Foams are gas-liquid systems, which have applications in different fields: cosmetics, drugs, oil extraction, chemical industry and food (Herzhaft, 1999) . The incorporation of bubbles into foods helps to improve the texture, appearance and taste whilst decreasing the caloric content (Campbell and Mougeot, 1999) . There are several methods employed to incorporate bubbles within food structures: mechanical whipping, air injection, chemical decomposition, fermentation and so on (Campbell and Mougeot, 1999) . A less understood method to generate foams is steam injection, may be because of its exclusive applicability to froth the milk used in the preparation of coffee based hot beverage such as cappuccino, latte and mochaccino (Huppertz, 2010) .

Foams are gas-liquid systems, which have applications in different fields: cosmetics, drugs, oil extraction, chemical industry and food.

The incorporation of bubbles into foods helps to improve the texture, appearance and taste whilst decreasing the caloric content.

There are several methods employed to incorporate bubbles within food structures: mechanical whipping, air injection, chemical decomposition, fermentation and so on.

A less understood method to generate foams is steam injection, may be because of its exclusive applicability to froth the milk used in the preparation of coffee based hot beverage such as cappuccino, latte and mochaccino.


Steam injection frothing is a non-isothermal method, which employs steam flow to draw air and simultaneously heat up the milk (Silva et al., 2008) . Like any foam, the milk foams produced by steam injection begin to destabilize soon after the steam flow is switched off, causing their characteristics to change continuously with time. This process is also accompanied by a drop in temperature which further influences foam properties (Silva et al., 2008) .

Steam injection frothing is a non-isothermal method, which employs steam flow to draw air and simultaneously heat up the milk.

This process is also accompanied by a drop in temperature which further influences foam properties.


There are differing opinions about the significance of ECS in PTC. Several studies have reported it to be a prognostic indicator for local recurrence, distant metastasis, and decreased survival [11, 12, [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . A recent paper concluded that the risk of recurrence was 1% in patients with LN metastasis without ECS, 4% in those with three metastatic LNs showing ECS, and 32% in those with more than three metastatic LNs showing ECS [11] . According to another study more than three metastatic LNs showing ECS was also a significant risk factor for persistent disease and recurrent disease [20] . In addition, concurrent BRAF V600E mutation and ECS of metastatic LNs have been shown to predict significantly worse disease free survival [18] . However, in other studies workers found that recurrence was not correlated with ECS of metastatic LNs [22, 23] .

Several studies have reported it to be a prognostic indicator for local recurrence, distant metastasis, and decreased survival.

A recent paper concluded that the risk of recurrence was 1% in patients with LN metastasis without ECS, 4% in those with three metastatic LNs showing ECS, and 32% in those with more than three metastatic LNs showing ECS.

According to another study more than three metastatic LNs showing ECS was also a significant risk factor for persistent disease and recurrent disease.

In addition, concurrent BRAF V600E mutation and ECS of metastatic LNs have been shown to predict significantly worse disease free survival.

However, in other studies workers found that recurrence was not correlated with ECS of metastatic LNs.


This kind of investigation has been undertaken recently in a simplified way by several authors [33, 34] . In this paper I discuss a more complete and internally consistent procedure, lying in the development of a SemiAnalytic Model (SAM) that describes, individually, the clustering of each of the three main matter components in the Universe: DM, hot gas, and stars. In this context, the power spectrum of each matter component can be related to its abundance and distribution within the gravitational potential wells of DM halos, allowing the SAM to have a direct and an inverse application. The direct application consists in feeding the model with the observed baryon and DM distributions within galaxies and galaxy clusters and then analyze the resulting total matter power spectrum. This application allows one to study the effect of baryons on cosmological parameter estimation, a task that cannot be accomplished with hydrodynamic simulations, and to parametrize the relative contribution of each matter component to the total mass clustering as a function of scale. Moreover, in this way one can see how cosmological forecasts change as one either marginalizes over such contributions, or updates the baryon distribution as observations of the internal structure of cosmic objects become increasingly more accurate. The inverse application consists in using the total matter power spectrum (e.g., measured through cosmic shear), in order to gain insights on the mass fractions and density profiles of the various matter components within DM halos. Since these distributions depend ultimately on the physical processes responsible for the formation of galaxies and galaxy clusters, one could effectively use cosmic shear observations to learn about these physical processes. Moreover, interpreting cosmic shear observations in terms of the SAM would permit to place constraints on the distribution of matter components that are very difficult to gauge otherwise, for instance intra-halo stars and the diffuse gas on super-halo scales.

This kind of investigation has been undertaken recently in a simplified way by several authors.


In a basic representation of game theory, the mixed strategy is comprehensive and acceptable within the sample game. However, in the electricity market, the production quantity of a mixed strategy is complicated to understand conceptually, difficult to compute, and hard to implement practically in the market. This mixed strategy Nash equilibrium (MSNE) makes it harder to analyze the market and to work out the strategy of the generation firms. It may be desirable that the situation causing the MSNE be avoided [8] . Since transmission congestion is unavoidable in practical power systems, the market clearing mechanism for the generation firms needs to be adjusted to avoid the MSNE. This is the main reason that this paper suggests the Stackelberg model for finding equilibrium.

It may be desirable that the situation causing the MSNE be avoided.


Using game theory to model generation firm's strategic choices in production quantity has been attempted numerously in order to analyze competition in a market setting. The most extensively used among oligopoly market models has been the Cournot model in Nash Equilibrium (NE) analysis of generation wholesale markets [1] [2] [3] . In the Cournot model, generation firms choose a strategic quantity depending on the rivals' expected production quantity. This format of assuming rivals' behaviors is applicable equally to all the participants in the Cournot model. On the other hand in the Stackelberg model a certain player called "leader" assumes the others' responses differently. This paper states that the Stackelberg model is more suitable to analyze the electricity market with transmission network that may have congestion.

The most extensively used among oligopoly market models has been the Cournot model in Nash Equilibrium (NE) analysis of generation wholesale markets.


The analyses of the L2 data show that the Dutch learners of Japanese introduce Ground reference mostly in VPs as information complementary to the action performed by the protagonist(s), and rarely independently of mentions of events involving the protagonist(s). The choice of rhetorical styles in L2 resembles L1 more than it does the L2 target. Interestingly, this result contradicts a previous finding which shows that Danish learners of Spanish provide static descriptions of a particular scene from the Frog story in a manner more similar to the L2 target than to their L1 (Cadierno 2004) . One possible reason for the discrepancy in the findings may be the difference in tasks employed in the two studies. The learners in Cadierno's study wrote the story with a provided bilingual list of key nouns (but not verbs) which contained "necessary vocabulary to describe each picture" (Cadierno 2004: 22) . This provision of key words and the request for written data may have resulted in Cadierno's learners producing picture descriptions rather than narratives, with an attendant increase in attention to Ground elements; the learners in the present study, on the other hand, retold the story from memory without any external aids, and thus will have produced narratives rather than descriptions.

Interestingly, this result contradicts a previous finding which shows that Danish learners of Spanish provide static descriptions of a particular scene from the Frog story in a manner more similar to the L2 target than to their L1.


The construction of a new building as well as the renovation, refurbishment and/or reconstruction of an existing building constitutes a construction project. It takes time and costs to complete, so it can be described as an invest-ment and construction process, consisting of phases that include many stages and tasks. The preparatory phase of a construction project consists of activities preceding the execution of construction works, including preliminary studies with examination of risks to the investment, planning and design processes, and administrative proceedings [1] .

The preparatory phase of a construction project consists of activities preceding the execution of construction works, including preliminary studies with examination of risks to the investment, planning and design processes, and administrative proceedings.


The test-bed of our algorithm is a soccer playing autonomous robot, called Tinyphoon 1 [17] (Fig. 1) . Currently, soccer robots of the size comparable to that of Tinyphoon use global vision, which refers to the use of camera(s) placed at fixed locations in the workspace to extend the local sensing available on board of each robot. In such type of method, characteristic points forming a pattern on robot are identified and localized by analyzing images taken by the global camera. Robots in the Robocup F180 (www.robocup.org) league are marked with special markers [5] . These markers are tracked and localized in an image taken by a global camera [22] . Similarly, the FIRA Mirosot (www.fira.net) robots are marked with special color patterns so that they can be localized with the help of images taken by a global camera. A host computer is used for processing instead of onboard cameras and local processing. In such an approach one can use high speed off-the-shelf computers for processing.

The test-bed of our algorithm is a soccer playing autonomous robot, called Tinyphoon 1(Fig. 1).

Robots in the Robocup F180 (www.robocup.org) league are marked with special markers.

These markers are tracked and localized in an image taken by a global camera.


In terms of study skills of students, it is necessary to differentiate the complexity of tasks to fixation of curriculum. We recommend using practical examples for this group of students, with an emphasis on entrepreneurship (Aff and Fortmüller, 2013) . The teachers can also use Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive objectives (Tetteh and Sarpong, 2015) . Concept of these tasks should be adequate for this group of students, i.e. you can use still levels of application and analysis.

We recommend using practical examples for this group of students, with an emphasis on entrepreneurship.

The teachers can also use Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive objectives.


Motivation of a student is significantly determined by personality of a teacher. Teacher's quality affects his/her personality characteristics -qualification level, scope, form and quality of teacher's training, specialization, age, professional experience, ethnicity, verbal skills and attitudes (Windham, 1988) . The ideal teacher disposes resilience, adaptability, the ability to absorb new knowledge, social empathy and communication skills (Dytrtová and Krhutová, 2009: 15) . The main determinant of the educational process is the teacher's personality and using of teaching methods. Appropriate use of teaching methods causes a positive effect on teaching.

Teacher's quality affects his/her personality characteristics -qualification level, scope, form and quality of teacher's training, specialization, age, professional experience, ethnicity, verbal skills and attitudes.


The subject Economics supports effective application of curriculum to practical situation. The solving of practical situations requires a high expertise of teachers. In this context, it is necessary to change teaching methods and to apply more problematic and activating methods in the teaching. These methods allow students to see progress, not only the finished result. Such methods are motivating (Boekaerts, 2004) . The traditional teaching methods are still dominant (Králová, 2009; Berková and Králová, 2015) . Those methods are not so motivating for students. In a group of the above-average intelligent students you can increase motivation for the subject Economics to use progressive teaching methods and gnoseological processes which illustrated the conceptual model of Higher-Order Cognitive Skills (Zoller, 2015: 4476) . The teachers can also use higher levels of Bloom's taxonomy, i.e. application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation or creativity. These students are most motivated by expertise of teachers and its exposition of curriculum in the form of analysis and interpretation of errors in practical situations. It is more desirable to use activate methods that can support their interest in the Economics.

Such methods are motivating.

The traditional teaching methods are still dominant.


The experiments spanning over a couple of weeks were conducted at a tunnel velocity of 2.0 m/s, body angles of attack and yaw equal to 0°, and with the tunnel temperature maintained at approximately 30 °C. Locusts are known to settle into optimum aerodynamic performance at a body angle of attack of about 7° [21] . The objective in this study, however, was to effectively capture the collision avoidance responses rather than to record the optimum aerodynamic performance of the insects. Therefore a body angle of attack equal to 0°was chosen which warranted minimum adjustments to the experimental setup. For video recordings, the test section was illuminated with red light to minimize interference with the looming stimulus and since locust photoreceptors are insensitive to it.

Locusts are known to settle into optimum aerodynamic performance at a body angle of attack of about 7°.


The development and dissemination of irrigation technologies have to take into account gender considerations and recognize the roles that women play in agriculture and in climate adaptation. A variety of approaches have been used to increase women smallholder farmers' access to technologies. These include, but are not limited to, direct targeting of technologies to women smallholder farmers, subsidy programs, and developing technologies with the participation of women farmers, among others. Despite the recognition that women play and will continue to play a major role in agriculture production and climate adaptation given their contribution to African agriculture, recent reviews conclude that a critical gender gap exists between men and women smallholder farmers in access to and use of irrigation technologies across the developing world (FAO 2011) .

Despite the recognition that women play and will continue to play a major role in agriculture production and climate adaptation given their contribution to African agriculture, recent reviews conclude that a critical gender gap exists between men and women smallholder farmers in access to and use of irrigation technologies across the developing world.


Land and water are two key natural resources on which poor people depend for their livelihoods, and often more heavily than the nonpoor. Within agriculture, irrigation water is a vital resource for many productive and livelihood activities, and irrigation technology has been suggested as a key strategy to enhance agricultural productivity especially in economically water scarce areas, that is, areas where water is not a limiting factor but farmers lack the financial means to develop available water resources (Hussain and Hanjra 2004) . Access to reliable irrigation water can enable farmers to adopt new technologies and intensify cultivation, leading to increased productivity, overall higher production, and greater returns from farming. This, in turn, opens up new employment opportunities, both on and off the farm, and can improve incomes, livelihoods, and the quality of life in rural areas. The productivity of crops grown under irrigated conditions is often substantially higher than that of the same crops under rainfed conditions. Higher productivity helps increase returns to farmers' endowments of land and labor resources.

Within agriculture, irrigation water is a vital resource for many productive and livelihood activities, and irrigation technology has been suggested as a key strategy to enhance agricultural productivity especially in economically water scarce areas, that is, areas where water is not a limiting factor but farmers lack the financial means to develop available water resources.


In addition to higher production stemming from high yields, production is also increased by higher land use intensity and cropping intensity. Farmers using irrigation are known to raise up to three irrigated crops per year, unlike in rainfed agriculture where farmers can have only one or two crops per year (Dhawan and Datta 1992) . Access to good irrigation enables crop-switching: replacing low-yielding and less profitable crops with new high-yielding and more profitable crops. Implicitly, this can imply switching from subsistence production to market-oriented production. Thus, irrigation can lead to crop diversification and enable the poor and smallholders to spread risk more evenly over the course of a year (Reardon and Taylor 1996) .

Farmers using irrigation are known to raise up to three irrigated crops per year, unlike in rainfed agriculture where farmers can have only one or two crops per year.

Thus, irrigation can lead to crop diversification and enable the poor and smallholders to spread risk more evenly over the course of a year.


In the next section, we introduce our logic. Section 3 examines the complexity of checking that a license property or client behavior specification holds. In Section 4, we show that our logic can be adapted to different license languages, by replacing our regular language with a variant of Digital-Rights [7] . We discuss related work in Section 5. Proofs of our technical results can be found in the appendix.

In Section 4, we show that our logic can be adapted to different license languages, by replacing our regular language with a variant of Digital-Rights.

We discuss related work in Section 5.


Flow is a highly enjoyable state of consciousness where people are so focused on a task that it amounts to complete absorption in an activity (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975) . It is characterized by a merging of action and awareness, sense of control, high concentration, loss of self-consciousness, and transformation of time (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975 (Csikszentmihalyi, , 1990 Nakamura & Csikszentmihalyi, 2002) . In other words, one becomes so completely involved in a task that he or she forgets time, fatigue, everyday problems, hassles and everything else but the activity itself.

Flow is a highly enjoyable state of consciousness where people are so focused on a task that it amounts to complete absorption in an activity.

It is characterized by a merging of action and awareness, sense of control, high concentration, loss of self-consciousness, and transformation of time.


Previous studies have shown that higher flow in learning is associated with higher performance (Engeser & Rheinberg, 2008) . Therefore, it may be that flow in learning leads to higher academic success, which in turn leads to higher well-being. In other words, it seems that in second years' student sample flow related to academic success serves as the fuel for life satisfaction and flourishing. At the same time, flow experienced in non-academic activities, although more frequent, is not relevant for students' well-being. Thus, the results of the study suggest that flow experienced in highly important activities has important correlates in terms of life satisfaction and flourishing, than the flow experienced in less important activities.

Previous studies have shown that higher flow in learning is associated with higher performance.


This paper is about the emergence of a network of anonymous users in Monterrey, a large city in Northern Mexico, who are using (mostly) pseudonymous accounts to inform and be informed about events in their city that could expose them to danger. While they also share reports about traffic accidents, the most serious danger they encounter comes from the fight between ruthless drug cartels that compete for control over land routes inside Mexico. Described sometimes as "war", this conflict for control between the cartels and with the Mexican authorities (local, state, and federal police, the Army, the Navy, etc.) is resulting in thousands of dead, fear, and uncertainty in the Mexican population [12] , [16] .

Described sometimes as "war", this conflict for control between the cartels and with the Mexican authorities (local, state, and federal police, the Army, the Navy, etc.) is resulting in thousands of dead, fear, and uncertainty in the Mexican population.


Many issuers of variable annuity (VA) contracts employ a hedging strategy to mitigate some of the risk borne out of writing these products. The challenge of estimating the sensitivities of VA liabilities to their key risk drivers is, therefore, an important issue to many practitioners. For the purposes of this article a VA contract is "any unit-linked or managed fund vehicle which offers optional guarantee benefits as a choice for the customer" [11] . The complex nature of the guaranteed benefits included in these products means that numerical techniques must be used to calculate such sensitivities. Monte Carlo simulation is perhaps the most flexible of these approaches.

For the purposes of this article a VA contract is "any unit-linked or managed fund vehicle which offers optional guarantee benefits as a choice for the customer".


The development of bamboo farming in Togo appears to be an alternative to reduce the pressure on forest species. But the socioeconomic study reveals that the use of bamboo in Togo still remains traditional (Kokou et al., 2006) . It is more used in buildings construction and in crafts, in contrary to Ghana where the bamboo already replaces validly the timbers in carpentry. In this country, industries and companies are highly specialized in the transformation of bamboo. This stage is necessary and indispensable to back a sustained production and a sustainable exploitation of bamboos resources in Togo.

But the socioeconomic study reveals that the use of bamboo in Togo still remains traditional.


In Another approach two shunt stubs have been added to the conventional Wilkinson power divider and at the output nodes [14] . The amount of the power division ratio has been controlled by the stub lengths. However, the bandwidth of the proposed divider is small in comparison to the conventional Wilkinson power divider.

In Another approach two shunt stubs have been added to the conventional Wilkinson power divider and at the output nodes.


Application of the T-shaped microstrip lines has also been proposed to design the Wilkinson power divider with high power dividing ratio [12] . In this approach, the microstrip lines with very low characteristic impedances have been replaced by the T-shaped microstrip lines. The physical dimensions of each T-shaped microstrip line are selected such that they would be equivalent to that in the original Wilkinson power divider, but such a solution decreases the power divider bandwidth a bit.

Application of the T-shaped microstrip lines has also been proposed to design the Wilkinson power divider with high power dividing ratio.


The extrusion of MgCa08 magnesium alloys is considered in this paper. The MgCa08 alloy has a very low technological plasticity [11, 12] . Problems resulting from a low plasticity of the considered alloy can be overcome by using appropriate material models, which allow to predict the fracture, and additional fracture criteria in the optimization process. The yield stress model and the fracture criterion were implemented to Qform using the Lua language. Material properties used for the simulation were determined by compression and tension tests performed with Zwick Z250 machine. For optimization of the extrusion process a few FEM simulations in the Qform software for various process parameters were performed. The aim of the optimization was to choose appropriate values for extrusion velocity, billet and die temperatures. Finally, based on the simulation results the extrusion process was performed and the microstructure of the obtained tubes was examined.

The MgCa08 alloy has a very low technological plasticity.


Our study documents the importance of examining coping processes following traumatic events in the wider context in which they occur. Because the forced relocation from Gush Katif was a collective event and the majority of residents were religious, individuals described their coping in religious terms, with a greater focus on their being part of a community than on their own individual experiences. It is important to note that the extent to which religion is involved in a given individual's coping with a particular event is largely dependent on the extent to which religion has already been part of his or her orienting system. Religion is more likely to be used in the coping of those for whom religion is a highly salient aspect of their understanding of self and world than in the coping of those who are less devout (Pargament, 1997) .

Religion is more likely to be used in the coping of those for whom religion is a highly salient aspect of their understanding of self and world than in the coping of those who are less devout.


CPFR is considered to be the latest strategy in the evolution of supply chain collaboration. Some of the earlier collaboration strategies like Continuous Replenishment Planning (CRP) and Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) focused more on replenishment planning activities and did not give much consideration to the aspects of demand forecasting and production planning. In CRP and VMI agreements, the customer is usually not involved in decision making activities and it becomes difficult for supplier to make accurate demand forecasting, production planning and replenishment planning decisions, especially in a variable demand environment. However, CPFR is a comprehensive collaboration strategy that provides an excellent opportunity for both the customer and the supplier to jointly develop demand forecast and replenishment planning activities.Wal-Mart can be credited in initiating the development of CPFR. In 1995, first CPFR project, originally known as Collaborative Forecasting and Replenishment (CFAR) was initiated by Wal-Mart (retailer) with Warner-Lambert (manufacturer). Consulting company Benchmarking Partners and the software companies SAP and Manugistics supported them in this project. Listerine mouthwash products were used to test this collaboration strategy during the pilot project. Wal-Mart and Warner-Lambert independently developed their demand forecasts and compared them on a weekly basis. Any discrepancies between their forecasts were resolved which helped both companies to work with a single forecast. This initial project was considered a success and since then several companies have implemented CPFR with their suppliers and/or their customers (Esper & Williams, 2003; Seifert, 2003; Aviv, 2007) .

This initial project was considered a success and since then several companies have implemented CPFR with their suppliers and/or their customers.


Overall evaluation results were robust to variations in both criteria weightings and performance evaluations for individual criteria. Variation in criteria weightings would not affect the selection of the option 'leave in place intact' as the single best-performing option, because this was the only option approved for all criteria. In such cases, the order of criteria does not influence the outcome of overall performance evaluations (Fraser and Hauge, 1998) .

In such cases, the order of criteria does not influence the outcome of overall performance evaluations.


The multi-criteria approach outlined here addresses many of the inherent challenges involved with upcoming decommissioning decisions of offshore oil and gas infrastructure. Perhaps most importantly, it provides a way to optimize decisions despite the existence of numerous alternative options, a wide range of conflicting criteria, and data gaps. Such complex decisions present exactly the type of problem humans are ill-equipped to solve unassisted (Kiker et al., 2005) . The transparency and objective nature of our approach will assist in minimizing known conflicts between stakeholder groups typically involved in the decommissioning process. Additionally, the simplicity of MA will make the approach efficient and cheap to implement relative to other more complex methods of decision analysis (Laukkanen et al., 2002) . Lastly, the approach can be adapted to a wide range of decommissioning scenarios through simple adjustment of the criteria and option lists in the decision matrix. However, the approach may not be the most appropriate for all decommissioning scenarios. Considerable research will be required to determine the extent of applicability and to refine various components, especially methods of stakeholder participation and elicitation of expert opinion.

Such complex decisions present exactly the type of problem humans are ill-equipped to solve unassisted.

Additionally, the simplicity of MA will make the approach efficient and cheap to implement relative to other more complex methods of decision analysis.


There is evidence that anti-social behaviour is becoming more prevalent in the UK (Collishaw et al, 2004) . The social disruption, demands on a variety of services and the financial cost of this behaviour are considerable (Scott et al, 2001) . One known antecedent of later anti-social behaviour is hyperactivity in young children (Sonuga-Barke et al, 1997) . Accordingly, it is a priority to identify action that might be taken to reduce hyperactivity in children.

There is evidence that anti-social behaviour is becoming more prevalent in the UK.

The social disruption, demands on a variety of services and the financial cost of this behaviour are considerable.

One known antecedent of later anti-social behaviour is hyperactivity in young children.


Our mathematical work is not intended to predict the evolution of any two specific fanatic ideologies in our current society but rather to give a very general qualitative measure of the forces behind fanatic acts and the social structure that facilitates the existence of such groups [2] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [23] , [24] , [26] . It is important to note that the concepts of ideology, fanatic, and terrorist behavior are too vague and complex to be defined in this work. In this work we hope to gain some insight into possible mechanisms by which social organizations form due to a shared common ideology among its potential members or due to group pressure. Understanding this will help us identify the conditions and limiting factors that allow certain social groups to prevail.

Our mathematical work is not intended to predict the evolution of any two specific fanatic ideologies in our current society but rather to give a very general qualitative measure of the forces behind fanatic acts and the social structure that facilitates the existence of such groups.


There are numerous examples where individuals have influenced one another even though they have never met in person. This can happen for example via a phone conversation or electronic mail. It is this type of contact that we assume in our work and thereby attempt to develop some qualitative framework that might shed light on possible ways of fighting extreme ideologies (fanaticism) that might hinder mankind. In an effort to better understand the spread of ideas in a vulnerable population we have extended the work of Castillo-Chavez and Song to include interaction between two interest groups [8] . We assume that interaction includes competition, cooperation, and synergy. Interest groups may include but are not limited to those which are socially active, focused politically, unions, educational groups, informal social groups, professional societies, fanatic groups, terrorists, and religious groups. In particular, we study the spread of ideas as an epidemiological contact process where the populations in each subclass are assumed to be different but homogeneous within each subclass. Transmission of ideas is not an individualto-individual process but rather part of a group effort A key element in this work is the trade off between recruitment of individuals into the core population and retention. Here contacts between core and non-core individuals extend beyond its physical meaning to include indirect interaction and spread of ideas through phone conversations, emails, media sources, and other similar means.

In an effort to better understand the spread of ideas in a vulnerable population we have extended the work of Castillo-Chavez and Song to include interaction between two interest groups.


For both models, the more efforts that an organization implements to recruit and retain its members the more effective it will be in transmitting the ideology to other individuals but this holds for homogeneous populations. Our model focuses on long-term dynamics and it is possible that transient dynamics might be significant in changing environments. Future work on this topic could incorporate more realism within the models such as including volatile or variable environmental conditions. Additionally, in the cross-diffusion model, we could allow for cross-recruitment from the E i to F j (β 5 , ρ 5 = 0). We could also allow for backsliding where individuals move back one class when in the E category only (rather than exit to the general population). We could also imagine explicitly incorporating intervention or re-education programs. For example, a recent article describes a jihadi rehabilitation center that attempts to do just that [27] . Allowing for additional competing ideologies, ideologies with distinct processes, limited resources of a given ideology, or heterogeneous populations (where individual actions would play a role) would also be natural extensions.

For example, a recent article describes a jihadi rehabilitation center that attempts to do just that.


Various methods are available for predicting long-term wind speeds in offshore areas, which rely on long-term measurements at nearby land sites in comparison with short-term records offshore. In this paper, we have chosen three methods that have been used in the evaluation of wind resources at Danish offshore sites and have shown to give promising results there [1] , [2] , [5] . In addition to the above approaches we have also used two new methods.

In this paper, we have chosen three methods that have been used in the evaluation of wind resources at Danish offshore sites and have shown to give promising results there.


Piezoelectric actuators (PEAs) have been widely used in nanopositioning systems due to their fast response and nanometer scale resolution [1] [2] [3] . However, the hysteresis existing in PEAs can greatly limit system performance [4, 5] . Control of hysteretic system is an important area of control system research and a challenging problem [6] [7] [8] [9] . Research on feedback and model-based feedforward control has been studied to achieve relatively high-precision positioning [10] [11] [12] [13] . Iterative methods can be used to improve the positioning performance if the positioning application is repetitive. Therefore, many researchers study the iterative and adaptive control methods to minimize the adverse effect of hysteresis [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] .

Piezoelectric actuators (PEAs) have been widely used in nanopositioning systems due to their fast response and nanometer scale resolution.

However, the hysteresis existing in PEAs can greatly limit system performance.

Control of hysteretic system is an important area of control system research and a challenging problem.

Research on feedback and model-based feedforward control has been studied to achieve relatively high-precision positioning.

Therefore, many researchers study the iterative and adaptive control methods to minimize the adverse effect of hysteresis.


In mathematics and physics, a de Sitter space is the analogue in Minkowski space, or spacetime, of a sphere in ordinary, Euclidean space. The n-dimensional de Sitter space, denoted dS n , is the Lorentzian manifold analogue of an n-sphere (with its canonical Riemannian metric). It is maximally symmetric, has constant positive curvature, and is simply connected for n at least 3. More recently, it has been considered as the setting for special relativity rather than using Minkowski space, since a group contraction reduces the isometry group of de Sitter space to the Poincaré group, allowing a unification of the spacetime translation subgroup and Lorentz transformation subgroup of the Poincaré group into a simple group rather than a semi-simple group. This alternate formulation of special relativity is called de Sitter relativity, [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .

This alternate formulation of special relativity is called de Sitter relativity.


To highlight the perverse incentives under a tax system lacking group provisions, this paper aims to provide evidence from a large-scale dataset on the behavioral response to the tax disadvantage. The focus is on the incentive to shift income among domestic affiliates-a type of behavior that is understudied in economics as compared to income shifting by multinational corporations, where the differences in tax rates across countries create opportunities for tax avoidance (Grubert and Mutti 1991; Hines and Rice 1994; Grubert and Slemrod 1998) . Our study focuses on the incentives created by the differences in marginal tax rates between profitable and unprofitable corporations, and adds to a small number of previous studies on within-jurisdiction income shifting in economics (Gramlich et al. 2004; Jung et al. 2007; Giudici and Paleari 1998) . In our view, it is important to distinguish between these two types of income shifting: unlike tax shelters involving offshore tax havens, which is a problem in itself, income shifting among domestic affiliates can be viewed as a symptom of problems with the tax system, provided that the shifting takes place in a close-knit group for which organizing businesses in multiple entities is efficient.

The focus is on the incentive to shift income among domestic affiliates-a type of behavior that is understudied in economics as compared to income shifting by multinational corporations, where the differences in tax rates across countries create opportunities for tax avoidance.

Our study focuses on the incentives created by the differences in marginal tax rates between profitable and unprofitable corporations, and adds to a small number of previous studies on within-jurisdiction income shifting in economics.


World experience convincingly suggests that the most effective way of providing the population with the necessary nutrients, namely proteins, is the production of special foods based on concentrates of milk proteins. The valuable protein raw materials for these products are secondary products of the dairy industry, including buttermilk. Such raw material contains almost the entire protein, carbohydrate and mineral complex of whole milk, but is characterized by a low content of fat [2, 3] . In addition, volumes of production of buttermilk are significant, which makes it expedient for using in the technology of products of special purpose [4] .

Such raw material contains almost the entire protein, carbohydrate and mineral complex of whole milk, but is characterized by a low content of fat.

In addition, volumes of production of buttermilk are significant, which makes it expedient for using in the technology of products of special purpose.


CHC results in a process of inflammation and progressive fibrosis [2] . Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are involved in this process and the plasma levels of these may be associated with different stages of hepatitis Cassociated liver fibrosis [9, 10] . Although current knowledge about these inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is limited, studies have demonstrated that the plasma levels of some chemokines correlate with liver fibrosis [11] [12] [13] . There is a need for non-invasive, simple, inexpensive, and accurate tools to determine and monitor liver fibrosis in CHC patients. Chemokines, cytokines, and other plasma proteins are easily obtainable from a blood sample and are an attractive possibility.

CHC results in a process of inflammation and progressive fibrosis.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are involved in this process and the plasma levels of these may be associated with different stages of hepatitis Cassociated liver fibrosis.

Although current knowledge about these inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is limited, studies have demonstrated that the plasma levels of some chemokines correlate with liver fibrosis.


Coronary artery disease (CAD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are specific examples of heart disease -the most common cause of death in the developed world. Both conditions can be treated surgically, by strategic scarring of tissues in AF, and by coronary artery bypass grafting in CAD. Conventional surgery is performed via a median sternotomy on the arrested heart, requiring the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), aortic cross clamping, and myocardial preservation. The latter are the main causes of side effects that lead to increased patient recovery times and costs [1] .

The latter are the main causes of side effects that lead to increased patient recovery times and costs.


We study four different observing systems that measure or retrieve CH 4 mole fractions (nmol mol −1 , abbreviated ppb): SCIAMACHY, the Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation -Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) on board the Greenhouse Gas Observing SATellite (GOSAT), the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on board the Meteorological Operational Polar satellite (MetOp) and surface air sample sites from various networks (the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Italian National Agency for New Technology, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)). These observations do not have the same spatial (horizontal but also vertical) resolution nor the same spatiotemporal sampling, and therefore they are not easy to compare directly. We use the transport model of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMDz4) coupled with the atmospheric chemistry module Simplified Assimilation Chemical System (SACS) to invert the methane fluxes from each data set on a spatial grid of 3.75 • × 2.5 • with a weekly temporal resolution. SACS allows combining methane observations and methyl-chloroform (CH 3 CCl 3 , called MCF hereinafter) observations to simultaneously optimize the emissions and oxidation of CH 4 (Pison et al., 2009) . We compare the posterior methane emissions and losses inferred from the various observing systems at both global and regional scales in order to assess the consistency of their information about methane emissions over the globe. The inversion that assimilates surface measurements is taken here as the reference to evaluate the satellite products.

SACS allows combining methane observations and methyl-chloroform (CH 3 CCl 3 , called MCF hereinafter) observations to simultaneously optimize the emissions and oxidation of CH 4.


The study showed that children"s consumption of soybean products was related to whether or not family members had conversations about food at meals and whether or not mothers told their children about Japanese foods (Osera et al, 2016b) . The study showed that talking about food, talking about taste and food preferences were related to non-cognitive skills toward food. Conversation between mothers and children during meals may be important for the development of children"s non-cognitive skills toward food.

The study showed that children"s consumption of soybean products was related to whether or not family members had conversations about food at meals and whether or not mothers told their children about Japanese foods.


Here, we identified the gene encoding for the acetoacetate decarboxylase (DEC1) that is under the control of C. heterostrophus signal transduction pathway components. This gene is involved directly in the pathogenesis process and its controlling is important in epidemic prevention. Genes at two unlinked loci (Tox1A and Tox1B) are required for production of the polyketide T-toxin by C. heterostrophus race T, a pathogenic fungus that requires T-toxin for high virulence to maize with T-cytoplasm (Kodama et al. 1999) . Previous studies indicated that Tox1A encodes a polyketide synthase (PKS1) and Tox1B locus containing the DEC1 and RED1 genes required for polyketide (T-toxin) biosynthesis and high virulence on T-cytoplasm maize (Kodama et al. 1999; Rose et al. 2002) . To date, no role has been identified for G-protein and MAPK signalling components in controlling the Tox1 associated genes.

Genes at two unlinked loci (Tox1A and Tox1B) are required for production of the polyketide T-toxin by C. heterostrophus race T, a pathogenic fungus that requires T-toxin for high virulence to maize with T-cytoplasm.

Previous studies indicated that Tox1A encodes a polyketide synthase (PKS1) and Tox1B locus containing the DEC1 and RED1 genes required for polyketide (T-toxin) biosynthesis and high virulence on T-cytoplasm maize.


When an elastic body of revolution rolls tractively over another, the traction field in the contact patch changes progressively with the distance traversed, from its initial distribution, until it reaches a certain constant distribution. This distribution, which is independent of the initial field prior to commencement of rolling, does not vary with further (steady-state) rolling. This eventual rolling regime is termed gross rolling; the period building up to it, from commencement of rolling, is termed the prerolling regime. The resultant traction in this regime is characterized by rate-independent hysteresis behavior with nonlocal memory in function of the traversed displacement [1] . Although steady-state gross rolling is fairly well understood and theoretically founded, the situation is different in regard to prerolling. This paper deals with the theoretical treatment of the prerolling period.

The resultant traction in this regime is characterized by rate-independent hysteresis behavior with nonlocal memory in function of the traversed displacement.


In addition to virtualization, content duplication has been effectively exploited in other domains. In context of data storage, reducing storage requirements in primary and archival data storage applications by eliminating duplicate data blocks has been widely studied (Zhu et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2010) . Kernel Shared Memory (KSM) allows duplicate memory to be consolidated in Linux with or without virtualization (Arcangeli et al., 2009) .

In context of data storage, reducing storage requirements in primary and archival data storage applications by eliminating duplicate data blocks has been widely studied.

Kernel Shared Memory (KSM) allows duplicate memory to be consolidated in Linux with or without virtualization.


Patients with IBD appear to be at increased risk of exhibiting mood disorders, such as anxiety or depression, compared with healthy individuals [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . However, whether this is a consequence of, or an etiological factor in, GI inflammation remains uncertain. In people with functional GI disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, longitudinal studies suggest that there is an increased likelihood of asymptomatic people who demonstrate anxiety or depression at baseline developing GI symptoms de novo [13] . This raises the possibility that coexistent anxiety or depression in patients with IBD, particularly if unrecognised or untreated, may have a deleterious effect on the natural history of IBD.

Patients with IBD appear to be at increased risk of exhibiting mood disorders, such as anxiety or depression, compared with healthy individuals.

In people with functional GI disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, longitudinal studies suggest that there is an increased likelihood of asymptomatic people who demonstrate anxiety or depression at baseline developing GI symptoms de novo.


The qualitative change of the local return map induces qualitative changes to the dynamics on a small scale. A piecewise discontinuous map with a square-root singularity of the slope on one side of the discontinuity, as occurs for θ < 0 in the minimal example, shows inverted period-adding cascades of periodic orbits if one varies the parameter µ through its critical value [13] . The parameter range where these cascades can be observed is of order ε. In the other case, θ > 0, the observed dynamics depends strongly on the one-sided derivative s(θ , 0, 0) defined in Lemma 3. It can be chaotic if s(θ , 0, 0) < −1, which is possible for small θ . Our analysis is valid on a scale of order ε 2 in phase space and parameter space.

A piecewise discontinuous map with a square-root singularity of the slope on one side of the discontinuity, as occurs for θ < 0 in the minimal example, shows inverted period-adding cascades of periodic orbits if one varies the parameter µ through its critical value.


In section 3, we study the singularity of S ∩ X, where X is a hypersurface of degree 5. We show that there is no of degree 5 hypersurfaces X such that S ∩ X is singular along a zero-dimensional subscheme P satisfying Cayley-Bacharach property for O (5) . In section 4 we will classify the obstructed bundles. In fact, we will show that if c 2 ≤ 18, then every vector bundle E ∈ M(H, c 2 ) either admits a non-zero section or the space of obstructions H 2 (End 0 (E)) vanishes. In other words, E ∈ M(H, c 2 ) is obstructed if and only if h 0 (E) = 0. In section 5, we will prove the Theorem 1.1 and as an application we will give a partial proof the Mestrano-Simpson conjecture. In section 6, we will show that the moduli space M(H, c 2 ) is non-empty and irreducible for 5 ≤ c 2 ≤ 10, c 2 = 7 and for c 2 ≤ 4 and c 2 = 7, it is empty. Finally in section 7, we will give an upper bound for the boundary strata and using it we will show that if M(H, c 2 ) is good for c 2 ≥ 27 then M(H, c 2 ) is also good for c 2 ≥ 27. In other words, every component of M(H, c 2 ) has the dimension equals to the expected dimension 4c 2 − 39.

We show that there is no of degree 5 hypersurfaces X such that S ∩ X is singular along a zero-dimensional subscheme P satisfying Cayley-Bacharach property for O.


Given the importance of informal competition, it is essential to explore the effects of this phenomenon on the innovation capacity of Latin American companies and analyze how informal competition's interaction with institutional factors affects innovation, and which strategies companies can use to mitigate the effects of informal competition on innovation performance (Grazzi & Pitrobelli, 2016; Webb et al., 2014) . For both the theory and the practice of strategic processes, it is important to analyze how Latin America's particular conditions interrelate and influence the enterprises' innovation performance (Mendi & Costamagna, 2017) . In the same vein, other arguments highlighting the need to analyze the relationship between informal competition and innovative performance are that no theory has attempted to explain the effect of quality of governance on the informal competition among, and the innovation performance of companies in emerging economies. In particular, the effect of quality of governance on strategic processes such as innovation has been ignored (Becheikh, Landry & Amara, 2006) . Moreover, the factors behind innovation performance in emerging economies are underexplored, as most studies have been conducted in developed countries, where conditions are different from those of emerging economies (Grazzi & Pitrobelli, 2016) .

Given the importance of informal competition, it is essential to explore the effects of this phenomenon on the innovation capacity of Latin American companies and analyze how informal competition's interaction with institutional factors affects innovation, and which strategies companies can use to mitigate the effects of informal competition on innovation performance.

For both the theory and the practice of strategic processes, it is important to analyze how Latin America's particular conditions interrelate and influence the enterprises' innovation performance.

In particular, the effect of quality of governance on strategic processes such as innovation has been ignored.

Moreover, the factors behind innovation performance in emerging economies are underexplored, as most studies have been conducted in developed countries, where conditions are different from those of emerging economies.


Fourth, the SAS used in this study was designed by the occupational therapist and the teacher collaboratively. Many factors were taken into account when designing the intervention including LR's individual sensory needs as indicated by standardised assessment, observations of LR in the school environment as well as written and verbal reports from teachers. Assessment involving many different forms of information gathering has been identified as best practice when dealing with complex sensory-behavioural manifestations in ASD and ID (Schaaf & Blanche, 2011) . Similar individualised assessment and SAS development would be necessary if the intervention reported here were to be used with another child. It is anticipated that LR will need regular reviews of his sensory needs to ensure that activities continue to be age and context appropriate in the ongoing management of challenging behaviour.

Assessment involving many different forms of information gathering has been identified as best practice when dealing with complex sensory-behavioural manifestations in ASD and ID.


The assumption underlying use of sensory activities where challenging behaviours exist in the classroom is that they mediate the relationship and social behaviours of both teachers and students, and are only one factor among many in the complex relationships of teaching and learning (Oblinger, 2006) . Included in the implementation of classroom and curriculum adaptations is a plan to systematically evaluate the behavioural outcomes in ways that are consistent with student goals, teacher and school processes. The aim of sensory interventions which are implemented within the classroom for children with challenging behaviours that are triggered by sensory events is to achieve self-regulation for school performance and to counteract inconsistent, situation specific, splintered performance which hinders overall achievement. While occupational therapists often use tests of specific function such as visual perceptual tests or measures of planning for diagnostic purposes, they are global measures that might not reflect the specificity of expected outcomes for particular students such as those with ASD and ID, and are not used to measure change. Goal based and criterion referenced evaluation provides the best evidence of the success of classroom based sensory interventions developed by therapists and implemented by teachers. The purpose of this case study was to investigate the effects of using a Sensory Activity Schedule to reduce challenging behaviours and increase participation for one child with ASD and ID by employing behavioural measures that were used and understood by teachers. This is the first step in a line of research to further verify its use.

The assumption underlying use of sensory activities where challenging behaviours exist in the classroom is that they mediate the relationship and social behaviours of both teachers and students, and are only one factor among many in the complex relationships of teaching and learning.


This critical case study aimed to document the impact of a Sensory Activity Schedule on challenging behaviour exhibited by one child with ASD and ID. The SAS was implemented by school staff after training from an occupational therapist. After implementation of SAS, data indicated that documented incidents of challenging behaviour which were interpreted to be both sensory and non-sensory in motivation declined. There may be several reasons for this finding. First, this intervention may have changed the sensory context of the learning environment such that it enabled LR's successful participation (Chapparo & Lowe, 2011) . Specifically, the nature of activities within the SAS may have contributed to a change in the way LR was able to regulate and respond to sensory cues in the classroom resulting in expected learning behaviours. For example, proprioceptive input provided by the SAS at regular intervals may have afforded LR the opportunity to meet his sensory needs (heavy resistance) during sedentary tasks without the need to hit others. The scheduling of activities at predictable times and prior to difficult tasks may have contributed to LR being able to predict and learn to 'get ready' for task performance. This finding is consistent with literature that advocates provision of set opportunities to engage in sensory input throughout the school day may enable participation (Ashburner et al., 2014) . Second, the results demonstrated a reduction in challenging behaviours during events that were not assessed as sensory. Using positive behaviour support principles, the aim of a SAS is not to fix sensory processing disorders, but to implement strategies to enable task performance. It uses sensory activities to assist students to regulate their arousal and anxiety during events that may pose sensory or other types of threats. A wealth of evidence describes how students with ASD and ID are likely to experience anxiety when there is poor fit between their needs and their environment (Dunlap et al., 2008) . While this may be whenever there is limited opportunity to gain sensory inputs, it also may be when there is a need to gain social attention, escape from or avoid excessive demands, gain access to preferred activities, exert choice or control, understand and communicate with the teachers and others. SAS may exert a regulatory influence on anxiety in general and in turn, challenging behaviours. Evidence supports use of 'graded exposure', a core component in managing anxiety in children with ASD. Graded exposure involves supporting students with anxiety to try tasks or activities that increase their stress or anxiety (Drahota, Wood, Sze, & van Dyke, 2011) . It is possible that introduction of SAS activities combined with difficult tasks provides the graded support needed to reduced anxiety both in the presence and absence of sensory threat.

First, this intervention may have changed the sensory context of the learning environment such that it enabled LR's successful participation.

This finding is consistent with literature that advocates provision of set opportunities to engage in sensory input throughout the school day may enable participation.

A wealth of evidence describes how students with ASD and ID are likely to experience anxiety when there is poor fit between their needs and their environment.

Graded exposure involves supporting students with anxiety to try tasks or activities that increase their stress or anxiety.


In the interpretation of the results, some limitations of the study have to be considered. It should be recalled that the study is based on respondents' perception of the quantity of household food waste, which is likely to be underestimated [26] . Therefore, the dependent variable used in the model cannot be considered a reliable proxy for the actual quantity of food waste produced by respondents' households; rather, it can be used as a proxy for consumer awareness of their wasteful behavior at home. In this light, it appears clearer why respondents' awareness of motivations underpinning food waste at home emerges as a strong predictor of the quantity of food waste declared; consumers who are more aware of why they waste food at home may be likely to declare more food waste as a consequence of their higher concern about the issue. Another limitation concerns the discrepancy in the number of respondents recruited in the two study areas, which does not allow drawing conclusive evidence with respect to the role of the context in determining consumer awareness and perception of the food waste issue.

It should be recalled that the study is based on respondents' perception of the quantity of household food waste, which is likely to be underestimated.


In Italy, the yearly amount of food waste is estimated at 6.5 million tons, with 48% of this waste generated at the household level [31] . The carbon footprint of this food waste represents around 3% of the total Italian carbon footprint. The water required in the agricultural sector to produce the food that is thus lost is equivalent to 1200 billion liters [20, 32] .

In Italy, the yearly amount of food waste is estimated at 6.5 million tons, with 48% of this waste generated at the household level.

The water required in the agricultural sector to produce the food that is thus lost is equivalent to 1200 billion liters.


Because the model is used for estimation of initial hardness of connection, only hardness value is necessary for each of its components. Although model could be developed for estimation of the (M-) complete curve, but it is necessary to be presented a suitable F -curve for each element [10, 11] . Due to slip components and being elliptical screw holes and some other reasons in cyclic loadings and complexity of modeling these components in component method, monotonic loading.Has been studied in this project. Beam to column connection response could be described using T-stubs connections which are used to model their tensile zones components.

Although model could be developed for estimation of the (M-) complete curve, but it is necessary to be presented a suitable F -curve for each element.

Has been studied in this project.


In order to increase the accuracy and conformity, this method profit from the non-linear structural relations of Fig. 1 : Suggested Eurocode3 model for connection with element instead of too many elements. In element-based flange plate method, modeling is performed as a macro element with a combination of rigid rod and springs which represent and element constructive relation. Element-based methods used a combination of rigid elements and flexible spring which could show source of the deformation of an individual element. Elements are usually modeled mechanically by using geometric features and material properties. Eurocode3 was the first regulation for adapting components concept in order to determine the properties of connections deign. Although the prediction of complex response of hysteresis still has remained as a challenge. All of the mathematical models are idealized based on mechanical features in some parts. Idealization maybe leads to the elimination of some aspects of mechanical behavior which are maybe significant in mathematical presentation. Eurocode3 hardness model has been studied as main model [8, 9] . Nomenclature of each component is shown is Table 1 . Considered model also is presented in Figure (1 ).

Eurocode3 hardness model has been studied as main model.


However, the dense vegetation cover in the wildflower strips protected the soil surface from cooling and the baits were usually not frozen there. This was the reason why slugs were found exclusively in the wildflower strips in some weeks. The particularly low number of slugs found in field F3 cannot be explained by low temperatures, because at Uettligen night temperatures were above 0°C during weeks one to three. The low number of slugs at this location was probably due to a fairly fine soil surface with few crevices representing unsuitable conditions for slugs (Moens, Latteur & Fayt, 1992) .

The low number of slugs at this location was probably due to a fairly fine soil surface with few crevices representing unsuitable conditions for slugs.


In this study, the method of area under the absorbancewavelength curve (AUAWC) was used to determine the total metabolomic contents of Yangxue injection in rats, which is composed of sodium ferulate, tetramethylpyrazine hydrochloride, tanshinol sodium, and sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate and has effects on reducing blood viscosity, eliminating blood fat, and improving blood circulation. The previous results verified that the linear relationship between AUAWC and drug total concentration was good by the scanning of ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer [22] . Therefore, the total drug contents of Yangxue injection could be determined through AUAWC of blood samples in rats, and the metabolomic profile could be obtained when the data in vivo were analyzed. Moreover, compared with the metabolomic profile from the HPLC method, the feasibility, rationality, and accuracy of the method of AUAWC used for TCM with multicomponents would be verified according to pharmacokinetics data from Yangxue injection. It will play an important role in the integration of TCM and western medicine in future pharmacokinetics research and clinical application.

The previous results verified that the linear relationship between AUAWC and drug total concentration was good by the scanning of ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer.


A clinical hold is issued by FDA to delay the start of a proposed clinical trial or to suspend an ongoing trial(s). A clinical trial may be placed on hold because (1) subjects are or would be exposed to an unreasonable and significant risk, (2) the IND does not contain sufficient information required to assess risk to subjects, (3) clinical investigators are not qualified, or (4) the investigator's brochure is misleading, erroneous, or materially incomplete (21 CFR 312.42(b)(1)). Additional grounds exist for placing a Phase 2/3 trial on hold, such as the plan or protocol is clearly deficient in its design to meet its stated objectives (21 CFR 312.42(b) (2) ). This study found that roughly one half of all the clinical holds were placed during the 30-day safety review. These clinical holds are usually based on issues arising from nonclinical studies and/or concerns regarding the planned dosing or monitoring. In contrast, ongoing INDs are at risk for being placed on hold because of new safety signals arising from serious adverse events occurring in ongoing clinical trials. Oftentimes, these new risks can be mitigated through changes in the protocol (ie, entry criteria, monitoring, etc) and changes to the informed consent, thus avoiding a clinical hold.

Additional grounds exist for placing a Phase 2/3 trial on hold, such as the plan or protocol is clearly deficient in its design to meet its stated objectives (21 CFR 312.42(b)).


Since Mg is required for many enzymatic reactions, Mg deficiency can presumably affect numerous physiological processes. Some studies have reported changes in body composition with dietary Mg restriction. In rats, maternal and postnatal feeding of a Mg-deficient diet decreased body weight, lean body mass, and fat free mass and increased percentage body fat in the offspring [13, 14] . In contrast, body weight, fat mass, and lean mass were similar in rats fed a high-fat diet containing normal or low Mg beginning after weaning [15] .

In rats, maternal and postnatal feeding of a Mg-deficient diet decreased body weight, lean body mass, and fat free mass and increased percentage body fat in the offspring.

In contrast, body weight, fat mass, and lean mass were similar in rats fed a high-fat diet containing normal or low Mg beginning after weaning.


Generally, there exists three types of tandem architectures, the two, three, and four terminals. In the twoterminal architecture, the top solar cell is processed directly on the bottom solar cell. Since the top and bottom cells are electrically connected in series, it follows that current generation within both the top and bottom cells must be equal-a constraint known as current matching [9] . The first twoterminal perovskite/Si tandem cell appeared in 2015 and obtained a relatively low PCE of 13.7% due to the current mismatch issue and parasitic absorption [11] . By using a heterojunction bottom Si cell and optimized layer thicknesses, the PCE has been raised to 21.2% in 2016 [12] . After the caesium formamidinium lead halide perovskite was introduced in 2017, the record PCE further increased to 23.6% and also obtained good device stability [13] . However, the strict requirement of current matching constrains the bandgaps of the top and bottom cells, which limits the design flexibility and makes efficiency improvement more difficult. One approach is the three-terminal structures, in which two subcells are connected in parallel through a transparent conducting interlayer that acts as a common electrode to the two subcells [14] . In this structure, each material level must provide the same voltage and we can say that they are voltage matched, which is less restrictive than the current limitation of the two-terminal structures [15] . And the theoretical efficiency for three-terminal perovskite/Si tandem devices reaches 35%, showing the potential for the design of efficient tandem devices [16] .

Since the top and bottom cells are electrically connected in series, it follows that current generation within both the top and bottom cells must be equal-a constraint known as current matching.

The first twoterminal perovskite/Si tandem cell appeared in 2015 and obtained a relatively low PCE of 13.7% due to the current mismatch issue and parasitic absorption.

By using a heterojunction bottom Si cell and optimized layer thicknesses, the PCE has been raised to 21.2% in 2016.

After the caesium formamidinium lead halide perovskite was introduced in 2017, the record PCE further increased to 23.6% and also obtained good device stability.

One approach is the three-terminal structures, in which two subcells are connected in parallel through a transparent conducting interlayer that acts as a common electrode to the two subcells.

In this structure, each material level must provide the same voltage and we can say that they are voltage matched, which is less restrictive than the current limitation of the two-terminal structures.

And the theoretical efficiency for three-terminal perovskite/Si tandem devices reaches 35%, showing the potential for the design of efficient tandem devices.


In this study, BAMBI was found expressed in the cell membrane and cytoplasm close to the membrane of breast cancer. This has been confirmed by use two different BAMBI antibodies for Immunofluorescence. Three breast cell lines expressed BAMBI protein and mRNA in the order of expression quantity which consistent with their proliferation and migration, which was confirmed by use Western Blot and RT-PCR. BAMBI was also detected in ovarian cancer as has been already shown [9] . This may indicate that BAMBI has distinct functions in proliferation and migration of breast cancer. BAMBI is a similar gene in the human genome and has strong homology in sequence as Xenopus BAMBI gene. In fact, many of the features of human gene BAMBI are obtained from the study of Xenopus BAMBI gene.

BAMBI was also detected in ovarian cancer as has been already shown.


Flavonoid biosynthesis is one of the most studied branches of phenolic compounds, encompassing more than 4,000 different substances distributed within the plant kingdom. Flavonoids are divided into subgroups (flavanones, flavones, flavonols, leucoanthocyanidins, anthocyanins and isoflavonoids) and are abundant in flowers, fruits and leaves which comprise a diverse set of functions (Taylor and Grotewold, 2005) . Chalcone synthase (CHS) is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first committed step of the flavonoid pathway.

Flavonoids are divided into subgroups (flavanones, flavones, flavonols, leucoanthocyanidins, anthocyanins and isoflavonoids) and are abundant in flowers, fruits and leaves which comprise a diverse set of functions.


We give a direct geometric interpretation of the path model for representations and the associated Weyl group combinatorics [20] . As a consequence, we get a generalization of Macdonald's formula for Hall-Littelwood polynomials in type A n [23] . Our formula can be seen as a geometric compression of Schwer's formula [26] .

We give a direct geometric interpretation of the path model for representations and the associated Weyl group combinatorics.

As a consequence, we get a generalization of Macdonald's formula for Hall-Littelwood polynomials in type A n.

Our formula can be seen as a geometric compression of Schwer's formula.


Only in the last two decades have low-noise supersonic wind tunnels been developed [3, 6] . This development has been difficult, because the test-section wall boundary layers must be kept laminar to avoid high levels of eddy-Mach-wave acoustic radiation from the normally present turbulent boundary layers. A Mach-3.5 tunnel was the first to be successfully developed at NASA Langley Research Center [7] . Langley then developed a Mach-6 quiet nozzle, which was used as a starting point for the new Purdue University nozzle [8] . It was removed from service due to operational conflicts and changing research priorities. The facility is now housed at Texas A&M University. The joint Boeing and U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) Mach-6 Quiet Tunnel (BAM6QT) is the first operational hypersonic quiet tunnel with low operating costs and good optical access [9] .

Only in the last two decades have low-noise supersonic wind tunnels been developed.

A Mach-3.5 tunnel was the first to be successfully developed at NASA Langley Research Center.

Langley then developed a Mach-6 quiet nozzle, which was used as a starting point for the new Purdue University nozzle.

The joint Boeing and U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) Mach-6 Quiet Tunnel (BAM6QT) is the first operational hypersonic quiet tunnel with low operating costs and good optical access.


Many transition experiments have been carried out in conventional ground-testing facilities over the past 50 years [2] . However, these experiments are contaminated by the high levels of noise that radiate from the turbulent boundary layers normally present on the wind-tunnel walls [3] . Noise level is defined here as the root-meansquare pitot pressurep divided by mean pitot pressure p. These noise levels, typically 0.5-1%, are an order of magnitude larger than those observed in flight [4, 5] . These high noise levels can cause transition to occur an order of magnitude earlier than in flight [3, 5] . In addition, the mechanisms of transition that are operational in smalldisturbance environments can be changed or bypassed altogether in high-noise environments; these changes in the mechanisms change the parametric trends in transition [4] .

Many transition experiments have been carried out in conventional ground-testing facilities over the past 50 years.

However, these experiments are contaminated by the high levels of noise that radiate from the turbulent boundary layers normally present on the wind-tunnel walls.

These noise levels, typically 0.5-1%, are an order of magnitude larger than those observed in flight.

These high noise levels can cause transition to occur an order of magnitude earlier than in flight.

In addition, the mechanisms of transition that are operational in smalldisturbance environments can be changed or bypassed altogether in high-noise environments; these changes in the mechanisms change the parametric trends in transition.


We aim to address two short-comings of this model in detail. Firstly, while useful in its transparency, the behaviour of such a one-dimensional dynamical system is extremely limited. Iconic phenomena such as hysteresis loops are a common metaphor for transitions in very complex systems, although do not take into account the additional degrees of freedom of high dimensional systems which may exhibit cyclical, complex or chaotic behaviour, inaccessible to such a simple metaphor. It is therefore unclear the extent to which this picture fits such high-dimensional systems. On the other hand, while more complicated many-body systems benefit from a much richer zoo of emergent behaviours, it typically comes at the expense of transparency, exchanging generality for a more faithful representation of a specific system. Along with increasingly complex environments, the relevance of the reign-control mechanism to very much larger populations of diverse biotic elements in unclear. Daisyworld does not address the mechanism by which the pair of antagonistic species might emerge. While later work makes clear that the mechanism is not unique to a two-species model, a persistent theme of such models is that they are in some sense designed (Lenton 1998) .

While later work makes clear that the mechanism is not unique to a two-species model, a persistent theme of such models is that they are in some sense designed.


Contemporary approaches appear limited to reconstructing 3D building models at level-of-detail (LoD) 2, which incorporates external surfaces such as walls and roofs of a building only [1, 2] . As today's spatially aware users are becoming more interested in task relevant information, for example, users may want to query a room's name or a room's purpose in a public building (e.g. government office, school, or hospital), they require more geometrically accurate and spatially detailed building models in order to query and retrieve such location specific attributes. Therefore, building models with higher level-of-detail (either LoD3 or LoD4) are required for such task specific interaction with 3D city models. However, automatically producing such detailed 3D models is still a big challenge because of the complexity of the scenes and the time consuming data collection and manual model processing involved.

Contemporary approaches appear limited to reconstructing 3D building models at level-of-detail (LoD) 2, which incorporates external surfaces such as walls and roofs of a building only.


During the 17-month HR/finance ERP system implementation, the union of goals for the K-12 school and for the financial, HR, technology and administrative staff proved difficult because academic departments and more business-oriented entities typically work with different operational goals. School business operations have the bottom line as their goal (i.e. reducing costs in order to balance the annual budget), while the educational mission centers on insuring that all students will attend and graduate from school (Picus and Blair, 2004) . Although different at a superficial level, the similarities are significant when the idea of return-on-investment is included. The continued monitoring of the expenditure of budgeted funds creates a need for accountability at every level of an educational institution (Bushweller, 2000) . The implementation of the Oracle HR/finance system was seen by the district's administration as a major objective in the goal of improving fiscal accountability and greater operational efficiency.

School business operations have the bottom line as their goal (i.e. reducing costs in order to balance the annual budget), while the educational mission centers on insuring that all students will attend and graduate from school.

The continued monitoring of the expenditure of budgeted funds creates a need for accountability at every level of an educational institution.


In addition, other factors related to type 2 diabetes such as the microvascular and macrovascular complications, oxidative stress, renal dysfunction, elevated renal calcium loss and persistent inflammation present in type 2 diabetes may further impair bone health and increase fracture risk. Interestingly, in the Blue Mountain Study in Australia, which was specifically designed to determine the risk factors for eye disease in diabetic patients, the risk of fractures in insulin users was strongly influenced by retinopathy: their poor vision caused an increased risk of falls [34] . Poor vision may also be a marker for a longer duration of diabetes, more severe diabetes or poorer glycaemic control. In the Blue Mountain Study, insulin users had a 2.7 RR of dying (95% CI 1.7, 4.4) during a 5 year follow-up [34] .

Interestingly, in the Blue Mountain Study in Australia, which was specifically designed to determine the risk factors for eye disease in diabetic patients, the risk of fractures in insulin users was strongly influenced by retinopathy: their poor vision caused an increased risk of falls.

In the Blue Mountain Study, insulin users had a 2.7 RR of dying (95% CI 1.7, 4.4) during a 5 year follow-up.


Conversely, Gaussian models are fast, simple, do not require complex meteorological input. For these reasons they are still widely employed for regulatory applications by environmental agencies all over the world. Nonetheless, because of their well known intrinsic limits, the reliability of a Gaussian model strongly depends on the way the dispersion parameters are determined on the basis of the turbulence structure of the ABL and the model's ability to reproduce experimental diffusion data. However, non-Gaussian puffs have been proposed in the literature [1] [2] [3] [4] .

However, non-Gaussian puffs have been proposed in the literature.


During the years of Russian agricultural economic reforms in 90s, as well as in the whole economy, one could observe the decline in production, reduction in fixed assets, as well as a massive outflow of skilled labor and investment capital. Just in 2006 the government approved the priority national project "Development of Agriculture Sector" for the period from 2006 to 2007, which allowed formation of the main development vectors of rural areas in the country. Also, as part of this statute, a substantial increase in state support for agricultural producers was provided (Table 1) The highest growth of the state support was observed during the first years of program implementation. In subsequent years its increase was not more than 10% per year. In the funding dynamics the greatest changes were observed in the livestock farming, where the growth for the analyzed period amounted for 132.8 billion rubles (almost 4 times). Support of crop farming was provided on more stable basis (Table 1) . However, the level of financial flows into the agricultural production is still low. In 2006, investment intothe industry fixed capital amounted to about 3% of the total volume of the country's economy. This is mainly due to the fact that agriculture, as a sector of economy, is exposed to more risks than industry or services, and is not able to provide a stable competitive return on invested capital (Menyaykin et al., 2014) .

This is mainly due to the fact that agriculture, as a sector of economy, is exposed to more risks than industry or services, and is not able to provide a stable competitive return on invested capital.


Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are obligate fermentative micro-organisms. As they produce large amounts of acid, tolerance to acidic environments is a valuable asset for their survival. This tolerance is particularly advantageous in vegetable fermentations and winemaking where LAB play an important role (Stamer, 1979) .

This tolerance is particularly advantageous in vegetable fermentations and winemaking where LAB play an important role.


Both success and failure are constantly renewed in vicious circles (Salmela-Aro & Nurmi, 2000) . The importance of supportive, positive, optimistic learning environment cannot be underestimated. The concept of psychologically sustainable education requires much future study.

Both success and failure are constantly renewed in vicious circles.


Student expectations of the school greatly differ among individuals and not all children adapt well to a school culture that primarily stresses middle class values (Silvennoinen, 1992) . Students from working class families suffer a much higher failure rate than others because the institution values certain kinds of students. To cope with this disparity, these children create a subculture with values that provide them some degree of success and a better position (Kivirauma, 1995) . However, the subculture often does not coincide with the social standards and norms of the school, where the ideal student is polite, orderly, and well trained. Often, students with the ëwrongí subculture receive more criticism from teachers who consciously or subconsciously attempt to impose middle class values.

Student expectations of the school greatly differ among individuals and not all children adapt well to a school culture that primarily stresses middle class values.

To cope with this disparity, these children create a subculture with values that provide them some degree of success and a better position.


The concept of a good child in an ordinary school is a given: the child should be intelligent, clean, hardworking, inspired, verbally controlled (speaking only when asked and using proper expressions), and docile. Furthermore, the good student should have good attendance, finish work within allotted time, be respectful towards others, and respect school property. Children perceive that the role of a good pupil is to remain unnoticed. In order to ìfitî into this role, they create and later maintain behavioural traditions and rules that stem from the hidden curriculum and cannot be broken (Gordon et al., 2000) . Healthy person by all means possibly rejects the label of failure. Marginalized children do not reach official learning objectives either (Kivirauma, 1995) . Although not the ëprimaryí cause, the relation to important others is a central issue in labelling-theory.

In order to ìfitî into this role, they create and later maintain behavioural traditions and rules that stem from the hidden curriculum and cannot be broken.

Marginalized children do not reach official learning objectives either.


School is one of the most important periods in a childís life and pedagogy, by definition, is a process in which something of value is passed on from the teacher to the student. Children depend on significant persons who set boundaries. Peopleís identities, in part, are based on the sum of positive and negative comments, but according to positive-negative asymmetry, negative comments have more influence (Ulvinen, 1993) . People also generally tend to attribute success to their personal efforts, abilities, and skills, while they often attribute failure to luck, task difficulty, or other external factors. Student performance and teacher behaviours have provided significant evidence of this asymmetry. It has also been shown that actors may give themselves more credit for success and blame themselves less for failure than others who evaluate them (Ross & Anderson, 1985) . However, this is not the case for others. Relatively little negative information about a person is sufficient for she/he to be considered as ìbadî, while even a positive impression only succeeds in creating a general impression (Lindeman & M‰kel‰, 1994) . According to Baudrillard, people tend to identify and ìfixî differences in other people as soon as they meet. People stress differences much more than their similarities and use this information to set boundaries (Virtanen, 1998) . This is an innately human process that is also observable in schools. Bernstein has argued that the A can only be A if it can effectively insulate itself from B (Bernstein, 1996: 20) .

Peopleís identities, in part, are based on the sum of positive and negative comments, but according to positive-negative asymmetry, negative comments have more influence.

It has also been shown that actors may give themselves more credit for success and blame themselves less for failure than others who evaluate them.

Relatively little negative information about a person is sufficient for she/he to be considered as ìbadî, while even a positive impression only succeeds in creating a general impression.

People stress differences much more than their similarities and use this information to set boundaries.


The current study is aimed at evaluating the thermodynamic feasibility of using ammonia-water mixture as working fluid in a CSP plant with DVG. The motivation behind this study is that the exergy losses during a heat transfer process can be reduced by using a suitable multi-component working fluid which can evaporate or condense at a varying temperature contrary to the constant evaporating or condensing temperature for a pure substance [17] . This paper presents a comparison between a simple Rankine cycle (SRC) and an ammonia-water cycle (AWC) with different ammonia mass fractions and pressures at the turbine inlet; the ammonia mass fraction being defined as the mass of ammonia in the ammonia-water mixture to the total mass of the mixture. Section 2 presents the assumptions and the modelling procedure for the study. Section 3.1 presents the results from the comparison of the cycles based on first law efficiency and other relevant parameters, while section 3.2 presents the results from the comparison of the required molten-salt mass flow rates when the solar receiver is replaced by a molten-salt storage system as the primary source of heat input. Finally, section 4 concludes the paper.

The motivation behind this study is that the exergy losses during a heat transfer process can be reduced by using a suitable multi-component working fluid which can evaporate or condense at a varying temperature contrary to the constant evaporating or condensing temperature for a pure substance.

Finally, section 4 concludes the paper.


Application of the direct vapour generation (DVG) technology in CSP plants presents the prospect of improvement in the overall plant efficiency while simultaneously decreasing the cost of electricity generation [2] . The pressurized steam is generated directly in the receiver and transported to the steam turbine. The advantages of DVG include a considerably higher maximum working temperature and the use of one fluid as both the HTF and the working fluid possibly resulting in a simplified operation. The main disadvantage of using DVG for CSP plants is that it requires a very complex storage system for uninterrupted operation throughout the day [3] .

Application of the direct vapour generation (DVG) technology in CSP plants presents the prospect of improvement in the overall plant efficiency while simultaneously decreasing the cost of electricity generation.

The main disadvantage of using DVG for CSP plants is that it requires a very complex storage system for uninterrupted operation throughout the day.


In recent times, concentrated solar power (CSP) plants have attracted interest as large scale, commercially viable way to generate electricity [1] . In a CSP plant, the heat transfer fluid (HTF) and the working fluid play an important role as the carriers of energy from the collector/receiver to the turbine. This is commonly done in two stages for a plant operating with a Rankine cycle: in the first stage, the HTF (e.g. synthetic oil, molten salt etc.) collects the energy from the incident solar radiation; and in the second stage, the working fluid (water/steam) receives this energy from the HTF and carries it to the steam turbine. The main disadvantage of such two-fluid systems is that the maximum operating temperature of the HTF is limited by the fluid stability concerns (e.g. approximately 400 °C for the synthetic oil), thus resulting in a low turbine inlet temperature and consequently a low cycle efficiency.

In recent times, concentrated solar power (CSP) plants have attracted interest as large scale, commercially viable way to generate electricity.


Besides Earth, the most logical place to look for habitability in the solar system, is Mars: It is the most Earth-like of all the other planetary bodies in terms of its geological surface record and the availability of liquid water at or near the surface throughout its evolution (Lasue et al., 2013) . Moreover, solar energy, geothermal and chemical energy, as well as nutrients, are thought to be available on Mars. Hence, the analysis of the surface and nearsurface geology is more than just the direct observation and interpretation of landforms and surface composition. It can also indirectly validate or invalidate models of atmospheric evolution, of interior geophysical processes, and of impact probabilities.

Besides Earth, the most logical place to look for habitability in the solar system, is Mars: It is the most Earth-like of all the other planetary bodies in terms of its geological surface record and the availability of liquid water at or near the surface throughout its evolution.


The water cycle involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-Atmosphere system. It is the linkage among atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphere. Under the background of global warming, glacial ablation makes sea level rise and land water form change. It is indicated from the statistics of that climate change has already changed water cycle characteristics [1] . Climate change have been widely investigated throughout the world. But how climate change will affect the temporal and spatial distribution of water cycle in the future? This problem has become the key issue of international society [2, 3] . From General Circulation Model (GCMs) to Atmosphere-ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCMs). The scientists focus on the study of the physical process of climate system model to improve the simulation performance. As a powerful tool for climate change research, GCMs allow the simulated climate to adjust changes in climate forcing, it provide a method to reveal the water cycle processes and to predict the trend of future climate change.

It is indicated from the statistics of that climate change has already changed water cycle characteristics.

This problem has become the key issue of international society.


The development of resistant cultivars is generally the preferred strategy for managing the above two diseases as host plant resistance is economical and eco-friendly. Host plant resistance also preserves the quality of the final produce. Therefore, in this direction, mapping of important QTLs/genes responsible for AB and FW resistance has also been considered an important input for present day breeding programmes based on both traditional and modern approach for instance, marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) which aims at conversion of targeted lines with respect to one or two traits without disturbing remaining all other native traits of the line (Varshney et al. 2009b) .

Therefore, in this direction, mapping of important QTLs/genes responsible for AB and FW resistance has also been considered an important input for present day breeding programmes based on both traditional and modern approach for instance, marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) which aims at conversion of targeted lines with respect to one or two traits without disturbing remaining all other native traits of the line.


AB attacks all aerial parts of the plant and it is necrotrophic in nature which kills the cells of the host plant and then feeds on it. In the case of FW, the disease is seed and soil borne, the tap root system of the plant is affected including destruction of vascular bundles leading to a disturbance in plant-water relations and ultimately plant dies by showing gradual wilting symptoms (Castro et al. 2010) . The FW infected chickpea plants also exhibit drooping of petioles, rachis and leaflets as the disease progresses. Both AB and FW are prevalent across all chickpea growing regions of the world including India, however, AB mainly occurs in northwestern plains while FW is mostly restricted to central and southern parts.

In the case of FW, the disease is seed and soil borne, the tap root system of the plant is affected including destruction of vascular bundles leading to a disturbance in plant-water relations and ultimately plant dies by showing gradual wilting symptoms.


The heavier calibre rifle resulted in a statistically higher initial muscle pH and a faster rate of pH decline (Table 1) than the lighter calibre. Also, the use of the heavier calibre rifle nearly always resulted in the impala herd becoming alarmed and fleeing. This is unacceptable in any cropping operation where larger numbers of animals are removed within a herd over a very short time span (Lewis et al., 1997) . Gender had an effect on the pH 45 (P < 0.05), with the males having a higher mean pH 45 (Table 2) . For pH f , the males still had a higher (P < 0.05) mean value (5.82) than the females (5.70). These differences could be attributed to the more active response exhibited by males to any disturbance (Lewis et al., 1997) . The males had also just finished their rutting season and were thus in a more excitable state (as noted from daytime observations) than what they would normally be in during the late winter season.

This is unacceptable in any cropping operation where larger numbers of animals are removed within a herd over a very short time span.

These differences could be attributed to the more active response exhibited by males to any disturbance.