Our observations suggest that volunteers operating in traditional settings experience external pressures to change. This pressure presents challenges for those operating in this declining institutional order, as well as for those attempting to gain entry into the new institutional order. Despite some spirited resistance to these processes, there is also acceptance that these efforts are doomed to fail. These findings exemplify the effects of organisational change in the non-profit sector (Eikenberry and Kluver 2004) . In particular, the study identified the risk that traditional, older volunteers will be excluded from the new institutional environment and be unable to make the transition to new, social enterprise styles of volunteering. As Lie and Baines (2007: 235) Older people bring particular advantages to organisations, and thus merit recruitment and retention as volunteers. They bring lifelong experience and skills to their roles. They are also more likely to be highly committed and to remain for a comparatively long period (Lyons and Hocking 2000 ; van Willigen 2000) . This contrasts with the rapid turnover of many new, social enterprise volunteers (Zappala 2001) . Certainly, the rhetoric observed in the case study organisation stressed both the enormous value that volunteers bring to the organisation, and the need for diverse volunteers. This suggests that volunteering should be open to everyone, regardless of age, background or experience, and demonstrates the need for transparent volunteer processes. Further, there was evidence of recognition of the cost effectiveness of older, more traditional volunteers, who bring a strong commitment to the organisation. Despite this rhetoric, however, their strengths were little recognised in practice. It is clear that organisations need to be more proactive if they are to utilise effectively the contributions and capabilities of older volunteers.

These findings exemplify the effects of organisational change in the non-profit sector.

They are also more likely to be highly committed and to remain for a comparatively long period.

This contrasts with the rapid turnover of many new, social enterprise volunteers.


Concerns about ageism are raised by the evidence that within the studied organisation, traditional volunteers were relatively invisible in comparison with the ' new' volunteers who dominated a particular space, such as the night café, or occupy a secondary organisational space, such as a hospital. This does not mean that older or traditional volunteers are not important or valued. There is a danger, however, that older people perceive age-related barriers to volunteering and are under-valued (Warburton, Paynter and Petriwiskyj 2007) . As a result, older people may be discouraged from volunteering in the new regulated institutional environment, and others may give up. Evidence of confusion and resistance displayed in the findings from this study are very concerning for non-profit organisations reliant on volunteers.

There is a danger, however, that older people perceive age-related barriers to volunteering and are under-valued.


Such transformative change presents new challenges to the operation, structures and management of non-profit organisations (Saul 2004) . Concurrent with the pressure to become more competitive, there are demands for the more professional organisation of volunteer activities. Governments are both funders and regulators of the sector, and dictate the conditions under which aspects of work are carried out (Lyons 2001) . A new legislated regulatory environment has emerged, such as changes to workplace health and safety requirements, which is having a profound effect on organisations (Brown et al. 2000) . The legal environment is becoming more complex and restrictive, resulting in the need for organisations to be actively involved in risk management and volunteer and client protection (McGregor-Lowndes 2003) .

Such transformative change presents new challenges to the operation, structures and management of non-profit organisations.

Governments are both funders and regulators of the sector, and dictate the conditions under which aspects of work are carried out.

A new legislated regulatory environment has emerged, such as changes to workplace health and safety requirements, which is having a profound effect on organisations.

The legal environment is becoming more complex and restrictive, resulting in the need for organisations to be actively involved in risk management and volunteer and client protection.


Finally, it should be remembered that volunteering is potentially a valuable activity for older people, as well as beneficial for societies that are adjusting to population ageing (Davis Smith and Gay 2005; Warburton 2006) . Volunteering is associated with positive social and health outcomes for older people (Greenfield and Marks 2004 ; Lum and Lightfoot 2005) . It can lead to good psychological health, and the social aspects offer a pathway out of loneliness and social isolation (Freedman 1997; Wilson and Musick 1999) . If western countries are to benefit from such healthy and productive ageing scenarios, then positive attention is required for recruiting and retaining older people as volunteers (Narushima 2005) .

Finally, it should be remembered that volunteering is potentially a valuable activity for older people, as well as beneficial for societies that are adjusting to population ageing.

Volunteering is associated with positive social and health outcomes for older people.

It can lead to good psychological health, and the social aspects offer a pathway out of loneliness and social isolation.

If western countries are to benefit from such healthy and productive ageing scenarios, then positive attention is required for recruiting and retaining older people as volunteers.


The findings of this study have important implications for organisations that seek to retain volunteers in a declining institutional order and to recruit older volunteers into new institutional orders. How should organisations respond ? First, it needs to be recognised that it is both unethical and ageist if potential volunteers do not feel wanted simply on the basis of their age (Minichiello, Browne and Kendig 2000) . Our study certainly found evidence of pervasive ageism, echoing Narushima's findings from a Canadian study of the potential transformative mechanisms of volunteering amongst older people. Here, too, the organisational rhetoric valued volunteers but 'organisational indifference suggest [ed] lingering institutionalised ageism' (Narushima 2005 : 580) .

How should organisations respond ?

First, it needs to be recognised that it is both unethical and ageist if potential volunteers do not feel wanted simply on the basis of their age.


Lawler has argued, 'Motherhood is constituted on the basis of, and as response to "truths" about the nature of the child' (Lawler 1999: 65) . Ideologies of motherhood are therefore predicated upon knowledges of childhood, and, in particular, of the needs of children. The assertion that something is a 'need' has a powerful impact upon the audience. It implies a factual basis and induces a sense of responsibility or guilt in those who fail to respond (Woodhead 1997) .

It implies a factual basis and induces a sense of responsibility or guilt in those who fail to respond.


In addition to producing lesions on tubers, the pathogen also infects roots, a process that leads to reduced water and nutrient uptake and thus impaired shoot and tuber growth (Falloon et al. 2016) . Historically this aspect has received less attention because tuber lesions are more evident, but root infection is now considered to have the greater deleterious effect on crop production. In field trials, impairment of water and nutrient utilisation can lead to a 25% reduction in shoot dry weight, a 26% reduction in the number of tubers per plant and a 42% reduction in tuber weight per plant (Falloon et al. 2016) . Susceptibility of cultivars to root infection is only loosely related to previously determined susceptibility to powdery scab (i.e. development of tuber lesions) and hence they are considered to be separate disease processes (Falloon et al. 2016; Nitzan et al. 2008) . Root infection, with impaired water and nutrient utilisation, can occur from early in the growth of plants, but gall formation and tuber lesions only become evident at later stages of plant development (Falloon et al. 2016) . Gall formation, when severe, can also lead to impaired water and nutrient utilisation (Johnson and Cummings 2015) .

In addition to producing lesions on tubers, the pathogen also infects roots, a process that leads to reduced water and nutrient uptake and thus impaired shoot and tuber growth.

In field trials, impairment of water and nutrient utilisation can lead to a 25% reduction in shoot dry weight, a 26% reduction in the number of tubers per plant and a 42% reduction in tuber weight per plant.

Susceptibility of cultivars to root infection is only loosely related to previously determined susceptibility to powdery scab (i.e. development of tuber lesions) and hence they are considered to be separate disease processes.

Root infection, with impaired water and nutrient utilisation, can occur from early in the growth of plants, but gall formation and tuber lesions only become evident at later stages of plant development.

Gall formation, when severe, can also lead to impaired water and nutrient utilisation.


Whether statement coverage or path coverage is used as the coverage metric, generation of test sequences using software testing based techniques is limited by an inability to specify values of variables that will maximize detection of faults at the gate level. We propose to combine a software testing based approach at the high level with test sequence enhancement techniques at the gate level to achieve high fault coverages in sequential circuits very quickly. The gate-level test sequence enhancement techniques that we use borrow from techniques already developed for dynamic compaction of tests generated at the gate level [7] [8] . The objective is to maximize the number of faults that can be detected by each test sequence generated at the high level.

The gate-level test sequence enhancement techniques that we use borrow from techniques already developed for dynamic compaction of tests generated at the gate level.


The insignificant connections between innovative and management capabilities, and performance may be due to the recession period and the time needed for R&D investments to become profitable. Companies that improve their innovative capacity do not see increases in profits and returns, until such increases are transformed into a boost in innovation, resulting in new or improved services, products, or processes [88] . Consequently, a rise in innovative capability by itself does not lead to an increase in performance. Furthermore, in times of recession, external constraints cause managers to focus more on ensuring the survival of the company, than on improving its performance. Therefore, fluctuating and unpredictable demand in construction hinders long-term investments, as the invested capital will be returned, depending on the future economic situation, and it becomes complicated to diversify risks and exploit benefits [94] .

Companies that improve their innovative capacity do not see increases in profits and returns, until such increases are transformed into a boost in innovation, resulting in new or improved services, products, or processes.

Therefore, fluctuating and unpredictable demand in construction hinders long-term investments, as the invested capital will be returned, depending on the future economic situation, and it becomes complicated to diversify risks and exploit benefits.


Although the level of melatonin production among blacks relative to whites is unclear, racial differences in naturally occurring melatonin production and secretion have been proposed [26] . Sensitivity of melatonin to light suppression may be influenced by eye pigmentation, which can vary due to race or ethnicity [27] . The percentage of melatonin suppression secretion after light exposure was significantly larger in light-eyed compared to individuals with darker eye pigmentation [27] . The common occurrence of lighter iris color is found almost exclusively among Caucasians [28] . Based on these observations, white women may be at increased risk of melatonin suppression from exposure to LAN, although additional research is needed to elucidate the possible consequences of racial differences in the biological processing of LAN.

Although the level of melatonin production among blacks relative to whites is unclear, racial differences in naturally occurring melatonin production and secretion have been proposed.

Sensitivity of melatonin to light suppression may be influenced by eye pigmentation, which can vary due to race or ethnicity.

The percentage of melatonin suppression secretion after light exposure was significantly larger in light-eyed compared to individuals with darker eye pigmentation.

The common occurrence of lighter iris color is found almost exclusively among Caucasians.


Chronic hypertension is a major risk factor of vascular disorders. Profound vascular functional and structural changes occur in many disease states, and emerging evidence suggests that oxidative stress has a major role in mediating these changes [1] . For example, increased oxidative stress has been shown in hypertension-induced vascular diseases, stroke and subcortical vascular dementia [2] [3] [4] . Moreover, oxidative stress from various sources has been implicated in endothelial dysfunction and structural remodeling in the cerebral vasculature [5, 6] .

Profound vascular functional and structural changes occur in many disease states, and emerging evidence suggests that oxidative stress has a major role in mediating these changes.

For example, increased oxidative stress has been shown in hypertension-induced vascular diseases, stroke and subcortical vascular dementia.

Moreover, oxidative stress from various sources has been implicated in endothelial dysfunction and structural remodeling in the cerebral vasculature.


They also combat the growth of harmful pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses (that is, diarrhea). The probiotics prevent the attachment of these pathogens by competing for similar binding sites on the gut epithelium (Parvez et al., 2006) . But to deliver the health benefits, the probiotic bacteria need to be viable in the gut. The International Dairy Foundation (IDF) has recommended a minimum number of 10 7 CFU per gram of the product consumed (Homayouni et al., 2008) . However, the loss of viability can happen prior to consumption, during processsing procedures such as oxygen stress, freezing and drying or due to the harsh conditions in gastrointestinal (GI) tract such as high pH, bile salt and gastric acid secretion (Chávarri et al., 2010) .

The probiotics prevent the attachment of these pathogens by competing for similar binding sites on the gut epithelium.

The International Dairy Foundation (IDF) has recommended a minimum number of 10 7 CFU per gram of the product consumed.

However, the loss of viability can happen prior to consumption, during processsing procedures such as oxygen stress, freezing and drying or due to the harsh conditions in gastrointestinal (GI) tract such as high pH, bile salt and gastric acid secretion.


Multiple studies on rice, wheat, and oats have shown that lodging can cause grain yield loss and deterioration in seed quality [10] . In addition, lodging can cause problems for harvest operations often resulting in increasing the demand for grain drying, which raises production costs. In most crops, severe lodging results in as much as a 50% yield reduction [2] . For plant breeders, it is important to identify lodging-resistant varieties from thousands of experimental plots. Therefore, automatic lodging detection methods from overhead images are valuable. In addition, crop insurance claims following wind/hail storms currently require manual assessment of crop damage. Lodging detection from aerial drone-acquired images could provide a faster and more accurate assessment of the area and severity of lodging within a field.

Multiple studies on rice, wheat, and oats have shown that lodging can cause grain yield loss and deterioration in seed quality.

In most crops, severe lodging results in as much as a 50% yield reduction.


We propose a deep convolutional neural network architecture that couples handcrafted and learned features to detect lodging. Previously in the literature, only methods based on handcrafted features have been used for lodging detection from images [14, 22, 24, 25] . Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have been successfully applied to a wide range of image classification tasks [4, 6, 7, 9, 15, 19] . However, to the best of our knowledge, they have not been used for lodging detection. In general, methods that only rely on handcrafted features often achieve lower accuracy in comparison to deep CNN models. They are also sensitive to noise. DCNN-based models, on the other hand, often disregard research on problem-specific handcrafted features. Furthermore, they need a substantial amount of training data to achieve high accuracy.

Previously in the literature, only methods based on handcrafted features have been used for lodging detection from images.

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have been successfully applied to a wide range of image classification tasks.

They are also sensitive to noise.


The unidentified DOM efflux was likely to have been composed of N-free DOM molecules together with nitrogencontaining organic molecules. Among the N-free DOM molecules that may have been of importance were polysaccharides, sugars, lipids, and fatty acids. The nitrogen-containing organic molecules that were not identified was likely to have been DNA, RNA, aliphatic amines, and amino sugars as these compounds have been identified in sediment porewater and seawater (Antia et al. 1991) . Further, the unidentified nitrogen-containing organic molecules could have been products of hydrolysis and intermediates in nitrogen mineralization.

The nitrogen-containing organic molecules that were not identified was likely to have been DNA, RNA, aliphatic amines, and amino sugars as these compounds have been identified in sediment porewater and seawater.


It is well known that the solid solution strengthening effect of interstitial atoms should be higher than that of a substitutional solute. This is because the interstitial atom can produce a lattice asymmetric distortion, and the substitutional solute is spherically symmetric in crystal lattice Figure 4 shows the influence of increasing boron content on the hardness in the central area of the HEA coatings. In the series of the Al 2.3 B y coatings, the hardness increases from 694 to 756 HV 0.5 with increasing boron content. In the series of the Al 0.3 B y coatings, the hardness is 312 and 342 HV 0.5 in the Al 0.3 B 0.15 and Al 0.3 B 0.3 coatings, respectively. The latter is about 10% higher than the former. Moreover, it was found that the hardness in the matrix of the Al 0.3 B 0.6 coating greatly increases and reaches approximately 502 HV 0.5 . This is significantly higher than the hardness reported by a number of previous studies [8, 14] . These papers have reported that the HEAs with a FCC matrix generally have good plasticity and low hardness (mostly between 200 to 400 HV). Figure 4 shows the influence of increasing boron content on the hardness in the central area of the HEA coatings. In the series of the Al2.3By coatings, the hardness increases from 694 to 756 HV0.5 with increasing boron content. In the series of the Al0.3By coatings, the hardness is 312 and 342 HV0.5 in the Al0.3B0.15 and Al0.3B0.3 coatings, respectively. The latter is about 10% higher than the former. Moreover, it was found that the hardness in the matrix of the Al0.3B0.6 coating greatly increases and reaches approximately 502 HV0.5. This is significantly higher than the hardness reported by a number of previous studies [8, 14] . These papers have reported that the HEAs with a FCC matrix generally have good plasticity and low hardness (mostly between 200 to 400 HV).

This is significantly higher than the hardness reported by a number of previous studies.


In this paper, we use the laser cladding technique to investigate the influences of boron content on the CoCrFeNiAl x Cu 0.7 Si 0.1 B y HEA coatings. In these alloys, the FCC or BCC matrix phase can be formed when the Al content (x) is 0.3 and 2.3, respectively. This is supported by previous reports which suggest that increasing the Al content can trigger a FCC to BCC phase transition in HEAs [12, 13] . The Boron content (y) was determined to be 0.15, 0.3, or 0.6. The content of Cu and Si was determined to be 70% and 10%, respectively. This is consistent with previous data showing that Cu is easily segregated during solidification and a small additional Si content benefits the cladding quality of the coating [14, 15] .

This is supported by previous reports which suggest that increasing the Al content can trigger a FCC to BCC phase transition in HEAs.

This is consistent with previous data showing that Cu is easily segregated during solidification and a small additional Si content benefits the cladding quality of the coating.


Nevertheless, previous studies utilized an arc melting technique to prepare bulk alloy, and reported that the complex brittle boride precipitation is inevitable after solidification in the HEAs, due to high thermodynamic enthalpy of the boride compound [1, 6, 7] . In comparison to the dominant arc melting synthesis technique, the laser cladding technique-which has a rapid solidification rate of 10 3 -10 6 • C/s-has a greater ability to prepare high performance HEA coatings in engineering applications [8, 9] . This is because the laser rapid solidification can enhance solute trapping and reduce the compositional segregation in solid solution matrix. This improves the solubility and decreases the precipitation tendency of compounds in the HEAs [10, 11] .

Nevertheless, previous studies utilized an arc melting technique to prepare bulk alloy, and reported that the complex brittle boride precipitation is inevitable after solidification in the HEAs, due to high thermodynamic enthalpy of the boride compound.

In comparison to the dominant arc melting synthesis technique, the laser cladding technique-which has a rapid solidification rate of 10 3 -10 6 • C/s-has a greater ability to prepare high performance HEA coatings in engineering applications.

This improves the solubility and decreases the precipitation tendency of compounds in the HEAs.


In addition, silica-coated particles were not sensitive to different ionic strengths, which suggested its suitability for subsurface applications [10] . Recent studies indicated that the SiO 2 -nZVI improved the antioxidation abilities and reducing capacity of iron nanoparticles. In most studies, the preparation and coating of nanoparticles are generally treated as two or more independent process. However, the complex synthetic method usually consumed more time and may cause the nZVI particles corrosion when they explored to the air [11] . For this reason, some studies tried to use one-step method to synthesize the SiO 2 coating nanoparticles [12] . However, many factures probably influenced the effect of SiO 2 coating in preparation process.

In addition, silica-coated particles were not sensitive to different ionic strengths, which suggested its suitability for subsurface applications.

However, the complex synthetic method usually consumed more time and may cause the nZVI particles corrosion when they explored to the air.

For this reason, some studies tried to use one-step method to synthesize the SiO 2 coating nanoparticles.


Since 1990s, the zero-valent iron (ZVI, Fe 0 ) has been widely used in wastewater treatment based on its relatively cheap price and easy availability [1] - [3] . However, a recent review summarized the general limitations and countermeasures of the ZVI technology [4] . The major drawback is the low intrinsic reaction rate due to mass transfer limitations imposed by the available surface, which is aggravated by gradually increasing passivation as iron corrosion products accumulate on the nZVI grains over time [5] . NoOpen Access wadays, researchers pay attention to the performance and potential application of nZVI (particles size < 100 nm). The specific surface area of the nanoparticles (10 -100 nm) is 10 times larger than that of micron-scale particles and the reactivity is significantly enhanced [6] . Over the past decades, nZVI has been considered to possess promising potential in environmental remediation because of their high reactivity as a reducing agent, and ability to generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) through the Fenton reaction [7] [8] . However, the agglomeration of nZVI is one of the most fatal shortages of this process, which results in the rapid inactivation of chemical reactivity. Therefore, modification of the surface of nZVI to reduce agglomeration and prevent oxidation of ZVI is necessary. Two main methods are generally adopted. One of them is the use of surfactants and coatings so as to increase the repulsive forces between the nZVI [9] .

Since 1990s, the zero-valent iron (ZVI, Fe 0 ) has been widely used in wastewater treatment based on its relatively cheap price and easy availability.

However, a recent review summarized the general limitations and countermeasures of the ZVI technology.

The major drawback is the low intrinsic reaction rate due to mass transfer limitations imposed by the available surface, which is aggravated by gradually increasing passivation as iron corrosion products accumulate on the nZVI grains over time.

The specific surface area of the nanoparticles (10 -100 nm) is 10 times larger than that of micron-scale particles and the reactivity is significantly enhanced.

Over the past decades, nZVI has been considered to possess promising potential in environmental remediation because of their high reactivity as a reducing agent, and ability to generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) through the Fenton reaction.

Two main methods are generally adopted.

One of them is the use of surfactants and coatings so as to increase the repulsive forces between the nZVI.


In the morning period, the oxygen measured corresponded to the that remaining after aquatic processes of respiration by the prawns and other organisms, decomposition of organic substances and nitrification of ammonia to nitrate during the night in the absence of photosynthesis. With sunrise, photosynthesis begins, with the consumption of CO 2 and production of oxygen. Consequently, the oxygen measured in the afternoon represents the balance between what was produced by phytoplankton and what was expended in the processes described above. The absorption of phosphorus is also associated with primary production (Wetzel 1981) . Therefore, throughout the day, there will be Table 2 . Means (±standard deviation) of limnological variables of the pond water and effluents, obtained in the morning and afternoon. T = Student's t test; U= Mann-Whitney test. Means followed by different letters in the same row differ at the 5% level of significance for morning and afternoon periods.

The absorption of phosphorus is also associated with primary production.


During the day, an increase in temperature occurred, which speeds up the decomposition of organic substances, leading to the formation of ammonia. This immediately is assimilated by phytoplankton or converted into nitrate by nitrifying bacteria. If the concentration becomes highly elevated and the pH strongly alkaline, there can be a loss of gaseous ammonia to the atmnosphere (Delincé 1992) . In this work, there was a decrease in ammonia during the afternoon period, indicating that the processes photosynthesis and nitrification had predominated over the ammonification process. On the hand, by night, photosynthesis ceases and oxygen level declines, which inhibits nitrification (Kaiser & Wheaton 1983) . The finding of more elevated levels of ammonia nitrogen in the morning indicates that ammonification was greater than nitrification during the night. As pH was always below 9, and the concentration of ammonia nitrogen low, there should not have been losses of this gas to the atmosphere.

If the concentration becomes highly elevated and the pH strongly alkaline, there can be a loss of gaseous ammonia to the atmnosphere.

On the hand, by night, photosynthesis ceases and oxygen level declines, which inhibits nitrification.


The efficiency of the nitrification process in ponds is evidenced by the low levels of nitrite which is an intermediate product in the nitrification process. Its presence in aquatic environments is always low but increases when nitrification reactions are blocked (Boyd & Tucker 1998) . The low values obtained in this work indicate that the nitrification process occurred regularly in the ponds. This is corroborated by the high nitrate levels found in the afternoon.

Its presence in aquatic environments is always low but increases when nitrification reactions are blocked.


There is some consensus that a simple compound in a field situation may not be enough to affect the growth of the receiving plant and it is likely that different allelochemicals act additively or synergistically to inhibit growth (Belz, 2007; Einhellig, 1996; Kruse et al., 2000; Seigler, 1996; Tabaglio et al., 2008) . The present literature review covers aspects of the current knowledge on the allelopathic interaction between crops and weeds. Examples of crops and weeds with recognised allelopathic activity and their importance for weed management are presented. Moreover, laboratory, greenhouse and field approaches for the detection of allelopathic activity and their application to agricultural systems are discussed.

There is some consensus that a simple compound in a field situation may not be enough to affect the growth of the receiving plant and it is likely that different allelochemicals act additively or synergistically to inhibit growth.


A disc brake of floating caliper design typically consists of pads, calliper, carrier, rotor (disc), piston, and guide pins. One of the major requirements of the calliper is to press the pads against the rotor and should ideally achieve as uniform interface pressure as possible. A uniform pressure between the pads and rotor leads to uniform pad wear and brake temperature, and more even friction coefficients [1] . Unevenness of the pressure distribution could cause uneven wear and shorter life of pads. It has also speculated that they may promote disc brake squeal.

A uniform pressure between the pads and rotor leads to uniform pad wear and brake temperature, and more even friction coefficients.


Even though the distribution of the register file and functional units is common in some commercial microprocessors, some recent works advocate for clustering other resources like the memory hierarchy [2] [20] . In this work we focus on this kind of microarchitectures. In particular, a word-interleaved clustered VLIW processor is proposed along with effective instruction scheduling techniques. Such scheduling techniques are targeted to cyclic code and rely on loop unrolling and variable alignment to increase the ratio of local accesses over remote accesses. In addition, a novel latency assignment process is introduced in order to schedule memory instructions with the appropriate latency, and two heuristics to assign memory instructions to clusters are proposed.

Even though the distribution of the register file and functional units is common in some commercial microprocessors, some recent works advocate for clustering other resources like the memory hierarchy.


Results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling techniques for the Mediabench benchmark suite [12] . Cycle count results for such an architecture demonstrate that the obtained IPC is similar or better to that of a clustered processor with a unified data cache depending on the configuration. In addition, the IPC is also similar to that of the state-of-the-art multiVLIW architecture (a cache-coherent clustered VLIW processor).

Results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling techniques for the Mediabench benchmark suite.


Evidence has been provided to show that as the plastic deformation exceeds the fracture strain of the material, a surface crack is formed. Increasing slip ratio causes an increase in the traction coefficient, and the fatigue strength decreased simultaneously, which would easily accelerate the crack initiation [14] . Furthermore, the cracks propagate not only due to the rolling contact loading, but also owing to the influence of low viscosity fluid [15] . Fluids (e.g. rain water) are commonly present in the wheel/rail interface, and lubricants including oil and grease are frequently used to reduce the wear of wheel and rail. Water greatly reduces the wear rate of wheel/rail and transforms the damage mechanism of wheel and rail materials. Meanwhile, water in the wheel/rail interface may lead to localized corrosion and hydrogen uptake in the rail, further increasing the likelihood of cracking [16] . The performance of different grease types as curve lubricants has been assessed, and there is an inverse relationship between the retentivity and wear rates [17] . Grease significantly changes the contact conditions for wear transitions of wheel/rail materials [18] . Descartes performed wheel flange/rail contact lubrication tests in the laboratory for understanding wheel/rail lubricating mechanisms [19] . However, the effects of different lubricants on RCF characteristics were not investigated.

Increasing slip ratio causes an increase in the traction coefficient, and the fatigue strength decreased simultaneously, which would easily accelerate the crack initiation.

Furthermore, the cracks propagate not only due to the rolling contact loading, but also owing to the influence of low viscosity fluid.

Meanwhile, water in the wheel/rail interface may lead to localized corrosion and hydrogen uptake in the rail, further increasing the likelihood of cracking.

The performance of different grease types as curve lubricants has been assessed, and there is an inverse relationship between the retentivity and wear rates.

Grease significantly changes the contact conditions for wear transitions of wheel/rail materials.

Descartes performed wheel flange/rail contact lubrication tests in the laboratory for understanding wheel/rail lubricating mechanisms.


The rolling loading brings about plastic deformation accumulation of wheel and rail materials under the dry condition, and the plastic deformation reaches the plastic strain limit of material with increasing cycles. So, mild fatigue cracks initiate on the surface and propagate along the plastic flow line direction (Fig. 6a, b) . When the cracks are pre-existing, the use of lubricants accelerates the propagation of cracks (Figs. 11, 12, 13) . In this study, the tangential force of rail disc (F tr ) is consistent with the rolling direction due to a driven roller. It is observed from Fig. 15a that the cracks and deformation layer in the rail discs are significantly different to those in the wheel discs [28] . When the lubricants are applied to the contact surface of wheel/rail, the lubricants could enter the open cracks of wheel and rail discs. It is found from Fig. 15b that the root of the cracks in the wheel discs enters the contact area before the mouth and any trapped lubricant will be completely expelled when the crack passes the contact zone. So, the wheel discs experience much less crack propagation and there are no visible cracks on the contact surface. On the contrary, the mouth of the cracks in the rail disc moves through the contact zone firstly and any lubricant in the cracks will be sealed and trapped (Fig. 15b) , which causes a rapid propagation of cracks due to fluid entrapment mechanism [29, 30] . When the wheel/rail discs without dry cycling were lubricated (W1, O1 and G1 tests), the traction coefficient is low and the maximum shear stress occurs in the sub-surface of the discs [31] . Therefore, there is no visible fatigue damage on the contact surface of rail discs after 30,000 cycles (Fig. 4c, e, g ). The lubricant trapped in the cracks helps to accelerate the growth of cracks, and the results indicate that the types or properties of lubricants have a significant influence on the propagation characteristic of cracks. There are three fluid-assisted crack growth mechanisms applicable to the cracks of rail discs, shown in Fig. 16 . When the cyclic normal pressure moves near the crack, the fluid would lubricate crack faces and cyclic shear stress causes the crack propagation in Mode II (shear crack growth mechanism, Fig. 16a ). The friction coefficient of crack faces has a vital effect on the crack propagation and the propagation is unlikely when the value is above 0.2 [32] . Furthermore, the crack growth decreases with an increase in the friction coefficient of the crack face. As a crack in the rail disc moves near the wheel disc, the normal load would force the fluid into the crack, which causes hydraulic crack growth in Mode I (Fig. 16b) . Once the crack in the rail disc is under the wheel disc, the cyclic normal load would close the mouth of cracks and a volume of fluid is trapped in the crack cavity. Then, the fluid, due to incompressibility, is pushed towards the crack tip under the contact pressure, which causes high stress intensity and fluid entrapment crack growth in Mode I, shown in Fig. 16c .

It is observed from Fig. 15a that the cracks and deformation layer in the rail discs are significantly different to those in the wheel discs.

On the contrary, the mouth of the cracks in the rail disc moves through the contact zone firstly and any lubricant in the cracks will be sealed and trapped (Fig. 15b) , which causes a rapid propagation of cracks due to fluid entrapment mechanism.

When the wheel/rail discs without dry cycling were lubricated (W1, O1 and G1 tests), the traction coefficient is low and the maximum shear stress occurs in the sub-surface of the discs.

The friction coefficient of crack faces has a vital effect on the crack propagation and the propagation is unlikely when the value is above 0.2.


It is worth noting that cracks usually propagate parallel to the aligned pearlite lamellas in the deformed microstructure close to the surface under the dry condition [34] . However, the crack growth path would become more complicated owing to different crack growth mechanisms resulting from fluid lubrication. In fact, fluid pressure acting on the crack faces and friction forces acting between the crack faces are particularly important in determining the growth behaviours of cracks. In view of crack dynamic growth characteristics, further work on the crack propagation path under different lubricants and application order conditions should be clarified by means of a numerical evaluation method.

It is worth noting that cracks usually propagate parallel to the aligned pearlite lamellas in the deformed microstructure close to the surface under the dry condition.


Under the cyclic contact loading condition, RCF cracks initiate and grow when the stress in the contact zone exceeds the elastic shakedown limit of wheel and rail materials. Meanwhile, the crack propagation is associated with the microstructure of materials and the development of strain hardening [10] . Carroll discussed the relationship between the rail decarburization and RCF, and the effect of decarburization was to increase the rail crack growth rate with increasing depth [11] . A sensitivity analysis revealed a strong influence of fatigue strength and material defect distribution on the probability of fatigue failure [12] . The crack initiation occurs on the material surface or sub-surface, and the sub-surface crack initiation requires a stress concentration caused by a large material defect, such as a void or inclusion [13] .

Meanwhile, the crack propagation is associated with the microstructure of materials and the development of strain hardening.

Carroll discussed the relationship between the rail decarburization and RCF, and the effect of decarburization was to increase the rail crack growth rate with increasing depth.

A sensitivity analysis revealed a strong influence of fatigue strength and material defect distribution on the probability of fatigue failure.

The crack initiation occurs on the material surface or sub-surface, and the sub-surface crack initiation requires a stress concentration caused by a large material defect, such as a void or inclusion.


Rolling contact fatigue has an important role in determining the operational reliability of the wheel/rail system. Therefore, the control of RCF-related defects is an ongoing concern for both safety and the cost of railway transportation [1] . For example, there are many oblique cracks on the railway wheel and rail surfaces, which may cause complete failure of rail and potential derailment. As reviewed in previous literature, many researchers have worked to clarify RCF mechanisms of wheels and rails and explored preventive measures using experimental studies and numerical models [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .

Therefore, the control of RCF-related defects is an ongoing concern for both safety and the cost of railway transportation.

As reviewed in previous literature, many researchers have worked to clarify RCF mechanisms of wheels and rails and explored preventive measures using experimental studies and numerical models.


RCF defects of wheel and rail materials are mainly caused by cyclic loading of the wheel/rail interface. In fact, there is a competitive relationship between wear and RCF damage and the wear has an important role in enhancing rail fatigue life [7] . Reducing wear problems may lead to more RCF or other competitive types of wheel/rail damage. Therefore, the wear rate is significant for controlling the initiation and propagation of wheel/rail RCF cracks [8] . Donzella established a simulation model for assessing the wear and RCF in rails with particular emphasis on their competitive role, and the results indicated that the wear can remove the surface cracks due to RCF [9] . It is noted that the initiation and propagation of cracks are affected by lots of factors, such as the microstructure of materials, contact pressure, shear stress, lubricant and operational environment.

In fact, there is a competitive relationship between wear and RCF damage and the wear has an important role in enhancing rail fatigue life.

Therefore, the wear rate is significant for controlling the initiation and propagation of wheel/rail RCF cracks.

Donzella established a simulation model for assessing the wear and RCF in rails with particular emphasis on their competitive role, and the results indicated that the wear can remove the surface cracks due to RCF.


HSCT has been successfully used to treat refractory SLE [9] [10] [11] . Aggressive leukocyte depletion and infusion of autologous haematopoietic stem cells allow repopulation of the bone marrow with naïve stem cells, and subsequent expansion of normal lymphocyte clonal diversity and remission of lupus in a majority of patients [10] . Since calcinosis in the setting of lupus appears to be promoted and maintained by a leukocyte-mediated inflammatory state, we hypothesized that controlling the activity of underlying SLE would help arrest or reverse the tissue calcification. We report here that each of the three SLE patients with disabling and life-threatening calcifications had successful resolution of these lesions after HSCT.

HSCT has been successfully used to treat refractory SLE.

Aggressive leukocyte depletion and infusion of autologous haematopoietic stem cells allow repopulation of the bone marrow with naïve stem cells, and subsequent expansion of normal lymphocyte clonal diversity and remission of lupus in a majority of patients.


Speaker diarization is traditionally defined as the task of estimating "who spoke when" given a single-source audio track and no prior knowledge of any kind. The problem has been investigated extensively in the speech community and NIST has conducted evaluations in order to measure the accuracy of various algorithms on different datasets. While progress has been made in these evaluations over the years, the performance of audio-only algorithms may have reached a plateau. At the same time, the application scenarios and the availability of increased amounts of video data suggests that a way of advancing the field is to include video data as well. This is not only a more natural approach, but is also supported by prior studies in social psychology [1] . In particular, it has been observed that in human conversations, speaking turns are also arbitrated by non-verbal cues such as body movements [1] . This has, in part, inspired some prior work into augmenting speaker diarization with visual cues, although typically under constrained laboratory conditions (see Section 2) .

This is not only a more natural approach, but is also supported by prior studies in social psychology.

In particular, it has been observed that in human conversations, speaking turns are also arbitrated by non-verbal cues such as body movements.


Some characteristics of the decay particles are shown in Fig. 7 . The transverse momentum spectrum of the final state particles is soft, with a mean of only about 70 GeV. It would be even softer if we had not imposed a technical cutoff above the remnant mass. Most of the momentum is taken by the longitudinal momentum of the remnant itself. When searching for black holes in experiments, studies typically select a few high transverse momentum p T jets, and perhaps reduce QCD background by requiring a high transverse momentum lepton (electron or muon) [52, 53, 54] . For our example, most of the events contain at least one jet and about 45% of the events contain a primary lepton. Because of the rather soft maximump T jet and maximum-p T lepton spectra, search strategies would have to be re-optimized. This can only be done by the experiments, using a full detector simulation. Although the particles have low transverse momentum, most of them have pseudorapidity of |η| < 2.5 and should be detectable in the central detectors of ATLAS and CMS. , and a remnant mass of 3.6 TeV: primary particle transverse momentum, b) lepton maximum transverse momentum, c) jet maximum transverse momentum, and d) primary particle pseudorapidity.

When searching for black holes in experiments, studies typically select a few high transverse momentum p T jets, and perhaps reduce QCD background by requiring a high transverse momentum lepton (electron or muon).


One of the aims of this paper is to guide experimentalists in searching for possible signatures of quantum gravity. Searches have been planned for semiclassical black holes well above the Planck scale and for gravitational scattering below the Planck scale, but no strategies exist for searches at or just above the Planck scale. String inspired search strategies have extended the semiclassical black hole regime down to lower masses, but still above the mass scale for new physics [53] . Noncommutativity and extra dimensions, both motivated by string/M-theory, allow the considerations of noncommutative geometry inspired black holes. This offers an alternative search strategy for the effects of quantum gravity down to the Planck scale. Without such studies, as presented here, to guide experiments, there are an intractable number of possible model independent searches that can be form. However, the danger of phenomenological guidance is that searches can become too narrowly focused. By exploring alternative models, such as that considered here, it is hoped that gravitational searches at the LHC will be inclusive enough not to miss signatures for new physics.

String inspired search strategies have extended the semiclassical black hole regime down to lower masses, but still above the mass scale for new physics.


The decay final states are dominated by the characteristics of the remnant. The signatures are very different from the high-multiplicity, high-p T states in semiclassical black holes and string balls, and very different from the high-p T two-body final states studied in gravitational scattering, or presumably by quantum black holes produced near the Planck scale [30] . Because of the remnant, search strategies will have to be significantly revised. The signature will be some missing energy and a lot of soft particles. The triggering strategies will have to be reexamined. Because of the soft particles, it will be rather difficult to use p T -balance to get information on the remnant.

The signatures are very different from the high-multiplicity, high-p T states in semiclassical black holes and string balls, and very different from the high-p T two-body final states studied in gravitational scattering, or presumably by quantum black holes produced near the Planck scale.


When searching for black holes at the LHC, Monte Carlo simulation programs for the production and decay of black holes are used. To avoid the non-predictive region of quantum gravity, the above mentioned non-physical threshold is imposed in the simulations. In most cases, this threshold has more of an impact on the anticipated signatures than the physical parameters M D and n, or the decay assumptions. The resulting cross section is an exponential or power-law looking distribution in mass with a lower-mass threshold. Experimental effects will fold the mass distribution with a gaussian-like resolution function, and the resulting mass distribution will be a gaussian with a maximum approximately at the non-physical threshold [52, 53, 54] . But if low-scale gravity is realized, it is unlikely that nothing will be produced below the model-dependent mass threshold. The gaussian mass distribution will likely have a significantly distorted low-mass tail due quantum black holes that pass the experimental acceptance. In fact, a perfectly efficient search with no acceptance restrictions would allow all the quantum black holes to be observed, and thus, shift the maximum of the gaussian mass distribution downward towards the Planck scale, by an amount depending on the interplay between the quantum and semiclassical regimes. In this case, clearly, the Monte Carlo simulations do not accurately simulate the data. Noncommutative inspired black holes could offer a way out of this difficulty by having a physical lower-mass threshold above the Planck scale, and thus eliminating the need for a model-dependent threshold. The benefits of this scenario would, of course, depend on the actually fundamental constants that nature has chosen relative to the LHC energy reach.

Experimental effects will fold the mass distribution with a gaussian-like resolution function, and the resulting mass distribution will be a gaussian with a maximum approximately at the non-physical threshold.


Making humans multi-planetary species has become an ultimate goal to human race [1] . To meet this goal, we need to land large number of scientific, cargo and manned landers on Mars. Under these circumstances, there have been many instances of crash landing of landers due to hard impact which leads to failure of missions. Previously used landers like Venera and Viking utilized shock absorbing materials such as Aluminium foam and Aluminium honeycomb which possess high energy absorption efficiency [2, 3] . Soviet landers made use of foam plastic as their primary shock absorber [4] . Inspite of using efficient shock absorbers, some landers fail to perform touchdown phase. Since, the EDL time for Mars is too short i.e., 5-8 minutes, all the EDL sequences should be performed perfectly within this short duration [5] . To address this technological challenge we propose a novel hybrid shock absorber (compression spring integrated with hydraulics) to achieve soft-landing, excluding any obstruction in EDL performance. Hence our ultimate aim is to protect the lander module and its instruments from abrupt impact during landing on the surface of Mars.

Making humans multi-planetary species has become an ultimate goal to human race.

Previously used landers like Venera and Viking utilized shock absorbing materials such as Aluminium foam and Aluminium honeycomb which possess high energy absorption efficiency.

Soviet landers made use of foam plastic as their primary shock absorber.

Since, the EDL time for Mars is too short i.e., 5-8 minutes, all the EDL sequences should be performed perfectly within this short duration.


High-speed (> 250 km s −1 ) flows have also been classified into two distinct categories based on their ion distributions: bulk flows and field-aligned beams (Nakamura et al., 1991; Raj et al., 2002) . Bulk flows are perpendicular to the magnetic field at the neutral sheet but have a large field-aligned component at higher magnetic latitudes. Field-aligned beams are mainly detected away from the neutral sheet. The occurrence of BBF shows a dawn-dusk asymmetry in contrast to field-aligned beams (Raj et al., 2002) .

High-speed (> 250 km s −1 ) flows have also been classified into two distinct categories based on their ion distributions: bulk flows and field-aligned beams.

The occurrence of BBF shows a dawn-dusk asymmetry in contrast to field-aligned beams.


In the comparison among individual networks we also used VGG [40] . For this network we used a training batch size of 32 images, and an exponentially decayed learning rate of 0.00001 during 2,000 steps. To prevent the network from overfitting a dropout rate of 0.5 was used. In order to pre-load the trained weights used by the VGG team in the ILSVRC-2014 competition, input images of size 224 × 224 were used.

In the comparison among individual networks we also used VGG.


Recent advances in computer vision and particularly in object recognition suggest that new methods based on Deep Learning can improve the facial expression recognition task. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have represented a relevant breakthrough, especially since the last improvements on the ImageNet Challenge [28] . However, the amount of available data for this task is small, especially in all the possible configurations of pose, illumination and resolution. This supposes an inconvenience to exploit the training capacity of these networks, which need large amounts of training data. In this context the introduction of multitask learning is particularly relevant, as it proved to successfully boost the performance of an individual task with the inclusion of other correlated tasks in the training process [20, 24, 47] . Thus, tasks with small amounts of data available can benefit from being trained simultaneously with other tasks, sharing a common feature representation and transferring knowledge between different domains. One of the main difficulties with multitask approaches using different databases is the fact that not all the samples are labeled for all the tasks.

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have represented a relevant breakthrough, especially since the last improvements on the ImageNet Challenge.

In this context the introduction of multitask learning is particularly relevant, as it proved to successfully boost the performance of an individual task with the inclusion of other correlated tasks in the training process.


While the arguments in favor of a skyrmion crystal of half-skyrmion symmetry are not new, we believe that our holographic accounting of this phenomenon in bulk is. Moreover, the geometrical character of the transition we have suggested together with the physical nature of the splitting of instantons into dyons provides the robustness needed for a topological phase transition in QCD at large N c . Our simple estimates for the density and energy per baryon for the occurrence of the bcc dyonic crystal are surprisingly close to those obtained using detailed numerical calculations with skyrmions [5] .

Our simple estimates for the density and energy per baryon for the occurrence of the bcc dyonic crystal are surprisingly close to those obtained using detailed numerical calculations with skyrmions.


The GMC's national training survey in the UK is a route through which junior doctors can raise concerns about patient safety in the organisations in which they are training [12] . In 2013, 5.2 % of responders raised concerns and 28 % of these concerns were new or unknown to the organisations involved. In 2014, partly due to changes to the wording of the survey, only 0.8 % of junior doctors reported concerns but over half of these were previously unknown to the organisations involved [8] . With recognition that there would be value in encouraging junior doctors to report their concerns directly with the organisation in which they were training, rather than reporting retrospectively through the training survey, we aimed to develop and evaluate a webbased reporting tool for junior doctors to proactively report concerns about quality and safety.

The GMC's national training survey in the UK is a route through which junior doctors can raise concerns about patient safety in the organisations in which they are training.

In 2014, partly due to changes to the wording of the survey, only 0.8 % of junior doctors reported concerns but over half of these were previously unknown to the organisations involved.


Qualitative data from the focus groups and interviews were analysed thematically [18] . Initial reading and opencoding of a selection of transcripts was used to develop a coding frame; this was applied to the full data set using NVivo 10. The coding frame was revised iteratively, with revisions informed by discussions within the research team. In presenting findings, we attribute quotations to either stakeholders (SH) or focus group participants (FG).

Qualitative data from the focus groups and interviews were analysed thematically.


Unexpected values of hardness H have attracted more attention. Material with H > 40 GPa is considered superhard [2] . Getting ahead of this value became a major goal of materials research. The appearance of a hardness maximum, H max , of a MuL@substrate system as a function of MuL period thickness, λ, was designated "superlattice hardening" [3, 4] . Single crystalline TiN/VN MuLs on MgO substrate represented an early example. For λ = 5.2 nm a maximum hardness of H max = 54.5 GPa [5] occurred.

Material with H > 40 GPa is considered superhard.

The appearance of a hardness maximum, H max , of a MuL@substrate system as a function of MuL period thickness, λ, was designated "superlattice hardening".

For λ = 5.2 nm a maximum hardness of H max = 54.5 GPa occurred.


Both elastic modulus and hardness values of multilayer (MuL) thin films can exceed those of the single layers and of bulk objects. Multilayers or composition-modulated films may exhibit an increase of the elastic moduli ("supermodulus effect") as a result of large coherency strains between the layers [1] . They are often higher than the values suggested by a simple rule of mixture between layer materials.

Multilayers or composition-modulated films may exhibit an increase of the elastic moduli ("supermodulus effect") as a result of large coherency strains between the layers.


Two particularly important locations to characterize O 3 trends are at the downwind side of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. These downwind locations receive air representing a regional integration over outflow from wide regions of the upwind continents. The O 3 mixing ratios in continental outflow are modified by the interaction of transport, mixing and O 3 production and loss processes during transport through the marine environment. With only limited emission sources and minimal O 3 deposition within the marine environment, mixing and chemical processes tend to reduce the variability of the marine O 3 . The observed variability of O 3 in marine air received on the downwind coast largely reflects variability of large-scale flow patterns of the transported air masses. Measurements within the marine air inflow also provide the potential to sample O 3 in an environment without dominant confounding continental influences such as in situ O 3 production from locally emitted precursors, transport of air masses with widely varying histories, surface deposition, reaction of O 3 with local emissions, etc. Temporal changes in these influences undoubtedly contribute to the significant regional differences found in O 3 trends at northern mid latitudes (Oltmans et al., 2006; Jaffe and Ray, 2007) . If trends in background O 3 can be established for the downwind sides of the two large oceans at northern mid latitudes, then they are likely of more fundamental importance to our understanding of the background tropospheric O 3 budget than are the variable regional trends over the continents. However, to characterize these marine trends from land surface based measurements requires careful discrimination against continental effects in the analysis of the available data sets. Our goal in this paper is to characterize these temporal trends in the boundary layer of these two marine environments.

Temporal changes in these influences undoubtedly contribute to the significant regional differences found in O 3 trends at northern mid latitudes.


The second goal of this paper is to place the derived North American west coast MBL O 3 trends into a larger spatial and historical context by comparing them with reported European tropospheric O 3 trends. An increasing trend over the past two decades has been well established at Mace Head, Ireland (Simmonds et al., 2004; Derwent et al., 2007) . We will show that the trends of MBL O 3 at the west coast of North America have some marked similarities to and marked differences from these European trends.

An increasing trend over the past two decades has been well established at Mace Head, Ireland.


Analysis was carried out using SPSS 15.0. Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W) was used to examine concordance. One rater was confused at the beginning of the session and did not rate the first 25 masked faces, and so her ratings were excluded from the concordance calculations for all of the masked faces. If raters neglected to rate a stimulus (N = 55 of a possible 3225 ratings) values were replaced by the mean value given to that stimulus so that the rest of the rater's ratings could be included in the analysis. Kendall's tau-b (τ) is used for correlational analysis because some sets of ratings were non-normally distributed (Shapiro-Wilk's test of normal distribution, p < .1) once ratings had been split for separate analysis for male and female stimuli. Assumptions of regression were satisfied, including that of no multicollinearity, as measured with reference to correlation between pairs of variables, VIF, tolerance, loadings and determinant of the correlation matrix (Field 2005) . Ratings of the neutral sentence were not included in the regression analysis because they correlated highly with ratings of the soundtrack (r = .660, p < .001). Substitution in the main analysis of the neutral sentence ratings for the soundtrack ratings gave rise to qualitatively identical results; such substitution was not carried out in the separate regressions for male and female targets because of the restrictions on sample size (n = 39 for whom sentence ratings were obtained). The enter method of regression was used because no assumption was made as to the relative importance of each component to overall attractiveness judgments (FIELD 2005) .

Assumptions of regression were satisfied, including that of no multicollinearity, as measured with reference to correlation between pairs of variables, VIF, tolerance, loadings and determinant of the correlation matrix.

The enter method of regression was used because no assumption was made as to the relative importance of each component to overall attractiveness judgments.


Second, the most important benefit of controlling for the suppressor variable is to improve the predictive power of the model (Cohen et al., 2003; Tzelgov & Henik, 1991) . The idea of suppression forces the researcher to think of predictor variables in multiple regression equations differently. Predictor variables may follow three patterns: (a) predictor variables may account for only the variance in the outcome variable and have zero or negligible correlation with other predictors; (b) predictor variables may clear out only the outcome-irrelevant variance from other predictors and have zero correlation with the dependent variable (i.e., classic suppression); or (c) predictor variables may explain some variance in the dependent variable as well as clear out outcome-irrelevant variance from other predictors, that is, relative suppression (Tzelgov & Henik, 1991) . Thus, when a model includes a suppressor variable, total explained variance will increase even when it is not significantly related with the outcome variable.

Second, the most important benefit of controlling for the suppressor variable is to improve the predictive power of the model.

Predictor variables may follow three patterns: (a) predictor variables may account for only the variance in the outcome variable and have zero or negligible correlation with other predictors; (b) predictor variables may clear out only the outcome-irrelevant variance from other predictors and have zero correlation with the dependent variable (i.e., classic suppression); or (c) predictor variables may explain some variance in the dependent variable as well as clear out outcome-irrelevant variance from other predictors, that is, relative suppression.


Another way to think about this situation is to remember that whenever a suppression effect exists in a model, the zero-order correlation between independent and outcome variables may be misleading because it provides only partial information about the relationship between a predictor and an outcome variable. It is a poor indicator of the potential value of a variable for a multiple regression model. Adding the suppressor variable to the model enhances the relationship between the independent variable and the outcome variable (Lancaster, 1999; Rosenberg, 1973) . Suppression implies that the relationship between some independent variables of interest and the outcome variables are blurred because of outcome-irrelevant variance; the addition of suppressor variables clears or, -purifies‖ (Pedhazur, 1997, p. 186 ) the outcomeirrelevant variation from the independent variables, thus revealing the true relationship between the independent and outcome variables.

Adding the suppressor variable to the model enhances the relationship between the independent variable and the outcome variable.


In a statistical sampling context, the area-based inventory method can be characterized as small area estimation using a synthetic estimator (Särndal et al. 1992) . The term synthetic estimator indicates that a global model is used to provide local (stand-wise) estimates. Since the stand estimates are obtained as pure predictions provided by a model without any local (stand-wise) correction for bias, the method can also be classified as a pure model-based application. The design of the sample survey is one of the factors that have a major effect on the final outcome of the inventory. In model-based estimation the plot data should cover the entire range of variability (tree species, tree size, site fertility etc.) in the forests of the inventory area, and also the variability of the most important ALS variables, so that there is no need to extrapolate in the model application phase. Some types of forest are more common than the others, and with random sampling forest types will tend to be represented proportional to the area of the forest type in question. Stratified sampling may be a means to acquire a sample that covers the entire variability of the inventory area at a lower cost by allocating a similar number of samples into each stratum (forest type). Stratification of ALS-assisted forest management inventories is often based on existing inventory data or aerial images. In Norway, the forest area is first stratified based on e.g. the tree species, age class, and site index derived from existing maps and aerial images using stereo photogrammetry and manual interpretation. Individual plots or clusters of plots are distributed systematically over the area. Under systematic cluster sampling, each cluster can include plots from several strata and the plots within the respective strata in a cluster are selected for measurement until each stratum contains a predefined number of plots.

In a statistical sampling context, the area-based inventory method can be characterized as small area estimation using a synthetic estimator.


A propagation model aimed at reproducing the signal fluctuations is presented in this paper. The calculation addresses the evaluation of the transmitted field and of its second-order moment. In most cases, as in GNSS applications, the knowledge of the transmitted field allows estimating the degradation of performances, due to both intensity and phase fluctuations. For radar observations, the knowledge of the second-order moment is also required. The signal coherence properties of the medium, both for time and frequency, are important in this case to assess the radar performances (Knepp 1989) .

The signal coherence properties of the medium, both for time and frequency, are important in this case to assess the radar performances.


The model presented in this paper (Global Ionospheric Scintillation Propagation Model, GISM) uses the Multiple Phase Screen (MPS) technique (Knepp 1983; Béniguel 2002 Béniguel , 2004 Gherm 2005) . The locations of transmitter and receiver are arbitrary. The incidence link angle is arbitrary regarding the ionosphere layers and the magnetic field vector orientation. It can cross the entire ionosphere or a small part of it. At each screen location along the line of sight, the parabolic equation (PE) is solved. GISM allows calculating mean errors and scintillations due to propagation through the ionosphere.

The model presented in this paper (Global Ionospheric Scintillation Propagation Model, GISM) uses the Multiple Phase Screen (MPS) technique.


The Spanish photovoltaic (PV) market has expanded tremendously in the last few years. At the end of 2007, installed PV power was around 750 MW. Two years later, at the end of 2009, cumulated installed capacity was 3520.1 MW [1] . Most of the PV modules installed were of crystalline Si technology and this work is focused in crystalline Si technology.

Two years later, at the end of 2009, cumulated installed capacity was 3520.1 MW.


It is necessary to differentiate between stabilization and degradation. Power stabilization is the period in which power levels often drop from an initial power level within the first few days of sunlight exposure (according to EN 50380 20kWh/m 2 of sunlight exposure are necessary prior to power measurements taken by the manufacturer). However, manufacturers often consider this initial decrease in power to be part of the assumed degradation of longterm sunlight exposure. There are many studies on longterm degradation [11] [12] [13] . Some of them present models to predict the future power that PV modules will supply [14] . These studies usually consider power loss as a lineal effect. However, in their discussions of power loss, many of these studies fail to recognize that the initial power stabilization concludes within the first few days of the PV module's usage. Thus, the power lost during the initial power stabilization should not be considered part of the long-term power degradation.

There are many studies on longterm degradation.

Some of them present models to predict the future power that PV modules will supply.


Time course observations have indicated the presence of cross walls in the paired arbuscules (see Fig. 3 ). This has yet to be fully examined in an extensive study. The presence of a cross wall in the trunk hypha of single metabolically inactive arbuscules has previously been shown in Allium porrum (Dickson and Smith 2001) . It would be logical to assume that a nonfunctioning arbuscule within a paired system might also be sealed off, especially if the intercellular hypha connecting the two sides is still active.

The presence of a cross wall in the trunk hypha of single metabolically inactive arbuscules has previously been shown in Allium porrum.


In the literature, tremendous efforts on processing probabilistic queries on uncertain graphs have been reported. One of the most fundamental queries is reachability query [8] , [14] , [40] , [41] . In a deterministic graph, a reachability query asks whether one vertex can reach another under some constraints, e.g., within a given distance or via a path that consists of a given set of labels. However, for an uncertain graph, the result of a reachability query is no longer a boolean value (i.e., "YES" or "NO"), but a probability of having the answer "YES". Existing works typically incorporate probabilities as follows. They assume the probabilities of the edges are independent of each other and adopt a possible world model to answer the queries. An uncertain graph may generate O(2 m ) possible worlds, where m is the number of the edges. Each possible world (or called possible graph) is a deterministic graph whose probability is the product of (i) the existential probabilities of all edges that exist in the graph and (ii) the non-existential probabilities of all edges that do not exist in the graph. The query result of an uncertain graph is the sum of the probabilities of the query results in all the possible worlds. Since the number of possible worlds is huge, the existing works focus on how to efficiently evaluate or estimate the query results.

One of the most fundamental queries is reachability query.


G RAPH data arises in a large variety of real-world applications, such as social networks, knowledge graphs, and protein-protein interaction networks [2] . However, the data in these applications is often uncertain for various reasons that include unreliable data sources, ambiguity in the content of data, or approximate data models. For example, duplicate author names may confuse the coauthor networks that are automatically extracted from academic websites (e.g., DBLP and Google Scholar); in a machine-generated knowledge graph, the relationships between entities may be uncertain since they are usually extracted from web documents by using natural language processing techniques; in a protein-protein interaction network, the interactions between proteins are typically derived by a statistical model. To capture the uncertainty in these data, uncertain graph model has been a widely used data model, where each edge is associated with an existential probability that signifies the likelihood of the existence of the edge [14] , [22] .

G RAPH data arises in a large variety of real-world applications, such as social networks, knowledge graphs, and protein-protein interaction networks.

To capture the uncertainty in these data, uncertain graph model has been a widely used data model, where each edge is associated with an existential probability that signifies the likelihood of the existence of the edge.


Hormone receptor-negative (HRneg) breast cancer accounts for 30% to 40% of all newly diagnosed breast malignancies and is clinically subdivided into either human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ ERBB2)-positive or triple-negative (Tneg) breast tumors, and about 60% of the latter consist of basal-like breast cancers [1] [2] [3] [4] . When characterized by histology or protein-, RNA-or DNA-based assays, HRneg and Tneg breast cancers are consistently found to be aggressive and heterogeneous subgroups that defy prognostic substratification [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Tneg and basal-like breast cancers represent about 15% of all newly diagnosed breast cancers and preferentially arise in younger women, African-Americans, and BRCA1 mutation carriers. Given their reputation for more invasive and proliferative characteristics, even early-stage HRneg and Tneg breast primaries are invariably treated with adjuvant systemic therapy. Since Tneg breast tumors lack clinically validated prognostic or predictive biomarkers, their systemic therapy consists of empiric combinations of toxic chemotherapy.

Hormone receptor-negative (HRneg) breast cancer accounts for 30% to 40% of all newly diagnosed breast malignancies and is clinically subdivided into either human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ ERBB2)-positive or triple-negative (Tneg) breast tumors, and about 60% of the latter consist of basal-like breast cancers.

When characterized by histology or protein-, RNA-or DNA-based assays, HRneg and Tneg breast cancers are consistently found to be aggressive and heterogeneous subgroups that defy prognostic substratification.


The electrocatalytic properties of the Pt and Pt-Ir NPs were characterized by a (100) structure-sensitive electrochemical reaction, i.e., electro-oxidation of ammonia [21, 22, 24, 38, 44] . Fig. 10 shows the CVs measured on the Pt-Ir nanocubes, polycrystalline Pt-Ir NPs and pure Pt nanocubes in the solution containing 1 M KOH and 0.1 M ammonia. To reveal the intrinsic activity of the prepared NPs, the current is normalized by the ECSA of the NPs. An anodic current peak is observed at around −0.77 V (MSE), which is attributed to the ammonia oxidation to N 2 as well as N ads [37, 44, 66, 67] . In the previous studies, CV was measured in the absence of ammonia in the solution, and there was no such characteristic current peak [37, 68] . Furthermore, the peak current density depends strongly on the shape and composition of the prepared NPs. For example, the peak current density (1.32 mA cm −2 ) measured on Pt-Ir nanocubes is about 26% higher than that of the pure Pt nanocubes (1.05 mA cm −2 ) and about 6.6 times higher than that of the polycrystalline Pt-Ir NPs (0.20 mA cm −2 ). It has also been found that the specific activity of the pure Pt nanocubes is about 3-6 times higher than that reported for the polycrystalline Pt NPs under the same experimental conditions [69] [70] [71] [72] . This indicates a strong effect of both shape and composition on the electrocatalytic activities of Pt-based NPs for ammonia oxidation and that the Pt-Ir nanocubes have the highest specific activity (i.e., electrocatalytic activity normalized by the ECSA) among these samples.

The electrocatalytic properties of the Pt and Pt-Ir NPs were characterized by a (100) structure-sensitive electrochemical reaction, i.e., electro-oxidation of ammonia.

An anodic current peak is observed at around −0.77 V (MSE), which is attributed to the ammonia oxidation to N 2 as well as N ads.

In the previous studies, CV was measured in the absence of ammonia in the solution, and there was no such characteristic current peak.

It has also been found that the specific activity of the pure Pt nanocubes is about 3-6 times higher than that reported for the polycrystalline Pt NPs under the same experimental conditions.


In the present work, the synthesis of Pt-Ir nanocubes enclosed by well-defined (100) facets and their unusual enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward ammonia electro-oxidation were reported for the first time. The effects of several important synthetic parameters on the development of Pt-Ir nanocubes were systematically studied. The shape, surface facets, structure and chemical composition of the Pt-Ir nanocubes were investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Ammonia electro-oxidation was selected as the model reaction for understanding the electrocatalytic properties of the prepared NPs, because this reaction is extremely sensitive to the Pt (100) sites. In addition, ammonia electro-oxidation is also very sensitive to the chemical composition of the catalysts and Ir has been found to be the most promising alloying element for Pt [37, 38] . Finally, electro-oxidation of ammonia is especially important since it addresses both the clean energy supply free of CO x and environmental protection, as discussed by several reviews [44, 45] . Through comparison with the polycrystalline PtIr NPs and pure Pt nanocubes, the present work not only demonstrates the shape-and composition-dependent electrocatalytic activities of the Pt-Ir NPs, but also provides a totally different finding compared with the results reported in the previous literature [37, 38] . The Pt-Ir nanocubes exhibit higher electrocatalytic activity (including the maximum activity) towards ammonia oxidation compared with the pure Pt NPs, which has never been reported in the previous studies. It is anticipated that this work provides an insight into the development of advanced Pt-based nanomaterials for high-performance electrocatalysts.

In addition, ammonia electro-oxidation is also very sensitive to the chemical composition of the catalysts and Ir has been found to be the most promising alloying element for Pt.

Finally, electro-oxidation of ammonia is especially important since it addresses both the clean energy supply free of CO x and environmental protection, as discussed by several reviews.

Through comparison with the polycrystalline PtIr NPs and pure Pt nanocubes, the present work not only demonstrates the shape-and composition-dependent electrocatalytic activities of the Pt-Ir NPs, but also provides a totally different finding compared with the results reported in the previous literature.


To further verify the crystal structure of the Pt-Ir nanocubes, Fig. 6 shows the XRD patterns of the Pt-Ir nanocubes and polycrystalline Pt-Ir NPs, respectively. The diffraction peaks at 40.0° and 46.5° are assigned to (111) and (200) planes of face-centered cubic (fcc) phase, respectively. Compared with the standard diffraction peaks of pure Pt marked as dotted line (i.e., 39.8° for Pt (111) plane and 46.2° for Pt (200) plane, refer to JCPDS 04-0802), the diffraction peaks of the Pt-Ir NPs shifted to a higher 2θ values. This indicates that the lattice parameter decreases due to the addition of Ir atoms into the Pt [33] . For the polycrystalline Pt-Ir NPs, diffraction peak of (111) plane is the strongest and the relative intensity ratio of (200)/ (111) planes is 43%, which is in agreement with that of the polycrystalline Pt-Ir. However, the Pt-Ir nanocubes shows an overwhelmingly increase in the relative intensity of the (200) peak with respect to that of the (111) peak. This suggests that most of the Pt-Ir NPs are nanocubes enclosed by (100) facets and are deposited flat on the surface polished Si (100) wafer [30, 31] .

This indicates that the lattice parameter decreases due to the addition of Ir atoms into the Pt.

This suggests that most of the Pt-Ir NPs are nanocubes enclosed by (100) facets and are deposited flat on the surface polished Si (100) wafer.


The formation of biofilm creates major problems in the food industry since it may represent an important source of contamination for materials or foodstuffs coming into contact with them, so leading to food spoilage or transmission of diseases. Biofilms are of interest in the dairy industry, as bacteria within biofilms are more difficult to eliminate than plank tonic cells, and bacteria detached from biofilms can contaminate milk and milk products [1] . This biotransfer may affect hygiene and the commercial value of the product. To control these problems, it has been recognized that a greater understanding of the interactions between microorganisms and food-processing surface is required [2] [3] [4] .

Biofilms are of interest in the dairy industry, as bacteria within biofilms are more difficult to eliminate than plank tonic cells, and bacteria detached from biofilms can contaminate milk and milk products.

To control these problems, it has been recognized that a greater understanding of the interactions between microorganisms and food-processing surface is required.


Additionally, other variables not contemplated in our research may also influence the decision to cooperate. Among these missing variables, we can include absorptive capacity and knowledge spillovers [75, 76] . The positive effect of knowledge spillovers on the decision to cooperate is based on the fact that cooperation requires both intensive contacts and a high level of trust. Through cooperation agreements, partners can mutually internalize their outgoing spillovers. Additionally, absorptive capacity is key to learning from others. Firms choose to cooperate and select their partners conditional on the investments in absorptive capacity they are willing to make [77] . Hence, future studies should incorporate proxies of absorptive capacity and spillovers.

Among these missing variables, we can include absorptive capacity and knowledge spillovers.

Firms choose to cooperate and select their partners conditional on the investments in absorptive capacity they are willing to make.


Our principal objective was therefore to explain the role of CEOs' CSRO in accounting for international interfirm cooperation, as well as what happens to this effect if the international environment is also perceived as hostile. These efforts advance prior research that suggested that firms with a strong ethical reputation tend to be more attractive to others as a cooperative partner, and such ethical reflection represents an essential element in generating interfirm cooperation [15, 16] . We also expand previous literature on interfirm cooperation by determining under what conditions CEOs' CSRO is more likely to impact on international interfirm cooperation. We suggest that ENVHOST will be critical to enhance the positive influence of CEOS' CSRO on international interfirm cooperation. The current study builds upon previous research examining the role of CSR in international business and in the strategic choices of firms [17] . In particular, this research enhances knowledge in this field by examining whether ENVHOST makes a difference in CEOs' CSRO-interfirm cooperation in international scenarios.

These efforts advance prior research that suggested that firms with a strong ethical reputation tend to be more attractive to others as a cooperative partner, and such ethical reflection represents an essential element in generating interfirm cooperation.

The current study builds upon previous research examining the role of CSR in international business and in the strategic choices of firms.


For its ease of interpretation, we plotted in Figure 1 the relationship between CEOs' CSRO and the predicted log odds for interfirm cooperation in international scenarios (for those plus or minus 1 standard deviation from the mean) on ENVHOST, as recommended [68] . Figure 1 reveals that the significant interaction between ENVHOST and CSRO suggests a stronger positive effect of CEOs' CSRO on international interfirm cooperation in the presence of a higher ENVHOST. Model 3 also reflects that the interaction term between ENVHOST and CEO's CSRO is significant, in clear support of H2. Specifically, the interaction term was positively associated with interfirm cooperation in international contexts (coefficient = 0.35, p < 0.10; odds ratio = 1.42). Thus, in line with H2, firms that face ENVHOST and have a strong CSRO are 42% more likely to cooperate in international scenarios than firms that i) face ENVHOST but do not have a strong CSRO or, ii) have a strong CSRO but do not face ENVHOST or, iii) neither face ENVHOST nor have a strong CSRO. Therefore, we can accept that ENVHOST positively moderates the relationship between CEOs' CSRO and international interfirm cooperation (H2).

For its ease of interpretation, we plotted in Figure 1 the relationship between CEOs' CSRO and the predicted log odds for interfirm cooperation in international scenarios (for those plus or minus 1 standard deviation from the mean) on ENVHOST, as recommended.


This idea, however, requires a more differentiated concept of task complexity. A good candidate for a theory-based concept of task complexity is the distinction between coordinative complexity and sequential complexity (Mayr & Kliegl, 1993) . Coordinative complexity refers to the fact that many cognitive tasks require information to be processed while simultaneously storing the results of previous processing steps so that this intermediately stored information can be integrated with later processing results. Coordinative complexity varies with the amount of different information to be maintained during processing. The central features of coordinative complexity are the coordination of information maintenance with current information processing and the regulation and monitoring of the flow of information between interrelated processing steps. Sequential complexity, in contrast, refers to the number of successive and independent processing steps. In tasks with high sequential complexity, working memory contents are frequently updated without increasing the amount of information exchanged between processing steps. Thus, sequential complexity does not make additional demands on the storage components of the working memory system. On the contrary, by providing frequent prompts for memory contents to be updated, sequential demands may even relieve the working memory system from information-maintenance processes such as regulating and monitoring the refreshing, changing, and updating of memory contents. If so, sequential complexity could have beneficial effects on performance in coordinatively complex tasks--particularly for high-anxious individuals who, due to task-irrelevant thoughts, have reduced working memory capacity.

A good candidate for a theory-based concept of task complexity is the distinction between coordinative complexity and sequential complexity.


The results show that body composition changes add to weight loss in response to dieting. FM was lost at a higher proportion of weight than was hypothesized in Wishnofsky's '7,700 kcal/ kg rule' [1] . In the whole study population, body composition explained 14% of the difference between measured and predicted weight loss, and in 54% of the subjects adaptive thermogenesis further explained 38% of this difference. Thus, in these women, poor compliance explained 50% of the discrepancy between measured and predicted weight loss only.

FM was lost at a higher proportion of weight than was hypothesized in Wishnofsky's '7,700 kcal/ kg rule'.


Cephalosporins are antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial and antibacterial properties. These compounds contain a β-lactam ring which is fused with a six-membered dihydrothiazine cycle bearing substituents attached to C-3 (R 1 ), C-4 (COOR 2 ) and C-7 (NHC(=O)R 3 ). The cephalosporins: ceftazidime (CFZ), cefuroxime-axetil (CFXA) and ceftriaxone (CTRX), whose structures are presented in Table 1 , are second and third generation cephalosporin derivatives widely used in clinical therapy of severe infections [1] [2] . The "generation" classification is based on general features of the observed antimicrobial activity. Third generation cephalosporins are generally less active than the first-generation agents against Gram-positive cocci, but they are much more active against the Enterobacteriaceae, including penicilinase-producing strains. A subset of agents that belong to the third generation is also active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa [3] . Their activity is exerted through the inhibition of the biosynthesis of the bacterial wall, which leads to the lysis of microorganisms [4] .

The cephalosporins: ceftazidime (CFZ), cefuroxime-axetil (CFXA) and ceftriaxone (CTRX), whose structures are presented in Table 1 , are second and third generation cephalosporin derivatives widely used in clinical therapy of severe infections.

A subset of agents that belong to the third generation is also active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Their activity is exerted through the inhibition of the biosynthesis of the bacterial wall, which leads to the lysis of microorganisms.


Diffuse lung diseases (DLD) refer to a heterogeneous group of abnormal conditions or diseases which spread out in large areas of lungs [1] . These diseases typically have similar clinical, radiographic, physiologic, and/or pathologic features. There are two common anatomically imaging modalities, X-ray chest radiography and computed tomography (CT), which are routinely used in the detection and diagnosis of DLD. With the development of techniques on CT, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) has played important roles in recent years [2] . Thin slice CT is able to give detailed appearances on pulmonary patterns. This fa- cilitates the diagnosis of DLD, but a huge number of CT slices also requires radiologists to take much more time on reading. Additionally, objective identification of pulmonary textures has not being established in current clinical protocols. Since visual inspection is being carried on according to radiologists' experiences, subjective differences are inevitable. Considering both of the two aspects, a quantitative computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system is required to give a second opinion to facilitate detection and diagnosis of DLD.

Diffuse lung diseases (DLD) refer to a heterogeneous group of abnormal conditions or diseases which spread out in large areas of lungs.

With the development of techniques on CT, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) has played important roles in recent years.


Analysing the information of clients that visit an organization website can be imperative in order to remain competitive [11] . This analysis can be used to generate two discoveries for the organization, the first being an analysis of a user's clickstream while utilizing a website to reveal usage patterns, which thus gives a heightened understanding of customer behaviour [12] . This use of the analysis creates a user profile that guides in understanding the types of people that visit an organization's website [13] . Clickstream analysis can be used to predict whether a customer is likely to purchase from an e-commerce website. Clickstream analysis can also be used to improve customer fulfilment with the website and with the organization itself [14] . This can generate a business advantage, and be used to assess the effectiveness of advertising on a web page or site. Clickstreams can likewise be used to enable the user to see where they have been and enable them to easily return to a page they have already visited, a capacity that is already incorporated in many browsers.

Analysing the information of clients that visit an organization website can be imperative in order to remain competitive.

This analysis can be used to generate two discoveries for the organization, the first being an analysis of a user's clickstream while utilizing a website to reveal usage patterns, which thus gives a heightened understanding of customer behaviour.

This use of the analysis creates a user profile that guides in understanding the types of people that visit an organization's website.

Clickstream analysis can also be used to improve customer fulfilment with the website and with the organization itself.


We focus on the emotions of anger and fear for several reasons. First, anger and fear are ubiquitous in both every day life and work settings, and thought to affect decisionmaking (Averill, 1982; Kish-Gephart, Detert, Treviño, & Edmondson, 2009; Lerner & Keltner, 2001; Pekrun & Friese, 1992) . Second, studies of ''basic'' emotions have shown that they are among the most easily identifiable emotions in people's faces, gestures, and language (Ekman, 1994; Scherer, 1986) . Finally, anger and fear naturally emerged as the most commonly occurring emotions in our setting. While we originally set out to study a variety of emotions in relation to decision-making, analysis of our data revealed that anger and fear occurred in 71% of all of our cases. We therefore decided to restrict our study to these two emotions.

First, anger and fear are ubiquitous in both every day life and work settings, and thought to affect decisionmaking.

Second, studies of ''basic'' emotions have shown that they are among the most easily identifiable emotions in people's faces, gestures, and language.


The process of enhancing biogas generates new possibilities for its use since it can then replace natural gas and be applicable for use in the vehicles. However, upgrading adds to the costs of biogas production. It is, therefore, important to have an optimized upgrading process in terms of low energy consumption and high efficiency giving high methane content in the upgraded gas. Apart from direct combustion in burners or boiler units, gas engines are usually employed as prime movers in the utilization of biogas [16] [17] [18] . There is even greater potential for biogas if it can be compressed for using in farm machinery. But all these scopes are possible only after removing CO 2 H 2 S and water vapour from crude biogas. As the energy content of biogas is in direct proportion to the methane concentration, therefore, it is necessary to remove these contaminants from the raw biogas generated in the digesters to increase the energy content. Herein, we report the removal of CO 2 , H 2 S, and H 2 O from raw biogas generated from anaerobic codigestion of cattle manure (CM) with cafeteria waste (CW), fruit waste (FW), and vegetable waste (VW).

Apart from direct combustion in burners or boiler units, gas engines are usually employed as prime movers in the utilization of biogas.


Planar and cylindrical gravity currents are two canonical configurations that have been studied in the past. The lock-exchange problem in a rectangular channel is a well-studied example of a planar gravity current, where the heavy fluid moves away from the lock with a nominally straight front. On the other hand, the release of a finite column of heavy fluid into a surrounding ambient of light fluid results in a cylindrical gravity current (Penney et al. 1952; Spicer & Havens 1987) . In the cylindrical configuration the front is nominally circular and propagates radially outward. In a planar current, as the front propagates, the planform area of the released heavy fluid increases linearly with front location, whereas in a cylindrical current, the planform increases quadratically. This difference changes the spreading rate of the cylindrical current compared to the planar case.

On the other hand, the release of a finite column of heavy fluid into a surrounding ambient of light fluid results in a cylindrical gravity current.