Clients who come to healthcare institutions have multidimensional problems. A client's problem in one dimension affects the other. No single discipline can cope with the multiplicity of needs of patients which varies-medical, nursing, rehabilitative, social, among others [1] . A combination of skills and knowledge of several health professionals are needed to maximize efficiency of the health care system [2, 3] . In addition, consumers of healthcare now demand quality, comprehensive care due to increasing cost of healthcare services. Such comprehensive care can only be possible when healthcare providers collaborate to integrate the care given to clients.

No single discipline can cope with the multiplicity of needs of patients which varies-medical, nursing, rehabilitative, social, among others.

A combination of skills and knowledge of several health professionals are needed to maximize efficiency of the health care system.


Available literatures show variations on healthcare professionals' view on collaborative practice. In a crosssectional study of how Israeli complimentary practitioners and physicians communicate, it was observed that 69% of the physicians and 77% of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) practitioners shared a posi-tive view about collaboration [8] . However, the CAM practitioners were more interested than the physicians in collaborative scientific research −27% and 2%, respectively. In the same study, 424 (82%) of 517 primary care physicians had formal relationships with other physicians but not with Chiropractors (CAM Practitioners). Findings of the study suggest physicians' preference for intra-disciplinary rather than inter-disciplinary collaboration. The researchers concluded that such findings will not be seen as truly supportive of collaborative practice because collaborative practice requires distribution of power-sharing with more competent personnel leading the team at a particular time depending on required expertise and patient's disease condition.

In a crosssectional study of how Israeli complimentary practitioners and physicians communicate, it was observed that 69% of the physicians and 77% of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) practitioners shared a posi-tive view about collaboration.


During the disturbance experiments primary space became available more frequently than without disturbance. This led to an increase in CCA and concomitant decrease in erect fleshy algae. Even here thin P. conicum remained dominant over thicker crusts. Of the colonizing crustose species, P. conicum remained dominant over thicker crusts because of high tetraspore production. This pattern might be explained because fouling algae affect the growth rates of coralline crusts beneath mainly thick-thallus species by reducing light to a critical level (Figueiredo et al. 2000) .

This pattern might be explained because fouling algae affect the growth rates of coralline crusts beneath mainly thick-thallus species by reducing light to a critical level.


There is a number of various approaches to remove target metabolites from CB that provides a wide range of possible solutions for arising biotechnological problems. For example, it was shown that during the biosynthesis of a feed antibiotic virginiamycin by a Streptomyces sp. S 15-30 strain, developed from the Streptomyces sp. DSM 40559 strain by a multi-step UV mutagenesis and characterized by the productivity of ~2.6 g/L (that is almost tenfold exceeds the productivity of the initial strain), an increase in the antibiotic concentration in CB up to 5.0 g/L caused a significant auto-inhibiting effect . One of the ways to reduce or prevent the effect of auto-inhibition by accumulating metabolites is fermentation in the presence of sorbents able to selectively bind the target product and, therefore, reduce its concentration in CB (Phillips, 2013) . The preferable sorbents should be resistant to the action of technological media used during fermentation and should be regenerable to provide their re-use without significant losses in the selectivity and sorption capacity. Earlier it was shown that the use of an Amberlite XAD-16 synthetic resin, characterized by a high specific surface area, provided a significant reduction of the auto-inhibition effect during the fermentation of a virginiamycin-producing Streptomyces sp. S 15-30 strain . At the same time, the efficiency of the sorbent use may be additionally increased via the intensification of sorption/desorption processes occurring on a sorbent. Such improvement may be achieved by the ultrasonic treatment causing the appearance of acoustic streaming in liquid media including micro streaming with high velocity gradients, which provide intensive agitation of a medium, destroy near-surface layers, and reduce diffusion limitations (Akopyan, Ershov, 2016) . The purposes of this work were the study of the possibility to apply ultrasonic treatment for the improvement of virginiamycin sorption/desorption processes, occurring on a hydrophobic Amberlite XAD-16 sorbent, and the evaluation of a principal possibility of the introduction of such treatment into the technological process of production of this feed antibiotic.

One of the ways to reduce or prevent the effect of auto-inhibition by accumulating metabolites is fermentation in the presence of sorbents able to selectively bind the target product and, therefore, reduce its concentration in CB.

Such improvement may be achieved by the ultrasonic treatment causing the appearance of acoustic streaming in liquid media including micro streaming with high velocity gradients, which provide intensive agitation of a medium, destroy near-surface layers, and reduce diffusion limitations.


Cell division occurs in both vegetative cells and temporary cysts. The pattern of vegetative cell division has already been described for other species of the genus Alexandrium, such as A. tamarense (Turpin et al. 1978) . Vegetative division in A. taylori is appropriate for application of the in situ growth model. Active growth of vegetative cells was shown in the field during the sampling period at high temperatures (26Њ-28Њ C). This is consistent with data of laboratory cultures, in which temperatures above 20Њ C were conducive to growth.

The pattern of vegetative cell division has already been described for other species of the genus Alexandrium, such as A. tamarense.


Fiscal profligacy has been adduced as responsible for the current account problems of many developed economies according to some economists. The results of some empirical studies give credence to this position and thus prescribe fiscal consolidation as remedy for the external imbalances [12] . The theoretical and empirical literature is not in unison on this conventional view that budget balance exerts significant influence on the current account balance; hence accounting for the plethora of mixed empirical results on the subject matter. The point of interest with SSA, however, is that in recent times, other key macroeconomic indicators such as inflation and real output growth have posted a positive outlook in contrast to the worsening fiscal and external balances and thus call for closer scrutiny. The objective of the paper is to test the twin deficits hypothesis for SSA using data for 41 countries from 2000 to 2012.

The results of some empirical studies give credence to this position and thus prescribe fiscal consolidation as remedy for the external imbalances.


The fiscal and current account deficits of most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) appear relatively large or have been widening over the past several years in the face of positive output growth and steady decline in inflation [3] . For instance, real GDP growth for SSA has been positive and averaged more than 5 percent per annum over the past decade and inflation has generally been single digit (see Table 1 ). Yet, as Figure 1 shown, the current account balance and budget balance have been in deficit for the past decade and appear to be increasing in the last few years. Is the fiscal deficit responsible for the current account deficit in SSA in consonance with the twin deficits hypothesis?

The fiscal and current account deficits of most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) appear relatively large or have been widening over the past several years in the face of positive output growth and steady decline in inflation.


In order to figure out the effect of the n-AlGaN UL on the AlGaN MQWs samples from the basic structural perspective, the conduction and valence band profiles of both structures were simulated by using the commercially available software SiLENSe. In this simulation, the ratio of the conduction and valence band offsets was assumed to be 7:3, and other parameters, such as piezoelectric and spontaneous polarization constants, were based on previous reports [7] , [46] . Fig. 5 shows the calculated band diagrams accompanied with the electric field of AlGaN MQWs for both samples. The built-in potential gradient across each QW of the samples without and with the n-AlGaN UL were calculated to be approximately 65 and 50 meV/nm, respectively. The reduction of built-in potential gradient represented that the n-AlGaN UL strongly modified the band bending between the n-Al 0.7 Ga 0.3 N and AlGaN MQW layer. Simultaneously, the electric fields in AlGaN MQWs in the samples without and with the n-AlGaN UL were calculated to be 0.69 and 0.51 MV/cm, respectively, as seen in the insets of Fig. 5(a) and (b) . The results showed that the electric field in the sample with the n-AlGaN UL was reduced by 26% compared with the case without the n-AlGaN UL. As is well known, the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE), which limits the emission efficiency of MQWs, can be suppressed by diminishing the electric field [47] - [49] . Therefore, we can conclude that the QCSE in AlGaN MQWs was weakened by introducing the n-AlGaN UL, which can further increase the radiative recombination rate, enlarge the peak energy of the MQWs light emission, and improve the light emission efficiency. The slight blueshift in peak energy of the AlGaN MQWs grown on the n-AlGaN UL at 10 K in Fig. 1 was, hence, attributed to this.

In this simulation, the ratio of the conduction and valence band offsets was assumed to be 7:3, and other parameters, such as piezoelectric and spontaneous polarization constants, were based on previous reports.

As is well known, the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE), which limits the emission efficiency of MQWs, can be suppressed by diminishing the electric field.


Deep cement-mixing (DCM) column has many advantages, such as a large volume, limited environmental disturbance, rapid construction, and low cost, so it is extensively used in soft ground improvement. However, the DCM column strength is significantly affected by soil conditions, which results in a low column uniformity and poor reinforcement effect [1] . Although a precast concrete (PC) pile has many advantages with various applications, the strength of the concrete pile cannot be sufficiently utilized under either vertical or lateral loading, and failure caused by soil failure can always occur, which makes it uneconomical for use in soft ground improvement [2] . To solve the abovementioned problems, the PC pile with improved soil surrounds, produced by inserting a PC pile into a DCM column before the initial setting of cement-improved soil (Figure 1) , has recently been proposed [1, 2] . In this way, the high-strength PC pile is designed to bear a load, and the improved soil surrounds act to transfer axial force into the surrounding soils by skin frictions [2] . To date, this new type of composite pile has attracted considerable attention owing to its low cost and high effectiveness and has been successfully applied to soft ground improvement [3] [4] [5] .

However, the DCM column strength is significantly affected by soil conditions, which results in a low column uniformity and poor reinforcement effect.

Although a precast concrete (PC) pile has many advantages with various applications, the strength of the concrete pile cannot be sufficiently utilized under either vertical or lateral loading, and failure caused by soil failure can always occur, which makes it uneconomical for use in soft ground improvement.

To solve the abovementioned problems, the PC pile with improved soil surrounds, produced by inserting a PC pile into a DCM column before the initial setting of cement-improved soil (Figure 1) , has recently been proposed.

In this way, the high-strength PC pile is designed to bear a load, and the improved soil surrounds act to transfer axial force into the surrounding soils by skin frictions.

To date, this new type of composite pile has attracted considerable attention owing to its low cost and high effectiveness and has been successfully applied to soft ground improvement.


In addition to suppression of P-gp, many other mechanisms may be involved in chemoresistance [25] . Since TW contains more than 300 components, some are likely to target different mechanisms of resistance [20] . Our microarray data and real time PCR results support multiple targets by TW. The PCA results from the microarray data also showed that the distance of expression profile in PC3-TxR when treated with TW became closer to PC3 cells (the sensitive cells), consistent with TW's chemosensitizing action in PC3-TxR cells.

In addition to suppression of P-gp, many other mechanisms may be involved in chemoresistance.

Since TW contains more than 300 components, some are likely to target different mechanisms of resistance.


Shooting in archery can be summarized as drawing the bow, aiming and releasing [1] . Archery can be described as a comparatively static sport requiring strength and endurance of the upper body, in particular the forearm and shoulder girdle [2] . An archer pushes the bow with an extended arm, which is statically held in the direction of the target, while the other arm exerts a dynamic pulling of the bowstring from the beginning of the drawing phase, until the release is dynamically executed [3] . The bowstring is released when an auditory stimulus is received from the "clicker". A coach or the archer can standardize the equipment factors by having exactly the same size and weight arrows and using the "clicker" device to fix the drawing weight of the bow constant. A standard drawing length and release can be obtained using this device [4, 5] . After release the position of the arrow on the target determines the performance.

Shooting in archery can be summarized as drawing the bow, aiming and releasing.

Archery can be described as a comparatively static sport requiring strength and endurance of the upper body, in particular the forearm and shoulder girdle.

An archer pushes the bow with an extended arm, which is statically held in the direction of the target, while the other arm exerts a dynamic pulling of the bowstring from the beginning of the drawing phase, until the release is dynamically executed.

A standard drawing length and release can be obtained using this device.


In the biomedical literature, two main theories have been used to explain the breast-feeding fertility relationships, nutritional hypothesis and suckling pattern hypothesis. In the nutritional explanation, differences in the duration of postpartum in fecundity are attributed to fatness levels of the mother during the nutritionally streesful period of lactation. Nutrition may work through reduction in milk volume, and consequent increase in suckling by the infant. If this factor is to be determining one, behavioural studies of this sort have to look at dietary intake include food restrictions during pregnancy and lactation. However, studies have found only weak support for nutrition as an explanation for variations in lactation infecundity (Kukturk 16], Kurinij [15] .

However, studies have found only weak support for nutrition as an explanation for variations in lactation infecundity (Kukturk 16], Kurinij.


The hypothesis that infant suckling patterns are the key to suppression of ovulation is better substantiated. The precise mechanism of operations has not been identified. Suggestions about aspects of suckling patterns which are responsible for the effect include overall frequency of nursing, total nursing time between bouts and intensity of suckling which assumed to be important but difficult to measure (Langs and Lawrence [17] .

Suggestions about aspects of suckling patterns which are responsible for the effect include overall frequency of nursing, total nursing time between bouts and intensity of suckling which assumed to be important but difficult to measure (Langs and Lawrence.


However, performing logical operations on the compressed bitmaps is usually much slower than on the uncompressed bitmaps since the compressed bitmaps have to be explicitly uncompressed. To address this performance issue, a number of specialized schemes have been proposed. Johnson and colleagues have studied the performance of many of them thoroughly [11, 1] . From their studies we know that the logical operations using these specialized schemes are usually faster than those using gzip. One such specialized scheme, called the Byte-aligned Bitmap Code (BBC), is very efficient [2, 3] . However, even with BBC in some cases, logical operations on the compressed bitmaps still can be orders of magnitudes slower than on the uncompressed bitmaps.

Johnson and colleagues have studied the performance of many of them thoroughly.

One such specialized scheme, called the Byte-aligned Bitmap Code (BBC), is very efficient.


As a part of the agreement for conflict resolution, the private sector enterprises have agreed to emission reduction and pollution control, as well as to maintain a Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) [49] . The concept of a PRTR was one of the outcomes of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Research has revealed the usefulness of PRTR to both private and public sectors to clarify environmental status to the society. About 60% of the research respondents (jury) have been in affirmation of its usefulness. However, the rest have expressed pessimism about the usefulness of such information to the general public [49] .

As a part of the agreement for conflict resolution, the private sector enterprises have agreed to emission reduction and pollution control, as well as to maintain a Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR).

However, the rest have expressed pessimism about the usefulness of such information to the general public.


In parallel to the private sector's PRTR, the state sector, through the Pollution Control Department, should stringently measure air quality using its monitoring stations and publish selected information on its website on a regular basis. It should also publicize the overall air quality using the air quality index at two places on electronic billboards. It is uncertain how civil society stakeholders will know that air quality is improving and the risks to their respective localities are decreasing. The results of a stakeholder centered research have recommended that the PCD should gather information about potential audiences for external communication. It should then provide information to them for which there is supporting scientific evidence. This research has also opined that it would be a mistake for the PCD to deal with only local leaders in their external communication approach for conflict resolution. Instead PCD should provide information to the society in general in a comprehensible manner and request their feedback [52] .

Instead PCD should provide information to the society in general in a comprehensible manner and request their feedback.


The case of Map Ta Phut also gives some lessons on conflict resolution for newly industrializing countries. The chronological progression of the conflict shows that the government ignored civil society actions and protests until people sought intervention by the courts. In some countries, there has been violent suppression of society to safeguard the investors in the name of national economic interests. The second part of the paper probed whether the government's pragmatic solutions were effective enough for conflict resolution. The findings imply that the government has been somewhat successful in redirecting the industrial development in Map Ta Phut towards the new policy path of green growth and thereby sustainable development, while appeasing the industrial and society stakeholders. According to TKI, the government has apparently used collaborating and compromising modes of conflict resolution, arguably leading to win-win solutions [12] . The compromises on land-use zoning and emission standards, and tailor-made public health service provision to reduce the anxiety of neighboring residents are some ideas that newly industrializing countries can proactively consider. However, only time will reveal to what extent the government's pragmatic solutions can bring lasting resolution to the environmental conflict at Map Ta Phut and redirect industrial development from its currently unsustainable state towards one of green growth.

According to TKI, the government has apparently used collaborating and compromising modes of conflict resolution, arguably leading to win-win solutions.


Since the 1960s, some countries in Asia have pursued industrialization-based urban development [1] . Among them, Japan and South Korea have experienced endogenous development of their urban and industrial sectors. In contrast, foreign direct investments (FDIs) have played a major role in the industrialization of countries like Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam [2] . Industrialization-based urbanization is associated with massive transformation of the physical, social, economic, political, spatial, and environmental facets of urbanizing areas. Environmental transformation has attracted special attention since the emergence of sustainable development paradigms in the 1980s [3] . Environmental problems associated with urbanization and industrialization that contravene sustainable development include haphazard sprawl of built-environment, land-use conflicts, natural resource depletion, environmental pollution, ecological destruction and public health impacts. Planned industrial zones offer better prospects for minimizing negative environmental consequences than small industrial sites scattered over large areas, because agglomeration of functionally related industries and centralized treatment facilities are advantages of industrial zones [4] . However, if environmental management is done poorly, industrial zones pose greater threats due to the accumulation of pollution loads beyond the carrying capacity of the ecosystem.

Since the 1960s, some countries in Asia have pursued industrialization-based urban development.

In contrast, foreign direct investments (FDIs) have played a major role in the industrialization of countries like Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam.

Environmental transformation has attracted special attention since the emergence of sustainable development paradigms in the 1980s.

Planned industrial zones offer better prospects for minimizing negative environmental consequences than small industrial sites scattered over large areas, because agglomeration of functionally related industries and centralized treatment facilities are advantages of industrial zones.


GIS software (Arc GIS 9.2) has been used to study air pollution levels and the dynamics of their impacts in an attempt to provide information for conflict resolution in a mining region [38] . In this research, GIS was used to predict air quality throughout a region where multiple air quality monitoring stations were not available. Application of GIS and RS tools were also used in resolving conflicts among stakeholders proposing different types of land use. A conflict resolution framework and an awareness building method were outcomes of research based on GIS and a multi-criteria decision analysis technique [39] .

GIS software (Arc GIS 9.2) has been used to study air pollution levels and the dynamics of their impacts in an attempt to provide information for conflict resolution in a mining region.

A conflict resolution framework and an awareness building method were outcomes of research based on GIS and a multi-criteria decision analysis technique.


Synchronous buck converters are being extensively used in regulated switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) targeted for portable applications. However, toggling of the switching converters among a set of linear or nonlinear circuit topologies during an operation, nonlinearity caused by the switching action, chaosity which underlines the complexity, etc. make the power switching converters quite complex and complicated. Due to its switching characteristics, the control problems associated with such converters still pose theoretical and practical problems and challenges to the control community [1] . Linear control techniques do not always guarantee the required static and dynamic performance. The paper proposes the more advanced robust control technique i.e. the constrained model predictive control (MPC) to comply with the challenges.

Due to its switching characteristics, the control problems associated with such converters still pose theoretical and practical problems and challenges to the control community.


The phase field method can be shown to reduce to the standard sharp interface formulation in the limit of vanishing interface thickness [8] . The quality of the solution deteriorates with increasing interface thickness. This necessitates the grid spacing to be of the order of or smaller than the interfacial thickness. It has been shown that the interface thickness must be smaller than the capillary length for the solution to converge to the sharp interface limit [9, 10] . Improved asymptotic coefficients have been derived for the thininterface limit of the phase field equations which facilitate the use of a coarser grid [11] . Phase-field analysis for unequal solid/liquid diffusivities leads to computational models which require finer grid resolution and hence lead to slower computational performance [12] . One of the drawbacks of the phase field method is the significant computational effort required, especially when investigating dendritic growth in the presence of convection and multiple array dendritic growth. However, the techniques of adaptive gridding and parallel computing have resulted in assuaging this drawback to some extent [13, 14] . Another drawback of the phase field methods is related to the large number of parameters involved in the solution of the evolution equations. These parameters are difficult to determine for accurate physical crystal growth simulation of real world materials.

The phase field method can be shown to reduce to the standard sharp interface formulation in the limit of vanishing interface thickness.

It has been shown that the interface thickness must be smaller than the capillary length for the solution to converge to the sharp interface limit.

Improved asymptotic coefficients have been derived for the thininterface limit of the phase field equations which facilitate the use of a coarser grid.

Phase-field analysis for unequal solid/liquid diffusivities leads to computational models which require finer grid resolution and hence lead to slower computational performance.

However, the techniques of adaptive gridding and parallel computing have resulted in assuaging this drawback to some extent.


The deficiency in insulin activity in diabetes may be due to insulin insensitivity in the presence of adequate insulin or due to insulin deficiency. Where there is a deficiency, this may be due to the rate of apoptosis surpassing the rate of proliferation from symmetric cell division of existing cells and from neogenesis from stem cells. In diabetes, the rate of apoptosis exceeds the rate of proliferation and neogenesis, all of which are higher than normal [64, 65] . It is then the balance and control of apoptosis versus proliferation that is critical to maintaining normal cell mass and insulin production. It is then a balance between insulin and glucagon that controls metabolic imbalance leading to diabetes. This basic model obviously does not take into account the somatostatin-secreting (D) cells, the pancreatic polypeptide-secreting (PP or F) cells nor the organized distribution of the cells among the four pancreatic lobes. Also, the effects of other interactive hormones etc from distant organs (epinephrine, glucocorticicoids, glucagonlike peptide) need to be incorporated into any overall understanding of pancreatic function.

In diabetes, the rate of apoptosis exceeds the rate of proliferation and neogenesis, all of which are higher than normal.


One possible means by which the cells could measure the insulin;glucagon complex would be to have cell membrane receptors for the complex. This is illustrated in figure 2 . The existence of a membrane receptor is not integral to this hypothesis but there needs to be some intracellular mechanism to measure the level of complex [8] .

This is illustrated in figure 2 .

The existence of a membrane receptor is not integral to this hypothesis but there needs to be some intracellular mechanism to measure the level of complex.


The model offered here is simplified in that a variety of other hormones/growth factors and neurotransmitters are not considered but they do affect the release of insulin and glucagon by stimulation or inhibition of beta and alpha cellular activity [56] . Somatostatin, glucagonlike peptide and epinephrine are included in the list and these would need to be incorporated in more complex model that is needed for an understanding of the whole of the endocrine pancreas. Other molecules may also stimulate beta cell growth. For example, the incretin glucagonlike peptide-1 enhances beta-cell neogenesis, but is not here regarded as a direct stimulator of cell division of beta or alpha cells. This simple model would require an asymmetric cell division in the embryonic development of the alpha and beta cells of the pancreas. A study of neogenesis of alpha and beta cells should indicate coexpression of glucagon and insulin, prior to asymmetric cell division(s) to produce the individual alpha and beta cells. After this cell division, the protein expression of each may depend on the immediate cellular environment such that gene activation may have occurred but without translation [57] .

The model offered here is simplified in that a variety of other hormones/growth factors and neurotransmitters are not considered but they do affect the release of insulin and glucagon by stimulation or inhibition of beta and alpha cellular activity.

After this cell division, the protein expression of each may depend on the immediate cellular environment such that gene activation may have occurred but without translation.


In total then, glucagon will stimulate beta cells to produce insulin only if nutrients (glucose, fatty acids and/or certain amino acids) and consequently ATP in the cell are high. ATP may be responsible for so-called "nutrient signalling" [54, 55] . Insulin will stimulate alpha cell to produce glucagon only if nutrients (glucose, fatty acids and/ or certain amino acids) and consequently ATP in the cell are low. The effect of nutrients is controlled by MTOR (Mammalian target of rapamycin) which is a protein kinase that integrates signals from mitogens and nutrients to regulate cellular growth and proliferation. The insulin-stimulated α-cell proliferation acts through the mTOR signalling pathway [25] .

ATP may be responsible for so-called "nutrient signalling".

The insulin-stimulated α-cell proliferation acts through the mTOR signalling pathway.


With the start of using radioactive sources in a variety of different fields such as health physics, industry, energy, and environmental application nuclear radiation detectors become the most fundamental instruments as radiation is hazardous for health. In a radiation measurement an accurate knowledge of the detector spectral performance is required. As the radiation can travel large distances between the interactions in the detector material before detection is possible, the detectors do not have 100% efficiency. In the radiation measurement, one of the most important characteristics of a detector is the efficiency of the detector. Gamma spectrometry is one of the most widely used detector systems in this field and its performance directly depends on the knowledge of the detection efficiency. The detection efficiency is a measure of the percentage of radiation that a given detector detects from the overall yield emitted from the source. It can vary with the volume and shape of the detector material, absorption cross-section in the material, attenuation layers in front of the detector, and distance and position from the source to the detector [1] .

It can vary with the volume and shape of the detector material, absorption cross-section in the material, attenuation layers in front of the detector, and distance and position from the source to the detector.


Various experimental and calculation works have been reported for the detection efficiency work [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . For the gamma ray spectrometry, the absolute efficiency and energy resolution are important parameters to be determined. Those parameters are usually done using a function to fit the efficiency at a wide energies range, as the number of energy peaks obtained from radioactive sources is limited. For these purposes the absolute efficiency and the energy resolution of the NaI(Tl) detector have been determined experimentally at 511, 662, 835, 1173, 1275, and 1332 keV energies obtained from 22 Na, 54 Mn, 60 Co, and 137 Cs radioactive isotopes.

Various experimental and calculation works have been reported for the detection efficiency work.


An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach was taken to identify emergent themes. IPA is interpretative and theory building, primarily concerned with understanding lived experience and how participants make sense of their experiences (Smith, Jarman & Osborne, 1999) . Themes identified within findings, were ordered and categorised into emergent themes and related sub themes. Emergent themes were explored, coded and reorganised and considered in relation to the theories and concepts that underpinned and 5 connected them; relationships, motivation to participate, content of group work, perceived locus of control, choice, and expected outcomes from engagement.

IPA is interpretative and theory building, primarily concerned with understanding lived experience and how participants make sense of their experiences.


The results in the previous section can be compared to reactor pump-down time t P to gain an appreciation of the processes leading to the observed high precursor conversion efficiencies in PP-CVD. Typically, PP-CVD reactors operate with a pulse period t P ≥ 4τ and t P >> t i to ensure that both mass flux uniformity is high after the injection phase and the reactor pressure does not climb over a period of several pulses [26] . For the reactor studied in these simulations the reactor pump-down time t P = 10.6 seconds.

Typically, PP-CVD reactors operate with a pulse period t P ≥ 4τ and t P >> t i to ensure that both mass flux uniformity is high after the injection phase and the reactor pressure does not climb over a period of several pulses.


Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading opportunistic pathogen and is often found to be associated with nosocomial infections mainly in immunocompromised patients [1] . Infections caused by this organism are hard to treat because of the intrinsic resistance and the outstanding ability to acquire resistance mechanisms to several classes of antimicrobial agents during therapy which ultimately results into treatment failure. Development of resistance after exposure to antibiotics and subsequent cross-resistance between agents confers multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype in P. aeruginosa [2] . In absence of acquired resistance determinants, multidrug resistance (MDR) is mediated by various intrinsic resistance mechanisms which include lower outer membrane permeability and increased activity of drug specific efflux pumps with wide substrate profiles [3] .

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading opportunistic pathogen and is often found to be associated with nosocomial infections mainly in immunocompromised patients.

Development of resistance after exposure to antibiotics and subsequent cross-resistance between agents confers multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype in P. aeruginosa.

In absence of acquired resistance determinants, multidrug resistance (MDR) is mediated by various intrinsic resistance mechanisms which include lower outer membrane permeability and increased activity of drug specific efflux pumps with wide substrate profiles.


To further enhance current 4G technologies towards the next generation, i.e., fifth generation (5G), several researchers, industries, and cellular operators are recently putting significant efforts [4, 5, 6] . The main industrial players, forums and projects active in 5G wireless research include Ericsson, Qualcomm, Huawei, Nokia Solution Networks, Samsung Electronics, Docomo 5G, 5GPP, METIS 2020 project, 5GNOW, 5GForum, 5G Training, etc [6] . The main emerging requirements of 5G networks are high data rate, low latency, low energy consumption, and the support of a large number of heterogeneous devices. The key techniques to meet these requirements are ultra-high densification, bandwidth extension beyond 6 GHz, i.e., millimeter wave (mm-wave) and the increased spectral efficiency utilizing Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) techniques [3] .

To further enhance current 4G technologies towards the next generation, i.e., fifth generation (5G), several researchers, industries, and cellular operators are recently putting significant efforts.

The main industrial players, forums and projects active in 5G wireless research include Ericsson, Qualcomm, Huawei, Nokia Solution Networks, Samsung Electronics, Docomo 5G, 5GPP, METIS 2020 project, 5GNOW, 5GForum, 5G Training, etc.

The key techniques to meet these requirements are ultra-high densification, bandwidth extension beyond 6 GHz, i.e., millimeter wave (mm-wave) and the increased spectral efficiency utilizing Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) techniques.


Results from this exploratory study should be interpreted with consideration of several limiting factors. First, these data are cross-sectional in nature and as such the significant relationships reported are associations and should be considered hypothesis generating. Second, all data are self-report and particularly in the case of physical activity levels are subject to recall bias. Third, while the intent was to elucidate gender differences in the role of the organizational level variables of sports team participation and physical education classes on physical activity levels, independent of individual level influences on physical activity, this was not completely accomplished. There are several individual level variables known to relate to adolescent physical activity levels that were not included in this study (e.g., parental support for physical activity [34] .

There are several individual level variables known to relate to adolescent physical activity levels that were not included in this study (e.g., parental support for physical activity.