This additive has been used in AAC technology for years to improve the properties of this material. Reducing the sulfate content in the AAC mixes leads to increased shrinkage and reduced compressive strength [14] . Calcium sulphate in AAC during hydrothermal treatment accelerates the formation of tobermorite and C-S-H phase, which in turn increases the strength of the final product [12] . As a result, the structure of the concrete becomes tighter and the sorption of concrete is reduced directly after hydrothermal process as the gypsum content in the mix increases. However, it is important to remember that built-in AAC units often have a water content of up to 40% and, as the concrete tightness increases, the process of drying of AAC walls slows down. The aim of this study was to evaluate the drying process of AAC specimens depending on the content of calcium sulphate in the binder.

Reducing the sulfate content in the AAC mixes leads to increased shrinkage and reduced compressive strength.

Calcium sulphate in AAC during hydrothermal treatment accelerates the formation of tobermorite and C-S-H phase, which in turn increases the strength of the final product.


AAC is a porous material and absorbs moisture from the environment when the relative humidity exceeds 70%. The time needed to stabilize the moisture in the cellular concrete partition is between 1.5 and 2 years, and under extremely unfavorable conditions 2 to 3 years. The first figures in both cases refer to AAC produced using siliceous sand and the second figures to units with fly ash. The examination of AAC walls in buildings after 30 to 40 years has confirmed that the moisture content of partition from sand AAC was about 2.5% while partitions from fly ash AAC -about 4.5%. At such a moisture content, the partitions constructed from AAC units show good thermo-insulating properties [1] . European standard EN 771-4 permits operating moisture of AAC units at 4-8% [2] .

At such a moisture content, the partitions constructed from AAC units show good thermo-insulating properties.

European standard EN 771-4 permits operating moisture of AAC units at 4-8%.


The FFM model or Big Five was originated in the analysis of language used to describe people. The use of adjectives of natural language as describers of traits has been regarded as the best strategy to identify factors that enable a better understanding of personality characteristics (Briggs, 1992) . The discovery of this method is an empirical generalization independently replicated numerous times.

The use of adjectives of natural language as describers of traits has been regarded as the best strategy to identify factors that enable a better understanding of personality characteristics.


It can be seen that, even at a tungsten content of only 0.10%, the iron grain size decreases sharply, e.g., from 5 to 1.3 µm for Т 1 . When the tungsten concentra tion increases further, the experimental curves nearly reach saturation, and the minimum attainable grain size (D min ) remains constant. A reduction in the tem perature of the substrate does not change the behavior of D = f(C) dependences and leads to a decrease in D min to 0.3 µm and 50 nm for Т 2 and Т 3 , respectively, and to an increase in the tungsten concentration (which corresponds to regions in which the behavior of the experimental curves changes) from 0.15 to 0.8 at %. For all of the studied samples, the crystal lat tice parameter remains constant and corresponds to the value characteristic of α Fe. This result indicates the lack of solubility of tungsten in the crystal lattice of α Fe condensates produced under the employed tech nological conditions [1] .

This result indicates the lack of solubility of tungsten in the crystal lattice of α Fe condensates produced under the employed tech nological conditions.


We adopt a different approach to the problem in this paper. We focus not on issues with students' search behaviour, but instead on the ways in which information retrieval systems have been conceptualized and developed. Historically, search systems have long been characterized as a type of tool for retrieving relevant content or finding answers that satisfy people's information needs. From this perspective, research and development on search technology tends to focus on improving the effectiveness of search results to match document with search queries. In terms of the search user interface, the majority of search systems still display a ranked list of search results. This interface design signals the expectation that people may want to select relevant documents from the search results page efficiently and quickly. Indeed, users become accustomed to interacting with search systems in quick and easy ways. Typical systems may work well for certain kinds of tasks, such as look-up tasks, but not necessarily for other kinds of search tasks, such as learning, investigation and discovery, which require iteration, reflection and analysis of results by the searcher [8] . In other words, current search engines are optimized for only a certain kind of learning -acquiring factual knowledge -but are less successful at facilitating other kinds of learning, such as understanding, analysis, application or synthesis, in terms of Bloom's taxonomy [9] .

Typical systems may work well for certain kinds of tasks, such as look-up tasks, but not necessarily for other kinds of search tasks, such as learning, investigation and discovery, which require iteration, reflection and analysis of results by the searcher.

In other words, current search engines are optimized for only a certain kind of learning -acquiring factual knowledge -but are less successful at facilitating other kinds of learning, such as understanding, analysis, application or synthesis, in terms of Bloom's taxonomy.


Apart from the filamentous viruses, we found a large number of different morphotypes of the icosahedric forms, which usually dominate viral communities of the water column (Pina et al. 1998; Wichels et al. 1998; Alonso et al. 2001) . Prokaryotic diversity is known to be much higher in sediments than in pelagic systems (Torsvik et al. 2002) . However, whether that is reflected by a higher viral diversity in sediments still remains to be clarified.

Apart from the filamentous viruses, we found a large number of different morphotypes of the icosahedric forms, which usually dominate viral communities of the water column.

Prokaryotic diversity is known to be much higher in sediments than in pelagic systems.


The paper is organized as follows. In Sec. 2, we derive the general semiclassical formulas for the onephoton radiation probability of twisted photons by scalar and Dirac particles and discuss their applicability conditions. In Sec. 3, we elaborate a general theory of undulator radiation of twisted photons with account for the quantum recoil undergone by a charged particle in radiating a photon. We also obtain a simple estimate for the number of radiated twisted photons and specialize the general applicability conditions to the case of undulator radiation. As expected, the wiggler radiation of lower harmonics where the main part of twisted photons is radiated has a clear imprint of the "blossoming out rose" effect [9] . In Sec. 4, we consider the radiation of twisted photons by charged particles in an intense laser wave of a circular polarization. In particular, we trace the manifestation of blossoming out rose effect in this radiation. Several examples are presented there. Some cumbersome calculations are removed to Appendices A, B. In Conclusion, we summarize the results.

The paper is organized as follows.

As expected, the wiggler radiation of lower harmonics where the main part of twisted photons is radiated has a clear imprint of the "blossoming out rose" effect.

Several examples are presented there.


In terms of queueing theory the problem considered in the paper can be reformulated as follows. Consider single-server queueing system where arrival flow of customers is Poisson with rate λ, and a service time of a customer depends upon queue-length as follows. If at the moment of service begun, the number of customers in the system is not greater than L, then the service time of this customer has the probability distribution B 1 (x). Otherwise, if there are more than L customers in the system at the moment of service begun, then the probability distribution function of the service time of this customer is B 2 (x). The analytical results for this queueing system are known (e.g. Abramov [3] ). Notice that the lower level of dam L lower is equated with an empty queueing system. Then the dam specification of the problem is characterized by performance criteria, which in terms of the queueing formulation looks as follows. Let q t denote the queue-length in time t. The problem is to choose an output parameter of system minimizing the functional J(L) = p 1 (L)J 1 (L) + p 2 (L)J 2 (L), where p 1 (L) = lim t→∞ P{q t = 0}, p 2 (L) = lim t→∞ P{q t > L}, and J 1 (L) and J 2 (L) are the corresponding damage costs for the long period of time T proportional to L. These damage costs J 1 (L) and J 2 (L) are assumed to be proportional to T . To be precise assume that J 1 (L) = j 1 L and J 2 (L) = j 2 L, where j 1 and j 2 are positive constants. Assuming that L → ∞ we shall often write p 1 and p 2 (without argument L) rather than p 1 (L) and p 2 (L). The argument L will be often omitted in other functions. We shall feel free to write J, J 1 and J 2 without the argument L.

The analytical results for this queueing system are known (e.g. Abramov).


It is also clear that financial incentives are necessary but not sufficient for motivation. Salary and allowance differentials among different cadres of staff and across facilities appear to have a particularly demotivating effect. The variability between mission institutions leads to poaching between facilities, while tensions are caused between cadres when some qualify for an allowance, such as a responsibility allowance, that another group feels they too deserve. Eventually allowances come to be seen as an entitlement and no longer serve as an incentive [22] . Because of the critical shortage of doctors COs find themselves expected to assume this responsibility and role, but without the corresponding benefits. For these reasons a performance-based system of enhancing staff salaries may prove more effective in motivating and improving performance.

Eventually allowances come to be seen as an entitlement and no longer serve as an incentive.


The traditional method of image classification and location by multiscale pyramid method needs to extract the statistical features of the image in multiscale and then classify the image by a classifier [1] [2] [3] . Because different types of images are characterized by different features, it is difficult to use one or more features to represent objects, which do not achieve a robust classification model. Those models failed to detect the objects especially that there are more detected objects in an image.

The traditional method of image classification and location by multiscale pyramid method needs to extract the statistical features of the image in multiscale and then classify the image by a classifier.


Attacks by Beladen, Gumblar, and Nineball are large-scale incidents of mass compromises of websites [1] . These types of compromises are the leading cause of malware infection on the web. Web content on a compromised website is injected with code that will redirect web clients unknowingly to a malicious website. The malicious website behind the compromised website that acts as a landing site contains exploit code that targets the web browser's vulnerability. The web client is automatically infected with malware simply by accessing the compromised website without user interaction. If the malware has the functionality of leaking information, the credentials on a victim host may be unknowingly stolen. Furthermore, if a victim host stores its own website credentials, the credentials can also be stolen and leaked to adversaries. Adversaries can then compromise that website with the stolen credentials ( Fig. 1) . In this way, the phases of an attack cycle, such as exploit, credential collection, and fraud & abuse, are repeated continuously, further spreading malware infection and compromising more websites. In this attack cycle, malicious entities, such as specific exploit codes and exploit websites behind compromised websites, might change temporarily, and compromised websites might also become other secondary attack vectors. We believe it is important to comprehensively monitor an adversary's activities in this attack cycle to understand the above-mentioned temporal changes and secondary attack vectors [2] . Much research has been done to find ways of discovering malicious websites in web space [3] [4] [5] [6] . The typical approach is crawling-based malicious website discovery. This approach, however, requires numerous system and network resources for inspection, so it is a time-consuming process. Effective methods for discovering suitable seed URLs to apply crawling have been proposed recently [7] [8] [9] . Although these guided crawling methods can dramatically reduce the cost of crawling, another problem still remains, i.e., the need to rapidly discover unknown malicious websites. Moreover, in client-side monitoring (i.e., crawling as a web browser), it is impossible to understand how adversaries use stolen credentials or to understand the activities of adversaries on compromised servers.

Attacks by Beladen, Gumblar, and Nineball are large-scale incidents of mass compromises of websites.

We believe it is important to comprehensively monitor an adversary's activities in this attack cycle to understand the above-mentioned temporal changes and secondary attack vectors.

Much research has been done to find ways of discovering malicious websites in web space.

Effective methods for discovering suitable seed URLs to apply crawling have been proposed recently.


The Baltic Sea Region Energy Cooperation (BASREC) was founded in 1998 by the ministers for energy of the region and of the European Commission. The Baltic Sea Region Energy Cooperation (BASREC) was founded in 1998 by the ministers for energy of the region and of the European Commission. The BASREC consists of eleven-member states in the Baltic Sea region, including Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the European Commission [41] . Among these countries, only three countries are not member states in the EU (e.g., Iceland, Norway, and Russia). In order to enhance energy efficiency and facilitate European energy market operation, the BASREC tries to develop and adopt advanced energy-related technologies. In sum, the main objective of the BASREC is to make a contribution to continued growth and sustainable development of the Baltic Sea region.

The BASREC consists of eleven-member states in the Baltic Sea region, including Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the European Commission.


The importance of the green economy and sustainable development in policy discussions has grown immensely in recent years [1] . From the international discourse of institutions, such as the European Union (EU), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and United Nations (UN), and particularly with regard to the 2008 financial crisis, these two concepts are seen as potential ways to come out of a severe economic slowdown [2, 3] . Because energy is an indispensable resource for economic development, the formulation of effective energy usage could be a solution for solving the conflict between economic development, energy conservation, and environmental sustainability. Becoming a low carbon economy is a policy goal formulated by both the European Union and the Baltic Sea Region. Thus, a proper transition towards a low carbon economy is needed in order to tackle challenges, such as climate change mitigation and adaptation, energy supply, as well as the sustainable use of resources.

The importance of the green economy and sustainable development in policy discussions has grown immensely in recent years.

From the international discourse of institutions, such as the European Union (EU), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and United Nations (UN), and particularly with regard to the 2008 financial crisis, these two concepts are seen as potential ways to come out of a severe economic slowdown.


An extreme view of a slow-fast dynamical system can be taken by expressing it in terms of ordinary differential equations containing discontinuities. A vector field defines evolution throughout phase space, but its value can jump discontinuously across a surface called a switching manifold. In the systems we will consider, orbits can slide along the switching manifold in a manner that approximates the slow dynamics, while fast dynamics takes place outside the switching manifold. The conventional description of dynamics in piecewise-smooth vector fields was laid down by Filippov [11] . We will rederive Filippov's convention by different means, defining it as a piecewise-smooth union of vector fields of the fast and slow subsystems, combined with a map that 'pinches' phase space in the neighbourhood of the critical manifold. The pinching creates a hypersurface, the switching manifold, and the slow dynamics slides around inside it.

The conventional description of dynamics in piecewise-smooth vector fields was laid down by Filippov.


The INitiative for the Evaluation of XML retrieval 1 (INEX) is a coordinated effort that promotes evaluation procedures for content-oriented XML retrieval. In order to evaluate XML retrieval effectiveness, the concept of relevance needs to be clearly defined. There are two relevance dimensions used by INEX, Exhaustivity and Specificity, which measure the extent to which a given information unit covers and is focused on an information need, respectively [16] . In this paper we provide a detailed empirical analysis of the two INEX relevance dimensions. More specifically, we investigate what the experience of both the assessor and the users suggests on how relevance should be defined and measured in the context of XML retrieval.

There are two relevance dimensions used by INEX, Exhaustivity and Specificity, which measure the extent to which a given information unit covers and is focused on an information need, respectively.


Simulations of the charging-up influence in the GEM transparency were already reported [11] . In order to study the contribution of the charging-up for the effective gain variations, two methods to simulate the charge accumulation in the detector are presented. We also compare our results with available experimental data.

Simulations of the charging-up influence in the GEM transparency were already reported.


Deposited charges can flow through the insulator surface and insulator bulk under the action of the electric field. Previous studies propose that the positive ions are not captured in insulators surfaces, instead they transfer their charge to intrinsic carriers of the insulator, and the conduction should be made by electrons and holes [10] . The time for charges evacuation is of the order of several hours to days, so we did not include this effect in our method, i.e. all deposited charges will remain in the same surface during the whole simulation time. This approach should remain valid if the charging-up process is much faster than the draining of charges.

Previous studies propose that the positive ions are not captured in insulators surfaces, instead they transfer their charge to intrinsic carriers of the insulator, and the conduction should be made by electrons and holes.


The last and largest eruption of the Merapi Volcano occurred in 2010, which greatly affected both the physical and psychological states of human victims, particularly children. Children experienced the negative psychological impact of the volcano (Ronholt, Karsberg, & Elklit, 2013) . Children manifest trauma through psychological and behavioral changes (Kar, 2009) . Another study demonstrated that the effect of a disaster on the mental health of children is sometimes indecipherable (Uemoto, Asakawa, Takamiya, Asakawa, & Inui, 2012) . Various levels of general psychological distress are visible even 12 months after a disaster, and that the post-traumatic stress reaction may continue until 18 months after a disaster (Aslam & Tariq, 2010) .

Children experienced the negative psychological impact of the volcano.

Children manifest trauma through psychological and behavioral changes.

Another study demonstrated that the effect of a disaster on the mental health of children is sometimes indecipherable.

Various levels of general psychological distress are visible even 12 months after a disaster, and that the post-traumatic stress reaction may continue until 18 months after a disaster.


If we accept this distinction between schooling and competencies, then we need to determine how the latter are produced. Educational production functions have typically underpinned analyses of which factors influence students' achievements during their childhood and teens (Hanushek, 1979; 1997) . In this context, there is a general consensus in concluding that not only years of education but other relevant features such as personal characteristics (e.g. gender) and family socioeconomic background drive the acquisition of competencies even beyond schooling (Björklund and Salvanes, 2011; Mazzona, 2014) . Moreover, given that human capital is a dynamic concept, as individuals leave school and age other sources of knowledge emerge.

Educational production functions have typically underpinned analyses of which factors influence students' achievements during their childhood and teens.

In this context, there is a general consensus in concluding that not only years of education but other relevant features such as personal characteristics (e.g. gender) and family socioeconomic background drive the acquisition of competencies even beyond schooling.


Previous studies have attempted to separate cohort effects from age effects by comparing single age cohorts on repeated, representative cross-sectional data from IALS, ALL and PIAAC (Willms and Murray, 2007; Green and Riddell, 2007; 2013; Desjardins and Warnke, 2012; Flisi et al., 2015) . This strategy provides information as to whether a cohort as a whole and on average has gained or lost competencies with ageing and over time 2 . However, although these studies identify schooling as one of the main drivers of literacy skills, none of them focuses on the role played by changes in schooling quality in driving the results. Although it is beyond the scope of our research to identify which factors determine the observed changes in the efficiency of transformation of schooling into competencies, to the best of our knowledge our paper is among the first to explicitly consider these changes in schooling quality when defining age-skill profiles.

Previous studies have attempted to separate cohort effects from age effects by comparing single age cohorts on repeated, representative cross-sectional data from IALS, ALL and PIAAC.


Engine downsizing is a standardized practice for the standard passenger car market, while it is a more recent approach on the high performance engine side, due to the potential loss of appeal that could derive from the displacement reduction for the specific application. Nevertheless, a trend can now be seen in this market segment, where a new generation of highly downsized engine with specific power outputs around or above 150 HP/litre is emerging. The increased in-cylinder pressure in SI engines has always been limited by the arising of abnormal combustion phenomena, which are considered nowadays one of the most severe performance limiters in SI engines [1] [2] [3] [4] . To prevent, or at least limit, the risk of knock onset, charge cooling by means of the adoption of fuel-rich mixtures is usually applied. Despite the implied reduction of engine efficiency (or related increase of specific fuel consumption), mixture enrichment is preferable to the reduction of either the SA or the boost level, since these last are responsible for the amount of indicated work. The use of very rich mixtures is also effective to limit the exhaust gas temperature at turbine inlet. An alternative option to avoid fuel-rich mixtures could be the use of water injection to achieve the same charge cooling effect with reduced gasoline amounts. While frequently dismissed as simply a remedy for poor intercooling, the benefits of water injection stretch beyond simply cooling engine intake air, and can lead to more power than intercooling alone [5, 6] . The application of water cooling is not a novelty in internal combustion engines, and the first studies on its potential on knock inhibition can be traced back to the early 1930's studies of Sir Harry Ricardo. Much later, a limited number of road vehicles with large-displacement engines from manufacturers such as Chrysler have included water injection. Saab offered water injection for the Saab 99 Turbo. With the introduction of the intercooler the interest in water injection disappeared.

The increased in-cylinder pressure in SI engines has always been limited by the arising of abnormal combustion phenomena, which are considered nowadays one of the most severe performance limiters in SI engines.

While frequently dismissed as simply a remedy for poor intercooling, the benefits of water injection stretch beyond simply cooling engine intake air, and can lead to more power than intercooling alone.


CAN technology has been recently used in sensor networks [9] . Compared to sensors, the WLAN APs are powerful machines with about 16-32MB RAM and a CPU of about 150MHz. Recent APs with an embedded Linux OS show that the available resource safety margin is sufficiently large for additional tasks. As mentioned, CAN has constant memory requirements. The management database stores settings valid for every AP. Its size is thus independent of the number of APs. Given a typical profile size of about 1-10kB, 30-100 user profiles per AP can principally be stored without any impact on AP performance. User profile size can be further reduced by using group management. Redundancy mechanisms can not be reasonably used when the overall number of APs is very low (say for up to 5-10 APs). When using redundancy mechanisms, the overall database size has to be multiplied by the redundancy factor k. For instance, in a network with 10 APs, 100 user profiles and the redundancy factor k=2, the zone database on each AP is about 5kB*100*2 / 10 = 1MB. These values seem to be realistic requirements for modern APs.

CAN technology has been recently used in sensor networks.


Face recognition is one of the dynamic research fields for computer and machine vision researchers (Reza et al., 2011) today. In today's world, face recognition has turn out to be more and more appropriate within computer vision. The new interest in face recognition can be ascribed to the rise of commercial interest and the progress of feasible technologies to sustain the development of face recognition. A face recognition system, which routinely identifies a human face from database images, is a computer vision. The challenging problem of face recognition is to take into consideration of all possible appearance variation caused by change in lighting, facial features, occlusions, etc., (Sudhir and Banerji, 2011) . One of the most important biometric is face recognition, which seems to be having excellent cooperation between actuality and social reception and balances security and privacy well (Patil et al., 2010) .

Face recognition is one of the dynamic research fields for computer and machine vision researchers today.

The challenging problem of face recognition is to take into consideration of all possible appearance variation caused by change in lighting, facial features, occlusions, etc..

One of the most important biometric is face recognition, which seems to be having excellent cooperation between actuality and social reception and balances security and privacy well.


At elevated temperatures alloys like Inconel 718 are known to be prone to intercrystalline cracking and two dominating theories to explain this behaviour are found: stress accelerated grain boundary oxidation (SAGBO) and dynamic embrittlement (DE) [2] . The SAGBO process involves oxidation of grain boundaries ahead of the crack tip and subsequent cracking of the oxide, exposing new surfaces to the oxygen. The DE theory on the other hand advocates embrittling of the grain boundary by oxygen diffusion, separation of the embrittled boundaries and subsequent oxidation of the fresh surfaces. DE requires oxygen diffusion over very short distances.

At elevated temperatures alloys like Inconel 718 are known to be prone to intercrystalline cracking and two dominating theories to explain this behaviour are found: stress accelerated grain boundary oxidation (SAGBO) and dynamic embrittlement (DE).


However, the time dependent intergranular cracking of nickel based superalloys, under both sustained and cyclic loads, is generally believed to be due to environmental interactions at the crack tip [1] [2] [3] . The main damaging species that is always present is oxygen, but other more aggressive species most likely also have a significant impact on the service life of nickel base components [4, 5] . For instance, the typical environment for gas turbine components could contain varying amounts of moisture, sulphur (in industrial environments) and chlorine (in coastal environments). Furthermore, in future gas turbine designs, one must be prepared for an increased variety of fuels. Alternative gas sources, such as syngas or biogas produced from landfill gas or digester gas contain significant amount of H 2 S, which on combustion will transform to SO 2 and water vapour. Thus, the future need of conversion from fossil-based fuels will lead to more chemically aggressive environments for the materials and, consequently, a better understanding of the environmental influence on service lives of critical components is needed.

However, the time dependent intergranular cracking of nickel based superalloys, under both sustained and cyclic loads, is generally believed to be due to environmental interactions at the crack tip.

The main damaging species that is always present is oxygen, but other more aggressive species most likely also have a significant impact on the service life of nickel base components.


We propose an alternative method of patterning QD films that utilizes the shape memory effect of shape memory polymers (SMPs) to alleviate such high preload and high peeling rate requirements without compromising high pattern resolution. SMPs are a class of thermosensitive materials that change their mechanical compliance across the polymer's glass transition or melting temperature (T g , or T m ) [24, 25] . The reversibility in the elastic modulus can be exploited to provide conformal contact and high pull-off force, useful for transfer printing and patterning [26] . Here, a structured SMP surface is used to make conformal contact to QD films with low preload at elevated temperature and to provide high pull-off forces enabling high-resolution large-area patterning, even with a low separation rate (~2 µm/s) at room temperature. In such a way, solvent-free, rate-independent, high yield, highly scalable QD film patterning is achieved via the SMP surface.

SMPs are a class of thermosensitive materials that change their mechanical compliance across the polymer's glass transition or melting temperature (T g , or T m ).

The reversibility in the elastic modulus can be exploited to provide conformal contact and high pull-off force, useful for transfer printing and patterning.


Transfer printing with a structured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomeric stamp requires certain thresholds with respect to the applied preload when the PDMS stamp is making a contact with a QD film and with respect to separation rate, i.e., peeling rate, for proper patterning [20, 21] . This method suffers from inconsistent patterning due to weak adhesion between the QDs, high preload, a high peeling rate, and poor resolution. Introducing water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can enhance transfer of QD films to PDMS stamps and improve patterning yields, but the process still suffers from high preload, high peeling rate, and moderate resolution [22] . Recently introduced intaglio transfer printing has successfully demonstrated ultra high resolution, but the drawback of the high preload and high peeling rate (10 cm/s) still remains [23] .

Transfer printing with a structured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomeric stamp requires certain thresholds with respect to the applied preload when the PDMS stamp is making a contact with a QD film and with respect to separation rate, i.e., peeling rate, for proper patterning.

Introducing water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can enhance transfer of QD films to PDMS stamps and improve patterning yields, but the process still suffers from high preload, high peeling rate, and moderate resolution.

Recently introduced intaglio transfer printing has successfully demonstrated ultra high resolution, but the drawback of the high preload and high peeling rate (10 cm/s) still remains.


Preliminary data indicate learners frequently access their private dissertation workspace, which was created for learners and their dissertation committee. With this access, learners state they communicate more effectively with their committee and with faculty and report reduced isolation during the dissertation process. To reduce isolation, it is critical to foster collaboration between faculty and learners. Faculty should remember the tenuous nature of the independent dissertation phases and remain in close contact with their advisees (Gardner, 2008) . Isolation is a significant factor adversely influencing the completion of the dissertation in the doctoral program of study. The findings of this exploratory study reveal that access to a private dissertation workspace is beginning to reduce isolation and is enabling doctoral learners to communicate more effectively with members of their dissertation committee. The challenges of independent doctoral research coupled with the lack of learner experience amplify the need for on-going communication between the learner and their dissertation committee. The use of private workspaces for doctoral learners completing a detailed long-term project shows promise. This approach may also be applied to other disciplines -master's thesis, independent study, group projects performed at the undergraduate level, and in business.

Faculty should remember the tenuous nature of the independent dissertation phases and remain in close contact with their advisees.


Finally, many viruses are considered to belong to common virus families, based on the similarities in structure, code or method of infection that they share [2] . This classification is crucial to properly evaluating the effectiveness of a virus detection system. The first occurrence of a new kind of virus is typically the most devastating, as virus scanners are often incapable of detecting it. Then a host of variants typically emerge soon after the initial outbreak, albeit with less damaging consequences. Our method uses a priori knowledge of virus families, and evaluates the ability of our classifier to detect instances of a family without having been trained on any other instance from that same family.

Finally, many viruses are considered to belong to common virus families, based on the similarities in structure, code or method of infection that they share.


At first sight, obtaining average flow information in periodic flows, or instationary flows in general, using particle image velocimetry (PIV) seems straightforward: image pairs are recorded, vector fields are obtained using cross-correlation, and these vector fields are averaged to obtain the desired result. However, in some cases, the signal-to-noise ratio of data is insufficient to obtain reliable instantaneous results. For instance, due to difficult imaging conditions or limitations on the amount of seeding material a high percentage of spurious data can occur. In these cases, events with relatively small displacement and gradients will be over-represented, so that the resulting average will not be representative of the time-averaged flow. The presence of 'gaps' in vector fields at locations of large displacements (and gradients) will bias the statistics. A further complication arises from the difficulty of validating vector fields with more than 5-10% outliers in a reliable way (Westerweel 1994) .

A further complication arises from the difficulty of validating vector fields with more than 5-10% outliers in a reliable way.


Faced with the soil quality challenges associated with tillage and cultivation, and cognizant of the benefits of conventional no-till practices, organic farmers have shown significant interest in the development of no-and reduced-tillage techniques suitable for organic production. Within the majority of the reduced tillage systems currently utilized by organic farmers, no-till phases are incorporated throughout the rotation, with tillage limited to establishing the cover crops [16] [17] [18] . This technique, often referred to as Cover Crop-Based Reduced Tillage (CCBRT) uses mature cover crop residue as a mulch to smother weeds, replacing the standard organic weed management tactics of tillage and cultivation. Winter annual cover crops (typically cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.)) are seeded in the fall and terminated mechanically without herbicides in the spring, often using a roller-crimper ( Figure 1a ) which creates an in situ surface mulch that physically suppresses weeds. At the time of cover crop termination, the cash crop (typically soybean (Glyine max (L.) Merr.) or field corn (Zea mays L.)) is planted directly into the cover crop mulch (Figure 1b) , which provides season-long weed suppression without further soil disturbance throughout cash crop production.

Within the majority of the reduced tillage systems currently utilized by organic farmers, no-till phases are incorporated throughout the rotation, with tillage limited to establishing the cover crops.


In the wild, fowl live in stable social groups in which females have months or years to evaluate prospective mates (Collias et al., 1966; Collias & Collias, 1967; Sullivan, 1990) . Males form pronounced dominance hierarchies, and females obtain direct benefits from the most dominant males (Pizzari, 2003) . Under these more natural conditions, a male's ornamentation completely fails to predict his mating and reproductive success . Instead, dominance and an intercorrelated suite of signalling behaviours are most important , and the single best predictors of mating and reproductive success are the rates at which males produce aerial and terrestrial alarm calls, respectively. These are referential signals that warn conspecifics about avian and terrestrial predators (Evans et al., 1993) . Both sexes produce terrestrial alarm calls, whereas only males accompanied by a conspecific audience produce aerial alarm calls (Karakashian et al., 1988) .

In the wild, fowl live in stable social groups in which females have months or years to evaluate prospective mates.

Males form pronounced dominance hierarchies, and females obtain direct benefits from the most dominant males.

These are referential signals that warn conspecifics about avian and terrestrial predators.

Both sexes produce terrestrial alarm calls, whereas only males accompanied by a conspecific audience produce aerial alarm calls.


Third, watching an instructional video about temperature measurement is thought to be an effective educational tool. Previous surveys have indicated that the normal axillary temperature beforenoon, measured with a computerized electronic thermometer, is between 35.66°C and 37.16°C, with a mean of 36.40°C [28] . Therefore, the mean axillary temperature data in this study was thought to be within the normal range. Prior to this study, it was predicted that the axillary temperature measurement value would increase after a change in the correct measurement method. However, the result may suggest that participants used more care in measuring their temperature after watching the video. The information in the educational video program might be effective for expanding health education and the utilization of correct methods; however, more research is needed to fully address this possibility.

Previous surveys have indicated that the normal axillary temperature beforenoon, measured with a computerized electronic thermometer, is between 35.66°C and 37.16°C, with a mean of 36.40°C.


This study has several limitations. First, some results did not reach statistical significance, as described above. Second, the sample size of this study was small. Among the 435 students, 23.4% completed the two questionnaires, and 19.3% completed both axillary temperature measurements. This was likely due to the attempt to maintain the independence of voluntary participation. In addition, a high proportion of participants in the study were female. This may limit the generalizability of the findings to a wider population. Further, this study ignores several kinds of discrepancies among family members in terms of how they affect participants' behaviors. Discordance between the parent and adolescent is an important phenomenon of healthy adolescent development [29] . Parent-adolescent conflicts, as well as mother-father discrepancies regarding their children might negatively impact children's behaviors [30, 31] . Further research should include various additional aspects of the study population. Despite these limitations, the results of the current study pointed out multiple aspects for expanding correct health behaviors.

This study has several limitations.

Discordance between the parent and adolescent is an important phenomenon of healthy adolescent development.

Parent-adolescent conflicts, as well as mother-father discrepancies regarding their children might negatively impact children's behaviors.


In medical image applications, different cases may have different types and numbers of corresponding structures. Therefore, we propose to feed different label pairs randomly into training, one corresponding pair at each iteration for each image pair, so that a minibatch optimisation scheme takes an equal number of image-and label pairs in each minibatch. Considering all the label pairs given an image pair being the conditionally independent data of the likelihood function representing voxel correspondence, the gradient computed from this minibatch is still an unbiased estimator of the gradient of the loss function using the entire training set, as in stochastic gradient descent [15] .

Considering all the label pairs given an image pair being the conditionally independent data of the likelihood function representing voxel correspondence, the gradient computed from this minibatch is still an unbiased estimator of the gradient of the loss function using the entire training set, as in stochastic gradient descent.


The challenge of increasing excavator productivity while minimising fuel use is of growing importance for both industry and academic research. Tam attempted to use artificial neural networks to develop a quantitative model for predicting productivity (Tam et al., 2002) . It is also important to the UK to reduce GHG emissions (Mao et al. 2014) . The need to better understand the nature of productivity related to fuel consumption in this specific context is critically important. Therefore, this paper investigates a novel, ecoapproach specifically for operators to optimise productivity and fuel efficiency whilst operating a hydraulic excavator. A new, and important, variable, bucket cut depth (BCD), has been used in this research as a result of the recommendations from industries and academics mentioned in Sections 2,3 and 4. In previous studies BCD has been treated as a constant (rather than variable) value, and its influences on the optimisation of productivity and fuel efficiency have rarely been the focus of research within the field. In this research, its influences were tested along with various RPM settings based on industrial standard technical specifications from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to determine the practical and scientific importance of BCD to both industry and academia.

Tam attempted to use artificial neural networks to develop a quantitative model for predicting productivity.

It is also important to the UK to reduce GHG emissions.


All vowel measurements were made using Praat (Boersma and Weenink 2012) . Formant measurements were taken at two time points, 1/3 and 2/3 of each vowel token's duration. Vowel duration is normalized in the analyses below by dividing the individual duration measurement for each token by its speaker's mean vowel duration. All speakers read the same reading passage and word list with the same instructions (to read the passage over before recitation and to pause briefly between each word list recitation) so prosodic differences should be minimal.

All vowel measurements were made using Praat.


Analysis of variance pooled over environments (Table-1) revealed significant differences between the genotypes, parents and crosses interacted differentially for the traits under changed environments. Increasing the number of environments reduces the contribution of pooled error and additive x environment variances (Eberhart et al., 1995) . The crosses interacted more markedly with environments, suggesting the hybrids did not have the same relative performance across locations.

Increasing the number of environments reduces the contribution of pooled error and additive x environment variances.


Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres & A.W.A.M. de Cock (Oomycetes: Peronosporales) , the cause of sudden oak death in the US and ramorum blight in Europe, causes damage on more than 70 species of trees and shrubs (USDA-APHIS 2007) . Nursery stock is one of the primary modes of transmission and countries where the disease is found have quarantine measures to prevent further spread (EPPO 2006) . The disease has been detected and eradicated several times from nurseries in British Columbia between the years 2003 and the present. Early detection and eradication in nurseries are critical to keeping P. ramorum out of the forest environment (Mascheretti et al. 2008) . As the organism is microscopic and symptoms resemble those of other plant pathogens or are innocuous on some hosts, detection is problematic. Based on molecular data, there are three clonal lineages of P. ramorum : one from Europe (EU1) and two from North America (NA1 and NA2).

Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres & A.W.A.M. de Cock (Oomycetes: Peronosporales) , the cause of sudden oak death in the US and ramorum blight in Europe, causes damage on more than 70 species of trees and shrubs.

Nursery stock is one of the primary modes of transmission and countries where the disease is found have quarantine measures to prevent further spread.

Early detection and eradication in nurseries are critical to keeping P. ramorum out of the forest environment.


The parameterisation of the quasi-geostrophic eddy-meanfield interactions is the main focus of the current study. Specifically, we develop parameterisations for a flow representative of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (acc), gener-C462 ated using a quasi-geostrophic spectral spherical harmonic code of maximum zonal and total truncation wavenumber of T = 252 . The eddy viscosity coefficients are calculated from the statistics of high resolution reference direct numerical simulations (dnss) truncated back to the les truncation wavenumber T R < T . The coefficients representing the eddy-eddy interactions are determined using the method of Frederiksen and Kepert [4] . This approach was previously successfully applied to quasi-geostrophic (qg) simulations of the ocean, comprising of sheared currents, Rossby waves, and baroclinic instability [7, 10, 11] . The eddy-meanfield interactions are determined from the dns statistics via a new approach published here for the first time.

The coefficients representing the eddy-eddy interactions are determined using the method of Frederiksen and Kepert.

This approach was previously successfully applied to quasi-geostrophic (qg) simulations of the ocean, comprising of sheared currents, Rossby waves, and baroclinic instability.


The Atlantic region has some other important differences from the Amazon and Africa. While the values of AI are in the same ranges, mean values of the Angstrom exponent are much smaller in the Atlantic than in any other region. This indicates the presence of larger aerosol particles, possibly including giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN). GCCN activate easier than smaller CCN and can reduce the number of cloud droplets, even in polluted conditions (O'Dowd et al. 1999; Yuan et al. 2008) . Additionally, it must be noted that our RPFs in the Atlantic have lower cloud tops and are likely a mixture of features with warm rain and deeper convection with ice processes. The suppression of warm rain by aerosols and the invigoration of deeper features could be canceling each other out.

GCCN activate easier than smaller CCN and can reduce the number of cloud droplets, even in polluted conditions.


The article presents the findings of a collaborative research project that has examined in a systematic, comparative and theory-informed way the impact of this process of communitarization on the different sub-policies of the AFSJ, ranging from the migration field through organized crime to data protection (Trauner and Ripoll Servent, 2015) . The comparative analysis proposes an explanation as to why institutional change -understood as more competences for the EU's supranational institutions -have rarely led to policy change. The article draws attention to the conditions that facilitate or hinder policy change and categorizes the different mechanisms that have led to policy stability and change in the AFSJ.

The article presents the findings of a collaborative research project that has examined in a systematic, comparative and theory-informed way the impact of this process of communitarization on the different sub-policies of the AFSJ, ranging from the migration field through organized crime to data protection.


Consequently, rule-following overtakes contexts' specificities and helps to rapidly transfer previously adaptive behaviour to new contexts. However, should the behaviour in question in Thus, the two advantageous properties of RGB, namely insensitivity to direct and short-term consequences and transposition to distant and different contexts, can give rise to problematic behaviours insensitive to immediate consequences and maintained by hypothetical long-term ones. Such problematic behaviours have been suggested as central to the development of psychological issues (Törneke, Luciano, & Salas, 2008) .

Such problematic behaviours have been suggested as central to the development of psychological issues.


A number of genetic mutations have been associated with the congenital and hereditary human lymphovascular disorder of lymphedema, a broadly classified disease in which the lymphatics fail to transport excess fluid and macromolecules that have filtered from the blood vasculature causing irreversible edema and a sequaele of inflammatory responses. There is no cure for lymphedema. While several transgenic mouse models of lymphatic disorders have been developed, non-invasive characterization of lymphatic contractile function has not been performed in any of these models. PROX1 is a gene that encodes for a transcription factor unique to the lymphatics and essential for developmental lymphangiogenesis [17] . Deletion of the PROX1 gene is embryonically lethal in mice, whereas heterozygous PROX1 (PROX1+/) mice survive [3] . However, these mice are obese compared with their wild-type counterparts and indirect, invasive imaging with injection of EBD showed abnormal lymphatic drainage [3] . Yet to date lymphatic contractile function in PROX1+/ mice has not been assessed in vivo. Herein, we present NIR fluorescence imaging of the lymphatics of athymic nude, C57BL/6, and PROX1+/ mice. The objective of this study is to show that non-invasive, dynamic NIR fluorescence imaging is sensitive enough to phenotype transgenic animal models of lymphatic disorders. This work provides an example of transgenic mouse imaging to phenotype lymphovascular disorders that might be linked to hereditary lymphatic disorders in humans.

There is no cure for lymphedema.

PROX1 is a gene that encodes for a transcription factor unique to the lymphatics and essential for developmental lymphangiogenesis.

Deletion of the PROX1 gene is embryonically lethal in mice, whereas heterozygous PROX1 (PROX1+/) mice survive.

However, these mice are obese compared with their wild-type counterparts and indirect, invasive imaging with injection of EBD showed abnormal lymphatic drainage.


The size of present-day distributed software systems increases constantly, demanding for adequate scalable methods, which assist developers in constructing large systems, by composing individual components. This in turn creates the need for well-defined formal coordination languages to integrate and, more importantly, orchestrate the distributed system components. Such coordination languages must handle temporal and other nonfunctional interactive properties that cannot be expressed algorithmically [18] . In this paper, we take the view that concurrent interacting software systems are variants of real-time dataflow networks. Distributed software components are components of the network, their timed behaviour is orchestrated by component connectors, such that coordination amounts to composing the behavioural constraints of individual components and their connectors. Traditionally, communication between components and connectors is asynchronous, resembling the idea that connections are realised by unbounded FIFO buffers.

Such coordination languages must handle temporal and other nonfunctional interactive properties that cannot be expressed algorithmically.


We have used an in vivo assay of orthotropic metastasis to regional lymph nodes to begin to dissect the role of uPAR during early stages of prostate cancer invasion and metastases. This model demonstrated that metastases which succeed in invading as far as these lymph nodes and then proliferated within the nodes possessed significantly greater numbers of uPAR-positive staining cells when compared to the general population of cells within the primary tumor. This finding is in accord with a recent report using cDNA microarray of PC-3M cells to identify genes upregulated in lymphatic metastasis [20] . The apparent up-regulation of uPAR in lymph node tumor colonies suggests that uPAR expression is a phenotypic trait that is positively selected for during metastasis. While increased expression could result from the expansion of a few cells from the primary tumor which over-expressed the receptor, the increase could also be an inducible phenomenon by which cells expressing little or no uPAR in the primary tumor induce the uPAR within metastatic environments. Our in vitro data supports this second possibility for cancer cells in environments without matrix attachment as we found some suspended PC-3M cells gradually up-regulated surface uPAR expression.

This finding is in accord with a recent report using cDNA microarray of PC-3M cells to identify genes upregulated in lymphatic metastasis.


Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been rapidly developed for automated identification and tracking of objects in warehouse, supply chain, industry, and commerce [1] . Currently, mobile UHF RFID technology has received much attention owing to its advantages in cost, portability, and item-level applications. Mobile UHF RFID service is defined as a compact UHF RFID reader into a mobile phone. Anyone with it can directly identify the RFID tag attached product and access mobile internet by wireless communication for searching, verifying, and managing product information [2] .

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been rapidly developed for automated identification and tracking of objects in warehouse, supply chain, industry, and commerce.

Anyone with it can directly identify the RFID tag attached product and access mobile internet by wireless communication for searching, verifying, and managing product information.


The schematic view of near-field reading test is presented in Figure 7 (a). As shown in Figure 7 (c), the proposed antenna prototype is fabricated on the test stand, and the near-field button tag, attached to polyfoam, is parallel to the surface of antenna. The read range between antenna and tag is achieved along the positive -axis. As shown in Figure 7(d) , the Impinj UHF button of 13 * 10 mm 2 dimension was taken as the reference tag, and the Impinj Technology Speedway R420 reader was used for measurement [24] . The read capability of near-field antenna includes read width and read-range. With Impinj UHF button parallel to the prototype, the maximum read width of -plane is 70 mm at = 10 mm, as shown in Figure 7 (b). It agrees well with the simulated results of magnetic field distribution in Figure 4 .

As shown in Figure 7(d) , the Impinj UHF button of 13 * 10 mm 2 dimension was taken as the reference tag, and the Impinj Technology Speedway R420 reader was used for measurement.


The genus of Ficus may provide a good model system not only to illustrate the occurrence of shifts in wasp feeding regime over evolutionary times, but also to document ongoing processes. Ficus offer an extreme example of an obligate mutualism between plant and insect with a community of associated wasps parasitic on the system (Weiblen, 2002) . Each of the some 750 extant Ficus species is pollinated by one or several tiny species-specific agaonid wasps (Agaonidae; Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera) (Cook & Rasplus, 2003; Molbo et al ., 2003) . Female agaonid wasps: (1) enter the syconia (the urn-shaped Ficus inflorescences, with the flowers placed internally; hereafter referred to as the fig) through the ostiole (a pore, the unique connection between the inner and outer environments, more or less tightly closed by bracts); (2) oviposit into the ovaries of some of the female flowers; and (3) simultaneously pollinate (Jousselin et al ., , 2003 Weiblen, 2002) . Thus, sexual reproduction of the plant depends on the pollination services of agaonid fig wasps. On the other hand, each agaonid larva develops within a single galled fig ovule.

Ficus offer an extreme example of an obligate mutualism between plant and insect with a community of associated wasps parasitic on the system.

Each of the some 750 extant Ficus species is pollinated by one or several tiny species-specific agaonid wasps (Agaonidae; Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera).

Female agaonid wasps: (1) enter the syconia (the urn-shaped Ficus inflorescences, with the flowers placed internally; hereafter referred to as the fig) through the ostiole (a pore, the unique connection between the inner and outer environments, more or less tightly closed by bracts); (2) oviposit into the ovaries of some of the female flowers; and (3) simultaneously pollinate.


Fig wasps are generally thought to use a single resource for their development, although it has been suggested that some inquilines could use galls initiated by different wasp species on the same fig host (Compton, Rasplus & Ware, 1994) . Intense sexual selection leading to male fighting is largely documented in fig wasps and, in this context, selection for male size dimorphism is known to occur in some fig wasps (Bean & Cook, 2001; Pereira & Prado, 2005) . In such species, wasps could be selected to lay male eggs in lower quality resources, producing sneaky small males in the process. Such a production of small males would broaden the range of resources available to the wasps and could constitute an initial transitory step towards adaptation to the use of a new resource. Indeed, in solitary parasitoids, it has been demonstrated that females should lay sons in lower quality hosts (small hosts) and that there is a positive correlation between host size and wasp size (King, 1987) . In the present study, we document for the first time seed predation by fig wasps. Seeds appear to be used as a low quality resource to produce small males.

Fig wasps are generally thought to use a single resource for their development, although it has been suggested that some inquilines could use galls initiated by different wasp species on the same fig host.

Intense sexual selection leading to male fighting is largely documented in fig wasps and, in this context, selection for male size dimorphism is known to occur in some fig wasps.

Indeed, in solitary parasitoids, it has been demonstrated that females should lay sons in lower quality hosts (small hosts) and that there is a positive correlation between host size and wasp size.


Nowadays, low-cost tiny sensor nodes which communicate over wireless channels have become available due to advances in hardware technology. The idea of collaboration of these tiny sensors has enabled wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Sensor networks are composed of large number of densely deployed sensor nodes. Usually WSNs are self organizing and do not require a fixed infrastructure, so communication in a sensor network is accomplished in an ad hoc manner. For example, sensor nodes can be randomly deployed from an airplane to inaccessible terrains. With cooperation of sensor nodes, data from the monitored region can be gathered to a base station [1] . These key features of sensor networks make them a promising technology which will be used in many areas and will become indispensable in our daily lives in near future. Wireless sensor networks have many application areas such as military applications, environment monitoring, health monitoring, and also commercial applications for home and industry [2] .

With cooperation of sensor nodes, data from the monitored region can be gathered to a base station.

Wireless sensor networks have many application areas such as military applications, environment monitoring, health monitoring, and also commercial applications for home and industry.


Wu and Candan proposed a geographical multicast routing protocol (GMP) for wireless sensor networks in which routing is done according to virtual Euclidean Steiner trees rooted at the transmitting nodes [14] . Each transmitting node locally computes a virtual Euclidean Steiner tree using a reduction ratio heuristic. According to this tree and local knowledge regarding to neighbors of the current node, destinations are divided into groups. For each group, a next node is selected and a multicast message is forwarded to that group via the selected node. In this approach, some points of virtual Euclidean Steiner tree does not correspond to the actual sensor nodes, so some extra work is performed to deal with this virtual destinations. In addition, although GMP uses an efficient reduction ratio heuristic to compute virtual Euclidean Steiner trees, this calculation is performed by all transmitting nodes which makes GMP quite inefficient in terms of power consumed by processing at sensor nodes.

Wu and Candan proposed a geographical multicast routing protocol (GMP) for wireless sensor networks in which routing is done according to virtual Euclidean Steiner trees rooted at the transmitting nodes.


Recently, a new kind of energy dissipation concept (threedimensional (3D) hydraulic jump) has been proposed and applied into low water head domain. Compared to a classic hydraulic jump, the 3D hydraulic jump would not only maintain the traditional transverse vortex of two-dimensional (2D) hydraulic jump, but also force the discharging flow to laterally diffuse to promote mutual impingement, even resulting in vertical vortex with large-scale lateral movements. The investigations about flaring gate pier, expanding hydraulic jump, and symmetric water jets have attained some progress and shown great energy dissipation effect [5] [6] [7] [8] .

The investigations about flaring gate pier, expanding hydraulic jump, and symmetric water jets have attained some progress and shown great energy dissipation effect.


As an effective method of energy dissipation, a hydraulic jump is widely applied among the domain of low water head projects, such as ogee weirs and sluice gates [1] . The traditional hydraulic jump is a transition process of a supercritical flow into a subcritical flow on a horizontal and rectangular open channel, among which large-scale transverse vortex would dissipate the carried energy among the flow [2] [3] [4] . Currently, some auxiliary energy dissipators, such as baffle blocks, T-shaped piers, and baffle sills, are often arranged above the slab to increase the energy dissipation effect. But some secondary problems (cavitation damages and atomization) may be attendant during the discharging process.

As an effective method of energy dissipation, a hydraulic jump is widely applied among the domain of low water head projects, such as ogee weirs and sluice gates.

The traditional hydraulic jump is a transition process of a supercritical flow into a subcritical flow on a horizontal and rectangular open channel, among which large-scale transverse vortex would dissipate the carried energy among the flow.


The low temperature properties of SOI transistors are rather different from those of bulk devices as a consequence of the specific mechanisms existing in SOl structures. The device is partially depleted (PD) in the high temperature range and becomes fully depleted (FD) in the low temperature range. The reduction of the slope at low temperature occurs when the full depletion of the silicon film prevents the further extension of the depletion region under the gate [21] . Therefore, a substantial reduction of the variation of versus temperature can be achieved in a fully depleted SOl MOSFET because of the suppression of the variation of the depletion charge with the temperature.

The reduction of the slope at low temperature occurs when the full depletion of the silicon film prevents the further extension of the depletion region under the gate.


A linear model fitted for the experimental data obtained by the activated sludge system implemented for the Amol's Industrial Park influents (Figure 2 ). The double reciprocal plot for the specific growth and organic pollutants are perfectly fitted according to the expression stated in Eq. (6). The HRT was in the range of 8 to 28 h and SRT was set at 10 d. From the slope and the intercept of the best fitted line, the rate constant and the Monod constant were found to be 2.12 d -1 and 232.4 mg l -1 , respectively. The large values of k s shows that either the biomass grown on the wastewater has low affinity for the substrate or that the rate expression can be simplified and may lead to the first order [28] . The sludge index was gradually decreased with respect to HRT. The SVI was minimized with HRT at 16 h. Figure 6 shows that the COD removal was based on the sludge recycle ratio. As the recycle ratio increased gradually the percentage of the COD removal was increased. While collecting the above data, the HRT was fixed at 16 h. Figure 7 presents the sludge volume index (SVI) with respect to the sludge recycle ratio. The SVI increased with gradually increase of the recycle ratio. At high value of the sludge recycle ratio, the retained sludge in the aeration basin was also higher. The SVI value higher than 200 and the return sludge concentration lower than 8000 mg/l is a sign of the poor settle ability of the sludge and may cause bulking in clarifier [14] . The performance of the activated sludge process is limited by the availability of oxygen [12, 13] .

The large values of k s shows that either the biomass grown on the wastewater has low affinity for the substrate or that the rate expression can be simplified and may lead to the first order.

The SVI value higher than 200 and the return sludge concentration lower than 8000 mg/l is a sign of the poor settle ability of the sludge and may cause bulking in clarifier.

The performance of the activated sludge process is limited by the availability of oxygen.


Another parameter which was discussed is the DO level during the experiment and its depletion by increasing the recycle ratio. It should be considered that the power of the diffuser was constant during the experiments. Figure 8 presents the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) with respect to the sludge recycle ratio. As the recycle ratio increased, the DO concentration gradually decreased. At the low value of the recycle ratio, of about 0.3, the DO level was about 4.5 mg l -1 as the recycle ratio increased to 1.2, the DO value dropped to about 2 mg l -1 . In an additional investigation at the same site, it was found out that by adding urea and phosphate to the aerobic tank, there was a 5 % increase in the total removal efficiency [4] .

In an additional investigation at the same site, it was found out that by adding urea and phosphate to the aerobic tank, there was a 5 % increase in the total removal efficiency.


Cellulose degrading enzymes system is a complex of three enzymes that exhibit higher collective activity and degrade cellulose into glucose and other commodities by the phenomenon known as synergism [5] . The cellulase complex is comprised of three major components: cellualase (CMCases) or Endo-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), Exo-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.91) and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) [1, 6] . A variety of micro-organisms including Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium have ability to produce enzymes like cellulases and hemicellulases under suitable growth conditions to hydrolyze insoluble polysaccharides to soluble oligomers, and subsequently to monomers [6, 7] .

Cellulose degrading enzymes system is a complex of three enzymes that exhibit higher collective activity and degrade cellulose into glucose and other commodities by the phenomenon known as synergism.

The cellulase complex is comprised of three major components: cellualase (CMCases) or Endo-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), Exo-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.91) and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21).

A variety of micro-organisms including Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium have ability to produce enzymes like cellulases and hemicellulases under suitable growth conditions to hydrolyze insoluble polysaccharides to soluble oligomers, and subsequently to monomers.


Existing traffic travel information usually put emphasis on conditions of the road network, and released only to the car travelers. There is almost no dynamic information about the public transport provided, and the bus travelers cannot acquire the bus travel speed, comfort, reliability, and other relevant information which is useful for the public transport passengers [2] . In addition, managers who are in charge of public transport operation cannot provide effective methods for diagnosis and optimize the bus routes operation. Furthermore, the lines operation evaluation and analysis still relied on the traditional manual survey. Meanwhile, the government authority for public transport also could not scientifically grasp and assess the service quality of public transit due to the lack of uniform public transport efficiency evaluation indexes.

There is almost no dynamic information about the public transport provided, and the bus travelers cannot acquire the bus travel speed, comfort, reliability, and other relevant information which is useful for the public transport passengers.


COntent Aware Searching retrieval and sTreaming (COAST) project aims at deploying a content-centric network on top of the existing network infrastructure. This enables better use of network resources, by accessing internet content without referring to a particular copy of the data. This new architecture also enables novel features for search. The COAST search engine follows a distributed approach: Several search sites are deployed in various geographical locations and pair wise communicates to provide a search service collaboratively. This model from current search engine architecture, in which each site is independent, provides search engine functionalities by itself. In the COAST project, the researchers present the design of each component of the COAST search engine, namely, the crawler, an indexer, and the query processor. They first present an interaction between the distributed search sites. In particular, they show how the COAST search engine benefits valuable information from the COAST overlay better to identify the interests and needs of end users. Finally, the authors propose metrics associated with experiments that enable them to evaluate the COAST search engine architecture and assess its efficiency and effectiveness as well [10] .

Finally, the authors propose metrics associated with experiments that enable them to evaluate the COAST search engine architecture and assess its efficiency and effectiveness as well.


When grown in the temperate zone, maize, a species of subtropical origin that requires relatively high temperatures for germination and development, may be exposed not only to short periods of severe chilling stress at temperatures of below 10°C, which may inhibit growth and development due to membrane damage, electrolyte leakage and disturbances in the osmotic equilibrium, but also to longer periods of more moderate chilling stress (12-17°C). Moderate chilling stress acts on the physiological status of the plant not only by altering CO 2 supplies through stomatal closure and transpiration, and by affecting water uptake, but may also combine with intense light stress to damage the photosynthetic apparatus, thus reducing the efficiency of photosynthesis. At the same time, by generating reactive oxygen radicals, it may induce further degradation processes which, in turn, stimulate defence reactions. It has been observed for numerous plants that the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway is also activated in response to various stress effects. This results in the formation of not only antioxidants and phytoalexins, but also phenoloids, flavonoids, stilbenes and anthocyanins, which act as protective compounds in various types of stress and may influence the interactions between plants and their environment in a number of ways [16, 17] . The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of SMM on the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus, on the efficiency of photosynthesis and on the synthesis of the phenoloids and anthocyanins involved in stress defence in young maize plants that had reached the autotrophic phase (21 days old) and were exposed to intense (below 10°C) or moderate chilling stress for various periods.

This results in the formation of not only antioxidants and phytoalexins, but also phenoloids, flavonoids, stilbenes and anthocyanins, which act as protective compounds in various types of stress and may influence the interactions between plants and their environment in a number of ways.


The protection of the photosynthetic apparatus against the photoinhibition generally associated with chilling stress could be detected not only in the temperature-and pH-dependent activation of the xanthophyll cycle, involved in energy dissipation, and in an increase in the pH-independent carotenoid content, but also as an increase in the quantity of phenoloids, flavonoids and anthocyanins synthesised via the phenylpropanoid pathway [29] [30] [31] . When changes in the quantities of the phenoloids (hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, ferulic acid esters, p-coumaric acid) and flavonoids (e.g. kaempferol and quercetin) that induce enhanced blue and green fluorescence emission were monitored using fluorescence imaging, it could be seen that, although chilling stress alone was capable of increasing the quantity of stress defence compounds, a greater increase was observed during chilling stress after pre-treatment with SMM than in control plants. Based on the fluorescence ratios F440/ F690, F440/F740, F520/F690 and F520/F740, these compounds accumulated to the greatest extent in SMM-treated plants exposed to chilling stress at 6°C. The difference in chlorophyll content between SMM-treated and control plants was also greatest at this temperature, based on the F690/F740 ratio. In response to various levels of chilling stress after SMM treatment, changes similar to those observed for phenoloids and flavonoids were also recorded in the quantity of anthocyanins, also synthesised via the phenylpropanoid pathway.

The protection of the photosynthetic apparatus against the photoinhibition generally associated with chilling stress could be detected not only in the temperature-and pH-dependent activation of the xanthophyll cycle, involved in energy dissipation, and in an increase in the pH-independent carotenoid content, but also as an increase in the quantity of phenoloids, flavonoids and anthocyanins synthesised via the phenylpropanoid pathway.


For 10-days-old B.vulgaris females, the number of parasitized larvae was lower than for younger females. In addition, the number of larvae parasitized and the number of eggs deposited was not related to host density. Differences appeared only when we considered clutch size per parasitized larva, within host density, and number of pupae formed and adults emerged; with lower means for 3 and 24 hosts offered, and highest means for intermediate values (6 and 12 hosts offered). This result suggests possible clutch size adjustment by the parasitoid females, reported for other parasitoid wasps (Bezemer and Mills 2003; Silva-Torres et al. 2010) .

This result suggests possible clutch size adjustment by the parasitoid females, reported for other parasitoid wasps.


NIC bonding is a technique that aggregates multiple network interfaces into a single interface through a special driver such as Linux ethernet bonding driver [9] . A VF can be bonded with another virtual network interface that is compatible with live migration. Before live migration starts, the VF can be detached from the VM and traffic will go through the virtual network interface. In this way, the network connectivity is preserved during live migration. The VF is not available during live migration, so there is no dirty memory page issue. A Linux bonding driver is used with a hotplug mechanism to provide live migration capability for Linux VMs with SR-IOV passthrough devices [7] . Microsoft Hyper-V also uses a similar technique in which removal of the VF interface is done by a Windows plug-in, the Microsoft Network Virtual Service Client (NetVSC). However, current bonding drivers are designed for OS kernel drivers. For user-level driver libraries like DPDK, which is not managed by the OS kernel, it is not clear how to utilize bonding drivers for live migration. DPDK is likely used in NFV workload because of its high performance. It is critical to provide support for DPDK. Also, in this approach the highperformance data path of SR-IOV is not available during the pre-copy phase. For large-sized VMs, which may take tens of minutes to migrate, the network performance degradation is significant.

NIC bonding is a technique that aggregates multiple network interfaces into a single interface through a special driver such as Linux ethernet bonding driver.

A Linux bonding driver is used with a hotplug mechanism to provide live migration capability for Linux VMs with SR-IOV passthrough devices.


Ecological concern has resulted in a renewed interest in natural materials. An interesting environmentally friendly alternative for the use of glass fibres as reinforcement in engineering composites are ligno-cellulosic natural fibres such as flax, hemp, sisal and jute [1] . These fibres are renewable, nonabrasive, can be incinerated for energy recovery since they possess a good calorific value and they give less concern with health and safety during handling of fibre products. In addition, they exhibit excellent mechanical properties, low density and low price. This excellent price-performance ratio at low weight in combination with the environmental friendly character is very important for the acceptance of natural fibres in large volume engineering markets such as the automotive and construction industry.

An interesting environmentally friendly alternative for the use of glass fibres as reinforcement in engineering composites are ligno-cellulosic natural fibres such as flax, hemp, sisal and jute.


Modularity has been used in text clustering (Grineva et al., 2009) . In this attempt, a dense weighted graph has been clustered. The nodes of the graph are the documents, all the documents are potentially linked to one another, the edges have weights characterizing similarity of the linked documents.

Modularity has been used in text clustering.


Numerical simulations of flames in response to electro-hydrodynamic forces have been studied in the past decades [17, 18, 23, 24] . The determination of the induced electro-hydrodynamic force requires information on the spatial distribution of electrons and ions. Therefore, the model must accurately predict both the production rates and transport coefficients of all relevant charged species. Validation of models is challenging as the quantitative measurements of ion concentrations are difficult and reliable quantitative experimental data is scarce, thus leading to uncertainties in the simulation results and their interpretations.

Numerical simulations of flames in response to electro-hydrodynamic forces have been studied in the past decades.


The simulation further extended the parametric conditions at positive voltages, and the current-voltage behavior was found to be consistent with previous experimental results. The flame response to the electric field with positive and negative voltages exhibited qualitatively different behaviors. In the negative polarity, a non-monotonic variation of the current with the voltage was observed along with the existence of an unstable regime at an intermediate voltage level. With positive polarity, a typical monotonic current-voltage curve was obtained. This difference was attributed to the asymmetry in the distribution of the positive and negative charged species resulting 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  31  32  33  34  35  36  37  38  39  40  41  42  43  44  45  46  47  48  49  50  51  52  53  54  55  56  57  58  59  60 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t from ionization processes. Detailed examination of the spatial distributions of the charged species and electric field properties provided explanations of the observed and predicted anomaly such as the unstable regime and non-monotonic current-voltage characteristics in negative polarity. This behavior is attributed to a competition between two electric forces induced in both upward and downward directions. Further extensive studies are needed to understand the detailed mechanism of the instabilities caused by the electric field, as also observed in other experimental studies [56, 60] . Finally, the response of flow field to the applied electric field showed that the shift in the flame position was primarily attributed to the shift in the stagnation plane due to the electro-hydrodynamic forces.

Further extensive studies are needed to understand the detailed mechanism of the instabilities caused by the electric field, as also observed in other experimental studies.


Within the variety of inflationary models there is one which plays a special role. It does not require introduction of any new physics and identifies the inflaton with the Higgs field of the Standard Model (SM) [6] . The key observation which allows such a relation is associated with a possible non-minimal coupling of the Higgs field H to the gravitational Ricci scalar R, L non−minimal = ξH † HR .

It does not require introduction of any new physics and identifies the inflaton with the Higgs field of the Standard Model (SM).


This study has contributed to two neglected areas in empirical software engineering: post-adoption performance and the role of teams in engineering methods and particularly innovative agile ones. It has shown that two key elements of the XP methodology -customer planning and its specific protocols for teamworkare important to its success. The client and team foci of the XP method, which many take to be its distinguishing characteristics, are then its critical active ingredients [9] . Any success achieved by teams working with XP methods is not simply a reflection of their enhanced use of teamwork. In fact the team's cooperation is dependent on the use of XP-specific team protocols such as collective ownership and coding.

The client and team foci of the XP method, which many take to be its distinguishing characteristics, are then its critical active ingredients.


The liver plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of toxic substances that enter the body. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) is one of these toxic substances; its toxicity begins with the change in endoplasmic reticulum, which results in the loss of metabolic enzymes located in the intracellular structures. CCl 4 is biotransformed by the cytochrome P 450 system to produce the toxic metabolite trichloromethyl free radicals, which in turn covalently binds to cell membranes and organelles to elicit lipid peroxidation [1] . Medicinal plants are plants which contain substances that could be used for therapeutic purposes or which are precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs [2] . For decades, the screening of medicinal plant materials for their therapeutic values has continued to represent potential sources of new effective medicines. Citrullus lanatus (Water melon) is a member of the cucurbit family (Cucurbitaceae). Water melon refers to both fruit and the plant of a vine-like (scrambler and trailer) plant that is widely cultivated for its edible fruits, which are also an important source of water in arid regions of Africa. It is an annual climbing or trailing herb, with hairy stem up to 10m long, the leaf blades are up to about 20x20cm, more or less hairy, usually deeply 3-5 lobed, the central lobe being the largest. The lobes themselves are further divided. Leaf stalks (petioles) are up to about 19cm long, more or less hairy [3] . This flowering plant produces a special type of fruit known as a pepo, a berry which has a thick rind (exocarp) and fleshy center (mesocarp and endocarp); pepos are derived from an inferior ovary, and are characteristic of the Cucurbitaceae. The watermelon fruit, loosely considered a type of melon (although not in the genus Cucumis), has a smooth exterior rind (green, yellow and sometimes white) and a juicy, sweet usually red, but sometimes orange, yellow or pink interior flesh [4] . It is also commonly used to make a variety of salads, most notably fruit salad [5] . The ripe fruits are edible and largely used for making confectionary. Its nutritive values are also useful to the human health. Fruit is used in cooling, strengthening, aphrodisiac, astringent to the bowels, indigestible, expectorant, diuretic, and stomachic, purifies the blood, allays thirst, cures biliousness, good for sore eyes, scabies and itches and as brain tonic to the brain [6] . The following phytochemicals: saponins, phenols, anthraquinones, terpenoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins have been reported in the seeds and whole fruits of C. lanatus [7] . Citrullin and lycopene are the most commonly isolated phytochemicals and they have been implicated in the management of cardio vascular diseases and cancer [8] . It is noteworthy to mention that most literature reviews revealed reports on the seed extract of C. lanatus but the leaf has not been generally given consideration. Moreover, the search for potent natural therapy against the various degrees of liver pathology led to this study and hence the present study was conducted to explore the protective effect of the leave extract of C. lanatus against CCl 4 liver induced damage in albino rats.

CCl 4 is biotransformed by the cytochrome P 450 system to produce the toxic metabolite trichloromethyl free radicals, which in turn covalently binds to cell membranes and organelles to elicit lipid peroxidation.

Medicinal plants are plants which contain substances that could be used for therapeutic purposes or which are precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs.

Leaf stalks (petioles) are up to about 19cm long, more or less hairy.

The watermelon fruit, loosely considered a type of melon (although not in the genus Cucumis), has a smooth exterior rind (green, yellow and sometimes white) and a juicy, sweet usually red, but sometimes orange, yellow or pink interior flesh.

It is also commonly used to make a variety of salads, most notably fruit salad.

Fruit is used in cooling, strengthening, aphrodisiac, astringent to the bowels, indigestible, expectorant, diuretic, and stomachic, purifies the blood, allays thirst, cures biliousness, good for sore eyes, scabies and itches and as brain tonic to the brain.

The following phytochemicals: saponins, phenols, anthraquinones, terpenoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins have been reported in the seeds and whole fruits of C. lanatus.

Citrullin and lycopene are the most commonly isolated phytochemicals and they have been implicated in the management of cardio vascular diseases and cancer.


Along with an increase in the number of cores, software development as well as hardware design becomes more complicated and time-consuming. In many cases of embedded software development, what is worse, hardware prototype boards are not available until very late stages of the system design. Before the real hardware becomes available, software development inevitably relies on simulation on host computers. Software simulation is broadly classified into two methods [2] . One is native execution (host-compiled simulation in other words), in which software is directly compiled with a native compiler and executed on the host computer. Native execution is very fast, but its execution behavior on the host computer may be very different from that on the target computer. Another drawback of native execution is that it cannot be used for development of Hardware-dependent Software (HdS). The other method is interpretive simulation, in which software is cross-compiled with a compiler of the target CPU, and the compiled code is executed on an instruction-set simulator of the target hardware. Interpretive simulation behaves more accurately than native execution, but suffers from a lower execution speed. Thus, the two methods are complementary. At early phases of software development, software functionality is extensively validated by means of native execution, and at later phases, the software is carefully optimized and tested by interpretive simulation. This paper studies interpretive software simulation for NoC architectures.

Software simulation is broadly classified into two methods.


Conventional industrial-scale methodologies for REE separation from each other typically involves either liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or supported liquid extraction (SLE) procedures, which use certain ligands (e.g. specific carboxylic acids, phosphoric acids, amines, diketones) which exhibit differences in their REE association constants (typically due to lanthanide contraction). Indeed the most common solvent currently applied in industry for REE extraction is 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid 2-ethyhexyl mono ester (EHEHPA, also known as PC-88A, P-507 and Ionquest 801) [8] . The main advantage of EHEHPA is the relatively large separation factors between adjacent lanthanides compared to other extractants. The intrinsic chemical similarity between the REEs, however, dictates that a large number of solvent recycling stages are still required in order to achieve high REE separation [9] . In addition the heavy REEs (HREEs) interact strongly with EHEHPA and therefore require relatively strong acid concentrations for removal [10] . For example, the separation of all 15 lanthanides typically requires both several hundred mixing and a large excess of both acid and neutralising agent (e.g. approximately 10 kg of 31 wt% HCl and 2-3 kg of NaOH is required to produce 1 kg of REE) [11, 12] . An additional step to convert the extracted REEs into a solid precipitate (e.g. a sheet or ingot), such as electrowinning, is also required, which adds an extra level of financial cost and practical complexity. The EHEHPA process is therefore often regarded as not well suited for both: (i) small scale applications, such as end-of-pipe water treatment, and (ii) instances where the REEs are present at low concentrations (e.g. < 10 ppm) [10] .

Indeed the most common solvent currently applied in industry for REE extraction is 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid 2-ethyhexyl mono ester (EHEHPA, also known as PC-88A, P-507 and Ionquest 801).

The intrinsic chemical similarity between the REEs, however, dictates that a large number of solvent recycling stages are still required in order to achieve high REE separation.

In addition the heavy REEs (HREEs) interact strongly with EHEHPA and therefore require relatively strong acid concentrations for removal.

For example, the separation of all 15 lanthanides typically requires both several hundred mixing and a large excess of both acid and neutralising agent (e.g. approximately 10 kg of 31 wt% HCl and 2-3 kg of NaOH is required to produce 1 kg of REE).

The EHEHPA process is therefore often regarded as not well suited for both: (i) small scale applications, such as end-of-pipe water treatment, and (ii) instances where the REEs are present at low concentrations (e.g. < 10 ppm).


The first stage of a CAM process involves taking a negative plaster cast of the patient's limb, digitising a series of profiles on the surface of this cast, as well as any anatomical landmarks and finally translating these measurements into an accurate graphical representation of the limb. The second stage is concerned with the optimum design of the device and begins with sculpting the limb geometry into an acceptable orthosis. A program performing this task should also have the capacity to modify its shape interactively altering the contours mimicking the orthotists' traditional practices. Alternatively, such "corrections" may be guided by a more sophisticated, computer-based assessment of the AFO's mechanical characteristics, which are strongly influenced by the complex trimline shape, the non-linear material properties and the thickness of an AFO [2] [3] [4] .

Alternatively, such "corrections" may be guided by a more sophisticated, computer-based assessment of the AFO's mechanical characteristics, which are strongly influenced by the complex trimline shape, the non-linear material properties and the thickness of an AFO.


This study may be subject to bias due to self-selection caused by the low participation rate. However, almost all of those who were invited to the current Fitness study from the large HUNT study agreed to participate in the fitness test. Due to limited capacity at the test sites resulting in long waiting lines, many potential participants chose to withdraw their participation from the study. Those who finally participated in the study could thus be healthier than those who quit or declined participation. However, a comparison of the participants in the fitness study with a healthy sample of the total HUNT population (i.e. free from cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases, cancer, or sarcoidosis) confirmed that the fitness participants did not considerably differ from other healthy HUNT participants [48] . In future studies physical activity should be measured objectively rather than being self-reported, given the large inconsistencies between VO 2max and self-reported physical activity.

However, a comparison of the participants in the fitness study with a healthy sample of the total HUNT population (i.e. free from cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases, cancer, or sarcoidosis) confirmed that the fitness participants did not considerably differ from other healthy HUNT participants.


An oxygen molecule is adsorbed in the middle on a (5, 5) SWCNT with a double vacancy (CNTDV). There are two typical structures for O 2 adsorption on CNT. One corresponds to physisorption at the double vacancy (type-I structure) and the other corresponds to chemical bonding with the carbon atoms (i.e., chemisorption, type-II structure), which is equivalent to replacing two carbon atoms in the perfect CNT with the two oxygen atoms (Jhi et al., 2005) . The physisorption has only minor effects on the transport while the chemisorption can improve it and the resulting conductance is affected by the orientation of the O 2 bonding. Figure 6 shows the infrared spectrum of CM-95-NS and its corresponding SEM image. SEM image shows a wall roughness on oxidized MWCNTs, meanwhile the characteristic bands of carbonyl groups at 1745 cm -1 can be seen in the infrared spectrum implying oxidation by treatment with nitric acid. Consequently, it is assumed that the surface roughness in CM-95-NS was produced by wall involvement due to oxidative conditions with HNO 3 . CM-95-G did not show a marked surface roughness; however, there are areas suggesting van der Waals interactions between the (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane and CM-95. This is consistent with the values of average diameter of 21.1 nm and 3.5% loss in weight at TGA (Table 3 ). Similar observations can be inferred for CM-95-O and CM-95-NSO.

One corresponds to physisorption at the double vacancy (type-I structure) and the other corresponds to chemical bonding with the carbon atoms (i.e., chemisorption, type-II structure), which is equivalent to replacing two carbon atoms in the perfect CNT with the two oxygen atoms.


These types of methods have earlier been reported in the field of thin film solar cells (to find the best suited material for the active layer), polymer fuel cells, and other solar energy materials [24, 25] . For DSCs, we for the first time report the application and findings of a material selection technique. This paper discusses a strategy for selecting a suitable material for semiconductor film for DSC using MADM approach (TOPSIS) in order to enhance the device performance. The core performance parameters for a semiconductor material in DSC are band gap, cost, electron injection rate, mobility, and static dielectric constant.

These types of methods have earlier been reported in the field of thin film solar cells (to find the best suited material for the active layer), polymer fuel cells, and other solar energy materials.