In our previous study, we have employed ultrasonic irradiation to treat phenol, 2-chlorophenol and 3,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solutions [6] . Phenolic compounds (at an initial concentration of 0.1 g/l) are only partially removed by ultrasonic irradiation with 2-chlorophenol being more susceptible to degradation than phenol and 3,4-dichlorophenol. However, the presence of Fe 2+ ions at concentrations as low as about 10 -3 g/l generally increases the rate of the uncatalysed sonolytic degradation. This is attributed to iron being capable of readily decomposing hydrogen peroxide in a Fenton-like process to form reactive hydroxyl radicals as well as being an effective oxidation catalyst.

In our previous study, we have employed ultrasonic irradiation to treat phenol, 2-chlorophenol and 3,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solutions.


The current experiment is not without its limitations. There were substantially more female participants (n = 59) than male participants (n = 21). Traditionally, manual tasks (e.g., finger tapping) have found a male advantage, but in tasks requiring complex motor planning (e.g., as in the current experiment), there can be a female advantage (Dorfberger, Adi-Japha, & Karni, 2009; Kennedy & Raz, 2005) . Although sex differences in learning novel utterances have not been systematically analyzed, it is possible that the higher proportion of female participants influenced the current results.

Traditionally, manual tasks (e.g., finger tapping) have found a male advantage, but in tasks requiring complex motor planning (e.g., as in the current experiment), there can be a female advantage.


Finally, it is important to recognize that the acquisition phase was based on a 2-day training period and that retention was assessed on the following day. Past studies investigating speech-motor learning have assessed retention following an acquisition phase ranging from 2 days to 1 week (Adams & Page, 2000; Pendt, Reuter, & Müller, 2011; Rostami & Ashayeri, 2009) . In the present experiment, additional training of the participants may have resulted in improved/increased temporal learning of the speech task. Similarly, assessing retention after an interval of more than 24 hr may also have influenced the results.

Past studies investigating speech-motor learning have assessed retention following an acquisition phase ranging from 2 days to 1 week.


When the thermal transference between the surroundings and the cell is limited, so that the heat exchange depends on the temperature difference between them, T A corresponds to the temperature of the surroundings and T C to the temperature of the cell and measurement system. Since T A is constant, then the heat flow is a function of T C . If the heat generation inside the cell ends, the temperature T C gets close to the temperature of the surroundings T A [4] .

If the heat generation inside the cell ends, the temperature T C gets close to the temperature of the surroundings T A.


In the Hauraki Gulf, common dolphins exhibiting apparently "typical" pigmentation displayed a wide degree of variation. For example, colouration of the pectoral flipper and the pectoral flipper stripe varied from all-black to pale cream, with pale pectoral flippers being prevalent. Of 100 catalogued animals from the Hauraki Gulf for which the pectoral flippers were also photographed, 68 exhibited pale pectoral flippers (Stockin, unpublished data) (e.g., see Figure 4a ). On one other photographed animal, the pectoral flipper stripe was masked by the pale pigmentation of the abdominal field, to the extent that it appeared almost absent (record #43, Table 1 ). Variation was also observed in eye-patch colouration, with one photographed animal exhibiting white pigmentation around the eye as opposed to the dark grey or black usually observed in this species. We did not include this example in the present analysis, however, since the observation was made on a dead stranded animal. Additionally, in a number of observed animals, the hourglass pattern characteristic of common dolphins appeared far from sharp or contrasting and was more inconspicuous than that described for D. delphis from California (Heyning & Perrin, 1994) .

Additionally, in a number of observed animals, the hourglass pattern characteristic of common dolphins appeared far from sharp or contrasting and was more inconspicuous than that described for D. delphis from California.


Eigenfunctions of eigenvalues close to one represent slowly decaying modes. While at a microscopic scale, local expansion of T ensures rapid mixing, at a macroscopic scale, there are large structures determined by eigenfunctions corresponding to real eigenvalues close to 1 that persist for a very long time. These structures are known as almost-invariant sets [9, 13] .

These structures are known as almost-invariant sets.


The theoretical basis of this technique lies in using the Lambert-beer law, where the concentration evolution is statistically treated with time when pure spectra of substances are known. The pure spectrum of a substance can then be correlated to the recorded absorbance and concentration of the corresponding substance. This is obtained through a calibration matrix where the related absorbance at each wave number is regressed, resolving simultaneously these equations of the component concentration. With this approach, direct spectroscopic analysis is suited within the context of biodiesel production (in or on-line), without sample preparation and reagent consumption. Standard biodiesel monitoring technique requires sample extraction, storage, reaction quenching and immediate analysis [8] . However, the increase in biodiesel production at a smaller scale compared to the expensive intrusive methods used in the laboratory would require methods that are inexpensive.

Standard biodiesel monitoring technique requires sample extraction, storage, reaction quenching and immediate analysis.


Ecological research can aid in understanding how longer term neighbourhood conditions or population compositions of neighbourhoods may contribute to population health outcomes in those areas. For example, Riva and Curtis found higher risk of premature mortality and limiting long-term illness in areas of England with persistently low or declining employment rates, compared to other areas [10] . They concluded that trends in area-level employment rates were slightly better predictors compared to analyses measuring employment rates a single time point. While employment rates are an important component of area deprivation, a composite measure may encompass other socioeconomic factors important to health. As such, area deprivation at multiple time points could provide 'trends' of deprivation, to be examined in light of current neighbourhood health as a way of understanding potential accumulation of disadvantage in places. Trends of deprivation may be stable or may indicate increases/decreases in relative position over time. Health may be influenced by the change in deprivation rank itself or the directional movement, regardless of rank. Understanding changes in the socioeconomic composition of areas, and whether they have either improved or worsened, may provide useful insight for health promotion. The literature relating to longitudinal deprivation of communities (rather than individuals) and associated health impacts is sparse. As such, this research makes a methodological contribution to this literature.

For example, Riva and Curtis found higher risk of premature mortality and limiting long-term illness in areas of England with persistently low or declining employment rates, compared to other areas.


In the case of visual presentation, whether in printed form or with a picture, the learners are apparently assisted by their long-standing visual learning habits (as testified by their answers to the related specific question in the Preliminary Questionnaire). It also seems to be easier to recall the visual image of a word even in the context of long-term memory. The task of recalling an auditory image appears to require more concentration on the message as a whole. In the listening process the individual unfamiliar lexical item may be ignored and yet, the general message retrieved (Reves and Levine, 1988) . Our data show that learners chose visual strategies even when the word was presented auditorily: their learning sheets were covered with scribbled word lists of the words they heard. Another possible explanation for the more successful recall of words presented visually may be based on the assumption that there is more danger for the learners to mishear a word, than for them to misread it. Since the tests were all paper-pencil tests (also when the presentation was auditory), the learners may have failed to recognize the written form of the words for which they had to provide an equivalent in Hebrew on the test. Apparently, they could not build the link between the sound combinations which they tried to remember and the meaning they had to provide. In addition, the spelling of the words-when presented visually, in print-may have served as a clue in the attempt to find a helpful association, even though sometimes it was based on false cognates (ransack-was translated by a number of students as merotz chipusim, which in Hebrew means run and search).

In the listening process the individual unfamiliar lexical item may be ignored and yet, the general message retrieved.


As a popular IM/DD system, asymmetrically clipping optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) has been extensively researched [8] - [10] . ACO-OFDM has a good power efficiency and the same optimal design for all constellation sizes due to the nonuse of DC bias, which is attractive to IM/DD system [8] . Recently, ACO-OFDM based on discrete Hartley transform (DHT) has been proposed for IM/DD system [11] , [12] . DHT is a real trigonometric transform. Different from DFT-based ACO-OFDM, DHT-based ACO-OFDM does not need Hermitian symmetry (HS), and the same algorithm can be applied to the multiplexing and demultiplexing processes. When DFT and DHT have the same size, 2-pulse-amplitude modulation (2-PAM) (M-PAM)-modulated DHT-based ACO-OFDM transmits the same number of bits and has the same bit-error ratio (BER) performance as QPSK (M 2 -QAM)-modulated DFT-based ACO-OFDM [11] - [13] . High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is one of the major drawbacks of OFDM, which brings serious nonlinear distortion in both electronic and optical domain. Compared to OFDM without clipping operation, ACO-OFDM has a higher PAPR due to the same peak power but lower average power caused by clipping operation. Therefore, it is much more essential for ACO-OFDM to decrease PAPR. Among the PAPR reduction techniques, DFT-spread technique without any signal distortion and coding overhead has been widely studied [14] - [17] . To the best of our knowledge, the spread technique has not been investigated in DHT-based ACO-OFDM system.

As a popular IM/DD system, asymmetrically clipping optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) has been extensively researched.

ACO-OFDM has a good power efficiency and the same optimal design for all constellation sizes due to the nonuse of DC bias, which is attractive to IM/DD system.

Recently, ACO-OFDM based on discrete Hartley transform (DHT) has been proposed for IM/DD system.

DHT is a real trigonometric transform.

When DFT and DHT have the same size, 2-pulse-amplitude modulation (2-PAM) (M-PAM)-modulated DHT-based ACO-OFDM transmits the same number of bits and has the same bit-error ratio (BER) performance as QPSK (M 2 -QAM)-modulated DFT-based ACO-OFDM.

Among the PAPR reduction techniques, DFT-spread technique without any signal distortion and coding overhead has been widely studied.


Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major public health challenges, particularly in high endemic areas where there is a growing and probably underestimated problem of resistance to anti-TB drugs. Early detection of drug resistance is one of the priorities of TB control programs [1] . Management of drug resistant TB has an important impact for improved TB control by employing appropriate multi-drug treatment regimens which are in turn based on the national resistance epidemiology. However, representative and continuous TB drug resistance surveillance data is largely missing in low-income high endemic areas partly due to poor laboratory facilities [2] . A national drug resistance survey in Ethiopia conducted in 2005 reported a multi-drug resistant (MDR)-TB rate of 1.6% among newly diagnosed patients and 11.8% among retreatment cases [3] .

Early detection of drug resistance is one of the priorities of TB control programs.

However, representative and continuous TB drug resistance surveillance data is largely missing in low-income high endemic areas partly due to poor laboratory facilities.

A national drug resistance survey in Ethiopia conducted in 2005 reported a multi-drug resistant (MDR)-TB rate of 1.6% among newly diagnosed patients and 11.8% among retreatment cases.


Additionally, 19-year-old Dzhokhar Tsarnaev scored only 0.5 lower on his Depravity Score than his 26-yearold brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev. Younger age is a factor that typically begets a presumption that a teenager was led passively by an adult co-conspirator [20] . The Depravity Standard demonstrates that this thinking, too, may prove to be a product of bias rather than evidence. These findings also demonstrate flaws in the general assumption that one perpetrator is always the leader or always more culpable, with two of the three cases showing it not to be the case.

Younger age is a factor that typically begets a presumption that a teenager was led passively by an adult co-conspirator.


This pilot study indicates that the 25 items of the Depravity Standard can be applied to acts of domestic terrorism involving multiple perpetrators in the United States in order to apportion culpability. Such information could be vital in sentencing and parole considerations. For example, the recent release of Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional terrorists in the United States, a group that advocated for the independence of the United States territory of Puerto Rico, was a source of considerable controversy [9] .

For example, the recent release of Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional terrorists in the United States, a group that advocated for the independence of the United States territory of Puerto Rico, was a source of considerable controversy.


In this section, we report results divided in two sets of experiments. First of all, in order to show the performance of the KDE/HMM, we present some results with synthetic data and the weight assignment as simple as simple α il = γ i (l). Subsequently, we carried out some tests for the human activity classification with the well known database of CAVIAR [12] .

Subsequently, we carried out some tests for the human activity classification with the well known database of CAVIAR.


Embankments on soft clays very often use basal reinforcement to increase the factor of safety against failure (Rowe and Li 2005) . The three typical modes of failure of reinforced embankments on soft soils are: internal or lateral spreading failure; bearing or foundation failure; and global or overall failure, which includes both embankment and foundation (Bonaparte and Christopher 1987; Jewell 1992) . The mode of failure of main interest herein is foundation failure as there was no basal reinforcement failure in the present case studies.

Embankments on soft clays very often use basal reinforcement to increase the factor of safety against failure.

The three typical modes of failure of reinforced embankments on soft soils are: internal or lateral spreading failure; bearing or foundation failure; and global or overall failure, which includes both embankment and foundation.


Throughout, F n denotes a free group of finite rank n ≥ 2. A subgroup R ≤ F n is a retract of F n if there exists a homomorphism r : F n → R (called a retraction) that restricts to the identity on R. In 1999, Bergman proved the following Theorem 1.1 (Bergman, [2] ). The intersection of any family of retracts of F n is a retract of F n .

A subgroup R ≤ F n is a retract of F n if there exists a homomorphism r : F n → R (called a retraction) that restricts to the identity on R. In 1999, Bergman proved the following Theorem 1.1 (Bergman,).


In the same paper, he raised the following Question 1.2 (Bergman, [2] ). Let R be a retract of F n . Is H ∩ R a retract of H for every finitely generated subgroup H of F n ?

In the same paper, he raised the following Question 1.2 (Bergman,).

Let R be a retract of F n .


Imaging through atmospheric turbulence is our main application area, where ground-based astronomical observation, artificial space objects identification, or space situational awareness is often included [4] . In these applications, the target images observed through single or distributed adaptive optics (AO) telescopes are severely blurred by atmosphereinduced optical deviation despite the AO compensation [5] . Thus in these imaging scenarios, the goal of multichannel image fusion is to reach or approach the diffraction-limited resolution. In addition, artificial space objects are not stationary and always rotate in ground-based imaging, which means that the images among different channels are spatially misaligned [6] . Therefore, multichannel image registration and multichannel deblurring are two key steps towards highprecision fusion.

Imaging through atmospheric turbulence is our main application area, where ground-based astronomical observation, artificial space objects identification, or space situational awareness is often included.

In these applications, the target images observed through single or distributed adaptive optics (AO) telescopes are severely blurred by atmosphereinduced optical deviation despite the AO compensation.

In addition, artificial space objects are not stationary and always rotate in ground-based imaging, which means that the images among different channels are spatially misaligned.


Satellite remote sensing offers features (global coverage, regular sampling, etc.) for observational atmospheric studies that are not readily achieved using either in situ sampling or ground-based remote sensing techniques. However, interpretation of remote sensing observations of clouds requires a detailed understanding of both cloud properties and radiative transfer. Passive satellite sensors have been used to classify and quantify cloud properties for decades. These systems either operate in the shortwave (visible and nearinfrared), thermal infrared, or microwave spectral regions. Of the three, microwave systems are the most capable of probing thick clouds. Millimeter-wave sensors (microwave systems operating at frequencies between about 30 and 300 GHz) respond to radiation at wavelengths considerably larger than typical cloud particles, whereas shortwave and thermal infrared sensors respond to wavelengths much smaller than typical cloud particles. Mie theory predicts that the extinction efficiency Q of typical cloud particles exposed to shortwave and thermal infrared radiation should be on the order of unity, but should be much smaller than unity for cloud particles exposed to microwave radiation (Goody and Yung 1995) . Thus, for the same cloud, optical depths are generally much larger for shortwave and thermal infrared sensors than for microwave systems. In practical terms, this distinction implies that shortwave and thermal infrared techniques are usually most useful for deducing cloud-top properties (e.g., cloud-top temperature), whereas microwave techniques often provide a more direct measure of vertically integrated cloud properties (e.g., liquid water path). In this paper, we attempt to quantify the sensitivity of satellite-based millimeter-wave sensors to mixed-phase cloud properties, including cloud vertical structure, liquid water path, ice water path, and ice particle size. Results of this study should be useful for guiding the development of future cloud classification and retrieval algorithms for studying mixed-phase clouds using satellite-based millimeter-wave radiometers. Results presented here also indicate that the application to mixed-phase clouds, of millimeter-wavebased retrieval algorithms developed specifically for single-phase clouds, is generally not appropriate.

Mie theory predicts that the extinction efficiency Q of typical cloud particles exposed to shortwave and thermal infrared radiation should be on the order of unity, but should be much smaller than unity for cloud particles exposed to microwave radiation.


In this context of constraints regarding comfort, risk, cost and power consumption, we intend to conduct a study on the air quality in a vehicle, and more specifically, we want to study the perception of the air quality in terms of whether the concentration of carbon dioxide can reach values that can influence the attention and decision capacity of the driver. This influence has been the subject of debate for many researchers in recent years [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . To this end we will review research that highlights the effects of carbon dioxide on health and cognitive performance that can be identified in the case of vehicle drivers.

This influence has been the subject of debate for many researchers in recent years.


Pigment is the most abundant component in the coating, so pigment is naturally the most important factor affecting the properties of the coating materials (Gullichsen et al. 2000) . Pigments are used as a blend of different sizes and shapes of various pigment materials. Various specialty pigments with higher cost are often introduced in small amounts to optimize the coating properties (Ninness et al. 2003) .

Pigment is the most abundant component in the coating, so pigment is naturally the most important factor affecting the properties of the coating materials.

Various specialty pigments with higher cost are often introduced in small amounts to optimize the coating properties.


The advancing technologies of printing and packaging have placed greater demands on the surface of the paper sheet. To meet the more stringent requirements, many papers are coated with suitable pigment-rich formulation to provide gloss, smoothness, color, print detail, and brilliance by filling in the void area on the surface of the paper sheet and covering the highest sitting fibers on the base paper surface (Smook 1997) . The coating mixtures are highly concentrated water-based suspensions containing, among other additives, inorganic pigments, binder thickeners and other additives.

To meet the more stringent requirements, many papers are coated with suitable pigment-rich formulation to provide gloss, smoothness, color, print detail, and brilliance by filling in the void area on the surface of the paper sheet and covering the highest sitting fibers on the base paper surface.


One of the most commonly used paper coating pigments are clays. Clays are hydrous aluminum silicates combined with many other mineral species. Kaolin as one kind of clay minerals have been used as the leading white pigment in paper fillers, paper coating and other different applications such as ceramics, paint, cracking catalyst, cements, waste water treatment, and pharmaceutical industries. Although Kaolin is a commercially available and low-cost paper coating pigment, the need for special paper with special optical characteristics has limited its use in paper coating. Kaolin has comparable whiteness, but lower light scattering index (83.5 m 2 /kg) than that of the TiO 2 micropowder pigment (254.7 m 2 /kg), nowadays used commonly (Murray and Elzea 2005) .

Kaolin has comparable whiteness, but lower light scattering index (83.5 m 2 /kg) than that of the TiO 2 micropowder pigment (254.7 m 2 /kg), nowadays used commonly.


Recently, titanium dioxide nanopowder has received much interest. This is due to its use in various applications such as cosmetics, paper and medical devices coating and gas sensors (Deorsola et al. 2008; Kobayashi et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2008) . Several papermaking trends necessitate more use of TiO 2 including reduction in basis weight and the increasing use of cheap, discolored fibers. Also, because TiO 2 is used in a large variety of products, its global demand growth is increasing rapidly along with its exceptionally high price. It has variety of advantages such as high surface tension, specific surface area, magnetic property, lower melting point, good thermal conductivity and environmentally friendly (John 2006; Qiong et al. 2008) . TiO 2 is a polymorphic compound that exists mainly in three crystallographic phases: anatase, rutile and brookite. They are different in their synthesis and properties among which rutile and anatase are the most commonly synthesized phases owing to their good thermodynamic characteristics and physical properties. Rutile phase has a more compact tetragonal crystal structure than anatase pigment, which might be the reason for its higher refractive index (2.903). In photocatalysis research, where an external UV source is used, anatase titania is usually considered to be more active than rutile but rutile titania possesses better photoabsorption property in visible light wavelength range. In addition, rutile titania exhibits an excellent refractive index, high dielectric constant, higher hiding power and superior chemical stability (Bok et al. 2007; Yamamoto et al. 2009 and Jiaguo et al. 2003) .

This is due to its use in various applications such as cosmetics, paper and medical devices coating and gas sensors.

It has variety of advantages such as high surface tension, specific surface area, magnetic property, lower melting point, good thermal conductivity and environmentally friendly.

In addition, rutile titania exhibits an excellent refractive index, high dielectric constant, higher hiding power and superior chemical stability.


The research followed in order to construct Mid-IR PCF lasers is generally focused on three main topics: glass synthesis and optimization, optimal choice of dopants with reference to the used host glass, and more efficient pumping schemes. Among the glasses employed for the construction of Mid-IR PCF lasers, there are the fluoride, tellurite and chalcogenide ones. Typical rare earths employed for doping these glasses are erbium, ytterbium, praseodymium, dysprosium, thulium, terbium and holmium [8] [9] [10] [11] . Cascade lasing and novel direct pumping schemes in active optical fibers, by means of QCLs, have been recently explored [10, 11] .

Typical rare earths employed for doping these glasses are erbium, ytterbium, praseodymium, dysprosium, thulium, terbium and holmium.

Cascade lasing and novel direct pumping schemes in active optical fibers, by means of QCLs, have been recently explored.


Most pressure sensors using conventional optical fibers require that pressure be converted into another parameter before being transformed into an optical measurand [5] . In diaphragm-based Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometric fiber pressure sensor, a tiny FP cavity is fabricated at the tip of the fiber, and the pressure can be monitored from the reflected beam intensity [6] , [7] . In some other sensors, fiber Bragg grating has been used [3] . Pressure variation changes the Bragg grating period, which causes wavelength shift of the reflected light that can be measured. In all cases, complex mechanical and optical apparatus are needed, sensitivity to pressure is low, and sensitivity to temperature is a challenging issue where compensation techniques are required.

Most pressure sensors using conventional optical fibers require that pressure be converted into another parameter before being transformed into an optical measurand.

In diaphragm-based Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometric fiber pressure sensor, a tiny FP cavity is fabricated at the tip of the fiber, and the pressure can be monitored from the reflected beam intensity.

In some other sensors, fiber Bragg grating has been used.


In recent years, photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have emerged, in which propagation conditions are realized by a set of holes regularly distributed around the solid core or light is guided in a hollow core surrounded by a cladding structure [8] . This kind of fibers has a wide potential in sensing applications. Its special structure with flexible design opens new opportunities for exploiting overlap between air holes and field of guiding mode in the core and somewhat in clad. So, we can observe that guiding light affects air hole properties such as geometry and refractive index. Another remarkable advantage of these PCF-based sensors is their low temperature dependence when they are used as pressure sensors [8] .

In recent years, photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have emerged, in which propagation conditions are realized by a set of holes regularly distributed around the solid core or light is guided in a hollow core surrounded by a cladding structure.

Another remarkable advantage of these PCF-based sensors is their low temperature dependence when they are used as pressure sensors.


As well known, the increase of exhaust flue gas temperature, in the allowable range for membrane operation, produces a concurrent increase of moisture content in the saturated gas mixture. From a physical point of view, the increased water vapor content promotes an internal sweep, which in turn reduces the CO 2 partial pressure on the permeate side and enhances the driving force for its separation through the membrane [2] . On the other side, an increase of temperature also influences membrane separation properties, thus causing a variation of permeability and selectivity related to the intrinsic properties of membrane material [3, 4] . Exhaust flue gas temperature and humidity have also a not negligible impact on membrane system energy requirement, due to the variation in power consumption of system utilities (compressors and vacuum pumps) and power production through energy recovery.

From a physical point of view, the increased water vapor content promotes an internal sweep, which in turn reduces the CO 2 partial pressure on the permeate side and enhances the driving force for its separation through the membrane.

On the other side, an increase of temperature also influences membrane separation properties, thus causing a variation of permeability and selectivity related to the intrinsic properties of membrane material.


Another proposal investigates the dependence of video quality on numbers, expressed as MOS for a given set of QoS network parameters [34] . This work investigates the impact of key frames on the quality perceived by users in wireless systems. Unlike MultiQoE, it only considers one video flow (and not videos with different motion and complexity levels) and does not take the GoP length into account, which is an important input in a QoE evaluation system.

Another proposal investigates the dependence of video quality on numbers, expressed as MOS for a given set of QoS network parameters.


The geometry of the pore and the fluid surface tension determine the bubble point of the screen. A high bubble point (fine screen mesh) is desirable to ensure single phase (liquid) fluid delivery and good wicking of liquid into the screen pores. Fine mesh screens, however, tend to generate a large pressure loss during outflow through the screen. The total pressure loss in the system must be less than the bubble point pressure to prevent vapor ingestion into a LAD channel. Capillary flow LADs have been well characterized for storable propellants (propellants that are liquids at room temperature) for in-space propulsion needs [2] . The choice of screen for the LAD channel is governed by pore size and geometry, which is usually expressed as the screen weave. The screen weave refers to the number of wires per inch in each direction and the weave pattern, or the specific over/under pattern used during the screen manufacture. The screen weave is an important parameter affecting the choice of screen since certain weaves of wires are capable of producing much finer pore sizes than other weaves. As can be seen from equation (1), the geometry (size) of the hole and the surface tension of the fluid trapped within the screen determine the bubble point of the screen.

Capillary flow LADs have been well characterized for storable propellants (propellants that are liquids at room temperature) for in-space propulsion needs.


Technology is very important in our life. This paper proposed compared and scrutinized results according to their sharing and storing utilities of cloud computing (Butoi et al., 2013) . Cloud computing has been increasingly and widely used in the field of education (Chung et al., 2012) . Additionally, to find out which service tools are more effective to use in education system. Comparison between products features the free storage space taken into account, yet it was observed that the teachers chose the free products.This paper established a number of features for the deployment of cloud-based educational content services. However, we have not yet fully implemented and evaluated the proposed system. We need to develop secure access for users. We demand to criticize our educational system. Important concept in education with cloud computing gives opportunity for sharing, collaborating, any time, any device and anywhere. This study asserted to use Dropbox for personal and academic affairs.

This paper proposed compared and scrutinized results according to their sharing and storing utilities of cloud computing.

Cloud computing has been increasingly and widely used in the field of education.


With increasing international competition, efficient methods for manufacturing and producing goods at low cost are essential. This is particularly important in the manufacturing sector, where products are designed, assembled, and simulated with the aid of computers before they are produced. Assembly, the process of combining parts to create a structure or the result of this operation, is also the name given to the product. Assembly sequence planning (ASP) is a very complicated procedure which becomes more difficult as the number of parts increases, as this results in more complexities. These complexities in assembly processes necessitate that assembly sequences be well planned and thoroughly scrutinized. Hence, research is actively being conducted in this field with the objective of developing an ideal method for ASP [1] [2] [3] .

Hence, research is actively being conducted in this field with the objective of developing an ideal method for ASP.


For in Kant's view, the nature of the human mind is such that it does not passively receive sense data. Rather it actively digests and structures them, and man therefore knows objective reality precisely to the extent that reality conforms to the fundamental structures of the mind. The world Figure 1 Framework and future research addressed by science corresponds to principles in the mind because the only world available to the mind is already organized in accordance with the mind's own processes. All human cognition in the world is channelled through the human mind's categories (Tarnas, 1991) .

All human cognition in the world is channelled through the human mind's categories.


In our experiment, quality parameters of tomato fruit were not significantly affected by plant AMF inoculation. This is in contrast to many other studies documenting a positive impact of root inoculation with beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms on fruit quality parameters (Charron et al., 2001; Kaya et al., 2003; Mena-Violante et al., 2006) . An increase in antioxidant activity and a higher lycopene and shoot and fruit potassium content were also reported for tomato fruits from AMFinoculated plants (Ordookhani et al., 2010) .

This is in contrast to many other studies documenting a positive impact of root inoculation with beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms on fruit quality parameters.

An increase in antioxidant activity and a higher lycopene and shoot and fruit potassium content were also reported for tomato fruits from AMFinoculated plants.


With inertial measurement technology, it is possible to document the signals in a steady stream and accurately identify the movement patterns (Jensen et al., 2015; Saber-Sheikh et al., 2010) . By recording the hurdle clearance of a hurdler along the entire 110m, it should be possible to observe the continuous changes in the time-distance parameters in the hurdler's hurdle clearance technique, and the data collected would be helpful for image analysis and improvement of training for both the athlete and the trainer. Given this viable alternative for measuring hurdle clearance, the data of continuous movement should provide better knowledge about the hurdle clearance technique and changes in movements. Therefore, IMUs were used to measure continuous movements in a hurdle race in conjunction with high-speed video recording at all 10 hurdles. This allowed the analysis of changes in a hurdler's clearance movements from hurdle 1 through hurdle 10 in a 110m high hurdle race.

With inertial measurement technology, it is possible to document the signals in a steady stream and accurately identify the movement patterns.


Many organizations are already becoming largely dependent on information technology and its services and therefore require proper management and support of these services. The broader context of this paper focuses on IT Service Management (ITSM). Service management can be defined as a set of specialized organizational capabilities for providing value to the customers in the form of services (Cartlidge, et al., 2007) . These capabilities are actually processes, methods, functions, roles and activities that enable a service provider to deliver a specific service. But IT service management is much more than just a mean of providing a service to a customer. It also focuses on defining, managing and delivering IT services with a clear intention of supporting the organization's business objectives and customer needs. IT service management is therefore a broad term that considers the entire lifecycle of a service, starting from strategy through design and transition to operation use and continual improvement.

Service management can be defined as a set of specialized organizational capabilities for providing value to the customers in the form of services.


In this paper, the benefits of HDPH algorithm on a realworld application, namely, the array antenna synthesis problem, both for solution quality and for robustness are shown. This problem can be thought as a nonlinear multidimensional optimization problem which is very difficult to optimize using traditional methods. Hence, in the literature, evolutionary algorithms and their variants have been extensively used for solving antenna array problems [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . The algorithms are usually modified for obtaining better results for a specific antenna problem.

Hence, in the literature, evolutionary algorithms and their variants have been extensively used for solving antenna array problems.


These algorithms have different operators for achieving exploration and exploitation attributes to find the global optimum point of a given problem. Hence, their performances depend on the selection and adjustment of control parameters. In many real-world optimization problems the success depends on the selection of appropriate optimization algorithm with well-tuned control parameters [11] [12] [13] . This is because the characteristics of the problem at hand may need more exploration than exploitation or vice versa in order to find a solution with high quality. Usually each optimization algorithm uses different properties to achieve the exploration and exploitation goals. In general the algorithm may yield a better performance for a specific problem, but when this algorithm is applied to other problems its performance can be considerably worse. In order to overcome these difficulties many approaches were proposed in literature often based on the combination of several techniques. These are called hybrid models and are quite efficient in optimization [14] [15] [16] [17] . The optimization algorithms use control parameters to have a balance between exploration and exploitation attributes and the performance of an algorithm mainly depends on selection of control parameters properly. The optimization algorithms are aimed to be robust or in another way they should be insensitive to the control parameter variations [18] [19] [20] . Solution quality is also an important aspect for solving optimization problems. However, the solution quality of the algorithm is not directly related to its robustness [21] . An algorithm that is highly robust may have a low solution quality or the algorithm that has high solution quality may be sensitive to the control parameter variations [21] . In order to have both high solution quality and robustness features, a hybrid algorithm was proposed recently [22] . The new hybrid method is called HDPH which is Hybrid Differential, Particle, and Harmony algorithm. The HDPH algorithm is based on the combination of well known algorithms such as DE and PSO algorithms, together with the HS algorithm.

In many real-world optimization problems the success depends on the selection of appropriate optimization algorithm with well-tuned control parameters.

These are called hybrid models and are quite efficient in optimization.

The optimization algorithms are aimed to be robust or in another way they should be insensitive to the control parameter variations.

However, the solution quality of the algorithm is not directly related to its robustness.

An algorithm that is highly robust may have a low solution quality or the algorithm that has high solution quality may be sensitive to the control parameter variations.

In order to have both high solution quality and robustness features, a hybrid algorithm was proposed recently.


Seed size is one of the most important agronomic traits in crop domestication [1] . Plant seeds are formed by the coordinated growth of maternal integument and zygotic tissues developed from double fertilization and seed size is influenced by a number of factors. Parent-of-origin effectors were reported to influence seed size by the ratio of paternal genome [2] . SHORT HYPOCOTYL UNDER BLUE1 (SHB1), HAIKU2 (IKU2) and MINISEED3 (MINI3) have been identified as zygotically acting factors [3, 4] . In addition, WRKY transcription factor TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2 (TTG2), APETALA2 (AP2), AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR2 (ARF2) and the ubiquitin interaction motif containing DA1 protein have been demonstrated to act maternally to regulate seed size [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] .

Seed size is one of the most important agronomic traits in crop domestication.

Parent-of-origin effectors were reported to influence seed size by the ratio of paternal genome.

SHORT HYPOCOTYL UNDER BLUE1 (SHB1), HAIKU2 (IKU2) and MINISEED3 (MINI3) have been identified as zygotically acting factors.

In addition, WRKY transcription factor TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2 (TTG2), APETALA2 (AP2), AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR2 (ARF2) and the ubiquitin interaction motif containing DA1 protein have been demonstrated to act maternally to regulate seed size.


Jatropha holds the potential to be a biodiesel producing plant, however, it should still be considered as a wild, undomesticated plant [23] . To explore the full potential of Jatropha and to reduce the risk of future unsustainable practices, breeding and domestication are primordial [23] . Seed size is one of the most important agronomic traits, but researches focusing on Jatropha seed development and seed size controlling are still quite rare. In this study, we reported the cloning and function characterization of CYP78A98 gene from Jatropha, a homologue of CYP78A5 in Arabidopsis. We found that the expression level of CYP78A98 showed significant difference in different tissues and development stages. Furthermore, pINO drove specific overexpression of CYP78A98 in transgenic tobacco resulted in increased seed size and weight. The transgenic seeds accumulated more protein and fatty acid.

Jatropha holds the potential to be a biodiesel producing plant, however, it should still be considered as a wild, undomesticated plant.

To explore the full potential of Jatropha and to reduce the risk of future unsustainable practices, breeding and domestication are primordial.


Our study shows that the most common areas for MC in the cervical spine are C5-6, and the prevalence is 1.0%. The similar outcomes have been reported. The C5-6 segments which are the concentrated stress site have the largest activity and range of motion among the cervical vertebrae and produce intervertebral disc degeneration [19] [20] [21] . However, it is still unclear as to which mechanism(s) affects endplate MC.

The C5-6 segments which are the concentrated stress site have the largest activity and range of motion among the cervical vertebrae and produce intervertebral disc degeneration.


Recent attention was also given to the large N limit of O(N ) κ and U (N ) κ level κ Chern-Simons gauge theories, at N, κ → ∞ with a fixed 't Hooft coupling λ = N/κ, coupled to scalar and fermion matter fields in the fundamental representation [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . Pure Chern-Simons gauge theories possess first and second class constrains resulting in the absence of propagating degrees of freedom. Thus only the matter fields in the fundamental representation provide the true canonical degrees of freedom in these theories.

Recent attention was also given to the large N limit of O(N ) κ and U (N ) κ level κ Chern-Simons gauge theories, at N, κ → ∞ with a fixed 't Hooft coupling λ = N/κ, coupled to scalar and fermion matter fields in the fundamental representation.


Interacting scalars and fermions in O(N ) and U (N ) symmetric field theories at large N are well understood and their phase structure is known [15] . In the presence of the Chern-Simons gauge field the singlet sector is singled out and the system fits well into the AdS/CF T conjectured duality. Using large N methods and the convenience of the light-cone gauge for the Chern-Simons action, explicit calculations can be performed shedding light on the AdS/CF T correspondence.

Interacting scalars and fermions in O(N ) and U (N ) symmetric field theories at large N are well understood and their phase structure is known.


Soil contamination and its adverse effect on the overall ecosystem is one of the major problems we are facing today. Agrochemicals needed to boost agricultural activities have adverse effect on soil microflora, especially soil-acting herbicides. Many are deadly substances to human and soil microcosms [1] . Degradation of these chemical pollutants by indigenous microbes in soil has shown to be limited by sub-optimal growth conditions. Nutrient supplementation has been used to stimulate biodegradation on land [2] .

Many are deadly substances to human and soil microcosms.

Nutrient supplementation has been used to stimulate biodegradation on land.


The pretreatment efficiency was also evaluated in terms of hemicellulose recovery from the liquid fraction. This is important because a large number of biochemicals and biomaterials can be produced from hemicellulose bioconversion. Hexose and pentose sugars can be employed for the production of lactic acid, xylitol, and other value-adding compounds [14] . Furfural from xylose dehydration, has many applications in oil refining, plastics, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical industries [15] . Therefore the improvement of the hemicellulose recovery efficiency is a challenge that can maximize biorefinery integrated process economics.

Hexose and pentose sugars can be employed for the production of lactic acid, xylitol, and other value-adding compounds.

Furfural from xylose dehydration, has many applications in oil refining, plastics, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical industries.


The whole cellulosic ethanol production process consists on a pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of the released sugars. The pretreatment step is necessary to reduce biomass recalcitrance and make cellulose more accessible to enzymatic attack. Steam explosion is the most commonly used method for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials [8] . In this process the biomass is treated with saturated steam at high pressure and high temperature for few minutes before the material is exposed to atmospheric pressure. After the explosion it is possible to recover a solid matrix rich in cellulose and lignin while hemicellulose is broken down into free pentose sugars that are collected into the pretreatment liquor. The drawback of steam explosion pretreatment is that high severity conditions brought to cellulose degradation as well as the generation of compounds that may be inhibitory to the microorganisms used in downstream processes [9] .

Steam explosion is the most commonly used method for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials.

The drawback of steam explosion pretreatment is that high severity conditions brought to cellulose degradation as well as the generation of compounds that may be inhibitory to the microorganisms used in downstream processes.


Due to its vigorous growth and difficulty of eradication, in some areas of the world, common reed is typically regarded as an invasive weed. Nevertheless, recently, for its fast growing properties, Phragmites australis is becoming to be regarded as a promising source of renewable energy. Thanks to recent advancements in conversion technologies, common reed's processing residues can be used as a feedstock for the production of cellulosic ethanol, giving an added value to rural economy [7] .

Thanks to recent advancements in conversion technologies, common reed's processing residues can be used as a feedstock for the production of cellulosic ethanol, giving an added value to rural economy.


We control for two potential moderators in this study. The results show that two study characteristics, environmental uncertainty and the origin of the data set, may have an impact on the results. Environmental uncertainty has been identified as an important moderator in narrative reviews (Nielsen, 2010b) . The results support this assertion, at least for the subset relating to quantitative performance. The disappearance of the significant effect of environmental uncertainty might be explained by the focus on the traditional quantitative performance measures we have introduced in the subset. Prior research has shown that these quantitative performance measures are affected in changing environments. In contrast, the qualitative performance measures might be more stable. Thus, they might mitigate the distorting effects of environmental uncertainty. Further, the origin of the data has an impact on the results. It seems that it is more difficult to detect positive effects of diversity characteristics on performance in non-U.S. samples. We can only speculate about why this is the case. It may be due to the fact that the United States has a more diverse population, whereas other countries included in this study tend to be more homogeneous.

Environmental uncertainty has been identified as an important moderator in narrative reviews.


The SP2 has a small positive artifact due to the difficulty of separating mass contributions of the uncommon non-BC materials that incandesce like BC. Based on laboratory tests with dust, this artifact is conservatively estimated to be a +15 ng g −1 offset in the most highly contaminated samples, equivalent to the most dust-laden snow samples from a recent field sampling campaign in central China (Huang et al., 2011) . Previous determinations of BC in samples with dust contamination with the SP2 may be sensitive to this effect.

Based on laboratory tests with dust, this artifact is conservatively estimated to be a +15 ng g −1 offset in the most highly contaminated samples, equivalent to the most dust-laden snow samples from a recent field sampling campaign in central China.


Dramatic advances in software technologies have greatly promoted the growth of computer applications. More and more critical applications, such as banking payment systems, credit card and shared ATM Systems, etc., are being developed. The software for these applications is becoming increasingly complex and sophisticated. Thus reliability will become the main goal for software developers. Software reliability is often defined as the probability of failure-free software operation for a specified period of time in a specified environment [1] . Over the past 30 years, many Software Reliability Growth Models (SRGMs) have been proposed for estimation of reliability growth of products during software development processes [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . From our studies, we find that many papers consider an NHPP as a stochastic process to describe the fault process and reliability growth of most SRGMs is expressed as exponential curve [7] .

Software reliability is often defined as the probability of failure-free software operation for a specified period of time in a specified environment.

Over the past 30 years, many Software Reliability Growth Models (SRGMs) have been proposed for estimation of reliability growth of products during software development processes.

From our studies, we find that many papers consider an NHPP as a stochastic process to describe the fault process and reliability growth of most SRGMs is expressed as exponential curve.


In the Great Plains, stands with switchgrass frequencies of 50% or higher can be classified as fully successful, switchgrass frequencies of 25% to 50% indicate adequate stands, and switchgrass frequencies of less than 25% are regarded as marginal or unacceptable and may require re-establishment [13] . The stands at SD were marginal due to low rainfall during June and July the previous growing season (Table 2, Fig. 1 ). Although stands were marginal, the plots did produce harvestable biomass the year following establishment. This was likely due to the herbicide treatment that was applied in the spring of 2001 which allowed the thin stands to increase in response to reduced weed competition and adequate precipitation.

In the Great Plains, stands with switchgrass frequencies of 50% or higher can be classified as fully successful, switchgrass frequencies of 25% to 50% indicate adequate stands, and switchgrass frequencies of less than 25% are regarded as marginal or unacceptable and may require re-establishment.


There have been a number of recent results on fixed points on nonexpansive and quasinonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces and metric spaces. Recently, concerning the problem of iterative sequences for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings or asymptotically quasinonexpansive mappings converging to some fixed points have been considered by many authors. For example of these papers, the strong and weak convergence of the sequence of certain iterates to a fixed point of quasi-nonexpansive maps were studied by Petryshyn and Williamson [9] . In particular, the weak and strong convergence of iterates sequence for various special cases of quasi-nonexpansive and one-set and/or one-ball contractive mappings were discussed by Petryshyn and Williamson [9] . Their analysis was connected with the convergence of Mann iterates studied by Dotson [3] . Subsequently, the convergence of Ishikawa iterates of quasinonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces was discussed by Ghosh and Debnath [4] . Their paper was concerned with the convergence of Ishikawa iterates of quasi-nonexpansive mappings in a Banach space. The above results and obtained some necessary and sufficient conditions for Ishikawa iterative sequence to converge to a fixed point for asymptotically quasi-nonexpansive mappings was extended by Liu [7] .

For example of these papers, the strong and weak convergence of the sequence of certain iterates to a fixed point of quasi-nonexpansive maps were studied by Petryshyn and Williamson.

In particular, the weak and strong convergence of iterates sequence for various special cases of quasi-nonexpansive and one-set and/or one-ball contractive mappings were discussed by Petryshyn and Williamson.

Their analysis was connected with the convergence of Mann iterates studied by Dotson.

Subsequently, the convergence of Ishikawa iterates of quasinonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces was discussed by Ghosh and Debnath.

The above results and obtained some necessary and sufficient conditions for Ishikawa iterative sequence to converge to a fixed point for asymptotically quasi-nonexpansive mappings was extended by Liu.


The concentration of Salmonella was decreased up to by 99%, but failed to reach the maximum levels of 300 NMP/g reported by the Mexican regulations for classification in Class C (For forest, soil improvement and agricultural uses) [11] . This may be due to the nature of the sludge which comes from domestic septic tanks and consequently contains high levels of faecal contamination. Faecal coliform levels were below 2,000,000 MPN/g corresponding to the class C according to the same Mexican regulation as above [11] . This indicates that the sludge can be disposed of safely in regard to fecal coliforms.

The concentration of Salmonella was decreased up to by 99%, but failed to reach the maximum levels of 300 NMP/g reported by the Mexican regulations for classification in Class C (For forest, soil improvement and agricultural uses).

Faecal coliform levels were below 2,000,000 MPN/g corresponding to the class C according to the same Mexican regulation as above.


During the thermophilic stage of composting, an increase of temperature can occur through the sludge mass as a result of the microorganisms' activity. Thus pathogens content within the sludge could be destroyed. Temperatures above 45 °C characterizes this period of composting [4, 6, 7] . During the next stage temperature descends, causing a decrease of degradation speed. At the end of the composting process, resulting material looks similar to humus, and is free of easy available organic matter, weed seeds and pathogens.

Temperatures above 45 °C characterizes this period of composting.


As expected, municipal solid waste, sludge from municipal waste water (biosolids), food waste and yard waste, contain human pathogenic organisms. Figure 1 illustrates an oxidation pond constructed in the city of Merida as a Municipal Waste Water System which is the only treatment available for wastewater in the area, for both household and micro-industry wastewater. The plant was designed to provide treatment to 9550 m 3 of wastewater per month; however, it receives between 10,000 and 12,000 m 3 [5] . Composting, if carried out properly, is an effective process to destroy contamination indicators and pathogens like faecal coliforms and Salmonella pp as a result of the relationship between time spent at elevated temperatures and pathogen destruction. For example, if the compost reaches a temperature of 60 °C during 30 min or 70 °C during 4 min, Salmonella in biosolids can be destroyed on the other hand total coliforms and faecal coliforms show great reduction when temperatures exceed 55 °C to 65 °C [4] .

The plant was designed to provide treatment to 9550 m 3 of wastewater per month; however, it receives between 10,000 and 12,000 m 3.

For example, if the compost reaches a temperature of 60 °C during 30 min or 70 °C during 4 min, Salmonella in biosolids can be destroyed on the other hand total coliforms and faecal coliforms show great reduction when temperatures exceed 55 °C to 65 °C.


For the local minimum of tropical cyclogenesis to be a significant phenomenon, there must be some condition that is climatologically persistent that tends to contribute toward tropical cyclolysis. It is obvious that conditions (1), (2), (4), and (5) above are not of concern for this study. The persistence of convection is itself the topic of study, as convection is often observed to weaken unexpectedly in the eastern Caribbean. For areas north of 5° N, planetary vorticity becomes a negligible concern (Hennon and Hobgood 2003) . The eastern Caribbean is located entirely north of this latitude. Likewise, we can discount the possibility of insignificant moisture playing a role in the eastern Caribbean, since the region is embedded within the deep tropics with prevailing surface easterlies advecting moisture from a generally uniform moisture source -the tropical Atlantic.

For areas north of 5° N, planetary vorticity becomes a negligible concern.


Research on visitor mobility by scholars and urban planners has increased in recent years [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . The main interest of such research involves visitors' movement patterns and the factors influencing products" [12] . We target exits of railway stations that generally constitute the major starting point of visitors' movements within cities in the metropolitan areas of Japan and same-day visitors, the largest segment of the tourist population in the area. Specifically, we selected the Ueno district in Tokyo as the study area. We thus present a novel approach to visitor mobility in cities, examining the impact of transport hub locations on spatial visitor behavior in a local destination. We also suggest future applications of the analysis, combining several techniques to analyze visitor behavior from multiple viewpoints.

Research on visitor mobility by scholars and urban planners has increased in recent years.

The main interest of such research involves visitors' movement patterns and the factors influencing products".


Urban tourism is one of the most important world-wide forms of tourism [1] . Visitors greatly affect the environment, society, and economy of urban tourism destinations [2] . The impacts of tourism include not only positive aspects, such as economic growth, but also negative aspects, such as environmental deterioration due to human congestion and noise. For this reason, cities seek sustainable tourism management [3] . Efforts to promote sustainable tourism strive to bestow the long-term social and economic benefits of tourism upon various local stakeholders. Given that the spread of tourism consumption depends on the movement and flow of visitors, these efforts seek to distribute tourism consumption evenly within the region [4] . Moreover, many cities face the urgent problem of congestion and over-crowding stemming from the concentration of visitor flows to popular sites and access routes [5] . Therefore, understanding visitor mobility plays an essential role in developing policies to promote sustainable tourism.

Urban tourism is one of the most important world-wide forms of tourism.

Visitors greatly affect the environment, society, and economy of urban tourism destinations.

For this reason, cities seek sustainable tourism management.

Given that the spread of tourism consumption depends on the movement and flow of visitors, these efforts seek to distribute tourism consumption evenly within the region.

Moreover, many cities face the urgent problem of congestion and over-crowding stemming from the concentration of visitor flows to popular sites and access routes.


The prognostic significance of these biomarkers has been variable, with discrepant results perhaps due to technical factors and/or differences in patient populations. One factor that may be of prime importance is the inclusion of monoclonal antibodies in some studies but not in others. The inclusion of rituximab has apparently overcome the adverse prognostic effect of some clinical factors. Indeed, recent studies in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have also shown that biological prognostic factors may be highly treatment dependent. These studies have indicated that the addition of rituximab to standard chemotherapy for advanced DLBCL appears to modify the prognostic impact of bcl-2 and bcl-6 expression [18, 19] . It is possible that this might also be true for patients with FL [16] .

These studies have indicated that the addition of rituximab to standard chemotherapy for advanced DLBCL appears to modify the prognostic impact of bcl-2 and bcl-6 expression.

It is possible that this might also be true for patients with FL.


In normal conditions, the steel fibres are protected by concrete and not easy to be corroded. The physical protection is provided by dense and relatively impermeable structure of concrete, while the chemical protection is provided by high alkalinity (pH>13.5) of the pore solution in concrete [9] . At this high alkalinity, steel is passivated in the presence of oxygen probably as a result of the formation of an extremely thin film [10, 11] . Unless the chloride ions penetrate into the steel fibre concrete and exceed the critical threshold value of corrosion, this film can not be destroyed and believed to protect the surface of steel fibre from corrosion. Therefore, even in a corrosive environment, such as deicing salt and sea water containing chloride ions with relatively high concentration, only steel fibres embedded in very shallow concrete cover which can easily be in contact with surface diffused chloride ions are susceptible to corrosion [12, 13] .

The physical protection is provided by dense and relatively impermeable structure of concrete, while the chemical protection is provided by high alkalinity (pH>13.5) of the pore solution in concrete.

At this high alkalinity, steel is passivated in the presence of oxygen probably as a result of the formation of an extremely thin film.

Therefore, even in a corrosive environment, such as deicing salt and sea water containing chloride ions with relatively high concentration, only steel fibres embedded in very shallow concrete cover which can easily be in contact with surface diffused chloride ions are susceptible to corrosion.


The local buckling is characterized by the ripples of relatively short half-wavelength of the order of magnitude of individual plate elements in the section and the buckling displacements only perpendicular to plane elements while the fold lines remain straight. The critical stress of the local buckling can be calculated using the formula of buckling of plates [1, 2] . The distortional buckling occurs only in the structural members of open cross sections. Distortional buckling involves both translation and rotation at the sectional fold lines of a member leading to a distortion of the cross section. The half-wavelength of the distortional buckling mode is typically several times larger than the largest characteristic dimension of the cross-section. Unlike the local buckling in which the critical stress is dependent only on the ratio of the width to thickness of the plate element, the distortional buckling is much more complicated and its critical stress is dependent on the dimensions of not only the buckled flange and lip but also other parts of the section [2] [3] [4] [5] .

The critical stress of the local buckling can be calculated using the formula of buckling of plates.

Unlike the local buckling in which the critical stress is dependent only on the ratio of the width to thickness of the plate element, the distortional buckling is much more complicated and its critical stress is dependent on the dimensions of not only the buckled flange and lip but also other parts of the section.


In contrast to the local and distortional buckling, the lateral-torsional buckling generally occurs when a beam which is bent about its major axis develops a tendency to twist and/or displace laterally. Since roof purlins and sheeting rails, in most cases, are restrained against lateral movement by roof or wall cladding, such restraints reduce the potentiality of the lateral buckling of the whole section, but do not necessarily eliminate the problem completely [6] . For example, roof purlins are generally restrained against lateral displacement by the cladding, but under wind uplift which induces compression in the unrestrained flange, lateral-torsional buckling is still a common cause of failure [7] . This occurs due to the flexibility of the restraining cladding and to the distortional flexibility of the section itself which permits lateral movement to occur in the compression flange even if the other flange is restrained. However, there is a case where the lateral-torsional buckling may be prevented, which is that the cladding can also provide a rotational restraint to the purlin. In this case the rotational restraint turns the lateral-torsional buckling mode to a web-flange distortional mode. Note that the webflange distortional buckling is different from the flange-lip distortional buckling. The former is characterized by the translation and rotation of a system consisting of the compression flange and lip plus part of the web, whereas the latter is characterized by the rotation of the compression flange and lip system about the lower flange-web junction. In addition, the wavelength of the web-flange distortional buckling mode is much longer than that of the flange-lip distortional mode. In this paper, investigation will be focused on the web-flange distortional buckling, particularly on the calculation of the critical stress of the web-flange distortional buckling of zed-section purlins with different restraints applied at the upper flange-web junction when subjected to a pure bending about its major axis.

Since roof purlins and sheeting rails, in most cases, are restrained against lateral movement by roof or wall cladding, such restraints reduce the potentiality of the lateral buckling of the whole section, but do not necessarily eliminate the problem completely.

For example, roof purlins are generally restrained against lateral displacement by the cladding, but under wind uplift which induces compression in the unrestrained flange, lateral-torsional buckling is still a common cause of failure.


Thin-walled, cold-formed steel (CFS) sections are mostly used as the intermediate members between the main structural frame and the corrugated roof or wall sheeting in which the upper flange of the section is connected to the sheeting by self-drilling or selftapping screw fasteners, while the lower flange remains free. The most common sections are the channel, zed and sigma shapes, which may be plain or have lips. The lips are small additional elements provided to a section to improve its efficiency under compressive loads. The main features of the CFS section beams are the thin-thickness, open cross-section and large ratio between the two second moments of the cross-section area. These make the section susceptible to local, distortional and lateral-torsional buckling [1] .

These make the section susceptible to local, distortional and lateral-torsional buckling.


In conclusion, our results indicate that the combination of early and intensive home health nursing services and at least one physician follow-up visit in the week after hospital discharge have the potential to reduce the risk of readmission for a substantial share of Medicare HF patients discharged to home health care. This is a large and growing group, although a recent breakthrough in pharmacologic treatment of HF patients could restrain growth over time depending on whether the results of the clinical trial-which enrolled a predominantly male, relatively young sample of patients with reduced ejection fraction-are achieved in real-world Medicare beneficiary practice (McMurray et al. 2014) . In any case, our results call for closer coordination between medical and home health providers in the clinical management of HF patients immediately after hospital discharge. Together, medical and home health providers can achieve the goal of improving HF patient care by avoiding costly hospital readmissions.

This is a large and growing group, although a recent breakthrough in pharmacologic treatment of HF patients could restrain growth over time depending on whether the results of the clinical trial-which enrolled a predominantly male, relatively young sample of patients with reduced ejection fraction-are achieved in real-world Medicare beneficiary practice.


The interplay between interactions, loss, and dephasing that we study here could be realised in ongoing experiments. Recent advances in cooling and observing atoms that have a large intrinsic dipole-dipole interaction such as Erbium allow for the realisation of lattice models with significant off-site interactions [26] . Beyond these specific systems, our matrix-product-operator implementation that retains parity information provides a new general tool for simulating particle loss and other dissipative processes where we have to account for such signs, significantly expanding the available possibilities for efficient simulation of dynamics induced by a Markovian bath.

Recent advances in cooling and observing atoms that have a large intrinsic dipole-dipole interaction such as Erbium allow for the realisation of lattice models with significant off-site interactions.


Here, n i = c † i c i , where c † i creates a fermion on site i, and V i ∈ [−h, h] are onsite energies, which are independent random variables. This Hamiltonian has been extensively studied as a model (closed) system and (for U = 2J) is expected to be localized for h 7.2J [14, 15, 16] . We are then interested in processes that occur naturally in experiments, namely particle loss, i.e., L i = c i , as well as dephasing or local density measurement with L i = n i [17] .

This Hamiltonian has been extensively studied as a model (closed) system and (for U = 2J) is expected to be localized for h 7.2J.

We are then interested in processes that occur naturally in experiments, namely particle loss, i.e., L i = c i , as well as dephasing or local density measurement with L i = n i.


This paper presents a formal approach to integrate class hierarchies on the basis of syntactic and semantic similarity of classes. First, classes are described in terms of types and functions, based on CardeUi's work on subtyping [7] . Subsequently, a synthetic subclass order is introduced, which induces an equivalence relation on classes. The subclass order requires attributes to have equivalent types and to play the same roles in the methods, and methods to be extensionally equal. This leads to a natural framework for integration of class hierarchies, where classes are identified using the equivalence relation and factorised using a join operator w.r.t, the subclass order.

First, classes are described in terms of types and functions, based on CardeUi's work on subtyping.


Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) is a marine gramnegative bacterium that is endemic in warm coastal waters. V. vulnificus infection results in 3 clinical syndromes: primary septicemia, wound infection and gastrointestinal illness [1] . Individual who are most susceptible to V. vulnificus infection usually suffer from a chronic disease that affects either liver function or the immune system [2] . V. vulnificus infection causes fulminant and invasive disease and has a high mortality rate. There have been numerous reports of V. vulnificus infection in Japan since 1978 [3] . Here, a successfully treated case of V. vulnificus septicemia complicated with shock, necrotizing fasciitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and multiple organ failure (MOF) is presented. The literature, including 166 reported case of this infection in Japan, is also reviewed.

V. vulnificus infection results in 3 clinical syndromes: primary septicemia, wound infection and gastrointestinal illness.

Individual who are most susceptible to V. vulnificus infection usually suffer from a chronic disease that affects either liver function or the immune system.

There have been numerous reports of V. vulnificus infection in Japan since 1978.


The injector model used in the simulation is based on the premix injector design used in the experimental work [4] . Fig. 1 shows the internal geometry of premix injector in which only one eightof thegeometry i.e. 45 o is used.This studyinvolves three different geometries including cylindricaland a conicalhole withk-factor of 1.3 and 2.This simulation work was conducted using ANSYS version 14.5 with computer i5 processor, 8GB RAMand NVIDIA 2GB graphic card.

The injector model used in the simulation is based on the premix injector design used in the experimental work.


Visible light communication (VLC) has recently attracted renewed interest within the communication research community due to its inherent advantages. VLC is basically designed to offer communication and illumination simultaneously [1] - [3] . In addition to these two functionalities, one additional VLC functionality, which is referred to as motion detection, has recently been introduced [4] .

VLC is basically designed to offer communication and illumination simultaneously.

In addition to these two functionalities, one additional VLC functionality, which is referred to as motion detection, has recently been introduced.


In an effort of VLC standardization, the IEEE 802.15.7 standard focuses on point-to-point communication and dimming support, but it does not contemplate mobility support in VLC networks [6] . Recently, a cell ID-based approach has been proposed to address mobility issue in indoor VLC environments [7] . This approach is intended only for a single user and does not present any details for bidirectional communication links. Therefore, more comprehensive and analytical studies on the mobility support in VLC networks need to be reported in the literature.

In an effort of VLC standardization, the IEEE 802.15.7 standard focuses on point-to-point communication and dimming support, but it does not contemplate mobility support in VLC networks.

Recently, a cell ID-based approach has been proposed to address mobility issue in indoor VLC environments.


VLC uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) to transmit a modulated beam of visible light [2] - [4] . As an attractive alternative to short range RF based wireless communications, VLC offers licensefree spectrum with high bandwidth capacity in a cost-effective and easy-to-install manner. Recently, VLC has led to a light fidelity (Li-Fi) network as a wireless broadband communication technology [3] . This Li-Fi network presents a color cluster based user allocation scheme for a full duplex multiuser bidirectional transmission, but it lends itself to static users in a particular cluster only. In order for VLC to be viable as a future indoor wireless broadband communication, user mobility needs to be supported in indoor VLC environments. Although the users move at a relatively low speed in indoor environments, the effect of this low mobility on the system performance can be significant with the dependence on channel variation [5] . Therefore, the user mobility needs to be comprehensively analyzed in various MU transmission scenarios.

VLC uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) to transmit a modulated beam of visible light.

Recently, VLC has led to a light fidelity (Li-Fi) network as a wireless broadband communication technology.

Although the users move at a relatively low speed in indoor environments, the effect of this low mobility on the system performance can be significant with the dependence on channel variation.


A polarisation analysing CMOS image sensor was designed and fabricated using 65-nm standard CMOS technology. The extinction ratio of 18.8 dB was obtained for single-pixel irradiation, which was similar to the result for a single pixel obtained in our previous study [9] . The crosstalk from the neighbour pixel, which determines the effective extinction ratio of the image sensor, was − 15.0 dB. A crosstalk reduction of 25% was achieved through the use of a guard ring structure. Polarisation imaging was performed using the fabricated image sensor.

The extinction ratio of 18.8 dB was obtained for single-pixel irradiation, which was similar to the result for a single pixel obtained in our previous study.


Caffeine (3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6 dione) is a naturally occurring alkaloid found chiefly in tea, coffee, cola nuts, mate, chocolates and pharmaceutical products. Prolonged consumption of caffeine results in headache, fatigue, apathy, adrenal stimulation, irregular muscular activity, cardiac arrhythmias, osteoporosis, and also has deleterious effect on cardiac patients [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Consumption of caffeine during pregnancy causes malformation of fetus and reduces fertility rates [6] . Therefore, it is important to develop decaffeinated beverages and food products. In addition to concerns about health, degradation of caffeine is necessary from an environmental perspective. Caffeine is one of the major toxic compounds generated by solid wastes in the coffee and tea industries; i.e., coffee pulp, husk, and tea waste. In spite of the fact that these wastes are enriched with carbohydrates and proteins, they cannot be used as animal feed because of the presence of caffeine and other toxic compounds [7] [8] [9] . The liquid effluents in coffee and tea products have high concentrations of caffeine, thus they cannot be allowed to be fed into lakes and rivers [10] . Because of health as well as general environmental considerations, caffeine degradation is critical. Conventional methods of caffeine removal involve the use of toxic solvents, and such expensive methods as solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. In addition, these methods are not specific to caffeine, therefore other flavor and aroma compounds are removed, resulting in poor quality coffee and tea. Thus, microbiological and enzymatic methods of caffeine removal are highly preferred [11] .

Prolonged consumption of caffeine results in headache, fatigue, apathy, adrenal stimulation, irregular muscular activity, cardiac arrhythmias, osteoporosis, and also has deleterious effect on cardiac patients.

Consumption of caffeine during pregnancy causes malformation of fetus and reduces fertility rates.

In spite of the fact that these wastes are enriched with carbohydrates and proteins, they cannot be used as animal feed because of the presence of caffeine and other toxic compounds.

The liquid effluents in coffee and tea products have high concentrations of caffeine, thus they cannot be allowed to be fed into lakes and rivers.

Thus, microbiological and enzymatic methods of caffeine removal are highly preferred.


One may ask which parameters are crucial for turning community development into a selfgoverned perpetuated system that serves the development and service needs of the entire community. In this way, the paper contributes towards developing a new inclusive perspective on CSR and sustainable community development that deliberately empowers communities and other stakeholders. The paper also makes suggestions on how corporations can promote and build sustainable communities to achieve the global sustainable development goals (SDGs). The research context of the extant study is the marginalised communities in a developing country. Due to the large population ratio, inclusive social responsibility in the developing world has a huge potential impact on living conditions of humanity, improves future prospects and might allow useful inferences to the developed world as well (De Paiva Duarte and Imbun, 2016; McCarthy and Muthuri, 2016) . Specifically, the paper asks the following research question: How corporate-initiated community involvement models may effectively cater for the development and service needs of the local community?

Due to the large population ratio, inclusive social responsibility in the developing world has a huge potential impact on living conditions of humanity, improves future prospects and might allow useful inferences to the developed world as well.


Loss to follow-up was higher than previous counseling intervention trials in low-resource settings [4, 6, 43] . Higher losses are likely due to the high population mobility characteristic of migrant and displaced populations, rather than to problems with the intervention, since losses were greater among WLCs (23.6%) than in the intervention group (18.7%). It is quite likely that the missing data have affected our outcome estimates, including the effect sizes, although the size and direction of the change is not known.

Loss to follow-up was higher than previous counseling intervention trials in low-resource settings.


However, the strength of backfilling body in Sanshandao Gold Mine is obviously lower than the theoretical value because of the influence of brine water [6] . After relevant experimental and theoretical research, it is necessary to take measures to improve the long-term performance of the backfilling body [7] . Fly ash and lime were selected after comprehensive analysis, and the strength changes of cement mortar with different dosages and addition methods were studied [8, 9] .

However, the strength of backfilling body in Sanshandao Gold Mine is obviously lower than the theoretical value because of the influence of brine water.

After relevant experimental and theoretical research, it is necessary to take measures to improve the long-term performance of the backfilling body.

Fly ash and lime were selected after comprehensive analysis, and the strength changes of cement mortar with different dosages and addition methods were studied.


It is predicted that the future optical communication system will no longer be a relatively static network system that operates completely following established norms. The dynamic link structure will change with the temperature, component replacement, aging and optical fiber maintenance, and the optical nodes that can achieve "Plug and Play" will be required to better allocate optical independent of the standard modulation format. Next, we use equalization based on CMA to solve polarization demultiplexing and compensate almost all linear transmission impairments [41] . As can be seen from Figure 1 , the data for OSNR monitoring is the output signal after CMA equalization. After this stage, the signal is mainly affected by the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise.

Next, we use equalization based on CMA to solve polarization demultiplexing and compensate almost all linear transmission impairments.


Recently, much attention has been paid to the release in July 2009 and October 2011 of the Global Digital Elevation Models (GDEM) generated from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) stereo images by the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) of Japan and the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) due to their free and widespread accessibility. Compared to the SRTM DEM, ASTER GDEM has a higher spatial resolution (about 30 m), and a wider land surface coverage (83°N-83°S), especially covering some high latitude and steep mountainous regions beyond the coverage of SRTM. ASTER GDEM is therefore expected to be one of the best sources of global topographic data for various scientific applications. At a global scale, the elevation accuracy of version 1 of ASTER GDEM is estimated at 95% confidence as 20 meters by a comparison of ASTER GDEM with other reliable datasets [2] . Moreover, the version 2 greatly improved its accuracy upon version 1. Despite of much improvement of ASTER DEM, at local scale, it is still important to perform a case-by-case verification of the precision of GDEM data for understanding the potential and limitations in its application in a specific region.

At a global scale, the elevation accuracy of version 1 of ASTER GDEM is estimated at 95% confidence as 20 meters by a comparison of ASTER GDEM with other reliable datasets.


The accuracy of the three DEMs decreased as surface slope became steeper, and the elevation became higher, agreeing with the previous studies that surface relief play an important role in the DEM accuracy [5, 19, 22, 30] . The impact of surface slope appears to be much more profound than the contribution of elevation for the accuracy of SRTM DEM and GDEMv1 because of large errors occurring at low elevations with considerable slopes. However, elevation explains more variance of GDEMv2 error than slope despite of their limited explanatory power (Fig. 3) . Slope and elevation data derived from the SRTM DEM and GDEMv1 can better predict the elevation errors in the two DEMs. A multiple regression model based on the variables explained 72.3 % and 67.3% of the total variation in SRTM error and GDEMv1 error, respectively.

The accuracy of the three DEMs decreased as surface slope became steeper, and the elevation became higher, agreeing with the previous studies that surface relief play an important role in the DEM accuracy.


Usual string links can be regarded as living in the monoid of welded string links, as elements admitting a representative with no virtual crossing. Although not a priori the most obvious candidate, it appears that self-virtualization implies the usual link-homotopy relation, where a string is allowed to cross itself, among usual string links. So our results can be seen as a generalization of the classification of string links up to link-homotopy of Habegger and Lin [20] .

So our results can be seen as a generalization of the classification of string links up to link-homotopy of Habegger and Lin.


The graphene patterned arrays show the dual capacitive-inductive nature with a resistive behavior due to the real part of surface conductivity [29] - [31] . When the frequency of the incident wave approaches the resonance frequency, the resonance mode would be excited. Therefore, the array can be modeled as a surface admittance appeared as an R-L-C series branch at the interface [29] - [32] . One can design a perfect absorber by matching the real part of the input impedance of the structure to the impedance of free space semi-infinite region above the structure where the imaginary part of the input impedance is considered as zero. In the present paper, we use these properties to realize the perfect absorption at two frequencies. Owing to the controllable plasmonic response of graphene, two perfect absorption bands can be realized by adjusting the graphene properties. In comparison to the previous tasks, the most important advantage of the device proposed is its simplicity.

The graphene patterned arrays show the dual capacitive-inductive nature with a resistive behavior due to the real part of surface conductivity.

Therefore, the array can be modeled as a surface admittance appeared as an R-L-C series branch at the interface.


For encoding a stereoscopic video, several different possibilities exist, for example, Multiview Video Coding (MVC) [1] . Although MVC has a higher coding efficiency as it exploits the inherent redundancy of the left and the right view by inter-view prediction, in this paper, the simultaneous broadcast of the left and right view in H.264/AVC is favored for sake of simplicity and availability of well-known tools. These tools include packet loss tools and the state-of-the-art error concealment strategy implemented in the JM reference decoder [2] . It is also very likely that simulcast is the preferred broadcasting method initially, since it allows the broadcaster to use most of its 2D infrastructure even for 3D.

For encoding a stereoscopic video, several different possibilities exist, for example, Multiview Video Coding (MVC).

These tools include packet loss tools and the state-of-the-art error concealment strategy implemented in the JM reference decoder.


The present study will be guided by the results on the forced Van der Pol oscillator (Bender & Orszag 1978; Fauve 1998) . Indeed, such a model problem mimics qualitatively well a flow field undergoing a supercritical Hopf bifurcation and subject to a harmonic forcing. Hence, we will retrieve interesting features such as the locking phenomenon that arises when the forcing frequency is close to the natural frequency of the flow field.

The present study will be guided by the results on the forced Van der Pol oscillator.


The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics has demonstrated to be an extremely predictive theory, which however cannot be complete. In particular, it lacks a mechanism to generate neutrino masses, dark matter, and the baryon asymmetry of the Universe that we observe today. While LHC upgrades and future colliders will keep pushing the energy frontier forward in order to search for new physics at high energies, it is important to keep in mind that the physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) may very well involve weakly interacting particles at low scales instead, which in minimal extensions of the SM are expected to be relatively long-lived. In fact, the search for such long-lived particles (LLP) in colliders and beam-dump experiments has become a field of intense activity in recent years and several experiments have been proposed to conduct dedicated searches [1] [2] [3] [4] .

In fact, the search for such long-lived particles (LLP) in colliders and beam-dump experiments has become a field of intense activity in recent years and several experiments have been proposed to conduct dedicated searches.


The laminins interact with many types of cell surface receptors [11, 20, 21] . The major laminin-binding receptor is the integrin family. In total, seven types of integrin are identified as a laminin-binding receptors, and each integrin recognizes specific laminin isoforms. Laminins also bind to syndecans, membrane-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan, via their heparan sulfate chains [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] . Additionally, α-dystroglycan binding to the laminin α1 and α2 chains and the Lutheran/basal cell adhesion molecule (Lu/BCAM) binding to the laminin α5 chain are identified as laminin isoform-specific receptors [12, [27] [28] [29] . These multiple and diverse cell surface receptors bind to the laminins in different ways depending on the laminin isoforms. Various receptor-specific binding sequences in laminins have been identified in studies using recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides [11, [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] . The regulation of these laminin-receptor interactions is important for many biological processes. For example, we previously identified about sixty cell-adhesive sequences from laminin-111 using 673 synthetic peptides covering the entire sequence. These active peptides promote various biological activities, including the promotion of cell spreading, cell differentiation, neurite outgrowth, angiogenesis and wound healing, and many of them bind to distinct cellular receptors [32] [33] [34] [35] 37, 38] .

The laminins interact with many types of cell surface receptors.

Laminins also bind to syndecans, membrane-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan, via their heparan sulfate chains.

Additionally, α-dystroglycan binding to the laminin α1 and α2 chains and the Lutheran/basal cell adhesion molecule (Lu/BCAM) binding to the laminin α5 chain are identified as laminin isoform-specific receptors.

Various receptor-specific binding sequences in laminins have been identified in studies using recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides.

These active peptides promote various biological activities, including the promotion of cell spreading, cell differentiation, neurite outgrowth, angiogenesis and wound healing, and many of them bind to distinct cellular receptors.


It may be speculated that relative to older adults, young adults relate less to future health problems associated with weight gain and may be more accustomed to immediate gratification, which may serve as barriers to weight loss. Other barriers to weight loss, which have been identified in qualitative studies, that are relevant to young adults include financial constraints making it difficult to meet the added costs of healthful behaviors (i.e., gym memberships, food expenses) and time constraints making it difficult to juggle health with behaviors competing with life priorities, such as, attending school, building a career, and starting a family [12] [13] [14] . It is worthwhile to consider new approaches to weight management in young adults that are designed to fit their lifestyles and circumstances. One such approach is use of mobile phone technology for delivery of a behavioral intervention. As of May 2013, 91% of American adults own a mobile phone and 56% of American adults own a smartphone of some kind [15] .

Other barriers to weight loss, which have been identified in qualitative studies, that are relevant to young adults include financial constraints making it difficult to meet the added costs of healthful behaviors (i.e., gym memberships, food expenses) and time constraints making it difficult to juggle health with behaviors competing with life priorities, such as, attending school, building a career, and starting a family.

As of May 2013, 91% of American adults own a mobile phone and 56% of American adults own a smartphone of some kind.


Group 2 has SS d only and group 3 has SS c only. These results suggest that the species in the two groups including Fortunella species, C. hystrix, C. latipes, C. grandis and C. reticulata, might have been the next ones to have differentiated in an early period. C. limon is, however, included in group 3, since other studies have shown that this species is a hybrid origin (Malik et al. 1974; Scora 1975) . We also consider that C. limon may be a hybrid derived from species included in group 1, 3 or 6 that contain SS c. C. ichangensis included in group 4 contains SS b which is very close to SS c. It is most likely that this species has been derived from group 3 that has SS c. Since group 1 contains SS c and d, we propose that C. aurantifolia, C. jambhiri, C. paradisi, C. aurantium, C. sinensis, C. tachibana, C. junos, C, limonia, C. nobilis and some cultivars of C. reticulata have hybrid origins. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that many artificial hybrids within the genus Citrus also contain SS c and d. C. reticulata belongs to both group 1 and group 2. This species shows a wide diversity in its morphological characters (Swingle 1943; Barrett and Rhodes 1976) . Our results suggest that this species includes several hybrid cultivars within the taxa. In conclusion, Fig. 2 summarizes the phylogenetic relationships of the Citrus, Fortunella and Poncirus genera based on the present studies of Fraction I protein. However it remains to be determined which species differentiated earlier among those in group 2, 3 and 5. Based on the reports mentioned above, it is assumed that the species in group 5 differentiated earlier.

C. limon is, however, included in group 3, since other studies have shown that this species is a hybrid origin.

This species shows a wide diversity in its morphological characters.