The results of this study indicate that adolescents understanding about the risks of online game addiction needs to be improved. This requires integrative handling, not only involving adolescents but also schools, as formal institutions that educate students and parents as the first and closest educators and role models for children (Ariati, 2015) . Schools as a means of education have a responsibility in increasing students understanding of the risks of online game addiction. This step is essential because adolescents also play a role as students in school. Guidance and counseling services are an important component of education in schools. School counselors need to increase students understanding of the risks of online game addiction through several guidance and counseling services to prevent students addicted to online games. One of the functions of guidance and counseling services in schools is to prevent students from behaving improperly (Ahmad, 2013; 2017; Prayitno & Amti, 2004) . Because, bad behavior displayed by students in schools will disrupt the teaching and learning process which will have an impact on student learning outcomes (Yunika, Alizamar, & Sukmawati, 2013) . This strategy can be called primary prevention (Gladding, 2012) . With this strategy, students can reduce the level of play at low levels and can utilize information and skills to prevent related problems such as sleep disorders, relationship conflicts, academic disorders, negative moods and social isolation (King & Delfabbro, 2018) . For this reason, guidance and counseling services play an important role in this problem by providing information services about the risks of online gaming addiction to adolescents, so these growing adolescent can obtain appropriate sources of information.

This requires integrative handling, not only involving adolescents but also schools, as formal institutions that educate students and parents as the first and closest educators and role models for children.

One of the functions of guidance and counseling services in schools is to prevent students from behaving improperly.

Because, bad behavior displayed by students in schools will disrupt the teaching and learning process which will have an impact on student learning outcomes.

This strategy can be called primary prevention.

With this strategy, students can reduce the level of play at low levels and can utilize information and skills to prevent related problems such as sleep disorders, relationship conflicts, academic disorders, negative moods and social isolation.


This study used a quantitative approach with descriptive method to describe high school students understanding of the risks of online game addiction. This research was conducted on high school students in High School Students Understanding of the Risks of Online Game Addiction Kuala Tungkal, the students at SMA Negeri 1 Tanjung Jabung Barat and the students at SMA Negeri 2 Tanjung Jabung Barat. The research sample was 255 students selected by proportional random sampling technique. The research instrument used a scale to measure understanding of the risks of online game addiction, which included health aspects, psychological aspects, academic aspects, social aspects, and financial aspects. This research instrument consisted of 36 valid statement items with reability 0,942. All statement items in the research instrument are favorable with a score range of 1-10. Data analysis in this study used percentage formula (Sudjana, 2002) .

Data analysis in this study used percentage formula.


Clostridium septicum is a rare infection, accounting for only 1.3% of all clostridial infections [1] . When present, C. septicum often colonizes locations affected by atherosclerosis (such as the aorta). This can potentially explain its predilection for the elderly; of 27 previously reported cases of C. septicum aortitis, all but one occurred in patients older than 55 [2] . Up to 85% of such infections are associated with an occult malignancy [3] . When infection with C. septicum is diagnosed, a search for an underlying neoplasm should be undertaken. Such infections also require prompt treatment with intravenous antibiotics once identified. Given the risk of aneurysmal change with aortic dissection or rupture in cases of C. septicum aortitis, aortic resection should be strongly considered. We present a case of C. septicum aortitis associated with a high-grade cecal tubulovillous adenoma. This patient consented to suppressive antibiotic therapy and a right hemicolectomy with ileocolonic anastomosis. However, he declined aortic resection. He passed away 75 days after admission.

Clostridium septicum is a rare infection, accounting for only 1.3% of all clostridial infections.

This can potentially explain its predilection for the elderly; of 27 previously reported cases of C. septicum aortitis, all but one occurred in patients older than 55.

Up to 85% of such infections are associated with an occult malignancy.

However, he declined aortic resection.

He passed away 75 days after admission.


Society today is totally dependent on electric power for day to day life and the expected electrical power must be available [1] . Complex power distribution systems provide the required electricity to the customers [2] . These highly complex distribution systems require suitable design of new effective and reliable devices in the deregulated electric power industry for flexible power flow control and also uninterrupted power supply [3] . Since the restructuring concept has already been introduced into existing power systems, Distributed generations (DGs) have attracted attention for their potential usage. DG is defined as small generators supplying the electric power required by customers and these are scattered in a power system [4, 5] . The DG technologies are developed from the distribution systems where conventional as well as non-conventional energy sources are used for generating power. Hence DGs are gaining popular momentum as an alternative option in the planning of distribution systems [6] .

Society today is totally dependent on electric power for day to day life and the expected electrical power must be available.

Complex power distribution systems provide the required electricity to the customers.

These highly complex distribution systems require suitable design of new effective and reliable devices in the deregulated electric power industry for flexible power flow control and also uninterrupted power supply.

DG is defined as small generators supplying the electric power required by customers and these are scattered in a power system.

Hence DGs are gaining popular momentum as an alternative option in the planning of distribution systems.


We have explored the problem of authentic third party data publication. In particular, we have developed several techniques that allow untrusted third parties to provide evidence of inclusive and complete query evaluation to clients without using public-key signatures. In addition, the evidence provided is linear in the size of the query answers, and can be checked in linear time. Our techniques do involve the construction of complex data structures, but the cost of this construction is amortized over more efficient query evaluation, as well as the production of compact verification objects. Such precomputation of views and indexing structures are not uncommon in data warehousing applications [15] .

Such precomputation of views and indexing structures are not uncommon in data warehousing applications.


A closer look at TCP loss recovery mechanisms brings to light some phenomena which can badly impact short connections. TCP detects and recovers from losses using two basic types of mechanisms: retransmissions timeouts (RTO) and fast retransmit/recovery (FR/R). Normally, a sender must receive at least three duplicate acknowledgments (ACKs) before it triggers a fast retransmit [3] . Short flows in the slow start phase often do not have a congestion window large enough to generate three duplicate ACKs, making timeouts the only loss recovery mechanism available to a TCP sender.

Normally, a sender must receive at least three duplicate acknowledgments (ACKs) before it triggers a fast retransmit.


Multiple clustering analysis aims to discover a set of reasonable and distinctive clustering solutions from the same dataset. Many methods have been proposed on this topic and one very popular technique is meta-clustering [3] , [20] . Meta-clustering generates a large number of base clusterings using different procedures: running different clustering algorithms, running a specific algorithm several times with different initializations, or using random feature weighting in the distance function. These base clusterings may then be meta-clustered into groups. Further, clusterings within the same group can be combined using consensus (ensemble) clustering to generate a consensus view of that group. This results in one or more distinctive clusterings (views) of the dataset, each offering a different perspective or explanation.

Many methods have been proposed on this topic and one very popular technique is meta-clustering.


As the carbohydrate supply is exhausted, amino acid catabolism predominates and, as cells enter the stationary phase, ammonia released into the medium causes it to become basic [24] . To survive under these conditions, cells must adapt to a high energy expenditure that is imposed on them by the need to actively acquire protons from the basic medium environment in order to maintain pH homeostasis in the cytoplasm [25] . Eventually, the readily available nutrients are exhausted and the only nutrients available are those derived from the dead bacteria [26] . In order to scavenge nutrients from the bacterial debris, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids must be broken down into their constituent parts, which imposes another large energy cost on the cell. Thus, such stress responses are associated with the appearance of macromolecular agents in the medium and this could affect the viable cell mass. Therefore, this could be a major cause of the reduction in viable cell mass in biofilm formation in RPMI 1640 medium.

As the carbohydrate supply is exhausted, amino acid catabolism predominates and, as cells enter the stationary phase, ammonia released into the medium causes it to become basic.

To survive under these conditions, cells must adapt to a high energy expenditure that is imposed on them by the need to actively acquire protons from the basic medium environment in order to maintain pH homeostasis in the cytoplasm.

Eventually, the readily available nutrients are exhausted and the only nutrients available are those derived from the dead bacteria.


The queue length estimator (QLE) is an autonomous control method, which enables logistic objects in a production system to estimate the waiting and processing times of different alternative processing resources. It uses exclusively local information to evaluate the states of the alternatives. The application of this method leads to a better systems performance regarding throughput times compared to classical scheduling algorithms in highly dynamic situations [4, 6] .

The application of this method leads to a better systems performance regarding throughput times compared to classical scheduling algorithms in highly dynamic situations.


Here we describe another such scenario. We argue below that, in a certain context, the dual description of an extreme black hole may require additional degrees of freedom beyond those of CFT 0 . Although it lacks a second asymptotic region, the extreme black hole has an internal infinity lying at the end of its infinite throat [11] .

Here we describe another such scenario.

Although it lacks a second asymptotic region, the extreme black hole has an internal infinity lying at the end of its infinite throat.


We have evaluated the first few correlators of this form using REDUCE 3.3 on a IBM 3084 mainframe. The CPU-time needed (in seconds) is listed in the first column of the following This letter is to a great deal dedicated to the algorithmic considerations implemented in COMMUTE. Since they have been developed while performing calculations the next section intends to give a motivation for some of the implementation's pecularities through a short historic review. We will further outline the capabilities of COMMUTE and mention some possible applications. Finally, as a non-trivial application of the program we will explicitly show that the structure constants in the bosonic sector of the N = 1-Super Virasoro algebra coincide with those of W (2, 4, 6) .

Finally, as a non-trivial application of the program we will explicitly show that the structure constants in the bosonic sector of the N = 1-Super Virasoro algebra coincide with those of W.


At some phases, the wakes introduced disturbances into the boundary layer relatively close to the leading edge. These disturbances, however, were damped while convecting downstream, resulting in a re-laminarization of the boundary layer. This was seen on both the pressure and suction sides of the blade. Despite the adverse pressure gradient on the pressure side, disturbances decay near the leading edge. This argues against leading edge receptivity being the initial coupling between the disturbance and the boundary layer. The passing wake provides evidence that the coupling is locally to the downstream boundary layer. As they passed downstream, the boundary layer well upstream of the wakes returned to laminar. In the weak-wake simulation, the boundary layer in between two passing wakes was found to relax to a nearly separated state. The strong-wake simulation relaxed too, but did not show any sign of being close to separation. Transition originates just behind the wakes and is caused by local forcing. This substantiates the idea that bypass transition is a consequence of low-frequency modes that penetrate into the boundary layer [24, 26] . The consequent Klebanoff streaks are seen in the present simulations.

This substantiates the idea that bypass transition is a consequence of low-frequency modes that penetrate into the boundary layer.


The effect of the strength of the wake on boundary-layer transition and boundary-layer separation was studied. On the pressure side, both the weak and strong wakes triggered bypass transition of the boundary layer upstream of the location of separation identified in the disturbance-free simulation [22, 27] . As it passes over the blade, the strong wake induces transition shortly after the leading edge. The weaker wake causes transition further downstream. However, when the wakes have passed mid-chord, the two cases have almost the same skin friction curve and in that sense, transition is independent of wake strength at that phase (see Fig. 9 ). This is so, despite the weak wake having a lower turbulent intensity. This implies that correlations between transition and free-stream turbulent intensity are not applicable to transition under passing wakes: the instantaneous intensity is not correlated with the instantaneous point of transition. The dynamics of the interaction between the wake and the boundary layer play a determinative role.

On the pressure side, both the weak and strong wakes triggered bypass transition of the boundary layer upstream of the location of separation identified in the disturbance-free simulation.


Cognitive distortions form the core psychopathology of AN (Vitousek, Watson & Wilson, 1998) . Individuals living with AN resist powerful physiological Food-related thoughts in eating disorder 5 cues to eat, which in others would lead to cravings for food, and yet little is known about their experience of hunger and craving. An exploration of such phenomena is crucial in informing theory and in understanding the cognitive processes involved in the maintenance of AN, which might be targeted in psychological therapy.

Cognitive distortions form the core psychopathology of AN.


All the previous methods represent melody using a sequence of local melody features, such as the relative pitch difference or the absolute pitch value. The global information of the melody has not been considered for melody matching. However, from the music theory point of view, the pitches/notes in a melody do have a global structure, which is the scale. A music scale is a particular set of notes that are defined by musicians as being appropriate for a song [1] . Most music pieces are created (composed) using particular music scales, and the notes only or mainly from the scale are used in the composition. The Major scale and Minor scale are the widely used scales in music.

A music scale is a particular set of notes that are defined by musicians as being appropriate for a song.


Although, the J-C model is probably the most used constitutive equation and its combination with a ductile fracture criterion has been used to simulate chip formation in machining Ti6Al4V, the equation could be considered inappropriate for the Ti6Al4V alloy, as it does not incorporate the characteristic nonlinear strength behavior shown by the material. Thus, variations of the J-C primitive equation have been proposed. On the other hand, there are other models which have been less explored, such as the Bäker modification and specially Zerilli-Armstrong model. Moreover, the equation constitutive for HCP structure is not proved. This study focuses on eight constitutive models for the thermo-viscoplastic flow behavior of workpiece material in orthogonal cutting, with three friction coefficients and an experimental contrast, statistically verified, with and without coolant. The introduction of dry or flooded machining is a new and important consideration since differences between the performances in dry and flooded machining have been found in an experimental research focussed on biomedical applications of titanium [9] . Therefore, the contributions of this paper are the following: i) to explore the capacity of Zerilli-Armstrong models in FE simulations; ii) to integrate the Zerilli-Armstrong models, the Baker modification of El-Magd and Treppmann and a J-C model with a lower thermal softening coefficient (than others contrasted in the literature) with the fracture criterion; and iii) to find the influence of lubrication on the results and the effect of the friction coefficient in dry and flooded cutting conditions in the eight models.

The introduction of dry or flooded machining is a new and important consideration since differences between the performances in dry and flooded machining have been found in an experimental research focussed on biomedical applications of titanium.


The improvement of optical clocks based on single-ion spectroscopy has lead to frequency comparisons with a relative inaccuracy of |∆ν/ν| < 1 × 10 −17 in the last years [1] . Most promising candidates have shown to be two-species systems, in which the clock ion is sympathetically cooled and the detection is realized through quantum logic spectroscopy [2] . To reduce systematic shifts related to excess micromotion for such a two-ion system, linear Paul traps are used, ideally having zero axial micromotion due to their geometry.

The improvement of optical clocks based on single-ion spectroscopy has lead to frequency comparisons with a relative inaccuracy of |∆ν/ν| < 1 × 10 −17 in the last years.

Most promising candidates have shown to be two-species systems, in which the clock ion is sympathetically cooled and the detection is realized through quantum logic spectroscopy.


While single-ion clocks show an excellent potential to reach lowest frequency inaccuracy, they are limited in their short-term stability by the intrinsically low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), as only one ion contributes to the clock signal. One approach to improve the short-term stability of the clock measurement, thus reducing lengthy averaging times, is to increase the spectroscopy pulse time on long-lived atomic states [1, 3] . This naturally limits the number of available clock ion candidates and places severe requirements on the clock laser stability.

One approach to improve the short-term stability of the clock measurement, thus reducing lengthy averaging times, is to increase the spectroscopy pulse time on long-lived atomic states.


Studying the effects of impurities on electronic structure of doped BNNTs is another important issue. In table 3, HOMO-LUMO gaps of group IV-doped BNNTs are listed. As can be seen, the pristine (10,0) BNNT has a wide HOMO-LUMO gap of 5.94 eV ( fig. 4 (a) ). This value for HOMO-LUMO gap is in excellent agreement with experimental results [15, 42, 43] . A point to be mentioned here is that most DFT studies are based on Local Density Approximation (LDA) and Generalized Gradient Approximations (GGA) functionals that are well-known to underestimate HOMO-LUMO gaps, in particular for semiconductors. However, some studies have shown that hybrid functionals such as B3LYP and B3PW91 would lead to reasonable and even accurate results for band gaps [44, 45] .

This value for HOMO-LUMO gap is in excellent agreement with experimental results.

However, some studies have shown that hybrid functionals such as B3LYP and B3PW91 would lead to reasonable and even accurate results for band gaps.


An important question to be addressed is the stability of the doped BNNT systems. The important quantity to compare stability of the above relaxed structures is their formation energies. Formation energies pertaining to the relaxed structures are listed in table 2. As can be seen, for carbon, substitution of nitrogen by carbon has lower formation energy with respect to carbon substitution at B site (with an energy difference by 2.78 eV). In other words, C impurity substitution at N site has higher stability. This result is in agreement with previous studies [41] . For Si-doped system, one can see that Si substitution at B site has lower formation energy than Si substitution at N site (by 1.66 eV) and hence Si substitution at B site has higher stability. This result is also in agreement with previous studies [25] . Similar trend can be seen for Ge, Sn and Pb. These results are also in agreement with structural parameters listed in table 1.

This result is in agreement with previous studies.

This result is also in agreement with previous studies.


For carbon substitution at B site (C B ), (Fig. 4(b) ), in-gap localized level is near the conduction band, this level is a donor level and the electron can be easily excited from this in-gap level to the conduction (empty) band. Carbon transfers a charge of 0.21e to the tube and hence the C Bdoped BNNT is an n-type semiconductor. For carbon substitution at N site (C N ), (Fig. 4(g) ), ingap localized level is an acceptor level and a charge of 0.9e is transferred from tube to the carbon impurity. These results are in agreement with previous studies [31] .

These results are in agreement with previous studies.


Since the OPLINK project is composed of four Spanish research groups, two prototypical techniques were selected for each kind of metaheuristic types. Each of the research groups is in charge of the development of one optimization method, depending on its technical expertise. This way, the chosen algorithms have consisted of Genetic Algorithms and Scatter Search for the population-based category and Local Search with Heuristic Restarts (LSHR) and a (1+2) Evolutionary Algorithm for the trajectory-based metaheuristics. In order to ensure all the algorithms were programmed in the most efficient way and following common guidelines, the coordinated work has also involved the supervision of the design and development of techniques by the other groups. Great care has been put into making proper comparisons between the algorithms by using the same programming language, compiler options, and running all the algorithms under the same experimental conditions. In particular, previous work highlighted the importance of hybridizing metaheuristics with local search in this problem [16] . In order to improve the fairness of the comparison between the metaheuristics, the four algorithms tested in this paper use the same local search algorithm. Results are very promising since a new best solution for the tackled real-world GSM network has been computed.

In particular, previous work highlighted the importance of hybridizing metaheuristics with local search in this problem.


The radioactive waste management, especially its disposal, is one of the most topical problems in nuclear power engineering. The whole radioactive waste management process is determined by the first stepwaste characterization. The main requirements for the radioactive waste characterization are accuracy, reliability, expeditiousness, and cheapness. The determination of the concentration of all radiation safety-relevant radionuclides in the radioactive waste can be accurately and reliably performed by applying spectrometry methods in laboratory conditions. But the determination of concentrations of difficult-to-measure longlived gamma emitters in liquid and solid substances, when the analysed isotope is in the complex matrix, requires a complicated and expensive radiochemical extraction procedure. Therefore, such a method cannot be practically applied to the characterization of large amounts of radioactive waste. For this reason, great attention is paid to the development of semi-empirical methods of the radioactive waste nuclide composition determination [1] .

For this reason, great attention is paid to the development of semi-empirical methods of the radioactive waste nuclide composition determination.


The specific activities of measured 63 Ni and 55 Fe versus 60 Co specific activities in very-low-activity radioactive waste from the INPP are presented in Fig. 1 . The calculated activities of nuclides in RBMK-1500 reactor fuel assemblies are also shown. These data clearly show the linear dependence function between specific activities when data are presented on a logarithmic scale. Linear function lg(A i ) = lg(k i ) + q · lg(A key ) can be used for fitting of data, where q is the line slope and other terms are described in Eqs. (1) and (2) . When a fit is good enough, as presented in Fig. 1(a, b) , q is close to unity and the fit function is identical to that in Eq. (2) . From confidence bands it is possible to obtain uncertainty of the scaling factor and from the upper prediction band one can find the upper limit of nuclide activity in the radioactive waste when the key nuclide activity is known.

Linear function lg(A i ) = lg(k i ) + q · lg(A key ) can be used for fitting of data, where q is the line slope and other terms are described in Eqs. (1) and.

When a fit is good enough, as presented in Fig. 1(a, b) , q is close to unity and the fit function is identical to that in Eq..


Both qualitative and quantitative gamma spectrometry was applied using two gamma-ray spectrometers, stationary and portable, with high purity germanium (HPGe) semiconductor detectors. The stationary spectrometer comprised two Ge detectors, with relative efficiencies of 38% and 30% and the respective energy resolution 2.05 keV and 1.80 keV at 1333 keV. This spectrometer ensures the measurement of absolute activity of all radionuclides in the 122-1461 keV energy range with the uncertainty not exceeding 6% [4] . The coincidence-summing corrections were applied when measuring activities of radionuclides whose decay schemes incorporated the cascade transitions ( 60 Co, 94 Nb, 134 Cs). The counting efficiency was also corrected for the sample aliquot density; the final result was decay-corrected to the sampling date. The activity of short-lived radionuclides originated in water of the main circulation circuit was measured with the portable spectrometer immediately after the coolant sampling. The activity of these radionuclides was determined with the uncertainty not larger than 30%. The relative efficiency of the portable detector was 20% while the energy resolution was 1.80 keV at 1333 keV. Using this spectrometer the in situ measurements were also carried out in the Ignalina NPP industrial site sectors where operational waste is accumulated and sorted.

The stationary spectrometer comprised two Ge detectors, with relative efficiencies of 38% and 30% and the respective energy resolution 2.05 keV and 1.80 keV at 1333 keV. This spectrometer ensures the measurement of absolute activity of all radionuclides in the 122-1461 keV energy range with the uncertainty not exceeding 6%.


To convert an analogue signal into a digital one, one of the most promising solutions is to use pulse width modulation ( PWM) techniques [7] . PWM signals can convert the voltage/current signal into the pulse width in the time domain. The signal processing in the time domain can avoid the dynamic range reduction caused by low supply voltages. In this work, the resolution of the magnetic-field-to-digital converter (MDC) is improved by using a time-to-digital converter (TDC). Moreover, the digital output will make the digital signal processing more robust against noise and interference. In addition, the polarity of the applied magnetic field could be achieved by a simple polarity detector.

To convert an analogue signal into a digital one, one of the most promising solutions is to use pulse width modulation ( PWM) techniques.


A number of factors will affect the production of stable nanoemulsions, such as composition variables and preparation variables. The ratio of the oil phase and surfactant concentration can influence the formation and stability of the emulsions (Gutiérrez et al. 2008; Komaiko & McClements 2015a) . In an emulsion, the surfactant acts to lower the interfacial tension between the internal and external phases in order to allow the formation of droplets (Silva et al. 2012) . The amount of surfactant needed to produce a stable emulsion depends on the total surface area of the droplets (McClements 2005) . Nanoemulsion formulation requires a low amount of surfactant compared to micro-or macroemulsions. For example 20-25% surfactant is required for the preparation of a microemulsion, whereas 5-10% surfactant is sufficient to result a fine nanoemulsion (Asmawati et al. 2014; Tadros et al. 2004) . The smallest droplet sizes of nanoemulsions using a high-energy method, can be reached at low oil-tosurfactant ratio (Ghosh et al. 2013; Gutiérrez et al. 2008; Yang & McClements 2013) .

The ratio of the oil phase and surfactant concentration can influence the formation and stability of the emulsions.

In an emulsion, the surfactant acts to lower the interfacial tension between the internal and external phases in order to allow the formation of droplets.

The amount of surfactant needed to produce a stable emulsion depends on the total surface area of the droplets.

For example 20-25% surfactant is required for the preparation of a microemulsion, whereas 5-10% surfactant is sufficient to result a fine nanoemulsion.

The smallest droplet sizes of nanoemulsions using a high-energy method, can be reached at low oil-tosurfactant ratio.


Observed and projected climate changes have raised the need to increase renewable energy production in future decades. Wind power is one of the fastest-growing renewable energy technologies, with global cumulative wind power capacity reaching~540 GW by the end of 2017 and~4% of global electricity currently being produced by wind energy. After the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in early 2011, the Japanese government decided to promote renewable energy resources [1] . While wind energy currently represents a relatively minor proportion of Japan's energy production, it will be significantly increased in the next few decades. By FY2030, the Japanese Wind Power Association aims to introduce approximately 36 GW of electricity production in Japan from onshore and offshore wind power, with a further increase expected in the future.

After the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in early 2011, the Japanese government decided to promote renewable energy resources.


Recently, we have proposed and demonstrated a wavelength-tunable second-order optical temporal differentiator with wavelength tunability [17] . The central wavelength of the differentiation can be reconfigured from 1556.4 to 1560.3 nm. The optical pulses being processed are coming from a low repetition rate (tens of MHz) mode-locked fiber laser and the bandwidth of the pulse is fixed. Programmable OTD for real communication signal (repetition rate larger than 10 GHz) has yet to be investigated. More importantly, an OTD with reconfigurable operation bandwidth will be more meaningful for optical signals with different pulse-width and the bandwidth tunability is very difficult to achieve with previously published arts. In this paper, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated a programmable wavelength-tunable and bandwidth-adaptable second-order OTD for high-speed signal with different bandwidth and wavelength. The OTD is based on a linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating (LCFBG) and a thermal printer head (TPH) controller. The fully digital controlled TPH provides a dense thermal array that can precisely configure the temperature point-by-point. With tight bonding and responsible thermal management, the local phase change along the all-fiber structured LCFBG can be easily tailored by the thermo-optical effect. By using in-house developed computer controlled thermo-control circuits, the thermo-optical effect induced phase change and filtering function can be conveniently programmed electrically and combined to achieve OTD performance for versatile wavelength and pulse bandwidth.

Recently, we have proposed and demonstrated a wavelength-tunable second-order optical temporal differentiator with wavelength tunability.


The studies discussed above are inadequate to meet the needs, i.e., the electricity firms considered utility companies as a single firm. This study differs in this context as this incorporates numerous utilities and consumers. Moreover, the basic aim of both entities is to increase their profits (remunerations) by game theoretic approach. Besides, there is a broad literature and findings available on the Stackelberg game on the topics of profits maximization, congestion control, and interactive communication [62, 63] .

Besides, there is a broad literature and findings available on the Stackelberg game on the topics of profits maximization, congestion control, and interactive communication.


In this paper we study the general problem in the convex case, in the space of functions of bounded variation. We give in addition a characterization of the subdifferential of F. We also introduce the evolution equation associated to the minimization problem, using techniques from the theory of time-dependent minimal surfaces [17] . We show that, as the time tends to infinity, the solution of the evolution problem converges to the solution of the variational problem. We also approximate the BV solution by Sobolev functions, using the notion of -convergence [14] .

We give in addition a characterization of the subdifferential of F. We also introduce the evolution equation associated to the minimization problem, using techniques from the theory of time-dependent minimal surfaces.

We also approximate the BV solution by Sobolev functions, using the notion of -convergence.


The plan of the paper is as follows. In section 2, the Skorokhod representation theorem is used to obtain representatives of the original scheme and the pure jump Lévy process. The Snell envelopes of the discounted payoff processs under the representatives for the original approximation scheme converge to that under the representative for the original Lévy process by using a result of Coquet and Toldo [5] . Since the original processes and their representatives are equal in distribution from the Skorokhod representation theorem, we get the convergence result for the Snell envelopes of the discounted payoff processes under the approximation scheme defined by Maller, Solomon and Szimayer [12] . In section 3, we prove that the discretized American option price processes, π t (n), converge to the continuous time American option price process, π t , at every time t ∈ [0, T ]. This main result is proved by verifying conditions of Corollary 6 in Coquet and Toldo [5] .

The plan of the paper is as follows.

The Snell envelopes of the discounted payoff processs under the representatives for the original approximation scheme converge to that under the representative for the original Lévy process by using a result of Coquet and Toldo.

Since the original processes and their representatives are equal in distribution from the Skorokhod representation theorem, we get the convergence result for the Snell envelopes of the discounted payoff processes under the approximation scheme defined by Maller, Solomon and Szimayer.

This main result is proved by verifying conditions of Corollary 6 in Coquet and Toldo.


Nevertheless SVEA possesses two serious drawbacks: the first one is that the dynamics of the wave profile (the carrier wave) itself remains absolutely unknown, and the second one is that the length of experimentally available wave packets is not always very long with regard to the carrier's wave length. So, in addition to the theoretical impossibility of understanding the wave profile dynamics, we are faced with the fact that SVEA is not always valid in practice. For example in nonlinear optics the recent development of ultrafast sources has produced pulses down to two optical cycles [13] . That has led to the development of several models able to describe wave propagation beyond the SVEA [14, 15] .

For example in nonlinear optics the recent development of ultrafast sources has produced pulses down to two optical cycles.

That has led to the development of several models able to describe wave propagation beyond the SVEA.


One of the more significant issues facing cloud computing is the perception of "vendor lock-in" [1] . That is, because of the different abstractions and mechanisms of the different clouds, a developer is forced to choose one cloud provider in the early stages and then produce a solution customized for that platform. But in doing so, the developer is tied to that platform and cannot easily change, even if, for example, another cloud provider comes on-line and is cheaper or provides better service. It is very difficult to re-target a deployed cloud application to another provider or platform due to the wide variance between syntax and semantics of the APIs (both "Storage APIs" and "Compute APIs") and even the level of abstraction provided by the different infrastructures (e.g. SaaS, IaaS, PaaS).

One of the more significant issues facing cloud computing is the perception of "vendor lock-in".


Differences between various water vapour data sets have been widely reported . Also, corrections have been applied to the NOAA frost-point hygrometer observations obtained over Boulder resulting in newly revised 1980-2000 water vapour trends of up to 40 % lower than previously published (Scherer et al. 2008) . These results illustrate the difficulty to derive robust stratospheric water vapour amounts and evolutions from observations as a result of instrumental uncertainties or issues related to comparisons of data with very different spatial resolutions. As particularly recommended by the 2000 SPARC assessment of water vapour , to evaluate the consistency of the various types of stratospheric water vapour observations, there is a clear need to provide further in situ comparisons of instruments as well as regular validation of satellite data.

Also, corrections have been applied to the NOAA frost-point hygrometer observations obtained over Boulder resulting in newly revised 1980-2000 water vapour trends of up to 40 % lower than previously published.


Epidemiological studies indicate that a threshold value of 11αM or about 35% of the average normal level is sufficient to protect the lungs. It follows therefore, that individuals who are at greater risk are PiZZ homozygotes, the null homozygotes, and, occasionally PiSZ heterozygotes. Severe AAT deficiency lead to premature emphysema of the panacinar type with more severe affection at the bases, and is often associated with chronic bronchitis and occasionally with bronchiectasis (Snider et al., 1989) . Individuals with a PiZZ phenotype who smoke cigarettes are at increased risk, therefore becoming symptomatic earlier with dyspnea occurring at a median age of about 40 years. Smokers with AAT deficiency and COPD will have a life expectancy that is approximately 10 years less than the nonsmokers with this condition. Severity of lung disease varies considerably. Patients, who are detected on population surveys, only live longer to the age of 80 or 90 years. Airflow obstruction occurs more in men. Other risk factors are asthma, recurrent respiratory infections and familial factors (Silverman et al., 1989) .

Severe AAT deficiency lead to premature emphysema of the panacinar type with more severe affection at the bases, and is often associated with chronic bronchitis and occasionally with bronchiectasis.

Airflow obstruction occurs more in men.

Other risk factors are asthma, recurrent respiratory infections and familial factors.


We analyze the existence of the dynamic Parrondo's paradox for the well-known logistic family f a (x) = ax(1−x) when the parameter value a ranges over the interval [1, 4] . We analyze the paradox from two different points of view, one topological and the other linked with observable chaos. We are able to show the existence of both paradoxes; "chaos + chaos = order" and "order + order = chaos" for physically observable chaos. However, when we consider topological chaos; that is, positive topological entropy, only the existence of the paradox "order + order = chaos" is detected. Our computations of topological entropy with accuracy 10 −4 do not allow the existence of the paradox of type "chaos + chaos = order" to be concluded. Thus, when families of maps are considered, and contrary to Theorem 1, the existence of the dynamic Parrondo's paradox is not easy to show, and to analyze it for wellknown models is a very interesting problem.

We analyze the existence of the dynamic Parrondo's paradox for the well-known logistic family f a (x) = ax(1−x) when the parameter value a ranges over the interval.


Several methods were recently proposed to mine intentions from observed behaviors. The key idea is to extract sequences of activities from records to evaluate and predict the users' intentions that resulted in those activities . In these works, intentions are considered as "goals to be achieved by performing processes" (Bonito et al., 2009) . As a result, mining intention from process traces or logs can be considered an inverse problem, i.e. drawing intentions backward from process performance.

In these works, intentions are considered as "goals to be achieved by performing processes".


The most basic form of a pull system is the supermarket pull system. Supermarket is a figurative term given to WIP storage with finite capacity between two processes. Each depleted buffer at the supermarket is replenished by the upstream process upon a withdrawal by the downstream process. The replenishment is just the amount required by the downstream process (Rother & Shook, 1999) .

The replenishment is just the amount required by the downstream process.


Kanban can be rather versatile as signal carrier and is not restricted to one format. In the industry, for two nonadjacent related process facilities where material handling times are significant, the dual-card kanban system is often adopted. The system consists of production kanban and withdrawal kanban (Matzka, Di Mascolo, & Furman, 2009) . A withdrawal kanban defines the quantity that the following facility withdraws from the previous facility. A production kanban is triggered to replenish the quantity withdrawn in the previous facility.

The system consists of production kanban and withdrawal kanban.


A distinct feature of lean manufacturing is that products are not pushed through the production but are rather pulled by customers (Liker, 2004) . Along this line, demarcation can be established between push and pull systems. In a push system, jobs are queued in the system from entry to exit in order to process a complete product (Bonney, Zhang, Head, Tien, & Barson, 1999) . This often entails an excessive amount of inventory, including WIP on the shop floor. On the other hand, the pull system is a method by which jobs are made when there is a request from the succeeding machine, effectively avoids overproduction.

A distinct feature of lean manufacturing is that products are not pushed through the production but are rather pulled by customers.

In a push system, jobs are queued in the system from entry to exit in order to process a complete product.


An order is released only when the parts or raw materials have a card authorizing production (Spearman et al., 1990) . Thus, the parts are being pulled through the system. Through this method, WIP between processes can be tightly controlled (Marek, Elkins, & Smith, 2001) . For example, the WIP is limited to a certain number of kanban cards between the processes. No card will be authorized when a breakdown occurs in the downstream process.

An order is released only when the parts or raw materials have a card authorizing production.

Through this method, WIP between processes can be tightly controlled.


IAT responses were analyzed using the D-score algorithm with a 600 millisecond penalty for incorrect responses; we eliminated one participant who responded in less than 300 milliseconds for 10% or more of trials (Greenwald et al. 2003) . We identified blocks in which BW pictures and general category words (and color pictures and specific exemplar words) were paired as the compatible blocks. By contrast, we identified those blocks in which BW pictures and specific exemplar words (and color pictures and general category words) were paired as the incompatible blocks. We expected that the response time would be faster for compatible blocks than for incompatible blocks.

IAT responses were analyzed using the D-score algorithm with a 600 millisecond penalty for incorrect responses; we eliminated one participant who responded in less than 300 milliseconds for 10% or more of trials.


In part 2 of the study, to examine whether any change in construal level induced by the videos would "carry over" to subsequent unrelated contexts as a procedural mind-set, we asked participants to complete a second task adapted from the BIF (Vallacher and Wegner 1989) . The BIF presents participants with target behaviors (e.g., making a list) and asks them to choose which of two redescriptions of this behavior they prefer. One description emphasizes the abstract ends achieved by the behavior ("why" one engages in the behavior: e.g., getting organized), whereas the other emphasizes the concrete means by which to achieve the behavior ("how" one engages in the behavior: e.g., writing things down). We presented only eight of the original BIF items, for the sake of time. To ensure that any effect was not dependent on the frequency or commonality of a given behavior, we selected four items that reflected what we intuited would be more common for undergraduate students and four items that were less common (see table 4 ). We coded responses such that preferences for the concrete, lowlevel identification were given the value 0 and preferences for the abstract, high-level identification were given the value 1. We summed these item scores and created an abstraction index ranging from 0 to 4 for both common and uncommon behaviors, with higher scores indicating greater high-level construal.

In part 2 of the study, to examine whether any change in construal level induced by the videos would "carry over" to subsequent unrelated contexts as a procedural mind-set, we asked participants to complete a second task adapted from the BIF.


Some might interpret the lack of a crossover interaction as inconsistent with predictions. That is, both BW and color imagery appear to have led to similar weighting of primary features. Generally speaking, one should expect to find that primary features receive more weight in general in a consumer evaluation and decision-making context than do secondary features. As such, consistent with other CLT research, we emphasize the relative rather than absolute weighting of primary and secondary features. We note that the absence of condition effects on the absolute weighting of primary features is common in the literature (Fujita et al. 2008; Trope and Liberman 2000) . Thus, the absence of a crossover interaction does not undermine our theoretical assertions.

We note that the absence of condition effects on the absolute weighting of primary features is common in the literature.


Decisions about large scale (infrastructure) projects have to be taken while future developments are uncertain. As these projects are implemented over several years, sometimes decades, there are many factors that can change in the meantime: technological advances, changing stakeholders, political shifts, and economic fluctuations. It is believed that in recent times these uncertainties have only increased [1] .

It is believed that in recent times these uncertainties have only increased.


As the costs involved are high -often in the range of hundreds of millions of euros -and these projects are (nearly) irreversible -in the sense that abortion would be nearly as costly as finishing the installation -it is not surprising that project managers want to plan ahead and identify all risks imaginable. Some say that it is in the nature of the engineer to attempt to design artefacts that withstand the test of time [2] . A fundamentally different approach would be, rather than investing efforts to reduce the different components of uncertainty, to develop better ways to live or co-exist with uncertainties and risk. The key words in this approach are: resilience, flexibility, and robust response strategies [3, 4] .

Some say that it is in the nature of the engineer to attempt to design artefacts that withstand the test of time.

The key words in this approach are: resilience, flexibility, and robust response strategies.


A major complication of chemotherapy is toxicity to normal cells, which is due to the inability of drugs to differentiate between normal and malignant cells. This often impacts the efficacy of treatment and even makes it impossible to cure the patients. One of the requisites of a cancer chemo-preventive agent is elimination of damaged or malignant cells through cell cycle inhibition or induction of apoptosis without or with less toxicity in normal cells (Srivastava & Gupta, 2006) . The growth inhibition assays we carried out on HeLa cells and lymphocytes treated with neobaicalein revealed differences in potency among normal and human tumor cells. A balance between therapeutic vs toxic effects is important while assessing the therapeutic potential of a given compound. In regard to chemotherapy side effects, it is essential to know whether the compound exerts a harmful effect on normally dividing cells such as proliferating lymphocytes (Anazetti et al., 2003) . In this context, neobaicalein seems to be less cytotoxic toward normal cells (lymphocytes), since an increased IC 50 was calculated at similar concentrations against normal cells (lymphocytes).

One of the requisites of a cancer chemo-preventive agent is elimination of damaged or malignant cells through cell cycle inhibition or induction of apoptosis without or with less toxicity in normal cells.

In regard to chemotherapy side effects, it is essential to know whether the compound exerts a harmful effect on normally dividing cells such as proliferating lymphocytes.


Recent pharmacologic researches have confi rmed that total extracts or fl avonoids of the genus Scutellaria possess anti-lipoperoxidation, anti-platelet, antiinfl ammatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral activities (Ye et al., 2004; Parajuli et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2006; Burnett et al., 2007; Sonoda et al., 2004) . In general, fl avonoids are the most crucial class of compounds that have been isolated from several species of Scutellaria (Malikov & Yuldashev, 2002) . However, only a handful of the Scutellaria species have been studied for potential anticancer activity in the new literature.

Recent pharmacologic researches have confi rmed that total extracts or fl avonoids of the genus Scutellaria possess anti-lipoperoxidation, anti-platelet, antiinfl ammatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral activities.

In general, fl avonoids are the most crucial class of compounds that have been isolated from several species of Scutellaria.


In recent decades, wearable technology has ignited a new type of human-computer interaction with the rapid development of information and communication technology. Wearable technology assigns the attributes of mobility and connectivity to users so that users can access online information conveniently and communicate with others (or other things) immediately while moving [1] . The technology is characterized by "wearable", as its name implies in contrast with the concepts of simply holding portable compact computing devices. Wearable computers are inherently different from portable computers such as sufficiently small laptops or separated desktop computers; accordingly, it is highly important to understand the value that can be acquired from using wearable technology by users. An early experimental study conducted by Steve Mann, one of the pioneers in wearable technology, started by strolling around the street carrying a computer and wireless equipment that looked cumbersome and heavy [2] [3] [4] . In contrast with current wearable devices, which are light, unnoticeable, and beautiful, early wearable devices looked entirely different, but the wearable concept was clearly exhibited by "wearing" the devices on the user's body to extend the user's mind and body practically [3] .

Wearable technology assigns the attributes of mobility and connectivity to users so that users can access online information conveniently and communicate with others (or other things) immediately while moving.

An early experimental study conducted by Steve Mann, one of the pioneers in wearable technology, started by strolling around the street carrying a computer and wireless equipment that looked cumbersome and heavy.

In contrast with current wearable devices, which are light, unnoticeable, and beautiful, early wearable devices looked entirely different, but the wearable concept was clearly exhibited by "wearing" the devices on the user's body to extend the user's mind and body practically.


TiNi shape memory alloys are widely known for shape memory and superelastic effects, which occur due to reversible martensitic transformation that can be induced either thermally or mechanically [1] [2] . TiNi exhibits superelastic effect through stress-induced martensitic transformation (i.e., phase transformation) between parent austenite phase and martensite phase, leading to high recoverable strain during deformation. During loading, the parent austenite phase transforms to twinned martensite followed by detwinning of martensite, i.e., reorientation of martensitic variants, accompanied by large strain. The reverse transformation from martensite to austenite occurs upon unloading, accompanied by large recoverable strain [2] .

TiNi shape memory alloys are widely known for shape memory and superelastic effects, which occur due to reversible martensitic transformation that can be induced either thermally or mechanically.

The reverse transformation from martensite to austenite occurs upon unloading, accompanied by large recoverable strain.


WASREB is the only institution that monitors county government performance through WSPs. County governments are the sole institution constitutionally responsible for the provision of water and sanitation services. Particularly, they are absent in the 2016 Water Act institutional framework (Figure 1) , [3] . Therefore, it is difficult to hold them accountable for responsibilities beyond the scope of WSPs. WASREB plays a critical role of monitoring county government actions and documenting the outcomes in the Annual Impact Reports, to increase transparency and accountability [2] .

Particularly, they are absent in the 2016 Water Act institutional framework (Figure 1).

WASREB plays a critical role of monitoring county government actions and documenting the outcomes in the Annual Impact Reports, to increase transparency and accountability.


A long-term view of fostering the knowledgebase competence of an organisation is required when selecting knowledge management software tools and IT is needed that aids an effective and efficient knowledge-conversion process while increasing the swiftness and ease of switching from one such process to another [7, 8] . However, the challenge is that there is not necessarily a blueprint available for this integrated view or a standard set of characteristics defined that technology must comply with, to be categorised as a typical knowledge management system. This motivates the need for this research where we provide a set of features toward defining a characteristic set for a typical knowledge management solution. Organisation and business decision makers, who invest in expensive systems and infrastructure to support knowledge management, could use this set of features to assist them during the toolset selection process.

A long-term view of fostering the knowledgebase competence of an organisation is required when selecting knowledge management software tools and IT is needed that aids an effective and efficient knowledge-conversion process while increasing the swiftness and ease of switching from one such process to another.


It is noteworthy that the most COCs and COPs are hydrophobic, which may limit some of their end uses [3, 34] . Effective improvement of the material performances, such as toughness, adhesion, paintability, and compatibility with other polymers, can be achieved by introducing some functional groups into polymer chains [35] . For example, Arton ® (4 in Scheme 2), commercialized by JSR, is a cyclic olefin resin with a polar group in its molecular chain and is good in adhesion, adherence, and miscibility. Direct coordination (co)polymerization of monomers with polar functional groups is very difficult for COCs because of catalysts poisoning. Generally, polar monomer needs to be protected by pre-reaction with protective groups to avoid catalyst deactivation.

It is noteworthy that the most COCs and COPs are hydrophobic, which may limit some of their end uses.

Effective improvement of the material performances, such as toughness, adhesion, paintability, and compatibility with other polymers, can be achieved by introducing some functional groups into polymer chains.


For some applications of COCs and COPs, high Tg is a requirement for keeping good dimensional stability under higher temperature [15, 26, 27] . The Tg of COCs can be enhanced by increasing the cycloolefin content in the polymer chains [16, 28] . Another approach to improve the Tg of COCs is employing a bulkier cycloolefin monomer [15, 27, 29, 30] . Due to its steric effect, high Tg can be achieved at relatively low comonomer incorporation. For instances, we have prepared a novel COC with high Tg (207.0 °C) by copolymerizing a bulky monomer, exo-1,4,4a,9,9a,10-hexahydro-9,10(1′,2′)-benzeno-l,4-methanoanthracene (HBM), with ethylene in which HBM content is only 30.4 mol% (1 in Scheme 2) [31] . For COPs, which can be viewed conceptually as an alternating copolymer of ethene and a cyclic monomer, a sterically hindered cycloolefin seems the only way to improve their Tg [4] . Recently, we have obtained a novel COP by ROMP of HBM and subsequent hydrogenation (2 in Scheme 2) with high Tg value of about 220 °C [32, 33] . The Tg can be adjusted at an attractive region of 160-220 °C via copolymerization of HBM with less bulky monomer (3 in Scheme 2). It was found that the Tg of the resulted COPs linearly increased with HBM content, which is easily controlled by changing feed ratios.

For some applications of COCs and COPs, high Tg is a requirement for keeping good dimensional stability under higher temperature.

The Tg of COCs can be enhanced by increasing the cycloolefin content in the polymer chains.

Another approach to improve the Tg of COCs is employing a bulkier cycloolefin monomer.

For instances, we have prepared a novel COC with high Tg (207.0 °C) by copolymerizing a bulky monomer, exo-1,4,4a,9,9a,10-hexahydro-9,10(1′,2′)-benzeno-l,4-methanoanthracene (HBM), with ethylene in which HBM content is only 30.4 mol% (1 in Scheme 2).

For COPs, which can be viewed conceptually as an alternating copolymer of ethene and a cyclic monomer, a sterically hindered cycloolefin seems the only way to improve their Tg.

Recently, we have obtained a novel COP by ROMP of HBM and subsequent hydrogenation (2 in Scheme 2) with high Tg value of about 220 °C.


Andrei Alexanderscu built template metaprogramming tools in his library called Loki [2] . He builds compile time lists called Typelists and uses them as a source of code generation. He doesn't talk explicitly about template metaprogramming and he doesn't mention it's functional aspects either.

Andrei Alexanderscu built template metaprogramming tools in his library called Loki.


Templates are key language elements for the C++ programming language [3] . Apart its primary role -capturing commonalities of abstractions without performance penalties at runtime -they form the base of template metaprogramming. In 1994 Erwin Unruh used C++ templates and the template instantiation rules to write a program that is "executed" as a side effect of compilation [17] . It turned out that a cleverly designed C++ code is able to utilize the type-system of the language and force the compiler to execute a desired algorithm [19] . These compile-time programs are called C++ Template Metaprograms and later has been proved to be form a Turing-complete sublanguage of C++ [4] .

Templates are key language elements for the C++ programming language.

In 1994 Erwin Unruh used C++ templates and the template instantiation rules to write a program that is "executed" as a side effect of compilation.

It turned out that a cleverly designed C++ code is able to utilize the type-system of the language and force the compiler to execute a desired algorithm.

These compile-time programs are called C++ Template Metaprograms and later has been proved to be form a Turing-complete sublanguage of C++.


To compare our dynamic theory with experimental data, we use a CDI cell with rod-shaped electrodes ("wire-CDI cell"), Fig. 1a . The wire-CDI cell is a simple cell design (compared to conventional CDI), which consists of graphite rods (wires) coated with a thin porous carbon layer [26] . To enhance salt adsorption, we coat ionexchange membranes (IEMs) on the carbon layer. The inclusion of IEMs in the system is referred to as membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) [9, 27] . The carbon layer on the electrodes is prepared by mixing activated carbon with a polymeric binder dissolved in an organic solvent. Often, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is used as a solvent [8, 26] . In this work, we tested a new method to fabricate the carbon layer by using acetone as solvent. Acetone is a less toxic alternative to NMP [28, 29] . In addition, acetone evaporates faster than NMP, which decreases the preparation time of the electrodes.

The wire-CDI cell is a simple cell design (compared to conventional CDI), which consists of graphite rods (wires) coated with a thin porous carbon layer.

The inclusion of IEMs in the system is referred to as membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI).

Often, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is used as a solvent.

Acetone is a less toxic alternative to NMP.


To identify individual genotypes associated with the age at maturity revealed by the sequencing pools, we applied sequenom analysis for 11 of the most significant SNPs in the selective sweep found in Chr 25 (Supplementary table S2 ). Sequenom data revealed allele frequencies which to a large extent explained 1SW and 3SW traits for all of the SNPs (Supplementary Figure 2) . To identify haplotypes in the 11 assayed SNPs we performed a genotype assay on all samples used in our GWAS [26] . This analysis revealed two dissimilar haplogroups comprising 11 haplotypes in one block ( Figure 3A ). One and five of these haplotypes showed significant association with either maturing early or late respectively. This data confirmed our finding in the pool sequencing and further supported the strength of this haplotype in determining the trait.

To identify haplotypes in the 11 assayed SNPs we performed a genotype assay on all samples used in our GWAS.


The rapid growth of the world economy and continuous adjustment of economic structures are leading to a substantial increase in energy demand. At the same time, environmental issues and consequences caused by energy use have been gradually recognized, of which carbon emission is one of the biggest concerns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) fourth assessment report, released in November 2007, concluded: Climate warming was mainly attributed to the large amount of greenhouse gases emitted by human industrial activities like carbon dioxide and methane, of which the greenhouse effect caused by carbon dioxide accounted for 50% [1] .

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) fourth assessment report, released in November 2007, concluded: Climate warming was mainly attributed to the large amount of greenhouse gases emitted by human industrial activities like carbon dioxide and methane, of which the greenhouse effect caused by carbon dioxide accounted for 50%.


The clinical introduction of minimally invasive implantable heart valve prostheses in 2002 had a significant influence on the treatment strategy of severe symptomatic aortic valve stenosis [1] . Current devices are based on xenogenic leaflet material associated with a tendency to calcification resulting in limitations with regard to durability. Furthermore, homogeneity and processability issues are limiting the success of pericardium as leaflet material for heart valve prostheses.

The clinical introduction of minimally invasive implantable heart valve prostheses in 2002 had a significant influence on the treatment strategy of severe symptomatic aortic valve stenosis.


Nanobiotechnology is one of the most promising areas in modern nanoscience and technology. This emerging area of research interlaces various disciplines of science such as physics, chemistry, biology and material science (Narayanan and Sakthivel, 2011) . Nanoparticles are usually 6100 nm in each spatial dimension and are commonly synthesized using top-down and bottom-up strategies (Balantrapu and Goia, 2009) . In top-down approach, the bulk materials are gradually broken down to nanosized materials, whereas in bottom-up approach, atoms or molecules are assembled to molecular structures in nanometer range. Bottom-up approach is commonly used for chemical and biological synthesis of nanoparticles.

This emerging area of research interlaces various disciplines of science such as physics, chemistry, biology and material science.

Nanoparticles are usually 6100 nm in each spatial dimension and are commonly synthesized using top-down and bottom-up strategies.


Also, Epigallocatechin Catechin and Epicatechin gallate as polyphenol compounds are in significant ratio 26.8, 7 and 4.8 ppm, respectively. These may be found to act as capping agents on AuNPs. Also, biosynthesis of nanoparticles may be triggered by some or all of these compounds. It is confirmed by the study of some workers who found that carbonyl groups, terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoes, amines, amino amides, proteins, pigments, alkaloids and other reducing agents are present in the marine algal extracts (Asmathunisha and Kathiresan, 2013) .

It is confirmed by the study of some workers who found that carbonyl groups, terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoes, amines, amino amides, proteins, pigments, alkaloids and other reducing agents are present in the marine algal extracts.


Some studies reported that gold ions react with SH groups of proteins and play an essential role in bacterial inactivation (Guzman et al., 2012) . It is also reported to uncouple respiratory electron transport from oxidative phosphorylation which inhibits respiratory chain enzymes or interferes with membrane permeability to protons and phosphate (Feng et al., 2000) . The presence of gold NPs and sulfur in the electron dense granules observed after gold NP treatment in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells suggests an interaction with nucleic acids that probably results in the impairment of DNA replication. Thus it is reasonable to infer that the biosynthesized gold NPs can be used to manage the disease.

Some studies reported that gold ions react with SH groups of proteins and play an essential role in bacterial inactivation.

It is also reported to uncouple respiratory electron transport from oxidative phosphorylation which inhibits respiratory chain enzymes or interferes with membrane permeability to protons and phosphate.


Liquid bridges are liquid volumes confined between two solid surfaces and surrounded by another fluid (most commonly, air). Mechanically, liquid bridges can be considered as joints between two solids (e.g. a substrate and a component). Upon perturbation, they generate capillary forces that can be repulsive or attractive depending on several properties of the fluid and the bounding solids. These properties are both geometrical and physical [1] [2] [3] .

These properties are both geometrical and physical.


To construct hyperbolic geometry coordinates, we need to devise a whole new complex variables, one not based on circular trigonometry. After rephrasing vectors, we describe how the new complex variables shape up. We apply our hyperbolic trigonometry to electromagnetic velocity. With a precondition velocity, we can derive acceleration. Our geometry requires us to suspend the Special Relativity physics principle that absolute velocity is unmeasurable. The idea that a first observer sees velocityṽ = v + v and a second observer, whose velocity relative to the first is a constant v, sees v =ṽ − v, therefore there is no absolute velocity, is contested with our mathematics (Schutz, 2009) . Absolute velocity and absolute acceleration are measurable at the specified precondition velocity v of a moving observer. We find a possible dark energy and gravitational accelerations and a geometry of gravitational collapse.

The idea that a first observer sees velocityṽ = v + v and a second observer, whose velocity relative to the first is a constant v, sees v =ṽ − v, therefore there is no absolute velocity, is contested with our mathematics.


While the citizen science nature of this project brings with it the limitations described above, it also brings the possibility of rapid network expansion as there are now almost three billion smartphones in use in the world. In order to harness a larger fraction of these accelerometers in the future, MyShake has developed a completely redesigned version of the app using a human-centered design methodology (Rochford et al. , 2018) . The new app brings additional user functionality that we hope will expand the number of users significantly providing data for more earthquakes and further study of the scientific opportunities that MyShake could support.

In order to harness a larger fraction of these accelerometers in the future, MyShake has developed a completely redesigned version of the app using a human-centered design methodology.


Secondly, there are unique challenges to use the MyShake data. The quality of the waveforms are different in ways that are difficult to determine (Kong, Lv, et al. , 2019) . Two different phones at the same location can have very different characteristics depending on their exact physical location, and knowing how to weight the quality of the waveforms is a challenge. There are many events for which we only detect S-wave arrivals, i.e. in the case when there are many phones but only at larger distances (~100 km or more). Therefore, developing a robust phase picking algorithm for this noisy dataset is important. In addition, phones may be located in different types of buildings, on different floors, in places where the amplification, i.e. site response, are very different. The response of the buildings, desks/furniture etc., are all factors meaning we will require the use of many phones to aggregate the results in an average sense.

The quality of the waveforms are different in ways that are difficult to determine.


The first part of this paper focuses on the extraction and deacidification of oil from the seeds of Pistacia chinensis collected from Hebei Province, China The second part focuses on the transesterification of the extracted oil into fatty acid methyl esters. Transesterification reactions were carried out using two homogeneous basic catalysts, namely, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). These are the most mature and widely used catalysts in biodiesel production [23] .

These are the most mature and widely used catalysts in biodiesel production.


In this paper, we examine the potential of ELM to predict porosity and permeability parameters in a heterogeneous sandstone reservoir in Permian formation, Yanqi survey of Ordos basin, China. Prediction models are established by SLFN trained with ELM and optimally pruned ELM (OP-ELM). OP-ELM is a variation of the ELM introducing an optimal selection of the number of hidden units and variables modeling the problem [27, 28] . It is more robust and generic than conventional ELM [26] . In the study, reservoir parameters measured from cores and logs value at the same depth are paired as samples. Optimal prediction models for porosity and permeability estimation are established, which are finally used to interpret reservoir porosity and permeability for all wells in the survey.

OP-ELM is a variation of the ELM introducing an optimal selection of the number of hidden units and variables modeling the problem.

It is more robust and generic than conventional ELM.


A comparable goal is aimed at in the present study, but with arbitrary test geometry of the plate, namely four-point but also three-point bending, or any arbitrary departure from a perfect test. The inhomogeneous kinematics makes the problem more involved as it calls for a dedicated procedure. Let us stress that the information that can be extracted from DIC is too detailed and spatially resolved for the ultimate goal as the details of core crack inception, their shape size, density, or opening are easily accessed but would drive naturally to a probabilistic approach describing crack initiation in the core, and interface debonding. Although it may appear as paradoxical, the too fine description of the kinematics is challenging for the identification of a homogeneous constitutive law (Gras et al., 2013) .

Although it may appear as paradoxical, the too fine description of the kinematics is challenging for the identification of a homogeneous constitutive law.


The use of plaster as a building material has a very long and rich history. In their quest for producing a robust, light-weight, insulating structure element for the building industry, the concept of plasterboard was invented as early as in 1894 by two engineers from New York, A. Sackett and F.L. Kane. Plasterboard is nowadays the most commonly used low-cost building plates within the construction industry. This success is mostly due to the fact that plasterboards can be used in many applications, and engineered with enhanced performance for acoustic and fire requirements (Vimmrová et al., 2011) . Gypsum board producers are still working for improved properties, or similar properties but with lower densities. Weight has direct commercial consequences, as any density saving impacts directly on production, transport, environmental and economical costs. Moreover, lightweight boards facilitate handling and make installation easier and more secure.

This success is mostly due to the fact that plasterboards can be used in many applications, and engineered with enhanced performance for acoustic and fire requirements.


In a study that was conducted on 'Tombul' hazelnut negative correlation between nut weight and percent kernel, shell thickness and percent kernel; positive correlation between nut weight and kernel weight, nut thickness and shell thickness, shell thickness and kernel weight were observed significantly (Bostan, 1995) . Our result for the nut weight and kernel weight correlation was similar to literature. But, the other correlations were not significant in this study.

In a study that was conducted on 'Tombul' hazelnut negative correlation between nut weight and percent kernel, shell thickness and percent kernel; positive correlation between nut weight and kernel weight, nut thickness and shell thickness, shell thickness and kernel weight were observed significantly.


It should be mentioned here that a gravity theory must be tested also in the astrophysical level [6] [7] [8] [9] . Strong gravitational fields found in relativistic stars could discriminate standard gravity from its generalizations. Observational data on neutron stars (NSs), for instance, can be used to investigate possible deviations from General Relativity (GR) as probes for modified gravity theories.

It should be mentioned here that a gravity theory must be tested also in the astrophysical level.


In this article, we will investigate the spherical equilibrium configuration of NSs and SSs in f (R, T ) theory of gravity. Here, it is worth mentioning that SSs existence is still a possibility. In fact, a recent work has discussed the existence of these stars from a gravitational wave detection perspective [36] . Once such objects existence is proved, the fundamental state of matter at high densities will be understood as the strange quark matter (SQM) state.

In fact, a recent work has discussed the existence of these stars from a gravitational wave detection perspective.


An ambivalent attitude towards financial relationships and research is currently warranted. Given that the development of new drugs or implants is, in most instances, dependent upon the financial support of the industry, funding of research should be encouraged. On the other hand and for purposes of independent critical appraisal of the results, any financial relationships between industry and researchers should be avoided and rejected. The attempts to influence scientific publications by industry should be minimized. An example is the nation-wide independent research programme on drugs launched by the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) in 2005. The challenges, feasibility and future perspectives are well described [12] .

The challenges, feasibility and future perspectives are well described.


Our proposal is built on the recently developed hyperbolic metamaterial-based model of 2 + 1 dimensional gravity [8] . It appears that wave equation describing propagation of extraordinary light inside hyperbolic metamaterials exhibits 2 + 1 dimensional Lorentz symmetry [9] . The role of time in the corresponding effective 3D Minkowski spacetime is played by the spatial coordinate aligned with the optical axis of the metamaterial [10] . Nonlinear optical Kerr effect "bends" this spacetime resulting in effective gravitational interaction between extraordinary photons. In order for the effective gravitational constant to be positive, negative self-defocusing Kerr medium must be used [8] . These results are quite interesting given the fact that physical vacuum itself may behave as a hyperbolic metamaterial when subjected to very strong magnetic field [11, 12] . Moreover, negative self-defocusing Kerr effect typically arises due to thermal expansion of the medium, which makes the effective 2 + 1 dimensional gravity a thermal effect obeying basic laws of thermodynamics. This feature of our model appears to be very attractive since recent theoretical developments strongly indicate thermodynamic origins of gravitational interaction [13, 14] .

Our proposal is built on the recently developed hyperbolic metamaterial-based model of 2 + 1 dimensional gravity.

It appears that wave equation describing propagation of extraordinary light inside hyperbolic metamaterials exhibits 2 + 1 dimensional Lorentz symmetry.

The role of time in the corresponding effective 3D Minkowski spacetime is played by the spatial coordinate aligned with the optical axis of the metamaterial.

In order for the effective gravitational constant to be positive, negative self-defocusing Kerr medium must be used.

These results are quite interesting given the fact that physical vacuum itself may behave as a hyperbolic metamaterial when subjected to very strong magnetic field.

This feature of our model appears to be very attractive since recent theoretical developments strongly indicate thermodynamic origins of gravitational interaction.


Actually the classes ch(O X w ) appearing in assertion (c) can be related to the natural basis ([X w ]) w∈W of H * (X, Z), by using Demazure's results on the desingularization of Schubert cells [8] . However we ignore whether there exists an accessible transformation which relates the two bases (ch(O X w )) w∈W and ([X w ]) w∈W of H * (X, Q). This is discussed in the final part of the paper.

Actually the classes ch(O X w ) appearing in assertion (c) can be related to the natural basis ([X w ]) w∈W of H * (X, Z), by using Demazure's results on the desingularization of Schubert cells.


The nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkB) pathway is one of the main regulators of inflammatory response across multiple cell populations. This pathway influences and is influenced by the release of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. NFKB1 is involved in cell differentiation and pro-inflammatory immune response. NFKB2 is also involved in cell differentiation and pro-inflammatory immune response but has a stronger role on B cell linages and on apoptosis (programmed cell death). The expression of the nuclear receptor family NFKB1 (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide, p105) and NFKB2 (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer p 49/100) are also directly regulated by and influence the presence of GR [18] . Determining the levels of NFKB1 and NFKB2 provides a means of determining relative efficacy of GR function and an insight into regulation of this receptor in an adolescent population with fatigue. In this exploratory study, we chose to focus on those that have been demonstrated in adult populations to be associated with CFS. Thus, we examined for variance in the expression of factors involved in the regulation and expression of discrete components of immune function in a population of adolescents with CFS.

The expression of the nuclear receptor family NFKB1 (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide, p105) and NFKB2 (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer p 49/100) are also directly regulated by and influence the presence of GR.


A second possible explanation for why all three genes are down regulated is competition between NFKB and the GCR for limited amounts of the following co activators: steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and CREBBinding protein (CBP). Both of these co activators bind to NR3C1 and NFKB and are necessary for the transactivation (transport into the nucleus where transcription is carried out) of both NFKB and the GCR [22] . Inadequate supplies or insufficient levels of these co activators could lead to the down regulated expression of each of the three genes that code for transcriptional factors. It is also possible that NFKB1 and NFKB2 are involved in affecting the degree to which the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) displays sensitivity to its ligand (cortisol). Both the expression and sensitivity of the GCR to its ligand may be affected by any number of factors including but not [18, 21] . These data demonstrate that in a pediatric population with CFS, there is decreased expression of the gene encoding for the GR. In an adolescent population, there may be an increased level of vulnerability to disruptions of the HPA axis. In a vulnerable population, such disruptions may have end effects on cognitive pathways and lifelong neuroendocrine responsiveness [23] . While much of the speculation of the effects of cortisol on development has tended to investigate the effects of hypercortisolism, the lack of adequate hormone may be as equally disruptive. These data highlight the importance of examining this pathway in an adolescent population. These findings should be considered as preliminary, given the small sample size, and there is a need for replication with a larger data set.

Both of these co activators bind to NR3C1 and NFKB and are necessary for the transactivation (transport into the nucleus where transcription is carried out) of both NFKB and the GCR.

Both the expression and sensitivity of the GCR to its ligand may be affected by any number of factors including but not.

In a vulnerable population, such disruptions may have end effects on cognitive pathways and lifelong neuroendocrine responsiveness.


Complex interactions of neurological, immune, and endocrine systems, operating from the individual's genetic substrate, work in conjunction with environmental factors to influence onset of CFS and its clinical course. In particular, altered functioning of the HPA axis is implicated in the reduced capability to regulate responses to stress as seen in disorders such as CFS [12] . Variance in the expression of genes associated with HPA axis function has been associated with CFS across several studies with adult populations [13] . Previous work has found variance in the expression of GR (NR3C1) in individuals with CFS compared to controls [11] . Those with CFS may have a decreased sensitivity to the effects of cortisol due to a down-regulation of GR [8] .

In particular, altered functioning of the HPA axis is implicated in the reduced capability to regulate responses to stress as seen in disorders such as CFS.

Variance in the expression of genes associated with HPA axis function has been associated with CFS across several studies with adult populations.

Previous work has found variance in the expression of GR (NR3C1) in individuals with CFS compared to controls.

Those with CFS may have a decreased sensitivity to the effects of cortisol due to a down-regulation of GR.


One possible explanation for this down regulation of all three genes is a bidirectional competitive inhibition or trans repression exerted upon NFKB1/NFKB2 and NR3C1 by one another. This process may be the end result of a prolonged activation of the NFKB pathway, such that expressions of NFKB1/NFKB2 are depleted via the production of their own inhibitor IKBα upon translocation to the nucleus. IKBα (a member of the IKB family of inhibitory proteins) creates a feedback control loop which prevents NFKB levels from becoming too high and creating excessive inflammation. IKBα will inhibit proinflammatory transcription by NFKB via nega-tive feedback, which could possibly explain the down regulation of the NFKB1and NFKB2 genes. The initiation of the triggering of the NFKB pathway is likely dir-ected by the presence of several factors: mitogens, bacte-ria, UV exposure, viruses, cytokines IL-1 and TNF α along with other proinflammatory, and reactive oxygen species (all of which have the potential to trigger inflammation and suppress cortisol levels) [18, 21] . It is possible that a prolonged activation of this inflammatory pathway has led to the down regulation of the production of NFKB1 and NFKB2 by its inhibitor IKBα. This inhibition would then leave the cell in an anti inflammatory state, possibly leading to the down regulation of the NR3C1 gene coding for the GCR, as its expression would not be necessary when the cell is in an anti inflammatory or suppressed state.

The initiation of the triggering of the NFKB pathway is likely dir-ected by the presence of several factors: mitogens, bacte-ria, UV exposure, viruses, cytokines IL-1 and TNF α along with other proinflammatory, and reactive oxygen species (all of which have the potential to trigger inflammation and suppress cortisol levels).


In this paper, we are interested in the boundary minimal Liouville gravity (BMLG), relevant for open minimal strings. The worldsheet approach to BMLG requires analyzing boundary minimal models, LFT and ghosts and seems even more complicated compared to the closed case. In addition to the bulk MLG content, the classification of physical fields, or BRST cohomologies, in BMLG is specified by a set of boundary changing fields leading to admissible boundary conditions [35] . Constructing correlation numbers, even before taking moduli integrals, requires knowledge of the structure constants appearing in the operator product expansion of two bulk fields, the structure constants of boundary fields, the couplings between bulk and boundary fields and the one point functions of the identity operator for different boundary conditions [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] .

In addition to the bulk MLG content, the classification of physical fields, or BRST cohomologies, in BMLG is specified by a set of boundary changing fields leading to admissible boundary conditions.

Constructing correlation numbers, even before taking moduli integrals, requires knowledge of the structure constants appearing in the operator product expansion of two bulk fields, the structure constants of boundary fields, the couplings between bulk and boundary fields and the one point functions of the identity operator for different boundary conditions.


Most of previous works on the metamaterials focused on the certain unusual properties of wave propagation in a photonic crystal. It was shown that a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) composed of alternating slabs of ordinary double-positive (DPS) and DNG media can have a type of photonic bandgap (PBG) corresponding to zero averaged refractive index (n) [9] [10] [11] [12] . Moreover, it is well known that a 1DPC constituted by a periodic repetition of MNG and ENG layers can possess another type of photonic gap with effective phase (ϕ eff ) of zero [13] [14] [15] . When the periodicity of photonic crystal structure is broken, wave propagation is not described by Bloch states. The opposite extreme of a periodic system is a fully random structure. In the random systems waves undergo a multiple scattering process and are subject to unexpected interference effects [16] . Multiple wave scattering in disordered materials shows many similarities with the propagation of electrons in semiconductors [17] . One of the first phenomena studied in this context was coherent backscattering or weak localization of wave [18] . Knowledge on the propagation of waves in completely ordered and disordered structures is now rapidly improving, little is known about the behavior of waves in the huge intermediate regime between total order and disorder. This intermediate regime is valid in quasiperiodic structures.

It was shown that a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) composed of alternating slabs of ordinary double-positive (DPS) and DNG media can have a type of photonic bandgap (PBG) corresponding to zero averaged refractive index (n).

Moreover, it is well known that a 1DPC constituted by a periodic repetition of MNG and ENG layers can possess another type of photonic gap with effective phase (ϕ eff ) of zero.

In the random systems waves undergo a multiple scattering process and are subject to unexpected interference effects.

Multiple wave scattering in disordered materials shows many similarities with the propagation of electrons in semiconductors.

One of the first phenomena studied in this context was coherent backscattering or weak localization of wave.


They are also called the double-negative (DNG) materials or lefthanded materials because the electric field, the magnetic field and the wave vector of an EM wave propagating in such a medium form a left-handed triplet [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . In addition to the DNG materials, another metamaterial called the single-negative (SNG) material in which only one of the material parameters is negative deserve special attention. The SNG materials consist of the mu-negative (MNG) materials with µ < 0 but > 0, and the epsilon-negative (ENG) materials with < 0 but µ > 0 [8] .

They are also called the double-negative (DNG) materials or lefthanded materials because the electric field, the magnetic field and the wave vector of an EM wave propagating in such a medium form a left-handed triplet.

The SNG materials consist of the mu-negative (MNG) materials with µ < 0 but > 0, and the epsilon-negative (ENG) materials with < 0 but µ > 0.


As a critical optical performance parameter, optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) can reflect the channel quality directly and plays a fundamental role in optical communication systems and networks. Due to this fundamental role, a precise OSNR monitoring method is always expected by the industry and research communities in optical communications. Since the OSNR is defined as the ratio of the signal power to the noise power, the key to the OSNR monitoring is the separation of the power of the signal and the noise. In conventional point-to-point wavelengthdivision multiplexing (WDM) systems, with the uniform noise spectrum assumed, wide guard band between adjacent wavelength channels can be utilized to determine the noise power and a linear interpolation based out-of-band OSNR monitoring method is given in related standards [1] . However, along with the rapid development of the high speed coherent optical communication systems and dynamic optical networks, a variety of new features emerge continuously, such as the reduction of the guard band like the superchannel concept and the additional optical filtering induced by the widely deployment of the reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer (ROADM). In these scenarios, the out-of-band noise is not only too difficult to be determined, but also cannot indicate the in-band noise correctly. Therefore, both these two factors lead to the malfunction of the conventional out-of-band OSNR monitoring and current research interests have moved to the in-band OSNR monitoring.

In conventional point-to-point wavelengthdivision multiplexing (WDM) systems, with the uniform noise spectrum assumed, wide guard band between adjacent wavelength channels can be utilized to determine the noise power and a linear interpolation based out-of-band OSNR monitoring method is given in related standards.


Besides the intrinsic characteristics, honey usually contains microorganisms like yeasts and spore-forming bacteria from the environment. Contamination with microbial organisms may come from primary sources (pollen, the digestive tracts of honey bees, dust, air, dirt and nectar), or from secondary sources (contamination due to human manipulation and transformation processes). Primary sources are very difficult to control but secondary sources of contamination can be controlled applying good manufacturing practices [5] .

Primary sources are very difficult to control but secondary sources of contamination can be controlled applying good manufacturing practices.


To realize such applications, detail dynamical behaviors of ILM has to be investigated. Moreover, a control scheme is necessary, especially for actuating applications. That is, ILM has to be generated, moved, and destroyed as desired. A manipulation involving position control for ILM has been realized by M. Sato [15, 16] . In the research, ILM is manipulated in a micro-cantilever array by a localized impurity. Therefore, the position of ILM can be controlled dynamically by adding an impurity.

A manipulation involving position control for ILM has been realized by M. Sato.


Industrial control system originally adopted proprietary communication protocols, operating systems, hardware devices and so on. What's more, it was strictly isolated from other networks, and much more attention was put on the physical security and functional safety. However, the industrial control system designers neglected the information security. With the huge demand of information technology, industrial control system is no longer as enclosed as before. Because of the widespread use of TCP/IP, open industrial communication protocol, and general operating system, industrial control system born with so many information security and network security flaws is becoming more and more fragile [1] [2] [3] [4] .

Because of the widespread use of TCP/IP, open industrial communication protocol, and general operating system, industrial control system born with so many information security and network security flaws is becoming more and more fragile.


The primary goal of any air conditioning or refrigeration (AC/R) application is to move energy from one location to another. An ideal vapor compression cycle (VCC) system, as shown in Fig. 1 , is a thermodynamic system driven by the phase characteristics of the refrigerant that is flowing through it. VCC systems transfer heat by means of repeating phase transitions in the refrigerant which can lead to the changing of the fluid characteristics in each of the heat exchangers (condenser and evaporator). The mixture of liquid and vapor refrigerant distributed in the heat exchangers makes the phase transition process highly nonlinear and complex [1] [2] [3] . Therefore, it is necessary to develop control strategies which account for system nonlinearities and maintain desirable performance over the entire operating envelope.

The mixture of liquid and vapor refrigerant distributed in the heat exchangers makes the phase transition process highly nonlinear and complex.


In order to meet the demand, chemical synthesis or extraction from natural C. militaris were tried. In the case of chemical synthesis, many troublesome steps have to be carried out [10] [11] [12] . In the case of cordycepin extraction from natural C. militaris, the natural source of C. militaris is limited [1, 13] . To overcome these problems, as an alternative, the fermentation approach to obtain large amount of cordycepin has been investigated [1] . The fermentation technique is promising and useful because C. militaris can be cultivated in a flask and jar-fermentor, and also produces cordycepin.

In the case of chemical synthesis, many troublesome steps have to be carried out.

In the case of cordycepin extraction from natural C. militaris, the natural source of C. militaris is limited.

To overcome these problems, as an alternative, the fermentation approach to obtain large amount of cordycepin has been investigated.