Direct observation of individuals within a nest is often impractical or impossible, but the use of artificial arenas offers a means to replicate nest conditions (Bell & Hawkins, 1974; Brothers & Michener, 1974; Breed et al., 1978) . For hymenopterans, this type of observation can be performed via the circle tube assay, wherein two individuals are introduced into a clear plastic tube, the ends are joined, and the pair is allowed to interact (Breed et al., 1978) . These one-on-one interactions also mirror those expected inside the colony, and can even allow for characterisation of many species' whole social hierarchies without any need for intranidal observations (Packer, 2006) . Circle tube observation has shown that solitary individuals tend to be much more aggressive than social individuals (Richards & Packer, 2010) . Similarly, eusocial workers that are very aggressive toward non-nestmates are instead cooperative with nestmates (Packer et al., 2003) . The versatility, specificity, and comparability of circle tube assays allow researchers to identify behaviours that are indicative of evolutionary changes in social organisation.

Direct observation of individuals within a nest is often impractical or impossible, but the use of artificial arenas offers a means to replicate nest conditions.

For hymenopterans, this type of observation can be performed via the circle tube assay, wherein two individuals are introduced into a clear plastic tube, the ends are joined, and the pair is allowed to interact.

These one-on-one interactions also mirror those expected inside the colony, and can even allow for characterisation of many species' whole social hierarchies without any need for intranidal observations.

Circle tube observation has shown that solitary individuals tend to be much more aggressive than social individuals.

Similarly, eusocial workers that are very aggressive toward non-nestmates are instead cooperative with nestmates.


When the microsphere is spatially separated by the SU-8 layer, we have studied the electromagnetic field intensity profile and the FWHM of the nanojet at different positions under the microsphere. When the object is contacted, the microsphere without SU-8 layer (d 0), the electromagnetic field intensity profile is shown in Fig. 5(a) , the center peak is accompanied by several high sidelobes. The energy of the optical field disperses, and the intensity of the sidelobes is even higher than that of the center peak. The significant sidelobes can lead to large distortion and poor contrast in wide-field imaging [25] . We propose that this induces a slightly dark area in the center of the image, which can be seen in our experiment, as shown in Fig. 5(a) and other experiments [7] . Therefore, the quality of this optical image, which is affected by the sidelobes, is not the best one. When the distance between the object and microsphere is 2.2 μm, separated by the SU8 layer, a clearer main peak with a maximum ∼34 can be obtained, as shown in Fig. 5(b) , the sidelobes decrease to a low value ∼6 simultaneously, and the FWHM of the main peak is 320 nm. A narrower main peak indicates that an optical image with high image contrast can be obtained, and the slightly dark area in the center of the optical image disappears, as shown in Fig. 2(b) . As the magnification only increases slightly at this distance, the optical image can be further optimized by improving the magnification. As Fig. 5(c) shows, when the object is separated by a thicker layer of SU-8 (d ∼ 3.5 μm), the main peak of the electromagnetic field intensity is still high with a maximum value of about 18, and the FWHM of the main peak can still maintain a subwavelength scale (560 nm), the optical image with a high image contrast also can be observed. Because the sidelobes nearly disappear and the magnification is greatly increased to ∼5×, the optical image is optimized, as shown in Fig. 2(c) . When the SU-8 layer is too thick (∼5.4 μm), the object is far away from the bottom plane of the microsphere lens, the electromagnetic field intensity becomes low, as shown in Fig. 5(d) . Its value is less than 7, and the FWHM of the main peak is about 1340 nm, which indicates that the background scattering is weak and the image contrast ratio is low. Therefore, the image is fuzzy, although the magnification is up to 5.5×, as shown in Fig. 2(d) . Based on our experimental results, we find that the optical image can be optimized by having the microsphere lens away from the object sample at a suitable position. For the high-index microsphere lens with a diameter of 24 μm, the optimal distance is about 3.5 μm. Recent studies have shown that the surface waves play a significant role in focusing and imaging with the microsphere [26] . Therefore, it should be emphasized that, besides the super-strength focus effects discussed in this paper, other mechanisms must be contributing to the microsphere imaging.

The significant sidelobes can lead to large distortion and poor contrast in wide-field imaging.

We propose that this induces a slightly dark area in the center of the image, which can be seen in our experiment, as shown in Fig. 5(a) and other experiments.

Recent studies have shown that the surface waves play a significant role in focusing and imaging with the microsphere.


According to conventional geometrical optics, when the lens is connected to the object, the calculated lateral magnification is about n 0 ∕2 − n 0 , which is about 2.3×. Here, n 0 is the refractive index contrast of the BTG microsphere and ethanol (n ∼ 1.36), which is about 1.4. While the experimental magnification is ∼3.5×. The image magnification can be expressed as M f ∕f l; here, l is the distance between the object and the center of the microsphere lens (object distance). For the BTG microsphere lens used in the experiments, the calculated focal length of the microsphere lenses with diameter 24 μm using conventional geometric optics is 21 μm. The lateral magnification calculated from standard geometrical optics increases as the distance d. For the distance d of 2.2 and 3.5 μm, the calculated dates are 3.1× and 3.8×, respectively. While the experimental magnifications are 3.9× and 5×, which are larger than the calculated dates based on geometric optics. Studies have shown that the input beam at the microsphere surface will be affected by diffraction [21, 22] . Therefore, the imaging properties of the microscale lens cannot be fully described by standard geometrical optics.

Studies have shown that the input beam at the microsphere surface will be affected by diffraction.


A sex difference in the results at age 12 was clearly observed. Such weaker associations in females may be attributed in part to major transitions in their life course, such as the transition from schooling to employment, from singlehood to marriage and having children, or experiencing unemployment [9] . Such events usually have different influences, particularly on continuous employment, for males and females in Japan. These findings regarding sex difference are supported by evidence from the majority of previous studies in Western countries. These studies also tend to show that childhood physical activity positively predicts adulthood physical activity in males, whereas about half of the associations are nonsignificant in females [9] . This tendency may be common in developed countries beyond the sphere of their residential area and local mindset.

Such weaker associations in females may be attributed in part to major transitions in their life course, such as the transition from schooling to employment, from singlehood to marriage and having children, or experiencing unemployment.

These studies also tend to show that childhood physical activity positively predicts adulthood physical activity in males, whereas about half of the associations are nonsignificant in females.


To support this hypothesis, we propose the use of the Clinical Assessment using Activity Behavior (CAAB) approach adapted to smart office environments to create stress prediction models (Dawadi et al., 2015) . This algorithm consists of the application of a sliding window to extract five different time-series statistics from physiological and behavioral data, describing the change and variability of these patterns. This allows the construction of models to predict self-assessed stress and workload levels from the change features instead of using the usual instantaneous feature values. Although it is out of the scope of this work, the computation of these behavioral and physiological change parameters not only provides a method to take the temporal nature of stress into account, but it is also a way to standardize data coming from different subjects, facilitating generalization of the models over a population group.

To support this hypothesis, we propose the use of the Clinical Assessment using Activity Behavior (CAAB) approach adapted to smart office environments to create stress prediction models.


The CAAB algorithm has been validated in other scenarios and has been shown to be useful for cognitive state and everyday functioning assessment (Dawadi et al., 2015) . The validation of the approach for early stress detection would result in a system that could alert both workers and managers enabling to take timely action. Moreover, this would define the path to follow towards the final development and implementation of a global early detection system for disorders that provoke behavioral changes, among which stress is just an example.

The CAAB algorithm has been validated in other scenarios and has been shown to be useful for cognitive state and everyday functioning assessment.


Analyses were conducted to study changes in the teenage group's hazard perception and secondary task engagement after 12 months of experience. The analyses were done using McNemar's Test given the matched pairs and dichotomous variables ( (Pradhan et al, 2005; Underwood et al, 2003) . This improvement closes the gap between the adults and teenagers at time T 12 such that the differences between the two groups are considerably reduced as compared at T 0 (Lee et al, 2008) . The adults do not differ significantly between T 0 and T 12 indicating that potential learning or carryover effects did not persist between time periods. With respect to task suspension however, there were no improvements in task suspension rates for the teenage group. In fact there actually was a decrease in the task suspension rates at time T 12 for both the secondary tasks.

The analyses were done using McNemar's Test given the matched pairs and dichotomous variables (.

This improvement closes the gap between the adults and teenagers at time T 12 such that the differences between the two groups are considerably reduced as compared at T 0.


Interaction between SO 2 and concrete can be proposed as process of many steps: SO 2 diffusion through the sulfated surface to the depth of concrete→SO 2 reaction with liquid phase forming H 2 SO 3 → oxidation to H 2 SO 4 → reaction of H 2 SO 4 with Ca(OH) 2 forming gypsum CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O. By gypsum formation the volume of solid phase increases 2 times what results in stress and cracks arising. The neutralization process of fine pore structure concrete can take place already on the initial stage; the densification and increase of the compressive strength is observed. In accordance with humidity (condensed water, air precipitate, technological liquid) accelerate spalling and decay of sulfated layers [4] [5] . To prevent decay of concrete under action of aggressive agents various methods are suggested; as modifying concrete by addition of plastizers and mineral admixtures so well using coatings [6] [7] [8] . One way to improve chemical durability and mechanical properties of concrete is to add in composition fine dispersed cementitious materials.

In accordance with humidity (condensed water, air precipitate, technological liquid) accelerate spalling and decay of sulfated layers.

To prevent decay of concrete under action of aggressive agents various methods are suggested; as modifying concrete by addition of plastizers and mineral admixtures so well using coatings.


One in them is pozzolana -a natural or artificial material containing silica or alumina (mainly silica) in a reactive form [9] [10] . By themselves, pozzolanas have little or no cementitious properties. However, in a finely divided form and in the presence of moisture they will chemically react with alkalis to form cementing compounds [11] . The silica and alumina in a pozzolana has to be amorphous, or glassy, to be reactive.

One in them is pozzolana -a natural or artificial material containing silica or alumina (mainly silica) in a reactive form.

However, in a finely divided form and in the presence of moisture they will chemically react with alkalis to form cementing compounds.


A first step to ground such a definition is to collect and synthesize the views of stakeholders with direct priority setting knowledge and experience. Stakeholders include decision makers (particularly in publicly funded health systems, who are under growing pressure to base their decisions on available evidence and to demonstrate the effectiveness of their decision), patients (since the health system exists for them and because they fund the health system through taxes, insurance premiums or out-ofpocket payments), and priority setting scholars (who can provide different theoretical viewpoints on decision making). Creating a framework that defines success in priority setting is a necessary step toward improving priority setting practices in healthcare organizations [34, 35] .

Creating a framework that defines success in priority setting is a necessary step toward improving priority setting practices in healthcare organizations.


To conclude, the UEFA has clearly lifted the barriers to participation in the Champions League for most European champions from the 2018/19 season. This is in stark contrast to the implications of reforming the seeding in the group stage, effective from 2016, which has favoured the champions of the highest-ranked associations (Corona et al., 2019; Dagaev and Rudyak, 2019) . Consequently, the UEFA Champions League has become rather a playground of leading European associations, and has moved farther from its original concept of being a "league of champions". While the goal of the reform has been probably commercial or political, the results presented here yield an important insight into the possible effects of changing the qualifying system and can be valuable for all stakeholders, especially because UEFA plans to make the Champions League even more distorted for the elite clubs (Panja, 2019) .

This is in stark contrast to the implications of reforming the seeding in the group stage, effective from 2016, which has favoured the champions of the highest-ranked associations.

While the goal of the reform has been probably commercial or political, the results presented here yield an important insight into the possible effects of changing the qualifying system and can be valuable for all stakeholders, especially because UEFA plans to make the Champions League even more distorted for the elite clubs.


The aims of our study, outlined in the Introduction, will be achieved by quantifying the probability of qualification for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League via Monte-Carlo simulations. The two qualifying systems are known from Section 2, thus they can be simulated repeatedly if we have a prediction model for the outcome of the matches. For this purpose, first, the teams entering the Champions Path of the 2019/20 Champions League qualification, that is, the champions of the associations 12-55 in the 2018/19 season, are considered. Second, their strengths are estimated by the club Elo ratings, available at http://clubelo.com/. 4 A team's Elo rating is based on its past results such that the same result against a stronger opponent has more value and the influence of a game decreases after new games are played (Van Eetvelde and Ley, 2019) . While there exists no single nor any official Elo rating for football clubs, Elo-inspired methods seem to outperform other measures with respect to prediction power (Lasek et al., 2013) . They have also been widely used in the academic literature (Hvattum and Arntzen, 2010; Lasek et al., 2016; Cea et al., 2019; Csató, 2019c) .

Second, their strengths are estimated by the club Elo ratings, available at http://clubelo.com/. 4 A team's Elo rating is based on its past results such that the same result against a stronger opponent has more value and the influence of a game decreases after new games are played.

While there exists no single nor any official Elo rating for football clubs, Elo-inspired methods seem to outperform other measures with respect to prediction power.

They have also been widely used in the academic literature.


Sales and operations planning (S&OP) is a process to develop tactical plans that provide management the ability to strategically direct its businesses to achieve competitive advantage on a continuous basis by integrating customer-focused marketing plans for new and existing products with the management of the supply chain. The process brings together all the plans for the business (sales, marketing, development, manufacturing, sourcing, and financial) into one integrated set of plans. It is performed at least once a month and is reviewed by management at an aggregate (product family) level. The process must reconcile all supply, demand, and new product plans at both the detail and aggregate levels and tie to the business plan. It is the definitive statement of the company's plans for the near to intermediate term covering a horizon sufficient to plan for resources and support the annual business planning process. Executed properly, the sales and operation planning process links the strategic plans for the business with its execution and reviews performance measures for continuous improvement (Cox and Blackstone, 2002) .

Executed properly, the sales and operation planning process links the strategic plans for the business with its execution and reviews performance measures for continuous improvement.


This intensive longitudinal study is one of the first to examine within-person associations between physical activity, psychological need-fulfillment, and depressive mood and in the everyday life of healthy older adults. In summary, we found a significant negative association between daily physical activity and daily depressive mood within-persons. That is, on days when participants engaged in more physical activity than usual, they reported less depressive mood. We also found that, on a given day with higher need-fulfillment, participants reported less depressive mood. However, in models containing both physical activity and need-fulfillment as predictors of depressive mood, the effect of physical activity was attenuated to nonsignificance. The within-person finding that daily need-fulfillment was negatively related to daily depressive mood agrees with the theory and with previous research (Reis et al., 2000; Sheldon et al., 1996) . Generally speaking, on the one hand, the present results support the claim that engaging in physical activity may be associated with reductions in depressive mood. On the other hand, the results also show clear boundary conditions of the small effect of physical activity, inasmuch as daily need-fulfillment attenuated the size of physical activity to nonsignificance. Share method variance with respect to the assessment of needfulfillment and depressive mood by means of self-reports may have been partially responsible for the attenuation of the effect of physical activity measured with a different method.

The within-person finding that daily need-fulfillment was negatively related to daily depressive mood agrees with the theory and with previous research.


A statistically significant increase occured in subscales measuring perception of physical conditioning, body attractiveness, and overall self worth (see Table 2 ). The subjects did not show statistically significant increase in perception on the subscales for sports competence or physical strength. The possible range of values in the five, 6-item subscales was from 6 to 24 in the PSPP (Fox, 1990) .

The possible range of values in the five, 6-item subscales was from 6 to 24 in the PSPP.


Human existence relies on diverse soil resources, and those affecting nutrient cycles are particularly relevant (Amundson et al., 2015) . Limited natural availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in agroecosystems has been tackled by manufactured fertiliser inputs that are greatly dependent on energy (N) or mining (P) (Bouwman et al., 2013; Bodirsky et al., 2014) . Anthropogenic activities dominate the global cycle of N and P (Delgado & Scalenghe, 2008; Bouwman et al., 2013) . Losses of N and P from the systems, in which we produce, process and consume crops, have a negative effect on human health and the quality of ecosystems. In addition, these systems contribute to a continuous depletion of finite resources (Correll, 1998; Cordell et al., 2009; Erisman et al., 2011; Withers et al., 2015) .

Human existence relies on diverse soil resources, and those affecting nutrient cycles are particularly relevant.

Limited natural availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in agroecosystems has been tackled by manufactured fertiliser inputs that are greatly dependent on energy (N) or mining (P).

Anthropogenic activities dominate the global cycle of N and P.

In addition, these systems contribute to a continuous depletion of finite resources.


Before addressing the properties determining FV, RV and HI, it must be emphasized that the capacity of a soil to cycle nutrients must above all be judged on the basis of its capacity to recycle the nutrients from organic residues, often misleadingly referred to as 'wastes'. These 'wastes' are an inevitable by-product of the production, processing and consumption of crops (Schr€ oder, 2014) . They can serve as a resource for further agricultural production and include crop residues, livestock manures, digestates, biosolids, slaughter house wastes, and composts. In this case, the role of soil quality needs to be evaluated from the perspective of capability to recycle such residues.

These 'wastes' are an inevitable by-product of the production, processing and consumption of crops.


Against the background of global economic development, the global wind power industry is growing rapidly. However, the intermittent nature and randomness of wind power determines the strong volatility of wind power. With the increasing number of wind farms and the installed capacity, the wind power volatility represents a huge challenge to economic security and increases the difficulty of the operation and management of power network dispatching companies once incorporated into the power grid. Accurate prediction of the wind power in advance can relieve the pressure of peaking power systems, which can effectively improve the ability to include wind power in the grid [4] .

Accurate prediction of the wind power in advance can relieve the pressure of peaking power systems, which can effectively improve the ability to include wind power in the grid.


There is suggestion from a pooled analysis of 584 patients that TS level may predict poor OS only in patients treated by surgery alone without adjuvant 5-FU [13] . If this were true, then it may suggest that adjuvant 5-FU could potentially abrogate a poorer prognosis ascribed by high TS expression, possibly a consequence of 5-FU scheduling. This hypothesis, however, cannot be tested directly in the present study, as nearly all patients received some form of 5-FU-based chemotherapy following surgery. In vitro data indicate that induction of high TS expression could potentially lead to 5-FU resistance in some types of tumour cells but is dependent on whether 5-FUmediated cytotoxicity in cells is mediated primarily by TS inhibition or by nucleotide misincorporation [51, 52] . The latter non-TS-directed effect may have been the more predominant mechanism of 5-FU action when administered as a bolus regimen [53] . Unfortunately, no detailed information was available in the present study regarding the regimen of adjuvant 5-FU administered, so that the question as to whether any original article Annals of Oncology differences in this aspect of patient management may have biased outcome cannot be investigated directly.

There is suggestion from a pooled analysis of 584 patients that TS level may predict poor OS only in patients treated by surgery alone without adjuvant 5-FU.

In vitro data indicate that induction of high TS expression could potentially lead to 5-FU resistance in some types of tumour cells but is dependent on whether 5-FUmediated cytotoxicity in cells is mediated primarily by TS inhibition or by nucleotide misincorporation.

The latter non-TS-directed effect may have been the more predominant mechanism of 5-FU action when administered as a bolus regimen.


We also examined the timing of when the first CLAB was acquired comparing open versus closed infusion containers. Prior investigation published in 2004 did not include this additional analysis [17] . From this additional analysis, we demonstrated that when using an open infusion container, the risk of acquiring CLAB increases over time. However, if the patient receives infusate via a closed infusion container, the probability of acquiring a CLAB remains relatively constant. The patient also acquires a CLAB significantly later, suggesting that closed infusion containers reduce risk of CLAB acquisition over time. Subsequently, the use of a closed infusion containers could especially benefit those patients with more severe illness who may require CLs for longer periods of time. The delayed onset of CLAB may also benefit patients with CLs early during the course of treatment when their underlying illness might be most severe.

Prior investigation published in 2004 did not include this additional analysis.


Modelling healthcare costs is of primary importance in health economics and health services research for, broadly speaking, two reasons. Firstly, costeffectiveness analyses require statistical methods of modelling cost data, and secondly such methods are used for risk-adjustment purposes in either insurance schemes (particularly in the US) or devolving budgets to areas or healthcare organisations (in the case of UK). As regards cost-effectiveness analysis, there is some debate as to the usefulness of parametric methods -given the typically smaller sample sizes available for data analysis (Briggs et al., 2005) . In risk-adjustment, regression models, applied to large datasets, are used to predict costs for individuals or groups of patients (typically over a long period such as a year), adjusting for healthcare needs using sociodemographic information, such as age and gender as well as morbidity characteristics.

As regards cost-effectiveness analysis, there is some debate as to the usefulness of parametric methods -given the typically smaller sample sizes available for data analysis.


Linear motors are applied in highly dynamic positioning systems in the semiconductor industry [1] . In photolithographic systems, linear motors move the photomask in a repeated left-to-right sequence to allow scanning exposure of the dies on a wafer. Application of superconducting motors in these systems potentially allows an increase in throughput while lowering the required input power. Losses in the superconducting tapes are a dominant factor in the required cooling power, while the critical current density of the coils wound of superconducting tapes limits the force density that can be achieved.

Linear motors are applied in highly dynamic positioning systems in the semiconductor industry.


Current international debates on inclusive education centre on the notion of providing quality education to all learners, including those who face barriers to learning in the mainstream schools (Miles & Singal, 2010) . This debate is fast moving, from justifying the principle of inclusive education to a discourse on its implementation (Dreyer, 2010; Dyson, 1999) . As inclusive education is implemented in education systems around the globe, the question remains as to whether justice to those included is served, particularly in emerging economies like South Africa. According to UNESCO i governments, development agencies, civil society and the private sector have to work together to reach internationally agreed sustainable development goals such as Education for All and inclusive education. These relate directly to increasing opportunities to all and in particular the most vulnerable.

Current international debates on inclusive education centre on the notion of providing quality education to all learners, including those who face barriers to learning in the mainstream schools.

This debate is fast moving, from justifying the principle of inclusive education to a discourse on its implementation.


Data from the survey and responses from the focus group interviews about inclusive education are integrated in this section (Creswell, 2003) . Biographical data from the questionnaires revealed that teaching and support services were dominated by females, as 92% of learning support and 71% of mainstream respondents were female. The age distribution showed that the majority of both groups were between 40 and 49 years. Contextually it is important to note gender and age distribution, as teaching is historically viewed as a female profession, particularly in primary schools, where inclusive education is a relatively young philosophical underpinning for education.

Data from the survey and responses from the focus group interviews about inclusive education are integrated in this section.


Legislation alone, however, is not enough to bring about changed perspectives or to ensure implementation. To bring about the desired changes, it is imperative that both policies and practices become contextually responsive. In an attempt to ensure quality education and support for all, South Africa introduced a continuum of support model. However, in a country faced with vast contextual differences in the provision of and access to quality educational support, the teachers in certain communities are faced with many challenges. While the country boasts some of the most advanced policies on inclusion and education as a basic human right, there is still a vast gap between policy and implementation (Dreyer, 2008; Wildeman & Nomdo, 2007) .

While the country boasts some of the most advanced policies on inclusion and education as a basic human right, there is still a vast gap between policy and implementation.


We found no indication that the availability of the substratum-type 'live M. edulis' affects the frequency with which live M. edulis are utilised as primary attachment substratum. This is in contrast to what has been found in the German Wadden Sea. C. fornicata is clearly well established in that area, but abundances remain relatively low at *141 individuals m -2 *70 years after its first introduction into the area (Thieltges et al. 2003) . This is likely due to a combination of climate-induced mortality events and the limited availability of hard substrata for attachment. C. fornicata mainly occurs on M. edulis and C. gigas beds that are distributed in the intertidal-subtidal transition zone in the otherwise primarily muddy-sandy sediments of the Wadden Sea. This results in the frequent exposure to freezing air temperatures during spring tide emersion, possibly causing the limited increase in the population since establishment (Thieltges et al. 2004) . Similarly, limited habitat availability due to the extensive coverage of the bay by Zostera marina beds is thought to be a main cause for C. fornicata's modest densities in Arcachon Bay, France, even *30 years after the first introduction (de Montaudouin et al. 2001) . Our results similarly show that habitat availability can affect C. fornicata's distribution: the availability of gravel may determine the distribution and potentially even facilitate the spread of C. fornicata, but is not necessarily the case for other hard substrata such as shellfish species. Interestingly, C. fornicata was fully absent in boulder-dominated areas. This observation is consistent with that of other studies (Loomis and Van Nieuwenhuyze 1985) .

C. fornicata is clearly well established in that area, but abundances remain relatively low at *141 individuals m -2 *70 years after its first introduction into the area.

This results in the frequent exposure to freezing air temperatures during spring tide emersion, possibly causing the limited increase in the population since establishment.

Similarly, limited habitat availability due to the extensive coverage of the bay by Zostera marina beds is thought to be a main cause for C. fornicata's modest densities in Arcachon Bay, France, even *30 years after the first introduction.

This observation is consistent with that of other studies.


With the use of the proposed system, the time and cost needed to perform a 3DCG modeling of present surroundings are drastically reduced. In AR, the realization of registration accuracy with a live video image of an actual landscape and 3DCG is still an important feature (Charles et al., 2010; Ming and Ming, 2010; Schall et al., 2011) . AR registration methods are roughly categorized as follows: 1) use of physical sensors such as the global positioning system (GPS) and gyroscope sensors, 2) use of an artificial marker, and 3) feature point detection method (Neumann and You, 1999) . The first method generally requires expensive hardware to realize highly precise and accurate registration (Feiner et al., 1997; Thomas et al., 1998; Behzadan et al., 2008; Leon et al., 2009; Schall et al., 2009; Watanabe, 2011) . The use of this method is thus problematic because the required equipment may not always be available for the users. The second method achieves registration accuracy using an inexpensive artificial marker (Kato and Billinghurst, 1999) . However, an artificial marker must always be visible to the AR camera. This condition limits user mobility. Moreover, a large artificial marker is needed to realize high precision (Yabuki et al., 2011) . The third method involves the extraction of feature points and has gained momentum in the field of research, including in the topic of registration for outdoor AR (Klein and Murray, 2007; Ventura, 2012) . However, the proposed system was verified on the assumption that the distance between the AR camera and the Figure 4 Landscape simulation using 3DMAP-AR.

In AR, the realization of registration accuracy with a live video image of an actual landscape and 3DCG is still an important feature.

AR registration methods are roughly categorized as follows: 1) use of physical sensors such as the global positioning system (GPS) and gyroscope sensors, 2) use of an artificial marker, and 3) feature point detection method.

The first method generally requires expensive hardware to realize highly precise and accurate registration.

The second method achieves registration accuracy using an inexpensive artificial marker.

This condition limits user mobility.

Moreover, a large artificial marker is needed to realize high precision.

The third method involves the extraction of feature points and has gained momentum in the field of research, including in the topic of registration for outdoor AR.


A major assumption is that miners are incentivised to act faithfully. As a reward for mining a block, a miner may assign a certain amount of thus newly generated currency to itself in the new block. In Bitcoin, the exact amount is currently 25 BTC and this reward halves at certain intervals (52,500 blocks), with the next halving expected to occur in July 2016. Senders of transactions may also choose to pay transaction fees that the block miner can claim. The input of a transaction must be the output of a previous transaction (except for the aforementioned currency generation). The output is one or more currency values with the public keys of the receivers, all signed by the sender. If the output value is lower than the input value, the miner can claim the difference; a transaction fee. With block rewards halving, the reward for mining will ultimately consist of only transaction fees. Mining pools The difficulty in finding new blocks can grow rapidly with every new block as the target difficulty is dynamically adjusted. Participants first switched to GPUs for increased computational power (over CPUs) and then to specialised hardware (ASICs)-but the energy costs are still very high [15] . One way to participate in the network while still realising a profit is participation in a mining pool. A mining pool is an organisation that distributes a portion of the mining workload to individual participants and shares the block reward amongst all participants when a block is mined by just one participant in the pool. The drawback of a mining pool is that it introduces a form of centralisation: particularly large mining pools may, when they collude, hold more than 50% of the network's computational power.

Participants first switched to GPUs for increased computational power (over CPUs) and then to specialised hardware (ASICs)-but the energy costs are still very high.


Each patient gave an informed consent, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Salerno. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma was diagnosed from histological findings (i.e. lymph nodes, bone marrow, etc.) according to the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) classification criteria revised by Harris [24] . It was classified according to the REAL classification and grouped into indolent or aggressive lymphomas [25] . Ann Arbor classification stage was determined for all patients at the onset of the neoplastic disease by physical examination, total body computed tomography scan and bone marrow biopsy. Cheson's criteria were used to define the response to antineoplastic treatment [26] .

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma was diagnosed from histological findings (i.e. lymph nodes, bone marrow, etc.) according to the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) classification criteria revised by Harris.

It was classified according to the REAL classification and grouped into indolent or aggressive lymphomas.

Cheson's criteria were used to define the response to antineoplastic treatment.


Chloride ingress is considered to be one of the major factors in the deterioration mechanisms of reinforced concrete in marine environments. The resulting corrosion of steel reinforcements causes serious detrimental effects, such as concrete cover cracking, reduced reinforcement in cross sections, decreased bonding between the steel rebar and concrete, and reduced yield strength and ductility of the steel rebar in reinforced concrete structures. However, to improve the resistance of concrete against chloride ingress, slag is widely used as a mineral admixture. Generally, incorporating GGBS into blended binders can increase the total porosity but will refine the pore size. Slag-blended concrete presents a lower chloride diffusivity and higher chloride binding capacity than control concrete [1] .

Slag-blended concrete presents a lower chloride diffusivity and higher chloride binding capacity than control concrete.


The wearable PRS was designed on a basis of PU foam via a spray printing approach by incorporating graphene (reduced graphene oxide, rGO) and VN. Herein, both VN and graphene materials are solution processible, electrically conductive, eco-friendly and bio-compatible. Furthermore, in comparison with drop-casting and rod-coating methods, spray printing serves as an efficient and versatile route to form ultrathin and highly uniform coating layers with tailorable thickness, especially on porous surface such as PU. As illustrated in Fig. 3(a) , the innovative design of such wearable PRS devices mainly deals with the layer-by-layer printing of GO/VN/GO materials. Note that the interlayered VN with conducting nature and fluffy structure can induce the hybrid film to form a close crosslinking network that improves deformability and sensitivity (Fig. 3(b) ). To further impart electronic sensing capacity and enhance the integrity, the entire composite undergoes a hydrothermal treatment to fully rGO. Figure 3 (c) displays the SEM micrograph of bare PU form, manifesting interconnected 3D porous structure. The deposition of GO and VN would retain the morphological features of PU, as revealed by the SEM inspection in Fig. 3(d) . To verify the uniformity of coating, elemental mapping was carried out (Fig. 3(e) ), which shows homogeneous distribution of detected elements (C, V, and N). Figure 3 (f) discloses the appearance of bare VN nanostructures. It is evident that VN displays interwined, fluffy nanowire morphology (also see the TEM observation in Fig. S10 in the ESM), along with possessing highly conductive property (Fig. S11 in the ESM) . Upon reduction of GO, the graphene/VN/graphene-PU composite exhibits the well-preserved 3D porous microstructure (Fig. 3(g) ). Such features are beneficial to inducing a shape response to compressive deformation based on the high contact area between integrated conductive materials. In addition, exhaustive characterizations with the aid of XRD (Fig. 3(h) ) and Raman spectroscopic (Fig. 3(i) ) analysis indeed confirm the successful fabrication of VN-G based sensing composites [40] .

In addition, exhaustive characterizations with the aid of XRD (Fig. 3(h) ) and Raman spectroscopic (Fig. 3(i) ) analysis indeed confirm the successful fabrication of VN-G based sensing composites.


To meet the demands of the continuous health monitoring in real scenarios with complicated conditions, flexible supercapacitor/sensor integrated device was accordingly assembled, forming a self-powered wearable sensor (Fig. 5(a) ). Synergizing the stable performance of the VN-G supercapacitor under various deformations and the ultrahigh sensitivity of the VN-G electronic skin sensor, the constructed system perfectly conforms to human skin (e.g., attached to the wrist and throat) and readily monitors physiological motions. In this respect, note that solid-state supercapacitors connected in series would offer enhanced potential range targeting durable and steady power supply for sensors. Pulse-and heart-rates are being deemed as the key physiological signals for human health. With regards to a healthy person, the pulse-and heart-rates are equally the same. Integrated with a normal medical tape, the wearable supercapacitor/ sensor device could be attached to the wrist area of a healthy, 27-year-old male for pulse-rate monitor (Figs. 5(b) and inset) , the dimension of the electrode was 1 cm × 2 cm. The periodic electric waveforms are in turn collected, displaying a gap of 0.72 s and hence a pulse beating rate of 84 min −1 , which falls within the standard level of a healthy adult. Moreover, the magnified image of a single pulse cycle in Fig. 5 (c) presents two distinguishable peaks, namely, systolic phase (P1) and diastolic phase (P2). As such, two key parameters for characterizing arterial stiffness can be derived: the radial augmentation index (AI = P2/P1) and transit time (ΔTDVP = TP2 − TP1). From the waveforms measured by the integrated device, the obtained value for these parameters is of ~ 0.57 and ~ 150 ms, which are characteristic values for a healthy adult male [47] .

From the waveforms measured by the integrated device, the obtained value for these parameters is of ~ 0.57 and ~ 150 ms, which are characteristic values for a healthy adult male.


The use of CLIL has spread greatly in the past two decades, especially in Europe, and is most often used in schools offering a form of bilingual education (Pérez-Cañado 2012) . These schools offer students the opportunity to study some subjects through a language other than their first language. This means, in practice, that subject teachers take on an additional role, teaching their subject in the context of a foreign language. Research into the specific pedagogical practices employed by CLIL teachers has been limited to-date and, as such, has been identified as a key area in need of further investigation (Pérez-Cañado 2012; Dalton-Puffer and Smit 2013) .

The use of CLIL has spread greatly in the past two decades, especially in Europe, and is most often used in schools offering a form of bilingual education.

Research into the specific pedagogical practices employed by CLIL teachers has been limited to-date and, as such, has been identified as a key area in need of further investigation.


Our study has led to some considerations that need to be made when managing this and other small populations in the future. First and foremost, it is important to consider the implications of fences and other barriers that prohibit the natural migration of wild populations of pronghorn (O'Gara and Yoakum 2004) . Second, given the number of recent studies that have demonstrated correlations between genetic variation, inbreeding, and fitness, it is important that managers strive to maximize genetic variation and minimize inbreeding in populations, particularly those that are small, isolated, or both. Finally, recent studies have demonstrated that factors such as age, sex, genetic variation, and prior energy expenditure may further influence survival and fecundity when environmental conditions are extreme (Keller et al. 1994) . When assessing population viability and planning long-term management, managers should consider the possibility that stochastic environmental events such as droughts and severe winters could heavily affect or even eliminate a population that may otherwise seem stable.

First and foremost, it is important to consider the implications of fences and other barriers that prohibit the natural migration of wild populations of pronghorn.

Finally, recent studies have demonstrated that factors such as age, sex, genetic variation, and prior energy expenditure may further influence survival and fecundity when environmental conditions are extreme.


Feed conversion efficiency, although generally low did not differ significantly among diets. This pattern was also observed in Atlantic salmon (Bell et al., 1996) . Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that palm oil can be substituted for fish oil in the diet of C. gariepinus. Fish oil can be replaced with vegetable oil if the essential fatty acid requirements are satisfied (Watanabe, 1982; Steffens, 1997; Sargent et al., 1999) .

This pattern was also observed in Atlantic salmon.

Fish oil can be replaced with vegetable oil if the essential fatty acid requirements are satisfied.


Graph theory is becoming interestingly significant as it is being actively applied in biochemistry, nanotechnology, electrical engineering, computer science, and operations research [1] [2] [3] [4] . The powerful combinatorial method found in graph theory has also been used to prove the results of pure mathematics. A topological index, also known as a graph descriptor, is a real number associated with a graph. Topological indices are helpful for predicting certain physical, chemical, and pharmacological properties of organic molecules and chemical compounds.

Graph theory is becoming interestingly significant as it is being actively applied in biochemistry, nanotechnology, electrical engineering, computer science, and operations research.


There are few genes which are expressed in EBV latent infected cells. The viral proteins of these genes may participate in carcinogenesis by targeting the various hallmarks of cancer [2] . Among them, latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1), a dominant oncoprotein, is commonly found in cancers of epithelial cells. Primarily, LMP-1 functions as an active tumour necrosis factor (TNF) by resembling CD-40 and consequently activates several signaling pathways, JAK-STAT, ERK-MAPK, JNK-p-38, PI3K-AKT and NF-κB in a ligand-independent manner. Activation of these pathways facilitates several downstream pathological effects of LMP-1 expression including cell proliferation, antiapoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis [3] .

The viral proteins of these genes may participate in carcinogenesis by targeting the various hallmarks of cancer.

Activation of these pathways facilitates several downstream pathological effects of LMP-1 expression including cell proliferation, antiapoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis.


If we adopt (D/H) max,f = 230 × 10 −6 , one obtains R max = 6 AU. R max as expressed above is however quite sensitive to the assumed parameters, and as such our calculation would not conclusively discriminate between in situ formation of the asteroid main belt and widespread redistribution (Walsh et al. 2011) . Note that the evaluations of both Sc R and R max in equations (14) and (15) are independent of our prescriptions of accretion of solids or the functional form ofṀ(t).

R max as expressed above is however quite sensitive to the assumed parameters, and as such our calculation would not conclusively discriminate between in situ formation of the asteroid main belt and widespread redistribution.


Indirectly, use of fertilizers leads to higher economic growth and poverty reduction through increased agricultural productivity and output [7] . This is particularly more evident in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries where agriculture is the primary sector and source of livelihood to the majority of the population [8] . On the environmental front, agricultural intensification -where a farmer gets more output from the same piece of land by using high yielding inputs including fertilizer, reduces forest cover loss and promotes biodiversity [5] . Nevertheless, if not well managed, long-term use of fertilizer -whether organic or inorganic, results in inefficiencies of input use, leading to soil degradation, lower productivity and potential damage to the environment [9] .

Indirectly, use of fertilizers leads to higher economic growth and poverty reduction through increased agricultural productivity and output.

This is particularly more evident in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries where agriculture is the primary sector and source of livelihood to the majority of the population.

On the environmental front, agricultural intensification -where a farmer gets more output from the same piece of land by using high yielding inputs including fertilizer, reduces forest cover loss and promotes biodiversity.

Nevertheless, if not well managed, long-term use of fertilizer -whether organic or inorganic, results in inefficiencies of input use, leading to soil degradation, lower productivity and potential damage to the environment.


Family labour (as proxied by number of adults in the household) assumes great importance given that low incomes constrain financial liquidity for hiring wage labourers, and given possible moral hazard problems associated with non-family labour calling for considerable supervision. These problems raise the real cost of hired workers beyond the observed wage rate. Given that the bulk of labour for most farm operations in this region is provided by the family rather than hired, lack of adequate family labour accompanied by inability to hire labour can seriously constraint the adoption of ISFM technologies [19] . The result is consistent with an earlier study in western Kenya, which found that labour constraints had a significant negative effect on the adoption of improved tree fallows, which are labour-intensive like manure use [20, 21] .

Given that the bulk of labour for most farm operations in this region is provided by the family rather than hired, lack of adequate family labour accompanied by inability to hire labour can seriously constraint the adoption of ISFM technologies.

The result is consistent with an earlier study in western Kenya, which found that labour constraints had a significant negative effect on the adoption of improved tree fallows, which are labour-intensive like manure use.


Soil management practices are not strictly scale neutral or, more likely, that the unobserved constraints and shadow prices facing households vary systematically with farm size. Increasing farm size may be proxy for other factors unaccounted for in the present regression model, especially the growing of tea or other cash crops such as vegetables which may be selectively targeted for chemical fertilizer application by these farmers). However, if ISFM practices are scale-dependent economically, even if they are technologically scale-neutral, research and extension practices must take this into account, especially in places such as western Kenya where farm sizes rarely exceed one hectare and now average less than 0.4 ha [18] . The policy lesson for research and extension is that ISFM technology development must emphasize not only sufficient divisibility but also that new methods prove remunerative even at small scales of operation.

However, if ISFM practices are scale-dependent economically, even if they are technologically scale-neutral, research and extension practices must take this into account, especially in places such as western Kenya where farm sizes rarely exceed one hectare and now average less than 0.4 ha.


Gender also plays a crucial role in the adoption of ISFM technologies. Previous research in Africa has documented women's lesser access to critical resources (land, cash and labor), often undermining their ability to mobilize labour, including reciprocal labour which often requires considerable food expenditure needed to carry out labour-intensive ISFM construction and maintenance activities [22] . The small coefficients for manure and fertilizer suggest that controlling for non-farm income and livestock holdings that are strongly correlated with the gender of the household head; gender alone has minimal independent effects on these two ISFM practices. Therefore, it does not appear that gender per se heavily affects these particular adoption patterns. Rather, the inherent resource inequities between men and women play a big role. These inequities are caused by cultural conditions in many African societies which traditionally did not grant women secure entitlements to land and other property [23] .

Previous research in Africa has documented women's lesser access to critical resources (land, cash and labor), often undermining their ability to mobilize labour, including reciprocal labour which often requires considerable food expenditure needed to carry out labour-intensive ISFM construction and maintenance activities.

These inequities are caused by cultural conditions in many African societies which traditionally did not grant women secure entitlements to land and other property.


Off-farm income from informal and formal non-agricultural employment is important in fostering adoption of the ISFM practices. Cash is essential in the hiring of labour for the construction and maintenance of compost and farmyard manure, as well as for purchase of chemical fertilizer. At existing productivity levels and production scales, the highpopulation-density smallholder farming system of this part of western Kenya might not be generating sufficient investible surpluses to remain self-sustaining in the absence of non-farm income to invest in sustainable agricultural intensification, including through ISFM [17] .

At existing productivity levels and production scales, the highpopulation-density smallholder farming system of this part of western Kenya might not be generating sufficient investible surpluses to remain self-sustaining in the absence of non-farm income to invest in sustainable agricultural intensification, including through ISFM.


Hydrogen peroxide is produced continuously in aqueous medium by two-electron reduction of Oxygen gas at the cathode [23] . Fe 2+ is usually added to the treated zing power of electro-generated H 2 O 2 . The produced Hydroxyl radicals are non-selective and highly reactive species. They react efficiently with organic compounds leading to their degradation until total mineralization.

Hydrogen peroxide is produced continuously in aqueous medium by two-electron reduction of Oxygen gas at the cathode.


In this section we evaluate the proposed solutions using simulations. For all simulations, we use the NS-2 network simulator [9] . Unless otherwise indicated, we use the log-normal model to simulate a fading channel. We also investigated generating fading losses by training hidden Markov models trained with collected wireless traces, but no appreciable changes in the general trends were observed; therefore we elected to demonstrate the solutions using the more controllable log-normal model.

For all simulations, we use the NS-2 network simulator.


Research has established the place of social interaction, social activity and social context in language acquisition (Vygotsky, 1978) . Language is one of the potent weapons of any progressive society. The society is made or marred by the roles played by the communicative skills and imperatives of the available languages in a society. The descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used is called sociolinguistics. It is the overall effect of the society on language use. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, for instance ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc., and how creation and adherence to these rules are used to categorize individuals in social or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a language varies from place to place, language usage also varies among social classes.

Research has established the place of social interaction, social activity and social context in language acquisition.


The place of gender in language learning cannot be ignored in second language learning. Studies have supported that female students mainly use a system that is based around memorizing words and associations between them, whereas boys rely primarily on a system that governs the rules of language (Melville, 2006) . Although researchers have long agreed that girls have superior language abilities than boys, until now no one has clearly provided a biological basis that may account for their differences which suggest that language processing is more sensory in boys and more abstract in girls --could have major implications for teaching children and even provide support for advocates of single sex classroom.

Studies have supported that female students mainly use a system that is based around memorizing words and associations between them, whereas boys rely primarily on a system that governs the rules of language.


The results of temperature integration experiments with integration periods of 2 and 14 days and bandwidths of 0, 6 or 10 °C were described in this paper. The main result of this study is that shoot lengths of rose stems were reduced with increasing bandwidths at both integration periods. At a bandwidth of 10 °C stems were significantly shorter than in the control treatment (20 °C continuously), in contrast to a bandwidth of 6 °C. For commercial practice, stem length is an important characteristic, since higher prices are paid for longer rose shoots. When roses are grown under constant temperature, final shoot length becomes shorter at increasing temperatures (De Vries et al., 1986; Van den Berg, 1987; Marcelis-van Acker, 1994) . This implies that the response of rose shoot length to fluctuating temperatures (at an average temperature of 20 °C) resembled the reaction to increased temperatures. Temperatures above 20 °C affected shoot length more strongly than did temperatures below 20 °C, resulting in a non-linear response to temperature. When temperature integration is applied in commercial practice, it might therefore be necessary to lower the average diurnal temperature, in order to diminish effects on shoot length.

When roses are grown under constant temperature, final shoot length becomes shorter at increasing temperatures.


Tissue engineering is one of the topics in biomedical engineering that can provide many alternatives for the repair of damaged tissues [1] . By applying the principles of tissue engineering, characteristic properties of the original tissues can be mimicked by scaffolds. An ideal scaffold should be biocompatible, biodegradable and does not induce an immune reaction or inflammation. These scaffolds can be obtained from natural or synthetic polymers [2] [3] [4] [5] .

Tissue engineering is one of the topics in biomedical engineering that can provide many alternatives for the repair of damaged tissues.

These scaffolds can be obtained from natural or synthetic polymers.


Chitin is a a naturally abundant mucopolysaccharide which can be obtained from crab shells [6, 7] . It is a nitrogenous polysaccharide that is white, rigid, with inelastic structure. Chitin contains 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-glucose groups by (1 4) linkage which named as Nacetylglucosamine [7, 8] . After the cellulose, chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer over the world. Invertebrates, insects, marine diatoms, algae, fungi and crustaceans like crabs, shrimps, and lobsters are the source of chitin [9] .

Chitin is a a naturally abundant mucopolysaccharide which can be obtained from crab shells.

Chitin contains 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-b-D-glucose groups by (1 4) linkage which named as Nacetylglucosamine.

Invertebrates, insects, marine diatoms, algae, fungi and crustaceans like crabs, shrimps, and lobsters are the source of chitin.


The utilization of the fast power switches based on the SiC or GaN semi-conductor materials will result in higher operating frequencies of static converters, this has as consequence the increases of the conducted emissions toward the power network [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . The main solution used to reduce these conducted emissions consists to use passive filters made from the inductors and capacitors [8] [9] [10] . The properties of magnetic materials used in the inductors have a great influence on the performances of the filter [11] - [12] . Many studies have highlighted couplings between the passive components and the tracks, which can reduce its effectiveness. These parasitic couplings are mainly linked to the geometrical characteristics of the printed circuit board (PCB) and the properties of the magnetic cores. To optimize the size and performances of the EMI filters, the use of simulation can be a solution to reduce the cost and design duration. However, the simulation requires a more accuracy models of EMI filter components. Different high frequency models including the parasitic elements are proposed in literature [10] [11] [12] . In this paper, a high frequency model of the EMI filter which takes into account the common mode paths impedance is proposed. It's used to study the influence of this impedance on the efficiency of the filter during the design process.

The utilization of the fast power switches based on the SiC or GaN semi-conductor materials will result in higher operating frequencies of static converters, this has as consequence the increases of the conducted emissions toward the power network.

The main solution used to reduce these conducted emissions consists to use passive filters made from the inductors and capacitors.

The properties of magnetic materials used in the inductors have a great influence on the performances of the filter.

Different high frequency models including the parasitic elements are proposed in literature.


Compact binaries consisting of a white dwarf and a late main-sequence star such as AM Her and DQ Her cataclysmic variables (CVs) are one of the primary sources of gravitational radiation observable by the LISA mission (Bender et al. 1998) . As the two stars orbit each other with a period of a few hours, the energy of their orbit is slowly lost to outgoing gravitational waves. Additionally, the white dwarfs themselves are rotating. For AM Her binaries, the white dwarf rotation period is approximately synchronized with the orbital period. The white dwarf in a DQ Her binary rotates ten or more times faster than the binary orbit. In particular, the DQ-Her, white dwarfs AE Aquarii and WZ Sagittae rotate with a periods of 33 and 28 seconds respectively. If these two stars have a significant quadrupole moment that is not aligned with the rotation axis, they will be sources of observable gravitational radiation.

Compact binaries consisting of a white dwarf and a late main-sequence star such as AM Her and DQ Her cataclysmic variables (CVs) are one of the primary sources of gravitational radiation observable by the LISA mission.


In the context of this study, pre-service science teachers were asked about the difficulties they encountered during method implementation. The difficulties they identified as most problematic were attracting the attention of classmates and involving them in the lesson, as well as being prepared for the lesson. Again, having these experiences early in their careers and developing positive attitudes for overcoming these difficulties will help them to teach effectively in the future. Difficulties met by students while implementing this method can be mitigated by an effective teacher. The relationship between teacher and student is symbiotic and therefore it is essential that learning by teaching be used in teacher-training programs as well as in classroom settings. Another remarkable detail which pre-service science teachers expressed is that this method can be used both in pedagogical classes and lessons which have science content. This study showed a positive impact on the motivation and attitudes of the students. This is compatible with Martin's finding that when students become the teacher in class, their motivation increases dramatically (Skinner, 1994) . Conversely, when the views mentioned above are evaluated in the context of teacher proficiencies, learning by teaching also increases general teacher proficiency (Gibson & Dembo, 1984) . General teacher proficiency involves the attribution of teacher's vocational proficiency with self-knowledge and skills (Celep, 1998) . It is the view of pre-service teachers in this study that learning by teaching contributes to knowledge and skill acquisition for the teaching profession. In this respect, using learning by teaching in classes for those pursuing a Bachelor's degree can help to positively develop the general teaching proficiency of pre-service teachers.

This is compatible with Martin's finding that when students become the teacher in class, their motivation increases dramatically.

Conversely, when the views mentioned above are evaluated in the context of teacher proficiencies, learning by teaching also increases general teacher proficiency.

General teacher proficiency involves the attribution of teacher's vocational proficiency with self-knowledge and skills.


Setomelanomma holmii M. Morelet was observed on samples of Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) from Wisconsin, U.S. A., in 1998 . This fungus was previously known only from the type specimen collected on Picea pungens in France and described in 1980 (Morelet 1980) . Subsequent surveys by the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection indicated that this fungus occurred in 21 counties in Wisconsin on both Colorado blue spruce and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) (A. Mengistu, unpublished data). The fungus is consistently associated with plants exhibiting one or more symptoms including needle chlorosis and needle drop. Small, black perithecioid fruiting bodies develop on twigs during late May and early June, while needles are still present. Ascospores can be obtained from squashed ascomata collected in spring and early summer but are less common or absent from samples collected later in the year.

This fungus was previously known only from the type specimen collected on Picea pungens in France and described in 1980.


Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or endotoxin, is found only in Gram-negative bacterial cell walls; it can on its own induce the acute inflammatory response and the clinical characteristics associated with sepsis. After administration of LPS, TNF and other inflammatory mediators are released [11, 12] . Infusion of TNF initiates an inflammatory process leading to a phenotype that is indistinguishable from bacterial sepsis [13, 14] .

After administration of LPS, TNF and other inflammatory mediators are released.

Infusion of TNF initiates an inflammatory process leading to a phenotype that is indistinguishable from bacterial sepsis.


Soils under no-tillage (NT) in Brazil have expanded exponentially since the early 1990s, covering an area of more than 32 million hectares by 2012 (Febrapdp, 2012) . Under this system, soils are not tilled, so the concept of "arable layer" was replaced by "chemical gradient", a result of differences in the soil surface content of nutrients and organic matter. Correcting soil acidity by surface liming creates an alkalizing front that gradually advances through the soil profile (Caires et al., 2004; Rampim et al., 2011) . This results in a marked increase in pH in the soil surface layer, but also in a less marked decrease in Al 3+ , and an increase in exchangeable Ca in the subsurface layer (Zoca and Penn, 2017) . High soil acidity in the subsurface layer may restrict root growth and decrease water and nutrient uptake, thereby leading to low crop yields (Sousa et al., 2007; Dalla Nora and Amado, 2013; Zandoná et al., 2015) .

Soils under no-tillage (NT) in Brazil have expanded exponentially since the early 1990s, covering an area of more than 32 million hectares by 2012.

Correcting soil acidity by surface liming creates an alkalizing front that gradually advances through the soil profile.

This results in a marked increase in pH in the soil surface layer, but also in a less marked decrease in Al 3+ , and an increase in exchangeable Ca in the subsurface layer.

High soil acidity in the subsurface layer may restrict root growth and decrease water and nutrient uptake, thereby leading to low crop yields.


In Education colleagues and headmasters are considered to be perpetrators (Blasé & Blasé, 2006; Čech, 2010; Djurkovic, 2004) . Parents also emerge as perpetrators of inappropriate behavior against teachers. According to previous studies, workplace bullying is positively correlated with stress and depression and negatively correlated to self-esteem (Blasé & Blasé, 2006; Čech, 2010; Djurkovic, 2004) . Moreover in some studies workplace bullying is also associated with body characteristics (height and weight) while in others such a relationship is not reported.

In Education colleagues and headmasters are considered to be perpetrators.

According to previous studies, workplace bullying is positively correlated with stress and depression and negatively correlated to self-esteem.


The term "mobbing" was first used in the "60s by the Austrian ethologist Konrad Lorenz to describe the herds" aggressive behavior. In the 1970's, Swedish doctor Peter-Paul Heinemann and Dan Olweus established the term for bullying at school. Later, Heinz Leimann borrowed the term mobbing to describe harassing behaviors at workplace (Di Martino et al. 2003; Einarsen et al., 2011) . The term bullying has been used by British, Irish, Australian and Northern European researchers, while their German colleagues have used the term mobbing to describe the same phenomenon (Einarsen et al., 1994; Einarsen & Skogstad, 1996; Johnson, 2009; Salin, 2003) .

Later, Heinz Leimann borrowed the term mobbing to describe harassing behaviors at workplace.

The term bullying has been used by British, Irish, Australian and Northern European researchers, while their German colleagues have used the term mobbing to describe the same phenomenon.


The main criticism, however, with the instrumental variable estimates available in the literature, is that they might be biased towards their uninstrumented counterparts. This is because the lagged minimum wage, the typical instrument in these studies, might be weakly correlated with its subsequent di erences. A full assessment of how weak the instruments are in these studies is di cult because statistics reporting the first stage results accounting for intercorrelations among the instruments are largely unavailable. Tests that do not account for such intercorrelations can be misleading as the weak instruments bias can arise even when such tests are significant (Staiger and Stock, 1997; Shea, 1997; Stock et al, 2002) . We have demonstrated this is the case in Brazil. We then suggested a number of political variables as instruments that are superior to the typical lagged minimum wage. We show that our instruments have more exogenous variation, are more strongly correlated with the endogenous variables and are uncorrelated with the error term and its lags.

Tests that do not account for such intercorrelations can be misleading as the weak instruments bias can arise even when such tests are significant.


Therefore, the purpose of this present study was to compare the PA (step counts; minutes spent in MVPA) accumulated during semi-structured recess and traditional unstructured recess and to examine PA enjoyment in 3 -5 grade elementary school-aged children at an urban elementary school in the Southwest US. This age group was chosen because pre-adolescents are at high-risk obesity development [23] - [25] . A semi-structured recess intervention was chosen for this study because it creates structure for PA while allowing free play.

This age group was chosen because pre-adolescents are at high-risk obesity development.


The purpose of this study was to compare the PA (step counts and MVPA) and enjoyment during semi-struc- tured recess vs. unstructured recess in 3 -5 grade children at an urban elementary school in the Southwest United States. The results revealed that semi-structured recess produced significantly more steps and MVPA compared to unstructured recess. These results are consistent with other research indicating the benefits of structured recess on PA [32] .

These results are consistent with other research indicating the benefits of structured recess on PA.


The prevalence of physical inactivity among school-aged children has contributed to the substantial rise in overweight and obesity [1] . Obesity has increased in the US dramatically over the past ten years with approximately 31.8% of children classified as overweight or obese [2] . Many health risks are associated with overweight and obesity including cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, hypertension, certain types of cancer, and risk of stroke [1] . The obesity epidemic is affecting children of all ages including young children and adolescents and when obesity occurs during adolescence, it tends to persist into adulthood [3] .

The prevalence of physical inactivity among school-aged children has contributed to the substantial rise in overweight and obesity.

Obesity has increased in the US dramatically over the past ten years with approximately 31.8% of children classified as overweight or obese.

Many health risks are associated with overweight and obesity including cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, hypertension, certain types of cancer, and risk of stroke.

The obesity epidemic is affecting children of all ages including young children and adolescents and when obesity occurs during adolescence, it tends to persist into adulthood.


Although rectovaginal fistulas are classified as high or intermediate type of anomaly, it does not present as surgical emergency as other high ARMs. Patients with this anomaly can continue to pass stools through vagina and can reach adult age group with only complaint of incontinence. There are very few case reports in literature of presentation of such anomalies in the postadolescent age group [3, 7] . Ideal treatment and long-term results in such cases are unknown. PSARP has become standard surgical management of high and intermediate ARMs. It involves dissection of the striated muscle complex, levators, and the rectum for the exact placement of the distal rectum within the muscle complex.

There are very few case reports in literature of presentation of such anomalies in the postadolescent age group.


In fact, cases of cheating on farm programs are often reported by the European Press (Moyer and Josling, 1990) . Fraud is considered to be an integral part of the common agricultural policy (CAP) (Ockenden and Franklin, 1995; Gardner, 1996) . Gardner argues that the manipulation of regulations "to milk the maximum in subsidies" from the European Union's (EU) farm budget, "is not only common, standard practice ... but is also accepted as standard practice" (Gardner, 1996, pp. 44) .

In fact, cases of cheating on farm programs are often reported by the European Press.

Fraud is considered to be an integral part of the common agricultural policy (CAP).


A recent article in Time Magazine features the agricultural crises in France and stresses the idea that it is agritourism that may save rural France (Crumley, 2010) . However, from the article we also learn that many French farmers refuse to diversify as they see this as a betrayal of the agricultural profession. That farmers may struggle with their identity of being a "real farmer" when diversifying their farms is the point of departure for this article. It deals with how diversification and transformation of farming into agritourism may influence the social identity of farmers. Based on a qualitative study of Norwegian farms who have been transformed into tourist businesses, it uses theories of "the new peasantries" and a perspective of identity as situated, multiple and relational to explore whether diversification into new 'non-farming' activities brings farmers away from traditional farm culture and way of life.

A recent article in Time Magazine features the agricultural crises in France and stresses the idea that it is agritourism that may save rural France.


In this work we have presented an experimental proposal to simulate Dirac fermions interacting with an effective gauge field. The fermionic component of the model is obtained by trapping atoms in two triangular optical lattices that are connected to form a honeycomb lattice [26] . As explained in the manuscript, the low-energy excitations of such a model may be described using an effective theory that consists of two flavors of non-interacting Dirac fermions. The gauge fields, on the other hand, arise from perturbations of the atom dynamics, such as lattice distortions, short-and long-wavelength modulations of the hopping amplitudes and state-dependent external potentials. Such perturbations are particularly easy to implement using our setup, which consists of two independent lattices.

The fermionic component of the model is obtained by trapping atoms in two triangular optical lattices that are connected to form a honeycomb lattice.


This work is organized in a self-contained manner, evolving from well know developments (Sections 2-3) all the way up to the final implementation and detection. In section 2 we review how the Dirac equation arises from a tightbinding treatment of the honeycomb lattice. We pay special attention to the tools for deriving the continuum limit and to the appearance of an extra degree of freedom, usually called flavour [23] . In section 3 we analyse the effect of perturbations on the lattice, interpreting the result as a coupling between the Dirac field and scalar, Abelian and non-Abelian external gauge fields. In section 4 we present in detail our proposal for the experimental implementation of the Dirac model and of the external potentials using ultracold atoms in an optical lattice. After discussing a trapping scheme based on state-dependent optical lattices, section 5 shows how to implement the effective potentials from section 3 using intensity modulations of the laser beams. Section 4.3 elaborates on the experimental feasibility of the trapping scheme, estimating the Hamiltonian parameters and interaction strengths from band structure calculations. Following the setup, section 6 discusses different experimental protocols to characterize and measure the previous quantum simulations. Finally, in section 7 we discuss our proposal, relating it to recent proposals in the fields of optical lattices and graphene.

We pay special attention to the tools for deriving the continuum limit and to the appearance of an extra degree of freedom, usually called flavour.


Furthermore� none of the papers contrast different types of PRP plans. For example� the nature of the work and the compensation systems of blue-and white-collar employees are very different (Fama 1991) . White-collar workers are typically paid monthly salaries� while blue-collar are paid by the hour. The PRP components also differ between the employee groups. We distinguish two types of PRP plans� namely� 1) piece rates and reward rates and 2) bonuses. The first difference between the employee groups is that blue-collar workers are often paid piece or reward rates� while such methods of payment are practically non-existent for white-collar workers in manufacturing. The second difference is that bonus plans may be different; for ex-ample� the performance measures and the organisational level of the performance measures may differ. These differences in PRP components may generate different wage effects and different effects on gender wage differences.

For example� the nature of the work and the compensation systems of blue-and white-collar employees are very different.


The cultural bias that is inherent in tests has increasingly become an area of investigation. The findings have strengthened the view that culture may amount to a source of systematic error in test results. Test scores often correlate with nontest variables like cultural factors, environmental factors, test-taking behaviour and other dispositional factors. Factors, like the testee's home language and level of education as well as the prior practice or testing experience of the person taking the test, in turn, often influence test-taking behaviour (Kendell, Verster & Von Mollendorf, 1988) .

Factors, like the testee's home language and level of education as well as the prior practice or testing experience of the person taking the test, in turn, often influence test-taking behaviour.


In recent years, increased recognition of the possibility that linguistic barriers may inhibit the test performance of minority groups has focused much more attention on language in psychological assessment (Gregory, 2004) . The culture in which a test is developed links closely to the language in which it is developed. Language is usually the medium that expresses the cultural concepts and constructs that one needs to measure (McCrae, 2000) . Therefore, the language used to develop a test has important consequences because of its link to cultural and cognitive processes. Culture and language influence cognitive processes. Consequently, they may affect a person's performance in cognitive tests (Schaap & Vermeulen, 2008) .

In recent years, increased recognition of the possibility that linguistic barriers may inhibit the test performance of minority groups has focused much more attention on language in psychological assessment.

Language is usually the medium that expresses the cultural concepts and constructs that one needs to measure.

Consequently, they may affect a person's performance in cognitive tests.


Psychological theories that are valid in one cultural context do not necessarily yield good results in all other cultural contexts. Cultural bias would not be a problem if social researchers were completely free of culture or had a professional culture that is separate from any specific culture. However, it is often too easy for Western researchers to believe that their assumptions, concepts, findings and values − that Western culture colours − apply universally (Neuman, 2005) . Research in a single culture seldom sheds light on the cultural limitations of theories and findings (Van de Vijver & Leung, 1997) . Cross-cultural research can help to overcome claims of universality.

However, it is often too easy for Western researchers to believe that their assumptions, concepts, findings and values − that Western culture colours − apply universally.

Research in a single culture seldom sheds light on the cultural limitations of theories and findings.


Since 1905, it has been clear that one can link the results of psychometric tests to class and/or culture. The fair testing of people from highly dissimilar backgrounds therefore poses a challenge for those who apply tests. Cultural diversity research has revealed differences, particularly between the values, attitudes and leadership styles of people from different cultural groups (Vorster, Olckers, Buys & Schaap, 2003) . Cross-cultural studies suggest that linguistic proficiency, attitudes, motivation, values and other culture-specific factors all play an important role in differences between test response patterns that occur between groups (Schaap, 2003) .

Cultural diversity research has revealed differences, particularly between the values, attitudes and leadership styles of people from different cultural groups.

Cross-cultural studies suggest that linguistic proficiency, attitudes, motivation, values and other culture-specific factors all play an important role in differences between test response patterns that occur between groups.


The differences in test reliabilities for the respective language groups suggest that the PIB/SpEEx Observance Test (401) constructs may not be equivalent for these groups. However, one should recognise that the differences that seem to exist between the test reliabilities for different groups are preliminary rather than conclusive evidence (Schaap & Basson, 2003) . Therefore, the researcher needed factor and item analysis to provide evidence that is more conclusive.

However, one should recognise that the differences that seem to exist between the test reliabilities for different groups are preliminary rather than conclusive evidence.


Humans generate a great deal of waste as a byproduct of their existence; dumping pits located in or around archaeological sites can attest to this. Every task, from preparing a meal to manufacturing of goods etc, is accompanied with production of waste material, which cannot be used for other things and needs to be disposed of effectively. If waste is not contained and handled appropriately, it can balloon into a huge problem (Wilson et al., 2006) .

If waste is not contained and handled appropriately, it can balloon into a huge problem.


Our findings also show that qi-deficiency was related to heart disease. In TCM, heart disease is recognized as heart pain, which is due to qi blockage in the chest. Throughout the process of qi blockage in the chest, heart qi is deficient [35] . Qi acts as the commander of blood while blood is the mother of qi, which means that qi manages the generation and circulation of blood and blood is the carrier of qi. The deficiency of heart qi can result in heart disease due to slow or impeded flow of blood. There are some limitations in this study. First, this study was based solely on cross-sectional data. Longitudinal studies should be conducted to confirm the findings. Second, the chronic diseases were self-reported and only five chronic diseases were involved in the study. More chronic diseases are recommended to be evaluated in further studies. Third, TCM constitution is also correlated with other factors like eating habits, geological locations, and climates [36] . It would be better to recruit more participants in different areas and to further analyze the correlations between TCM constitution types and chronic diseases in the future.

Throughout the process of qi blockage in the chest, heart qi is deficient.

Third, TCM constitution is also correlated with other factors like eating habits, geological locations, and climates.


Quantitat ive understanding of drying operations is of great practical and economic importance. An understanding of the fundamental mechanisms, and knowledge of the moisture and temperature distributions within the product, is crucial for process design, quality control, product handling and energy savings (McMinn, 2006) . A number of complex theoretical models to describe the heat and mass transfer phenomena during drying are available. However, both design and process engineers involved in industrial drying operations clearly need simple, but accurate, analytical tools, in order to conduct design analysis and relevant calculations (McMinn, 2006) . Availability of such correlations and models, verified by experimental data will enable engineers and operators to provide optimum solutions to aspects of drying operations such as energy use, operating conditions and process control, without undertaking experimental trails on the system (Dincer, 1998) . In particular, thin layer equations contribute to the understanding of the heat and mass transfer equations phenomena, and computer simulations, for designing new processes and improving existing commercial operations (Kardum et al., 2001) .

An understanding of the fundamental mechanisms, and knowledge of the moisture and temperature distributions within the product, is crucial for process design, quality control, product handling and energy savings.

However, both design and process engineers involved in industrial drying operations clearly need simple, but accurate, analytical tools, in order to conduct design analysis and relevant calculations.

Availability of such correlations and models, verified by experimental data will enable engineers and operators to provide optimum solutions to aspects of drying operations such as energy use, operating conditions and process control, without undertaking experimental trails on the system.

In particular, thin layer equations contribute to the understanding of the heat and mass transfer equations phenomena, and computer simulations, for designing new processes and improving existing commercial operations.


Drying of agricultural products has always been of great importance for the preservation of food by human beings (Togrul and Pehlivan, 2004) . Open-air sun drying has been used since time immemorial to dry grains, vegetables, fruits and other agricultural products. However, openair natural sun drying is not always suited to large scale production due to some factors. Among them, the most important ones include: lack of ability to control the drying operation properly, the length of drying time, weather uncertainties, high labour costs, large area requirements, insect infestation, mixing with dust and other foreign materials and so on. The resulting loss of food quality in the dried products may have adverse economic effects on domestic and international markets (Lahsasni et al., 2004) . Hence, the drying process may be conducted using several convective hot air dryer.

Drying of agricultural products has always been of great importance for the preservation of food by human beings.

The resulting loss of food quality in the dried products may have adverse economic effects on domestic and international markets.


The use of bioclimatic models and SDM algorithms comes with many significant advantages and inherent limits that should be addressed to properly put predictive models into context. Generally, climatic models based on historic climate station data are required to extrapolate in time and space due to the lack of continuous data in various locations causing significant gaps in information [23] . The confidence in these temperature data are reasonable due to the relationship between elevation and temperature, but precipitation numbers are often questioned in mountainous regions due to the low density of climate stations [23] . Therefore, caution must be taken on how distribution models are constructed and interpreted. Nonetheless bioclimatic models, as the model used in this study, can provide a useful approximation of species response to changes in climate using the central biogeographic premise that climate has a dominant control over the natural distribution of a species [48, 49] . Biotic interactions, a species' dispersal ability, genetic variation, and anthropogenic activity are major factors to species distribution that are not incorporated directly in SDM frameworks and have been repeatedly criticized due to this inherent limitation [50, 51] .

Generally, climatic models based on historic climate station data are required to extrapolate in time and space due to the lack of continuous data in various locations causing significant gaps in information.

The confidence in these temperature data are reasonable due to the relationship between elevation and temperature, but precipitation numbers are often questioned in mountainous regions due to the low density of climate stations.

Nonetheless bioclimatic models, as the model used in this study, can provide a useful approximation of species response to changes in climate using the central biogeographic premise that climate has a dominant control over the natural distribution of a species.

Biotic interactions, a species' dispersal ability, genetic variation, and anthropogenic activity are major factors to species distribution that are not incorporated directly in SDM frameworks and have been repeatedly criticized due to this inherent limitation.


Along with dynamic changes in habitat, the predicted existence and extent of stable areas through Holocene climate fluctuations indicate that conserved areas of woodland continuity served to function as refugia to maintain species richness and narrow endemism. Major refugial areas were predicted to occur in the eastern Andean slopes of the southern Amazon Basin, Altiplano, and Paraná. The predicted lower limit of refugia, near 2000 m in elevation for most of the tropical Andes, coincides with paleoecological data indicating the lower limits of the Polylepis vegetation belt from the LGM to present in the northern Andes [20] . However, the extent of the refugial belt was predicted to vary by biogeographic zone and far lower limits were predicted to occur in the Altiplano and southern ranges of the Andes.

The predicted lower limit of refugia, near 2000 m in elevation for most of the tropical Andes, coincides with paleoecological data indicating the lower limits of the Polylepis vegetation belt from the LGM to present in the northern Andes.


Experimenting with variations in the setup for obtaining a deeper understanding of situations where our proposal and USL can be applied are needed. Another issue concerns the variability of virtual-machine performance in clouds [7] . Further investigations on how the effect of virtual machines on predictability are needed. Such investigations and experiments are planned for the near future.

Another issue concerns the variability of virtual-machine performance in clouds.


Firstly diagnosed in 1902, Babinski-Nageotte Syndrome (BNS) is one of the brainstem syndromes characterized by medulla oblongata ischemia [1] . In BNS, which has been described in very few cases in the literature, lateral medullary syndrome symptoms as well as contralateral motor deficit have been observed. Here, we have reported a case diagnosed with BNS which was developed on the 10th day of the postpartum period.

Firstly diagnosed in 1902, Babinski-Nageotte Syndrome (BNS) is one of the brainstem syndromes characterized by medulla oblongata ischemia.


The anatomy, the function, and the imaging of the MFLs are a major issue among anatomists, orthopedics, and radiologists. The meniscofemoral ligaments connect the posterior horn of lateral meniscus with the lateral part of medial femoral condyle [1] . There are bands of collagen that attach firmly the posterior portion of the lateral meniscus during knee flexion [5, 8] . Poirier and Charpy first described it in 1892 [3] . The name of the third cruciate ligament was mistakenly used [9] . The name of ligament is also not correctly used because meniscofemoral ligament is not extended from a bone to another bone but from a fibrocartilage anatomic structure is the meniscus to a bone [9] . Embryological studies in human and animal knees proposed that MFL starts from posterior horn of lateral meniscus as a single band. The appearance of single or double MFL is due to the position of the PCL. Based on this evidence, different hypothesis was made for the variants which could present a meniscofemoral ligament [8] . Anatomically there have been described numerous variations of the scheme, proximal or distal insertions of the ligaments [6, 8, 10] . Anterior meniscofemoral ligament passes anterior to posterior cruciate ligament and there were described anatomic variants of the respective ligament. In the least frequent variant, the ligament consists of two or even three different bands with different origins from posterior horn of the lateral meniscus and different insertions at the femoral condyle. Most of the times variants are according to the size of the ligament, which could be small or large [8] . On the other hand posterior, meniscofemoral ligament, which passes posteriorly to posterior cruciate ligament, displays also anatomic variants.PMFL has described that could consist of two distinct bands having or not a hour-glass shape. Although is a thin ligament another anatomic variant describes a thick ligament, thicker than PCL. Of course all these variants are anatomically demonstrated and it might be difficult to observed them at knee MRI examinations [8] .

The meniscofemoral ligaments connect the posterior horn of lateral meniscus with the lateral part of medial femoral condyle.

There are bands of collagen that attach firmly the posterior portion of the lateral meniscus during knee flexion.

Poirier and Charpy first described it in 1892.

The name of the third cruciate ligament was mistakenly used.

The name of ligament is also not correctly used because meniscofemoral ligament is not extended from a bone to another bone but from a fibrocartilage anatomic structure is the meniscus to a bone.

Based on this evidence, different hypothesis was made for the variants which could present a meniscofemoral ligament.

Anatomically there have been described numerous variations of the scheme, proximal or distal insertions of the ligaments.

Most of the times variants are according to the size of the ligament, which could be small or large.

Of course all these variants are anatomically demonstrated and it might be difficult to observed them at knee MRI examinations.