Usually, time series data is available in abundance because they are easy to collect from many sources. For instance, a set of sensors mounted on a single bridge in a city in the Netherlands produces GBs of data per day [1] . Online managing such amounts of data is very challenging. Typically, such data is processed online either at the distributed devices themselves, or at a designated and centralized system. In both cases, the limitations of system resources such as processing power and memory challenges any data mining task. We study the online motif discovery problem under such a context. Time series motifs are repeating sequences which have different meanings depending on the application. For example, Figure 1 shows an example of one-second long motifs discovered by our algorithm in a time series corresponding to brain activity. These motifs reflect the repetition of the same sequence of actions in a human brain and can be useful in predicting the seizure period during an epileptic attack [7] . Besides, motif discovery was shown to be useful in many other applications as well, including time series data compression, insect time series management and even in the robotics domain [2] .

For instance, a set of sensors mounted on a single bridge in a city in the Netherlands produces GBs of data per day.

These motifs reflect the repetition of the same sequence of actions in a human brain and can be useful in predicting the seizure period during an epileptic attack.

Besides, motif discovery was shown to be useful in many other applications as well, including time series data compression, insect time series management and even in the robotics domain.


The production, storage and eventual transportation of crude oils are fraught with many problems. These problems among others are spillage and solid precipitation. While spillage is most of the time man-made and controllable, solid precipitation is not. Solid precipitation could result from either the hydrocarbon or the nonhydrocarbon components of crude oil. At reservoir conditions, the light and heavy ends of crude oil are mutually soluble forming one phase. Variations in temperature, pressure and chemical compositions of crude oils may alter the mutual solubility of its components leading to the precipitation of the heavy ends out of the mixture [2] . Some of these solid precipitates are: ashphaltenes, waxes, resins, formation solids, diamondoids (adamantanesalkylated and non-alkylated), etc. All of these solid precipitates are organic compounds and are usually referred to as heavy organics (HO). These heavy organics could cause anything from mere suspension of solids in crude oil pipelines to complete blockage and clogging of flow lines. This has been known to cause serious damage to pipelines, storage vessels and processing equipment [3] .

Variations in temperature, pressure and chemical compositions of crude oils may alter the mutual solubility of its components leading to the precipitation of the heavy ends out of the mixture.

This has been known to cause serious damage to pipelines, storage vessels and processing equipment.


The most important economic liquid, perhaps the least understood, is crude oil. It is a mixture of many compounds prominent among which are the hydrocarbons [1] . The non-hydrocarbon components are small and very important. Their presence or absence impacts so much on the economic value of crude oils.

It is a mixture of many compounds prominent among which are the hydrocarbons.


Among the heavy organics mentioned above, the asphaltenes seems to be the most complex in terms of chemical structure and behavior. It is the least understood and ironically the most studied of the heavy organics in crude oil. Based on experimental evidence/observation, asphaltenes have been described as the fraction of petroleum that is insoluble in an excess of low boiling liquid hydrocarbon but is soluble in aromatic solvents at ambient temperatures. It has also been defined as the percentage by weight of petroleum material that is insoluble in n-heptane but soluble in hot benzene [4] [5] .

It has also been defined as the percentage by weight of petroleum material that is insoluble in n-heptane but soluble in hot benzene.


Although the differences between the base (Kelly and Groves) and optimized moduli given in Table 1 are relatively small, these differences result in subtle but significant changes to the elastic response of the HCP unit cell. To quantify these subtle changes to the elastic response, we can define a directional elastic modulus and shear modulus that capture the elastic response of the HCP unit cell. The directional modulus is defined as 1/S 33 , where S 33 is the directional component of the rotated compliance matrix. Likewise, a shear modulus for the HCP unit cell can be defined as 1/S 44 , where S 44 is the shear component of the rotated compliance matrix. The direction and shear moduli can then be normalized and plotted over the fundamental region of Rodrigues space, as shown in Figure 10 for the cases of the base (Kelly and Groves) elastic constants, the optimized elastic constants and those for zirconium and magnesium [1] .

The direction and shear moduli can then be normalized and plotted over the fundamental region of Rodrigues space, as shown in Figure 10 for the cases of the base (Kelly and Groves) elastic constants, the optimized elastic constants and those for zirconium and magnesium.


From the plots shown in Figure 10 , a number of interesting observations can be made about the elastic response given by the base (Kelly and Groves) moduli compared with the optimized moduli, particularly in relation to the equivalent plots for magnesium and zirconium. The directional modulus for the base (Kelly and Groves) moduli is seen to monotonically decrease as it reaches the edges of the fundamental region. In contrast, although difficult to see due to the color scaling, the directional modulus for the optimized moduli has a minimum before increasing slightly as it reaches the edge of the fundamental region. Interestingly, this response for the directional modulus for the optimized moduli shows the same trend as for magnesium and zirconium [28] . Comparing the shear moduli plots for the base (Kelly and Groves) and optimized moduli, we can again see that there are differences between the responses. Comparing with the equivalent plots for magnesium and zirconium, it is once again interesting to note that the optimized moduli show the same trend in shear response. It is worth highlighting that this is the first time this analysis has been conducted and, although efforts have been made to quantify errors, further experiments are required to validate the technique and assess it's applicability across different materials systems. Further, the BCC β phase of Ti-6Al-4V was neglected in the optimization. Although the β phase accounts for only 7-8% of the material, it does contribute to the overall elastic response of Ti-6Al-4V. However, for the determination of the moduli for the α phase, it is uncertain how much the inclusion of the β would change the response of the HCP α phase, particularly in terms of the spherical harmonics of the lattice SPFs. In future studies, the authors intend to extend this analysis technique to include the β phase, with the aim of determining the extent of the β phase's role in the elastic response of Ti-6Al-4V and to find optimal elastic moduli for the β phase.

Interestingly, this response for the directional modulus for the optimized moduli shows the same trend as for magnesium and zirconium.


In this paper we have investigated the η-deformation of the AdS 2 × S 2 × T 6 and AdS 5 × S 5 superstrings for different Drinfel'd-Jimbo R-matrices. In both cases we found that R-matrices associated with the Dynkin diagram that has all fermionic simple roots satisfy the unimodularity condition (2.24) . This is the requirement for the background to satisfy the type II supergravity equations [12] . It would be interesting to classify those Dynkin diagrams of basic Lie superalgebras that lead to R-matrices satisfying the unimodularity condition.

This is the requirement for the background to satisfy the type II supergravity equations.


The FT-IR results indicated increased IR-transmittance at 1020 (C-O stretch), 2850, and 2917 cm −1 (C-H stretch) compared with the DMEM culture media control group ( Figure 4 ). According to the SEM images in Figures 5 and 6 , when the latex rubber bands are stretched to the "3L" position, the numbers of micro-and nanoparticles deposited on the inner surface compared were reduced with the "L" samples. However, on the outer surface, there were no particles, and the crevice was only detected in the "3L" configuration ( Figure 5 ). C, O, S, and other elements were detected in the micro-(right headed white arrow) and nano-(left headed white arrow with a rectangle) particles in Figure 6 . The clearing of Ni was shown for the nanoparticles in the "3L" configuration but not in the "L" configuration; in contrast, no significant change in the other elements was observed ( Figure 6 (a) versus Figure 6 (b)). The SEM images under low magnification showed that the adherent particles and the powder in the "L" group were significantly attached compared with those in the "3L" group ( Figure 7 (a) versus 7(d), 7(b) versus 7(e) and 7(c) versus 7(f)). The EDS mapping analysis showed that the inner surface of all the "L" samples contained Ni nanoparticles but that none of the "3L" samples contained Ni (Figures 7(g) , 7(h), and 7(i); the Ni element in "3L" was not shown due to its absence). The detached Ni nanoparticles from the GP group, with sizes of ∼50 nm, are representatively shown in the TEM images in Figure 8 [24, 25] . However, the Ni ions in the extracts were undetected in the "L" and "3L" groups of all of the products, indicating that the detached Ni nanoparticles were not ionized in the media and, consequently, could not be detected by ICP-MS ( Table 2 ). The ICP-MS results only indicated that the "3L" and "L" extracts showed an increased concentration of Zn ions compared with the control media and that the "3L" extract showed a smaller concentration of Zn ions, a component of latex rubber preservatives, compared with the "L" extract ( Table 2 ). The results of the ion chromatography and elemental analyses did not show a significant difference among the experimental groups, except for the sulfate and fluoride contents between the U-L and U-3L groups (Tables 3 and 4 , > 0.05).

The detached Ni nanoparticles from the GP group, with sizes of ∼50 nm, are representatively shown in the TEM images in Figure 8.


Previously, the cytotoxicity tests for orthodontic elastic materials have used different diluted extracts of nonstretched materials, which does not appear to consider the presence of nanoparticles on the orthodontic latex rubber band [9] [10] [11] [12] . In this study, latex rubber bands that were stretched to three times their length ("3L") were used to detach the deposited particles and showed a significantly decreased cytotoxicity compared with the nonstretched materials ("L") under the specific diluted conditions in L929 cells and in HGFs (Figures  1 and 2) . However, in the direct agar diffusion test, the "L" and "3L" groups showed moderate cytotoxicity (Figure 3) , with Concentration of the "L" and "3L" samples from the GP, UN, and EX extracts.

Previously, the cytotoxicity tests for orthodontic elastic materials have used different diluted extracts of nonstretched materials, which does not appear to consider the presence of nanoparticles on the orthodontic latex rubber band.


Latex rubber bands are widely used in orthodontic treatments and are considered medical devices in the mouth; thus, they require a series of safety evaluations for use in patients. Using in vitro tests, the cytotoxicity of latex rubber bands has been revealed in many studies [9, 10] . However, latex rubber bands have been safely used in patients without an allergy to latex, which was explained due to the dilution effect from the saliva in the oral cavity during their use. In this study, nanoparticles were found on the inner surface of the latex rubber bands, and those nanoparticles were considered to be a potential inducer of cytotoxicity. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was not to rank or reevaluate the cytotoxicity of latex rubber bands but to identify the nanoparticleinduced cytotoxicity by comparison of the cytotoxicity results associated with stretched latex rubber bands, which cause detachment of the deposited nanoparticles from the latex rubber bands.

Using in vitro tests, the cytotoxicity of latex rubber bands has been revealed in many studies.


Latex rubber bands are widely used in clinical applications, although they showed cytotoxicity in in vitro tests. The in vitro cytotoxicity may be attenuated when the latex rubber bands are used in vivo due to the dynamic saliva circulation compared with the static test conditions of the in vitro tests. Furthermore, according to the results of this study, the stretching motion of the latex rubber bands outside or within the mouth aids in the rapid detachment of the cytotoxic materials, decreasing the release of the cytotoxic element to the oral mucosa. The results of the cytotoxicity test depend on the cell type used in the experiment [43] . Although human oral epithelial cells, components of the outer layer in the oral mucosa, might have been a better choice to mimic the harmful effect on the oral mucosa, the cytotoxicity results of the mouse L929 cells and HGFs, inner components of the oral mucosa, provided insight into the cytotoxic effect of the latex rubber bands due to their vulnerability to the cytotoxic inducer [44] .

The results of the cytotoxicity test depend on the cell type used in the experiment.

Although human oral epithelial cells, components of the outer layer in the oral mucosa, might have been a better choice to mimic the harmful effect on the oral mucosa, the cytotoxicity results of the mouse L929 cells and HGFs, inner components of the oral mucosa, provided insight into the cytotoxic effect of the latex rubber bands due to their vulnerability to the cytotoxic inducer.


Numerous studies have been performed to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of orthodontic elastic materials, including bands, separators, and ligatures [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . Those reports have shown that latex elastomeric materials show cytotoxicity in vitro, typically using a cell viability test. However, discerning the biological side effects from the latex elastomeric materials in orthodontic patients has been difficult. According to more than 30 years of clinical experience, patients have only rarely suffered a harmful event caused by latex rubber bands used in a clinical application (e.g., oral lesion, gastric problem, and other local symptoms). In summary, the previous in vitro 2 Journal of Nanomaterials cytotoxicity tests did not appear to reflect the clinical results gathered by the careful observations of clinicians. This type of inconsistency between the clinical and in vitro results has been commonly observed in other studies [14] . Therefore, an effort to reveal the reason for the rare but harmful events from the dental materials in the human oral cavity due to the reported cytotoxicity in in vitro studies is required to decrease the inconsistency. In this study, the role of the nanoparticles deposited on the latex rubber bands in terms of cytotoxicity was elucidated to decrease the above inconsistency.

Numerous studies have been performed to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of orthodontic elastic materials, including bands, separators, and ligatures.

This type of inconsistency between the clinical and in vitro results has been commonly observed in other studies.


Increased concern about the toxicity of nanoparticles has occurred in dentistry due to their dental application, which encompasses the powders for scanning the oral anatomy, including tooth and gingiva, the ingredients of the preventive restorative materials used against tooth decay, and the supplemental nanoparticles (e.g., amorphous silicon dioxide and ground glass particle) in the filling materials [26] . In addition to the above intended purposes, nanoparticles were unintentionally found in other dental materials or during the grinding and polishing processes for the filling materials [27, 28] . The presence of nanoparticles in these dental materials has raised concern regarding whether these dental material nanoparticles could be released and cause adverse health risks to humans. In this study, a conventionally used elastomeric orthodontic material, latex rubber bands, was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity induced by the deposited nanoparticles.

Increased concern about the toxicity of nanoparticles has occurred in dentistry due to their dental application, which encompasses the powders for scanning the oral anatomy, including tooth and gingiva, the ingredients of the preventive restorative materials used against tooth decay, and the supplemental nanoparticles (e.g., amorphous silicon dioxide and ground glass particle) in the filling materials.

In addition to the above intended purposes, nanoparticles were unintentionally found in other dental materials or during the grinding and polishing processes for the filling materials.


Ni nanoparticles are included in the vulcanizing processing of latex rubber bands. Uncured natural latex rubber deforms easily under warm conditions and is brittle when cold, which makes it a poor material when a high level of elasticity is required. Vulcanization of the latex rubber, the chemical process to convert the natural rubber into a more durable material via the addition of sulfur, results in crosslinking via the disulfide bonds among the natural rubbers, which prevents the long polymer chains in the rubber from moving independently and consequently increases the elasticity [39] . During vulcanization, activators are essential ingredients, which reduce the curing time by increasing the rate of vulcanization. The common activators used are nickel compounds, zinc oxide, hydroquinone, phenol, alphanaphthylamine, and P-phenylenediamine, which have been considered to be cytotoxic inducers [40] . In addition to the cytotoxicity of the activator, these compounds have been widely used in other latex materials [41, 42] . Therefore, the deposited Ni nanoparticles are an inevitable phenomenon in the process of vulcanization of latex rubber.

Vulcanization of the latex rubber, the chemical process to convert the natural rubber into a more durable material via the addition of sulfur, results in crosslinking via the disulfide bonds among the natural rubbers, which prevents the long polymer chains in the rubber from moving independently and consequently increases the elasticity.

The common activators used are nickel compounds, zinc oxide, hydroquinone, phenol, alphanaphthylamine, and P-phenylenediamine, which have been considered to be cytotoxic inducers.

In addition to the cytotoxicity of the activator, these compounds have been widely used in other latex materials.


Nanomaterials offer significant promise for a variety of dental applications, including tooth scanning, the prevention of tooth decay, and as a component of the biomaterials used to enhance the mechanical and antiwear properties [1] [2] [3] . However, before these nanomaterials can become a clinical reality, the toxicity and biocompatibility of the nanoparticles must be carefully evaluated to reduce the adverse biological responses [4, 5] . Therefore, understanding the biocompatibility of the nanoparticles deposited on dental materials is essential for safe usage in the oral cavity.

Nanomaterials offer significant promise for a variety of dental applications, including tooth scanning, the prevention of tooth decay, and as a component of the biomaterials used to enhance the mechanical and antiwear properties.

However, before these nanomaterials can become a clinical reality, the toxicity and biocompatibility of the nanoparticles must be carefully evaluated to reduce the adverse biological responses.


To determine the presence of a cytotoxic inducer, the inner and outer surfaces of the latex rubber bands were investigated using SEM images with EDS elemental analysis of the "L" and "3L" groups. On the outer surface, Zn was detected as the major cytotoxic inducer in the latex rubber bands in all the products (data not shown). The Zn ion could be extracted from ZnO, a preservative used in latex rubber bands, and has been considered as a key factor in the induction of cytotoxicity [9, 11] . In accordance with previous studies, the results of the ICP-MS showed that the Zn ion increased in all the extract groups compared with the control culture media, which indicated that the latex bands stored under wet conditions may elute the cytotoxic cation, as found in other studies that evaluated in vitro cytotoxicity [32] . The concentration of the Zn ion (∼9 ppm) from the extracts was higher than the initiating cytotoxicity level (5 ppm), indicating that the Zn ion was one of the key inducers of cytotoxicity [33] . However, other possible inducers were not excluded due to the severe cytotoxicity of the latex rubber bands. The Zn ion was detected at a lower concentration in the "3L" extracts than in the "L" extracts of the P and E groups, which suggested a detachment of the other deposited components. Therefore, other components from the latex rubber bands could be considered as cytotoxic inducers.

The Zn ion could be extracted from ZnO, a preservative used in latex rubber bands, and has been considered as a key factor in the induction of cytotoxicity.

In accordance with previous studies, the results of the ICP-MS showed that the Zn ion increased in all the extract groups compared with the control culture media, which indicated that the latex bands stored under wet conditions may elute the cytotoxic cation, as found in other studies that evaluated in vitro cytotoxicity.

The concentration of the Zn ion (∼9 ppm) from the extracts was higher than the initiating cytotoxicity level (5 ppm), indicating that the Zn ion was one of the key inducers of cytotoxicity.


Stretching of the latex rubber bands caused a decrease in the cytotoxicity, which appears to be more relevant to the clinical outcome in which it is relatively a less harmful event to the patients due to the detachment of ZnO and the Ni nanoparticles when using the latex rubber bands in an orthodontic treatment. Previously, the cytotoxic effect of the deposited particles covering latex elastics has been questioned [18] . According to this study, the ZnO and Ni nanoparticles covering the latex rubber bands could be cytotoxic inducers in the latex rubber bands. The presented results supported the assumption that cytotoxic Ni nanoparticles on the latex rubber bands may rapidly detach from the inner surface to the air when the bands are stretched up to three times their length, contributing to the safe usage of the latex rubber bands in orthodontic treatments, regardless of the in vitro cytotoxicity.

Previously, the cytotoxic effect of the deposited particles covering latex elastics has been questioned.


Latex rubber bands are commonly used in orthodontic treatments to apply a certain force to the teeth, although latex-related disease has become a concern for those using the latex-containing products [6] [7] [8] . Sulfur and zinc oxide particles, used as preservatives, and nickel, used as an accelerator, have been shown to be cytotoxic [9] . However, the nanoparticles on latex rubber bands have not been recognized as a potential cytotoxic ingredient despite their deposition on the surface.

Latex rubber bands are commonly used in orthodontic treatments to apply a certain force to the teeth, although latex-related disease has become a concern for those using the latex-containing products.

Sulfur and zinc oxide particles, used as preservatives, and nickel, used as an accelerator, have been shown to be cytotoxic.


The taxonomic significance of trichome structure is well known in lamiaceae and related families (Metcalfe and Chalk 1972) . There is no study on trichome morphology of Turkish Ajuga orientalis L. and its taxonomic value. The purpose of this study was to determine the morphology and localization of glandular and non-glandular trichomes on vegetative and reproductive organs of A. orientalis. It was also aimed to state the taxonomic value of trichomes in this species.

The taxonomic significance of trichome structure is well known in lamiaceae and related families.


The main message of the 5th World Water Forum was that the water has been the heart of crises affecting the world. The climate and other global changes have negative impacts on water resources. Development and moder-nization of irrigation strategies are urgently needed to improve water demand management, productivity and water use for agriculture. Many farmers believe that: "the more the water, the more the crop yield"; on the contrary, over-irrigation and overfertilization have significant adverse effects on water resources (Anonymous, 2009) . Water is vitally important in order to maintain the efficient crop production and higher yields. The demand for the irrigation water from agricultural user triggers the competition for water resources and increases the environ- Table 1 . Average of daily values of air temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH), precipitation (P), solar radiation (Rs) and wind speed at 2 m height (u2) for the month of June to October at Sanliurfa, during the experiments as compared to the long term mean.

Many farmers believe that: "the more the water, the more the crop yield"; on the contrary, over-irrigation and overfertilization have significant adverse effects on water resources.


Recently, operation optimization of rail-truck intermodal terminals has gained more attention, and the existing literature mainly focuses on the storage space allocation problem (SSAP) and the rail-mounted gantry crane scheduling problem (RGCSP). The SSAP of inbound containers was formulated as a two-stage optimization model: first to balance the workload of inbound containers, then reducing the overlapping amounts [23] . The container assignment problem of rail-truck transshipment terminals was formulated as a two-stage optimization model for minimizing overlapping amounts and operation distance [24] . An exact solution procedure was developed to determine disjunct yard areas of varying size for multiple gantry cranes in polynomial runtime, and to ensure the workload for a given pulse of trains is equally distributed among cranes [25] . A dynamic programming approach was proposed to determine yard areas for gantry cranes to accelerate train processing speed [26] . The RGCSP was formulated as an optimization model whose objective is to determine an optimization handling sequence in order to minimize rail-mounted gantry crane idle load time in handling tasks [27] . An optimization model was proposed for the RMGC scheduling problem based on a dual cycle mode and a genetic algorithm was designed to obtain the optimization handling sequence [28] .

The SSAP of inbound containers was formulated as a two-stage optimization model: first to balance the workload of inbound containers, then reducing the overlapping amounts.

The container assignment problem of rail-truck transshipment terminals was formulated as a two-stage optimization model for minimizing overlapping amounts and operation distance.

An exact solution procedure was developed to determine disjunct yard areas of varying size for multiple gantry cranes in polynomial runtime, and to ensure the workload for a given pulse of trains is equally distributed among cranes.

A dynamic programming approach was proposed to determine yard areas for gantry cranes to accelerate train processing speed.

The RGCSP was formulated as an optimization model whose objective is to determine an optimization handling sequence in order to minimize rail-mounted gantry crane idle load time in handling tasks.

An optimization model was proposed for the RMGC scheduling problem based on a dual cycle mode and a genetic algorithm was designed to obtain the optimization handling sequence.


Intermodal freight transport involves the transportation of freight in an intermodal container or vehicle using multiple modes of transportation (e.g., rail, ship, truck) without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes. The method reduces cargo handling, and so improves security, reduces damage and loss, and allows freight to be transported faster [1] . In intermodal freight transport systems, all containers are transshipped by rail, ship and truck in intermodal terminals. The handling efficiency of the terminal significantly impacts the performance and service quality of intermodal freight transport. Therefore, most terminals focus on optimizing loading, unloading and stockpiling operations to improve efficiency.

The method reduces cargo handling, and so improves security, reduces damage and loss, and allows freight to be transported faster.


A novel normal transmission air-coupled ultrasound imaging system was successfully applied to detect bonding and saw cut defects in multilayered glulam beams up to 280 mm in height. For defect-free material, 115 dB transmission losses (coupling, material attenuation) were bridged by exciting offthe-shelf 120 kHz piezoelectric transducers with a 600 Vpp pulsed excitation and by means of reception electronics with an input referred noise of 0.9 nVrms Hz -0.5 . The ultrasonic waveforms received through defect regions are additionally attenuated by up to 50 dB; in practice, the amplitude contrast is limited by the SNR of defect-free signals (30 to 40 dB). The glulam beams were modeled as anisotropic composites. QP and QSV modes are coupled in each lamella. They are deviated from the insonification axis as a function of the ring angle by up to 308 and 608, respectively, introducing 15 dB variability in the energy captured by the receiver transducer. The fastest QPx mode was efficiently detected only at the center of the beam width and it was followed in time by interfering QP/QSV modes, which were received at all width positions. The QP/QSV paths were detected with lowest lateral resolution, due to the accumulation of the energy flux shifts of all interfering modes; defect free regions of 100=100 mm 2 could be detected. The imaging was improved by spatial processing based on the low reproducibility error (1.5%) and arbitrary scanning resolution of ACU. Overlapped averaging improved the SNR by 16 dB. Amplitude tracking captured only the first incoming oscillation thus reducing undesired diffraction around defect areas. A normalization procedure reduced the amplitude heterogeneity by 6 dB. Defect monitoring based on difference imaging reduced the variability by 10 dB, multiparameter segmentation accurately reproduced the defect geometry. The new method is non-invasive and therefore applicable not only to production lines but also to in situ inspection. In future work, the propagation phenomena will be investigated, which are associated to grain deviations and density and stiffness inhomogeneities (due to knots, earlywood/latewood structure or moisture gradients), together with alternative ACU insonification setups. The wave propagation equations will be perturbed to incorporate timedependant heterogeneity, for instance spatially varying moisture profiles induced by the slow hygroscopic response of structural timber to in-service climatic variations (Gereke 2009; Angst and Malo 2010) . The use of ACU together with multiparameter difference imaging and normalization procedures along the fiber direction have a high potential for heterogeneity compensation and defect classification.

The wave propagation equations will be perturbed to incorporate timedependant heterogeneity, for instance spatially varying moisture profiles induced by the slow hygroscopic response of structural timber to in-service climatic variations.


As an improved auction algorithm, the consensus-based bundle algorithm (CBBA) is developed by combining the bundle method with the consensus approach. Many extended algorithms of CBBA demonstrate its advantage in TA field [6, [12] [13] [14] [15] . According to the main components, there are two phases of CBBA. The bundle phase is utilized to the situation, where UAV will bid on multiple tasks for the improvement of the assignment efficiency. In addition, the consensus phase is addressed to solve the conflict of assignment between the UAVs. The consensus algorithm of CBBA achieves by look-up table approach. It is essentially empirical method, although the original and extended CBBA methods can achieve the convergence to conflict-free assignment [14] [15] [16] . This manner cannot reveal the logical relation between the information vectors and decision actions.

Many extended algorithms of CBBA demonstrate its advantage in TA field.

It is essentially empirical method, although the original and extended CBBA methods can achieve the convergence to conflict-free assignment.


Our results did not show an effect of sex on AIDS risk. This result contrasts with recent studies that reported a slower disease progression among women than men [8, 18] . However, the number of women in our study population was too small to detect any potential differences.

This result contrasts with recent studies that reported a slower disease progression among women than men.


Transmission electron microscopy observations have shown that HAP epitaxially grows on the OCP (100) face [14] - [16] . Therefore, the mechanism of transformation from OCP to HAP is the key to clarifying the enamel formation process. The details of this process thus need to be clarified. For example, it is unclear whether the OCP dissolves prior to HAP formation. This question is related to the cluster growth model of HAP. Previous investigations have shown that HAP grows with the calcium phosphate clusters as a growth unit under physiological solution conditions [22] - [25] . Since OCP contains the same cluster unit in its structure, direct structure-reconstruction to HAP is possible. Partial dissolution of OCP might occur, observable as the collapse of the crystal surface. Direct epitaxial growth of HAP without dissolution of OCP does not occur in this structure-reconstruction model.

Transmission electron microscopy observations have shown that HAP epitaxially grows on the OCP (100) face.

Previous investigations have shown that HAP grows with the calcium phosphate clusters as a growth unit under physiological solution conditions.


Nowadays, we know that cognitive styles are manifestations of the cognitive domain in broader dimensions of functioning which include other psychological domains such as personality and personal behaviors. To put it into simple words, cognitive styles are actually broad personal styles which show typical ways in which we process information. Some examples of cognitive styles include reflectivity/impulsivity, field dependence/independence, and ambiguity tolerance/intolerance (Bertini, 1986) .

Some examples of cognitive styles include reflectivity/impulsivity, field dependence/independence, and ambiguity tolerance/intolerance.


Baseline clinical presentations appear to be similar for patients with multiple and single strain infections. There was a higher rate of HIV infection in the multiple strain group, though this difference was not statistically significant using multivariate regression analysis. This study was limited by a relatively small sample size; further studies using a larger cohort would be useful in confirming or refuting these results. The average CD4 counts for patients with multiple versus single strain infection were similar, and patients with multiple strains had a wide range of baseline CD4 counts. If indeed HIV infection results in increased susceptibility to multiple strain infection, this vulnerability may apply at all CD4 counts, just as HIV-infected patients are more susceptible to TB disease at any CD4 count [21] .

If indeed HIV infection results in increased susceptibility to multiple strain infection, this vulnerability may apply at all CD4 counts, just as HIV-infected patients are more susceptible to TB disease at any CD4 count.


The open innovation (OI) concept has changed the traditional, vertically-integrated mode for internally developed output, to achieve a new paradigm of innovation based on collaboration with several actors from outside the firm boundaries [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . There are different partners that can be involved in OI practices, such as suppliers, universities, non-profit organization and other value to the "commons" [46] . In particular, the research question we addressed in this paper is: can peer production, coupled with 3D printing and collaborative hardware and software development, be adopted in an integrated approach to deliver cheaper and more sustainable marketable products? To this end, we experimentally validate the development of a prototype, called CellIntel, for professional mobile forensics. CellIntel is a tool for extracting digital evidence from mobile devices during private and public investigations, and has the ability to compete with existing market competitors. Thus, the objective of this research is to demonstrate that the use of the integrated approach makes it possible to realize a product that is cheaper, more widely available, more sustainable than traditional manufacturing processes, and economically profitable in the mobile forensics sector.

The open innovation (OI) concept has changed the traditional, vertically-integrated mode for internally developed output, to achieve a new paradigm of innovation based on collaboration with several actors from outside the firm boundaries.

There are different partners that can be involved in OI practices, such as suppliers, universities, non-profit organization and other value to the "commons".


With the aforementioned integrated approach, we evaluated the economic and practical feasibility of a cheaper and sustainable mobile forensics imaging device, which is ready to enter the marketplace for general consumption. However, some limitations impact our prototype. Understandably, the CellIntel prototype developed for this research cannot support many inexpensive phones models, which are running less reputable mobile operating systems. Nevertheless, this functional limitation also exists in well-known mobile device imagers. Additionally, there is no support for Blackphones or BlackBerry, although their market share is dwindling. Additionally, Windows smartphones cannot be imaged using traditional methods (i.e., through a USB cable) [82] [83] [84] .

Additionally, Windows smartphones cannot be imaged using traditional methods (i.e., through a USB cable).


This is the first study relevant to the persistence of water-borne infectivity of T. bryosalmonae for fish. The experimental results provide evidence that the parasitic infectivity does not exceed 24 h under temperature and water quality conditions which are common in field situations. Thus, the water-borne parasitic stages appear to be rather labile. Similarly, this infectivity was not retained after elution of the parasites captured on the Envirochek capsule. This suggests that the infectivity of T. bryosalmonaeinfected water and consequently that of the spore, seems to be fragile. Such a short lifetime of the parasite infectivity is consistent with the ultrastructural data obtained on Tetracapsula spores (Anderson, Canning & Okamura 1999; Canning et al. 2000) . These studies showed that, in contrast with what is known for most myxozoans, the Tetracapsula spore wall is made of a very thin and fragile layer of cells.

Such a short lifetime of the parasite infectivity is consistent with the ultrastructural data obtained on Tetracapsula spores.


The approach chosen to evaluate the duration of parasite infectivity by using infective water was dictated by the fact that it has not been possible to make enriched preparations of viable spores. Besides the attempt reported here at recovering spores with Envirochek TM , spores could also not be recovered either by mincing hundreds of PCR positive-testing, zoid-bearing colonies of Fredericella sultana or by holding such colonies on a plastic grid assembled with a funnel (unpublished data). This failure in gathering spores is in accordance with the difficulties previously encountered in ascertaining the presence of the parasite in infected bryozoan colonies by microscopy, insofar as nothing is known about the timing of developmental stages in bryozoans (Gay et al. 2001) . This emphasizes the need for the development of a 'parasite factory', a bryozoan culture system which could provide fresh spores for multipurpose investigations on PKD.

This failure in gathering spores is in accordance with the difficulties previously encountered in ascertaining the presence of the parasite in infected bryozoan colonies by microscopy, insofar as nothing is known about the timing of developmental stages in bryozoans.


Outdoor work in below-freezing conditions, at temperatures below 0 °C with an air flow of 3-4 m/s causes a great loss of heat, cools the whole body, and affects the face and hands causing local skin damage in the form of cracks and frostbite. Cold environments can lead to a decrease of temperature in the muscles , resulting in a reduced ability to exert physical effort and in increased reaction times [3] . In turn, higher environmental temperatures can cause an increase in internal temperature. With an unbalanced system, the increase of body temperature by 1 °C -1.5 °C affects most organs, and, mainly, the circulatory system. Physical work during high temperatures also affects the central nervous system. Possible symptoms to watch for are, for example, increased irritability or apathy, indifference, prolonged reaction times. This effect is smaller when the persons are first acclimatized to their environment [1] .

Cold environments can lead to a decrease of temperature in the muscles , resulting in a reduced ability to exert physical effort and in increased reaction times.

This effect is smaller when the persons are first acclimatized to their environment.


Elevated air temperatures can also lead to various problems, from a worse physical state of the workers to serious illnesses. On 26 Hong Kong construction sites, examinations of 207 workers were conducted [7] . Thirty-six of them reported illness symptoms due to elevated temperatures. Most of them were dizziness and headache, fatigue, fever, vomiting, fainting, discomfort, difficulty in breathing, and isolated cases of unconsciousness and heat stroke. The majority of cases were in the age group between 36 and 45 years -11 cases, and between 46 and 55 years -11 cases as well.

On 26 Hong Kong construction sites, examinations of 207 workers were conducted.


In the U.S., scientists have presented isodecrement curves for the probability of adverse event occurrences for variable temperature conditions, showing that the temperature above which an accident increase is observed is radically different for varying types of tasks and decreases with the decrease of the duration of a given task. For light work carried out by employees without acclimatization, this temperature is about 29 °C, and for workers previously acclimated it is 32 °C [4] . Higher temperatures cause a gradual increase of body temperature, which -up to some pointimproves efficiency, but is also associated with higher human energy loss.

For light work carried out by employees without acclimatization, this temperature is about 29 °C, and for workers previously acclimated it is 32 °C.


To date, clinical or even preclinical biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases such as PD, ALS, CJD are desirable and in the focus of biomedical research [9, 10] . A biomarker as defined by the National Institutes of Health is ''a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention'' [11] . Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is currently the preferred central source for biochemical biomarkers in neurological disorders because CSF is close to the site of the neuropathology and is routinely taken in specialised centers during the clinical work-up of patients under the differential diagnosis of a neurodegenerative disease [12] . However, reliable biomarkers in CSF with the desired degree of specificity and sensitivity for clinical diagnosis of PD, PD dementia (PDD) and ALS are still missing. Usually, post mortem histopathological analysis is necessary to confirm the diagnosis [9, 10, 13] . There are some promising CSF biomarker candidates in PD with a-synuclein as the most important and also in ALS (e.g. neurofilament heavy chain or erythropoietin) but they lack sensitivity and specificity [10, [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . In CJD, there are already some CSF markers in use in combination with other diagnostic tools. More precisely, the diagnostic criteria of CJD include the increase in CSF concentrations of the 14-3-3 protein [18] . However, this marker cannot be used in a ''screening'' situation [19, 20] . Other proteins such as tau, ERK2, ubiquitin or most recently aggregated prion protein (PrP) have been identified as potential biomarkers but their specificity has not yet been confirmed [20] [21] [22] [23] .

To date, clinical or even preclinical biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases such as PD, ALS, CJD are desirable and in the focus of biomedical research.

A biomarker as defined by the National Institutes of Health is ''a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention''.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is currently the preferred central source for biochemical biomarkers in neurological disorders because CSF is close to the site of the neuropathology and is routinely taken in specialised centers during the clinical work-up of patients under the differential diagnosis of a neurodegenerative disease.

Usually, post mortem histopathological analysis is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

There are some promising CSF biomarker candidates in PD with a-synuclein as the most important and also in ALS (e.g. neurofilament heavy chain or erythropoietin) but they lack sensitivity and specificity.

More precisely, the diagnostic criteria of CJD include the increase in CSF concentrations of the 14-3-3 protein.

However, this marker cannot be used in a ''screening'' situation.

Other proteins such as tau, ERK2, ubiquitin or most recently aggregated prion protein (PrP) have been identified as potential biomarkers but their specificity has not yet been confirmed.


It is difficult to choose the right statistics a priori, hence a brute-force mechanism is typically used to extract 300 to 5,000 different features [11, [16] [17] [18] . Often, feature selection is performed to obtain a reduced set. This selection is highly specific to each database, thus features selected for one database may be irrelevant on another set, leading to poor generalization. Furthermore, due to turn-based segmentation, turns are often long in duration depending on the speaker's activity. As the frame-level features are normalized over a turn to obtain these statistics, important local information, such as a short period of emotional burst, might get lost and consequently affect the performance.

It is difficult to choose the right statistics a priori, hence a brute-force mechanism is typically used to extract 300 to 5,000 different features.


Practitioner social validity judgments of the ECTA Center performance checklists and parent practice guides, and suggestions for improving the checklists and practice guides, proved extremely valuable for making improvements in the early childhood intervention products and materials. Changes to the checklists and practice guides made in response to the findings from the first field test were reflected in the changes in social validity ratings and suggestions from the second two field tests as evidenced by the improvement indices for the between field test contrasts (What Works Clearinghouse, 2014) . Results showed that a rather short field test survey which included both closed-ended and open-ended questions yielded information that was helpful in reworking the checklists and practice guides to improve their acceptability and likelihood of adoption and use (Foster & Mash, 1999) . Results also showed that both prior to and after changes were made to the performance checklists and practice guides, the majority of social validity indicators were judged as acceptable and important for working with young children and their parents.

Changes to the checklists and practice guides made in response to the findings from the first field test were reflected in the changes in social validity ratings and suggestions from the second two field tests as evidenced by the improvement indices for the between field test contrasts.

Results showed that a rather short field test survey which included both closed-ended and open-ended questions yielded information that was helpful in reworking the checklists and practice guides to improve their acceptability and likelihood of adoption and use.


The spinal column is an integral part of the human body allowing trunk flexibility. The spine is subject to normal age related process but also to certain disorders such as degenerative disc disease (DDD, accelerated aging) and disc prolapse [1] . The prevalence of a disc prolapse increases with age, occurring in 1-3 % of the population, and is highest in the age group 30-60 years. Incidence of prolapse is highest in the lower lumbar or lumbosacral spine ([90 %) [2] [3] [4] . This region is subjected to high biomechanical loads, which presumably account for the development of disc prolapse [1, 5] . It is still debated whether DDD leads to or protects against disc herniation [1] . There is also debate as to whether they are even interconnected [6] .

The spine is subject to normal age related process but also to certain disorders such as degenerative disc disease (DDD, accelerated aging) and disc prolapse.

Incidence of prolapse is highest in the lower lumbar or lumbosacral spine ([90 %).

This region is subjected to high biomechanical loads, which presumably account for the development of disc prolapse.

It is still debated whether DDD leads to or protects against disc herniation.

There is also debate as to whether they are even interconnected.


Required compute resources at edge compute node. Recent trends in vision are moving toward smart cameras, thereby enabling face recognition, motion detection, and other vision tools to be implemented to an increasing extent in hardware [10, 20, 28] . Consequently, simple embedded platforms with 500 MHz-1 GHz CPU are sufficient to implement the vision analytic functions at ECNs.

Recent trends in vision are moving toward smart cameras, thereby enabling face recognition, motion detection, and other vision tools to be implemented to an increasing extent in hardware.


Furthermore, a previous report has shown that smoking is strong harmful factor that can eliminate the effect of DNA polymorphisms of DNA repair genes on lung cancer susceptibility [34] . Smoking could lead to cancer due to its toxic effect regardless of whether individuals have polymorphisms with low repair proficiency. Thus, the examination of the effect of different combinations of DNA polymorphisms for the prediction of lung cancer susceptibility could be more useful in nonsmokers exposed to relatively minor environmental factors.

Furthermore, a previous report has shown that smoking is strong harmful factor that can eliminate the effect of DNA polymorphisms of DNA repair genes on lung cancer susceptibility.


Sesamoids are intertendinous bones and the most constant of them are the medial and lateral sesamoids of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. In contrast to them, accessory sesamoids are rare and occur elsewhere in the foot and ankle. Accessory bones are commonly considered as accidental findings and unrelated to the patient's complaint [5] . In review of various reported accessory bones, there is not such a large accessory bone [3, 6, 7] . The radiographic appearance of this bone is like to the patella, so "Ankle Patella" could be a proper name for this accessory bone. Accessory bones rarely have clinical significance except for causing diagnostic confusion. A thorough knowledge of location of normal accessory bones is very important and localization of foot symptoms by history and physical examination are necessary to facilitate correct diagnosis and treatment and to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures.

Accessory bones are commonly considered as accidental findings and unrelated to the patient's complaint.

In review of various reported accessory bones, there is not such a large accessory bone.


As it is known, teachers have a critical role in the implementation of curriculum Teachers decide that students should act in such a way as to enable them to learn the learning content, the activities and the teaching curriculum effectively (Stabback, 2016) . When curricula are changed, the implementation of new curricula requires that teachers have knowledge of the new concepts. When implementing the curriculum, teachers face a number of obstacles such as difficult classroom conditions, inappropriate school environment, and resource shortage (Fullan, 2007) . These factors, which can limit curriculum innovation, are related to both the teacher and the context in which innovation takes place (Bennie and Newstead, 1999) . Teachers' inability to understand the curriculum completely is one of the factors that can limit their curriculum implementation.

As it is known, teachers have a critical role in the implementation of curriculum Teachers decide that students should act in such a way as to enable them to learn the learning content, the activities and the teaching curriculum effectively.

When implementing the curriculum, teachers face a number of obstacles such as difficult classroom conditions, inappropriate school environment, and resource shortage.

These factors, which can limit curriculum innovation, are related to both the teacher and the context in which innovation takes place.


In certain fields of science, certain professions have specific concepts. Those who receive special education in that area and those who work for a long time, can use these concepts conformably and correctly (Güleryüz, 2013) . Similarly, a curriculum has a structure that shows its own concepts and relationships between them. It is stated that there is a common consensus on the field of curriculum development compared to other fields, although a complete consensus on what the basic concepts are in different areas is not available (Marsh, 2009) . Teachers who are responsible for implementing the curriculum expected to know these concepts well so that they can understand the curriculum. Otherwise, deficiencies in conceptual knowledge may also damage the teachers' beliefs about the curriculum.

Those who receive special education in that area and those who work for a long time, can use these concepts conformably and correctly.

It is stated that there is a common consensus on the field of curriculum development compared to other fields, although a complete consensus on what the basic concepts are in different areas is not available.


Prediction and mitigation of voltage instability is one of major concerns in today's power system operations [2] . Especially for a load center area supported by remote generation through tie lines, voltage instability may originate from a boundary bus and then spread out to wide-area or even system-wide voltage instability. The root cause of voltage instability is often loss of a key system component such as a tie line or a local generator in the load area. Thus, online Voltage Stability Assessment (VSA) for both the current condition and any foreseen n-1 condition is a necessary task in power system operations.

Prediction and mitigation of voltage instability is one of major concerns in today's power system operations.


These conditions point toward the direction of polymer materials. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), PI, and parylene(s) are being explored by a large amount of researchers for these purposes [7] [8] [9] [10] . Despite the biocompatibility and good mechanical properties, one major disadvantage of these polymers for encapsulation is their low hermeticity towards moisture and water [11, 12] . This is generally expressed as water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) in the order of 1-100 g·m −2 ·day −1 [13] . For long term implants (>1 month), this can lead to failure of the device and leaching of toxic (corrosion) products from the implant to the body environment.

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), PI, and parylene(s) are being explored by a large amount of researchers for these purposes.

Despite the biocompatibility and good mechanical properties, one major disadvantage of these polymers for encapsulation is their low hermeticity towards moisture and water.

This is generally expressed as water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) in the order of 1-100 g·m −2 ·day −1.


In this contribution, we use HfO2 as a capping layer on both sides of the Al2O3 layer (ALD-3) to largely improve the stability towards a liquid water environment. HfO2 is chemically inert and insoluble in aqueous solutions [22, 28, 31] . However, the WVTR of single-layered 20 nm ALD HfO2 is worse than the Al2O3, in the order of magnitude 10 −1 g·m −2 ·day −1 [25] . Hence, the presence of Al2O3 is still necessary. Therefore, capping the HfO2 and Al2O3 as a hermetic and stable barrier to stop moisture is adopted in this research.

HfO2 is chemically inert and insoluble in aqueous solutions.

However, the WVTR of single-layered 20 nm ALD HfO2 is worse than the Al2O3, in the order of magnitude 10 −1 g·m −2 ·day −1.


In general, ALD layers have three important properties that make them ideal to serve as a barrier layer: they are nearly pin-hole free, are highly conformal, and a limited thickness (5-100 nm) is required [20, 21] . Deposition of ALD layers on polymers is also possible. However, the deposition temperature of the ALD process must be decreased to avoid thermal decomposition of the polymers.

In general, ALD layers have three important properties that make them ideal to serve as a barrier layer: they are nearly pin-hole free, are highly conformal, and a limited thickness (5-100 nm) is required.


Conversely, rates of L. fuelleborni migration between Mumbo Island or Zimbawe Rock and neighbouring rocky habitats (N m 1.02^1.78) approach levels low enough for the loss or ¢xation of alleles (Wright 1931; Allendorf 1983) . Genetic diversity has been reduced in these populations relative to adjacent coastal populations in the north-western part of the study area, even though no obvious divergence in male breeding coloration was detected from ¢eld observations. Given the greater potential for selection or drift to e¡ect genetic and morphological di¡erentiation in these isolated, island populations, phenotypic variation at ¢ner scales or in di¡erent traits would not be unexpected.

Conversely, rates of L. fuelleborni migration between Mumbo Island or Zimbawe Rock and neighbouring rocky habitats (N m 1.02^1.78) approach levels low enough for the loss or ¢xation of alleles.


Commodity price series share some characteristic time series properties that have to be considered in a sound statistical analysis: (i) high volatility, (ii) stochastic trends, (iii) comovement in commodity price series and (iv) time-varying volatility (Myers, 1994) . Considering these properties, one has to be careful when specifying the mean and the variance of the price series. Our proposed methodology is based on a two stage procedure. First, the mean is specied with a vector error correction model (VECM). Thereby, we lter the price series from comovements in their conditional mean. In the second stage we model volatilities and volatility transmissions via a multivariate GARCH model as well as by a more general multivariate multiplicative volatility model.

Commodity price series share some characteristic time series properties that have to be considered in a sound statistical analysis: (i) high volatility, (ii) stochastic trends, (iii) comovement in commodity price series and (iv) time-varying volatility.


In the recent years the interest in natural compounds has raised, specifically some phenolic compounds including phenolic acids and flavonoids have been reported to inhibit various pathogenic bacteria and fungi (Rauha et al., 2000; Erasto et al., 2004; Tepe et al., 2004) . Previous work conducted by our research group has highlighted the importance of wild plants as sources of phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins (Barros et al., 2011a) . Moreover, flowers from semiwild and wild species such as Castanea sativa, Filipendula ulmaria and Rosa micrantha have been traditionally used for several folk medicinal applications. Decoctions of C. sativa flowers are used for colds, cough, diarrhea and cholesterol; infusions of F. ulmaria are used for pneumonia and flu, urinary tract infections, rheumatism and headache; and rosewater and decoctions of R. micrantha are used for acne, skin condition and injuries and eye inflammations (Camejo-Rodrigues et al., 2003; Novais et al., 2004; Neves et al., 2009; Carvalho, 2010) . Their antioxidant potential was already reported by us (Barros et al., , 2011b Guimarães et al., 2010) .

In the recent years the interest in natural compounds has raised, specifically some phenolic compounds including phenolic acids and flavonoids have been reported to inhibit various pathogenic bacteria and fungi.

Previous work conducted by our research group has highlighted the importance of wild plants as sources of phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins.

Decoctions of C. sativa flowers are used for colds, cough, diarrhea and cholesterol; infusions of F. ulmaria are used for pneumonia and flu, urinary tract infections, rheumatism and headache; and rosewater and decoctions of R. micrantha are used for acne, skin condition and injuries and eye inflammations.

Their antioxidant potential was already reported by us.


In healthy individuals, many species of Candida are endogenous commensals of the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts (Soll, 2002) . However, the prevalence of opportunistic fungal infections has been increasing dramatically over the recent decades and this is particularly evident in immunocompromised individuals, where these species become frequently opportunistic pathogens (Pfaller and Diekema, 2007) . Although, Candida albicans has been regarded as the most common causative agent of fungal infection in humans, nowadays other non-C. albicans Candida (NCAC) species such as Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis, are emerging as significant nosocomial pathogens (Silva et al., 2010) . Moreover, NCAC species tend to be inherently less susceptible to the available antifungal drugs like the azole drugs and their derivatives, which continue to dominate as the antifungal agents of choice against Candida-related infections (Redding et al., 2002; Hajjeh et al., 2004; Ruhnke, 2006) . Furthermore this difficulty highlights the necessity to develop new alternative antifungal agents, in order to increase the spectrum of activity against Candida species.

In healthy individuals, many species of Candida are endogenous commensals of the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts.

However, the prevalence of opportunistic fungal infections has been increasing dramatically over the recent decades and this is particularly evident in immunocompromised individuals, where these species become frequently opportunistic pathogens.

Although, Candida albicans has been regarded as the most common causative agent of fungal infection in humans, nowadays other non-C. albicans Candida (NCAC) species such as Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis, are emerging as significant nosocomial pathogens.

Moreover, NCAC species tend to be inherently less susceptible to the available antifungal drugs like the azole drugs and their derivatives, which continue to dominate as the antifungal agents of choice against Candida-related infections.


It has been indicated that the antifungal activity of plant extracts is related to the different compounds present (with diverse functional groups and chemical substituents) and to possible synergistic interactions between them (Dorman and Deans, 2000) . Therefore, in the present work, an exhaustive characterization of the phenolic compounds present in the extracts of C. sativa, F. ulmaria and R. micrantha flowers was carried out by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS. Furthermore, a screening of the antifungal potential of those extracts against Candida species was also performed.

It has been indicated that the antifungal activity of plant extracts is related to the different compounds present (with diverse functional groups and chemical substituents) and to possible synergistic interactions between them.


Natural antioxidants, particularly in fruits and vegetables have gained increasing interest among consumers and the scientific community because epidemiological studies have indicated that frequent consumption of natural antioxidants is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The defensive effects of natural antioxidants in fruits and vegetables is attributed to three major groups: vitamins, phenolics and carotenoids. Sapota is reported to contain polyphenols, leucoanthocyanidins, tannins and triterpenoids that contribute for its antioxidant properties (Ma et al., 2003; Anand et al., 2004) . The preliminary screening tests may be useful in the detection of the bioactive principles and subsequently may lead to drug discovery and development. Similar observations for phytochemicals like alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, quinines, cellulose were reported in Acalypha indica, Vitex negundo and Coriandrum sativum.

Sapota is reported to contain polyphenols, leucoanthocyanidins, tannins and triterpenoids that contribute for its antioxidant properties.


Free radicals are produced by normal aerobic metabolism and are necessary to life. Our immune system needs free radicals to fight against invading bacteria and virus. In biological system, the main free radicals or precursors of free radicals include reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen, superoxide, peroxide or hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical (HO . ) and reactive nitrogen species. Increasing evidence suggests that these free radicals may bring about oxidative damage to DNA, proteins and lipids and hence play a major role in the development of many diseases, like cancer, cataracts, heart diseases and aging in general (Shui and Leong, 2006) . Although all cells have some capacity of repairing oxidative damage to proteins and DNA, they are not able to cope with excessive damage. Antioxidants, which can inhibit or delay the oxidation of an oxidizable substrate in a chain reaction triggered by free radicals, seem to be very important in the prevention of these diseases. Some of the important synthetic antioxidants of this class are butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxyl toluene, terbutyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), propyl gallate (PG) and tocopherols. In recent years, the use of some synthetic antioxidants has been restricted because of their possible toxic and carcinogenic effects. This concern has resulted in an increased interest in the investigation of the effectiveness of naturally occurring compounds with antioxidant properties (Shahidi and Wanasundara, 1992) .

Increasing evidence suggests that these free radicals may bring about oxidative damage to DNA, proteins and lipids and hence play a major role in the development of many diseases, like cancer, cataracts, heart diseases and aging in general.

This concern has resulted in an increased interest in the investigation of the effectiveness of naturally occurring compounds with antioxidant properties.


This motivation for social consistency has been particularly problematic for addressing climate change. Despite 97% of climate scientists agreeing that climate change is real, urgent, and human-caused, 28% of Americans think global warming results from natural temperature fluctuations (Leiserowitz et al., 2018) . Such beliefs may persist because believing in climate change might strain social relationships when friends and neighbors believe otherwise (Kahan, 2015) . The pervasiveness of climate skepticism has resulted in a dearth of collective conversations to address global warming in the United States.

Despite 97% of climate scientists agreeing that climate change is real, urgent, and human-caused, 28% of Americans think global warming results from natural temperature fluctuations.

Such beliefs may persist because believing in climate change might strain social relationships when friends and neighbors believe otherwise.


A preliminary exploratory study tested whether our cognitive consistency intervention could counteract the social pressure many Americans feel to disbelieve climate change. We found that our approach effectively shifted the attitudes of politically conservative participants. This study also indicated that participants' egalitarian beliefs (though not their communitarian beliefs) might be a more powerful moderator than political orientation (Kahan et al., 2012) . Thus, we included egalitarianism but omitted communitarianism as measures in our pre-registered study.

This study also indicated that participants' egalitarian beliefs (though not their communitarian beliefs) might be a more powerful moderator than political orientation.


Previous studies did not directly account for the importance of social and cultural differences in weight perceptions as potential contributors to racial/ethnic disparities in weight outcomes. Weight misperception, the discrepancy between individual perceptions of weight status and actual weight status based on clinical definitions of weight, is believed to be an important factor in the development of obesity, given that the rising prevalence of obesity was paralleled by a higher incidence of weight misperceptions [10, 11] . Studies showed that between 1988-1994 and 1999-2004 there was an increase in weight misperceptions, particularly among overweight and obese individuals who were more likely to misperceive their weight as clinically normal or healthy [10, 11] . Evidence shows that the inability to correctly diagnose one's clinical weight status as overweight is strongly associated with the increased risk for obesity [10, [12] [13] [14] [15] . These findings could play an important role in explaining the higher incidence of obesity among minorities, as well as the overall trends in obesity prevalence [14, 15] .

Weight misperception, the discrepancy between individual perceptions of weight status and actual weight status based on clinical definitions of weight, is believed to be an important factor in the development of obesity, given that the rising prevalence of obesity was paralleled by a higher incidence of weight misperceptions.

Studies showed that between 1988-1994 and 1999-2004 there was an increase in weight misperceptions, particularly among overweight and obese individuals who were more likely to misperceive their weight as clinically normal or healthy.

Evidence shows that the inability to correctly diagnose one's clinical weight status as overweight is strongly associated with the increased risk for obesity.

These findings could play an important role in explaining the higher incidence of obesity among minorities, as well as the overall trends in obesity prevalence.


In recent years, we have witnessed an intensive development of in vitro patient-specific cardiac models. This was possible thanks to (1) generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells of the patient and (2) optimization of in vitro differentiation of iPSCs into cardiomyocytes (CMs) [1] . Currently, we are able to derive human chamber-specific CMs using robust and highly efficient protocols [2] [3] [4] . Although these cells are capable of spontaneous beating and show many physiological features of CMs, they remain immature. There are many features in which differences could be observed, including smaller cell size, different shape, different expression levels of ion channels as well as lower oxygen consumption levels and force development [5] [6] [7] [8] . This immature physiology of iPSCderived CMs (iPSC-CMs) leads to differences in pharmacological response to many drugs tested thus far (including tetrodoxin, nisoldipine or lidocaine) [9] . Importance of the maturation state of iPSC-CMs is even more crucial for modelling diseases that are known to develop with age such as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or cardiac pathological hypertrophy. Establishing the adult phenotype in these cells would potentiate the progress in pharmacological studies in the field. To achieve mature cardiac tissue in vitro, more stimuli than biochemical signalling should be applied. This includes mechanical and electrical stimulation, control of oxygen levels and 3D cultures to ensure cell-to-cell and cell-to- extracellular matrix mechanical contact. Therefore, a first phase of microfluidic system implementation is pursued in this work. These systems offer a controllable environment for tissue maturation, including emulating of the heart vascular system, controlled oxygen environment together with mechanical and electrical stimulation. These microfluidic systems are also able to support 3D cell culture models [10, 11] .

This was possible thanks to (1) generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells of the patient and (2) optimization of in vitro differentiation of iPSCs into cardiomyocytes (CMs).

Currently, we are able to derive human chamber-specific CMs using robust and highly efficient protocols.

There are many features in which differences could be observed, including smaller cell size, different shape, different expression levels of ion channels as well as lower oxygen consumption levels and force development.

This immature physiology of iPSCderived CMs (iPSC-CMs) leads to differences in pharmacological response to many drugs tested thus far (including tetrodoxin, nisoldipine or lidocaine).

These microfluidic systems are also able to support 3D cell culture models.


Aggression was a kind of cognition, affect and behavior directed toward another individual that was carried out with the intent to cause harm (Anderson & Bushman, 2002) . Besides, the perpetrator must assure that the attacking behavior would harm the target, and that the target was motivated to avoid the behavior (Bushman & Anderson, 2001; Baron & Richardson, 1994; Berkowitz, 1993; Geen, 2001) . In other words, accidental hurt was not an aggressive behavior because it was not intentional. Harm which was only a by-product of pro-social behavior could not be defined as aggression, for the target is not motivated to avoid the action (e.g. pain experienced during an operation in hospital). The study discussed the type of implicit aggression, which was elicited by violent stimuli in cognitive processing.

Aggression was a kind of cognition, affect and behavior directed toward another individual that was carried out with the intent to cause harm.

Besides, the perpetrator must assure that the attacking behavior would harm the target, and that the target was motivated to avoid the behavior.


Compared with this study, undergraduate psychology students were used as main participants in previous research . In the present study, Chinese adolescents were used as participants, and STROOP task was employed to investigate whether aggressive trait affects cognitive processing on aggressive words. Besides, previous studies showed the significant main effect of movie type, and that participants who viewed violent movies showed higher state of hostility than did those who watched nonviolent movies (Anderson, 1997) . The study, however, demonstrated no significant main effect of movie type, and that no significant difference was found in implicit aggression activated between participants viewing violent movie clips and those viewing nonviolent movie clips. Perhaps difference among these factors was averaged and offset, which led to this result. Moreover, introspective methods were used to let participants describe their aggressive feelings, which could make up for the experimental research fault.

Besides, previous studies showed the significant main effect of movie type, and that participants who viewed violent movies showed higher state of hostility than did those who watched nonviolent movies.


If factors influence the arrival timing of males independently of females (i.e., there is differential selection among the genders), protandry may be an "incidental" byproduct (Wiklund and Solbreck 1982) . Under this hypothesis, different scenarios have been proposed for other taxa showing protandry, but none for salmon. In insects, selection for large size may be greater in females than in males, and therefore, females should terminate growth and emerge later than males (Wiklund and Solbreck 1982) . Analagously, female salmon may increase their fecundity by delaying migration and continuing to feed at sea, and male salmon, if they delay migration, may suffer increased predation risk at sea that is not offset by the benefits of continued growth. However, it is questionable whether a few days of extra growth could contribute signficantly to fecundity in the much longer-lived salmon.

If factors influence the arrival timing of males independently of females (i.e., there is differential selection among the genders), protandry may be an "incidental" byproduct.

In insects, selection for large size may be greater in females than in males, and therefore, females should terminate growth and emerge later than males.


A better understanding of one's own and other's psychological response in natural disaster warning situations helps people to feel more confident, more in control and better prepared, both psychologically and in terms of effective emergency planning. Being cooler, calmer and more collected is also a substantial aid to family members and others who may not be as well prepared for what is happening. Psychological preparedness can assist people to think clearly and rationally, which in turn may reduce the risk of serious injury and loss of life (Reser and Morrissey [5] ).

Psychological preparedness can assist people to think clearly and rationally, which in turn may reduce the risk of serious injury and loss of life (Reser and Morrissey).


Experiments were conducted at Klubban Biological Station in Gullmar Fjord, Swedish west coast (58" 15' N, 1 1°28' E). Animals and bottom material were collected in Kvarnbukten and Kilviken Bays, located in the vicinity of the station. Kvarnbukten Bay is moderately exposed and contains clean sand. The dominant epifaunal species are brown shrimp and sand goby. Kilviken Bay is very sheltered, also sandy but with a high content of silt in the substrate. Common goby and brown shrimp are common there. The physical features and epifauna in the 2 bays have been described previously (Evans & Tallmark 1985) . The main differences between the substrates were found in the silt-clay fraction (Kilviken 14 %, Kvarnbukten 3 %) and in the organic content (3.5 and 0.3 % D. W., respectively). From each site surficial bottom substrate used in the experiments was collected and sieved through 1 mm mesh. Fishes and shrimps were collected with a small hand trawl net.

The physical features and epifauna in the 2 bays have been described previously.


The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we review two examples of recursive modules and present the main features of our calculus, Traviata, used for our formal development. Section 3 gives the concrete syntax of Traviata. Section 4 and 5 explain the type system and present a soundness result. In Section 6, we give a solution to the expression problem. In Section 7, we examine the double vision problem [6] . Section 9 examines related work and Section 10 concludes.

In Section 7, we examine the double vision problem.


Secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI) invariably develops following successful adenomectomy of ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas or unilateral adrenalectomy for cortisolsecreting adrenal adenomas. The abrupt postsurgical transition from a state of cortisol excess to SAI often leads to unpleasant symptoms of cortisol withdrawal including fatigue, nausea, and body aches. During this time, glucocorticoid replacement therapy is often mandatory, particularly during stressful situations. The subsequent recovery of the HPA axis is highly variable and may be influenced by factors such as the duration and severity of preexisting hypercortisolemia, and the dose of glucocorticoid replacement, as well as the underlying etiology of Cushing's syndrome (CS). In a recent retrospective analysis of 230 patients with CS, the median time to HPA axis recovery was 2.5 years, 1.4 years, and 0.6 years for unilateral adrenal, pituitary, and ectopic CS, respectively [1] . Other than physiological glucocorticoid replacement therapy and time, no other treatment has been demonstrated to accelerate the recovery of the HPA axis.

In a recent retrospective analysis of 230 patients with CS, the median time to HPA axis recovery was 2.5 years, 1.4 years, and 0.6 years for unilateral adrenal, pituitary, and ectopic CS, respectively.


Turbulence subjected to solid body rotation is a problem of first importance for engineering, geophysical and astrophysical flows. Its dynamics is dictated by a competition between linear and non-linear effects. Linear effects, driven by the Coriolis force, include anisotropic propagation of energy by inertial waves, preferentially along the rotation axis (hereafter called 'vertical' axis by convention), on the timescale of the system rotation Ω −1 (Greenspan 1968) . Nonlinear interactions, on the other hand, are responsible for energy transfers towards 'horizontal' modes (Jacquin et al. 1990; Waleffe 1993) . For infinite rotation rate, i.e. for vanishing Rossby number, these inertial waves reduce to TaylorProudman columns, corresponding to a two-dimensional flow invariant along the rotation axis. Importantly, this two-dimensional flow is not two-component in general, because the third (vertical) velocity component, insensitive to the Coriolis force, behaves as a passive scalar field transported by the horizontal flow. This 'passive' vertical velocity, originating from the initial conditions in the case of decaying turbulence, may however become 'active' through shear instabilities at small scale. This mechanism may have considerable importance in the nature of the decay and the partial two-dimensionalisation of an initially 3D turbulence subjected to background rotation.

Linear effects, driven by the Coriolis force, include anisotropic propagation of energy by inertial waves, preferentially along the rotation axis (hereafter called 'vertical' axis by convention), on the timescale of the system rotation Ω −1.

Nonlinear interactions, on the other hand, are responsible for energy transfers towards 'horizontal' modes.


The above scheme has been used to categorize shape concepts. Shapes have been classified into families and classes in a way similar to material classification [13] . Shapes falling into a family can be solid or hollow. The former should originate from the solid shape of the family. The latter falls into a family if the contour of the removed material, i.e. the internal hole, is the same as that of the external profile. Table 1 presents three shape families together with the shape classes of the rectangles, the ellipses, and the diamonds. Here, a shape class is defined by the direction in which the material layers are scaled with respect to the envelope. Shape classes are ideal limiting-cases that define the boundaries of all possible beam stiffness behavior for a given loading. They are theoretical, but represent approximately the cases of a bi-material system in which the low density core layers can be neglected. Three shape classes are considered in this work, namely vertical, horizontal and proportional scaled layers classes, as illustrated in Table 1 .

Shapes have been classified into families and classes in a way similar to material classification.


Optimized slender and short-thick components are used in building, aircraft and machine structures to increase performance and lower material cost. Whereas the former exist in most applications, the latter are frequently encountered in concrete and steel structures. Squat beams, for example, contribute to stiffen foundation walls and increase the load capacity of walls supported by columns [1] . Short beams with thin webs are also an integral part of aircraft structures, and short-thick cantilevers are used for gear teeth [2, 3] .

Squat beams, for example, contribute to stiffen foundation walls and increase the load capacity of walls supported by columns.

Short beams with thin webs are also an integral part of aircraft structures, and short-thick cantilevers are used for gear teeth.


The scheme used in this paper is based on the notion that the geometry of a cross-section can be described by two distinct entities [10] . One governs the size of the cross-section, the other its shape. The former is represented, in two-dimensions, by a rectangle, namely the envelope, D, of dimensions (B, H) equal to those of the cross-section. The latter is the shape, S, of the figure enclosed in D with geometric properties described by dimensionless parameters called shape transformers. Decoupling D from S leads to the definition of scalar operators that deal with the scaling and the shaping of a cross-section. The former is described by envelope multipliers; the latter by shape transformers, which represent the geometric properties of a shape, similarly to the physical properties of a material.

The scheme used in this paper is based on the notion that the geometry of a cross-section can be described by two distinct entities.


The strain response of a beam strongly depends on the type of applied load. In practice, most beams are subjected to loads that induce non-uniform bending, which consists of both bending moments and shear forces. Once deformed, the beam stores strain energy due to normal and shear stresses. In a slender beam, however, the strain energy of shear is negligible since it is relatively small in comparison the strain energy due to bending. Typically, for a length-to-height ratio as high as 10 the shear deformation is less than 3% and the beam can be assumed to undergo pure flexure. On the other hand, in a short-thick beam, the pure bending assumption ceases to hold. The shear strain cannot be ignored, because a beam slenderness as large as 0.2 induces a shear deflection which is at least 10% of that caused by bending [4] .

The shear strain cannot be ignored, because a beam slenderness as large as 0.2 induces a shear deflection which is at least 10% of that caused by bending.


Cyclooxygenase enzymes exist in two isoforms, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (Dannhardt & Laufer, 2000) . Both isoforms differ in tissue distribution and have different regulatory functions. COX-1 is a constitutive enzyme that catalyzes the regulatory prostanoid formation in various tissues, especially in mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, in kidneys, platelets and vascular epithelium. In contrast, COX-2 is induced, by inflammation, mutagenesis or ontogenesis. COX-2 leads to the production of prostanoid mediators for pain and inflammation (Dannhardt & Laufer, 2000) . This led to the hypothesis that COX-1 catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins for carrying out physiological regulatory functions, whereas COX-2 catalyzes the formation of "bad" prostaglandins that cause inflammation (Kartasasmita, 2002) . The hypothesis explains that classic NSAID (Non Sterol Anti Inflamantory Drugs) toxicity in the gastrointestinal tract caused by drugs like acetyl salicylic acid, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, diclofenak, ibuprofen and naproxen is due to the non-selectivity for COX-1 and COX-2 (Dannhardt & Laufer, 2000) .

Cyclooxygenase enzymes exist in two isoforms, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).

COX-2 leads to the production of prostanoid mediators for pain and inflammation.

This led to the hypothesis that COX-1 catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins for carrying out physiological regulatory functions, whereas COX-2 catalyzes the formation of "bad" prostaglandins that cause inflammation.

The hypothesis explains that classic NSAID (Non Sterol Anti Inflamantory Drugs) toxicity in the gastrointestinal tract caused by drugs like acetyl salicylic acid, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, diclofenak, ibuprofen and naproxen is due to the non-selectivity for COX-1 and COX-2.


The cumulative percent of drug released versus time plot exhibits curvilinear nature, which suggests that drug release is not governed by zero order kinetics. This observation is confirmed by fitting the dissolution data to zero-order model where comparatively low values of correlation coefficients (R 2 ) are obtained. The results of above mentioned studies show that drug release from the bucco-matrix tablets are much more acquainted with Korsmeyer-Peppas, Kopcha, and Higuchi models. Hence the data were fitted to Korsmeyer-Peppas exponential equation Mt/Mα =Kt n , [Mt/Mα = the fractional drug release into the dissolution medium, K = a constant , n = diffusional exponent ] (Huq et al., 2011) . In the present study it was observed (Table 2) that the n varies from 0.1 to 0.7 representing huge change in drug transport mechanism. It is due to the change in polymeric ratio. Among the five batches B2 followed anomalous diffusion (n=0.7) mechanism, whereas drug release from B1, B3 is fully governed by quasiFickian and Fickian diffusion (n=0.45 and 0.5 respectively).

Hence the data were fitted to Korsmeyer-Peppas exponential equation Mt/Mα =Kt n , [Mt/Mα = the fractional drug release into the dissolution medium, K = a constant , n = diffusional exponent ].


It has been observed that mechanism of drug release as well as release profiles from matrices is dependent on the type and ratio of the quantity of the polymers used in combination. The hydration rate of the polymer matrix, and thereby the gel formation depends significantly on the ratio of the polymers, viscosity of the polymers (Vazquez et al., 1996) . Hence the permeation kinetics of the drug through the buccal membrane is also affected.

The hydration rate of the polymer matrix, and thereby the gel formation depends significantly on the ratio of the polymers, viscosity of the polymers.


Marigold plants grown with reduced, alu mi na-buffered phosphorus availability had lower whole-shoot transpiration rates ( Figs. 1 and 2 ) during conditions of low soil water po ten tial. Since the plants had equal tran spi ra tion rates when expressed per leaf area re gard less of phosphorus treatment, the re duced tran spi ra tion and slower desiccation in the buff ered-phosphorus plants must have been a re sult of the reduced leaf area when less phos pho rus was supplied. In addition, plants grown with 21 µM Al-P had a lower RWC pot at the wilting point than control or 5 µM Al-P plants (Table 2) , indicating more thorough use of the avail able water in the pot. This may be ex plained by the greater root length of the 21 µM Al-P plants ( Table 2 ). The signifi cant cor re la tion between root length and RWC pot (Fig. 4) lends support to the view that increased root length is associated with improved drought stress avoidance in 21 µM Al-P plants. We previously showed that roots of marigold plants grown with conventional phosphorus fer til i za tion (sim i lar to control plants in this ex per i ment) were distributed primarily near the ir ri ga tion drip tube, and not throughout the me di um, while plants grown with lower P con cen tra tion supplied by Al-P had roots dis trib ut ed through out the medium and wilted more slow ly during drought (Borch et al., 1998) . In these ex per i ments, subirrigation was ob served to lead to deeper root proliferation, though this was not quantifi ed. Plants grown with 5 µM Al-P had root length similar to control plants, which probably explains why they, too, wilt at high er RWC pot compared to 21 µM Al-P plants. Plants grown with 5 µM Al-P had poor overall growth, shown by lower shoot dry weight (Table 1) , reduced root length (Table  2) , and less root branching (Fig. 3) compared with 21 µM Al-P plants. These smaller plants would be ex pect ed to have less water usage ( Figs. 1 and 2) , which probably accounted for the fact that they wilted last.

We previously showed that roots of marigold plants grown with conventional phosphorus fer til i za tion (sim i lar to control plants in this ex per i ment) were distributed primarily near the ir ri ga tion drip tube, and not throughout the me di um, while plants grown with lower P con cen tra tion supplied by Al-P had roots dis trib ut ed through out the medium and wilted more slow ly during drought.


Light is refracted at the curved water surface; light beams are focused beneath wave crests and spread below wave troughs accordingly. In the upper meters near the water surface, very intense fluctuations of downwelling irradiance can be observed due to this lensing effect. For example, recent field studies have shown that short-duration irradiance flashes can exceed the tenfold of the mean irradiance in about 1 m depth [1] . After a short increase, irradiance fluctuations decrease with depth due to light scattering in water and the geometrical superposition of individual focal systems of small-scale waves. The magnitude, the decay, and the spatiotemporal scales of irradiance fluctuations depend on the roughness of the water surface, i.e. wind speed and wave characteristics, and the above mentioned environmental conditions [2] - [13] .

For example, recent field studies have shown that short-duration irradiance flashes can exceed the tenfold of the mean irradiance in about 1 m depth.

The magnitude, the decay, and the spatiotemporal scales of irradiance fluctuations depend on the roughness of the water surface, i.e. wind speed and wave characteristics, and the above mentioned environmental conditions.


Here, the coordinates u and v are the Cartesian coordinates in the Fourier plane of the first element. Parameter a is defined as a d ∕2π, where d is the width of the second element. The parameter b determines the tilt of the transformed beam along the v axis. The mapping process of the first element adds distortions to the beam's phase, which are then corrected by the second element [11] .

The mapping process of the first element adds distortions to the beam's phase, which are then corrected by the second element.


A sub-selection of models that adequately capture the variability of observed annual temperature variability in the Central England region was made. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistic was calculated to compare the probability density function (PDF) of annual temperature anomalies from each model's historical simulation with the PDF of the CET series over the 1900-2005 period. Models were selected for further study if at least three historical simulations were available and no more than one simulation was significantly different (p < 0.05) from the observed CET anomalies. The models that passed this test are shown in bold in table 1. There is good agreement between the statistical distributions of those models that passed the test, and were therefore used in our attribution study, and the PDF of observed annual CET anomalies ( figure 1(b) ). The observed trend of the mean CET over 1950-2011 is also well within the CMIP5 ensemble in this region (van Oldenborgh et al 2013) .

The observed trend of the mean CET over 1950-2011 is also well within the CMIP5 ensemble in this region.


To this end, this paper utilizes EMD to process the typical wind pressure time-history samples measured on the 167-m high Peng-cheng cooling tower. Loading characteristics, including the mean and fluctuating wind pressure distributions, the power-spectral density, the coherence function, the probability density function, and the spatial correlation, are extracted from the original full-scale wind pressure time-history samples of nonstationarity and the processed stationary samples, respectively. By comparison, the nonstationarity effects on wind loads are appreciated. Besides, many researchers are aware of the deficiency of the passive wind tunnel technique in simulating the nonstationary features of the realistic ABL flow fields [2, 8] . However, no one has actually quantified the influence of the deficiency on model test results. In this regard, the obtained full-scale loading characteristics are also compared with the model test results. Through these works, one can gain some insights into the nature of the realistic wind effects and the similarity problem with the traditional passive wind tunnel simulation technique.

Besides, many researchers are aware of the deficiency of the passive wind tunnel technique in simulating the nonstationary features of the realistic ABL flow fields.