The ability to predict the amount and growth of permanent deformation or rutting in flexible pavements is an important aspect of pavement design. The evaluation of asphalt concrete mixes for their tendency to rutting has been an important research field for many years. This mode of distress is the result of consolidation of the mix after construction and plastic flow of the HMA in the wheel path over time and is a primary cause of much of the rutting observed on the roadway [4, 5] . Excessive asphalt cement content, excessive fine grained aggregate and high percentages of natural, rounded aggregate particles are considered to be common material-related causes of permanent deformation [6] . The HMA mixture design and analysis system does not presently specify a prooftest to assess the relative rutting susceptibility of HMA. Such a test is desirable to enable the design of a mix in the laboratory with a significant degree of confidence that the mix will not fail on the roadway due to permanent deformation. It is attempted to measure the permanent deformation (as indicator of rutting in asphalt) for the different percentages of bitumen and temperatures by device UTM-5.

This mode of distress is the result of consolidation of the mix after construction and plastic flow of the HMA in the wheel path over time and is a primary cause of much of the rutting observed on the roadway.

Excessive asphalt cement content, excessive fine grained aggregate and high percentages of natural, rounded aggregate particles are considered to be common material-related causes of permanent deformation.


Permanent deformation, physically visible as ruts on the pavement surface, is a primary concern of asphalt mix designers, materials engineers, contractors, and highway agencies [1] . Quality of hot mix asphalt (HMA) is one of the main factors that affects the flexible pavement performance. Surface rutting in excess of about 6 mm is typically considered to be a hydroplaning safety hazard. As a result, excessive rutting is often responsible for premature maintenance and rehabilitation activities, reducing the service life of the pavement [2, 3] .

Permanent deformation, physically visible as ruts on the pavement surface, is a primary concern of asphalt mix designers, materials engineers, contractors, and highway agencies.

As a result, excessive rutting is often responsible for premature maintenance and rehabilitation activities, reducing the service life of the pavement.


Designers of bituminous mixes must be cautious in relating dynamic creep test results to performance. The creep test may be more suitable as a method for ranking mixes, rather than as an indicator of rut performance. Bituminous mixes, prepared according to the Iran specifications followed in this research programme, with lower bitumen contents are more resistant to rutting compared to mixes with higher bitumen contents. Even within the range of binder contents allowed by current specifications, binder content must be accurately controlled during preparation of bitu- minous mixes. Mixes with higher bitumen contents were especially more susceptible to rutting, which is determined at a critical temperature of 60 ˚C [11] .

Mixes with higher bitumen contents were especially more susceptible to rutting, which is determined at a critical temperature of 60 ˚C.


On the other hand, vehicle fleet may affect the number of fatalities, given that an increase in the vehicle number leads to higher average traffic volumes, which in turn may translate to a reduction in average speeds. Moreover, an increase of the vehicle fleet and total mileage in a country increases the need for more and safer road environment, in which the drivers' behaviour tends to be also better [19] [20] . Besides, vehicle fleet is acknowledged as a useful alternative measurement of exposure, when traffic data are not available. Therefore, there is a causal macroscopic relationship between the number of fatalities (or fatality rates) and vehicles (or vehicle ownership). In this research, this relation has been investigated and modeled in the context of European countries.

Moreover, an increase of the vehicle fleet and total mileage in a country increases the need for more and safer road environment, in which the drivers' behaviour tends to be also better.


Organization driven attributes-proper characteristics of the management system of the organization expressed by the continuous, comprehensive and integrated of methodologies driven to provide conditions to organizational structures to attend the external needs that determine the external competitiveness. The organization driven attributes determine the way that the administrative and management business process are applied throughout the organization itself. The organization driven attributes can be split in: a) coexistence between the hierarchical and business process organization models; b) information infrastructure; c) knowledge management; d) organization controls [4] .

The organization driven attributes can be split in: a) coexistence between the hierarchical and business process organization models; b) information infrastructure; c) knowledge management; d) organization controls.


Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin with the chemical structure of a β-resorcylic acid lactone (Figure 1) , which is produced by Fusarium species and frequently found as a contaminant of food and feed [1] [2] [3] . Due to its pronounced estrogenic activity, the exposure to ZEN has been associated with endocrine disruptive effects in domestic animals, especially in pigs, and possibly in humans [1, 4] . As is the case with virtually all other mycotoxins, ZEN is not the only congener produced by the fungus, and several other fungal resorcylic acid lactones have previously been identified, in particular the αand β-stereoisomers of zearalenol (ZEL, Figure 1 ) and of 5-hydroxy-ZEN and 10-hydroxy-ZEN [5] . More recently, ZEN-11,12-oxide, ZEN-11,12-dihydrodiol and cyclization products of the latter have been reported as fungal metabolites [5] .

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin with the chemical structure of a β-resorcylic acid lactone (Figure 1) , which is produced by Fusarium species and frequently found as a contaminant of food and feed.

Due to its pronounced estrogenic activity, the exposure to ZEN has been associated with endocrine disruptive effects in domestic animals, especially in pigs, and possibly in humans.

As is the case with virtually all other mycotoxins, ZEN is not the only congener produced by the fungus, and several other fungal resorcylic acid lactones have previously been identified, in particular the αand β-stereoisomers of zearalenol (ZEL, Figure 1 ) and of 5-hydroxy-ZEN and 10-hydroxy-ZEN.

More recently, ZEN-11,12-oxide, ZEN-11,12-dihydrodiol and cyclization products of the latter have been reported as fungal metabolites.


It is well established that the long time behavior of solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations (NSE), in bounded domains, has a finite number of degrees offieedom. Several detailed rigorous studies support this assertion. For example, it is known that the behavior as t --, oo of the solutions to the NSE is completely determined by the behavior of their projection on the space spanned by the first m eigenfunctions of the linear Stokes operator, for m sufficiently large. More precisely, if the asymptotic behavior of the first m modes of two solutions agrees, then the entire solutions agree as t ~ oo, [10] .

More precisely, if the asymptotic behavior of the first m modes of two solutions agrees, then the entire solutions agree as t ~ oo.


To determine the effectiveness of the fullscale implementation, the average flight times and setbacks of these 16 students was compared to both the original SAFER project experimental group and to a group of conventional syllabus students which were used for comparison purposes in the first MTSU FITS study (Craig et al., 2005a) . There were fifteen students in the original SAFER group, and sixteen students in the conventional syllabus group. As can be seen in Figure 1 , the mean flight time for the fullscale implementation group to obtain the Private/Instrument was 95 hours. This compares to a mean of 88 hours for the SAFER experimental group, and a mean of 135 hours for the conventional syllabus students. A setback was defined as a lesson that a student had to repeat to obtain proficiency. As can be seen in Figure 2 , the mean number of setbacks experienced by each group prior to obtaining the Private/Instrument were examined. For the full-scale implementation group, a mean of 12 setbacks was found. For the SAFER experimental group a mean of 6.91 setbacks was found, while the conventional syllabus group experienced a mean of 22.45 setbacks. The setbacks were further examined to determine if there was a significant difference between pre-solo training setbacks and post-solo training setbacks. As can be seen in Figure 3 , a 2X3 ANOVA revealed a significant interaction of training group versus pre-solo and post-solo setbacks (F=10.38, p < 0.01). As can been seen from this figure the average number of pre-solo setbacks were not statistically different (X=3.85 for the conventional syllabus group, X=4.21 for the SAFER group, and X=3.75 for the full scale implementation group). However, post-solo setbacks increased significantly in the conventional syllabus group (X= 18.6) and in the full implementation group (X=8.25), versus the SAFER group (X=2.71). A post hoc analysis revealed an overall significant difference in the conventional syllabus group compared to both FITS groups. Interestingly, with a post-solo setback mean of 8.25, the full implementation group had a mean midway between the conventional syllabus group and the SAFER experimental group. Lastly, post hoc analysis revealed that the SAFER experimental group had significantly fewer post-solo setbacks compared to the other groups.

To determine the effectiveness of the fullscale implementation, the average flight times and setbacks of these 16 students was compared to both the original SAFER project experimental group and to a group of conventional syllabus students which were used for comparison purposes in the first MTSU FITS study.


The accumulation of cellobiose caused severe feedback inhibition to the cellulase reaction, as the enzyme is more susceptible to end-product-inhibition caused by cellobiose than glucose (Chen et al., 2008) . Results also showed that optimum conditions for EFB hydrolysis were obtained with sodium acetate buffer as hydrolysis medium and enzyme dosage of 2:1 (enzyme solution to EFB). Besides that autoclaving the EFB after alkaline pretreatment allows high fiber conversions into reducing sugars (Piarpuzan et al., 2011) .

The accumulation of cellobiose caused severe feedback inhibition to the cellulase reaction, as the enzyme is more susceptible to end-product-inhibition caused by cellobiose than glucose.

Besides that autoclaving the EFB after alkaline pretreatment allows high fiber conversions into reducing sugars.


The aging and degradation study of components for concentrating solar thermal technologies are a crucial factor for their deployment [10, 11] . Meeting and assuring of lifetime goals for the components is important for the success of this renewable energy technology and for its competitiveness with other energy production technologies, especially with conventional ones. The reflectors are a key component that concentrate the sunlight and direct it to the receiver. Lifetime goals for reflector materials range up to 20 or even 30 years as demanded by the industry [12] .

The aging and degradation study of components for concentrating solar thermal technologies are a crucial factor for their deployment.

Lifetime goals for reflector materials range up to 20 or even 30 years as demanded by the industry.


Nowadays, the widest used type of reflector is a silvered glass mirror [13] . The silver layer is applied to a 4 mm glass substrate. The silver is protected on the back side by a copper layer and a system of typically three protective paint coatings. Two main alternative types of mirrors are discussed for use in CSP plants: silvered polymer foils and aluminum mirrors. This paper focuses on aluminum mirrors, which consist of an aluminum substrate that is anodized and protected on the front side by additional layers. For some types, reflection enhancing layers are deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) onto the anodized layer. Aluminum reflectors present some advantages respect to silvered glass reflectors, such as a high formability, lightweight properties and a cost reduction potential [14] . These properties make aluminum mirrors the most suitable type for designing and manufacturing small-sized concentrating solar collectors [4] . The drawbacks are lower initial reflectance values and higher scattering compared to silvered glass mirrors. Also, the corrosion resistance of the first aluminum mirror prototypes proved to be lower than for glass mirrors outdoors.

Nowadays, the widest used type of reflector is a silvered glass mirror.

Aluminum reflectors present some advantages respect to silvered glass reflectors, such as a high formability, lightweight properties and a cost reduction potential.

These properties make aluminum mirrors the most suitable type for designing and manufacturing small-sized concentrating solar collectors.


Open-source software (OSS) is one of the cornerstones of modern software development practice. Many existing software projects rely on OSS solutions either at compile time (e.g., build tools or testing tools) or runtime (e.g., webservers or databases). In spite of its ubiquitousness, several OSS projects rely on a single contributor to perform most of their needed tasks [1] . Due to this grim scenario, it is not uncommon to see core developers becoming tired and abandoning their own software projects [2] .

In spite of its ubiquitousness, several OSS projects rely on a single contributor to perform most of their needed tasks.

Due to this grim scenario, it is not uncommon to see core developers becoming tired and abandoning their own software projects.


Neglecting geologic activity and assuming thermodynamic equilibrium between surface and bottom of the atmosphere, surface temperature decreases with increasing surface elevation according to the Venus International Reference Atmosphere VIRA (Seiff et al., 1985) . The hot surface (735 K at 0 km) emits radiation that depends on both surface temperature and surface emissivity. Measured upwelling radiation carries information on surface as well as on emissions from the hot deep atmosphere. But the signals are absorbed and multiply scattered by atmospheric gases and clouds. This also leads to a partial loss of spatial information according to an approximate Gaussian blurring with full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) in the order of 100 km (Moroz, 2002) . Surface emissions in the infrared are far outweighed by scattered sunlight and can thus only be evaluated on Venus' nightside. Broad regions of nightside infrared spectra are completely blacked out by the high-density hot carbon dioxide atmosphere and the thick sulfuric acid clouds. In the infrared, only a few narrow atmospheric transparency windows between 0.8 and 1.3 µm remain to sound the surface. But measurable top-of-atmosphere radiances are strongly attenuated and distorted by the overlying atmospheric layers (Pollack et al., 1993; Meadows and Crisp, 1996) . Non-LTE O 2 emissions ('O 2 nightglow') at 1.27 µm from an altitude region around 100 km ) strongly affect the 1.28 µm radiance peak. Additional windows between 1.3 and 2.6 µm probe the deep atmosphere.

Neglecting geologic activity and assuming thermodynamic equilibrium between surface and bottom of the atmosphere, surface temperature decreases with increasing surface elevation according to the Venus International Reference Atmosphere VIRA.

This also leads to a partial loss of spatial information according to an approximate Gaussian blurring with full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) in the order of 100 km.

But measurable top-of-atmosphere radiances are strongly attenuated and distorted by the overlying atmospheric layers.


The second observation was in sharp contrast. To check on the generality of the first observation the party visited another area from which circumstantial evidence indicated low kangaroo densities last century. In June 1861 Burke and Wills died of malnutrition on Cooper's Creek despite having firearms, ball and powder (Moorehead 1963) . They fought for survival for two months on that stretch of creek between the site of Innaminka in South Australia and the cattle station of Nappamerry in Queensland, but apparently saw no kangaroos. On the evidence of the 1975 survey in New South Wales a similar result was expected from this visit-a present density of red kangaroos far in excess of the deduced low density of 1861. But an aerial survey along that stretch of Cooper's Creek, which was in full flow at the time, turned up no kangaroos. Apparently the density was much the same as last century.

In June 1861 Burke and Wills died of malnutrition on Cooper's Creek despite having firearms, ball and powder.


Prey-predator theory predicts that, with a single species of predator and of prey, the equilibrium level of prey will be determined largely by characteristics of the predator, and that of the predator by characteristics of both prey and predator (May 1976) . A predator usually cannot force the prey to very low density because its own numbers will decrease reciprocally as its food supply declines. That tight dynamic mutuality is uncoupled when the prey comprises more than one species. Then it is possible, theoretically at least, for a species of prey to be pushed to minimal density, or to extinction, by a predator whose diet, and hence density, is sustained by other species of prey. That effect is expected if either of two conditions is met. First, if the threatened prey is taken at a higher rate than alternative prey its numbers will be lowered disproportionately. And secondly, if its intrinsic rate of increase is significantly lower than that of alternative prey it will be less capable of reacting demographically against the weight of predation compressing its density. We suspect that the second mechanism is in play when dingoes prey upon kangaroos in the presence of rabbits.

Prey-predator theory predicts that, with a single species of predator and of prey, the equilibrium level of prey will be determined largely by characteristics of the predator, and that of the predator by characteristics of both prey and predator.


In this paper, we choose the CeF 3 :Tb 3+ nanoparticles as the fluorescent labels and ibuprofen as the drug model. CeF 3 is a luminescent material with 100% activator concentration 2 Journal of Nanomaterials [29, 30] . Doping Tb 3+ in CeF 3 resulted in a strong green emission from Tb 3+ due to an efficient energy transfer from Ce 3+ to Tb 3+ [31] [32] [33] [34] . CeF 3 :Tb 3+ nanoparticles have potential application as fluorescent labels for biological molecules [34] . On the other hand, ibuprofen was used as a model drug due to its good pharmacological activity and the suitable molecule size of about 1.0 × 0.6 nm as well, which ensures its easy diffusion into or out of the mesoporous channels of asprepared mesoporous silica [35] [36] [37] . Furthermore, ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal drug. Herein, we report the templateassisted scheme to fabricate uniform fluorescent nanoparticles with a fluorescent core/mesoporous silica shell structure. Then its drug storage and in vitro release property are demonstrated.

CeF 3 is a luminescent material with 100% activator concentration 2 Journal of Nanomaterials.

Doping Tb 3+ in CeF 3 resulted in a strong green emission from Tb 3+ due to an efficient energy transfer from Ce 3+ to Tb 3+.

CeF 3 :Tb 3+ nanoparticles have potential application as fluorescent labels for biological molecules.

On the other hand, ibuprofen was used as a model drug due to its good pharmacological activity and the suitable molecule size of about 1.0 × 0.6 nm as well, which ensures its easy diffusion into or out of the mesoporous channels of asprepared mesoporous silica.


Massive data centers, which house thousands of computing nodes, have become increasingly more common. A large fraction of such data centers' total cost of ownership (TCO) comes from the cost of building and maintaining infrastructure that is capable of powering such largescale data centers and from the recurring energy costs [6] . Consequently, power and energy have emerged as firstorder design constraints in data centers. These issues are further magnified by the inability of servers to provide energy-efficient execution at all levels of utilization (i.e., load-levels). Figure 1 shows the power consumption of a compute server running SPECpower under different load-levels and the hypothetical linear and ideal (i.e., energy-proportional) non-peak power curves. As evident from the figure, there is room to improve the non-peak power efficiency of the server with respect to both the ideal as well as linear power curves. The recent recommendation of energy proportionality in servers, i.e., to design servers that consume power proportional to the utilization, is a move in the right direction as it has the potential to double the energy efficiency of servers [1] . However, achieving energyproportional operation is a challenging task, particularly given that typical servers consume 35-45% of peak power, even when idling.

A large fraction of such data centers' total cost of ownership (TCO) comes from the cost of building and maintaining infrastructure that is capable of powering such largescale data centers and from the recurring energy costs.

The recent recommendation of energy proportionality in servers, i.e., to design servers that consume power proportional to the utilization, is a move in the right direction as it has the potential to double the energy efficiency of servers.


The non-destructive techniques of the casting quality inspection can be classified according to different criteria [1] . These can be, for example, the methods of surface inspection, like magnetic flaw detection, the use of various penetrants, visual inspection, etc. The second group are the volumetric methods, i.e. radiography and thermography, acoustic emission, ultrasonic tests, etc.

The non-destructive techniques of the casting quality inspection can be classified according to different criteria.


Overall, the plants and trees-covered tower offers a promising sustainable model. It represents a paradigm shift from "garden city" to "city in a garden". This subtle but important change emphasizes the desire for a more immersive nature and a view of urban life where nature is not the "icing on the cake" element or a lonely landscaping project, rather the predominant, integrative, and ubiquitous feature of the city. Plants and trees-covered towers support biodiversity and promote flora and fauna. They offer "quiet spaces", where tenants can enjoy peaceful contemplation, attractive views, and fresh air. In these towers, people will be able to listen to sounds of many bird species, crickets, tree frogs, katydids, and grasshoppers, while watching snails and butterflies traveling across plants. In addition to enhancing "soundscape", these towers have the potential to enhance the "smellscape" of the city. Indeed, some vegetation provokes wonderful and attractive smell. The implementation of this model could be for the entire building or part of it, for example, a parking structure [14] .

The implementation of this model could be for the entire building or part of it, for example, a parking structure.


Although this paper advocates embracing sustainable design, it acknowledges that greenwashing is prevalent. Cities' "green" agendas have been "hijacked" by industries who wish to take advantage of the new trend by converting sustainable mission into money-grubbing businesses. Industries propagate the notion that new technologies offer superior "sustainable" benefits. Stephen Mouzon reflects on this issue by stating: "Today, most discussions on sustainability focus on 'gizmo green,' which is the proposition that we can achieve sustainability simply by using better equipment and better materials" [40] . Surely, integrating "smart" technology and "green" machines into our daily life is important; nevertheless, "this is only a small part of the whole equation. Focusing on gizmo green misses the big picture entirely", according to Mouzon [40] .

Stephen Mouzon reflects on this issue by stating: "Today, most discussions on sustainability focus on 'gizmo green,' which is the proposition that we can achieve sustainability simply by using better equipment and better materials".

Focusing on gizmo green misses the big picture entirely", according to Mouzon.


In studying physiological and morphological responses of plants to nutrient supply, it is essential to be able to grow plants with a well-defined, constant, suboptimal nutrient status. This condition, referred to as steady state nutrition (SSN), is usually characterized by a constant internal concentration of the growth limiting nutrient. It can be achieved by supplying nutrients at a rate proportional to the actual growth rate of the plant. For plants that grow exponentially, Programmed Nutrient Addition (PNA) with a constant relative addition rate (RAR; see the appendix) has proven to be a suitable technique (Ingestad and Lund, 1986) .

For plants that grow exponentially, Programmed Nutrient Addition (PNA) with a constant relative addition rate (RAR; see the appendix) has proven to be a suitable technique.


Several important conclusions may be deduced from the growth model's estimation results. First, Gross Domestic Investment is common to all growth models in helping to explain growth levels. Second, FDI is significant in explaining growth levels only as far as Malaysia and Indonesia are concerned. Injecting more FDI as opposed to Domestic Investment will do much more to generate growth since the postulation of the neo-liberals appears valid in Malaysia and Indonesia. Both are great showcases in advancing the neo-liberal argument in "harnessing" globalization to promote economic growth. Alternatively, any downturn in FDI would also mean decreases in growth levels for both nations. Hence, it is also important that domestic investment be promoted more aggressively for sustainability of economic growth (Ariff, 2007) . Thailand would appear to do better in promoting growth by focusing on domestic investment. The same argument appears valid for the Philippines.

Hence, it is also important that domestic investment be promoted more aggressively for sustainability of economic growth.


Maintaining tight glycemic control through self-management can significantly reduce complications associated with diabetes [7, 8] . However, self-management of diabetes and tight glycemic control are complex, and can be further complicated by issues related to adherence to treatment plans. Most research on diabetes has found that a significant proportion of patients fail to engage in adequate self-management [9e11] . Suboptimal adherence to selfmanagement is well documented as negatively influencing outcomes in people with diabetes [12e14] .

Maintaining tight glycemic control through self-management can significantly reduce complications associated with diabetes.


There are some limitations to this study. First, the quality of friendships has not been measured. From previous studies, it was assumed that the good-quality relationships with friends mediated the relationship between aggression and self-esteem (Leary & Baumeister, 2000) . If so, aggression (especially, hostility and anger in this study) would predict poor relationships with friends, which, in turn, would be associated with lower levels of self-esteem. Future studies should examine the quality of friendships as well. Second, all the variables were measured simultaneously. The model examined in this study assumed the causal order that self-determined friendship motivation affects aggression, which, in turn, affects self-esteem. The simultaneous measurement, however, makes it difficult to interpret the findings in terms of causality. For example, it may be that people with lower levels of self-esteem display more hostility and anger. To verify the causal relationships among self-determined friendship motivation, aggression, and self-esteem, a longitudinal measurement is required.

From previous studies, it was assumed that the good-quality relationships with friends mediated the relationship between aggression and self-esteem.


The main contribution of this study was to reveal that friendship motivation could influence self-esteem through lower levels of maladaptive behaviors. Previous studies have mainly examined the relationship between self-determined friendship motivation and adaptive behaviors (Okada, 2007; Richard & Schneider, 2005; Soenens & Vansteenkiste, 2005) . The present study focused on aggression as a maladaptive behavior and revealed the relationship between self-determined friendship motivation and aggression. It was suggested that self-determined friendship motivation not only promotes adaptive behaviors but also suppresses aggressive and hostile behaviors.

Previous studies have mainly examined the relationship between self-determined friendship motivation and adaptive behaviors.


The different types of motivation can be placed along a self-determination continuum, with external regulation at the lower end of the continuum and intrinsic motivation at the higher end. The self-determination level of an individual's motivation is characterized by the magnitude of these four types of motivation (Deci & Ryan, 2000) . In empirical studies, Relative Autonomy Index (RAI) was used to assess the level of selfdetermination of the individuals' motivation (Grolnick & Ryan, 1987; Levesque, Zuehlke, Stanek, & Ryan, 2004) . The RAI is formed by weighting each subscale in accord with its underlying scores on the self-determination continuum in the following formula: RAI = (-2 × external regulation) + (-1 × introjected regulation) + (1 × identified regulation) + (2 × intrinsic motivation). Higher scores of RAI represent higher levels of self-determined motivation.

The self-determination level of an individual's motivation is characterized by the magnitude of these four types of motivation.

In empirical studies, Relative Autonomy Index (RAI) was used to assess the level of selfdetermination of the individuals' motivation.


Physical aggression was not found to be significantly related to self-esteem. Generally, aggression is likely to lead to rejection by others, and rejection will decrease self-esteem. On the other hand, aggressive behavior can help in restoring self-esteem that has been lowered by negative evaluation and feedback (Baumeister, Smart, & Boden, 1996) . If the attempt to restore self-esteem succeeds, aggression can be associated with higher levels of self-esteem. The nonsignificant relationship between physical aggression and self-esteem in this study may partly reflect the need for aggressive responses as a means to restore self-esteem.

On the other hand, aggressive behavior can help in restoring self-esteem that has been lowered by negative evaluation and feedback.


It is important to note that some of the relationships found in this study were relatively weak. For example, the path coefficient from RAI to physical aggression was -.10 in the path analysis, although the value was marginally significant. This may partly be because general aggression in daily life was examined in this study. Another line of research has examined aggressive responses in specific situations manipulated experimentally such as provocation, ego-threat, and social exclusion (Baumeister, et al., 1996; O'Connor, et al., 2001; Twenge, 2006) . Future studies should examine the relationship between self-determined friendship motivation and aggression in situations manipulated to prompt aggressive responses.

Another line of research has examined aggressive responses in specific situations manipulated experimentally such as provocation, ego-threat, and social exclusion.


In the human body, the structure of bone displays a hierarchical arrangement, but it differs significantly at different locations. Nevertheless, mineralized collagen consisting of the basic nanoscale structure of bone remains the same [18, 19] . It has been reported that nanorods such as crystals of hydroxyapatite (HA) are deposited parallel with theaxis aligned with the long axis in calcified tissues [20, 21] . Additionally, experiments have shown that the biocompatibility and bioactivity of bone cells on HA are enhanced by the oriented structure of HA [22] . Hence, this structure encourages the design and fabrication of biomaterials.

Nevertheless, mineralized collagen consisting of the basic nanoscale structure of bone remains the same.

It has been reported that nanorods such as crystals of hydroxyapatite (HA) are deposited parallel with theaxis aligned with the long axis in calcified tissues.

Additionally, experiments have shown that the biocompatibility and bioactivity of bone cells on HA are enhanced by the oriented structure of HA.


In the present paper we will further investigate the analytic structure of loop amplitudes in AdS and show how factorization of amplitude's singularities translates into familiar relations from the large-N bootstrap. We perform our analysis using conformal partial wave expansion for bulk amplitudes, because this representation makes the connection with the CFT data on the boundary straightforward. Besides that, conformal partial wave expansions seems to be more suitable for treating higher-spin theories in the bulk, for which Mellin amplitudes degenerate [30] [31] [32] [33] .

Besides that, conformal partial wave expansions seems to be more suitable for treating higher-spin theories in the bulk, for which Mellin amplitudes degenerate.


The AdS/CFT correspondence is a remarkable duality that relates quantum field theories in anti de Sitter space and conformal field theories on its boundary [1] [2] [3] . Mathematically, it is stated as the equality between the bulk path integral with the properly set boundary conditions and the generating function of the CFT correlators on the boundary. The AdS/CFT correspondence has attracted significant interest in recent years as it provides new tools for addressing important and challenging issues of quantum gravity and strongly coupled systems. Probably, the most studied regime of the AdS/CFT correspondence is the one in which the bulk theory is weakly coupled, while the boundary theory has many degrees of freedom. In this regime the bulk loop expansion translates into the 1/N expansion of the large-N CFT.

The AdS/CFT correspondence is a remarkable duality that relates quantum field theories in anti de Sitter space and conformal field theories on its boundary.


Cancer ranks amongst the top three killers in modern society, next to heart and cerebrovascular diseases. In 2009, approximately eight million people died from cancer worldwide according to the WHO. The chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of a range of cancers are always associated with severe, sometimes fatal, toxicity due to a lack of target specificity (Alderton et al.,1992) .

The chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of a range of cancers are always associated with severe, sometimes fatal, toxicity due to a lack of target specificity.


Sixty-three percent of the respondents who attempted to mobilize support initially approached a role sender in the work domain. The preference for approaching someone at work for assistance is puzzling because supportiveness at work (M = 2.86) was perceived to be lower than supportiveness in the family domain (M = 3.36, t = -4.62, p < .001) and because the work domain is generally thought to be less elastic and less flexible than the family role (Gutek, Searle, & Klepa, 1991) . However, work activities were thought to be more capable than family activities of being held at a different time (31% vs. 21%, t = 2.65, p < .01), and the perception that an activity can be held at a different time was more predictive of the decision to approach a role sender than the general supportiveness of the role sender (Table 4) . Therefore, the attempt to mobilize support from a role sender may have more to do with the characteristics of the particular conflict situation (ease of rescheduling a specific activity) than with the ongoing supportiveness of the role sender who is approached. Ironically, initial attempts to reschedule the work activity were less successful (50%) than were initial attempts to reschedule the family activity (73%, t = -2.10, p < .05), suggesting that many individuals misjudged the responsiveness of work role senders to their family concerns.

The preference for approaching someone at work for assistance is puzzling because supportiveness at work (M = 2.86) was perceived to be lower than supportiveness in the family domain (M = 3.36, t = -4.62, p < .001) and because the work domain is generally thought to be less elastic and less flexible than the family role.


Prior research has shown that support from the work and family domains can reduce an individual's work-family conflict (Carlson & Perrewé, 1999; Thompson et al., 1999) . However, our results reveal the delicate nature of the support mobilization process. Individuals apparently do not want to approach any role sender for tangible assistance regarding rescheduling an activity unless they have what they see as good reasons (both activities are highly important, neither activity can be held without the individual). These stringent conditions probably explain why only 30% of the respondents in the sample attempted to reschedule an activity.

Prior research has shown that support from the work and family domains can reduce an individual's work-family conflict.


Solution annealing heat treatment is usually applied in austenitic cast stainless steels to prevent alloy sensitization. The treatment consists of a holding time at high temperatures in the range of 1040 to 1205 • C in order to dissolve the carbides back to the matrix, followed by severe cooling to prevent carbides re-precipitation. This is possible due to the increase of carbon solubility in austenitea consequence of the elevated temperatures. Another important consideration is that carbon carbides will always be present to some extent in the microstructure of alloys with carbon contents greater than 0.20%, such as HK30 alloy, regardless of the solution annealing treatment applied [15, 16] .

Another important consideration is that carbon carbides will always be present to some extent in the microstructure of alloys with carbon contents greater than 0.20%, such as HK30 alloy, regardless of the solution annealing treatment applied.


The detection mechanism has been elucidated using ZnO as a semiconductor [15] . The electrical transport does not change when the transistor is exposed to NO 2 . However, the transport changes in an NO 2 ambient when a gate bias is applied. A current decrease in time is observed, originating from a shift of the threshold voltage towards the applied gate bias. The rate of the threshold voltage shift depends on the partial NO 2 pressure. Concentrations as low as 10 ppb can be detected.

The detection mechanism has been elucidated using ZnO as a semiconductor.


Even after three years of cultivation, management RVWB, which provided greater DMB intake on the soil surface, did not significantly increase the SOM (Table 3) . The sandy texture plus chemical and biological characteristics of the soil made possible the rapid degradation of SOM over time, not allowing its significant accumulation. In tropical areas, it is difficult to increase the organic matter content in sandy soils and this shows that the change of land use, with the removal of native vegetation and the introduction of crops such as sugarcane, quickly reduces SOM content (Table 3) , reflecting negatively on soil quality. This practice has a great significance, because the content and quality of SOM can be directly used to assess the sustainability of agricultural systems (Mielniczuk, 1999) .

This practice has a great significance, because the content and quality of SOM can be directly used to assess the sustainability of agricultural systems.


In the present study, 66 (10.81%) of all participants were pregnant with assisted reproductive technology. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed an increased risk of PE in women who had been treated for infertility (OR = 3.07; This finding of the current study is in agreement with the finding of another study [26] . There are several causative factors for infertility among which polycystic ovary disease is common. Women who have an increased risk of PE as well as a higher incidence of metabolic disturbances that have been associated with PE are also at risk of infertility [27] . In a study, the risk of PE was estimated in 20 846 primiparous women according to the history of spontaneous and induced abortions. The results of this study showed that although there was not a significant association between miscarriage and PE, the risk of PE was increased in women with a history of infertility [28] .

The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed an increased risk of PE in women who had been treated for infertility (OR = 3.07; This finding of the current study is in agreement with the finding of another study.

Women who have an increased risk of PE as well as a higher incidence of metabolic disturbances that have been associated with PE are also at risk of infertility.

The results of this study showed that although there was not a significant association between miscarriage and PE, the risk of PE was increased in women with a history of infertility.


While MOOCs democratize the learning, they tend to deviate from traditional in-class courses in many respects. Due to the sheer number of course enrolees, they present a set of challenges never encountered before. The challenges lie in the areas of course design, delivery and assessment (Daradoumis et al., 2013) .

The challenges lie in the areas of course design, delivery and assessment.


We found that all of these religious activities benefit for individual wellbeing. Across the models, it shows that religious individuals are happier and satisfied with their life than nonreligious individuals. This finding confirms prior cross countries study that shows a positive association between religiosity and subjective wellbeing (Argyle 2003) .

This finding confirms prior cross countries study that shows a positive association between religiosity and subjective wellbeing.


Being unhealthy makes people less happy and less satisfy with their life (Oswald and Wu 2011) . Since early childhood determines adult health, early childhood health, therefore matters for adult well-being (Luo and Waite 2005) . The long arm of the detrimental effect of poor childhood health on adult well-being in the county was shown from a large magnitude association of having a psychiatric problem in early childhood on happiness. As might be expected, unemployment hurts well-being (Argyle 2003) . This study confirms that those who are unemployed are less happy and less satisfy than those who are employed.

Being unhealthy makes people less happy and less satisfy with their life.

Since early childhood determines adult health, early childhood health, therefore matters for adult well-being.

As might be expected, unemployment hurts well-being.


However, household and individual income are consistent predictors of happiness (Lane 2000) . Physical health is a stable predictor of well-being; a healthy individual is likely to be happier and more satisfy with their life than an unhealthy individual (Graham, Higuera, and Lora 2009) . Employment is positively associated with happiness and life satisfaction, with employed people likely to be happier and more satisfy with their life than those who are unemployed (Clark and Oswald 1994) . In contrast, unemployed status has detrimental effect on individual happiness and life satisfaction (Clark and Oswald 1994) . Loneliness harms for well-being (Lane 2000) .

However, household and individual income are consistent predictors of happiness.

Physical health is a stable predictor of well-being; a healthy individual is likely to be happier and more satisfy with their life than an unhealthy individual.

Employment is positively associated with happiness and life satisfaction, with employed people likely to be happier and more satisfy with their life than those who are unemployed.

In contrast, unemployed status has detrimental effect on individual happiness and life satisfaction.

Loneliness harms for well-being.


Both English and German are intonation languages, which employ prosodic variations at the sentence level to express communicative intentions. Compared with English, German tone inventory is much simpler, and less steeper than American speakers (Jilka, 2005) . German truncates falling accents, falling tones become gradual and simply end earlier in comparison to British English (Grabe, 1998) . On the other hand, as a tone language, Mandarin Chinese uses tonal variations at lexical level, and is characterized by rich and steep pitch movements.

Compared with English, German tone inventory is much simpler, and less steeper than American speakers.

German truncates falling accents, falling tones become gradual and simply end earlier in comparison to British English.


Note that the prior characterization (1.4) does not yield a normal inverse-gamma posterior distribution on (β, σ 2 ) and as such is not conjugate. In addition to the above prior frameworks, Bayesian methods for variable selection can be further categorized by the way they treat negligible predictors. Discrete component Bayesian methods for variable selection exclude negligible predictors from consideration, adaptively reducing the dimension of β. Examples of such discrete component methods include spike-andslab priors where the "spike" distribution is a point-mass at zero (Mitchell and Beauchamp, 1988) . In contrast, continuous Bayesian methods for variable selection shrink, rather than exclude, negligible predictors and as such β remains p-dimensional (George and McCulloch, 1993; Polson and Scott, 2010; Ročková and George, 2014) .

Examples of such discrete component methods include spike-andslab priors where the "spike" distribution is a point-mass at zero.

In contrast, continuous Bayesian methods for variable selection shrink, rather than exclude, negligible predictors and as such β remains p-dimensional.


On evaluating the results of the predictive values in the two tests combined it was found that these values in the two tests alone improved, albeit not significantly. According to the latent variable model, when the results between the tests were discordant, the TST presented a greater probability of correctly classifying the individual. Thus, in young children QFT results discordant with those of TST should be interpreted with caution since the predictive values fall markedly. This may explain, in part, the discordance observed between the two tests in short times of exposure similar to what has previously been described in this group [16] .

This may explain, in part, the discordance observed between the two tests in short times of exposure similar to what has previously been described in this group.


As we know, the communication capacity of standard single mode fibers (SSMFs) has been closed to the ultimate Shannon capacity limit [1] . In recent years, several kinds of technologies are used to increase the capacity of optical transmission systems. Space-division multiplexing (SDM) techniques are possible to provide a new degree of freedom and potential to increase both the data rate per channel and the communications capacity per fiber [2] . Orbital angular momentum (OAM) and few-mode division multiplexing (MDM) techniques are two kinds of SDM techniques that have been attracting a lot of people and industries [3] , [4] . However, there is still no appropriate and economical fiber for long distance transmission of vortex lights more than 2-km so far. Therefore, at present, the MDM techniques over long haul few mode fibers seem to be a promising approach to increase the communication capacity. For MDM communication systems, mode multiplexing and de-multiplexing techniques are the most important.

As we know, the communication capacity of standard single mode fibers (SSMFs) has been closed to the ultimate Shannon capacity limit.

Space-division multiplexing (SDM) techniques are possible to provide a new degree of freedom and potential to increase both the data rate per channel and the communications capacity per fiber.

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) and few-mode division multiplexing (MDM) techniques are two kinds of SDM techniques that have been attracting a lot of people and industries.


Previous solutions on mode conversion from fundamental mode (LP 01 mode) to high order modes are using spatial phase plate, long period fiber grating, tilted gratings, nanotaper, and so on [6] - [9] . There are also some works on mode multiplexing [10] . The most frequently-used method is using optical beam splitters in free space to multiplex modes together, which is complicated [11] . As increasing the number of modes, it needs more beam splitters and thus will induce large attenuation for multiplexing and de-multiplexing system. Another useful optical components is photonic lanterns, which can combine different modes by using all fiber components; however, it cannot realize the switching and dynamic routing of different mode channels.

Previous solutions on mode conversion from fundamental mode (LP 01 mode) to high order modes are using spatial phase plate, long period fiber grating, tilted gratings, nanotaper, and so on.

There are also some works on mode multiplexing.

The most frequently-used method is using optical beam splitters in free space to multiplex modes together, which is complicated.


We have found, that at small distances, the pseudopotential derived from the Wilson loop located in the xy 1 -plane has a nontrivial dependence on the parameter ν. Namely, for ν > 1 a breaking of the Coulomb phase has been observed. For Wilson loops lying in the transverse plane the Coulomb phase is unbroken, and all dependence for small is encoded in the ν dependent constant. At large all pseudopotentials are linear growing functions. Also we have found that the magnetic string tension is also affected by the anisotropic parameter ν. For the contour located on the transverse directions, the dependence of the string tension on the temperature is suppressed by anisotropy, so the magnetic string tension becomes close to a constant value. This effect is clearly seen for large ν. We have also observed interesting results for Wilson loops in the Vaidya backgrounds (12) . The effect of anisotropy parameter on the thermalization time for different orientations also has been investigated. In the x, y 1(∞) -case of orientation the dependence of thermalization time on scale is linearly growing function for all ν. For other orientation the dependence is not linear. In the transverse orientation this can be seen very clear. Until some critical value the dependence is slowly growing function, and after this critical value it shows the linear growth.

We have also observed interesting results for Wilson loops in the Vaidya backgrounds.


Wilson loops are known to play a key role as fundamental probes of gauge theories, in particular QCD. Owing to Wilson loops one can define many important quantities, for instance, we can derive the potential of a quark-antiquark interaction from the expectation value of the space-time rectangular Wilson loop. In the lattice QCD the Wilson loops are the prime observables and their expectation values are defined non-perturbatively [1] . One can also determine expectation values of Wilson loops in the framework of perturbative QCD after suitable renormalization [2] .

In the lattice QCD the Wilson loops are the prime observables and their expectation values are defined non-perturbatively.

One can also determine expectation values of Wilson loops in the framework of perturbative QCD after suitable renormalization.


We also calculated the dependence of the jet quenching parameter on the orientation and on the anisotropic parameter ν. We also noticed that for special orientations the string action defined the jet quenching parameter becomes complex that leads to a suppression of the jet quenching parameter. This phenomena requires more elaborations as well as the study of the time evolution of the jet quenching parameter modeling by the light-like Wilson loop in the time-depending background (12) .

This phenomena requires more elaborations as well as the study of the time evolution of the jet quenching parameter modeling by the light-like Wilson loop in the time-depending background.


The past researches are mainly focused on the compressive and seismic performance of CFST intersecting connections with conventional cross-section under axial load. And there are few studies on the seismic performance of specially-shaped bifurcated CFST columns. Hence, in this paper, seven specimens were fabricated and subject to low cyclic reversed loading. In the field of structural engineering, besides the experimental study, many studies were also carried out using the numerical analysis methods [23] [24] [25] [26] . Therefore, in this paper, both the experiment and Finite Element Modeling (FEM) analysis. Failure modes, hysteretic curves, strength and deformation capacity, stiffness and degradation are studied.

In the field of structural engineering, besides the experimental study, many studies were also carried out using the numerical analysis methods.


It is known that photovoltaic devices such as solar cells generate electrical current when photons with sufficient energy penetrate the semiconductor and excite electrons into the conduction band [1] . However, due to the great need for these cells in massive applications, the solar cell industry has grown rapidly in recent years [2] . There is no doubt that due to low production costs and readily abundance multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) is a very attractive substrate for solar cells [3, 4] . Therefore, it is currently the dominant solar cell material for commercial applications [5, 6] . Moreover, according to predictions, it will remain an important and dominant material in photovoltaics over the next 10-30 years, owing to its well recognized properties and its established production technology [7, 8] .

It is known that photovoltaic devices such as solar cells generate electrical current when photons with sufficient energy penetrate the semiconductor and excite electrons into the conduction band.

However, due to the great need for these cells in massive applications, the solar cell industry has grown rapidly in recent years.

There is no doubt that due to low production costs and readily abundance multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) is a very attractive substrate for solar cells.

Therefore, it is currently the dominant solar cell material for commercial applications.

Moreover, according to predictions, it will remain an important and dominant material in photovoltaics over the next 10-30 years, owing to its well recognized properties and its established production technology.


In fact, back-contact solar cells hold significant promise for increased performance in photovoltaics for the near future. They have several advantages over conventional solar cells [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . Furthermore, characteristics of these back-contact solar cells were studied to improve their performance [14, 15] .

They have several advantages over conventional solar cells.

Furthermore, characteristics of these back-contact solar cells were studied to improve their performance.


The advantage of steel-concrete composite beams is the high tensile strength of steel is combined with the high compressive strength of concrete, creating a member that is significantly stiffer and stronger than either of these two materials alone (Souici et al., 2013) . This has resulted in the widespread use of composite beams in the construction industry today (Liu et al., 2013; Mirza & Uy, 2010) . For beams to act compositely forces must be transferred between the fundamental materials, steel and concrete. This is often achieved via the use of headed shear stud connectors, see Fig. 1 . As soon as the connection between the shear stud and concrete begins to slip or crush, the composite action and hence load carrying capacity of the beam is compromised (Liu et al., 2013) . Therefore, being able to characterize and predict the behavior of the stud-concrete interface is of fundamental importance to researchers and developers of steel-concrete composite beams.

The advantage of steel-concrete composite beams is the high tensile strength of steel is combined with the high compressive strength of concrete, creating a member that is significantly stiffer and stronger than either of these two materials alone.

This has resulted in the widespread use of composite beams in the construction industry today.

As soon as the connection between the shear stud and concrete begins to slip or crush, the composite action and hence load carrying capacity of the beam is compromised.


There has been a lot of investigation into the behavior of composite beams with shear stud connection. Most of which has been carried out using the standard push-off test (Hanswille et al., 2007a (Hanswille et al., , 2007b Kim et al., 2001; Lam & El-Lobody, 2005; Nguyen & Kim, 2009) . Of these tests, none are able to investigate the behavior of the shear studconcrete interaction at the level of fine detail as presented in this paper. This paper aims to characterize the behavior of the composite beam when it fails by splitting of the concrete along the line of the studs, see Fig. 1 .

Most of which has been carried out using the standard push-off test.


In fact, the crack presence does not affect only the stress of the vicinity of the crack tip but also the stress of regions adjacent to the vicinity. As the neutral axis of section is directly related to the stress distributions along the section height, there is a change in the neutral axis, which also can be observed from two-dimensional numerical simulations of cracked beams [21, 22] . So the inertia moments of the sections and the stiffness of these regions also vary with the stress distributions.

As the neutral axis of section is directly related to the stress distributions along the section height, there is a change in the neutral axis, which also can be observed from two-dimensional numerical simulations of cracked beams.


From the crack models used in the literature, it is found that all the models considered the local flexibility due to a crack appearance and most of them assessed the flexibility magnitudes either by experiment or by fracture mechanics methods [2, 16] . If experiments are desired, then the responses of cracked beams cannot be predicted only by theoretical calculations [16] . When fracture mechanics methods are adopted, the cracked beam should have a rectangular section [2, 16] . This is because in fracture mechanics methods, the beam is considered as a two-dimensional plane with the stress concentration being focused near the crack tip.

From the crack models used in the literature, it is found that all the models considered the local flexibility due to a crack appearance and most of them assessed the flexibility magnitudes either by experiment or by fracture mechanics methods.

If experiments are desired, then the responses of cracked beams cannot be predicted only by theoretical calculations.

When fracture mechanics methods are adopted, the cracked beam should have a rectangular section.


Similarly related are the so called secret handshaking protocols [13, 1, 4] . They consider membership of a secret group, and allow members of such groups to identify fellow group members without giving away their group membership to non-members and eavesdroppers. We note that the (subtle) difference between secret handshaking and setintersection protocols lies in the fact that a set-intersection protocol needs to be secure for arbitrary element domains (small ones in particular), whereas group membership for handshaking protocols can be encoded using specially constructed secret values taken from a large domain.

Similarly related are the so called secret handshaking protocols.


Multiphoton DLW is a well-established technique for fabricating microstructures [12] . This technique utilizes a tightly focused ultrashort-pulsed high intensity laser beam to induce multiphoton absorption into a layer of photoresist resulting in polymerization chain reaction [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . The multiphoton-based DLW method is capable of fabricating polymeric threedimensional microstructures in photoresist with a resolution down to 120 nm [13] . However, the serial nature of point-by-point scanning is time-consuming and significantly hinders the potential of nanostructuring to applications where speed and scalability are crucial [17] . Moreover, the probability that the multiphoton absorption will occur, is extremely small. Hence the use of a high-intensity femtosecond laser source such as Ti:sapphire is inevitable [10, 12, 13] . Single-photon DLW can surmount the limitation of using expensive laser sources in DLW of two-dimensional structures. The technique is based on a low-cost continuous wave (CW) laser and was recently proven to be sufficient in fabricating fluorescent NC microstructures at much lower laser intensities than in multi-photon DLW [11] . The single photon DLW technique is also limited in efficiency by serial point-by-point scanning; however, the decrease in laser intensity in single-photon DLW allows simple, fast and a costeffective parallel fabrication of microstructures [17] .

Multiphoton DLW is a well-established technique for fabricating microstructures.

This technique utilizes a tightly focused ultrashort-pulsed high intensity laser beam to induce multiphoton absorption into a layer of photoresist resulting in polymerization chain reaction.

The multiphoton-based DLW method is capable of fabricating polymeric threedimensional microstructures in photoresist with a resolution down to 120 nm.

However, the serial nature of point-by-point scanning is time-consuming and significantly hinders the potential of nanostructuring to applications where speed and scalability are crucial.

Hence the use of a high-intensity femtosecond laser source such as Ti:sapphire is inevitable.

The technique is based on a low-cost continuous wave (CW) laser and was recently proven to be sufficient in fabricating fluorescent NC microstructures at much lower laser intensities than in multi-photon DLW.

The single photon DLW technique is also limited in efficiency by serial point-by-point scanning; however, the decrease in laser intensity in single-photon DLW allows simple, fast and a costeffective parallel fabrication of microstructures.


In particular, silver NCs have received significant attention within the past few years as they act as an excellent fluorophores with attractive features such as ultrabright emission, photostability and subnanometer size. Stabilizing silver NCs and retaining their enhanced functionality is challenging due to oxidation of silver; however, significant effort has been made to synthesize stable silver NCs [3] . The synthesis of silver NCs requires reduction of silver ions by chemical, electrochemical, radiolytic, sonochemical or photoreduction methods and stabilization in a scaffold that restricts the growth of NCs, thereby preventing the formation of larger nanoparticles. Different synthetic polymers, microgels, DNA, dendrimers and small molecules can act as the stabilizing scaffold [1, [4] [5] [6] . Moreover, direct laser writing (DLW) has been used to produce highly photostable silver NCs in glass and zeolites [7] [8] [9] . Recently, the applicability of multiphoton and single-photon absorption-based DLW of twodimensional silver NC microstructures in poly(methacrylic acid) matrix has been demonstrated [10, 11] .

Stabilizing silver NCs and retaining their enhanced functionality is challenging due to oxidation of silver; however, significant effort has been made to synthesize stable silver NCs.

Different synthetic polymers, microgels, DNA, dendrimers and small molecules can act as the stabilizing scaffold.

Moreover, direct laser writing (DLW) has been used to produce highly photostable silver NCs in glass and zeolites.

Recently, the applicability of multiphoton and single-photon absorption-based DLW of twodimensional silver NC microstructures in poly(methacrylic acid) matrix has been demonstrated.


Several studies have demonstrated the potential for using electronic nose technology to monitor pest damage in crop plants. Rice plants subjected to different densities of adult brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), were discriminated with 70% accuracy using stepwise discriminant analysis of electronic nose sensor data [22] . Electronic nose devices have also been used successfully to discriminate among VOC profiles released from cucumber, tomato, and green pepper plants subjected to pest and disease attack [23] . In this study, the prototype PAD detector showed similar capabilities in discriminating between damaged and healthy bolls compared with field studies using a commercially available trained device [12] .

Rice plants subjected to different densities of adult brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), were discriminated with 70% accuracy using stepwise discriminant analysis of electronic nose sensor data.

Electronic nose devices have also been used successfully to discriminate among VOC profiles released from cucumber, tomato, and green pepper plants subjected to pest and disease attack.

In this study, the prototype PAD detector showed similar capabilities in discriminating between damaged and healthy bolls compared with field studies using a commercially available trained device.


This research was aimed at developing a pest and damage (PAD) detector using carbon black-polymer composites to detect cotton bolls fed upon by insects. This device would be used specifically by growers and consultants for detecting bolls damaged by stink bugs, replacing the practice of counting insects and hand opening bolls. This device would also be less expensive, readily available, and easy to interpret and provide rapid results for in-field decision making. Furthermore, because optimal carbon black-polymer composites were identified for detecting damaged cotton, our specific array of sensors will not require training, be cheaper than commercial units ($500 versus $10 K), and reduces total sampling time (10 s versus 60 s) compared with a commercial version previously tested [12, 20] .

Furthermore, because optimal carbon black-polymer composites were identified for detecting damaged cotton, our specific array of sensors will not require training, be cheaper than commercial units ($500 versus $10 K), and reduces total sampling time (10 s versus 60 s) compared with a commercial version previously tested.


Cotton containing transgenes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subspecies kurstaki Berliner has significantly reduced the amount of foliar-applied insecticides used to control major pests of the crop, such as tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) and bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). However, because phytophagous species of stink bugs are no longer being controlled coincidentally by applications of these insecticides, these insects have become major pests capable of causing significant economic damage to cotton [1] [2] [3] . Insecticide use for control of stink bugs increased from 0 to 4 million applications from 1995 to 2001, costing cotton producers $27 million [4] . Losses due to stink bugs in 2011 were estimated to be over $48 million in the USA, with control costs exceeding $5.3 million [3] .

However, because phytophagous species of stink bugs are no longer being controlled coincidentally by applications of these insecticides, these insects have become major pests capable of causing significant economic damage to cotton.

Insecticide use for control of stink bugs increased from 0 to 4 million applications from 1995 to 2001, costing cotton producers $27 million.

Losses due to stink bugs in 2011 were estimated to be over $48 million in the USA, with control costs exceeding $5.3 million.


Positive stable [semistable] matrices are matrices all of whose eigenvalues lie in the open [closed] right half-plane. Positive stability, as well as other types of stability, play important role in various applications and thus have been intensively investigated in the last two centuries, see, e.g., the survey paper [9] . Further in the paper we use the term "stability" for positive stability.

Positive stability, as well as other types of stability, play important role in various applications and thus have been intensively investigated in the last two centuries, see, e.g., the survey paper.


Children with CP often experience disruptions in postural control and subsequent postural instability [12, 13] . Most of these children present disorders of body posture. These disorders do not necessarily arise from impairments of the posture control system itself but could be the effect of other pathophysiological factors, including neurological components (paresis and paralysis) or peripheral compensatory components [14, 15] .

Children with CP often experience disruptions in postural control and subsequent postural instability.

These disorders do not necessarily arise from impairments of the posture control system itself but could be the effect of other pathophysiological factors, including neurological components (paresis and paralysis) or peripheral compensatory components.


According to the above definitions, it seems only the pragmatical dimension of semiotics is relevant to ontology usability since it is the only dimension about the ontology using activity rather than the ontology itself, and usability is about certain attributes of the activity of using a certain product rather than attributes of the product itself according to ISO 9241-11 [14] . However, unlike simple signs which their users interpret out of intuition and experience, ontological terms require users to learn their semantical and syntactical features in order to interpret, typically through learning the term organization and reading the documentation. Therefore, all the three dimensions of semiotics are relevant to ontology usability. In fact, the survey result shown in Table 2 even indicated that the semantical and syntactical aspects may be more important than the pragmatical aspect, since only 2 out of the 11 top selections fall in the pragmatics group.

According to the above definitions, it seems only the pragmatical dimension of semiotics is relevant to ontology usability since it is the only dimension about the ontology using activity rather than the ontology itself, and usability is about certain attributes of the activity of using a certain product rather than attributes of the product itself according to ISO 9241-11.


Schools provide one of the largest venues for youth athletic competition in the United States. According to the 2013-2014 High School Athletics Participation Survey, almost 7.8 million students participated in high school athletics (NFHS 2014) . This accounts for almost half of the nation's more than 16 million high school students. Given that sports and schools are closely intertwined, it is important to understand how participation relates to the traditional educational objectives of schools. Education policy strives not just to improve performance, but also to reduce disparities in outcomes across individuals. To understand whether sports participation helps meet these goals we must know whether sports are associated with improved performance measures and which individuals are most affected by sports participation. Understanding the distribution of benefits will help policy makers decide whether sports reduce inequality or leave more children behind.

According to the 2013-2014 High School Athletics Participation Survey, almost 7.8 million students participated in high school athletics.


With the rapid development of economy, the healthy development of electric power will provide a powerful mechanism for sustainable development [1] . China's energy consumption has been dominated by coal for a long time. Although the distribution of productivity and the distribution of energy resources are not matching, China is vigorously promoting the development of ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission technology to achieve sustainable development of electric power [2] .

With the rapid development of economy, the healthy development of electric power will provide a powerful mechanism for sustainable development.

Although the distribution of productivity and the distribution of energy resources are not matching, China is vigorously promoting the development of ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission technology to achieve sustainable development of electric power.


The main strategy for developing generation resources in China is to optimize the coal industry structure and to develop nuclear power, hydropower, wind power and other renewable energy sources vigorously. Emission reductions from the energy sector will be promoted by increasing fossil energy quality and clean energy generation proportion [3] . At the same time, the Chinese government will strengthen the development of generation resources to coordinate the integration of renewable energy, promote the construction of the smart grid, and develop energy storage technology [4] [5] [6] .

Emission reductions from the energy sector will be promoted by increasing fossil energy quality and clean energy generation proportion.

At the same time, the Chinese government will strengthen the development of generation resources to coordinate the integration of renewable energy, promote the construction of the smart grid, and develop energy storage technology.


We found that the 10-year survival rate was >90%. However, the 10-year complication-free rates were 73.5%, 80.5%, and 67.3% for total cases, trochanteric fracture, and cervical fracture, respectively. Prevention of severe [19] .

Prevention of severe.


Research studies have estimated that urban areas could be covered by 60% of roofs and pavements (Akbari, Arthur, & Rosenfeld, 2008) . In addition, this estimation is increasing as there are around 50% of the world population currently in urban regions, with expected increases to 70% at the end of 2040. Furthermore, roofing systems represent the main body of urban area that interact directly with solar rays. Therefore, roof angles and claddings are one of the most elements that may lead to effect considerably the indoor environment. Generally, pitched roof system represents the most common construction design for traditional and modern buildings in hot humid regions. This type of roof has been extensively used in order to protect against rain water and strong sunshine as well as its consequent of lower heat transfer into the building. The rapid development of building design were the reason for the selection of concrete tiles, cement tiles, clay tiles and aluminium sheets for this type of system in the specific environment. However, concrete and cement tiles have the priority in the Malaysian urban area not due to thermal properties but because of low cost and good resistance to the weather conditions.

Research studies have estimated that urban areas could be covered by 60% of roofs and pavements.


It is especially beneficial to a firm when it can charge a price premium for personalized products but not incur disproportionate costs for the service. Technological advances have made it possible to produce personalized products at costs similar to standardized products (Hart, 1995) . Therefore, this issue should be considered even before deciding standardization versus customization in approaching customers around the world through the Internet.

Technological advances have made it possible to produce personalized products at costs similar to standardized products.


Customers can select from various product attributes, ending up with a final product that is assembled on the basis of their individual preferences. Product personalization strategies have grown increasingly popular in various types of businesses (Goldsmith and Freiden, 2004) . Firms have adopted personalization to successfully market a wide range of products, such as eyeglasses, bicycles, coffee, greeting cards, and computers.

Product personalization strategies have grown increasingly popular in various types of businesses.


Computer manufacturer Dell has been very successful in meeting the diverse needs of different customers by producing thousands of computer configurations (Wind and Rangaswamy, 2001) . Its customers can make their own choices on important computer features and still buy the product at a price similar to that of competitors' standard products. However, since its market entry in Korea, Dell has been a tiny player, commanding less than a 5% market share. In China, it is a market follower, lagging far behind a local market leader.

Computer manufacturer Dell has been very successful in meeting the diverse needs of different customers by producing thousands of computer configurations.


Why has Dell performed so poorly in Korea and China? It seems that Dell's personalized approach is not very popular in these countries. Personalization involves "customizing some features of a product or service so that the customer enjoys more convenience, lower cost, or some other benefit" (Peppers and Rogers, 1997) .

Personalization involves "customizing some features of a product or service so that the customer enjoys more convenience, lower cost, or some other benefit".


Still another question has to be raised concerning online personalization. The essence of personalization is to provide what a particular customer wants by transforming a standard product into a specialized solution for that individual (Pine and Gilmore, 1999) . Customization of product features increases the value of the bundle of benefits the customer receives from a product or service. Then, can an online marketer charge a price premium for a personalized product on the basis of the value increase?

The essence of personalization is to provide what a particular customer wants by transforming a standard product into a specialized solution for that individual.


The second major finding is the significance of the product type effect. This result is consistent with extant research indicating that Internet retailing is more appropriate for selling search goods than experience goods (Citrin et al., 2003; Girard et al., 2002; Klein, 1998) . It implies that the potential beneficial consequences of personalization for experience products are limited compared to those of personalization for search products.

This result is consistent with extant research indicating that Internet retailing is more appropriate for selling search goods than experience goods.


The continuous-discrete sequential importance resampling framework could be extended to the case of stochastic differential equations driven by more general martingales, for example, general Lévy processes such as compound Poisson processes (Applebaum, 2004) . This would allow modeling of sudden changes in signals. This extension could be possible by simply replacing the Brownian motion in the Girsanov theorem by a more general martingale.

The continuous-discrete sequential importance resampling framework could be extended to the case of stochastic differential equations driven by more general martingales, for example, general Lévy processes such as compound Poisson processes.


A practical design issue is that compact MIMO antennas are characterized by complex multi-parameter geometries so that their reliable evaluation can only be obtained by means of highfidelity EM simulations [3] , [4] . At the same time, utilization of conventional experience-driven strategies for manual adjustment of geometry parameters (parameter sweeps, typically one parameter at a time) is hindered due to complex relations between the antenna dimensions and responses. Truly optimum designs can only be obtained using rigorous numerical optimization. Unfortunately, conventional optimization methods are computationally expensive. For example, gradientbased optimization with numerical derivatives takes up to a few hundred of EM analyses to converge even if the number of adjustable parameters is smaller than ten [10] .

A practical design issue is that compact MIMO antennas are characterized by complex multi-parameter geometries so that their reliable evaluation can only be obtained by means of highfidelity EM simulations.

For example, gradientbased optimization with numerical derivatives takes up to a few hundred of EM analyses to converge even if the number of adjustable parameters is smaller than ten.


We will consider such orthogonal matrices with orders 5, 10 and proportional to 10 values: 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640,.. usual in image processing algorithms, since they are popular photo formats [5] . Besides, number 10 is a foundation of geometrical figures (pentagrams) and it is connected with Quasi-orthogonal matrices 4263 golden ratio. Such theoretical approach of matrix and number theory tie was developed in our works [1, 3] .

We will consider such orthogonal matrices with orders 5, 10 and proportional to 10 values: 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 640,.. usual in image processing algorithms, since they are popular photo formats.

Such theoretical approach of matrix and number theory tie was developed in our works.


In recent years, controlling infectious disease is a very important issue; vaccination is a commonly used method for controlling disease; the study of vaccines against infectious disease has been a boon to mankind. There are now vaccines that are effective in preventing such viral infections as rabies, yellow fever, poliovirus, hepatitis B, parotitis, and encephalitis B. Eventually, vaccines will probably prevent malaria, some forms of heart disease, and cancer. Vaccines have been very important to people. Theoretical results show that pulse vaccination strategy can be distinguished from the conventional strategies leading to disease eradication at relatively low values of vaccination [1] . Theories of impulsive differential equations are found in the books [2, 3] . In recent years, their applications can be found in the domain of applied sciences [4] [5] [6] [7] . In this paper, we consider impulsive vaccination to susceptible individuals.

Theoretical results show that pulse vaccination strategy can be distinguished from the conventional strategies leading to disease eradication at relatively low values of vaccination.

Theories of impulsive differential equations are found in the books.

In recent years, their applications can be found in the domain of applied sciences.


In this article we present case studies of tropospheric Arctic clouds observed by lidar technique during the AS-TAR 2007 campaign and analyze them in the context of the specific atmospheric conditions. Lidar systems provide horizontal and vertical cloud structure information at high spatial and temporal resolution. The basic information about cloud altitude is essential for understanding cloud formation and evolution processes as well as for radiative transfer studies and climate modeling (Inoue et al., 2006) . A depolarization lidar enables to retrieve the thermodynamic phase of the cloud layer closest to the lidar system. Cloud phase plays a crucial role for the surface energy budget (McFarquhar and Cober, 2004) . Further, Raman lidar measurements provide the lidar ratio (extinction to backscatter ratio), which gives information about internal processes in clouds (e.g. the growth/shrinking of small-size cloud particles).

The basic information about cloud altitude is essential for understanding cloud formation and evolution processes as well as for radiative transfer studies and climate modeling.

Cloud phase plays a crucial role for the surface energy budget.


To understand the source of the S-parameter difference between live and dead E. coli, circuit modeling was carried out. Enforcing frequency dependent permittivity and conductivity allows accurate parameter extraction for both the device and the biosample under test over a broader frequency range than by frequency independent models [56] . Frequency independent models do not allow to match the ɛɛ″ nonmonotone behavior around 2 GHz (they result in a linear fit as opposed to the knee-shaped curve in Fig. S2 ) and therefore result in more inaccurate parameter extraction in the transition region, where the membrane capacitance is largely (but not completely) bypassed by the microwave signal. It should be noticed that the theoretical mixture model matches the broadband measurement of the cell-free media obtained using a commercial dielectric probe between 0.5 and 20 GHz (Fig. S2) . Further strives to take into account the rodshaped bacteria configuration and finite boundaries for the suspension medium could result in even more accurate parameter extraction, but entail significantly increased computational efforts.

Enforcing frequency dependent permittivity and conductivity allows accurate parameter extraction for both the device and the biosample under test over a broader frequency range than by frequency independent models.


Dielectric properties of different cell compartments can be characterized at different frequencies. At lower frequencies from kHz to MHz where β-dispersion occurs, membrane polarization is characterized [62] . At frequencies in the GHz range, γ-dispersion is obvious and electrical properties of the cytoplasm are measured. Therefore, compared to sensing at discrete frequencies, broadband electrical detection can yield a wealth of information. As shown in our study, in the frequency range of 0.5 GHz--20 GHz, membrane and cytoplasmic properties are extracted simultaneously.

At lower frequencies from kHz to MHz where β-dispersion occurs, membrane polarization is characterized.


Impedance measurements in the microwave range well complement those in lower frequencies by providing electrical characteristics of different cellular compartment. In the frequency range of megahertz or lower, the membrane capacitance dominates overall cell impedance, thus cell size and membrane integrity is measured [72, 73] . Microwave signals easily penetrate the membrane, allowing intracellular properties to be probed [56] . To confirm that electrical difference observed in Fig. 2 is due to intracellular contributions, we included membrane capacitance in the circuit model. However, the simulated S-parameters are insensitive to the membrane capacitance, despite an expected change from pore formation: dead E. coli (Fig.  S3 ) presentspores on the order of 10 nm but not the live ones. Combining these frequencies, a broadband measurement can potentially reveal much richer information than exiting approaches of narrowband detection.

In the frequency range of megahertz or lower, the membrane capacitance dominates overall cell impedance, thus cell size and membrane integrity is measured.

Microwave signals easily penetrate the membrane, allowing intracellular properties to be probed.


E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute (EWI) has developed a method and equipment for microplasma spraying (MPS), which allows applying ceramic coatings using a laminar jet of argon plasma [33] . Low thermal conductivity of argon reduces the intensity of heating of the particles, thus reducing the temperature gradient in their cross section. This substantially helps avoiding overheating of HA melt and the formation of toxic products of its decomposition (СаО) through the spraying process. Low velocities of HA particles under laminar flow conditions lead to the formation of coatings from particles with a lower degree of deformation and, accordingly, a lower rate of their quenching on the substrate. Consequently this provides a high content of the crystalline phase (up to 98 %) [34] . Thus, the use of microplasma spraying HA coatings provides advantages in the formation of coatings with the desired structural and phase composition. In addition, it is possible to form coatings with controlled porosity, by varying the parameters of spraying, such as the powder feed rate, the speed of movement of the source along the sprayed surface, the spray distance, and the current [35] [36] [37] [38] .

E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute (EWI) has developed a method and equipment for microplasma spraying (MPS), which allows applying ceramic coatings using a laminar jet of argon plasma.

Consequently this provides a high content of the crystalline phase (up to 98 %).

In addition, it is possible to form coatings with controlled porosity, by varying the parameters of spraying, such as the powder feed rate, the speed of movement of the source along the sprayed surface, the spray distance, and the current.


Currently, D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan State Technical University along with specialists from E. O. Paton EWI are running combined activities on developing compositions and technologies of deposition of biocompatible coatings on endoprostheses using the medical alloy produced in Kazakhstan by means of microplasma spraying [40, 41] . In order to form a Ti/HA two-layer porous coating on the implant surface by microplasma spraying several stages of activities needs to be completed. It is necessary to synthesize the hydroxyapatite powder of the desired composition with particles of a certain size and shape, suitable for MPS. The other stage of process is to prepare the implant surface for spraying with desired roughness. Then the modes of microplasma deposition of both titanium wire and HA powder should be selected. Each of these processes requires further development and optimization. For example the selection of modes of gas-abrasive surface treatment, modes of microplasma deposition of wire and powder and optimization of synthesis of hydroxyapatite powder are amongst this combined and multifaceted research effort.

Currently, D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan State Technical University along with specialists from E. O. Paton EWI are running combined activities on developing compositions and technologies of deposition of biocompatible coatings on endoprostheses using the medical alloy produced in Kazakhstan by means of microplasma spraying.


It should also be noted that when placing an implant with a titanium sublayer with a developed surface relief and HA-coating into the bone, the outer layer of hydroxyapatite will provide a biological bond with the bone, while additional mechanical fixation will be achieved by bone ingrowth into the porous structure of the titanium sublayer. We have described the modes of microplasma spraying biocermet two-layer coatings on different substrates in our previous publications [35] [36] [37] . We also have explained how the proposed system of coating can result in achieving the adhesion recommended by ISO 13779-4:2002(E). Before coating deposition the substrates were subjected to gas-abrasive treatment, then they were coated with porous titanium wire coating (pore size up to150 µm), and HA powder (powder size from 40 to 90 µm). Our studies showed the adhesion strength of twolayer biocermet coatings with a titanium alloy base to be 24.2±0.85 MPa. This is well beyond the requirement of the ISO 13779-4:2002(E) which is 15 MPa.

We have described the modes of microplasma spraying biocermet two-layer coatings on different substrates in our previous publications.


Synthetic and natural HA are different in terms of their microstructure arrangements. The HA contained in the bone is represented by lamellar microcrystals dimensioned about (1.5-3.5 nm)×(5.0-10.0 nm)×(40.0-50.0 nm). The cortical bone consists of HA crystals (70 wt.% -inorganic component) associated by collagen fibers (30 wt.% -organic component of bone tissue, or bone matrix) [7] [8] [9] . In addition to these substances in the bone tissue there are small amounts of other organic compounds (non-collagen proteins, polysaccharides, lipids). The varieties of synthetic HA -from fine powders to non-porous ceramics -do not exactly reproduce the structure of HA bone natural crystals. However they are engaged in the metabolic processes of a living body and are processed by the body with different intensities depending on the HA structure, chemical composition, and specific surface area. Numerous studies in animals and humans have shown that HA is non-toxic, does not exhibit allergic and inflammatory reactions [2, 6, 10, 11] . Therefore, development of new and affordable methods for the synthesis of fine crystalline hydroxyapatite for the use as bioactive coatings on titanium from composite materials is of significance. Synthesis of artificial HA is carried out, mainly, by precipitation from aqueous solutions of calcium salts with ammonium hydrogen phosphate [8, 9] . According to this method, amorphous precipitates of hydroxyapatite of variable composition are agglomerated during the drying and sintering process. Therefore it requires additional milling process to obtain various particle size distributions. Therefore, the use of soluble calcium compounds to produce highly dispersed powders is preferred. This method implements a well-known "bottom-up" approach to the creation of a dispersed system [11] . In this method, with the presence of sucrose, the solubility of calcium hydroxide increases due to the formation of soluble compounds. Organic substances, adsorbed on the surface of the formed inorganic crystals, block their growth and ensure the formation of a crystalline powder [7] .

The cortical bone consists of HA crystals (70 wt.% -inorganic component) associated by collagen fibers (30 wt.% -organic component of bone tissue, or bone matrix).

Numerous studies in animals and humans have shown that HA is non-toxic, does not exhibit allergic and inflammatory reactions.

Synthesis of artificial HA is carried out, mainly, by precipitation from aqueous solutions of calcium salts with ammonium hydrogen phosphate.

This method implements a well-known "bottom-up" approach to the creation of a dispersed system.

Organic substances, adsorbed on the surface of the formed inorganic crystals, block their growth and ensure the formation of a crystalline powder.


While users should not have strong incentives to evade our predictive models, attackers may want to "poison" the training data [38] . Such attackers however need the ability to interact at the scale of the (entire) exposed population of the service provider, and thus to control a large number of devices on the provider network. On smaller networks, this is an important issue to address.

While users should not have strong incentives to evade our predictive models, attackers may want to "poison" the training data.


Different efforts borrowed methods from epidemiology to understand which users and enterprises are at a higher risk of compromise [12, 47, 81, 90] . Epidemiological methods do not predict the specific individuals that will suffer from compromise. Yet, they help develop an understanding of what factors are correlated with compromise (e.g., type of operating system [12] ).

Different efforts borrowed methods from epidemiology to understand which users and enterprises are at a higher risk of compromise.

Yet, they help develop an understanding of what factors are correlated with compromise (e.g., type of operating system).


The next morning in the lab, when a leaf sample was needed for purposes of measuring the leaf bidirectional reflectance and bidirectional transmittance, we first completed as quickly as possible the following sequence: remove the now fully hydrated leaf from the plastic bag, blot the leaf dry, trim the leaf in order to select a 4.5 cm x Fig. 1 . Leaf relative water content could be estimated from R N , the non-polarized portion of the leaf reflectance, R, but not R Q , the polarized portion of leaf reflectance [2] . We illuminated the leaf sample, Fig. 2 , with a collimated beam of white light provided by a current controlled lamp, Oriel model 6681, and immediately began collecting spectral data and sample weights with the aid of the analytical balance and two Analytical Spectral Devices spectroradiometers. The leaf sample, initially fully hydrated at 100% RWC, rapidly began loosing water when exposed to the light beam.

Leaf relative water content could be estimated from R N , the non-polarized portion of the leaf reflectance, R, but not R Q , the polarized portion of leaf reflectance.


Adding particles opens a number of possibilities, associated with different physical mechanisms: particles can be buoyant or not, of different sizes and shapes, and also monoor polydisperse. As a first step in studying the transition to turbulence in particulate pipe flows, we shall focus on the simpler case of neutrally buoyant, monodisperse spherical particles. Whether the effect of particles on the transition to turbulence in general is a stabilising or destabilising one mostly depends on the size and volume fraction of particles. Early experiments on the transition to turbulence in a pipe highlighted a critical volume fraction of particles below which they favoured the transition at a lower Reynolds number. At higher volume fractions than this critical value, by contrast, the effect was reversed (Matas et al. 2003) . Recent numerical simulations based on accurate modelling of individual solid particles recovered this phenomenology (Yu et al. 2013) .

At higher volume fractions than this critical value, by contrast, the effect was reversed.

Recent numerical simulations based on accurate modelling of individual solid particles recovered this phenomenology.