weakness. If the risk factors and poor outcomes considered here were less prevalent among those lost to follow up, our results would be biased, over-estimating the association between the identified risk factors and children's tobacco use at age 14. However, as we have found that mothers lost to follow-up in our study are more likely to be younger, single, less educated, socially more disadvantaged and their children of lower birthweight than those in the study group, this seems unlikely. Indeed, it is more likely that those lost to follow-up would exhibit higher rates of tobacco use at age 14, and therefore that the associations presented here would be a conservative estimate (Najman et al. 2005) . Overall, the fact that we found little difference between the imputed and non-imputed results suggests that attrition is unlikely to have biased our findings substantively in either direction. Finally, it should be noted that the ideal test of an association between maternal and child smoking should be conducted within a genetically informative research design, which was not possible within the current study.

Indeed, it is more likely that those lost to follow-up would exhibit higher rates of tobacco use at age 14, and therefore that the associations presented here would be a conservative estimate.


Mondino and Naber prove that m X \ ∪ 1≤i≤[N ] R i = 0 [28] . Question 1.1 are able to be reformulated that whether there is an integer l such that m(X \ R l ) = 0 or not. As mentioned above, this problem is completely solved in Ricci limit cases. Adding some conditions, we have partial positive answers for that problems [26, 27] . One of the main theorem in the present paper holds without any additional assumptions. Theorem 1.2 (Proposition 3.5 and Proposition 3.6).

Mondino and Naber prove that m X \ ∪ 1≤i≤[N ] R i = 0.

Adding some conditions, we have partial positive answers for that problems.


We found that treatment with darunavir/ritonavir and efavirenz altered MRP1 expression and function in healthy volunteers. Darunavir/ritonavir significantly reduced MRP1 protein expression. This is consistent with in vitro studies showing that ritonavir and indinavir inhibit MRPs in PBMCs [10] . Various other ARVs have also been shown to inhibit MRP1, MRP2 and MRP3 [8] . Ritonavir and other protease inhibitors also inhibit P-gp in PBMCs [11] . Inhibition of both MRP1 and P-gp has previously been shown to increase intracellular concentrations of protease inhibitors [4, 7] . Thus, the inhibitory effect of darunavir/ritonavir on MRP1 might increase intracellular accumulation of ARVs. This could lead to beneficial intracellular interactions, which are not evident from measuring plasma concentrations alone, by increasing intracellular concentrations of other ARVs that are substrates of MRP1. Inhibition of MRP1 might also restore antiviral response, as failure to respond to ARVs is associated with up-regulation of MRP1 and other transporters [2] .

This is consistent with in vitro studies showing that ritonavir and indinavir inhibit MRPs in PBMCs.

Various other ARVs have also been shown to inhibit MRP1, MRP2 and MRP3.

Ritonavir and other protease inhibitors also inhibit P-gp in PBMCs.

Inhibition of both MRP1 and P-gp has previously been shown to increase intracellular concentrations of protease inhibitors.

Inhibition of MRP1 might also restore antiviral response, as failure to respond to ARVs is associated with up-regulation of MRP1 and other transporters.


Total dissolved solids TDS is the total amount of solids remaining when a water sample evaporates to dryness [22] . Dissolved solids are those that pass through a filter with 2.0 μm or smaller pores. A simple method for determining the concentration of dissolved solids is to filter the water, evaporate the filtrate and weight the residue. The TDS represents a total summation of ionic concentrations of cations and anions. It is measured by the ppm or mg/l units [9] .

Total dissolved solids TDS is the total amount of solids remaining when a water sample evaporates to dryness.

It is measured by the ppm or mg/l units.


The goal of this paper is to demonstrate generality of MLSM that is driven by the fact that all the building blocks of the method depend only on the relative positions between the computational nodes. This is a very useful feature, especially when dealing with problems in multidimensional spaces, complex geometries, and moving boundaries. This feature can be also exploited to write elegant generic code [18] .

This feature can be also exploited to write elegant generic code.


The method presented here was developed to examine different materials with significantly different atomic mass and structure. A stack of CFRP and Ti6Al4V was used to demonstrate the results of the method. The examined samples are test results of two different machining processes, and they are part of an investigation to identify the optimum drilling settings. The CT examination of the two drilling methods, CD and UAD, can provide information about the quality of the holes and assists in the identification of the optimum settings for this combination of materials. The evaluation of the quality of the holes is based on the internal damage of the materials, the circularity and centre deviation of the entire hole. The image processing analysis is based on a method developed to evaluate the quality of CFRP holes [5, 48] . All of the scanners and software packages used are provided in Table 1 .

The image processing analysis is based on a method developed to evaluate the quality of CFRP holes.


CT data is affected by many different variables that can influence its quality such as beam hardening that causes linear shadowing around the 3D reconstruction of the part or produces different grey values in homogeneous materials. This issue is caused by the nature of the polychromatic xray beam spectrum and the attenuation of the radiation by the part. Polychromatic radiation includes a spectrum of different radiations up to the desirable radiation energy. The lower energy radiation is absorbed by the more dense materials, and it does not reach the detector while the higher energy radiation is able to penetrate the specimen. The normalisation of the data in the reconstruction process causes the creation of this phantoms, and it is a common issue in high energy scans and in multi-material scans [1] .

The normalisation of the data in the reconstruction process causes the creation of this phantoms, and it is a common issue in high energy scans and in multi-material scans.


For precise teleoperation, transparency is essential. In order to ensure transparency, various control approaches have been proposed for teleoperation systems [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Among these control approaches, the 4-channel architecture is the most successful in terms of fulfilling transparency [12] [13] . However, this control scheme assumes perfect knowledge of the linear impedances of the master and the slave. In other words, these controllers are fixed. Nevertheless, in practice, the exact knowledge of the master and the slave dynamic models may be unavailable due to model uncertainties and, thus, transparency and stability are hard to guarantee.

In order to ensure transparency, various control approaches have been proposed for teleoperation systems.

Among these control approaches, the 4-channel architecture is the most successful in terms of fulfilling transparency.


Chickpea is a self-pollinated crop, with 2n = 2x = 16 chromosomes and a genome size of 740 Mb (Arumuganathan and Earle, 1991) . Two distinct forms of cultivated chickpeas are desi (small seeds, angular shape, and coloured seeds with a high percentage of fibre) and kabuli types (large seeds, owl-head shape, beige coloured seeds with a low percentage of fibre). A third type, designated as intermediate or pea-shaped, is characterized by medium to small size, and round/pea-shaped seeds. Hair like structures on its stems leaves and pods secrete acids that provide the first line of defense against pests, reducing the need for chemical sprays (Yadav et al., 2007) .

Chickpea is a self-pollinated crop, with 2n = 2x = 16 chromosomes and a genome size of 740 Mb.

Hair like structures on its stems leaves and pods secrete acids that provide the first line of defense against pests, reducing the need for chemical sprays.


In this paper, we make an assumption that the inertia vibrations of the electron groups in the rock fragment of the crack tips generate EMR pulses during the fracture of rocks. Based on this assumption, we develop an oscillating dipoles model to analyze and simulate the EMR phenomena induced by the rock fractures. Then we used this model to simulate the EMR pulses recorded in the Rabinovitch's compression experiments on granite and chalk. Our simulations indicate a comparable accordance with Rabinovitch's experimental results [16, 17] . From our simulation results, we also find that the crack width associates with the maximum EMR voltage peak value, and the crack width is inversely proportional to the EMR frequency.

Our simulations indicate a comparable accordance with Rabinovitch's experimental results.


This strategy was developed for a CSIRO research project in collaboration with the Government of Indonesia, AusAid and the World Bank, which investigated the impact of potential policies on the livelihood and wellbeing of households in Indonesia. This included development of an agent based model and required household classification based on survey data for model calibration. More details on the calibration approach are published elsewhere [4] .

More details on the calibration approach are published elsewhere.


Agent based models are commonly used in improving our understanding of natural resources management, complex socio-ecological systems and resource use dynamics [1] [2] [3] . An agent based OPEN ACCESS model representing human behavioural choices relies on a representation of its agents that reflect choices people are likely to make. The method described here allows the researcher to better justify the representation of such choices in the model. This is achievable through defining people, or groups of "similar" people, with the aim of capturing their behaviour under different choices though interviews. However, the number of agents entering a model is limited and to gain a representative sample size with interviews is expensive. Savings can be made when classifying the population into similar groups from which to select a limited number of people for detailed interviews [4] . While this is a way of reducing the effort needed to achieve a workable number of agents, it is acknowledged that there are still subjective choices that determine the type of agents. While this paper uses agent based models as an example, the strategy is also applicable in other types of research that require variable reduction through groupings and identification of underlying variables.

Agent based models are commonly used in improving our understanding of natural resources management, complex socio-ecological systems and resource use dynamics.

Savings can be made when classifying the population into similar groups from which to select a limited number of people for detailed interviews.


The application of the new strategy has potential for a range of survey data (including in other disciplines such as biology and medicine), where building a typology and prediction of type membership for new cases is required. It moves away from frequentist statistical approaches for identifying important variables, to a modelling approach. This circumvents conventional issues related to mixed categoric and numeric data analysis and puts the variable extraction into a probabilistic framework with a focus on variables most likely to drive the cluster membership. However, while it is possible with the employed method to identify variable importance ranking, currently it is not reasonably possible to establish the significance and inference between the important variables [22] . While there may be the option of using bootstrapping for identification of inferences, no readily available approach exists and there would be a trade-off against computer time requirements, which are already considerable using the current algorithm.

However, while it is possible with the employed method to identify variable importance ranking, currently it is not reasonably possible to establish the significance and inference between the important variables.


The reliance on categorical data provides a particular challenge for analyses and interpretation. In this paper I present a novel strategy for dealing with such data. It identifies similar household types and directly describes the underlying variables. Some of the algorithms employed in the strategy presented are very recent and have not yet been combined in ways to achieve the above tasks. Hence, I use the term "new strategy" throughout the paper whenever referring to the set of statistical methods used in this research. Here I outline the new strategy by way of examples using survey data. The intention is to describe this new strategy for extracting important variables from multivariate categorical data classifications, in a way that is accessible to non-statisticians. As such, details are kept to a minimum to enable a comprehensive demonstration of the strategy. All algorithms used stem from the freely available R statistical platform [8] .

All algorithms used stem from the freely available R statistical platform.


A number of dedicated PET cameras optimized to image the breast have been proposed or constructed [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . These cameras, commonly known as Positron Emission Mammography or PEM cameras, restrict the field of view to a single breast, and have higher performance and lower cost than a conventional PET camera. By placing the detectors close to the breast, the PEM geometry subtends more solid angle around the breast than a conventional PET camera. In addition, gamma rays emitted in the breast have to pass through at most one attenuation length (~10 cm) of tissue in the PEM geometry, but may have to travel through as much as four attenuation lengths of tissue in a conventional PET camera. These two factors significantly increase the sensitivity (the detected coincident event rate per unit activity in the field of view) in the PEM geometry. This paper reviews PEM camera design and the tradeoffs that affect their imaging performance, as well as non-instrumental issues that affect them.

A number of dedicated PET cameras optimized to image the breast have been proposed or constructed.


Clearly, all the thick films exhibit double loops, demonstrating their AFE character. A small remnant polarization of below 8 μC/cm 2 was detected in the all samples, which should be caused by the interface layer, space charge, unstable AFE regions, and so on [39] . As x increases from 0.08 to 0.38, the P-E loops show a change from "squared" shape to "slanted" shape, indicating the reduced AFE stability of the thick films with higher tin content. Moreover, the chemical composition of the thick films also has a strong effect on their maximum polarization. Under the measurement condition, the corresponding maximum polarization for the films with x=0.08, 0.20 and 0.38 is 82.4, 74.6 and 54.5 μC/cm 2 , respectively. This result illustrates that the polarization behavior of AFEs is related with their phase structure. Under sufficient high external electric field, AFE materials with orthorhombic structure possess larger maximum polarization value than AFEs materials with tetragonal structure.

A small remnant polarization of below 8 μC/cm 2 was detected in the all samples, which should be caused by the interface layer, space charge, unstable AFE regions, and so on.


The loss tangent is less than 0.02 at the frequency below 100 kHz, and greatly enhances at the frequency above 100 kHz. The large loss tangent values at high measurement frequency are often observed in AFE and FE films with oxide electrodes such as LNO, which is caused by the larger resistance of this kind of electrodes. In order to explain the resistance of electrode-dependent dielectric behavior, a proper three-component equivalent model was developed in our previous work [38] .

In order to explain the resistance of electrode-dependent dielectric behavior, a proper three-component equivalent model was developed in our previous work.


In modern radar and communications systems, photonic signal processing has attracted great interest due to its numerous intrinsic advantages, such as broad operation bandwidth, low loss, and strong immunity to electromagnetic interference [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Photonic microwave true time delay lines (TTDLs), which can introduce multiple progressive time delays, are one of the basic building blocks of microwave photonic systems. Offering intrinsically low loss, ultra-wide operation bandwidth, greatly reduced footprint, and immunity to electromagnetic interference, photonic TTDLs have wide applications for phased array antennas (PAAs), microwave photonic filters, analog-todigital or digital-to-analog conversion, and arbitrary waveform generation [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] .

In modern radar and communications systems, photonic signal processing has attracted great interest due to its numerous intrinsic advantages, such as broad operation bandwidth, low loss, and strong immunity to electromagnetic interference.

Offering intrinsically low loss, ultra-wide operation bandwidth, greatly reduced footprint, and immunity to electromagnetic interference, photonic TTDLs have wide applications for phased array antennas (PAAs), microwave photonic filters, analog-todigital or digital-to-analog conversion, and arbitrary waveform generation.


Knowledge of the electric field in the insulation is key to understanding breakdown mechanisms of such cables, which again is important when designing cables for higher voltages than the current state of the art. It has been common to view the combination of paper and oil as a single, homogeneous material, disregarding the layered structure and the butt gaps. Experimental, analytical, and numerical techniques have then been used to find the macroscopic electric field. The macroscopic electric field and its gradient are always pointing from the conductor to the insulation screen, or in the opposite direction. The macroscopic approach is useful in order to investigate effects of different service conditions and situations that occur during the operation of HVDC mass-impregnated cables. Such conditions and situations can be temperature gradients and rapid voltage changes [3, 4, 5] .

Such conditions and situations can be temperature gradients and rapid voltage changes.


It can be argued that the paper-paper interfaces in reality are far more complex than an oil film with smooth surfaces. However, space charge measurements in stacked layers of mass-impregnated paper have yielded results consistent with the presence of 1-10 µm oil films between the papers [5] . Nevertheless, emphasis should be on trends rather than absolute values in our calculationsespecially close to the surfaces. It is important to note that these considerations assume no cavities or other voids in the insulation.

However, space charge measurements in stacked layers of mass-impregnated paper have yielded results consistent with the presence of 1-10 µm oil films between the papers.


Martial arts are often considered as either "soft", such as Tai Chi and Yoga, or "hard", such as Tae Kwon Do, Kung Fu, and Karate. Generally, hard martial arts focus on powerful execution of a limited number of movement techniques (those which most quickly and successfully take the opponent out), whereas soft martial arts primarily value the quality of execution of a much wider variety of movements; without losing sight of the fact that these movements relate to defense and attack patterns [11] . However, some martial arts, such as Tae Kwon Do, contain both elements. The element which makes hard martial techniques effective is the power to hit a target, which, apart from a certain degree of technique, requires both muscle strength and speed of execution. As most movements in the hard martial arts have a more dynamic nature than those in the soft martial arts, components of hard martial arts training may be expected to be especially beneficial on dynamic locomotor components [12] .

Generally, hard martial arts focus on powerful execution of a limited number of movement techniques (those which most quickly and successfully take the opponent out), whereas soft martial arts primarily value the quality of execution of a much wider variety of movements; without losing sight of the fact that these movements relate to defense and attack patterns.

As most movements in the hard martial arts have a more dynamic nature than those in the soft martial arts, components of hard martial arts training may be expected to be especially beneficial on dynamic locomotor components.


A review of 23 studies on effects on some physical functions of taekwondo training suggested benefits on aerobic capacity, body composition and flexibility. However, that review was descriptive and considered no age specification [13] . In this paper we sought to study the evidence whether hard martial art practice improves certain physical fitness components in people over 40. We set the age limit at 40 for several reasons: above this age the sport practice has lost the aim of competitive gain, whereas it is almost exclusively practiced for fun and physical and mental benefit, which were the parameters for our review. As training practice intensity in this age group is generally lower than in youngsters and young adults, not only a lower risk of training injuries may be expected, but any effect on our parameters of interest may substantially vary between these age groups. Furthermore, there is a psychological reason when 40 years of age may be regarded as being half-way one's expected total life span of 80. If shown to be effective, such practice could then be recommended as an effective, safe and cost-effective method to improve certain health-related physical functions for people in this age category. With this aim we performed a systematic literature review of hard martial art intervention studies.

However, that review was descriptive and considered no age specification.


Exercise programs, including those based on martial arts, lower the chance of a number of negative consequences of aging [9] . Physical activity and sports which are mainly focused on the training of the proprioceptive system (balance sports like Tai Chi and Yoga) are effective in improving balance and in reducing the prevalence of falls in the elderly [7] . Such sports are clearly better to improve balance function than sports that aim to improve cardiovascular function (bioenergetic sports, such as running) [10] .

Exercise programs, including those based on martial arts, lower the chance of a number of negative consequences of aging.

Physical activity and sports which are mainly focused on the training of the proprioceptive system (balance sports like Tai Chi and Yoga) are effective in improving balance and in reducing the prevalence of falls in the elderly.

Such sports are clearly better to improve balance function than sports that aim to improve cardiovascular function (bioenergetic sports, such as running).


Subjective benefits from martial arts training is often reported, especially in (generally Asian) countries where the various arts originated. Without doubt we missed reports in the Asian languages, and we cannot exclude such a language bias in our survey. Originally we aimed to include Kung Fu as a hard martial art in our review, but the nine studies covered in a 2008 systematic review of health benefits of this art were all on younger age groups, whereas we were unable to find any later published study on an age group above 40 [23] .

Originally we aimed to include Kung Fu as a hard martial art in our review, but the nine studies covered in a 2008 systematic review of health benefits of this art were all on younger age groups, whereas we were unable to find any later published study on an age group above 40.


In principle, broadband mid-IR supercontinuum or other nonlinear processes such as four-wave-mixing (FWM) based nonlinear parametric generation can be realized using a single-mode large-mode-area (LMA) tellurite fiber pumped with a high-power CW or pulsed 2 µm thulium (Tm 3+ ) or holimium (Ho 3+ ) doped fiber laser [19] . But, due to the strong water absorption (~1400 dB/m or ~4 cm -1 ) peaking at 3.3 µm, this makes even an 8mm-long 'wet' tellurite glass fiber suffer a 15-20 dB loss in light intensity around 3-4 µm and leads into very poor nonlinear conversion efficiency in 3-5 µm region [20] . Since the tail of multiphonon absorption of tellurite glasses starts from ~5 µm, dehydration is the key approach to extend the high transmission window (i.e., absorption coefficient <0.1 cm ) of a tellurite glass fiber into the range of 3-5 µm.

In principle, broadband mid-IR supercontinuum or other nonlinear processes such as four-wave-mixing (FWM) based nonlinear parametric generation can be realized using a single-mode large-mode-area (LMA) tellurite fiber pumped with a high-power CW or pulsed 2 µm thulium (Tm 3+ ) or holimium (Ho 3+ ) doped fiber laser.

But, due to the strong water absorption (~1400 dB/m or ~4 cm -1 ) peaking at 3.3 µm, this makes even an 8mm-long 'wet' tellurite glass fiber suffer a 15-20 dB loss in light intensity around 3-4 µm and leads into very poor nonlinear conversion efficiency in 3-5 µm region.


SiN x can be prepared by a number of methods including plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD), hot wire chemical vapour deposition (HWCVD) and direct current or radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The conventional parallel plate PECVD reactors are widely used in modern microelectronic industry. However, they have some limitations. Samples are placed on one of its two electrodes which results in energetic bombardment of the film by charged particles. The latter cause surface damage and high film stress. The damage by plasma particles using this method is a problem for compound semiconductor devices such as GaAs IC or light-emitting devices [7] . Moreover, for SiN x deposition SiH 4 mixture with NH 3 or N 2 gases is used. Due to higher dissociation energy of N 2 or NH 3 compared to SiH 4 , it is complicated to incorporate a high amount of N atoms into a deposited layer [8] . The deficiency of nitrogen in the film could be solved using the HWCVD technique. This deposition method allows depositing the SiN x films with a high nitrogen and a low hydrogen concentration. One of the weaknesses of the HW-CVD technique is the reaction of a filament with silane gas. This leads to a degradation of the filament.

However, they have some limitations.

The damage by plasma particles using this method is a problem for compound semiconductor devices such as GaAs IC or light-emitting devices.

Due to higher dissociation energy of N 2 or NH 3 compared to SiH 4 , it is complicated to incorporate a high amount of N atoms into a deposited layer.


In this paper, the effectiveness of pose selection criteria applied to the experimental kinematic calibration of a 4 degrees of freedom manipulator was examined. The pose selection criteria are used to select a set of poses which would improve the calibration accuracy. Five different criteria suggested in the literature were applied to the manipulator. All of the criteria investigated were based on the singular values of the augmented identification Jacobian matrix. These criteria are: the geometric mean of the singular values, the inverse condition number, the minimum singular value, the noise amplification index, and the inverse of the sum of the reciprocals of all of the singular values. Each of the criteria was applied to the experimental manipulator to select 15 out of 20 and 50 out of 100 poses. Three search algorithms were used: a random search which repeatedly selects a random set of poses, an elimination search which removes one pose at a time, and an exhaustive search which tests every possible combination of poses. The results showed a relatively small change to the RMS of the verification error when the criteria were used to select the poses compared to a randomly selected set of poses to provide a baseline comparison. For the case of selecting 15 poses, all three search algorithms were applied and the results for the elimination search were the same as the results for the exhaustive search. This suggests that the elimination search will yield good results. From the experimental results, it is impossible to say that any of the criteria yield better results compared to randomly selecting the poses or using the full set of poses. These results suggest that, provided that a suitable number of well distributed poses are used for calibration, the pose selection criteria do not have a significant effect on the results. The effectiveness of the pose selection criteria was also explored with a simulation of a 2 degrees of freedom planar serial manipulator [12] . The results of this simulation indicated that using a larger number of poses, irregardless of any pose selection criteria, is preferable.

The effectiveness of the pose selection criteria was also explored with a simulation of a 2 degrees of freedom planar serial manipulator.


In the GENDEP trial, suicidal ideation markedly decreased during treatment with either nortriptyline or escitalopram, with no overall difference between the two Proportion of increases in suicidal ideation by study week among men (a) and women (b) for escitalopram and nortriptyline drugs. However, nortriptyline was associated with a higher rate of both TESI and TWOSI in men. Few studies to date have compared the impact of an SSRI and a TCA on suicidal ideation and none has considered moderation by gender [32] . The IRT suicidal score provided a sensitive measure to investigate this issue and to confirm that antidepressants are not only effective in reducing depressive symptoms but also in reducing suicidal ideation. These findings are in agreement with most epidemiological studies showing that mortality by suicide declines when antidepressant use increases [34] [35] [36] . The GENDEP results support a beneficial effect of antidepressants on suicidal ideation in adults and should encourage clinicians to prescribe antidepressant medication in patients with suicidal ideation.

Few studies to date have compared the impact of an SSRI and a TCA on suicidal ideation and none has considered moderation by gender.

These findings are in agreement with most epidemiological studies showing that mortality by suicide declines when antidepressant use increases.


This work is the continuation of current research in materials, structural integrity and coatings [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . This paper presents results, which show that how materials' qualities have been affected by deploying different methods of thin film fabrication. Pulse electrodeposition process is simple with low cost, and deposition can be applied on comparatively larger areas [22] . The RF-magnetron sputtering is a flexible technique in terms of control of composition and microstructure. Zn-MnO thin films can be fabricated by reactive RF magnetron sputtering deposition with high-purity ZnO powder, which results in the formation of films with excellent purity. On the other hand, a vacuum method is a costly procedure and some of scaling process is difficult. Pulse electrodeposition has been widely applied to fabrication of thin films, and results show that the uniformities such as thickness of layer, grain size, roughness and defect density are difficult to control [23] .

This work is the continuation of current research in materials, structural integrity and coatings.

Pulse electrodeposition process is simple with low cost, and deposition can be applied on comparatively larger areas.

Pulse electrodeposition has been widely applied to fabrication of thin films, and results show that the uniformities such as thickness of layer, grain size, roughness and defect density are difficult to control.


In a context where performance and cost issues are vital, it naturally follows that linear motors must be used to their maximum performances in terms of positioning quality and thrust. Such this motors have the advantage of not having transmission systems to product a linear movement. Consequently, it will lead to decrease friction problems and to increase performances which allows pushing the mechanical limits in terms of acceleration and speed [6] [4] .

Consequently, it will lead to decrease friction problems and to increase performances which allows pushing the mechanical limits in terms of acceleration and speed.


Despite these limitations, our findings demonstrate that testing based on risk and medical indications alone failed to identify four-fifths of previously undiagnosed adults with past exposure to HCV. This may be due in part to the difficulty in capturing complete patient risk history (eg, IDU) in EMRs to support the implementation of comprehensive risk-based HCV testing algorithms. HCV-infected persons who are not aware of their status cannot receive further clinical evaluation or antiviral treatment, and are unlikely to benefit from preventive services or secondary prevention recommendations (eg, reduction in alcohol use and other lifestyle changes) aimed at limiting disease progression and reducing liver-related morbidity and mortality [39, 40] . In the routine clinical environment, recent CDC and US Preventive Task Force recommendations to test patients born during 1945-1965 for HCV without the need for prior ascertainment of risk factors should be implemented [17, 20] . With the alignment of the risk-based and birth cohort testing recommendations, it is expected that identification of infected persons who were previously undiagnosed will increase, leading to higher rates of linkage to care and treatment as appropriate, or to programs that support linkage to care and treatment adherence, which would further result in reduced morbidity and mortality associated with HCV.

HCV-infected persons who are not aware of their status cannot receive further clinical evaluation or antiviral treatment, and are unlikely to benefit from preventive services or secondary prevention recommendations (eg, reduction in alcohol use and other lifestyle changes) aimed at limiting disease progression and reducing liver-related morbidity and mortality.

In the routine clinical environment, recent CDC and US Preventive Task Force recommendations to test patients born during 1945-1965 for HCV without the need for prior ascertainment of risk factors should be implemented.


When the research is on time series, the researchers try to guess the process that produces the figures of time-series by observing the sequence numbers that exist. Research on time series from the past earnings of an enterprise was carried out in order to determine corporate earnings in the future. Besides that, the existence of positive serial correlation in earnings change can be used to predict earnings for the next year. If the current earnings that change are positive, it can be predicted there will be greater earnings the following year. Conversely, if it is found negative, it can be expected that earnings the ISSN 2087-3735 Earnings Performance in … (Junaidi) 108 next year will be smaller (Watts & Zimmerman 1986) .

Conversely, if it is found negative, it can be expected that earnings the ISSN 2087-3735 Earnings Performance in … (Junaidi) 108 next year will be smaller.


The scanning electron micrograph (Figure 3) revealed that the overall cell surface of E. coli pMG309 treated with PEO alone and in combination with meropenem were structurally different from the control, validating the ability of PEO in bacterial OM disruption. Observed morphological changes were due to the disruption of outer membrane as evidenced by the OM permeability test and zeta potential measurement as well as the previous findings by other researchers [37] [38] [39] . As shown in Figure 3c , cells treated with meropenem alone had minor corrugation on their outer membrane. Similar observations have been reported on bacterial cells treated with imipenem [40] . The minor corrugation was attributed to the nature of β-lactam antibiotic which interferes with the peptidoglycan linkage, eventually altering the integrity of the cell towards osmotic pressure and thus disrupting the outer membrane [41] . As shown in Figure 3b and 3d, a severe alteration on the cellular surface of E. coli pMG309 was observed in the presence of PEO alone and in combination with meropenem. Therefore, OM permeability test, zeta potential measurement and scanning electron microscopy used in this study has provided strong evidence that PEO possess the capability to disrupt the outer membrane of E. coli pMG309, leading to an influx of meropenem into the cell which eventually eradicates the cell synergistically.

Observed morphological changes were due to the disruption of outer membrane as evidenced by the OM permeability test and zeta potential measurement as well as the previous findings by other researchers.

Similar observations have been reported on bacterial cells treated with imipenem.

The minor corrugation was attributed to the nature of β-lactam antibiotic which interferes with the peptidoglycan linkage, eventually altering the integrity of the cell towards osmotic pressure and thus disrupting the outer membrane.


One of the most prominent mechanisms postulated in recent studies for the synergistic interactions between essential oil and antibiotics is via the disruption of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Further investigation by researchers also showed the specific mechanism of essential oil components responsible for the leakage of potassium ions, loss of 260-nm-absorbing material and salt tolerance as well as up/down-regulation of protein found in bacterial membrane [37, 38, 40, 46] . A standardized method for the evaluation of membrane permeability is yet to be developed and limitations exist whereby the activity of the compounds tested in unrelated studies cannot be compared to each other directly.

Further investigation by researchers also showed the specific mechanism of essential oil components responsible for the leakage of potassium ions, loss of 260-nm-absorbing material and salt tolerance as well as up/down-regulation of protein found in bacterial membrane.


In previous years, when the penetration level of wind power was low, the impact of these fluctuations in the output from WTs on the power system stability was minimal and, accordingly, regulations on WTs were unnecessary. However, the increasing wind-power penetration levels in modern power systems has led to specific technical requirements for the connection of large wind farms, usually as a part of the grid codes issued by the transmission system operators [4] . Grid codes for WTs include requirements for active and reactive power control, frequency and voltage deviation under normal operation, and behavior during grid disturbances [3] [4] [5] . Among these requirements, active power control is the most significant issue for power quality and system stability since the others can be easily met by controlling the reactive power output of the grid-side converter (GSC) of a VSWT, whereas the active power output is more strongly dependent on the wind speed.

However, the increasing wind-power penetration levels in modern power systems has led to specific technical requirements for the connection of large wind farms, usually as a part of the grid codes issued by the transmission system operators.

Grid codes for WTs include requirements for active and reactive power control, frequency and voltage deviation under normal operation, and behavior during grid disturbances.


The use of ISH may act as a strong tool for fostering public health policies, especially for countries belonging to group III. The transformation of society towards an aging population must involve not only a long life, but a healthy and a happy one. The catalyst of this transformation is the public health policy, and the measures taken by countries belonging to group I may be replicated for other countries willing to learn and transpose good practices. The ISH may be used in the process of decision-making and also in the implementation of the decisions, potentially contributing to the good governance in the healthcare system. The healthcare systems throughout the EU28 need a profound change, especially for countries belonging to group III; without this mandatory transformation their healthcare systems are likely to become unsustainable on the long term [42] . Decision-making, together with all the health stakeholders such as industry and civil-society, must better cooperate to put the population at the centre of healthcare strategies by improving the quality, safety, and efficiency of healthcare, and must have the population welfare as an ultimate goal.

The healthcare systems throughout the EU28 need a profound change, especially for countries belonging to group III; without this mandatory transformation their healthcare systems are likely to become unsustainable on the long term.


The stock of Tajikistani migrants abroad 5 has risen sharply during the global financial crisis. As Figure 1 indicates, the total stock of international migrants in the total Tajikistani have not returned yet. As migrants who are still abroad must be included into the overall picture, return hazards are a useful tool to detect changes in migration durations (Lindstrom, 1996; Reyes, 2001) . Figure 2 shows monthly return hazards starting from 12 months prior to the survey dates. Each vertical drop expresses the share of initially absent migrants returning 6 Survey based evidence on migration duration suffers from not observing households who left the country altogether, but the number of those should be small in Tajikistan as households are normally large and as ethnic migration is no longer prevalent.

As migrants who are still abroad must be included into the overall picture, return hazards are a useful tool to detect changes in migration durations.


In this work, we formulate the problem in a different way. Let us suppose that there is a stable temperature stratification in fluid. Let us apply to this fluid with the Reynolds number Re ≪ 1 a small-scale, helical, external force. This force will maintain in the fluid small-scale helical fluctuations of velocity field ( vrot v = 0). We consider the fluid as boundless. At first glance, there are no instabilities at all in this system. However, we show in this work that despite stable stratification, a large-scale vortex instability appears in the fluid which leads to the generation of large-scale vortex structures. The theory of this instability is built rigourously using the method of asymptotical multi-scale development similar to what was done in work of Frisch, She and Sulem for the theory of AKA-effect [16] . In addition to the linear theory, we also develop and study in detail the non-linear theory of this instability saturation. We devote special attention to stationary, non-linear, periodical vortex structures which appear as a result of the saturation of the found instability. Among these structures there are a spiral vortex soliton and kink of the new type.

We consider the fluid as boundless.

The theory of this instability is built rigourously using the method of asymptotical multi-scale development similar to what was done in work of Frisch, She and Sulem for the theory of AKA-effect.


At the power levels of microwave radiation produced by conventional high-power ( ¡ 1 MW) gyrotrons, the electric field intensity profile over the window aperture proves to be the limiting factor in the overall power handling capability of the gyrotron for longpulse and CW operation. The microwave beam shape on the window is constrained by the thermal characteristics of the window material and cooling configuration, as well as by edge diffraction losses at the window aperture. The internal mode converter reflectors must be shaped to provide a field profile at the window that accommodates the thermal properties of the window material and minimizes edge losses. Previous mode converter reflector designs have relied on numerical simulations of the fields radiated by the launcher. For instance, the rippled-wall launcher can be modeled using coupled mode theory, which leads to a set of simultaneous differential equations that are solved numerically for the fields inside the guide [3] . The radiated field, computed from a vector diffraction integral, behaves as a quasi-Gaussian beam that can be focussed into a nearly-ideal Gaussian beam at the window by using doubly-curved reflectors designed from analytic expressions [3, 4] . For more complicated final beam shapes, such as a flat power profile over the window aperture, reflector synthesis methods that incorporate the simulated launcher fields in the reflector shaping are used [5] . Experimental results have demonstrated, however, that the field intensity on the gyrotron window often does not agree with the design profile [6] . This deviation from design results in a lower power handling capability of the window, limiting the overall performance of the gyrotron. Cold test (low-power) measurements of the field profile in the mode converter reveal that the fields radiated by the launcher differ from those predicted by theory. This difference may arise from machining errors in the launcher, misalignment of the launcher with respect to the reflectors, or an incomplete theory for the launcher. Such variations from the ideal, theoretical situation suggest that any reflector design based on simulated fields will not produce the desired output field in actual operation. In order to overcome the observed difficulties in forming the desired microwave beam shape in a gyrotron, we recently proposed a new approach to reflector design that incorporates measured field intensities in the design process [7] .

For instance, the rippled-wall launcher can be modeled using coupled mode theory, which leads to a set of simultaneous differential equations that are solved numerically for the fields inside the guide.

The radiated field, computed from a vector diffraction integral, behaves as a quasi-Gaussian beam that can be focussed into a nearly-ideal Gaussian beam at the window by using doubly-curved reflectors designed from analytic expressions.

For more complicated final beam shapes, such as a flat power profile over the window aperture, reflector synthesis methods that incorporate the simulated launcher fields in the reflector shaping are used.

Experimental results have demonstrated, however, that the field intensity on the gyrotron window often does not agree with the design profile.

In order to overcome the observed difficulties in forming the desired microwave beam shape in a gyrotron, we recently proposed a new approach to reflector design that incorporates measured field intensities in the design process.


Smart specialisation is the capacity of regions to devise structural alterations in their economies through innovation, the detection of opportunities and the absorption of resources [6] . Therefore, it is a model of regional development that is based on innovation, derived mainly from the efforts in R&D and the creation of companies in accordance with said discoveries [7] [8] [9] . This concept is broadly in line with the definition, creation, mission and objectives of the USO. For that, academic entrepreneurs are in a great position to realise the areas of R&D and create companies in the way of smart specialisation, taking advantage of the resources available in their regions.

Smart specialisation is the capacity of regions to devise structural alterations in their economies through innovation, the detection of opportunities and the absorption of resources.

Therefore, it is a model of regional development that is based on innovation, derived mainly from the efforts in R&D and the creation of companies in accordance with said discoveries.


In the case of Spain, the number of USOs created during 2010-2014 was 586-33% of which were participated in by the university of origin. Since 2006, this creation has grown significantly, reaching a figure of around 100 USOs created per year since then [27] . These data placed Spain in the group of "moderate innovators". This is the same group as, e.g., Portugal or Italy are found. In 2016, Spanish academics requested 559 new patents and 95 new USOs were created. This information shows us the importance of this type of business for Spain and for its sustainable development.

Since 2006, this creation has grown significantly, reaching a figure of around 100 USOs created per year since then.


When seeking solutions aimed at increasing fi nancial security of farms, it is worth to consider diversifi cation, which means diversifi cation of the structure of agricultural production and the use of the farm's resources of land, capital and labour to conduct agricultural activities (Majewski and Radzikowska, 2006) . Diversifi cation is a strategy aimed at creating possibilities of an eff ective use of the potential, ensuring stability of incomes and high degree of fi nancial independence, as well as provision of opportunities for permanent and sustainable growth and, above all, survival on the market (Woźniak, 2008) . In Poland this is one of the most popular risk management strategies used in agriculture.

When seeking solutions aimed at increasing fi nancial security of farms, it is worth to consider diversifi cation, which means diversifi cation of the structure of agricultural production and the use of the farm's resources of land, capital and labour to conduct agricultural activities.

Diversifi cation is a strategy aimed at creating possibilities of an eff ective use of the potential, ensuring stability of incomes and high degree of fi nancial independence, as well as provision of opportunities for permanent and sustainable growth and, above all, survival on the market.


Endogenous growth models determine long-term growth rates using internal feedback variables. They predict GDP growth as a result of investments in research and development (R&D), which generate growth for themselves [4, 5] . Another key element in these models is the creation of technology and innovation to maintain sustained growth [6, 7] . In this respect, population growth causes an increase in the number of consumers and in the number of workers dedicated to productive activities and research, leading to an increase in the scale of the economy. Education, knowledge and skills are central to technological development and have a positive influence on growth. Human capital is related to the degree of training and productivity of individuals involved in production.

They predict GDP growth as a result of investments in research and development (R&D), which generate growth for themselves.

Another key element in these models is the creation of technology and innovation to maintain sustained growth.


Theories of economic growth have led to the development of many studies since the beginning of the systematization of this science. Among such theories, we can mention Adam Smith, who proposed the division of labor as a source of growth. Thomas Malthus stated that if income exceeds a certain threshold, mortality rates should decay and birth rates should rise, balancing economic growth. However, data of the past 150 years show that while mortality rates declined due to improved living conditions and investment in health, birth rates also decreased in most countries. Neoclassical economists have suggested that the causes of economic growth are related to increased investment in physical capital through an exogenous technical progress, ignoring its relationship with population dynamics [2, 3] . But increased investment does not adequately explain the decline in growth rates or the difference in growth between developed and least developed countries.

Neoclassical economists have suggested that the causes of economic growth are related to increased investment in physical capital through an exogenous technical progress, ignoring its relationship with population dynamics.


In a beautiful recent work, Sen has found an explicit heterotic dual to an F -theory compactification [8] . The starting point is the observation that there is a special elliptically fibered K3 for which the SL(2, Z Z) monodromies are almost trivial, and the dilaton and axion fields constant -the orbifold T 4 /Z Z 2 . Regarding it as a T 2 fibration over T 2 /Z Z 2 , the T 2 complex structure is obviously constant. Thus there should be no barrier to regarding this as a conventional type IIb compactification.

In a beautiful recent work, Sen has found an explicit heterotic dual to an F -theory compactification.


In the F -theory context, the 3-brane is the natural probe, as 7-branes parallel to the 3-brane will break only half its supersymmetry, leaving an N = 2, d = 4 worldvolume Lagrangian. Furthermore, the 3-brane is the only IIb brane which is a singlet under SL(2, Z Z) (which becomes the SL(2, Z Z) duality symmetry of its world-volume theory), making it canonically defined in any F -theory situation. Finally, Sen's results tell us that an N = 2, d = 4 gauge theory will naturally encode much of the physics. The spacetime variation of the dilaton-axion fields in F-theory is mapped onto the variation of the low energy gauge coupling function on moduli space. We will see that this has the following simple physical interpretation: As a 3-brane is moved around in spacetime, the coupling of the gauge theory on its world volume is determined by the background fields. The adjoint VEV which parametrizes the moduli space of the world volume gauge theory is simply the 3-brane position, relative to the orientifold point of the type I ′ theory. Furthermore, it is now easy to understand the appearance of SU (2) gauge theory. The 5-brane of type I theory comes equipped with SU (2) Chan-Paton factors [11, 14] . By T-duality these are inherited by the type I ′ 3-brane. The five brane T dual to our 3-brane probe is wrapped around the two torus. A Wilson line in its world volume SU (2) gauge theory breaks the gauge group down to U (1). In the T dual theory, the 3-brane lives in the noncompact dimensions and can move around on the torus. SU (2) symmetry is restored only when it approaches one of the orientifold points. For other configurations, the massive charged gauge bosons are realized as open strings connecting the 3 brane to the orientifold point.

The 5-brane of type I theory comes equipped with SU (2) Chan-Paton factors.


Both of the comparative methods used in this paper rely upon the DCA method and are therefore influenced by the selection of Fourier terms. More Fourier coefficients are required to resolve severe gradients in load and structural response to ensure sufficient accuracy, at the expense of solution time [13] . A benefit of the LMM is also evident in the ability to immediately identify the maximum plastic strain range attributed to the cyclic load history, which can readily be verified by means of elastic-plastic step-by-step FEA.

More Fourier coefficients are required to resolve severe gradients in load and structural response to ensure sufficient accuracy, at the expense of solution time.


Due to the problems associated with observation and inspection in MEMS, we find that basic test system functionality does not ensure reliable statistical strength data gathering. Taken together, the data of table 3, especially sets A and B, indicate the problem with the simple gripper design. However, the robust microgripper array E does sustain the large loads without contributing artifacts to the tensile strength measurements of polysilicon. Indeed, this design was used for 231 strength measurements to derive three-parameter Weibull values, which included a threshold strength of 2.08 GPa [27] . A distinct advantage of the SUMMiT V process is that it has four independent structural levels [31] . To maximize the bending and minimize the axial compliances, the arrays designed here were in three polysilicon levels connected by sacox cuts. More often, micromachining processes have fewer structural levels. It would be useful to demonstrate a single level of robust grippers for high load applications.

Indeed, this design was used for 231 strength measurements to derive three-parameter Weibull values, which included a threshold strength of 2.08 GPa.

A distinct advantage of the SUMMiT V process is that it has four independent structural levels.


Based on the type of information they require, localization algorithms can be divided into two categories: (i) range-based and (ii) range-free [7] [8] [9] [10] . For both categories of localization algorithms, the most crucial phase of the process lies in the determination of the distances between the sensor nodes which need to be located and the anchors. In rangebased algorithms, the respective distances between sensors and anchors can be obtained via various ranging techniques such as time of arrival (TOA), time difference of arrival (TDOA), and received signal strength indication (RSSI). On the other hand, in range-free algorithms, distances can be estimated through topological or geometric information. DV-Hop is a classical distributed range-free algorithm which determines distances by hop counts [11] . By further combination with ranging techniques, DV-Hop can be extended in order to decrease its localization error; a noteworthy example of these methods is robust position [12] [13] [14] . However, no matter which method is used, the acquired distances information to the anchors is usually imprecise compared with the true distances because of ranging and estimation errors [15, 16] . The imprecise distances will result in poor localization performance. Actually, these imprecise distances can be refined since the true distances between nodes should satisfy the geometric relations. In other words, the localization precision can be improved with the help of some geometric constraints.

Based on the type of information they require, localization algorithms can be divided into two categories: (i) range-based and (ii) range-free.

DV-Hop is a classical distributed range-free algorithm which determines distances by hop counts.

By further combination with ranging techniques, DV-Hop can be extended in order to decrease its localization error; a noteworthy example of these methods is robust position.

However, no matter which method is used, the acquired distances information to the anchors is usually imprecise compared with the true distances because of ranging and estimation errors.


Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) composed of a large number of low-power sensors have been a subject of increased interest in recent years [1] [2] [3] . Location information of sensor nodes is vital for location-aware applications such as environmental monitoring, routing, and coverage control [4, 5] . Due to cost limitations and energy consumption, having each one of the sensors locate its position individually via GPS or other similar means is no longer a viable option. Hence, lots of works have focused on the localization algorithms for WSNs [6] .

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) composed of a large number of low-power sensors have been a subject of increased interest in recent years.

Location information of sensor nodes is vital for location-aware applications such as environmental monitoring, routing, and coverage control.

Hence, lots of works have focused on the localization algorithms for WSNs.


Capital markets world-wide have significantly facilitated in conversion of savings and disposable income of people into investments both in developed as well as developing nations. The initial public offer or the fresh issue of securities takes place in primary market and trading of the issued securities among investors takes place in secondary market. In India, it has been observed that retail individual investor's participation in the primary market for equity has been massive in the last few decades and is testified by the number of companies that have been offering equity through primary markets (Girish & Rastogi, 2013) . Reforms in Indian financial market such as Screen based trading, Dematerialization of shares, Setting up clearing houses, Proper guidelines and norms for settlement procedures, corporate governance standards has nearly eliminated various risks involved in trading and has motivated Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), Individual Retail Investors, Domestic Institutional investors to take cognizance of the highest standard of practices followed in Indian financial market and has been promoting active trading in these markets. Testimony to this fact being the ever increasing number of listed companies, number of participants, market capitalization, products offered, market turnover, liquidity, risk hedging tools available in derivative markets to name a few.

In India, it has been observed that retail individual investor's participation in the primary market for equity has been massive in the last few decades and is testified by the number of companies that have been offering equity through primary markets.


Bubble columns are used in many applications including aeration of organic organisms in bioreactors, indirect liquefaction of coal-slurries to produce synthetic fuels via Fischer-Tropsch process and gasification of solvent for chemical reactions. Vertical vibration is known to cause bubble clustering and retardation in gas-liquid systems [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Within a contact reactor (e.g., bubble column) these phenomena result in an increase in the mass transfer ratio due to increasing the residence time and phase interfacial area [1, 2, 10, 11] . In addition to improved mass transfer performance, vibration decouples the bubble velocity from bubble size (retardation), offering a chance to study the hydrodynamics of bubbly flow in a more comprehensive fashion. One should note that the advantages of vibration comes at the cost of building a vibration facility as well as energy and safety expenses.

Vertical vibration is known to cause bubble clustering and retardation in gas-liquid systems.

Within a contact reactor (e.g., bubble column) these phenomena result in an increase in the mass transfer ratio due to increasing the residence time and phase interfacial area.


To study the effect of vibration on bubble size, measurements were conducted at three column heights. Expectedly increasing the vibration frequency and amplitude decreased the Sauter mean diameter (d 32 ). At higher amplitudes d 32 decayed to a minimum at lower frequencies. The measured d 32 was successfully tested against Hinze [30] correlation. The proportionality coefficient in the present work (k = 3.4) is different from those reported in shear bubble breakage and pulsing column literature (k = 1.67 and 1.7 respectively). The current k attributes to the difference in the physics of bubble breakup in the present work (shaking-column) and those reported in the literature (pulsing-column). The PDF of bubble size under vibration exhibits a constant shape at different phases; however, vibration phase modifies the right leg of the distribution and consequently the d 32 . The smallest bubble sizes (d 32~2 mm) were obtained at high frequency/amplitude combinations, and size distributions were found to be log-normal. Direct measurement techniques confirm the log-normal (bubble size) distribution. Bubble size shows a consistent decreasing trend with increasing the vibration amplitude while mass transfer intensification decreased for larger amplitudes (A > 6.5 mm). Therefore, the data suggests it is not simply increasing interfacial surface area, a, which increases the product k L a, but rather the excitation modes established by specific frequency/amplitude combinations increase k L by enhancing the diffusion mechanism.

The measured d 32 was successfully tested against Hinze correlation.