Pain is a well-defined as an unwanted corporeal or demonstrative experience. And it is also categorized as acute or chronic pain. There are numerous forms of painkillers that are categorized into three groups: opioid analgesics (morphine and codeine), non-opioid analgesics (NSAIDs; aspirin, diclofenac) and adjuvant analgesics, which are composites generally taken for purposes other than pain, but could be taken in some circumstances. Antidepressant medicines can use as pain reliever in the cure of various chronic discomfort states [5] .

Antidepressant medicines can use as pain reliever in the cure of various chronic discomfort states.


A coupled-resonator optical waveguide (CROW) is a periodic array of resonators in which light propagates due to the weak coupling between nearest neighbors [1] . In artificially structured materials, the interresonator coupling can be made small by tuning the intercavity coupling spacing. As a result, CROWs have the potential to significantly slow down the propagation of light, which may find applications such as optical delay lines, interferometers, optical buffers, and nonlinear optics [2] [3] [4] [5] .

A coupled-resonator optical waveguide (CROW) is a periodic array of resonators in which light propagates due to the weak coupling between nearest neighbors.

As a result, CROWs have the potential to significantly slow down the propagation of light, which may find applications such as optical delay lines, interferometers, optical buffers, and nonlinear optics.


However, a high refractive index contrast poses some practical challenges. First, a high-index contrast significantly increases scattering loss due to sidewall roughness. Second, more complex fabrication procedures may be required for the devices. For example, small (submicrometer) feature sizes and a large etch depth (approximately micrometers) or even suspended membranes as in photonic crystal cavities may be needed [10] . Third, the high-index contrast can lead to a greater modal size and effective index mismatch between an optical fiber and the mode of the CROW, further increasing the insertion losses of the system.

For example, small (submicrometer) feature sizes and a large etch depth (approximately micrometers) or even suspended membranes as in photonic crystal cavities may be needed.


The level of biomass reduction of individual species following C addition did not correlate with Ellenberg N-values of the species. The results therefore do not support the hypothesis that nitrophilic species are generally more sensitive to C addition than species characteristic of nutrient-poor, late-seral grassland communities (Paschke, McLendon & Redente 2000; Blumenthal, Jordan & Russelle 2003; Corbin & d'Antonio 2004) . For example, the perennial forb Rumex obtusifolius L. is a problem weed on nutrientrich, disturbed grassland, yet its growth was only moderately reduced by C addition in our experiment. It should be noted, however, that we found only relatively small differences in biomass (a surrogate for optimal growth rate) among the tested plant species in the control treatments (no C addition), suggesting that the initial level of N availability may not have been high enough for the fast-growing species to attain their maximal growth rate. The relatively low variation in biomass in the control treatment may have masked a significant relationship between the species' Ellenberg N-values and their responses to C addition. However, in the control treatment biomass was correlated with the Ellenberg N-value, supporting the proposed correlation between a species' relative growth rate and the N availability in its preferred habitat (Ellenberg 1974) . We conclude that the differences between species' responses to C addition are best explained by functional group affiliation and life form.

The results therefore do not support the hypothesis that nitrophilic species are generally more sensitive to C addition than species characteristic of nutrient-poor, late-seral grassland communities.

However, in the control treatment biomass was correlated with the Ellenberg N-value, supporting the proposed correlation between a species' relative growth rate and the N availability in its preferred habitat.


Several studies indicate that exposure to AFM1 has a possible link to an increased risk of developing cancer in humans [45] . The carcinogenicity of AFM1 may be influenced by the duration and level of exposure. Exposure is most likely to occur through the frequent consumption of milk and milk among foods because of the AFM1 associated with the by-products (infant milk, cheese, yoghurt) [46] .

Several studies indicate that exposure to AFM1 has a possible link to an increased risk of developing cancer in humans.

Exposure is most likely to occur through the frequent consumption of milk and milk among foods because of the AFM1 associated with the by-products (infant milk, cheese, yoghurt).


The mechanism of action of cisplatin toxicity on ovaries has not been explained thoroughly. However, it is thought that increased production of free oxygen radicals and decreased production of antioxidants have an impact on the occurrence of cisplatin toxicity [7, 8] . It has been claimed that organ damage related to free radicals occurs as a consequence of disrupted antioxidant defense mechanisms. Moreover, it was reported that the toxicity caused by cisplatin in the tissues was closely related to the increased lipid peroxidation [9, 10] . This literature knowledge suggests that antioxidant treatment might be helpful to prevent cisplatin-related ovarian toxicity and therefore infertility due to this toxicity. Mirtazapine that we tested in this trial is an antidepressant drug used in the treatment of major depression. In recent years, researchers have begun to conduct studies about the antioxidant activity of mirtazapine along with its antidepressant effect. It was reported that it could be used as a cell protector because of 2 The Scientific World Journal its inhibitor effects particularly on the antioxidant parameters [11, 12] . In literature research, we found no information about preventing infertility with mirtazapine in rats with oxidative ovarian damage due to cisplatin administration. Thus, the purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether mirtazapine would be efficacious for preventing infertility occurred in rats with oxidative ovarian damage due to cisplatin administration, and to define the association of oxidative stress in ovarian tissues with infertility.

However, it is thought that increased production of free oxygen radicals and decreased production of antioxidants have an impact on the occurrence of cisplatin toxicity.

Moreover, it was reported that the toxicity caused by cisplatin in the tissues was closely related to the increased lipid peroxidation.

It was reported that it could be used as a cell protector because of 2 The Scientific World Journal its inhibitor effects particularly on the antioxidant parameters.


Today, a major objective of higher educational institutions is to prepare students for survival in the digital era. To this end, students have to develop the literacy competencies they need to live, learn, and work successfully in a rapidly changing society. Consequently, this requires a shift to the constructivist information-processing paradigm (Shana, 2009) . The theoretical foundations of information and communication technology (ICT) projects are based on Vygotsky's cultural-historical perspective and Wenger and Lave's situated learning theory. This paradigm perceives learning as an active and communal process whereby students build knowledge and construct meaning through interaction with others (Pletka, 2007) .

Consequently, this requires a shift to the constructivist information-processing paradigm.

This paradigm perceives learning as an active and communal process whereby students build knowledge and construct meaning through interaction with others.


Teacher educators face challenges to produce a new generation of teachers capable of addressing the demands of the 21 century classrooms. Thus, microteaching that integrates various means of technology is a promising professional development that could provide teachers with the experiences to confront these challenges (Diana, 2013) . Microteaching is a pivotal experience that provides students with opportunities to practice teaching skills in an authentic environment. In other words, it helps students gain professional experience as it enables them to apply theoretical knowledge, plan and implement new teaching strategies, and reflect on their performance (Bakır, 2014; Sen, 2009) . Students can practice their teaching skills in a supportive and authentic environment. Moreover, microteaching helps students to gain insights into their teaching and become engaged in more reflective practices (Donnelly & Fitzmaurice, 2011) .

Thus, microteaching that integrates various means of technology is a promising professional development that could provide teachers with the experiences to confront these challenges.

In other words, it helps students gain professional experience as it enables them to apply theoretical knowledge, plan and implement new teaching strategies, and reflect on their performance.

Moreover, microteaching helps students to gain insights into their teaching and become engaged in more reflective practices.


In fact, various studies conducted in Egypt showed that there is a gap in teacher preparation programs. Therefore, the inclusion of multi-modals of technology is imperative in order to promote prospective teachers' skills and competencies. In particular, the integration of modern technology into microteaching programs might help overcome the challenges that students face at various Egyptian educational institutions (Diana, 2013) .

In particular, the integration of modern technology into microteaching programs might help overcome the challenges that students face at various Egyptian educational institutions.


Sweeping changes brought on by the emergence of the internet and business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce (EC) has significantly affected enterprise activities. Profit creation methods in this "virtual economy" tidal wave have become a shared concern around the world. Businesses are increasingly proposing EC strategies (primarily internet-related) to lower costs, elevate efficiency, and strengthen relationships with partners and customers, in hopes of increasing their international competitiveness. The development of effective strategies for achieving competitive advantage through EC will be essential for success in the twenty-first century (Gunasekaran et al., 2002) .

The development of effective strategies for achieving competitive advantage through EC will be essential for success in the twenty-first century.


The behavioral response to H. akashiwo was more complex, undergoing shifts, including dispersive and retentive swimming behaviors. Because F. ehrenbergii experienced significant mortality in the presence of H. akashiwo, we cannot determine if these changes were a behavioral response or a physiological consequence of toxicity. Previous work observed erratic swimming of Favella sp. in the presence of the toxic alga Alexandrium tamarense (Hansen 1989) . The observed changes in F. ehrenbergii swimming behavior in response to the HAB species, whether voluntary or induced by toxicity, would ultimately decrease the encounter rate of predator and prey. Given the high mortality of F. ehrenbergii, it is questionable, however, whether these behavioral modifications were effective. These results support the idea that exposure to toxic phytoplankton species may lead to changes in heterotrophic protist movement behaviors, ultimately altering encounter rates.

Previous work observed erratic swimming of Favella sp. in the presence of the toxic alga Alexandrium tamarense.


Three treatments were used to quantify predator-prey interactions: (1) F. ehrenbergii alone, (2) F. ehrenbergii and H. akashiwo together, and (3) F. ehrenbergii and H. triquetra together. All treatments were run in triplicate. Using a syringe, organisms were introduced at the bottom of the tank through silicone tubing with an internal diameter of 1 mm. Cells were introduced slowly at a rate of 10 mL min 21 to reduce stress to cells as well as disturbance to the water column. Phytoplankton cells were introduced into the tank first, and allowed to acclimate for 10 min. Heterosigma akashiwo was added to the tank for an average final concentration of 180 cells mL 21 . In order to observe a final concentration of 50 F. ehrenbergii mL 21 , 2 liters of ciliate culture were gently condensed to 30 mL using a submerged, 20-mm Nitex mesh 15 min before introduction to the bottom of the experimental chamber. Cells were then added to the tank using the same silicone tubing as used for phytoplankton. An equivalent volume of water was added to the control tanks, so that volumetrically the treatments remained the same. To minimize preycell carryover and to maximize feeding motivation, F. ehrenbergii cultures were starved for 3 d prior to use in the experiment. The residual prey in the concentrated samples were enumerated using microscope counts; the concentration of H. triquetra was below the detection limit, and the carryover of I. galbana was , 2 cells mL 21 , or 5000 pg C of total I. galbana biomass in the entire tank, equivalent to the biomass of 1.7 F. ehrenbergii cells (Verity and Langdon 1984) .

All treatments were run in triplicate.

The residual prey in the concentrated samples were enumerated using microscope counts; the concentration of H. triquetra was below the detection limit, and the carryover of I. galbana was , 2 cells mL 21 , or 5000 pg C of total I. galbana biomass in the entire tank, equivalent to the biomass of 1.7 F. ehrenbergii cells.


Like any other recreational activity too, some rural communities are better situated to provide casino services than others. The locational determinants are documented in the tourism planning literature (Gunn 1994; Smith 1988) . For instance, communities in close proximity to larger urban areas are more accessible to potential tourists. Regions with good transportation infrastructure are more attractive as sites for the same reason. Because of recreational service complementarities (cultural heritage, theme parks, etc.), communities that have existing recreational endowments can market these attractions in combination with casino gaming to increase their market. Finally, areas that provide other needed service sector inputs competitively, such as skilled labor, low-paid labor, good public services, amenities, etc. are more promising candidates for casino investment.

The locational determinants are documented in the tourism planning literature.


Pulp diseases and periodontal tissues diseases depend of anatomical, physiological and histological characteristics. The growth and development of orofacial system as a whole, the development and maturation processes of dento-alveolar tissue and involutive processes in primary and young permanent teeth are of great importance for the genesis and development of the dental infections in children [5] . Pulp of the tooth primary is infected and becomes necrotic of its own oral microflora. Conditions in pulpal low to settle inside of if mixed, mostly anaerobic flora.

The growth and development of orofacial system as a whole, the development and maturation processes of dento-alveolar tissue and involutive processes in primary and young permanent teeth are of great importance for the genesis and development of the dental infections in children.


Oral and maxillofacial infections are common health problems worldwide. More than 500 bacterial species are known to constitute normal oral microbiota [1] . Dentalcaries, on the other hand, is considered to be endogenous bacterial disease, caused by oral cavity bacterial flora with have latent pathogenic potential. The disease is a result of creatiton of favorable conditions where by the resistance of the host (the tooth) is reduced and the specific bacterial species multiply, leading to expression in cariogenic types. If caries is not treated, complications occur with repercussions to pulp-periodontal complex [2] .

More than 500 bacterial species are known to constitute normal oral microbiota.

If caries is not treated, complications occur with repercussions to pulp-periodontal complex.


Recently, in order to meet scaling demands, electrically variable shallow junction (EJ) MOSFETs and straddle-gate MOSFETs have been fabricated [22] [23] [24] . Since, the S/D regions are electrically induced, the junction is extremely shallow and it effectively reduces SCEs. But due to large S/D resistance and large coupling capacitance between the upper and lower gate, it is not applicable to LSI (large scale integrations). Besides this both structures make use of poly-Si side gates, due to which poly-Si depletion width effects are introduced.

Recently, in order to meet scaling demands, electrically variable shallow junction (EJ) MOSFETs and straddle-gate MOSFETs have been fabricated.


The functions of the now extinct PCTs were spread across CCGs, councils and provider organisations, creating a more complex organisational picture than before the reforms, with more complex accountability and governance structures. Moreover, there was continued upheaval in the system, with elements such as CCGs and public health teams merging, the PHE regional tier 'downsizing' , and local councils constantly restructuring as they tried to cope with substantial budget cuts. Fragmentation is a problem common to many health systems, and is a condition related to the tendency within health care planning to focus and act on the parts without adequately appreciating their relation to the evolving whole [21] . There is a constant challenge to create a system focused on relationships across the whole -whole people, whole systems, whole communities. It is often these relationships across the whole that suffer in the context of financial restraint and continual change [22] .

Fragmentation is a problem common to many health systems, and is a condition related to the tendency within health care planning to focus and act on the parts without adequately appreciating their relation to the evolving whole.

It is often these relationships across the whole that suffer in the context of financial restraint and continual change.


It is reasonable to explore the deviation from GR at scale larger than the galaxy to the cosmic one with modified gravity rather than the assumption of dark matter or dark energy considering that the GR is only verified within the solar system or for the local phenomenon. Most of popular modified gravity models assume the local Lorentz invariance just as in the GR which can be regarded as a Lorentz gauge theory [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Though ΛCDM model can account for most of the CMB observation very well, one of cosmic anomalies is the equationment of low-l multipoles in the CMB angular power spectrum where ΛCDM's prediction do not fit the observation well. According to the recent Planck data, the normals of octopole plane, the quadrupole plane and the direction of dipole moment do not coincide evidently [11] . One can not expect either the CMB spectrum obeys the cosmological principle in the CMB rest frame or the transformation from CMB rest frame to the peculiar motion frame is a simple Lorentz boost. There are many ways to compensate the low-l multipole anomalies, e.g. assuming the anisotropic dark energy etc. All these solutions either sacrifice the cosmological principle or assuming non-Riemann geometry or nontrivial topology of the space-time of the universe [11] .

Most of popular modified gravity models assume the local Lorentz invariance just as in the GR which can be regarded as a Lorentz gauge theory.

According to the recent Planck data, the normals of octopole plane, the quadrupole plane and the direction of dipole moment do not coincide evidently.

All these solutions either sacrifice the cosmological principle or assuming non-Riemann geometry or nontrivial topology of the space-time of the universe.


Neutrino oscillation provides us new insight to understanding the flavor puzzle. It is found that the neutrino mixing angles can be reproduced by extending the SM with a finite discrete non-abelian flavor symmetry [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . The observed neutrino mixing pattern arises as the result of particular vacuum alignment of scalar fields called flavons which spontaneously break certain discrete flavor symmetry. The flavons are SM singlet and they transform nontrivially under the flavor symmetry group. Usually a number of flavons are necessary, and the scalar potential as well as additional shaping symmetries has to be cleverly designed to obtain the desired vacuum alignment. Another drawback of this approach is that the predictability of a discrete flavor symmetry model could be degraded by the possible higher dimensional operators. Moreover, flavor symmetry is usually used to constrain the neutrino mixing angles while the neutrino masses are undetermined except in some specific models.

It is found that the neutrino mixing angles can be reproduced by extending the SM with a finite discrete non-abelian flavor symmetry.


Straggler tasks are a challenge for analytics workloads [12] . A commonly used method for handling stragglers is speculative execution, which involves detecting a straggler as soon as possible and restarting a copy of the task on another machine [11] . While this approach helps with machine skew, it does not address data or compute skew. Hurricane allows slower workers to split their task via cloning, avoiding the need to restart the task from scratch.

Straggler tasks are a challenge for analytics workloads.

A commonly used method for handling stragglers is speculative execution, which involves detecting a straggler as soon as possible and restarting a copy of the task on another machine.


Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of more than 100 chemicals usually produced during incomplete combustion of organic materials. Some of the many sources of PAHs are motor vehicle exhaust, residential and industrial heating sources, coal, crude oil and natural gas processing, waste incineration, and tobacco smoke. Organ systems affected by exposure to PAHs include dermal, hepatic, and immunologic (ATSDR, 2014) . Smoking, grilling, broiling, or other high temperature processing can result in the formation of PAHs. The emitted PAHs can form or bind to particles in the air, and particle size depends in part on the source of the PAHs (CDC, 2013) . Relatively higher concentrations of PAHs are associated with smaller particulates (Boström et al., 2002; Rehwagen, Müller, Massolo, Herbarth, & Ronco, 2005) . Uncooked foods and vegetables generally contain low concentrations of PAHs but can be contaminated by airborne particle deposition (CDC, 2013) . Some leafy vegetables, may, however, have relatively higher concentrations of PAHs .

Organ systems affected by exposure to PAHs include dermal, hepatic, and immunologic.

The emitted PAHs can form or bind to particles in the air, and particle size depends in part on the source of the PAHs.

Relatively higher concentrations of PAHs are associated with smaller particulates.

Uncooked foods and vegetables generally contain low concentrations of PAHs but can be contaminated by airborne particle deposition.


Long-term water shortages driven by population growth, industries pollution and climate change are forcing people to learn to live with less water and treat wastewater for circulation [26] . Wastewaters from various industries, factories, laboratories, etc. are serious problems to the environment [27] . Actually, in many cases, much industrial wastewater streams are only slightly contaminated and contain low levels of dissolved organic compounds, such as dyes. In recent years, photocatalytic degradation of dyes using MCM-41 mesororous materials loaded/doped/coated/grafted/substituted by TiO 2 nanoparticles or titanium has become very important [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] . However, there is no study on the photocatalytic degradation of dyes by TiO 2 loading on Al-MCM-41 mesoporous materials under visible light irradiation. It was proved that there were more solid acid sites on the surface of MCM-41 mesoporous materials if aluminum was inducted into its framework.

Long-term water shortages driven by population growth, industries pollution and climate change are forcing people to learn to live with less water and treat wastewater for circulation.

Wastewaters from various industries, factories, laboratories, etc. are serious problems to the environment.

In recent years, photocatalytic degradation of dyes using MCM-41 mesororous materials loaded/doped/coated/grafted/substituted by TiO 2 nanoparticles or titanium has become very important.


The methodological approach adopted in this study took account of the variability of activity time as an indicator of demand by averaging activity time based on the variability of patient factors, personnel proficiency and examinations at the research site. This approach compensated for the fact that activity time varies depending on variables such as co-operation of the patient, age of the patient, the radiographer and the pathology investigated. Furthermore, the research focus was general radiography patients and observed patients placed similar demands on departmental resources. Gathering both the number of patients and the number of examinations was a plus for this study as previous researchers had recommended that this approach provides a more accurate estimate of activity and therefore demand (Gahan, 2010; Hobson, 2007; Lee & Silvester, 2004; Lodge & Bamford, 2008; Martin et al., 2003; Silvester et al., 2004; Taylor & Shouls, 2008) . Although radiographers were assumed to be "interchangeable", it is acknowledged that the use of activity time gathered in one year, as a basis for calculations for all the years, introduced cohort errors. Again, this study did not include demand encountered outside normal working hours although contrary to other researchers, the data-set did provide the ability to determine whether a drop in demand for one research site was picked up by other providers in the same catchment area .

Gathering both the number of patients and the number of examinations was a plus for this study as previous researchers had recommended that this approach provides a more accurate estimate of activity and therefore demand.


One of the key bottlenecks that cause traffic congestion is signalized intersections. Particularly, urban signalized intersections have been identified as a major source of vehicle emissions, as congestion along with complex vehicle activities including stop-and-go, deceleration, idling, and acceleration lead to more pollutant emissions (Pandian et al. 2009; Mahmod et al. 2013) . Solutions are needed which can reduce intersection congestion and the resulting traffic-induced emission under the rapidly increasing traffic demand in the future. Key to such solutions is keeping traffic moving through the intersections with reduced stops.

Particularly, urban signalized intersections have been identified as a major source of vehicle emissions, as congestion along with complex vehicle activities including stop-and-go, deceleration, idling, and acceleration lead to more pollutant emissions.


An ideal filtration membrane must have both high selectivity and flux, long service life and low energy consumption [1] . Efforts for achieving this goal are leading to the replacement of traditional filtration membranes with new advanced thin-film composite (TFC) membranes [2, 3] . TFC membranes are composed of two or more different layers, i) a top thin selective barrier, ii) a porous mid-layer, and iii) a bottom mechanical support layer. These conventional TFC membranes are typically made from synthetic polymers such as polyethersulphone, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, aliphatic polyamide, poly(vinyl fluoride) and polyetherether ketone by a phase immersion process [1] . This process leads to some limitations such as low flux and high fouling due to an asymmetrical pore structure and a relatively broad pore size distribution [4, 5] . Nowadays much research is being devoted to the production of nanofibrebased TFC membranes, especially from electrospinning [2, 4] . It was demonstrated that these membranes exhibit high flux with the same filtration efficiency, because of the inherent properties of electrospun nanofibres. They have high porosity, interconnected pores and tuneable pore sizes, which can overcome the limitations of conventional TFC membranes [1, 2, 4] .

An ideal filtration membrane must have both high selectivity and flux, long service life and low energy consumption.

Efforts for achieving this goal are leading to the replacement of traditional filtration membranes with new advanced thin-film composite (TFC) membranes.

These conventional TFC membranes are typically made from synthetic polymers such as polyethersulphone, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, aliphatic polyamide, poly(vinyl fluoride) and polyetherether ketone by a phase immersion process.

This process leads to some limitations such as low flux and high fouling due to an asymmetrical pore structure and a relatively broad pore size distribution.

Nowadays much research is being devoted to the production of nanofibrebased TFC membranes, especially from electrospinning.

They have high porosity, interconnected pores and tuneable pore sizes, which can overcome the limitations of conventional TFC membranes.


Carbon nanofibers (CNF) are one of the carbonic materials with unique physicochemical and mechanical properties, high porosity and high specific surface area, which can be used as sorptive materials for the adsorption of organic contaminates. The excellent adsorption capabilities of CNFs can be attributed to the distortion of planar graphene sheets into a helical or cylindrical fashion. As a consequence, carbon nanoparticles readily experience fluctuating and induced dipole moments, which results in excellent van der Waals adhesion to organic species. This effect along with their ability to establish non-covalent π-stacking interactions accounts for improved extraction capacity of either nonpolar or moderately polar organic compounds [18, 19] .

This effect along with their ability to establish non-covalent π-stacking interactions accounts for improved extraction capacity of either nonpolar or moderately polar organic compounds.


It was expected that the large specific surface areas of nanomaterials improves the detection sensitivity and allows for a miniaturization of the device. Therefore, in sample treatment, NPs have been extensively employed to design novel extraction techniques focused on isolation and/or preconcentration of target analytes from different samples [12, 13] . Moreover, nanomaterials can also be functionalized with various chemical groups to increase their affinity toward target compounds, which makes them designable for selective extracting target analytes in complex matrices, e.g. environmental and biological samples [14] [15] [16] [17] . Since the extraction adsorbent SPME is the core for accomplishing trace amount analysis, developing adsorbent with high extraction efficiency is still an attractive task.

Therefore, in sample treatment, NPs have been extensively employed to design novel extraction techniques focused on isolation and/or preconcentration of target analytes from different samples.

Moreover, nanomaterials can also be functionalized with various chemical groups to increase their affinity toward target compounds, which makes them designable for selective extracting target analytes in complex matrices, e.g. environmental and biological samples.


According to string phenomenology, gravity exists in the Multiverse and space-time distortion exists in the Universe as demonstrated by metamaterial experiments (Cheng, 2009) . Matter and the gauge forces like the strong force, the weak force and the electromagnetic force only exist in the Universe. We conjecture that the Multiverse 6d compact manifolds control the copy process to the Multiverse; and the universe 6d compact manifolds control the gauge physics of the universe. In this context the grids control the shape of each space and the 6d junctions control and copy all physical particle-particle interactions.

According to string phenomenology, gravity exists in the Multiverse and space-time distortion exists in the Universe as demonstrated by metamaterial experiments.


The AdS/CFT correspondence provides a paradigm wherein a field theory is equivalent to a string theory containing gravity [1] . The most studied and best understood example of this correspondence conjectures the equivalence of SU (N ) N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory and type IIB string theory on AdS 5 × S 5 with N units of Ramond-Ramond (RR) five-form flux. There are various levels at which this correspondence can be tested. The 'weakest' level is the limit of large N and strong 't Hooft coupling on the field theory side, whose dual string theory is well described by classical supergravity. Going beyond this limit is, potentially, a conceptually fruitful endeavor. An ideal arena were this can be achieved is the study of non-local supersymmetric operators such as the Wilson loops.

The AdS/CFT correspondence provides a paradigm wherein a field theory is equivalent to a string theory containing gravity.


The efficiency of compaction as a shear process depends on the applied compaction energy and conditions, including the moulding water content (Benson and Trast, 1995; Bello, 2013; Cuisinier et al., 2011; Horn et al., 2015; Osinubi and Nwaiwu, 2005; Whalley et al., 2012) . The bulk density of clay changes with the increase in the water content during compaction. At first, it increases and begins to decrease having reached the maximum value known as Proctor density. Proctor density is commonly understood as the maximum possible compaction depending on the applied energy and water content (Baumgartl et al., 2004) . However, the saturated hydraulic conductivity can decrease either with an increasing or decreasing bulk density, which can be affected by the moulding water content, as well as by the way of storage including the inevitable layering (Hamdi and Srasra, 2013; Zhang et al., 2006) .

The efficiency of compaction as a shear process depends on the applied compaction energy and conditions, including the moulding water content.

Proctor density is commonly understood as the maximum possible compaction depending on the applied energy and water content.

However, the saturated hydraulic conductivity can decrease either with an increasing or decreasing bulk density, which can be affected by the moulding water content, as well as by the way of storage including the inevitable layering.


Chitosan is a polymer of glucosamine, obtained as a deacetylated product of chitin, which is a byproduct of squid, crab and shrimp processing. The degree of deacetylation and molecular weight of chitosan determine its physical and chemical properties. Chitosan has been reported to have many desirable properties such as nontoxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and anti-microbial characteristics. Moreover, its ability to encapsulate volatile citronella oil and controlled-release effect is of great interest [6] . However, the potential application of chitosan is hindered by its limited solubility in aqueous media due to the presence of abundant hydrogen bonds and its semi-crystalline properties [7] . Thus, chitosan is chemically modified so as to improve the polymer processability, solubility, antimicrobial activity and the ability to interact with other substances [8] . Chitosan possesses a high amount of hydroxyl groups closely similar to those of triblock copolymer and cyclodextrin, which are able to decrease volatility of perfumes. Therefore, it is of interest to study if it can be used as perfume fixative in a high alcohol and water content eau de cologne product. Shrimp chitosan, which is regarded as waste in food industry and therefore inexpensive, was used as the fragrance fixative. Thus, this work attempts to prepare a water soluble chitosan derivative and investigate its potential use as a fixative agent in eau de cologne products.

Moreover, its ability to encapsulate volatile citronella oil and controlled-release effect is of great interest.

However, the potential application of chitosan is hindered by its limited solubility in aqueous media due to the presence of abundant hydrogen bonds and its semi-crystalline properties.

Thus, chitosan is chemically modified so as to improve the polymer processability, solubility, antimicrobial activity and the ability to interact with other substances.


Data were analyzed using BioProc2 software (D.G.E. Robertson, author/ provider, Ottawa, ON). Both data signals were low-passed filtered using a 4th-order recursive Butterworth with a 50-Hz cutoff frequency. The cutoff frequency was selected following Fourier analysis of the power spectrum. Velocity and acceleration were calculated using the finite-difference technique (Winter, 1990) . Gravitational acceleration was added to the calculated acceleration, which was subsequently multiplied by the mass of the participant and barbell to obtain force. At this point the calculated force-time data were digitally filtered again with a 50-Hz cutoff frequency to reduce noise, which may have been magnified following differentiation (Winter, 1990) . Analysis of pilot data, including Fourier analysis of the power spectrum, revealed that the repetitive application of the filter was more effective at reducing noise without losing the signal than was a single application with a lower cutoff frequency.

Velocity and acceleration were calculated using the finite-difference technique.

At this point the calculated force-time data were digitally filtered again with a 50-Hz cutoff frequency to reduce noise, which may have been magnified following differentiation.


The results reported in this study support earlier findings that suggested that the competence to reason deductively becomes available in adolescence (Bady, 1979; Byrnes & Overton, 1986 Moshman & Franks, 1986; O'Brien & Overton, 1980 Overton, Byrnes & O'Brien, 1985; Overton et al., 1987; Pollack et al., 1988) . Prior to the availability of this competence, performance is poor regardless of the relevance of propositional content. At Grade 6, subjects performed poorly under both high-and low-relevant content conditions. When subjects were categorized as formal reasoners, only 16% of the 6th graders fell in this category. On the other hand, there was a clear developmental progression between the 6th and 12th grades. At the 12th-grade level, 80% of the subjects were categorized as formal reasoners.

The results reported in this study support earlier findings that suggested that the competence to reason deductively becomes available in adolescence.


The findings also support the position that familiarity of content defined in terms of the relevance relation between antecedent and consequent clauses is an important factor in determining logical reasoning performance. It seems dear, however, that relevance operates to facilitate deductive reasoning when systemically available and is not a sufficient condition for deductive reasoning (Overton, 1990; Overton et al., 1987) . High-relevant content enhances level of performance for those having formal deductive reasoning competence, whereas low-relevant content fails to support adequate performance. At the 6th grade, logical solutions were meager, regardless of relevance of propositional content. At Grades 9 and 12, low-relevant content continues to result in poor performance. However, for the highrelevant content condition, performance improves significantly from Grades 6 to 12, and for Grades 9 and 12, 56% and 80% of these subjects, respectively, performed at a level of formal deductive reasoning.

It seems dear, however, that relevance operates to facilitate deductive reasoning when systemically available and is not a sufficient condition for deductive reasoning.


In the case of subsidized and regular employment, biases are quite likely because labor market programs typically aim at cushioning unfavorable local labor market conditions. Thus, unfavorable labor market conditions may have an opposing effect on exits to regular and subsidized employment. Similarly, a higher migration hazard may be a response to deficient local labor demand that lowers the hazard of finding a local job (Arntz, 2005) . The paper thus contributes to the literature by disentangling the relevance of individual, regional and institutional factors for exiting unemployment durations to three important exit states. Since the period covered by our data, 2000-2004, falls mainly into the pre-reform institutional setup, we cannot evaluate the success of recent reform efforts. Instead, our regression type analysis aims at exploring the main individual, regional and institutional determinants of unemployment duration in Germany. By doing so, we provide evidence about the extent to which recent reforms concerning passive labor market measures, regional employment policies and the organization of public employment services are likely to contribute to a reduction of unemployment duration.

Similarly, a higher migration hazard may be a response to deficient local labor demand that lowers the hazard of finding a local job.


OCT Examination and Analysis. A SD-OCT machine RTVue-100 (Optovue, Fremont, CA) was used in this study. For each participant, RTVue-100 protocol MM6 was used to detect MRS. The MM6 protocol performed 12 radial line scans consisting of 1024 A-scans each (6 mm scan length) centered on the foveola with a total scan time of 0.27 seconds. The RTVue-100 examination followed the procedures reported in literature [10] [11] [12] . Only OCT images exactly centered on the foveola were chosen for analyses. MRS was defined as the splitting of intraretinal tissues including outer macular retinoschisis (outer plexiform layer splitting), inner macular retinoschisis (inner plexiform layer splitting), and internal limiting membrane detachment in macular area accompanied by either continuous or discontinuous bridging tissues in splitting cavities [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Patients with cystic cavities alone in the fovea in OCT images further underwent family survey to exclude X-linked hereditary juvenile retinoschisis 24 .

OCT Examination and Analysis.

The RTVue-100 examination followed the procedures reported in literature.

MRS was defined as the splitting of intraretinal tissues including outer macular retinoschisis (outer plexiform layer splitting), inner macular retinoschisis (inner plexiform layer splitting), and internal limiting membrane detachment in macular area accompanied by either continuous or discontinuous bridging tissues in splitting cavities.


One of these modified ATRPs is ARGET ATRP (Figure 1 ; left panel) [26] [27] [28] . In this RDRP, a reducing agent, for example tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(EH)2), is added in excess relative to the ATRP catalyst, which is present at very low amounts (<300 ppm with respect to monomer; molar). This allows the in situ reduction of the deactivator species and thus the regeneration of activator species. Moreover, ARGET ATRP allows the polymerization to be initiated by only the halide initiator and the deactivator, leading to less stringent reaction conditions compared to the classical ATRP process. It has been indicated that the outcome of the ARGET ATRP is very sensitive to the initial concentrations. In particular, the amount of reducing agent has to be selected carefully, taking into account a trade-off between polymerization rate and livingness [29] [30] [31] [32] . Moreover, by switching to continuous operation, a more industrial attractive process can be obtained [33, 34] .

One of these modified ATRPs is ARGET ATRP (Figure 1 ; left panel).

In particular, the amount of reducing agent has to be selected carefully, taking into account a trade-off between polymerization rate and livingness.

Moreover, by switching to continuous operation, a more industrial attractive process can be obtained.


However, both ARGET ATRP and NMP still display several shortcomings, which partly explains the limited industrial realization of RDRP [49] . Taking into account technical-economic considerations, several aspects should be still optimized. From a technical point of view an improved polymer product, i.e., a better control over the narrowness of the CLD and a high EGF, are desired. On the other hand, the economic feasibility of the polymerization process necessitates that a predetermined conversion is reached within a minimal reaction time. These objectives are unfortunately often contradictory in nature, implying the need of multi-objective optimization (MOO) for the unbiased optimization of RDRP. Such optimization studies do not deliver a unique set of operating conditions, but result in a set of several equivalently optimal solutions. This so-called Pareto-optimal front offers the decision-maker useful insights in the compromise to be made and provides the flexibility to decide which is the preferred operating point taking into account specific constraints on polymerization time and microstructural control [50, 51] .

However, both ARGET ATRP and NMP still display several shortcomings, which partly explains the limited industrial realization of RDRP.

This so-called Pareto-optimal front offers the decision-maker useful insights in the compromise to be made and provides the flexibility to decide which is the preferred operating point taking into account specific constraints on polymerization time and microstructural control.


Several approaches have been developed that are suited for solving MOO-problems, such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithms [52] . The latter have shown to be very suited to solve MOO-problems involving many design variables, as in RDRP. A pioneering genetic algorithm is the so-called Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) proposed by Srinivas and Deb [53] . This algorithm suffered from several drawbacks, which have been addressed by the development of an improved version NSGA-II [54] .

Several approaches have been developed that are suited for solving MOO-problems, such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithms.

A pioneering genetic algorithm is the so-called Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) proposed by Srinivas and Deb.

This algorithm suffered from several drawbacks, which have been addressed by the development of an improved version NSGA-II.


More similar to ThemeRiver in intent are systems that focus directly on time. The Lifelines system, developed jointly by the University of Maryland and IBM, has been used to visualize medical records and juvenile criminal records [15] , [16] . The visualization displays time along the x-axis and uses the y-axis to categorize events. Horizontal bars depict duration for events such as hospitalizations, while tick marks are used for discrete events such as medical tests. Graphical attributes such as color and width can show event relationships or importance. TmViewer uses a similar approach, adding the ability to show parentchild relationships with lines between related time bars [17] .

The Lifelines system, developed jointly by the University of Maryland and IBM, has been used to visualize medical records and juvenile criminal records.

TmViewer uses a similar approach, adding the ability to show parentchild relationships with lines between related time bars.


The urban public and social spaces are becoming a central concern for urban Y. Farhan, S. Al-Shawamreh residential neighborhoods, green open spaces, and town center spaces, including central squares and shopping areas [12] . The researchers examined how different people use public spaces and assessed how social interactions vary by age, gender and, place, and the "use of other spaces", i.e. their own homes and other indoor facilities. The results were analyzed with reference to their relevance for emerging policy agendas regarding shared and contested spaces, intergenerational relationships, safety and security, and the management of public space.

The urban public and social spaces are becoming a central concern for urban Y. Farhan, S. Al-Shawamreh residential neighborhoods, green open spaces, and town center spaces, including central squares and shopping areas.


Normal lymphatic pathways can be shown using lymphoscintigraphic examination during sentinel node biopsy. However, little information is available about postoperative lymphatic alterations. Such information, which could improve understanding of secondary cancer metastasis and of how to prevent lymphedema, would first require a comprehensive reference map of the lymphatic system at baseline to permit determination of where changes have occurred. Animal experiments are thought to be an essential element for this investigation, but, to the best of our knowledge, no standard, complete animal model of the lymphatic drainage system currently exists [11] [12] . According to our previous research, the lymphatic system of a dog demonstrated remarkable similarities to the human lymphatic system in number, size, and distribution of the lymphatic vessels [13] [14] . Thus, the aim of this study was to map the complete canine lymphatic system and demonstrate how this map can be used to better understand lymphatic architectural changes that occur after lymph node dissection.

Animal experiments are thought to be an essential element for this investigation, but, to the best of our knowledge, no standard, complete animal model of the lymphatic drainage system currently exists.

According to our previous research, the lymphatic system of a dog demonstrated remarkable similarities to the human lymphatic system in number, size, and distribution of the lymphatic vessels.


Literature on the typical development of reading and skilled adult readers has defined some key processes for successful text comprehension. These processes have been separated into lower level skills related to single word decoding, and higher level skills related to constructing the meaning of the text (Cain et al., 2004; Landi, 2010; Oakhill, Hartt, & Samols, 2005; Snow, 2002) . It has been argued that assessments of reading must take into account these component processes (Cain, Oakhill, & Bryant, 2004; Guo, Roehrig, & Williams, 2011; Hannon, 2012; McBride Chang, 2004; Mokhtari & Reichard, 2002) .

These processes have been separated into lower level skills related to single word decoding, and higher level skills related to constructing the meaning of the text.

It has been argued that assessments of reading must take into account these component processes.


His pattern indicates a residual impairment in lexico-semantic access, likely compounded by a fast reading speed and a mild reduction in working memory. This affects his ability to extract meanings from individual words and make both local and global inferences. This is in line with the finding that successful access to word meaning (i.e. vocabulary knowledge) is important for successful reading comprehension (Beck, Perfetti, & McKeown, 1982; Guo et al., 2011) .

This is in line with the finding that successful access to word meaning (i.e. vocabulary knowledge) is important for successful reading comprehension.


The grid of electricity meters or the network of smart meters (SM) is referred as smart grid. It can also be referred as modern electricity grid. The thousands of consumers are being evolved over many years that need to be served by the electricity grids. As the population is being increased and the utilisation of power is increasing by them for various purposes, the challenge of the electricity distribution system is increased in generating the required power. Recently, the consumers are increasing their power consumption more and more. There are many factors like high price of electricity, reduced power generation, increasing debt of power which is related to electricity distribution system. Smart grids are very helpful to overcome all these constraints. The smart grid is used to control the power consumption by making the consumers to be aware of their power consumption and their respective prices. It is assumed that the overall power consumption can be controlled by making the end users aware of their power consumption as the end users will try to manage the power consumption based on the tariffs of the electricity, which will in turn help in power saving. Hence, the end users can be served in a cost effectively and scantiness of power can be lowered by power producers and power distributors by deploying SM (Misra et al., 2013) . So, as in the other networks, the efficiency, reliability, control system and safety are required parameters in the smart grid system (Yan et al., 2013) . The smart grid communication system is used to optimise the power consumption, proper utilisation of the power generated, increase the customer satisfaction (Misra et al., 2013) . A smart grid is a hierarchical structure as shown in Figure 1 . The highest level in the hierarchical structure is the main power station (MPS), and then comes transmission units, distribution substations, and finally SM as leaves. Due to considerable research and development in the field of smart grid communication, their security in real time systems has become a major consideration. Smart grid communication systems have some special properties due to which they are highly vulnerable to security attacks by adversary. The presence of wireless medium is the major weakness utilising which any adversary can attack the network. Also, lack of infrastructure providing secure communication is a big challenge in this unique network environment.

Hence, the end users can be served in a cost effectively and scantiness of power can be lowered by power producers and power distributors by deploying SM.

So, as in the other networks, the efficiency, reliability, control system and safety are required parameters in the smart grid system.

The smart grid communication system is used to optimise the power consumption, proper utilisation of the power generated, increase the customer satisfaction.


There are four levels in the hierarchy of the smart grid communication system. The security threat can be at any level of the hierarchy. It can be considered that the substation is the significant level where the threat might be high as its communication involves with the control centre, other substations, remote monitoring systems and external data networks. So, highest priority is given to this location while providing the security to the smart grid system. The security concern in the substation arises when the network interacts with the public network (Weerathunga, 2012) .

The security concern in the substation arises when the network interacts with the public network.


As the network of electricity system is increasing day by day, the smart grid systems should be scalable such that it can support the network of any size and future set of functions. It must also be persistent in order to maintain the communication between the MPS and the SM in the hierarchical structure of the smart grid communication (Madani et al., 2007) . The smart grid is not just making the electric grid more economical, greener, eco-friendly, but also insists security into the grid. The initiative source of security threats can be inside or outside of the electric security system. The threats from the industrial surveillance, radicals and black hat hackers can be treated as the outside threats. The security provision to electrical utilities is a very big challenge as the radicals and the intruders try to obtain the access of the details related to the system. The power production, generation and supply may be heavily interrupted by these revolutionary forces. Some of the internal threats could be from the employees of the same system who are discontent or it could result from the mistakes of the employees whose main intension might not be causing damage to the system. The systems security is affected weather the damage is caused intentionally or unintentionally which affects the generation or transmission of power.

It must also be persistent in order to maintain the communication between the MPS and the SM in the hierarchical structure of the smart grid communication.


In this work, a tribotester enabling in-situ monitoring and evaluation of wear under dry and lubricated conditions was developed. The main goal of the experimental setup was to provide continuous assessment of the wear phenomenon during the sliding test to obtain the information about the wear mechanism in progression [18] . This could be achieved by monitoring the state of a given location in the wear track through the viewport of the 3D laser microscope. Such configuration allowed to evaluate the wear process in detail during each sliding cycle. Thus, it was possible to investigate the wear transition processes with respect to the sliding distance. Use of state-of-the-art components for surface topography measurement, planar positioning and force sensing allowed to improve the sensitivity and resolution compared with the previously reported systems. The following sections describe the details of the instrument design, construction, and usage.

The main goal of the experimental setup was to provide continuous assessment of the wear phenomenon during the sliding test to obtain the information about the wear mechanism in progression.


As the Green functions of a general quantum field theory contain in principle all information, considerable research efforts is being devoted to construct as reliable as possible estimates of these Green functions. Amongst the various possible ways to compute the Green functions, a powerful method is the study of the Dyson-Schwinger equations (DSEs), which are nothing else than the quantum version of the equations of motions and are thus derivable from the partition function itself [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . The appealing it may look to actually solve the DSEs, it must be mentioned that they inevitably lead to an infinite number of coupled equations and consequently assumptions/truncations must be made to obtain any kind of results. For SU(N ) Yang-Mills gauge systems, usually quantized in the Landau gauge because of the special (renormalization) properties of this gauge, the DSEs for the propagators themselves are solved while the input vertices are either taken to be tree level like or modeled using information from e.g. lattice simulations of the non-perturbative vertices when available [4, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] .

Amongst the various possible ways to compute the Green functions, a powerful method is the study of the Dyson-Schwinger equations (DSEs), which are nothing else than the quantum version of the equations of motions and are thus derivable from the partition function itself.

For SU(N ) Yang-Mills gauge systems, usually quantized in the Landau gauge because of the special (renormalization) properties of this gauge, the DSEs for the propagators themselves are solved while the input vertices are either taken to be tree level like or modeled using information from e.g. lattice simulations of the non-perturbative vertices when available.


In recent years there has been a significant increase in public awareness of the potential dangers posed by the usage of chemicals and their effects to both human beings and the environment. Operational mistakes (such as elevated pressure and temperature beyond critical limits) in chemical industries can cause catastrophic consequences to life and the environment leading to financial loss. Major industrial hazards are generally associated with the potential for fire, explosion or dispersion of toxic chemicals. These usually involve the release of material from containment, that is, in case of volatile materials, followed by its evaporization and dispersion (Lees, 1996) .

These usually involve the release of material from containment, that is, in case of volatile materials, followed by its evaporization and dispersion.


Controlled atmosphere or modified atmosphere (CA or MA) has been used successfully on maintaining the quality of strawberries. Modified atmosphere packaging can be considered as a self-contained form of controlled atmosphere designed to maintain the internal gas composition of the packaging during transportation and storage. A modified atmosphere extends the shelf-life of the fruits, whereas the sealed container protects them from exposure to diseases and other environmental contaminants [8] . Controlling the relative humidity and storage temperature were important factors for keeping the freshness of fruits.

A modified atmosphere extends the shelf-life of the fruits, whereas the sealed container protects them from exposure to diseases and other environmental contaminants.


To increase the export of fruit, such as strawberries, it is necessary to develop the postharvest management of fruit during retail marketing after transportation. Compared to air transportation, vessel export is cheaper and can move higher volumes, but it takes 3 -10 days longer to transport goods. Vessel export would seem unsuitable for strawberries, a fruit that can over ripen easily and become soft or rot [7] . In this study, to extend the shelf-life of strawberry, we examined the CO 2 treatment alone and combined CO 2 with MA. We investigate the quality of "Maehyang" strawberry during different storage conditions in the retail marketing after vessel export.

Vessel export would seem unsuitable for strawberries, a fruit that can over ripen easily and become soft or rot.


The finding that the overall number of lymph nodes removed at surgery correlates with survival has been previously reported (Kilgore et al, 1995; Blythe et al, 1997; McMeekin et al, 2001; Chan et al, 2006; Lutman et al, 2006; Mariani et al, 2006) . In early-stage disease, it is not clear whether this benefit is due directly to cytoreductive effects of surgery or from more accurate staging. In this current study of node-positive patients, we found that a more extended dissection remained as an important predictor for survival after controlling for the absolute number and ratio of positive nodes. The improvement in survival associated with extent of lymph node resection and possible mechanisms have been previously reported (Chan et al, 2006) . Lastly, it is possible that lymph node dissection may be a surrogate for the quality comprehensive care rather than the cause that resulted in the better outcome of these patients.

The finding that the overall number of lymph nodes removed at surgery correlates with survival has been previously reported.

The improvement in survival associated with extent of lymph node resection and possible mechanisms have been previously reported.


A power transformer is a piece of equipment that is designed for years of usage and generally has good reliability, with a life expectancy up to 40 years or more. The condition of the transformer naturally decreases as it is operated because of the processes of aging. However, it may become damaged faster than normal. During operation, transformers experience things that accelerate aging such as increased water content, temperature, and oxidation [1] . Without proper maintenance, the aging agents such as oxygen, heat, and moisture will cause acid formation and other materials that negatively impact cellulose insulation. Thus, these transformers may become unreliable and incapable of functioning as expected. The remaining life of a power transformer is an important aspect that the owner of the transformer needs to know. A good transformer assessment will give better insights on the condition of the transformer for maintenance purposes. This will result in better power transfer efficiency because of the smaller loss of opportunity resulting from power outages.

During operation, transformers experience things that accelerate aging such as increased water content, temperature, and oxidation.


Many data confirm that most of the damage to the transformer is related to the failure of the insulation system, while the life of the cellulose insulation is the life of the transformer [3] . Failures of transformers that are operating are commonly dominated by events such as a short circuit or a lightning strike. Due to the aging on the transformer, the mechanical strength of the paper insulation will decrease, and short circuit events like this can cause the ultimate failure of the transformer. Due to their random occurrence, we cannot be certain when the final failure of the transformer is going to happen. However, if the strength of the latest paper insulation can be known, it is possible to make an estimation of when these events might occur [1] .

Many data confirm that most of the damage to the transformer is related to the failure of the insulation system, while the life of the cellulose insulation is the life of the transformer.

However, if the strength of the latest paper insulation can be known, it is possible to make an estimation of when these events might occur.


The low richness of insect assemblages on certain islands is a consequence of the difficulties inherent in the colonization processes. Regionally, the biogeographical factors that influence potential settlers are the ability to disperse over oceanic barriers, the distance to the mainland, and the prevailing wind direction. At the island scale, the relevant variables are the age and size, the availability of running water, the hydrological regime and the types and quality of habitats (Covich, 2006) .

At the island scale, the relevant variables are the age and size, the availability of running water, the hydrological regime and the types and quality of habitats.


Moving beyond the interaction effects between individual cultural background and medium, what remains underexplored is how individual cultural background and group cultural composition interact and influence remote collaboration. The literature on intergroup communication has found that individuals adapt their communicative behaviors, such as accent and language use, when conversing with people from other backgrounds (e.g., culture) [4] [6] . In the context of computer-mediated intercultural collaboration and CMC more generally, it is of importance to understand whether and how adaptation of communication styles occurs, and to understand its implications for technology adoption and design.

The literature on intergroup communication has found that individuals adapt their communicative behaviors, such as accent and language use, when conversing with people from other backgrounds (e.g., culture).


After conducting these three experiments, it was observed that B. ingae strains were effective in promoting I. edulis seedling development in both sterile and non-sterile substrates (Tables 1, 2 , and 3). It was verified that NN was higher in sterile substrate (Table 1) . Values for NDM obtained in sterile substrate were also higher than those obtained in non-sterile substrates. The decreases in NN and NDM in non-sterile conditions could be due to the presence, even if in low amounts, of organic matter and, consequently, N in the soil. Furthermore, competition between bacteria and other native microorganisms in the soil may reduce the bacterial population present in the inoculant. Thus, during the process of selecting bacteria for the inoculation of legume plants, after determining the strains which are effective in N-fixing under sterile conditions, it also becomes necessary to evaluate their competition with native bacteria in non-sterile soils (Stowers and Elkan, 1980; Franco and Faria, 1997) . In some variables, although there were increases in RDM, PH, SD, and NL when plants were inoculated with bacterial strains, these differences were not significant in all of the experiments. The lack of significant differences for some variables in different experiments might be correlated with genetic variability in the native tree species. However, there were significant differences for NN, NDM, SDM, and TN. SDM did not exhibit significant differences in pots filled with non-sterile soils, but there was an increase due to inoculation. For example, inoculation with the ERR 496 strain led to the production of 6.12 g of SDM, whereas 3.52 g was produced in the Control -N treatment (Table 2) .

Thus, during the process of selecting bacteria for the inoculation of legume plants, after determining the strains which are effective in N-fixing under sterile conditions, it also becomes necessary to evaluate their competition with native bacteria in non-sterile soils.


Inga edulis occurs in diverse phytogeographical domains in Brazil, including the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest (Possette and Rodrigues, 2010; Souza et al., 2011; Garcia and Fernandes, 2015) . Despite its wide occurrence and its potential for use in agroforestry systems and in recovery of degraded or altered areas, there are no bacterial strains recommended for these leguminous plants. Studies in this field can lead to the selection of effective N-fixing bacteria, thereby increasing N input in more sustainable systems, resulting in increased soil fertility. In Brazil, there are only two bacterial strains currently recommended for inoculation of the I. marginata species (Franco and Faria, 1997; Brasil, 2011) . Therefore, it is necessary to select strains for other Inga species.

Inga edulis occurs in diverse phytogeographical domains in Brazil, including the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest.

In Brazil, there are only two bacterial strains currently recommended for inoculation of the I. marginata species.


The AMO is a multi-decadal variability pattern in North Atlantic SST, likely linked to natural changes in the thermohaline circulation [31] . Winter AMO remained generally positive (warmer conditions) during the 16 year period, peaking in 2004-2007 and registering a low value in 2015 ( figure 3(b) ). The AMO influences NDVI especially in higher latitudes, with greening response to high AMO in the eastern edge of Russia and Alaska linked to higher temperature and radiation (the latter mostly in Alaska). High AMO induces browning at the very high latitudes in eastern Eurasia and eastern Canada, due to cooling and cloudier conditions (figure S7). The opposite response is expected for low AMO.

The AMO is a multi-decadal variability pattern in North Atlantic SST, likely linked to natural changes in the thermohaline circulation.


In 2015, the Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) shows widespread record greening during the growing season in NH mid-and high-latitudes ( figure 1(a) ). The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has been proven to be a good surrogate of vegetation activity and is widely used in studies of vegetation phenology, productivity, and in disturbance monitoring [17, 18] . Over the 16 yr period the mean NH NDVI has steadily increased, but the broadening of the distribution ( figure 1(b) ) also indicates increasing spatial heterogeneity. NDVI in 2015 clearly stands out as an anomaly to the 2000-2014 distribution, extending to values 3-4 standard deviations above the reference mean (s ref ). At hemispheric scale, 2015 produced the largest absolute NDVI value on record, and ranked highest for 38% of the NH pixels (figures 1(a) and (c)).

The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has been proven to be a good surrogate of vegetation activity and is widely used in studies of vegetation phenology, productivity, and in disturbance monitoring.


In those regions where NDVI predicted by our linear model was too high, generally the 'potential' (climaterelated) greening was not observed either because of fire occurrence or leaf wilting in response to extreme heat and soil dryness. In regions where the model underestimated the greening, extremely favourable climate for vegetation growth was observed. These extremes may be partly linked with the influence of other teleconnections, in particular the 2014/15 El Niño which may have reinforced PDO anomalies [37, 39] .

These extremes may be partly linked with the influence of other teleconnections, in particular the 2014/15 El Niño which may have reinforced PDO anomalies.


It is natural to ask why we expect the BPS equations derived from the sigma model to be valid in M theory. Lumps on the membrane correspond to intersections with other membranes wrapping Kähler calibrated 2-cycles. The full M theory equations describing the lump will be those that determine such a calibrated surface. A Kähler calibration however, is fully determined by linear first order differential equations, and we expect to be able to trust the sigma model to this order. For other calibrations, the sigma model agrees only to linearized order [4] . In section 5 we conclude with a summary of these results and some comments on a Hanany-Witten dual version of the configurations considered here whose low energy effective theory is a gauge theory in (2 + 1) dimensions with either N = 4 or N = 3 depending on whether the HK 8 manifold a direct product HK 4 × HK 4 or not.

For other calibrations, the sigma model agrees only to linearized order.


Prior research has demonstrated certain pragmatic language deficits in people with PD [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . The present results extend this line of research in several ways. First, we demonstrate a specific, previously undocumented, language production deficit in PD. Specifically, PD participants in this study produced marginally significantly more utterances classified as underinformative than did the non-PD participants, a deficit that is consistent with prior research demonstrating reduced information content in the language of people with PD [27] . Second, we demonstrate this deficit during a naturally occurring verbal interaction rather than with a laboratory task. Third, for the PD participants, this deficit was negatively correlated with the ability to automatically recognize others' speech acts. Hence, the ability to recognize a speaker's language-based intention underlies this production deficit. Of course this finding makes intuitive sense; it is difficult to generate meaningful contributions to a conversation without understanding your interlocutors. Fourth, both speech act priming and utterance informativeness were strongly related to a measure of executive control, and when this variable (i.e., Stroop performance) was controlled, the correlation between speech act priming and utterance under-informativeness was no longer significant. It appears, then, that executive control deficits are related to the ability to both comprehend and produce conversational utterances.

Prior research has demonstrated certain pragmatic language deficits in people with PD.

Specifically, PD participants in this study produced marginally significantly more utterances classified as underinformative than did the non-PD participants, a deficit that is consistent with prior research demonstrating reduced information content in the language of people with PD.


This research has several limitations that should be noted. First, our sample was predominately male, an imbalance that was larger for the PD group than for the non-PD group. However, this imbalance for PD participants is consistent with past research which suggests the actual incidence of Parkinson's disease is much higher for men than for women [28] . Although we found no evidence for gender effects (neither main effects nor interactions) in this research, our results may need to be viewed with some caution due to this imbalance. Second, our PD participants were significantly younger than our non-PD participants. Age, however, was not significantly correlated with any of the measures reported in this research. Third, our measure of utterance informativeness was not without some limitations. Although coders were able to achieve an acceptable agreement level using the coding scheme they developed and resolve their disagreements through discussion, this judgment was made by observers rather than conversationalists. The gold standard for utterance informativeness would be the judgments of people participating in the interaction.

However, this imbalance for PD participants is consistent with past research which suggests the actual incidence of Parkinson's disease is much higher for men than for women.


Speech Act Comprehension Measures. We used the previously reported speech act comprehension data as described in Holtgraves and McNamara [20] . In that research participants completed a speech act priming task in order to assess their ability to automatically recognize a speaker's intention. Participants read forty-eight brief scenarios describing an interaction between two people. Each scenario ended in a remark from one of the characters. Participants then performed a lexical decision task. On one-half of the critical trials the to-be-judged target named the speech act performed with the prior utterance; on the remaining critical trials, the target did not name the speech act performed with the prior utterance. Participants' reaction times to the probes were recorded and constituted the speech act priming measure. In a second, untimed task, participants read similar materials and were simply asked to identify which speech act a speaker had performed (speech act recognition measure). A detailed description of these two tasks and the corresponding results are presented in Holtgraves and McNamara [20] .

Speech Act Comprehension Measures.

We used the previously reported speech act comprehension data as described in Holtgraves and McNamara.

A detailed description of these two tasks and the corresponding results are presented in Holtgraves and McNamara.


Recent research has examined the impact of cognitive impairment on social skills [3] . Results suggest that PD patients with no evidence of cognitive deficits judged social situations to be more awkward than non-PD participants, even when controlling for anxiety. Results also suggest that PD patients diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) experienced difficulty categorizing others' actions and sarcastic remarks. Anderson and colleagues state that this pragmatic difficulty may only occur in the context of cognitive impairment because PD participants without MCI and age-matched controls did not demonstrate this effect [3] .

Recent research has examined the impact of cognitive impairment on social skills.

Anderson and colleagues state that this pragmatic difficulty may only occur in the context of cognitive impairment because PD participants without MCI and age-matched controls did not demonstrate this effect.


Motor Severity Measure. Motor symptom severity was assessed using a modified Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), a standard assessment of motor symptom severity that demonstrates acceptable interrater reliability [26] . Only the UPDRS motor severity scale score was used for analyses. This scale also assesses activities of daily living (ADLs) and potential motor effects of levodopa treatment (i.e. dyskinesia, autonomic signs, etc.).

Motor Severity Measure.

Motor symptom severity was assessed using a modified Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), a standard assessment of motor symptom severity that demonstrates acceptable interrater reliability.


Although PD is primarily associated with motor dysfunction, it also affects thinking, reasoning, planning and language functions. In fact, Aarsland and colleagues estimate that twenty to thirty percent of nondemented and early-stage PD patients have mild cognitive impairment [1] . McKinlay, Grace, Dalrymple-Alford, and Roger add that cognitive dysfunction in PD includes difficulties with planning, set-shifting, working memory, verbal fluency, and inhibition or cognitive control [2] .

In fact, Aarsland and colleagues estimate that twenty to thirty percent of nondemented and early-stage PD patients have mild cognitive impairment.

McKinlay, Grace, Dalrymple-Alford, and Roger add that cognitive dysfunction in PD includes difficulties with planning, set-shifting, working memory, verbal fluency, and inhibition or cognitive control.


In the past decade, the potential of artificial intelligence techniques for providing assistance in the solution of engineering problems has been recognized. Expert systems are considered suitable for solving problems that demand considerable expertise, judgement or rules of thumb. As a result of years of research in artificial intelligence, expert systems have emerged as a most promising application covering a wide range of applications (Sriram, 1987; Adeli & Hawkins, 1991; Chau, 1992 Chau, , 2004a Chau, , 2004b Chau & Yang, 1994; Chau & Zhang, 1995; Kumar, 1995; Chau & Ng, 1996; Chau & Chen, 2001; Lin & Albermani, 2001; Chau & Anson, 2002; Chau & Cheung, 2004) . Expert systems have developed into practical problem-solving tools that can reach a level of performance comparable to that of a human expert in some specific problem domains. All these applications can be broadly classified into the following categories: diagnosis; design; data interpretation; planning; and education. Areas of early applications of expert systems technology include medical diagnosis, mineral exploration and chemical spectroscopy. Recent developments in artificial intelligence have made it possible to develop an expert system that can provide expert advice to the user in the selection of design criteria and design parameters (Dym & Levitt, 1991) . This paper introduces the development of an expert system in the design of liquid-retaining structures using blackboard architecture with hybrid knowledge representation techniques including the production rule system and the object-oriented approach. An expert system shell, Visual Rule Studio, is employed to facilitate the development of this prototype system. It is a coupled system in which artificial-intelligence-based symbolic processing is combined with traditional numerical processing. The expert system developed is based on British Standards Code of Practice BS8007: 1987: Design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids (British Standards Institution, 1987) . Explanations are made to assist inexperienced designers or civil engineering students to learn how to design liquid-retaining structures effectively and sustainably in their design practices. The use of this intelligent tutoring system in disseminating heuristic knowledge and experience to practitioners and engineering students is discussed.

As a result of years of research in artificial intelligence, expert systems have emerged as a most promising application covering a wide range of applications.

Recent developments in artificial intelligence have made it possible to develop an expert system that can provide expert advice to the user in the selection of design criteria and design parameters.

The expert system developed is based on British Standards Code of Practice BS8007: 1987: Design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids.


Advances in computer hardware, computer software and engineering methodologies in recent decades have led to an increased use of computers by engineers. Until recently, the use of computers by engineers was mainly confined to the number crunching of large volumes of numerical data. In the realm of structural design, this use has been limited almost exclusively to algorithmic solutions (Chau & Lee, 1991) . Structural design problems are often ill structured. Hence, there is a need to develop programming environments that can incorporate engineering judgement along with algorithmic tools (Kitzmiller & Kowalik, 1987) .

In the realm of structural design, this use has been limited almost exclusively to algorithmic solutions.

Hence, there is a need to develop programming environments that can incorporate engineering judgement along with algorithmic tools.


Previous works on goal-oriented approaches have been mainly restricted to h-adaptivity. Regarding electromagnetic applications, goal-oriented adaptivity has been focused on S-parameters computation, [18, 19] . Recently, a paper on automatic hp-adaptivity for electromagnetics was presented by some of the authors [20] . In that paper, energy-norm based and goal-oriented approaches were compared, but in the context of closed domain problems namely, the computation of S-parameters of waveguide discontinuities. The main conclusions were that energy-norm adaptivity is optimal when the goal is the optimization of a reflection coefficient S ii . When the quantity of interest is a transmission parameter S ji (i = j) the goal-oriented approach clearly outperforms the energy-norm approach if the ports are not strongly coupled. The latter was shown for the case of high losses in the structure. The question is now: how goal-oriented adaptivity for transmission parameters S ji would behave in the presence of free space "losses". This has been one of the motivations of the work presented in this paper. The second motivation is the research on the viability and performance of goal-oriented hp-adaptivity when the field radiated (or scattered), i.e., outside the FEM domain, is the quantity of interest. More specifically, with the antenna or RCS (Radar Cross Section) problems in mind, the focus is made on the far field in given directions as the quantity of interest.

Regarding electromagnetic applications, goal-oriented adaptivity has been focused on S-parameters computation.

Recently, a paper on automatic hp-adaptivity for electromagnetics was presented by some of the authors.


In the cases mentioned above, an adaptive strategy driven by the minimization of given quantities (a given S-parameter, the radiated field at a given location, the far field in a given direction, an so on) is highly desirable. With such an approach, the field at the different locations of the FEM domain is only resolved at the appropriate error scale to satisfy a given goal (minimization of the error in the prescribed quantity of interest). Therefore, quite a high saving in the number of degrees of freedom and, thus, in computational resources, can be achieved. This type of approach is called weighted residual method or goal-oriented method [17] . When properly implemented, goal-oriented hp-adaptivity provides exponential rate of convergence of the error versus the number of degrees of freedom, as its energy-norm counterpart, but in terms of an upper bound of the quantity of interest. And, as it will be clear later, its computational overhead is minimum when compared to the classical energy-norm driven approach.

This type of approach is called weighted residual method or goal-oriented method.


To the authors best knowledge, this is the first paper containing an application of a fully automatic hp-adaptivity that makes use of a goaloriented strategy oriented to quantities of interest relevant to problems of scattering and/or radiation of electromagnetic wave problems employing a mesh truncation methodology based on an integral equation representation of the exterior problem. In this context, it is worth noting the work of Zdunek & Rachowicz on goal oriented hp methods for 3D RCS (Radar Cross Section) computation, [23] . This work uses hp meshes, either created a priori, or by automatic hadaptivity and manually p refinement. It makes use of infinite elements for mesh truncation; thus, being quite restricted in terms of the shape of the exterior boundary (circular type).

In this context, it is worth noting the work of Zdunek & Rachowicz on goal oriented hp methods for 3D RCS (Radar Cross Section) computation.


Virgin olive oil (VOO) is highly appreciated for its delicious taste and aroma, as well as for its nutritional properties. Its nutritional benefits are primarily related to its fatty acid composition, mainly due to the high content of oleic acid and also to the balanced ratio of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Furthermore, olive oil presents considerable amounts of natural antioxidants (Moldão-Martins et al., 2004) . During storage, oxidation reactions reduce the high nutritional value of VOO and modify its characteristic flavor through the development of off -flavors derived from hydro peroxide decomposition products (Morales et al., 1997) .

Furthermore, olive oil presents considerable amounts of natural antioxidants.

During storage, oxidation reactions reduce the high nutritional value of VOO and modify its characteristic flavor through the development of off -flavors derived from hydro peroxide decomposition products.


The increase in microbial N immobilization through C addition may be a temporary phenomenon. Little is known about how the soil microbial community and the pool of plant-available N in C-amended soil responds to a cessation of C addition, and how these effects will translate to a shift in vegetation composition. Once C addition is stopped, the inorganic N concentration in the soil may rise again as a result of an increased release from decaying microbial biomass (Török et al. 2000) . The rate of release of stored N may affect the extent to which C addition will influence soil N concentration and the vegetation composition after the period of C addition. The timing and rate of such a release may depend on the group of micro-organisms involved in the storage of nutrients. The addition of C as sugar may elicit a quick response in terms of bacterial biomass, while addition of C as wood chips may particularly stimulate the activity of decomposer fungi because of their ability to exploit larger structures. The release from bacterial biomass is likely to be faster than from groups with slower turnover rates, such as fungi. As we expect wood chips to stimulate decomposing fungi in particular, the release of N in soils where wood chips were added may occur later and at a lower rate than in soils where sugar was added.

Once C addition is stopped, the inorganic N concentration in the soil may rise again as a result of an increased release from decaying microbial biomass.


One of the most critical factors determining the success of creation of species-rich grasslands on exarable land is the high nutrient availability resulting from previous land use (Marrs 1993) . In habitat-creation projects on fertile soils, a rapid establishment of annual and fast-growing perennial early seral plants often characterizes the initial phase of vegetation development (Hansson & Fogelfors 1998; Baer et al. 2004) . These continue to dominate as long as the nutrient availability remains high, and thus impede the establishment of lateseral plant species, even when such species are introduced by sowing (Kindscher & Tieszen 1998) . Negative effects of high nitrogen (N) availability on the restoration and maintenance of species-rich grassland have been shown in experiments where N availability was increased by fertilization (Tilman 1993; Hansson & Fogelfors 1998) . These results suggest that a key prerequisite for succession towards more diverse vegetation on ex-arable land is a reduction in plant-available N (Marrs 1993; Tilman 1993) .

One of the most critical factors determining the success of creation of species-rich grasslands on exarable land is the high nutrient availability resulting from previous land use.

In habitat-creation projects on fertile soils, a rapid establishment of annual and fast-growing perennial early seral plants often characterizes the initial phase of vegetation development.

These continue to dominate as long as the nutrient availability remains high, and thus impede the establishment of lateseral plant species, even when such species are introduced by sowing.

Negative effects of high nitrogen (N) availability on the restoration and maintenance of species-rich grassland have been shown in experiments where N availability was increased by fertilization.

These results suggest that a key prerequisite for succession towards more diverse vegetation on ex-arable land is a reduction in plant-available N.


This technique allows zonal analysis of electroactivity without polarizing the sample to study. SECM has not been widely used for the analysis of conducting fabrics, and only our previous study is reported in bibliography [28] . In that publication we studied polypyrrole coated conducting fabrics and we demonstrated that SECM is a useful technique for the electrochemical analysis of these materials.

SECM has not been widely used for the analysis of conducting fabrics, and only our previous study is reported in bibliography.


Allopolyploid-induced variant DNA sequences are mainly concentrated in transposon sequences, random sequences, or repetitive sequences [31] [32] [33] . Through bioinformatics analysis, it was found that the microsatellite sequence density of the coding region in natural B. napus was higher than that of its diploid parent species, indicating that the SSRs in the gene coding region changed significantly during the polyploidization of B. napus [14, [34] [35] [36] . In our study, novel and missing SSR sequences were detected in the hybrids. There were differences in the statistical results among the different combinations, which was consistent with the variation in the traits. However, there was no significant difference between generations, indicating that the difference in sequence changes caused by different fathers was significantly higher than that in the process of multiplication. In addition, the number of missing AA bands was significantly greater than the number of missing CC bands, which proved that the AA genome is more active than the CC genome when responding to whole-genome duplication [37] . This confirms that sequence changes in the early generations of synthetic B. napus and genetic changes in newly formed allotetraploids might provide a molecular basis for trait separation [38] . With further development of sequencing technology, it will be possible to explore the SSR variation mechanism across the whole genome and the effect of SSR variation on the traits.

Allopolyploid-induced variant DNA sequences are mainly concentrated in transposon sequences, random sequences, or repetitive sequences.

Through bioinformatics analysis, it was found that the microsatellite sequence density of the coding region in natural B. napus was higher than that of its diploid parent species, indicating that the SSRs in the gene coding region changed significantly during the polyploidization of B. napus.

In addition, the number of missing AA bands was significantly greater than the number of missing CC bands, which proved that the AA genome is more active than the CC genome when responding to whole-genome duplication.

This confirms that sequence changes in the early generations of synthetic B. napus and genetic changes in newly formed allotetraploids might provide a molecular basis for trait separation.


Direct interference (attack and contact) contributed more to attempted entries than to departures for almost all species, suggesting that these interactions play a more signiÞcant role before entry into a patch than after entry. Hornets often refrained from visiting occupied patches even when the occupants showed no aggressive behavior (J.Y., unpublished data). Individuals of the yellowjacket Vespula maculifrons Buysson avoid resource patches with pinned wasps or hand-painted drawing pins (Parrish and Fowler 1983) . This implies that visual cues alone may elicit competitor-avoidance behavior in hornet (Vespa) species, although further examination of their cognition mechanisms is needed to clarify this behavior. At the very least, for hornets and butterßies it is clear that aggressive behavior of occupants facilitates attempted entry or competitor-avoidance behavior of visitors at foraging sites.

Individuals of the yellowjacket Vespula maculifrons Buysson avoid resource patches with pinned wasps or hand-painted drawing pins.


Some SIS fish like Punti (Puntius sp.) contains double the amount of iron compared to many cultured carps like Silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix) and Rui (Labeo rohita); and Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) contains three times more calcium and 50 times more vitamin-A than that of Silver carp and Rui (Villif & Jorgensen, 1993) . These small fishes are important item in the daily diet of the people of all categories. Majority of the people of Bangladesh has no choice but to eat different species of small fishes with their staple food rice since they cannot afford to purchase high priced large carp species (Hossain et al., 1994) .

Some SIS fish like Punti (Puntius sp.) contains double the amount of iron compared to many cultured carps like Silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix) and Rui (Labeo rohita); and Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) contains three times more calcium and 50 times more vitamin-A than that of Silver carp and Rui.

Majority of the people of Bangladesh has no choice but to eat different species of small fishes with their staple food rice since they cannot afford to purchase high priced large carp species.


The genotypes obtained in this study will be useful for genetic breeding of the genus, which uses tetraploidized B. ruziziensis as a bridge for generation of variability in the apomictic species B. brizantha and B. decumbens. B. ruziziensis provides palatable forage of high nutritional quality. It requires fertile, well-drained soils, and is highly susceptible to the most important insect pest in pastures -the spittlebug (Keller-Grein et al., 1996) . In our work, chromosome doubling was carried out in genotypes obtained from a bred population, presenting productivity similar to that of commercial cultivars of B. ruziziensis available in Brazil as well as tolerance/resistance to stress caused by aluminum and spittlebugs (Souza Sobrinho, personal communication) .

It requires fertile, well-drained soils, and is highly susceptible to the most important insect pest in pastures -the spittlebug.


Historically, decision-making was viewed as a cognitive process -a matter of making a choice with the intention of maximizing the positive consequences (Loewenstein & Lerner, 2003) . In psychologists' line of thinking, it is analogous to the theory of utility maximization espoused by economists, whereby people are assumed to be rational. Yet countless research studies have shown that human behavior fails to comply with the assumption of rationality.

Historically, decision-making was viewed as a cognitive process -a matter of making a choice with the intention of maximizing the positive consequences.