EGFR represents a rational target for anti-tumor strategies, however anti-EGFR agents have shown no effective response in HCC patients [20, 21] . The better understanding of the extensive crosstalk and positive feedbacks between the different signaling systems may allow the development of synergistic antitumor therapies with reduced toxicity. Indeed as mentioned before, EGFR transactivation may thus represent a new therapeutic target [15, 22] . In this review we summarize the crosstalk between EGFR and other signaling pathways that could be relevant to liver cancer development and treatment.

EGFR represents a rational target for anti-tumor strategies, however anti-EGFR agents have shown no effective response in HCC patients.

Indeed as mentioned before, EGFR transactivation may thus represent a new therapeutic target.


Effect of wheat flour substitution by guava residues meal on rheological and thermo mechanical parameters Mixolab allowed performing continuous rheological measurements of dough into a thermal-processing simulation [22] . Dough properties altered in different substitution levels for example, absorption increased with increasing of GP level. On the other hand, gluten, amylase and retrogradation decreased by more than GP 10%. The viscosity was not changed but mixing time was increased in WF-GP 5% then reduced again with increasing of GP level ( Figure 1a ). Adding of GS 5-20% decreased absorption, gluten, amylase, retrogradation, viscosity and mixing time owing to its lower content of starch and higher fat contents. The most pronounced effect of GS was observed at more than 15% (Figure 1b) . Thereby, the low viscosity formulas had harder texture which may be useful in mechanical damage of products during transport and handling [23] . Particularly, both guava residues did not effect on gluten and retrogradation characteristics compared with WF. The effect of guava residues meal incorporation into WF on stability and water absorption was tabulated in Table 2 .

Effect of wheat flour substitution by guava residues meal on rheological and thermo mechanical parameters Mixolab allowed performing continuous rheological measurements of dough into a thermal-processing simulation.

Thereby, the low viscosity formulas had harder texture which may be useful in mechanical damage of products during transport and handling.


Tkble 1 presents the correlations and scale reliabilities among the four PSQ dimensions for the total sample, and for the four employee groups represented in the SBU. The intercorrelations among the dimensions are consistent with past research (Scarpello et al., 1988) . Specifically, the benefits dimension correlated considerably lower with the other three dimensions than those dimensions did with each other. The pay raise scale correlated .62 with the pay level and structure/administration scales, and the structure/administration scale correlated .52 with the pay level scale. Although these correlations are moderately high, they are far from unity, even when corrected for unreliability. Finally, the scale reliabilities for the PSQ dimensions were comparable to those found in past research.

The intercorrelations among the dimensions are consistent with past research.


Much has been written about instructors' resistance to technology adoption in higher education (Johnson et al. 2012) . Consequently, many instructors are reluctant to extend their physical classrooms with web conferencing tutorials, particularly in a developing country with its additional infrastructure challenges. While this limits this study to a single site, this study provides evidence to support the use of web conferencing tutorials, which may encourage other instructors to explore web conferencing tutorials. Therefore, in time this study may be expanded to multiple sites. While this study adopted statistical control for additional factors influencing academic performance, an experimental study in which a control group is physically identified may offer further evidence in respect of the effect of web conferencing on academic performance. Replication of this study in other diverse education settings may enhance the generalizability of the results suggested in this study. Further research is also necessary to fully understand the complex issues that impact teaching and learning in web conference-based tutorials.

Much has been written about instructors' resistance to technology adoption in higher education.


In the regime f /N 1, the concept of 'balance', whereby the PV alone determines all dynamical and thermodynamical fields, has proven immensely useful in understanding geophysical fluid behaviour (Hoskins, McIntyre & Robertson 1985; Ford et al. 2000; Mohebalhojeh & Dritschel 2001; McKiver & Dritschel 2008) . Balance arises from filtering, in some way, the IGWs from the dynamics. Mathematically, this can be achieved by seeking slowly evolving solutions of the governing equations in which the fluid acceleration Du/Dt is subdominant. This leads to geostrophic and hydrostatic balance to leading order in the Rossby number, proportional to the ratio of the horizontal acceleration to the Coriolis acceleration.

In the regime f /N 1, the concept of 'balance', whereby the PV alone determines all dynamical and thermodynamical fields, has proven immensely useful in understanding geophysical fluid behaviour.


The problem investigated principally depends on three parameters, two describing the shape of the vortex (the horizontal and vertical aspect ratios λ and µ), and the dimensionless PV anomaly q 0 within the vortex (the Rossby number). The problem also depends on the Coriolis to buoyancy frequency ratio f /N, but only weakly when f /N 1 (Smyth & McWilliams 1998; Dritschel & McKiver 2014) . The regime of small f /N is widely applicable to commonly occurring geophysical flows.

The problem also depends on the Coriolis to buoyancy frequency ratio f /N, but only weakly when f /N 1.


The form of the stability region constrains the possible geometry of a stable vortex. This leads to some interesting consequences. As just remarked, all unstable vortices restabilise by increasing their horizontal aspect ratio λ toward unity. At equilibrium, we find λ 0.5. Furthermore, the most probable value for λ is around 0.8. This echoes what has been reported in many observations of ocean eddies (Paillet et al. 2002; Lentini et al. 2006; Kim 2010; Park, Woo & Ryu 2012) . Also, tall vortices (large µ) are restricted to have λ ≈ 1 while flat vortices (small µ) can exhibit a wider range of λ. Finally, since the stability boundary migrates towards smaller λ as q 0 increases, stable highly eccentric vortices (with small λ) are most likely to be strongly ageostrophic cyclones (with q 0 near unity). On the other hand, strongly ageostrophic anticyclones are restricted to have nearly circular horizontal cross-section. In the light of the present results, it would be worthwhile to examine observational data to see where ocean eddies lie in figure 4 .

At equilibrium, we find λ 0.5.

This echoes what has been reported in many observations of ocean eddies.


As regards ageostrophic effects on stability (in the sense explained in § 3.1), we find robustly that vortices are increasingly stable (over a broader range of initial shapes) as the signed Rossby number q 0 increases. While our analysis has largely been restricted to the range −0.5 q 0 0.5, a few additional simulations at q 0 = 0.75 suggest that this trend applies over a wider range of q 0 . We cannot examine |q 0 | 1 with the PV-conserving numerical algorithm employed here because then we cannot invert the PV (Dritschel & Viúdez 2003) .

We cannot examine |q 0 | 1 with the PV-conserving numerical algorithm employed here because then we cannot invert the PV.


The quasi-geostrophic (QG) model, describing the advection of a linearised approximation of PV by the leading-order geostrophic velocity field on flat isopycnal surfaces, is the simplest dynamical model imposing balance. However, this model does not distinguish cyclonic and anticyclonic flows (apart from the direction of their rotation). Cyclones and anticyclones are mirror images of each other, dynamically. This mirror symmetry is broken once higher-order effects, arising at second order in Rossby number, are taken into account. In fact, QG balance does clearly predict this symmetry breaking, i.e. it provides an estimate of (part of) the ageostrophic flow (Charney 1948) . It is just that the QG dynamical model does not make use of this (as elaborated below). Indeed it cannot without a further closure assumption (see appendix C).

In fact, QG balance does clearly predict this symmetry breaking, i.e. it provides an estimate of (part of) the ageostrophic flow.


A number of important issues arise when transverse combustion instabilities are excited. In particular, the coupling pathways between the acoustic oscillations and the flame heat release rate fluctuations may differ from those found during longitudinal instabilities. Work by several authors has outlined the mechanisms by which transverse acoustic fields couple with flame oscillations, and only a brief overview is provided here [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] .

Work by several authors has outlined the mechanisms by which transverse acoustic fields couple with flame oscillations, and only a brief overview is provided here.


These results have important implications for flame response during transverse instabilities. Previous theoretical work has shown that the response of a time-averaged axisymmetric flame, as would be supported in this timeaveraged axisymmetric flow field, does not respond to purely non-axisymmetric input disturbances, as would be driven by out-of-phase forcing, in the linear, compact flame regime [9, 47] . Despite the vortical velocity fluctuations in the flow field and resultant flame wrinkling, the net fluctuation in flame surface area over an acoustic cycle is zero. It has been shown that axisymmetric disturbances do result in net flame surface area fluctuations in these flames, although the non-axisymmetric behavior of the vortical velocity fluctuations further downstream of the dump plane may decrease the overall response of the flame. Future work will involve further investigation into the overall impact of this non-axisymmetric downstream development on flame response.

Previous theoretical work has shown that the response of a time-averaged axisymmetric flame, as would be supported in this timeaveraged axisymmetric flow field, does not respond to purely non-axisymmetric input disturbances, as would be driven by out-of-phase forcing, in the linear, compact flame regime.


The centrifugal and Kelvin instabilities are the result of centrifugal and Coriolis forces in a rotating flows [38] . These forces can have both stabilizing and destabilizing effects depending on the flow field characteristics. Thus the dominant hydrodynamic instability mechanism in a swirling flow is determined by several factors, primarily the shear layer thicknesses in the azimuthal and axial velocity profiles, ratio of the maximum reverse flow velocity magnitude to the maximum axial flow velocity magnitude, and the direction of propagation of unsteady flow perturbations. For example, thinner axial shear layers promote axial shear layer instability. Likewise thinner azimuthal shear layers promote azimuthal shear layer instability. However, the shear layer instability mode dominating the flow dynamics is decided by the orientation of the perturbation wave vector with respect to the axial and azimuthal shear layers. Perturbations along the azimuthal direction promote azimuthal shear layer instability while perturbations along the streamwise direction promote axial shear layer instability. A combination of both these instability mechanisms can result in helical disturbances in the flow field. In general, all these mechanisms, i.e., Kelvin, centrifugal, and shear layer instability mechanisms, interact, potentially resulting in an unsteady, non-axisymmetric flow.

The centrifugal and Kelvin instabilities are the result of centrifugal and Coriolis forces in a rotating flows.


Recently, in many countries, commercialization of university-based technologies has led to an increase in the establishment of academic startups. Even in Japan, the number of ventures affiliated with universities has been increasing since the end of the 1990s, and has a growing presence in the Japanese economy. Academic startups are able to provide innovative products and services because its business is often built upon the commercialization of highly sophisticated academic research. In addition, because academic startups rely on its region for employment of human resource and procurement of raw materials, it often has a large impact on the local economy relative to the size of the firm (Shane 2004) . On the other hand, since the mid-2000s, the closing of such ventures has been increasing due to liquidation (Ogura and Fujita 2012) . To grow a successful business continuously with limited availability of corporate resources, it is necessary to implement a wide variety of managerial strategies. One of these strategies is international business expansion, such as increasing direct sales in overseas markets and technological exchanges with overseas partners.

In addition, because academic startups rely on its region for employment of human resource and procurement of raw materials, it often has a large impact on the local economy relative to the size of the firm.

On the other hand, since the mid-2000s, the closing of such ventures has been increasing due to liquidation.


The research presented in this paper aims at exploring the possibilities and advantages of introducing a symmetric, unified approach towards combining the ideas and concepts of AOSD and CBSD. Instead of introducing and considering aspects as specialized entities, we propose to apply aspect-oriented composition mechanisms upon the existing component constructs. On the one hand, this allows aspects to straightforwardly adopt the same characteristics of components, namely being reusable and independently deployable while at the same time exposing and adhering to a contractually specified interface [21] . On the other hand, the decision whether components should be integrated in a regular or an aspect-oriented manner can be postponed until component composition time and can easily be changed afterwards.

On the one hand, this allows aspects to straightforwardly adopt the same characteristics of components, namely being reusable and independently deployable while at the same time exposing and adhering to a contractually specified interface.


The dynamic response of material under excitation force has been proven as one of the most important methods of non-destructive testing of material properties. Until recently, modal testing has become an effective means for identifying, understanding and simulating dynamic behavior and responses of structures [1] . Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) or modal testing is a non-destructive testing method based on vibration responses of the structures. By using signal analysis, the vibration response of the structures to the impact excitation is measure and transformed into Frequency Response Functions (FRF) using fast Fourier Transformation Technique (FFT), hence the measurement of the FRF is the heart of modal analysis. Subsequently, the series of FRF's are used to extract modal parameters such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios [2] .

Until recently, modal testing has become an effective means for identifying, understanding and simulating dynamic behavior and responses of structures.

Subsequently, the series of FRF's are used to extract modal parameters such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios.


To some extent, piezo contributes to micro-vibration that can generate large vibration amplitude of up to 100µm at the frequency of 1100Hz [13] . These characteristics prove that in reliable circumstances, piezo possesses the capability to detect tiny vibration. Hence, it can be said that piezo can practically exhibits itself as a sensor [14, 15] . Piezoelectric effect based on its characteristic could therefore give good attribute to modal identification.

To some extent, piezo contributes to micro-vibration that can generate large vibration amplitude of up to 100µm at the frequency of 1100Hz.

Hence, it can be said that piezo can practically exhibits itself as a sensor.


Certification and associated product labelling in the coffee sector is older than in the cattle sector, and institutions and markets that support certified cattle products may develop over time. However, even in a nascent form certification may fulfil important roles . For example, the holistic definition of sustainability adopted by most certification programs reminds us that sustainability is not one-dimensional, and that efor examplee addressing avoided deforestation is a necessary but not sufficient action in the pursuit of sustainability. The commitment of certification programs to continuous improvement is also a strong characteristic (SAN, 2017a, p.10; RSPO, 2013, Principle 8) that may favor greater long-term sustainability gains than more modestlyambitious mechanisms. There is thus a trade-off between ease of scaling-up sustainability initiatives, and addressing sustainability more comprehensively (Winters et al., 2015) . Non-voluntary governance mechanisms are likely needed to stem deforestation at forest frontiers in the short-to medium-term, but these will need to be accompanied by increased investment in small farmer support so as not to disproportionately negatively affect the welfare of small producers.

There is thus a trade-off between ease of scaling-up sustainability initiatives, and addressing sustainability more comprehensively.


In many tropical forested countries, governments, corporations, and civil society organizations have attempted to implement a number of regulatory policies, voluntary programs, and other sustainability interventions and initiatives (collectively described in this paper hereafter as governance mechanisms) at local to global scales in an effort to achieve greater commodity agriculture sustainability (Newton et al., 2013; Agrawal et al., 2014) . In recent decades, concerns about the effectiveness of regulatory approaches have led to a growing prominence of civil society and voluntary governance mechanisms. Such voluntary mechanisms include sustainable commodity roundtables, payments for environmental services programs, and third-party certification programs.

In many tropical forested countries, governments, corporations, and civil society organizations have attempted to implement a number of regulatory policies, voluntary programs, and other sustainability interventions and initiatives (collectively described in this paper hereafter as governance mechanisms) at local to global scales in an effort to achieve greater commodity agriculture sustainability.


The concept of low-carbon tourism dates back to the World Economic Forum "Go to Low-carbon Travel and Tourism Industry" in 2009 [1] . Since the global ecological and environmental problems are highlighted significantly, more are required in terms of tourism development as well as the transformation of the pattern of economic growth. In the process of tourism economy development, to transform the development mode from the traditional extensive one to the emerging intensive one, to promote the decarbonated construction, to decarbonate tourist attractions will become an inevitable choice when taking both the tourism economic development and ecological protection into account. Hopefully, a balanced development of social, economic, and ecological benefits can be realized due to the choice [2] .

The concept of low-carbon tourism dates back to the World Economic Forum "Go to Low-carbon Travel and Tourism Industry" in 2009.

Hopefully, a balanced development of social, economic, and ecological benefits can be realized due to the choice.


On the other hand, networked control systems (NCSs) are also the focus of many research studies over the last few decades [10] [11] [12] [13] . Compared to the conventional pointto-point system connection, NCSs have the advantages of easy installation and reduced setup, wiring, and maintenance costs. In NCSs, data can travel through the communication channels from the sensors to the controller and from the controller to the actuators. Data packet dropout (a kind of uncertainty) is a common problem in networked control systems and could happen due to node failures or network congestion. Because of random dropout, conventional methods for estimation and control cannot be used directly.

On the other hand, networked control systems (NCSs) are also the focus of many research studies over the last few decades.


Currently, many interesting ZnO nanostructures such as nanobelt, nanosheet, and nanobridge structures have been synthesized by oxide thermal evaporation manner [16] [17] [18] . ZnO nanowires and nanorods prepared by solvothermal method have also been reported [19] [20] [21] . Various techniques that synthesize ZnO nanostructures have been developed, where hydrothermal method is very attractive owing to their low cost, catalyst-free state, and scalable synthesis [22, 23] . However, toxic, hazardous, and expensive reagents such as amines were inevitably used during the solvothermal process. In this paper, we adopt a more energy saving hydrothermal method (the assisted hydrothermal route) to synthesize ZnO micro/nanomaterials at low temperature without any toxic, hazardous, and expensive reagents and demonstrate their potential superhydrophobic property of the rough surface that is constructed by ZnO micro/nanomaterials. The products were characterized by XRD and SEM. We suppose that this method of preparation of superhydrophobic surface of ZnO may provide guidance for the preparation of other functional inorganic materials.

Currently, many interesting ZnO nanostructures such as nanobelt, nanosheet, and nanobridge structures have been synthesized by oxide thermal evaporation manner.

ZnO nanowires and nanorods prepared by solvothermal method have also been reported.

Various techniques that synthesize ZnO nanostructures have been developed, where hydrothermal method is very attractive owing to their low cost, catalyst-free state, and scalable synthesis.


The corresponding surface wettability of the assynthesized samples was studied by measuring the water CA using a water droplet (pH = 7) of 10 L (Figure 6 ). The CA ∘ are attributed to superhydrophobicity [29] . As showed in Figures 6(a)-6(c) ∘ , 160 ∘ , and 161 ∘ , respectively. Experimental results show that the reaction temperature has an effect on the wetting property of ZnO. With the increasing of the reaction temperature, the contact angle becomes smaller. When the reaction temperature is increased to 180 ∘ C, ZnO structure rough surface does not have superhydrophobic properties. The pH value has little effect on the wetting property of ZnO. In the range of pH = 8-14, rough surface constructed by ZnO has a superhydrophobic property. Figure 7 shows the relationship between pH values of the water droplet and the CA on the ZnO superhydrophobic surfaces prepared at different temperature. The figure shows that static CAs of ZnO superhydrophobic surface prepared at 120 ∘ C were over 150 ∘ in the range of pH = 3-13. The CAs of ZnO superhydrophobic surface prepared at 160 ∘ C were over 155 ∘ in the range of pH = 1-13. Figure 8 shows the relationship between pH values of the water droplet and CA on the ZnO superhydrophobic surfaces prepared at different pH values. The curves of contact angles of the modified surfaces at different pH values show similar law. The CA increases with the pH value firstly and then decreases slowly. Static contact angles of ZnO superhydrophobic surface prepared at different pH values are all over 150 ∘ .

The CA ∘ are attributed to superhydrophobicity.


Bromine has commonly been used to produce ethylene dibromide, a lead scavenger used in the production of antiknock compounds in petrol. However, this source of bromine has decreased dramatically due to concerns over the amount of Pb in the environment. Bromine is also used in the manufacture of fumigants (methyl bromide) for agricultural purposes, flame-proofing agents, water purification compounds and dyes, as well as in the production of photographic chemicals and as a component of K fertilizers (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias 2001) .

Bromine is also used in the manufacture of fumigants (methyl bromide) for agricultural purposes, flame-proofing agents, water purification compounds and dyes, as well as in the production of photographic chemicals and as a component of K fertilizers.


Failure domain structure can be represented using clustering data and decision tree. To illustrate the approach and to provide a possibility to compare failure domains, presented in Figures 5 and 6 , the results are visualized with the decision trees. In this work we use limited amount of uncertain parameters for the sake of visual comparison of the data representation; however, the main advantage of the decision tree approach is the ability to represent complex failure domains with four or more uncertain parameters, when it is difficult to visualize results using other methods. Decision tree complexity depends on the shape of the failure domain and level of details (initial grid and refinement step). However, it is possible to prune decision tree, so the complexity and precision are kept in acceptable levels. Pruning is the process of reducing a tree by turning some branch nodes into leaf nodes and removing the leaf nodes under the original branch [24] . Trees are pruned based on an optimal pruning scheme that first prunes branches giving less improvement in error cost.

Pruning is the process of reducing a tree by turning some branch nodes into leaf nodes and removing the leaf nodes under the original branch.


Development of Deterministic Safety Analysis (DSA) and Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA) was crucial step for establishing state-of-the-art in nuclear power safety design and licensing. However, in order to avoid stagnation, it is important to recognize inherent limitations of the classical approaches and new opportunities provided by the overall progress of risk analysis science and computational technologies. For instance, advantage of DSA is that it can model dynamics of the plant systems driven by physical phenomena and their response to failures of the equipment or operator actions. If the "worst" scenarios can be clearly identified, then conservative treatment of uncertainties in DSA can be employed to estimate safety margins. The number of scenarios considered in DSA is usually small with respect to the actual set of possible accident scenarios, thus outcomes of DSA are largely affected by the expert judgment. However, obtaining a priori knowledge about "worst" case scenarios and "conservative" assumptions about uncertain parameters for complex systems is not a trivial task. PSA attempts to cover all possible risk significant scenarios. However, it is not easy to model a priori unknown dependency of the accident scenario outcome on the order and timing of the events (e.g., due to temporary evolution of the system parameters driven by complex physical processes and interactions) using Boolean logic of the classical PSA where the result is unambiguously determined by simple set of events. A robust safety justification must be based on both deterministic and probabilistic considerations to address the effects of the dynamic nature of mutual interactions between (i) stochastic disturbances (e.g., failures of the equipment), (ii) deterministic response of the plant (i.e., transients), (iii) control logic, and (iv) operator actions. Passive safety systems, severe accident, and containment phenomena are examples of the cases when such dependencies of the accident progression on timing and order of events are especially important. Integrated use of deterministic and probabilistic safety analysis is a means to enable risk-informed decision making based on consistent evaluation of both the uncertainties arising from the stochastic nature of events (aleatory uncertainties) and those arising from lack of knowledge about the processes relevant to the system (epistemic uncertainties) [1] .

Integrated use of deterministic and probabilistic safety analysis is a means to enable risk-informed decision making based on consistent evaluation of both the uncertainties arising from the stochastic nature of events (aleatory uncertainties) and those arising from lack of knowledge about the processes relevant to the system (epistemic uncertainties).


In this work we develop an approach for classification and characterization of failure domains. Failure domain is a domain in the space of uncertain parameters where critical system parameters exceed safety thresholds. The approach is based on scenario grouping and clustering with application of decision trees for characterization of the influence of timing and order of the events. In this approach decision trees are constructed to represent failure domain as a set of leaf nodes and correspondent classification rules that lead to each node. The approach was applied to classification of the simulated transients and failure domain identification and characterization in SARNET benchmark exercise [8] .

The approach was applied to classification of the simulated transients and failure domain identification and characterization in SARNET benchmark exercise.


In Figure 6 we show the δM plots for Fe-Co samples of 2 and 8 μm in length derived from dc demagnetization remanent M d (H) and isothermal remanent M r (H) normalized with respect to the isothermal remanence M r (∞) for high fields. The plots show negative peaks for the investigated samples. This fact reveals that the predominant interaction is magnetostatic [7, 14] . From the δM curves only slight differences between the amplitude of the peaks for both samples indicating a similar magnitude of magnetostatic interaction for both samples can also be observed; nevertheless, the peak for the sample of 8 μm in length is shifted at H/H c value bigger than 1.

This fact reveals that the predominant interaction is magnetostatic.


The magnetic properties of Fe, Ni, and their alloy nanowire arrays, electrodeposited into the nanopores of AAO membranes, which present a small magnetocrystalline anisotropy, depend on the aspect ratio of nanowires and the dipolar interaction between them due to high-pore densities. In these nanowires, the magnetization lies along the wire axis and present high coercivity and squarenes [17] . On the other hand, the cobalt nanowires lead to a very wide range of magnetic properties as the magnetocrystalline anisotropy ∼10 4 J/m 3 competes to the shape anisotropy [18] .

In these nanowires, the magnetization lies along the wire axis and present high coercivity and squarenes.

On the other hand, the cobalt nanowires lead to a very wide range of magnetic properties as the magnetocrystalline anisotropy ∼10 4 J/m 3 competes to the shape anisotropy.


Nanowire arrays are of significant interest from fundamental point of view for studying the magnetic interactions in ordered magnetic systems as well as potential materials for advanced storage and new magnetic devices [1] . During the last years many research efforts concerning the ability to produce high-density nanowire arrays for perpendicular recording media have been made; for this purpose, magnetic nanowires should have high magnetization and relative large coercivity. Fe x Co 1−x alloys are appropriate materials because of their high saturation magnetization; the highest saturation magnetization; occurs in 65% iron-35% cobalt alloys, high Curie temperatures, and low magnetocrystalline anisotropy [2] .

Nanowire arrays are of significant interest from fundamental point of view for studying the magnetic interactions in ordered magnetic systems as well as potential materials for advanced storage and new magnetic devices.

Fe x Co 1−x alloys are appropriate materials because of their high saturation magnetization; the highest saturation magnetization; occurs in 65% iron-35% cobalt alloys, high Curie temperatures, and low magnetocrystalline anisotropy.


The second novelty of this work is that we show how this coupled sequence of OC-SVMs can be used to detect abrupt changes in the data (using a single user-selected threshold as other methods, such as the Kernel Change Detection(KCD) algorithm [7] ). The resulting method has several benefits. In the first place, the user does not need a priori to assume a particular data distribution and the method can be applied to problems with high dimensionality, given that it is based on OC-SVM. It shares this characteristic with KCD. In the second place, it is more robust to noise than KCD, since it is based on TA-SVM while KCD uses sliding windows. This characteristic was already observed for TA-SVM [12] . In 4 and the following sections we show the potential of our new method with artificial and real world applications, comparing the detection capabilities against two previous methods. We close this paper drawing some conclusions in Section 6.

The second novelty of this work is that we show how this coupled sequence of OC-SVMs can be used to detect abrupt changes in the data (using a single user-selected threshold as other methods, such as the Kernel Change Detection(KCD) algorithm).

It shares this characteristic with KCD.

This characteristic was already observed for TA-SVM.


In our previous work, we have applied the benefits of Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms (PSO) to identify an analytical model that provides accurate results for power estimation [2] . PSO simplifies the power model by significantly reducing the number of predefined parameters and variables used in the analytical formulation. However, as a parameter identification mechanism, this technique does not provide an optimal search of the features that best describe the system power performance, so additional features could be incorporated.

In our previous work, we have applied the benefits of Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms (PSO) to identify an analytical model that provides accurate results for power estimation.


The literature shows that early embedding of interprofessional education is, in itself, not sufficient. Learning experiences must be aligned with good practice in interprofessional education curriculum design. The Foundations of Professional Health Practice unit captures all three elements of the accepted definition of interprofessional education: about, from and with, by utilising trained co-teachers from different professions, providing a range of activities including case-based discussions, joint projects and presentations (Bainbridge & Wood, 2013) . A strong emphasis on adult learning theory in the unit's implementation ensures that cooperative, collaborative, reflective and socially constructed learning takes place within each weekly workshop (Barr, 2012) .

The Foundations of Professional Health Practice unit captures all three elements of the accepted definition of interprofessional education: about, from and with, by utilising trained co-teachers from different professions, providing a range of activities including case-based discussions, joint projects and presentations.

A strong emphasis on adult learning theory in the unit's implementation ensures that cooperative, collaborative, reflective and socially constructed learning takes place within each weekly workshop.


Several studies have shown the potential of MCDA in prioritizing health interventions, however, it has not yet been applied for the selection of breast cancer control interventions [20] [21] [22] [23] . Recently, MCDA has been criticized for being technocratic and conceptually challenging for local decision makers [24] . Therefore, the development of a tool to support local policy makers in selecting criteria and in rating the performance of interventions on these criteria is warranted.

Several studies have shown the potential of MCDA in prioritizing health interventions, however, it has not yet been applied for the selection of breast cancer control interventions.

Recently, MCDA has been criticized for being technocratic and conceptually challenging for local decision makers.


Among the seven species of Echinococcus, E. granulosus has been most commonly reported from India, while E. multilocularis has also been found sporadically (Aikat et al., 1978) . Echinococcus granulosus is found in canids and employs a wide range of animals, including man, as its intermediate hosts. Numerous herbivores including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horse have been found to be naturally infected with hydatid cysts. The metacestode stages of the other species have been naturally found in smaller animals.

Among the seven species of Echinococcus, E. granulosus has been most commonly reported from India, while E. multilocularis has also been found sporadically.


The basic principle of successful work in developing reading interests has been summarized as consisting of "a lure and a ladder" approach (Betts, 1976) . The lure may be considered a variety of ways of enticing students to begin pleasurable reading. The ladder involves proving suitable reading that will intensify the reader's interest in reading, and an opportunity to progress gradually to more challenging reading material. In this case using comic materials and visuals can be a big help for employing these two tools.

The basic principle of successful work in developing reading interests has been summarized as consisting of "a lure and a ladder" approach.


Of utmost clinical importance is the association of MRH with a variety of underlying internal malignancies. Such an association has been documented in up to 28% of all reported cases in the world literature, the most common being bronchial, breast, stomach, and cervical carcinomas [2] . Here, we report, for the first time, a case of MRH presenting with liver carcinoma, thus highlighting the association of MRH with malignant disease.

Such an association has been documented in up to 28% of all reported cases in the world literature, the most common being bronchial, breast, stomach, and cervical carcinomas.


The first row in table 5 displays the aggregate capital-output ratio and several statistics on the wealth distribution in the United States. The notion of capital that we use includes residential structures, plant, equipment, land, and consumer durables, and it implies a capital-output ratio of about 3 for the period 1959-92 (Auerbach and Kotlikoff [3] ). The ratio of average wealth to average income is also about 3. The data pertaining to the distribution of wealth come from the 1989 SCF. The waves for other years are similar.

The notion of capital that we use includes residential structures, plant, equipment, land, and consumer durables, and it implies a capital-output ratio of about 3 for the period 1959-92 (Auerbach and Kotlikoff).

The waves for other years are similar.


Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare, lifethreatening condition that is characterised by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), resulting in chronic right heart failure and premature death. The loss of endogenous prostacyclin plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PAH. Prostacyclin has vasodilatory, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties and is therefore an important target substance in PAH-specific therapy [1] . Epoprostenol was the first specific therapy approved for the treatment of PAH, after showing a positive effect on survival [2] . Epoprostenol is chemically unstable with a short biological half-life of 3-5 min, and must be continuously administered by intravenous (IV) infusion using an external pump and indwelling central venous catheter.

Prostacyclin has vasodilatory, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties and is therefore an important target substance in PAH-specific therapy.

Epoprostenol was the first specific therapy approved for the treatment of PAH, after showing a positive effect on survival.


The energy sector of Pakistan is in crisis as a result of insufficient energy production to meet increased demand over the last decades. The major causes include debt recycling, financial conditions, and energy supplies. Natural gas and oil are the most dominant energy sources, with more than 80% of energy supply companies dependent on natural gas and oil. Low and cheap energy production from hydro electrical and coal resources are the main constraints that result in energy shortages and inadequate electricity production [1] .

Low and cheap energy production from hydro electrical and coal resources are the main constraints that result in energy shortages and inadequate electricity production.


Nitrogen oxides (NO x = NO + NO 2 ) play a key role in the air quality of the boundary layer. While NO is produced in combustion processes (transport, thermal power plants, etc.) , NO 2 mainly appears through the reaction of NO with O 3 or HO 2 . Eventually, the photolysis of NO 2 releases an oxygen atom and a NO molecule. To a good approximation, the balance of NO and NO 2 is kept constant through this cycle of photo-chemical reactions, which substantiates the widespread use of the NO x family concept (Seinfeld and Pandis, 2006) . Considering the relative ease of measuring NO 2 with visible-light spectroscopy, NO x budgets are often inferred based on NO 2 measurements and the photochemical equilibrium assumption.

To a good approximation, the balance of NO and NO 2 is kept constant through this cycle of photo-chemical reactions, which substantiates the widespread use of the NO x family concept.


The results indicate that lizards from the montane population did not entirely compensate for the limitations dictated by the lower thermal quality of their habitat. Nevertheless, lizards were more abundant at the montane site. The relevance of the observed altitudinal changes in the thermal environment to lizard thermoregulation is first evaluated, considering both the behavioural aspects of temperature regulation (activity times, selection of sun-shade patches) and the resultant T b s (Huey 1982) . The focus is then placed on the unexpected result that thermal quality of the habitat was unrelated to lizard abundance, and some alternative hypotheses are discussed.

The relevance of the observed altitudinal changes in the thermal environment to lizard thermoregulation is first evaluated, considering both the behavioural aspects of temperature regulation (activity times, selection of sun-shade patches) and the resultant T b s.


In other cases, the adaptive filter approach is explicit (e.g. RAISR [12] ). Here, we will use the term super-resolution (SRes) for methods focused on interpolation, that aim to find one particular X such that x = S down (X). We will call hyper-resolution (HRes) a more recent type of methods that aim to generate samples G ∈ A R such that x = S down (X), ∀X ∈ G. This approach has recently become feasible for applications by using generative adversarial networks [13, 14, 15, 16] .

In other cases, the adaptive filter approach is explicit (e.g. RAISR).

We will call hyper-resolution (HRes) a more recent type of methods that aim to generate samples G ∈ A R such that x = S down (X), ∀X ∈ G. This approach has recently become feasible for applications by using generative adversarial networks.


Due to its unique physical and chemical characteristics as well as its biocompatibility, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) has been actively researched in various fields such as photocatalysis, sensor, solar cell, and biomaterial [1] [2] [3] [4] . The advantage of TiO 2 is that it can be easily manufactured in various shapes such as bulk, powder, tube, or grid. In particular, the nanostructured TiO 2 , offering the extremely high surfacearea-to-volume ratio, can promote cell propagation and reduce rejection symptoms, which is greatly desirable in biomaterial-and implant-related technologies [5] . Among many forms of nanostructured TiO 2 , TiO 2 nanotube has been reported to strongly affect the propagation of osteoblast cell line, the related ossification process, the mobility of blood cells in blood vessels, and spontaneous differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells [6] .

Due to its unique physical and chemical characteristics as well as its biocompatibility, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) has been actively researched in various fields such as photocatalysis, sensor, solar cell, and biomaterial.

In particular, the nanostructured TiO 2 , offering the extremely high surfacearea-to-volume ratio, can promote cell propagation and reduce rejection symptoms, which is greatly desirable in biomaterial-and implant-related technologies.

Among many forms of nanostructured TiO 2 , TiO 2 nanotube has been reported to strongly affect the propagation of osteoblast cell line, the related ossification process, the mobility of blood cells in blood vessels, and spontaneous differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.


We conclude by observing that our work is an initial step for several studies. We explain this assertion with two important problems. First, since now we understand the topological conjugacy of linear systems of type (3), the next natural step is to study the topological conjugacy of linear control systems (2) . Second, to study the concept of Morse index of the linear system (3). However, here, it is necessary to observe that by Corollary 2.3, the compacity necessary on G to this study implies that the flow of (3) has no expanding or contracting subgroups. Consequently a suitable homogenous space has to be considered in order to study the Morse index. To conclude, the similarity of results make us believe that one can show that several results, founded in classical literature of linear system in R n , are still true for the linear systems (3) on Lie groups.

First, since now we understand the topological conjugacy of linear systems of type (3), the next natural step is to study the topological conjugacy of linear control systems.


However, when one moves from simply typed lambda calculus towards richer programming languages, to extend the TDPE method to cope with the new constructs does not appear to be straightforward. Already adding strong sum types seems to require one to implement TDPE using delimited control operators -indeed, this is one of the more important applications of Danvy and Filinski's operators shift and reset [8] . In turn, when considering TDPE for a language extended with the delimited control operators themselves, there has only been preliminary work on the subject, for the call-by-value case, by Tsushima and Asai [18] .

Already adding strong sum types seems to require one to implement TDPE using delimited control operators -indeed, this is one of the more important applications of Danvy and Filinski's operators shift and reset.

In turn, when considering TDPE for a language extended with the delimited control operators themselves, there has only been preliminary work on the subject, for the call-by-value case, by Tsushima and Asai.


The speed and scale of China's ongoing urbanization is unprecedented [5] . In this paper, the spatial-temporal evolution and underlying mechanisms of urban hierarchy are unfolded. Focusing on the rapid urbanization period of China, we compared the demographic change of seven types of cities (megacity, large city, Type I big city, Type II big city, medium-sized city, Type I small city, Type II small city) from 2000 to 2010 and tested the validity of Zipf's law and Gibrat's law. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of urban hierarchy formation in China, we also investigated the optimal city size and efficient resource allocation by the Pareto optimality criterion and non-parametric frontier methods.

The speed and scale of China's ongoing urbanization is unprecedented.


Mixed gliomas or oligoastocytomas were first recognized as a tumor entity in the 1930s. The incidence rates of mixed gliomas are likely to be unstable due to the changing morphological criteria use to classify these tumors [22] . When mixed gliomas and gliomas NOS were examined separately, the increase in rates was due to changes in the mixed gliomas while the rate was relatively stable in the gliomas NOS.

The incidence rates of mixed gliomas are likely to be unstable due to the changing morphological criteria use to classify these tumors.


Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) can provide high-resolution electromagnetic image of targets, and it plays an irreplaceable role in many military and civilian applications, such as target recognition and space surveillance. ISAR radar usually transmits waveform with broad bandwidth to obtain high range resolution. And the cross-range resolution is determined by coherent processing and the Doppler analysis of multi echoes of target [1] . Based on this, range-Doppler (RD) is one of the most common ISAR imaging methods. In ISAR imaging, the target is moving with respect to radar and the relative movement generates the necessary rotation angle for imaging. So, conventional range-Doppler ISAR imaging requires that the rotation angle of target is wide enough and the coherent processing interval (CPI) is long enough [2, 3] . Due to the non-cooperative motion of target and the imperfection of radar system, errors and inaccuracies in measurements are always inevitable, which will cause defocuing and bluring in images. So, autofocus is an indispensable procedure in practical applications of ISAR, which usually consists of range alignment and phase compensation.

And the cross-range resolution is determined by coherent processing and the Doppler analysis of multi echoes of target.

So, conventional range-Doppler ISAR imaging requires that the rotation angle of target is wide enough and the coherent processing interval (CPI) is long enough.


Particle filters are sophisticated model estimation techniques that make use of sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) estimation based on point mass (particle) representations of probability densities [10] . Because the method approximates the posterior distribution by a set of weighted samples (the particles) without making any explicit assumption about the form of the distribution, it can be used in general nonlinear, non-Gaussian systems [11] . Because of the nonlinearities present in the milling equations, the method of particle filtering is preferred for state and parameter estimation. This paper presents the application of particle filtering to a simulated ROM ore milling circuit for state and parameter estimation. The paper also investigates the performance of dual estimation over simultaneous estimation through a sensitivity analysis and shows a comparison of the two estimation approaches.

Particle filters are sophisticated model estimation techniques that make use of sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) estimation based on point mass (particle) representations of probability densities.

Because the method approximates the posterior distribution by a set of weighted samples (the particles) without making any explicit assumption about the form of the distribution, it can be used in general nonlinear, non-Gaussian systems.


Put in equivalent terms, any government fiscal action naturally has two effects, on the allocation of social resources and their distribution. Logically, the welfarist view of public finance entails separating out these allocative and distributive dimensions, to achieve an optimal merger of efficiency and equity concerns, in the spirit, say, of Rawls's difference principle (Rawls, 1971) . If a current government program is inefficiently designed, social welfare can be enhanced -and all individuals in society can stay at the same or a higher level of personal, welfare -by moving to a more efficient government (or private) provision, coupled with a redistribution of the greater wealth to meet the Paretian constraint.

Logically, the welfarist view of public finance entails separating out these allocative and distributive dimensions, to achieve an optimal merger of efficiency and equity concerns, in the spirit, say, of Rawls's difference principle.


We have focused here on the conflict between subjects' judgments and their own apparent values. But distributional effects are also real. Optimal taxation models typically take into account the declining marginal utility of money as well as the incentive effects of taxation (Mirrlees, 1971) . Under most welfarist models, some redistribution is beneficial, and policymakers are increasingly looking to public finance mechanisms to provide it (Kaplow and Shavell, 2000) . The kind of reasoning we have found here can pit equity (or redistributive) effects against efficiency (or allocative) ones, and can lead to truly harmful effects on the poor, beyond the conflict with attitudes.

Optimal taxation models typically take into account the declining marginal utility of money as well as the incentive effects of taxation.

Under most welfarist models, some redistribution is beneficial, and policymakers are increasingly looking to public finance mechanisms to provide it.


The incidence of amelogenesis imperfecta has been reported to vary between approximately 1:700 and 1:16,000, depending on the population studied and the diagnostic criteria used [4, [7] [8] [9] . Although amelogenesis imperfecta has been categorized into four broad groups primarily based on phenotype-hypoplastic, hypocalcified, hypomaturation, and hypomaturation-hypoplastic-at least 15 subtypes of amelogenesis imperfecta exist when phenotype and mode of inheritance are considered [1] [2] [3] [4] [10] [11] [12] . According to the literature, amelogenesis imperfecta patients, regardless of subtype, have similar oral complications: abnormal formation of the enamel, teeth with abnormal colour: yellow, brown or grey, higher risk for dental caries, teeth sensitivity, poor dental esthetics, and decreased occlusal vertical dimension [13, 14] . Other dental anomalies associated with amelogenesis imperfecta include, multiple impacted teeth, congenitally missing teeth, open occlusal relationship, and taurodontism [4, 12, 15] .

The incidence of amelogenesis imperfecta has been reported to vary between approximately 1:700 and 1:16,000, depending on the population studied and the diagnostic criteria used.

Although amelogenesis imperfecta has been categorized into four broad groups primarily based on phenotype-hypoplastic, hypocalcified, hypomaturation, and hypomaturation-hypoplastic-at least 15 subtypes of amelogenesis imperfecta exist when phenotype and mode of inheritance are considered.

According to the literature, amelogenesis imperfecta patients, regardless of subtype, have similar oral complications: abnormal formation of the enamel, teeth with abnormal colour: yellow, brown or grey, higher risk for dental caries, teeth sensitivity, poor dental esthetics, and decreased occlusal vertical dimension.

Other dental anomalies associated with amelogenesis imperfecta include, multiple impacted teeth, congenitally missing teeth, open occlusal relationship, and taurodontism.


The design of power electronic systems generally requires the implementation of hardware prototypes to validate experimentally the behavior of static converter topologies. However, in converters designed to operate with high voltage and power levels, physical implementation becomes very costly and complex, mainly due to the volume of devices involved in the power stages, implementation of the signal conditioning circuits and complexity of the control algorithms [1, 4, 21, 22] . In addition, there is an inherent safety problem in dealing with such systems. In this way, the use of real-time simulation of converter models and control strategies assists in validating the results without the need for physical assembly of the converters, thus reducing the project development time and the inherent problems of the prototypes' physical assembly [23] [24] [25] . Therefore, in this work, high level programming with MATLAB/DSP (R2017a, The MathWorks, Inc, Natick, MA, USA) integration and Hardware In the Loop (HIL) simulation is used to implement the Modular Cascaded Solid State Transformer. This paper proposes a decentralized strategy based on adaptive droop control employed at the IBDC stage to promote HVDC link voltage balance and power sharing among the SST modules. The proposed technique uses only local information for each module, e.g., the HVDC link voltage and DAB output current, to modify its virtual droop resistance in order to promote instantaneous power imbalance between that module and the others and induce the convergence of its DC link voltage to a reference, when power balance is restored. The performance of the proposed control strategy will be evaluated by means of the simulation of an 100 kVA SST switched model built in MATLAB/Simulink and high level programming with MATLAB/DSP integration and Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulation. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the SST modular topology detailing its converters and control systems. Section 3 focuses on the proposed adaptive droop control strategy description and behavior. Section 4 describing the methodology for real-time simulation using the HIL. Section 5 presents the software simulation results obtained from the SST switched model and HIL experimental results and Section 6 will provide the paper conclusions.

However, in converters designed to operate with high voltage and power levels, physical implementation becomes very costly and complex, mainly due to the volume of devices involved in the power stages, implementation of the signal conditioning circuits and complexity of the control algorithms.

In this way, the use of real-time simulation of converter models and control strategies assists in validating the results without the need for physical assembly of the converters, thus reducing the project development time and the inherent problems of the prototypes' physical assembly.


The literature provides several proposals to deal with the problem of balancing voltage and power between the modules of the converter [14, 15, [17] [18] [19] [20] . However, most of these studies describe solutions based on a centralized control architecture, i.e., there is a need to measure individual quantities of each module, for example, HVDC bus voltage, DAB output current, etc., which will be informed to a controller that will change the FB or DAB duty cycles to achieve voltage and power balance goals. Considering that the number of SST modules can be high depending on the blocking capability of the switches used, a centralized control strategy may demand the processing of a large volume of information, requiring the use of high-speed communication links and complex signal processing and conditioning systems, compromising cost and reliability. In this sense, the use of a decentralized balancing strategy that demands little or no communication between modules is more appealing.

The literature provides several proposals to deal with the problem of balancing voltage and power between the modules of the converter.


The electricity consumption growth and environmental concerns favor the proliferation of renewable sources and distributed generation (DG) integration into the grid [1] . This paradigm One of the main limitations regarding the selection of power converter topologies for the implementation of each SST stage is in the rectifier, which usually is coupled to a medium voltage grid with line voltage of about 10 kV. In this case, the voltage level of the HVDC link exceeds the blocking capacity offered by current semiconductor devices and imposes severe challenges in the construction of high frequency transformers. Thus, the association of series/parallel converters becomes a necessity to meet the voltage and power requirements of SST [13] . Figure 2 presents a solution to this issue, where AFE and IBDC stages are integrated into an Isolated Front-End (IFE) power module, composed by the association of a Full-bridge (FB) and a Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter, featuring a series connection at the input and parallel at the output (Input Series-Output Parallel (ISOP)) [16] . Due to low voltage levels employed in the LVDC bus, a central Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is used as LVAC grid interface. The structure shown in Figure 2 allows the HVDC voltage to be distributed between the modules of one phase, enabling the use of power switches with lower voltage blocking capability. In addition, the multilevel structure of the input rectifier allows the use of low switching frequencies at the rectifier, which reduces switching losses and at the same time reduces the requirements on passive filters at the HVAC bus interface. However, differences between modules, caused by component tolerance, unbalanced load, etc., give rise to HVDC voltage imbalance and uneven power sharing [17] . This condition can cause overvoltage and overload problems, increasing the stress on the power switches, which can lead to severe damage on the SST. Therefore, it is crucial to embed voltage and power balancing functions in the SST control system.

The electricity consumption growth and environmental concerns favor the proliferation of renewable sources and distributed generation (DG) integration into the grid.

Thus, the association of series/parallel converters becomes a necessity to meet the voltage and power requirements of SST.

Figure 2 presents a solution to this issue, where AFE and IBDC stages are integrated into an Isolated Front-End (IFE) power module, composed by the association of a Full-bridge (FB) and a Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter, featuring a series connection at the input and parallel at the output (Input Series-Output Parallel (ISOP)).

However, differences between modules, caused by component tolerance, unbalanced load, etc., give rise to HVDC voltage imbalance and uneven power sharing.


As language technology improved, LTCs have started to be used more frequently in systems of our everyday lives. Speech-based navigation in cars keep a driver's attention on the road, and translation tools such as GOOGLE TRANSLATE and YAHOO! BABEL FISH help us to understand text written in a foreign language. Call centres use Interactive Voice Response Systems to handle their workload and reduce costs, and Emotional Conversational Agents try to augment our learning experiences. Still, due to the relatively novel nature of some of those applications it is important that software using LTCs is tested early in the design process. Unlike prototyping that assesses applications which are mainly based on Graphical User Interfaces (GUI), obtaining early feedback for speech-and languagebased software can be both cost and time intensive. For those cases the Wizard of Oz method has been found to be an appropriate evaluation method (Buxton (2007) ). Yet, a comparably high amount of development effort is necessary to create a wizard interface. In addition, unlike most prototyping methods for GUI-based applications, WOZ depends on the actions of a human at runtime. Whereas with GUI commands a certain behaviour can be defined in advance by referring to concrete events like mouse-clicks and keyboard-entries, in speechbased interaction such bindings are less direct. In the case of WOZ this interpretation is done by a wizard, which opens up possibilities for inconsistent timing and behaviour that could undermine the results of a study. Another goal is to make sure that the human intervention is imperceptible to a test user interacting with the system. One way to deal with these challenges is to provide the wizard with an appropriate interface that helps to fulfil his/her task efficiently.

For those cases the Wizard of Oz method has been found to be an appropriate evaluation method).


In the public consultation, the programme received 111 written responses. The answers were categorized according to the sender and are summarized in Table 3 below. In the exhibition, there were 47 replies that mainly repeated the same issues as in the consultation and are therefore not further discussed in the analysis. According to the project group's summary, only editorial changes were to be made after the exhibition. Therefore, the questions raised in the consultation and discussed below were perceived to have been considered for the revision. In general, official respondents were positive about the programme's outline and goals. However, members of the public and NGOs were negative, often requesting clarification, definitions, and implementation [47] .

However, members of the public and NGOs were negative, often requesting clarification, definitions, and implementation.


The coe¢ cient attached to the variable smoke has a positive sign when focusing on young people and including CO as a proxy for pollution. This result may be explained by the hazard of passive smoking. In fact, numerous studies have shown a close relation between passive smoking and diseases in young people such as respiratory illnesses, and atopy (Hawamdeh et al., 2003) . In the population aged 65 and over, a higher unemployment rate is associated with a reduction in COPD admissions. A lower concentration of economic activities in areas with high unemployment may translate in lower pollution, as suggested by results shown in Table  5 , and commented below. The variable trend has a negative e¤ect on all speci…cations. This may in part explain the the e¤ect of medical technologies (e.g. the adoption of pharmaceuticals such as bronchodilators, steroids, etc) over time, that has reduced hospital admissions for both vulnerable categories of the population. It is plausible that other risk factors and as well as the variable de…cit, which are not statistically signi…cant at the 5 per cent level, have little variation over time, so that part of their e¤ect on the dependent variable is already captured by the province coe¢ cients.

In fact, numerous studies have shown a close relation between passive smoking and diseases in young people such as respiratory illnesses, and atopy.


The second reason is the advantage of packing nanowires in arrays [2] [3] [4] [5] . This increases the fill factor of the photodetector, especially in vertically arranged wires, resulting in efficient light trapping due to resonant excitement of transverse optical modes [6] . The array configuration helps to compensate the poor ability of a single nanowire in absorbing light [7] .

The second reason is the advantage of packing nanowires in arrays.

This increases the fill factor of the photodetector, especially in vertically arranged wires, resulting in efficient light trapping due to resonant excitement of transverse optical modes.

The array configuration helps to compensate the poor ability of a single nanowire in absorbing light.


This study adds to the literature on the measurement of home food availability by providing an evaluation of a brief checklist in relatively large a bi-ethnic sample, that can be used to rank the availability of foods and drinks (including an estimation of quantity) that are hypothesised to relate to childhood obesity. An important strength of the current study is its inclusion of a diverse ethnic population with high levels of deprivation. The HFAI-C has also been administered to a wider sample of 1700 families within the BiB1000 cohort, which benefits from the inclusion of a large amount of other assessments [42] . This will allow further examination of home food availability in relation to exposures such as ethnicity and outcomes including behavioural, social and health outcomes; thus providing further insight into how the home food environment may relate to obesity and health related behaviours. One limitation of the validity of the tool might relate to confusion in the interpretation on some of the items. Items with the lowest validation results were 'greens' and 'other fresh vegetables'. It is likely that lower values for these items related to uncertainties in their definitions as we have since learnt that this differs between individuals. Cognitive testing of the HFAI-C was not conducted due to its checklist nature, although issues related to interpretation may have been alleviated if cognitive testing was conducted. Further implementation of the HFAI-C should therefore provide a clearer definition of these items. Like other checklists, the HFAI-C is limited by the foods that are include in the list and therefore cannot assess the overall availability of foods in the home. Lastly, although the variance in the timing between administrations for the reliability study permitted a greater understanding of the impact of time on measurement, estimates may have been improved if data were gathered from a larger sample of participants in which data were collected within 30 days or even 7 weeks of one another.

The HFAI-C has also been administered to a wider sample of 1700 families within the BiB1000 cohort, which benefits from the inclusion of a large amount of other assessments.


Due to plastic's resilience against degradation and its proliferation in industry, the issue of plastic pollution has evolved to become a threat to global ecology. Plastic pollution arises from both terrestrial and marine sources. The continual stream of pollutant plastic is maintained via two means: purposefully, through illegal or inappropriate dumping of domestic and industrial refuse; and inadvertently, through poorly contained static and transported waste. Directed by the elements, land-based plastic debris migrates to waterways, where it is further added to by the disposal or loss to the fact that plastics typically float and, therefore, tend to accumulate on beaches [25] . The bulk of debris washed onto the beaches studied, in terms of numbers, is composed of plastic items; often three quarters of all debris washed ashore are made of plastic [24, 25] . Such high levels of plastic debris in the environment can be attributed to the high availability of plastic products and its ability to persist in the environment [21, 26] .

Directed by the elements, land-based plastic debris migrates to waterways, where it is further added to by the disposal or loss to the fact that plastics typically float and, therefore, tend to accumulate on beaches.

The bulk of debris washed onto the beaches studied, in terms of numbers, is composed of plastic items; often three quarters of all debris washed ashore are made of plastic.

Such high levels of plastic debris in the environment can be attributed to the high availability of plastic products and its ability to persist in the environment.


In this work we present a new approach to new view synthesis that uses deep networks to regress directly to output pixel colors given posed input images. Our system is more resilient to the failure modes of traditional approaches, and is able to interpolate between views separated by a wide baseline. We posit this is due to the end-to-end nature of the training, and the ability of deep networks to learn extremely complex non-linear functions of their inputs [28] . Our method makes minimal assumptions about the scene being rendered: largely, that the scene should be static and should exist within a finite range of depths. Even when these requirements are violated, the resulting images degrade gracefully and often remain visually plausible. When uncertainty cannot be avoided, our method prefers to blur detail, which generates much more visually pleasing results compared to tearing or repeating, especially when animated. Additionally, although we focus on its application to new view problems here, we believe that the deep architecture presented can be readily applied to other stereo and graphics problems given suitable training data.

We posit this is due to the end-to-end nature of the training, and the ability of deep networks to learn extremely complex non-linear functions of their inputs.


Delta regions throughout the world are subject to increasing flood-risks. These regions often have high population numbers and make a significant contribution to GDP; approximately 50 percent of the world's urbanized areas are located in deltas (UN-Habitat 2006) . Countries such as the Netherlands, Bangladesh, and Vietnam, and cities such as Jakarta and New York, are developing flood protection strategies to protect inhabitants and economic centres against flooding. This paper concentrates on the Netherlands, where ongoing subsidence, climate change, the growing economic value of low-lying parts of the country, and the discovery of new failure mechanisms of dykes have created a significant long-term flood-risk challenge. In response to this, the Dutch government established the Delta Programme. The aim of this programme is to develop long-term strategies to provide protection against flooding. Its main focus is on developing high-level choices with respect to the scale and type of interventions that are required. At the same time, the programme needs to ensure that the Dutch Delta remains an attractive place in which to live, work, recreate, and invest (Deltacommissie 2008: 11) . In order to develop sustainable urban deltas, there is a need for interdisciplinary approaches in which urban designers and civil engineers can collaborate (Meyer 2009: 385) .

These regions often have high population numbers and make a significant contribution to GDP; approximately 50 percent of the world's urbanized areas are located in deltas.


The seed referring to the circulating tumour cell and the soil referring to a tumour-specific preferred site of metastases. In addition to the circulatory flow, the filter function of each organ and a genomic instability of the tumour, thereby possibly forming a heterogeneous population of circulating tumour cells, might be responsible for the distribution of metastases' frequency and location [7, 9] . On the other side patients with lung cancer frequently become symptomatic early and due to the incurable characteristics of this disease secondary resections might be rare whereas in renal cancer the course of the disease is much longer and patients with a supraclavicular mass and potentially metastasis are more likely to be referred to an oral and maxillofacial department.

In addition to the circulatory flow, the filter function of each organ and a genomic instability of the tumour, thereby possibly forming a heterogeneous population of circulating tumour cells, might be responsible for the distribution of metastases' frequency and location.


The development of living materials interrelates biological processes at the molecular level and feedback mechanisms with the external environment. As a result, living matter is regulated by mechano-sensing receptors (e.g. integrins, cadherins) at the cellular level, which determine the behavior at the macroscopic level. In particular, it is now well-acknowledged that a mechanical coupling drives the material properties of an adult tissue, which are somewhat optimized for their physiological functions (Bao and Suresh, 2003) . This mechanical feedback produces residual stresses within the material, which we define as the self-equilibrated stresses inside the body which persist in the absence of both external loads and geometrical constraints. This set-up happens for example in arteries, mechanically acting as soft thick tubes subjected to an internal blood pressure. Differential growth inside the artery produces an inhomogeneous residual stress, which tends to establish an optimal structural response to the internal pressure (Chuong and Fung, 1986) .

In particular, it is now well-acknowledged that a mechanical coupling drives the material properties of an adult tissue, which are somewhat optimized for their physiological functions.

Differential growth inside the artery produces an inhomogeneous residual stress, which tends to establish an optimal structural response to the internal pressure.


In this paper we have compared two cochlea models, one with time delay, and another with a spatial feed-forward mechanism. We calculated an approximate relation between the temporal and spatial delays and found no simple relation between the two such models can exist. Moreover, we showed that the two models do not yield similar excitation profiles for equivalent physiological parameters. From a mathematical point of view, it is easier to control stability with a time-delay than with the feed-forward mechanism. In particular, we were not able to find a value for the feed-forward distance that made the model stable. However, the restriction on the damping does not restrict the sharpness of tuning with a stable model. In fact, with small positive damping one can achieve sharp tuning and qualitatively good agreement with data (also shown elsewhere [23] ).

In fact, with small positive damping one can achieve sharp tuning and qualitatively good agreement with data (also shown elsewhere).


The utilization of self-reports has often been criticized because they are likely to be influenced by social desirability. Actual behavior needs not conform to ideal models of conduct [54] . Subjects may give only desirable answers to the hypothetical situations described to them [47] . Our present research with the CAMA however does not focus on absolute levels of aggressive behavior, but only on the relationship between the different samples. Also, high self-awareness magnifies the correlates between self-reports and behavior [55, 56] . A meta-analysis has found a positive correlation between aggression, measured by self-reports and personality dimensions [57] . This assures the usefulness of these instruments in the early identification of individuals with a personality prone to aggression and, consequently, in facilitating appropriate treatment [58] . Moreover, the intrinsic motivation for action may be obscure to independent observers, yet salient to the initiator. This is better measured by self-report scales, such as the CAMA, which provides a brief but reliable and valid instrument to help further in this process of understanding the heterogeneity of aggression, with its critical distinction between instrumental and emotional factors.

Actual behavior needs not conform to ideal models of conduct.

Subjects may give only desirable answers to the hypothetical situations described to them.

Also, high self-awareness magnifies the correlates between self-reports and behavior.

A meta-analysis has found a positive correlation between aggression, measured by self-reports and personality dimensions.

This assures the usefulness of these instruments in the early identification of individuals with a personality prone to aggression and, consequently, in facilitating appropriate treatment.


In conclusion, a comparison of results from Hong Kong and Spain shows similar but not identical levels of justification of aggressive acts in different situations with some minor cultural differences. In both populations: a) mild aggressive acts were more acceptable than serious aggression; b) provoked aggression was approved more than unprovoked aggression; c) people of both cultures were more likely to approve acts motivated by altruism than by selfishness; and d) aggression is more justified when there is an instrumental motivation than in merely emotional situations. These overall results suggest a certain universal moral code, common to all humanity, although with minor differences according to sex, culture, education, and professional background. Civilizations so far away among them as Spain and China share similar beliefs, practices, and signals, and the deep common patterns in human development. Aggressiveness is a deeply rooted attitude that overpasses cultural or national borders [22, 25, 60] . But these findings, however, do not preclude the importance of examining intracultural variations of cultural values in relation to aggression.

Aggressiveness is a deeply rooted attitude that overpasses cultural or national borders.


The finding of a bifactorial model highlights the potential importance of differentiating between different motivations for aggression in order to obtain a clearer understanding of the etiology of aggression [13] . People obstructed from reaching a desired goal may become aggressive when the obstacle is thought illegitimate or arbitrary. Even justified, reasonable, and legitimate frustrations, ¨for which excusable reasons exist¨, can activate an instigation to aggression [46, 47] . High justification may be also expected in cases of a personal attack, such as self-defense and defense of others, as it has been shown in the present research. Consequently, H 1b was also corroborated: there is a higher willingness of instrumental aggression than of hostile or emotional aggression [43] .

The finding of a bifactorial model highlights the potential importance of differentiating between different motivations for aggression in order to obtain a clearer understanding of the etiology of aggression.

Even justified, reasonable, and legitimate frustrations, ¨for which excusable reasons exist¨, can activate an instigation to aggression.

Consequently, H 1b was also corroborated: there is a higher willingness of instrumental aggression than of hostile or emotional aggression.


Generalizing the present results with undergraduate students to other less educated populations may pose some problems. Overt expressions of anger are clearly not something observed very often in normal university students; they score low on questionnaires dealing with the frequency of overt aggression and angry and aggressive dispositions. Future studies need to be replicated in other educational levels, professional backgrounds, and ages, because subpopulations defined in terms other than geography may also have different codes for the acceptance of aggression [52, 53] . For instance, presumably consciousness objectors would show a much lower justification of violence than policemen or prisoners.

Future studies need to be replicated in other educational levels, professional backgrounds, and ages, because subpopulations defined in terms other than geography may also have different codes for the acceptance of aggression.


Trends among people of such contrasting cultures were quite similar. For instance, certain acts were never justified, regardless of cultural context, and serious aggression was always less accepted than mild aggression [43] . These overall similarities in moral approval for aggression by people of different societies suggest a sharing of similar standards of approval, as if there were some common moral code ruling their justification. Depending upon the situation, some behaviors appear to be considered admissible by most people. In a favorable atmosphere, for instance, people engage in aggression more frequently and with greater intensity than in situations in which there is a predominance of common disapproval [15] . Therefore, the hypothesis H 1a was supported.

For instance, certain acts were never justified, regardless of cultural context, and serious aggression was always less accepted than mild aggression.

In a favorable atmosphere, for instance, people engage in aggression more frequently and with greater intensity than in situations in which there is a predominance of common disapproval.


We propose a new method for achieving k-anonymity, -data mining privacy by decomposition (DMPD). The basic idea is to divide the original dataset into several disjoint projections such that each one of them adheres to k-anonymity. It is easier to make a projection comply with k-anonymity if the projection does not contain all quasi identifier features. Moreover, our procedure ensures that even if the attacker attempts to rejoin the projections, the k-anonymity is still preserved. A classifier is trained on each projection and subsequently, an unlabelled instance is classified by combining the classifications of all classifiers. Because DMPD preserves the original values and only partitions the dataset, we assume that it has a minimal impact on classification accuracy. DMPD does not require domain trees for every attribute nor does it fall into the difficulties encountered by existing algorithms which reduce the validity of the dataset (such as suppression). DMPD supports classification, but can be extended to support other data mining tasks by incorporating various types of decomposition [10] .

DMPD supports classification, but can be extended to support other data mining tasks by incorporating various types of decomposition.


Knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) is the ''process of identifying valid, novel and potentially useful and ultimately understandable patterns in data" [15] . Data mining, which lies at the core of the KDD process, is based on algorithms that explore data and extract valuable information from the patterns that emerge. Data mining has emerged as a key tool for a wide variety of applications in such fields as diverse as astronomy and marketing [63] .

Knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) is the ''process of identifying valid, novel and potentially useful and ultimately understandable patterns in data".

Data mining has emerged as a key tool for a wide variety of applications in such fields as diverse as astronomy and marketing.


In this paper, a series of welding experiments on high strength steel (HT780) by LBW and HYBW is performed. And then, the experiment is simulated by FEM of which the validity was verified by the previous researches [5] [6] . The effects of the phase transformation on the generation of welding distortion and residual stress of LBW and HYBW are elucidated. Moreover, the generality of the idealized mechanical properties with considering the phase transformation is verified.

And then, the experiment is simulated by FEM of which the validity was verified by the previous researches.


Architecture The execution of a program written with the Java programming language takes place in a JVM, which in turn runs on the operating system of a computer. This layered architecture eases the debugging of Java programs. Indeed, the JVM provides a standard interface to debug the program that it runs, the Java Platform Debug Architecture (JPDA) [28] . As shown on Figure 1 , the JPDA decomposes into three main parts. On the local computer, the local JVM provides a front-end for remote debugging, the Java Debug Interface (JDI). The JDI is a 100%-pure Java interface for debugging a Java program running on a remote JVM. It allows the connection with an already-existing remote JVM or the creation of a remote JVM, and interacting with it. The JDI dialogs with the remote JVM running on the remote computer through the specialized Java native interface for The instance field <Field name> of the instance identified by its ID <Unique ID of the instance possessing this field> shall be read.

Indeed, the JVM provides a standard interface to debug the program that it runs, the Java Platform Debug Architecture (JPDA).


Values of the conductivity of the graphene can be obtained from the measured resistance using σ = (1/R) × (L/W), where R is the measured resistance, and L and W are the length (the separation between contacts, 300 m) and width (~3 mm) of the device. This yields a value of σ m (10 -7 Ω -1 ) that is smaller than the value of 1.25 × 10 -6 Ω -1 expected for a hybrid system based on lithium niobate [9] . However, this probably again reflects the relative non-uniformity of the graphene, and suggests that the effective width of the device is closer to 300 m than 3 mm.

This yields a value of σ m (10 -7 Ω -1 ) that is smaller than the value of 1.25 × 10 -6 Ω -1 expected for a hybrid system based on lithium niobate.


The climate change scenario predicted earlier increases in CFU. This suggests that a consequence of climate change will be increased CFU development early in the spring. Similar phenological changes have been observed for a number of different species [15] . The results from this particular study suggest that climate change would affect suggested sampling periods and in some cases mitigation strategies as a consequence of the possible increased pathogen load implied by the larger concentrations of total oomycete CFU in the water, although such potential links between total oomycetes and pathogen genera require further investigation.

Similar phenological changes have been observed for a number of different species.


Clinically, SAP occurs in two stages. In the first phase, a systemic inflammatory response syndrome might arise leading to multiple organ failure within the first few days [8, 9] . If this process is not restrained or stopped, the second phase will appear, developing local complications and a subsequent compensatory antiinflammatory response syndrome (CARS). The function of the immune system is diminished or impaired during CARS, which facilitates nosocomial infections, including infected pancreatic necrosis, one of the most feared complications of the disease [10] . The initiation and development of these stages of SAP is mediated by diverse pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the systemic inflammatory response. This review focuses on the mechanisms related to oxidative stress and redox signaling involved in the initiation and progression of the disease.

Clinically, SAP occurs in two stages.

In the first phase, a systemic inflammatory response syndrome might arise leading to multiple organ failure within the first few days.

The function of the immune system is diminished or impaired during CARS, which facilitates nosocomial infections, including infected pancreatic necrosis, one of the most feared complications of the disease.


Primary liver cancer (PLC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world with 696,000 deaths in 2008 [1] . Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary form of liver cancer [2] . To date, the first choice for the treatment of PLC is resection. Because there is plentiful blood flow in the liver, intraoperative bleeding control is a crux of successful surgery. The foremost concern in liver surgery is to minimize blood loss and avoid transfusions, which have been shown to have a deleterious impact on both short-and long-term outcomes [3] [4] [5] [6] .

Primary liver cancer (PLC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world with 696,000 deaths in 2008.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary form of liver cancer.

The foremost concern in liver surgery is to minimize blood loss and avoid transfusions, which have been shown to have a deleterious impact on both short-and long-term outcomes.


There exist canonical projections from a decorated version of FQSym to the shuffle algebra Sh d , and from the Hopf algebra of heap-ordered decorated forests H d ho to the Hopf algebra of decorated rooted trees H d . Completing the last edge, we define a commutative square of Hopf algebra morphisms: algebra from a character of H d , then a rough path, using the notion of measure splitting, see Definition 12. In particular, constructing a formal rough path over Γ is definitely a very undetermined problem, since essentially any choice of function on the set of rooted trees yields by linear and multiplicative extension a character of H d and then a formal rough path. However, it is natural to look for some non-arbitrary regularization procedure yielding a Hölder-continuous rough path. As explained in the conclusion of the present text, the a priori difficult problem of regularizing characters of Sh d becomes in this process the problem of regularizing characters of H d . This is a much more conventional problem, which may for instance be solved by using the by now classical tools of renormalization theory [20] .

This is a much more conventional problem, which may for instance be solved by using the by now classical tools of renormalization theory.


One of the factors that significantly influence the popularization and market acceptance of electric vehicles is access to public charging infrastructure. Because of the range limitation and resulting anxiety over the available range, convenient and economic charging facilities can enhance the willingness of consumers to buy electric vehicles. The deployment of public charging facilities is very important with regard to harmonious and sustainable development of electric vehicle systems. Site selection for electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) is the process of determining the most suitable location among alternatives for the construction of charging facilities for electric vehicles. As a preliminary work, it plays an important role in the transport planning and has substantial impact on the service quality and operational efficiency of EVCSs [7] . Therefore, in recent years, a great deal of attention has been given for the determination of the optimal location for EVCSs [3, [7] [8] [9] [10] .

As a preliminary work, it plays an important role in the transport planning and has substantial impact on the service quality and operational efficiency of EVCSs.

Therefore, in recent years, a great deal of attention has been given for the determination of the optimal location for EVCSs.


There has been significant discussion in the literature about what constitutes health literacy and how to measure it. The health literacy Ophelia Project undertaken at Deakin University, Australia, identified nine concepts of health literacy [6] . These include having sufficient information to manage health; social support for health; appraisal of health information; ability to engage with health care providers; navigating the health care system; ability to find good health information; and understanding health information well enough to know what to do with it. To date this model has not been examined in a complementary medicine or therapy (CM) context with any population group.

The health literacy Ophelia Project undertaken at Deakin University, Australia, identified nine concepts of health literacy.


In this paper we describe the application of GC×GC to the identification of products from the photo-oxidation of alkylbenzenes in smog chamber studies. The reactions produce many products at low concentrations, including a large number of carbonyl-type compounds. Suspected intermediates, determined from previous studies and reaction modelling, have widely varying properties and stabilities, making detection by conventional methods difficult. A number of studies have reported carbonyl formation using derivatization followed by GC-MS or HPLC (Dumdei et al., 1988; Smith et al., 1999) . This technique is subject to errors due to both sampling inefficiency and the indirect nature of the method. A recent development in high complexity mixture analysis is comprehensive gas chromatography (GC×GC), a hyphenated chromatographic technique that offers greatly increased resolution and sensitivity (Liu and Phillips, 1991) . Two chromatographic columns of different selectivities, are coupled in series via a mid-point interface. Thus each component of a mixture undergoes two independent orthogonal separations giving a product relation of the two columns respective peak capacities. The ability of GC×GC to separate analytes that co-elute with conventional methodologies makes this technique ideal for the analysis of complex mixtures. GC×GC also provides increased sensitivity over single dimensional chromatography, which is a significant advantage when a large number of low concentration species are present.

A number of studies have reported carbonyl formation using derivatization followed by GC-MS or HPLC.

A recent development in high complexity mixture analysis is comprehensive gas chromatography (GC×GC), a hyphenated chromatographic technique that offers greatly increased resolution and sensitivity.


Aromatic hydrocarbons are emitted into the atmosphere via automobile emissions and solvent use and represent a significant source of ozone, photo-chemical smog and secondary organic aerosol formation (Derwent et al., 1996) . The reactions of these compounds are extremely complex with numerous reaction pathways and a large number of possible products, most of which are also photo-active. The understanding of the details of the atmospheric chemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons has greatly increased in recent years, and the available literature has recently been summarised (Calvert et al., 2002) . However significant uncertainties remain, and in particular, the compounds formed by opening of the aromatic ring remain elusive to detection.

Aromatic hydrocarbons are emitted into the atmosphere via automobile emissions and solvent use and represent a significant source of ozone, photo-chemical smog and secondary organic aerosol formation.

The understanding of the details of the atmospheric chemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons has greatly increased in recent years, and the available literature has recently been summarised.


A meta-analysis conducted by Chao published in 2006 found a significant association between this polymorphism with bladder cancer risk (Chao et al., 2006) . But there were only eight studies with limited sample size included in that study and the results should be treated with caution. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of published data to obtain a more precise estimation of the association.

A meta-analysis conducted by Chao published in 2006 found a significant association between this polymorphism with bladder cancer risk.


Although no complete predictive theory has yet been developed, the criterion for successful transmission of a self-sustained detonation from a confined tube to an open area is often understood from the description of the failure mechanisms during detonation diffraction. Common hydrocarbon mixtures in which detonations are unstable with highly irregular cellular structures, successful transmission is often found to originate from a localized region in the failure wave, which is eventually amplified to sustain the detonation propagation front in the open area. Hence, failure is invariably linked to the suppression of instabilities at which localized explosion centers are unable to form in the failure wave when it has penetrated the charge axis [12, 13] .

Hence, failure is invariably linked to the suppression of instabilities at which localized explosion centers are unable to form in the failure wave when it has penetrated the charge axis.