A flow network is a directed graph where each edge has a capacity and receives a flow. The amount of flow on an edge cannot exceed the capacity of the edge, and it must satisfy the restriction that the amount of flow into a node equals the amount of flow out of it, except when it is a source, which has more outgoing flow, or sink, which has more incoming flow [1] . The flow networks can represent many real-life situations like fluids in pipes for city water distribution, traffic in roads and more.

The amount of flow on an edge cannot exceed the capacity of the edge, and it must satisfy the restriction that the amount of flow into a node equals the amount of flow out of it, except when it is a source, which has more outgoing flow, or sink, which has more incoming flow.


In this article, we consider a cellular system for serving regular services and MBMSs. In order to efficiently serve the users with heterogeneous channel conditions, we can consider bit rate-flexible bit streams which can be decoded only with a part of the whole bit stream. As an example of such bit streams, scalable video coding (SVC) stream can be considered [12] . As the SVC stream is configured with multiple video layers, we can serve the users more adaptively to the channel conditions by adjusting the transmission of the video layers. Thus, we consider the bit rate-flexible SVC streams for MBMSs, where we assume that the bit rate for serving each regular service is constant.

As an example of such bit streams, scalable video coding (SVC) stream can be considered.


There are many sources of methodological and instrumental errors in IR radiometry [9] . The main purpose for improving pyrometers is to increase the measurement accuracy by reducing the influence of background temperature of the optical system. These problems are solved by various hardware and software methods [10] - [15] .

There are many sources of methodological and instrumental errors in IR radiometry.

These problems are solved by various hardware and software methods.


Deposition of ash on heat transfer equipment has always been one of main operation concerns in coal-fired power plant boiler [5] . The main problems caused by ash deposition include a reduction in boiler thermal efficiency, higher CO 2 emissions, incomplete combustion with an increase in CO and NO x emissions, and corrosion caused by sulfides [6, 7] . It has been estimated that ash deposition will be a significant source of losses of energy efficiency and availability in thermal power plants that may add up to 1 percent under typical operating conditions [8] . Therefore, deposition minimization is an essential purpose from both environmental and economic viewpoints [9, 10] .

Deposition of ash on heat transfer equipment has always been one of main operation concerns in coal-fired power plant boiler.

The main problems caused by ash deposition include a reduction in boiler thermal efficiency, higher CO 2 emissions, incomplete combustion with an increase in CO and NO x emissions, and corrosion caused by sulfides.

It has been estimated that ash deposition will be a significant source of losses of energy efficiency and availability in thermal power plants that may add up to 1 percent under typical operating conditions.

Therefore, deposition minimization is an essential purpose from both environmental and economic viewpoints.


Selection and bubble sort are almost similar in term of the algorithm. The difference of those two algorithms lie on the array utilization in selection sort. In the selection sort, the sorting is based on the maximum value on each array, whereas in bubble sort each component is swapped one by one. Therefore it leads to the complexity different for both the algorithms. The complexity of bubble sort is O (4n 2 ), whereas selection sort is O (2n 2 ) [2] . Nevertheless, for small number of input, bubble sort is the simple but powerful algorithm compared to the others [3] .

The complexity of bubble sort is O (4n 2 ), whereas selection sort is O (2n 2 ).

Nevertheless, for small number of input, bubble sort is the simple but powerful algorithm compared to the others.


More recently, the perturbative relationship between gauge and gravity theories has been formulated in a particularly suggestive manner by Bern, Carrasco and Johansson (BCJ) [3] [4] [5] . BCJ found that gravity n-point amplitudes can be obtained from n-point gauge theory counterparts at the level of diagrams. Specifically, the BCJ prescription is simply to replace the colour factor of each diagram by an additional copy of the diagram's kinematic numerator. This replacement must be performed in a particular representation of the amplitude, where the kinematic numerators satisfy the algebraic properties of the corresponding colour factor. In particular, the kinematic factors must satisfy the same Jacobi identities and antisymmetry properties as the colour factors. For this reason, the BCJ representation of the kinematic numerators is known as a colour-dual representation. The procedure of replacing colour factors in gauge theory scattering amplitudes with another copy of the kinematic numerator is known as the double copy, since it represents gravity scattering amplitudes as two copies of Yang-Mills scattering amplitudes.

More recently, the perturbative relationship between gauge and gravity theories has been formulated in a particularly suggestive manner by Bern, Carrasco and Johansson (BCJ).


Considering all of these issues, we conclude that ipsilateral limb restraint, which is somewhat analogous to CIMT in humans, causes hyperthermia in rats sufficient to aggravate injury. Our data do not argue against a usedependent exacerbation of injury with the immediate use of ipsilateral casting, which was first postulated by Schallert and colleagues (Kozlowski et al. 1996) . Instead, the rise in temperature associated with ipsilateral forelimb restraint appears to result from elevated neuronal activity, and it is probably both the hyperactivity and its resultant rise in temperature that enlarge the cortical lesion. Regardless, our results do not exclude other deleterious effects of ipsilateral forelimb restraint that may act independently to aggravate cortical injury.

Our data do not argue against a usedependent exacerbation of injury with the immediate use of ipsilateral casting, which was first postulated by Schallert and colleagues.


In this paper, a new bonded composite system is explored, FRP grid-engineered cementitous composite strengthening system (FRP-ECC strengthening system), in which ECC is applied as a bonding agent between the FRP grid and the concrete substrate. This new system is expected to provide a dual strengthening effect to the original concrete RC beams due to the high strength of the FRP grid reinforcement and the strain-hardening behaviour of the ECC. Meanwhile, the use of ECCs as the bonding adhesive is expected to be able to suppress the intermediate crack-induced debonding failure in typical strengthened beams and avoid local stress concentrations at the interface between the strengthening layer and the substrate concrete due to the multiple crack behaviour of the ECC [30, 31] .

Meanwhile, the use of ECCs as the bonding adhesive is expected to be able to suppress the intermediate crack-induced debonding failure in typical strengthened beams and avoid local stress concentrations at the interface between the strengthening layer and the substrate concrete due to the multiple crack behaviour of the ECC.


The IQ scores were computed using the Shipley Institute of Living Scale (SILS) [44] . SILS is a quick accurate measure of general intellectual functioning of adults and adolescents, ages fourteen and older [43] . The scale consists of two subtests of vocabulary and abstract concept formation. The administration time is ten minutes for each subtest. The total IQ score is reported as an estimated WAIS-R IQ score. The multiple correlation of the SILS estimated total IQ score and WAIS-R IQ score is .87 [44] . The estimated total IQ scores are reported on a scale with a mean of a 100 and standard deviation of 15 [43] .

The IQ scores were computed using the Shipley Institute of Living Scale (SILS).

SILS is a quick accurate measure of general intellectual functioning of adults and adolescents, ages fourteen and older.

The multiple correlation of the SILS estimated total IQ score and WAIS-R IQ score is .87.

The estimated total IQ scores are reported on a scale with a mean of a 100 and standard deviation of 15.


In the present nonstationary regime associated with climate change, predicting trends in hydrologic variables such as precipitation would be of great value for water resources planning, with applications ranging from municipal decision making to energy modeling to ecological management to disaster preparedness [1] . Climate model simulations are widely used to generate scenarios of future precipitation change for such apContent from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

In the present nonstationary regime associated with climate change, predicting trends in hydrologic variables such as precipitation would be of great value for water resources planning, with applications ranging from municipal decision making to energy modeling to ecological management to disaster preparedness.


Our results show that global climate models, as represented by CMIP5 submissions, have some skill in representing precipitation trends over recent decades, even when evaluated at a spatial scale close to the original model grid scale (2.5 • ). Using individual climate model outputs as synthetic data, as compared to using observations, results in estimates of this skill which are inflated, but of the right order of magnitude (e.g. reduction in RMSE of 16% versus 9%). This lends confidence to the 21st century forecast evaluations using synthetic data which show substantial skill for the model mean compared to the prs assumption of stationarity. Thus, it appears likely that applying precipitation change factors based on the CMIP5 ensemble mean to water resources planning would lead to better decisions than making no use of these models' precipitation estimates. The 9% reduction in RMSE seen for land precipitation trends is similar to the magnitude of the correlation found between observed and modeled 20th century streamflow trends [24] . Interpreting streamflow trends is more complicated than for precipitation trends, however, since streamflow is affected not only by precipitation but also by temperature, atmospheric CO 2 (regulating plant stomatal conductance and hence transpiration rate), and anthropogenic land use change and water regulation and diversion [25] [26] [27] [28] . The ability of modeled climate trends to directly inform projections of streamflow, reservoir storage, soil moisture, and other land-surface hydrologic variables thus remains an important practical question.

The 9% reduction in RMSE seen for land precipitation trends is similar to the magnitude of the correlation found between observed and modeled 20th century streamflow trends.

Interpreting streamflow trends is more complicated than for precipitation trends, however, since streamflow is affected not only by precipitation but also by temperature, atmospheric CO 2 (regulating plant stomatal conductance and hence transpiration rate), and anthropogenic land use change and water regulation and diversion.


Here we only studied GCM abilities to predict precipitation trends (P(t 2 ) −P(t 1 ) in the notation used above). Absolute precipitation amounts (P(t 1 )) are of course also vital to water resource management, and here long, accurate observation time series are clearly needed. Thus, maintaining and expanding networks for precipitation and other hydrologic observations is critical for informed hydrologic decision making, as well as for evaluating climate model outputs over the coming decades [29, 30] . With long, high-quality observation time series, extrapolating the observed trend may in fact outperform GCM projections for shorter lead times (e.g. less than about 25 years), as seen with the 21st century synthetic-data forecast experiments here (compare elr to mmm in figure 1(c) ). Checking against local observations and hydrological experience is also recommended to confirm that historical precipitation trends estimated using gridded global datasets such as GPCC are valid for the particular area of interest.

Thus, maintaining and expanding networks for precipitation and other hydrologic observations is critical for informed hydrologic decision making, as well as for evaluating climate model outputs over the coming decades.


The AAC-BCI device described in this experiment is designed to simplify BCI control as much as possible for individuals who already use, or may use BCI in the future. Our approach for achieving this aim is to rely on existing AAC technology and techniques that may be most familiar to both users of AAC (who are also potential users of BCI), and AAC professionals. One of the most basic ways for controlling AAC devices is through the use of a physical button and a visual interface with automatically advancing scanning of communication icons. Such a device can be used by individuals with disordered, but present motor control. In this experiment, we extend the existing AAC paradigm to BCI by replacing the AAC item selection mechanism with a "brain switch" controlled using a neurological potential related to motor planning and motor execution in a mental button pressing task. The contingent negative variation is a very well known neurological potential that precedes movement in a cued paradigm. Classically, this potential is strongest when individuals know they will be required to make a movement in the near future, but both the action and its timing are uncertain [17, 18] . In this experiment, however, only a portion of these classical factors used to elicit the CNV are met: (1) movements are made in a cued paradigm and (2) individuals know they will make movements in the near future. The third factor, uncertainty of both action and timing, is not met because the AAC device automatically scans through all available communication items at a predictable rate. Our preliminary results show that the third requirement is not necessary for eliciting the CNV; it is present in our paradigm for both individuals with and without neurological impairments. Further, our offline classification results show it is possible to accurately predict the occurrence of CNVs in a cued motor control paradigm. On average, the LDA classifier performed better in the overt condition than the covert for individuals without neuromotor impairments. Additionally, the decoder performed marginally better for in the covert condition for the individual with ALS compared to the participants without impairment, though no statistical analysis of these differences was performed. These are promising results that warrant further study of an online decoder for controlling an AAC device in real-time.

Classically, this potential is strongest when individuals know they will be required to make a movement in the near future, but both the action and its timing are uncertain.


From these premises they argue that there is an opportunity and need to develop a PPIM, a systems architecture for which is presented in Figure 1 . The PPIM is based on a capture-at-source distributed synchronisation system. As an individual creates personal information on a device, a locally installed app captures and stores the personal information on the device (1) . Once the device is connected to the central data repository, personal information is synchronised (2) . The central data source (3) is structured around a logical data model (4) . Management of the personal information permissions is facilitated by two dashboards -one for individuals (5) and one for companies (6) .

As an individual creates personal information on a device, a locally installed app captures and stores the personal information on the device.

Once the device is connected to the central data repository, personal information is synchronised.

The central data source (3) is structured around a logical data model.

Management of the personal information permissions is facilitated by two dashboards -one for individuals (5) and one for companies.


These results were established first in the prime case (by Sierpinski), then in the prime power case, and finally in general. The methods of the proof lie in the theory of linear congruences and frequent use is made of the Euler-Fermat congruence and of the properties of primitive roots. It seems remarkable to us the fact that this work by Hampel was not cited in recent work on this topic, such [1, 2, 6, 5, 4] .

It seems remarkable to us the fact that this work by Hampel was not cited in recent work on this topic, such.


The four-county study area includes Brown, Calumet, Kewaunee and Manitowoc counties (Figure 1 ). Land use in the study area is characterized by a mix of urban development, small rural communities and industries, including manufacturing, dairy (bovine) livestock production and agricultural field crops, but the majority of the study area is >75% cultivated land [23] . With the exception of areas near the Fox River and the Bay of Green Bay in Brown County, the region's municipal boundaries are largely based on the U.S. Public Land Survey System, in which Towns (93.2 km 2 (36 mi 2 )) are the most basic unit of local government in rural areas. Several towns, villages, and cities occur within counties.

Land use in the study area is characterized by a mix of urban development, small rural communities and industries, including manufacturing, dairy (bovine) livestock production and agricultural field crops, but the majority of the study area is >75% cultivated land.


However, it is unlikely that these variables had a strong influence on the observed trends for two principal reasons. First, increased snowfall would be expected to produce increased spring runoff and greater groundwater quality impacts during the 2008-2014 period, which was not observed. Second, and more importantly, these inter-annual climatological variations would not be expected to impact only Brown and Manitowoc counties, rather, if significant they should have impacted all four analyzed counties. What is more likely important for limiting spring infiltration is the percentage of ice-filled soil pores, which is a complex function of freeze-thaw cycles and winter rain precipitation events [49] . Therefore, we feel that these potential confounding factors were not likely of first-order importance in the observed changes in water quality.

What is more likely important for limiting spring infiltration is the percentage of ice-filled soil pores, which is a complex function of freeze-thaw cycles and winter rain precipitation events.


The modifications of the savannah structure following burning and tree thinning will have significant effects on the spatial distribution of available food for both grazers and browsers (Anderson & Müller 2000; Long et al. 2008) . Both methods of ecosystem manipulation are therefore predicted to influence movement and habitat use by herbivores (Archibald et al. 2005 (Ben-Shahar 1992) . These altering habitat preferences among herbivore species, coupled with the importance of herbivory for savannah ecosystem functioning, makes it imperative to fully understand the ecological consequences of fuel reduction within savannah habitats (Long et al. 2008) .

The modifications of the savannah structure following burning and tree thinning will have significant effects on the spatial distribution of available food for both grazers and browsers.

Both methods of ecosystem manipulation are therefore predicted to influence movement and habitat use by herbivores.

These altering habitat preferences among herbivore species, coupled with the importance of herbivory for savannah ecosystem functioning, makes it imperative to fully understand the ecological consequences of fuel reduction within savannah habitats.


Ball screw feed drives are frequently used to position the spindle (or stage) to the desired location due to their high stiffness and accuracy. The positioning precision and efficiency directly determine the quality and productivity of machine tools [1] . Hence, it is necessary to possess insight into the effect of ball screw feed drives on the dynamic characteristics of spindles or stages.

The positioning precision and efficiency directly determine the quality and productivity of machine tools.


Nutrients found in waste streams are mostly compounds of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CNP). All of them are important for sustenance of various life forms. Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential components of cell's DNA, aminoacids, and chlorophyll. In eukaryotic cells, phosphorus is the Benergy currency^of the cells in the form of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP [1] . Nitrogen and phosphorus play critical roles in plant growth and food supply. While nitrogen abundantly exists in atmosphere (78 %) in a highly stable and nonreactive form N 2 gas, its content is limited in soils. Therefore, in order to make it usable and increase its availability in soils, nitrogen is fixed in reactive forms such as amino-acids, nitrate, and ammonia.

In eukaryotic cells, phosphorus is the Benergy currency^of the cells in the form of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP.


On the other hand, the problem with phosphorus in the environment is of exhaustion, since it is a non-renewable resource. The most common form of phosphorus on earth is locked in igneous and sedimentary deposits, with mining of these rocks being the most viable method of extraction. Using This article is part of the Topical Collection on Water Pollution the current rates of extraction and consumption, these Breadily exploitable^sources of phosphorus will be depleted within next 45-100 years, as shown in Fig. 1 [6] . Moreover, as these reserves become exhausted the quality will inevitably become more variable, leading to lower phosphorus concentrations and higher impurities [7] .

Using This article is part of the Topical Collection on Water Pollution the current rates of extraction and consumption, these Breadily exploitable^sources of phosphorus will be depleted within next 45-100 years, as shown in Fig. 1.

Moreover, as these reserves become exhausted the quality will inevitably become more variable, leading to lower phosphorus concentrations and higher impurities.


The persistence of protection induced by vaccines plays a central role in the implementation of human vaccination policies. Two types of evidence document the duration of protection induced by a vaccine: on the one hand, immunological parameters such as antibody kinetics over time and on the other hand the disease incidence for which the vaccine was implemented [1] . In this context, measuring the persistence of circulating antibodies is widely used in human vaccines. The specific antibodies induced by the vaccine are the main parameters used for monitoring the duration of the vaccine-induced immune response. This monitor uses population-based studies that compare antibody levels in a protected group with those of a susceptible group, leading to an estimation of disease risk as a function of postvaccination antibody titers. For several vaccines, data resulting from longterm follow-up vaccine studies have been used to create mathematical models to predict the kinetics of antibody persistence over longer periods of time [2] . An example of such modeling results is the recent publication of the duration of protection induced by a human papillomavirus vaccine, while the trials provided data over a 6.4 year follow-up period, the models predicted a long protection [2] . Further, the waning of protection can also be demonstrated by an increased of disease incidence among subjects previously vaccinated. For example, the implementation of a universal varicella vaccination program in the USA in 1995 has resulted in a substantial reduction in morbidity. However, despite this reduction, new cases of varicella continue to occur, mostly in highly vaccinated school communities. Several studies of these cases have suggested that the time since vaccination may be associated with the risk of varicella. Waning of immunity after varicella vaccination in terms of measurable antibodies has been demonstrated to occur in children previously vaccinated. In this regard, the time since vaccination and the age at vaccination were identified as predictors of this loss of immunity [3] [4] [5] . The number of vaccine-preventable diseases targeted by routine vaccination schemes is growing, at time, at least 17 vaccine-preventable diseases were targeted by routine vaccination schemes in USA, but potentially all diseases of infectious etiology can be controlled by vaccination schemes and the evaluation of the persistence of vaccine-induced protection with human vaccines is essential for the susceptible population to determine cases of loss protection. The prevention of infection correlates with the induction of specific antibodies. Although loss of antibody after vaccination may render vaccines again susceptible to some infections. The time of vaccine-induced immunity may vary according to individual characteristics and the vaccine-age [6] . The vaccination of newborns could have a central role in the evolution of vaccine-induced immunity [7] .

Two types of evidence document the duration of protection induced by a vaccine: on the one hand, immunological parameters such as antibody kinetics over time and on the other hand the disease incidence for which the vaccine was implemented.

For several vaccines, data resulting from longterm follow-up vaccine studies have been used to create mathematical models to predict the kinetics of antibody persistence over longer periods of time.

An example of such modeling results is the recent publication of the duration of protection induced by a human papillomavirus vaccine, while the trials provided data over a 6.4 year follow-up period, the models predicted a long protection.

In this regard, the time since vaccination and the age at vaccination were identified as predictors of this loss of immunity.

The time of vaccine-induced immunity may vary according to individual characteristics and the vaccine-age.

The vaccination of newborns could have a central role in the evolution of vaccine-induced immunity.


At the Earth's surface, NH x ( ¼ NH 3 +NH 4 + ) has a range of well-understood beneficial and detrimental consequences for humans and the environment. For example, nitrogen fertilizers have had a beneficial effect on agriculture globally by increasing crop yields. However, the high loading of reactive nitrogen has led to deleterious effects on the environment, such as acidification of soils, forest decline, decreased visibility from increased aerosol production, and elevated nitrogen (both ammonia and oxides of nitrogen (NO x )) concentrations in ground and surface waters, possibly leading to enhanced eutrophication in downwind ecosystems (Asman, 1994; Aneja et al., 1998 Aneja et al., , 2001 Krupa, 2003; Baek and Aneja, 2004) . Thus, there is a need to study the ammonium deposition changes, spatial distribution, and transport of the ammonia emissions from agricultural sources in order to gain a better understanding of effective means to control or reduce excess amounts of ammonia and ammonium deposition.

However, the high loading of reactive nitrogen has led to deleterious effects on the environment, such as acidification of soils, forest decline, decreased visibility from increased aerosol production, and elevated nitrogen (both ammonia and oxides of nitrogen (NO x )) concentrations in ground and surface waters, possibly leading to enhanced eutrophication in downwind ecosystems.


Globally, domestic animals are the largest source of atmospheric ammonia [32 Â 10 12 g NH 3 -N (ammonia-nitrogen) yr À1 ], comprising approximately 40% of both the natural and anthropogenic emissions combined. Synthetic fertilizers and agricultural crops together contribute an additional 9 Â 10 12 g NH 3 -N yr À1 (12% of total emissions). Manufacturing accounts for 2.2 Â 10 12 g NH 3 -N yr À1 (3% of total emissions (Aneja et al., 2001) .

Manufacturing accounts for 2.2 Â 10 12 g NH 3 -N yr À1 (3% of total emissions.


Agriculture, forest, and range production practices are increasingly subject to US state and federal regulations. Intended to protect air and water resources, numerous governmental regulations (local, regional, and national) have been set in order to curb the negative effects of excess NH x levels (Aneja et al., 2006) . Despite these efforts, the emission of NH 3 -N to the atmosphere remains largely unregulated. To facilitate the development of appropriate policies and regulations it is imperative that spatial distribution data on agricultural emissions of ammonia associated with specific geographic areas are accurate. Combining data from several different sources, this study attempts to provide generalizations in the trends of ammonia emissions, ammonia concentrations in the atmosphere, and ammonium concentrations in wet deposition. Comparisons were made between NH x characteristics in the Midwest United States and the Southeast United States. In addition, North Carolina was used as a case study to gauge the corollary effects of the 1997 swine production moratorium on ammonia emissions. This study attempts to show the effects of ammonia emission reductions as a result of hog population control, on localized deposition of ammonium in precipitation, since hog waste is a significant source of ammonia emissions (Baek and Aneja, 2004) .

Intended to protect air and water resources, numerous governmental regulations (local, regional, and national) have been set in order to curb the negative effects of excess NH x levels.

This study attempts to show the effects of ammonia emission reductions as a result of hog population control, on localized deposition of ammonium in precipitation, since hog waste is a significant source of ammonia emissions.


In the case when n = 1 and t m = 1/2 for all m ≥ 0, the parameters c m are real, and we get the famous period-doubling cascade on the real line known since 1960's [34] . The corresponding limit parameter lim c m = c F = −1.4.... The Julia set J c F is locally connected [15] , [23] .

In the case when n = 1 and t m = 1/2 for all m ≥ 0, the parameters c m are real, and we get the famous period-doubling cascade on the real line known since 1960's.

The Julia set J c F is locally connected.


Contrary to the existence of many cases that conform to the underlying assumptions of "Retranslation Hypothesis", there are still several other cases which stand in the opposite direction (Koskinen & Paloposki, 2010) . Therefore, a number of researchers to whom "Retranslation Hypothesis" is untenable criticizes the assumed chronological development of it. This might also hold to be true in the case of Persian-English-Persian literary multiple translations.

Contrary to the existence of many cases that conform to the underlying assumptions of "Retranslation Hypothesis", there are still several other cases which stand in the opposite direction.


Another form of the PBEs, known as the volume conservative formulation, is widely available in the literature [25, 26] . In particular, the conservative formulation of breakage equations reads as Using Leibniz's rule for differentiation under the integral sign and symmetric behaviour of F, we can easily show that relations (1.7) and (1.1) are equivalent mathematical expressions. However, (1.7) has gained importance because the schemes originated from it possess the natural feature to obey volume conservation laws (1.5). In several industrial sectors such as communition in mineral processing industries and chemical plants, the multi-dimensional fragmentation models are used considerably [12, 27, 28] . Here, multi-dimensional fragmentation problems indicate that the particle fragments are described by more than one internal variables. In this regard, several authors have discussed upon the physical aspect of the solutions and their different moments for the multi-dimensional problems [29] [30] [31] [32] . A rigorous study on the phase transition states that under certain kinetic rate, particles of nearly zero volume are produced, thus leading to the break down of the conservative nature of the system. However, in several industrial applications, like during the separation of minerals from their ores, the break down of conservative nature cannot be entertained as it increases the process cost considerably. In this article, we concentrate our study towards the kinetic kernels which obeys the conservative nature of the physical system, and aim to develop a robust numerical scheme which approximates different physical properties of the system efficiently.

Another form of the PBEs, known as the volume conservative formulation, is widely available in the literature.

In several industrial sectors such as communition in mineral processing industries and chemical plants, the multi-dimensional fragmentation models are used considerably.

In this regard, several authors have discussed upon the physical aspect of the solutions and their different moments for the multi-dimensional problems.


Every year, there are a lot of new viruses that appeared on the Internet and the Mobile Internet, which threaten not only the safety of networks and hosts, but also the information security of network users, including their accounts, passwords, confidentiality, and privacy. To inhibit the spread of viruses, a variety of immune strategies are put forward, such as target immunization, annular immunization, acquaintances immunization, local immunization, and first delete edge immunization [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . An immunization strategy is often defined as the choice of a set of individuals who neither catch nor transmit the disease. The choice method is mainly based on the attributes of nodes in the network topology. However, it is not always effective and feasible to access and calculate properties of each node in order to pick out immune nodes in a large network. Wireless connection devices are ubiquitous in modern society, such as smart phones, wearable equipment, and wireless sensors. Various online social networks and services spring up on the Internet.

To inhibit the spread of viruses, a variety of immune strategies are put forward, such as target immunization, annular immunization, acquaintances immunization, local immunization, and first delete edge immunization.


Following this perspective, psychic distance has predominantly been viewed as having a ''negative'' impact on international business activitiy. For example, firms are less likely to enter Integrating the psychic distance literature with the literature on team diversity and performance, we seek to contribute to both fields. We develop a model based on the IPO framework, which is the dominant conceptual approach to the study of group performance (Hackman and Morris 1975) . Specifically, we develop a causal path model in which we introduce the expected level of challenges and the level of effort as mediators to the relationship between team-level psychic distance and team performance. We also consider the moderating effect of the team members' motivational cultural intelligence (CQ) and thus advance the literature on global teams by shifting the focus from objective diversity measures to a team-level measure of perceived diversity. Our contribution to the distance literature is a first attempt at explaining the psychic distance paradox and one of the first ventures to study psychic distance at the team level. The findings have significant implications on our understanding of psychic distance and its consequences as well as for managers in the management of global teams and other related international business activities.

We develop a model based on the IPO framework, which is the dominant conceptual approach to the study of group performance.


Our results are consistent with data published by other research groups. A study by a UC Davis group found ongoing water pollution as well as excessive algae growth throughout the Sierra in 2011, including some areas that received greater than 200% precipitation [20] . However, that study only sampled sites a single time and did not analyze water before cattle arrived, or on a weekly basis. In our study, we corrected these potential weaknesses in study design by sampling weekly over the summer grazing season.

A study by a UC Davis group found ongoing water pollution as well as excessive algae growth throughout the Sierra in 2011, including some areas that received greater than 200% precipitation.


It has been well documented that cattle manure can introduce pathologic microorganisms such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Campylobactor, Salmonella, enterotoxic strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli), or other harmful bacteria into water [21] [22] [23] [24] . Serious microbial water quality degradation in the Sierra Nevada, including the Stanislaus National Forest (STF), has been linked to summer cattle grazing, when manure is washed into lakes and streams or directly deposited into these bodies of water [20, 25] . However, many of the earlier studies in the Sierra have been single point in time analysis, only sampling for fecal indicator bacteria after livestock exposure.

It has been well documented that cattle manure can introduce pathologic microorganisms such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Campylobactor, Salmonella, enterotoxic strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli), or other harmful bacteria into water.

Serious microbial water quality degradation in the Sierra Nevada, including the Stanislaus National Forest (STF), has been linked to summer cattle grazing, when manure is washed into lakes and streams or directly deposited into these bodies of water.


To demonstrate that our scheme is suitable for real Grid environments, the other part of our experiments was carried out on the testbed of the European GridLab [2] project. DAS-2 is a part of this testbed. To obtain a stable testbed for our experiments, we had to select a relatively small subset of GridLab machines. We used 24 processors in total located in 4 sites all over Europe: 8 processors in Leiden, 8 in Delft (DAS-2 clusters), 4 in Berlin and 4 Brno. The locations of the machines we used are shown in Figure 5 . The cluster in Brno contains 2 nodes with 2 Pentium III 700 MHz processors in each of them. The cluster in Berlin consists of 2 nodes; each contains 2 Xeon 1.7 GHz processors. The nodes in Brno and Berlin are running Linux. The available network bandwidth and network latency are shown in Tables 1 and 2 . For uploading and starting applications on remote nodes we used software from the Globus Toolkit.

To demonstrate that our scheme is suitable for real Grid environments, the other part of our experiments was carried out on the testbed of the European GridLab project.

DAS-2 is a part of this testbed.


Among the photovoltaic materials used, CdTe is one of the most promising. The structure and electronegativity of the atoms in CdTe permit the formation of a neither-ionic nor-covalent bond that yields a direct band-gap not far from the optimum band-gap for the conversion efficiency [7] . Previously, several experimental results demonstrated that CdTe doped with Bi can enhance, in some cases, the photon absorption of the incident solar radiation [8, 9] .

The structure and electronegativity of the atoms in CdTe permit the formation of a neither-ionic nor-covalent bond that yields a direct band-gap not far from the optimum band-gap for the conversion efficiency.

Previously, several experimental results demonstrated that CdTe doped with Bi can enhance, in some cases, the photon absorption of the incident solar radiation.


The increasing need and scarcity of the deceased donor organs led to development of Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Instances of small for size syndrome with left lobe led to the evolution of right lobe LDLT [1] [2] [3] . As donor safety remains of utmost importance, it is logical that large liver remnant will ensure safer outcomes in donors [4] . Left lobe (LL) or left lateral segment (LLS) donation allow larger remnant [5, 6] . Hence, LL or LLS donation may be better for donor safety. So, this study was conducted to analyze the safety of large series of RL donations and compares donor outcomes with LL and LLS donation as well as assesses recipient outcomes between RL and LL.

Instances of small for size syndrome with left lobe led to the evolution of right lobe LDLT.

As donor safety remains of utmost importance, it is logical that large liver remnant will ensure safer outcomes in donors.

Left lobe (LL) or left lateral segment (LLS) donation allow larger remnant.


Many sorts of polymers are electrospun into nanofiber membranes. Polyvinyl alcohol（PVA） can completely dissolve in heated water, film easily with well mechanical property, and has attracted intense attention [24] [25] [26] . Polyethylene oxide (PEO) belongs to semicrystalline polymer that contains amorphous regions and crystalline phases at room temperature. It dissolves in water at room temperature completely and is widely used because of its high thermal stability and strength [27, 28] . From the point of the environment, it is considered important that Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Polyethylene oxide (PEO) are both water-soluble polymers [29] . Blending is the most straightforward and easy way to get new materials or improve the performance of polymers. Blended polymers generally exhibit superior performance compared to single-component polymer [30, 31] .

Polyvinyl alcohol（PVA） can completely dissolve in heated water, film easily with well mechanical property, and has attracted intense attention.

It dissolves in water at room temperature completely and is widely used because of its high thermal stability and strength.

From the point of the environment, it is considered important that Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Polyethylene oxide (PEO) are both water-soluble polymers.

Blended polymers generally exhibit superior performance compared to single-component polymer.


Noise pollution is becoming an increasingly valued issue in the world [1] [2] [3] . Noise does harm to human health and reduces the service life of objects [4] [5] [6] . Controlling the sound source and using sound-absorbing materials reasonably are considered effective ways to reduce noise [7, 8] .

Noise pollution is becoming an increasingly valued issue in the world.

Noise does harm to human health and reduces the service life of objects.

Controlling the sound source and using sound-absorbing materials reasonably are considered effective ways to reduce noise.


The traditional sound absorption materials have good sound absorption properties at high frequency, while the sound absorption effect at low frequency range is relatively poor [9] [10] [11] [12] . In recent years, a variety of light non-woven materials were widely used for reducing noise [13] [14] [15] . The poor sound absorption performance of traditional sound-absorbing materials , at low-middle frequency was replenished [16, 17] . According to different sound absorption principles, soundabsorbing materials can be generally divided into resonant sound-absorbing structure and porous sound-absorbing structure [18] [19] [20] . Sound waves entered into the resonance-absorbing structures resonating within the structure, thereby dissipating large amounts of acoustic energy [21] . Lots of sound waves can enter into the porous materials, then the acoustic energy can be turned into heat or mechanical energy consumed, because of the internal friction, heat conduction, and relaxation between the sound waves and fibers [22, 23] .

The traditional sound absorption materials have good sound absorption properties at high frequency, while the sound absorption effect at low frequency range is relatively poor.

In recent years, a variety of light non-woven materials were widely used for reducing noise.

The poor sound absorption performance of traditional sound-absorbing materials , at low-middle frequency was replenished.

According to different sound absorption principles, soundabsorbing materials can be generally divided into resonant sound-absorbing structure and porous sound-absorbing structure.

Sound waves entered into the resonance-absorbing structures resonating within the structure, thereby dissipating large amounts of acoustic energy.

Lots of sound waves can enter into the porous materials, then the acoustic energy can be turned into heat or mechanical energy consumed, because of the internal friction, heat conduction, and relaxation between the sound waves and fibers.


Typical heat treatment for Al-Si-Mg alloys is T6 heat treatment consisting of solution heat treatment, quenching and natural or artificial aging [25] . The solution heat treatment is conducted to dissolve soluble phases containing Mg or other trace elements, homogenize the composition and spheroidize the Si phase [26] . Quenching keeps the solutionized phase at a high temperature and suppresses precipitation, and a uniform distribution of precipitates is obtained after aging to strengthen the alloys [27] . Solution is carried out at an elevated temperature between 515°C and 530°C. Natural aging is undertaken at room temperature, while artificial aging is carried out at an elevated temperature between 150°C and 210°C.

Typical heat treatment for Al-Si-Mg alloys is T6 heat treatment consisting of solution heat treatment, quenching and natural or artificial aging.

The solution heat treatment is conducted to dissolve soluble phases containing Mg or other trace elements, homogenize the composition and spheroidize the Si phase.

Quenching keeps the solutionized phase at a high temperature and suppresses precipitation, and a uniform distribution of precipitates is obtained after aging to strengthen the alloys.


The standard and most effective treatment of tremor is medication. One of the main problems is that drugs are typically prescribed on a trial-and-error basis in order of decreasing expected effectiveness because the clinical phenomenological tremor classifications are not perfectly predictive of their success. If success in reducing tremor is found, it must be weighed against side effects and the potential for addiction [3] .

If success in reducing tremor is found, it must be weighed against side effects and the potential for addiction.


Language identification, the task of automatically determining the natural language used in a document, is considered to be an important first step for many applications. Automatically determining a document's language can be a fairly easy step in certain situations (McNamee, 2005) . However, some bottlenecks have been identified which leaves language identification unsolved as yet. It has been argued and demonstrated that one of the main bottlenecks is distinguishing between similar languages (Tiedemann and Ljubešić, 2012) . Languages that are closely related such as Croatian and Serbian or Indonesian and Malay are very similar in their spoken and their written forms, which makes it difficult for automated systems to accurately discriminate between them. Recently, some advances have been achieved in the automated distinction between closely related languages, largely due to the Discriminating between Similar Languages (DSL) shared task. In the DSL competitions accuracies of over 95% have been reported, mostly using character and word n-grams with various classification algorithms.

Automatically determining a document's language can be a fairly easy step in certain situations.

It has been argued and demonstrated that one of the main bottlenecks is distinguishing between similar languages.


Mathematical models aimed at capturing parts of the flocking behavior exhibited by animals such as birds, fish, or insects, are currently receiving widespread attention in the mathematical community. Many of these models have sprung out in the wake of the seminal paper by Cucker and Smale [9] . The typical approach is based on particle models where each individual follows a simple set of rules. To date, the majority of studies on flocking models have been on the behavior of the particle model or the corresponding kinetic equation.

Many of these models have sprung out in the wake of the seminal paper by Cucker and Smale.


As Koppelman indicated in 1989, the intercity travel decisions are interrelated and cannot be dealt with separately; a joint model is therefore needed to better address interrelations among multiple travel decisions [23] . Actually, a joint model for travel destination and mode choice is not a new modeling technique. As early as in 1981, Southworth developed such a joint model for interrelated mode and destination choices [24] . Afterwards, many joint models are developed for travels within an urban area [25, 26] . However, few studies are found to develop a joint modedestination choice model for a megaregional area possibly due to the lack of survey data on megaregional intercity long-distance travels. Yao and Morikawa developed a nested structure of integrated intercity travel demand model for induced demand and applied the model to evaluate intercity transport projects in Japan [27] . The intercity trips were classified into business and nonbusiness trips. Their study is focused on an intercity corridor along six megaregions, rather than inside a megaregion (the mean distance of trips in the Revealed Preference and Stated Preference surveys is larger than 300 km, including air trips). However, most intercity trips in a megaregion are less than 300 km and therefore travel modes generally do not include airplane. Thus, there is a lack of papers in the literature on the topic of joint destinationmode choice model for intercity trips within a megaregion.

As Koppelman indicated in 1989, the intercity travel decisions are interrelated and cannot be dealt with separately; a joint model is therefore needed to better address interrelations among multiple travel decisions.

As early as in 1981, Southworth developed such a joint model for interrelated mode and destination choices.

Afterwards, many joint models are developed for travels within an urban area.

Yao and Morikawa developed a nested structure of integrated intercity travel demand model for induced demand and applied the model to evaluate intercity transport projects in Japan.


With rapid urbanization in China, ten major megaregions (also called urban agglomeration) are being formed in China according to the research supported by the National Development and Reform Commission [7, 8] . Those regions cover less than 10% of the land but accommodate more than one-third of the population and create more than a half of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the entire country. There are also several other megaregions being formed and developed, which will allow more Chinese people to live in urban areas and enjoy urban life.

With rapid urbanization in China, ten major megaregions (also called urban agglomeration) are being formed in China according to the research supported by the National Development and Reform Commission.


Automation indoor mobile robots have increasingly been used in a wide range of applications [1] . The ability to obtain their navigation information (such as position and velocity) has become one key issue. Although the global positioning system (GPS) is widely used for navigation applications, it is essential for outdoor navigation, and there is also a growing need for accurate navigation information indoors [2] . Consequently, this topic has received significant scientific research attention over the past few decades.

Automation indoor mobile robots have increasingly been used in a wide range of applications.

Although the global positioning system (GPS) is widely used for navigation applications, it is essential for outdoor navigation, and there is also a growing need for accurate navigation information indoors.


In the coming decades, access to clean water will be limited in many parts of the world. Recycling of wastewater (wastewater treatment) is one of the ways in which the demand for clean drinking water can be met. At present, most existing wastewater purification technologies consume a lot of energy. According to recent reports, in the United States, water and wastewater systems consume around 5 % of the total energy produced in the country, which happens to be a huge burden on the energy sector [3] . To address this inefficiency, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can be explored to treat wastewater in a more economical and sustainable way.

According to recent reports, in the United States, water and wastewater systems consume around 5 % of the total energy produced in the country, which happens to be a huge burden on the energy sector.


Due to a growing global population, domestic and industrial energy demands are on the rise. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), power demand is expected to rise up to 18 billion tonne oil equivalent by 2035 from a current demand of 12 billion tonne oil equivalent [1] . Presently, most of the world's energy is derived from fossil fuels, but their efficiency, security and environmental effects hold it back from being a preferred energy resource. To meet future energy demands, there is need of a reliable, sustainable and clean energy source. While nuclear power may be an alternative means of energy, with the recent incident in Japan in 2011, the safe and reliable implementation of it remains in question [2] .

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), power demand is expected to rise up to 18 billion tonne oil equivalent by 2035 from a current demand of 12 billion tonne oil equivalent.

While nuclear power may be an alternative means of energy, with the recent incident in Japan in 2011, the safe and reliable implementation of it remains in question.


The motivation for this research is threefold. First, accurate estimates are important for economic policy, for example in deciding whether to join a free trade area or not. A major reason for the process of economic integration is that it would enhance welfare in the participating countries. An often mentioned transmission channel for achieving welfare benefits is via trade integration of which free trade areas are an important example. However, a priori it is not clear what the eventual welfare benefits are from this type of regionalism. Trade patterns might be altered in several ways, i.e. result in trade creation and trade diversion. The former relates to increased trade between the FTA members, while the latter concerns trade between members and non-members. Trade creation will be welfare enhancing, but trade diversion could distort total welfare benefits and even make them negative (Viner, 1950) . Hence, empirical estimates on the trade impact of free trade agreements are necessary for evaluating the merits of trade integration.

Trade creation will be welfare enhancing, but trade diversion could distort total welfare benefits and even make them negative.


Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection from a terminal illness into a manageable chronic condition with greatly improved health, quality of life and life expectancies for HIV-positive patients [1] . As HIV primarily affects individuals of working age, unemployment in the HIV population remains a major issue even a decade after introduction of cART [2] [3] [4] [5] . Employment is known to be a key determinant of health and being employed has positive benefits for mental and physical health. Individuals who are unemployed tend to be socially isolated and suffer more anxiety and depression [6, 7] . Employment also reduces health inequalities and improves life chances for people and their families. Obtaining and maintaining employment is a major challenge for any individual with a chronic illness. However, positive benefits of employment have been demonstrated in one study, with employed HIV patients reporting better quality of life, even controlling for HIV disease severity, than those who were unemployed [8] .

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection from a terminal illness into a manageable chronic condition with greatly improved health, quality of life and life expectancies for HIV-positive patients.

As HIV primarily affects individuals of working age, unemployment in the HIV population remains a major issue even a decade after introduction of cART.

Individuals who are unemployed tend to be socially isolated and suffer more anxiety and depression.

However, positive benefits of employment have been demonstrated in one study, with employed HIV patients reporting better quality of life, even controlling for HIV disease severity, than those who were unemployed.


Olive oil production in Morocco amounts to approximately 60,000 tons year -1 . Olive mills produce large amounts of solid waste, around 70,000 tons year -1 , which serves for combustion, and olive mill wastewater reaching about 640,000 tons year -1 . However, the liquid is sent directly into the sewer systems, stored in evaporation lagoons, or illegally spread on the land [1] . In addition, the purification system used in the treatment of wastewater generates considerable quantities of sludge, estimated in 2010 at 40,000 tons year -1 , and the forecasts are for 300,000 tons year -1 in 2025 [2] . The problems raised by the elimination of this sludge are generally underestimated or poorly taken into account when wastewater plants are designed. The possibilities of sludge evacuation are limited and are subjected to various technical, economic, legal, and environmental constraints.

However, the liquid is sent directly into the sewer systems, stored in evaporation lagoons, or illegally spread on the land.

In addition, the purification system used in the treatment of wastewater generates considerable quantities of sludge, estimated in 2010 at 40,000 tons year -1 , and the forecasts are for 300,000 tons year -1 in 2025.


Since release 4 of the OSGi Service Platform, the Declarative Services specification is available which evolved from the ServiceBinder project [7] . It separates two important responsibilities: Implementing the application logic on the one hand and dependency management on the other hand. Declarative Services allow service developers to focus on implementing application logic while dependency management is outsourced into a special framework bundle. The information needed for managing services is provided by a specification, stored in an XML file inside the respective bundles. Similar to our approach bundles get enriched with meta-data descriptors of their provided and required functionalities. Two of the key features defining the runtime configuration are: cardinality and binding policy. Cardinalities are used to express optionality or aggregation. The binding policy can either be static or dynamic. Static bindings cannot change at runtime which implies that the required instance is guaranteed to be present whereas dynamic bindings imply that the required service can change or leave. In contrast to that, our dependency management allows to bind services depending on the current context, e. g. bind only services within the living room. Also the user has to be in control of the binding process. Systems where users have no possibility to intervene will not be accepted. Further on, OSGi does not provide a priority concept, which is needed in the domain of eHomes as we have shown above.

Since release 4 of the OSGi Service Platform, the Declarative Services specification is available which evolved from the ServiceBinder project.


In previous work at our department an approach to rule-based conflict detection has been developed [9] . The authors give a classification of conflict types that are assumed to arise in pervasive environments. The conflict detection mechanism assumes that each resource in the system is specified in form of an ω-automaton describing its behavior. Furthermore only top-level services with a rule-based implementation can be considered in this approach. Together with a set of rules which formalize the different conflict types a monitor component can detect conflicting situations at runtime. This approach is similar to COMITY but it is based on a different infrastructure. It requires services to provide a semantic specification describing their behavior and it forces top-level services to be realized in a rule-based approach. In our approach we do not impose such strong requirements on service development. We do not require a behavioral service specification, instead only the session tags have to be applied during service development. Besides that top-level services can be implemented in Java without requiring further code modifications. This way service developers can focus on the core task of implementing application logic.

In previous work at our department an approach to rule-based conflict detection has been developed.


The SBUV/2 instrument is a scanning double monochromator measuring backscattered solar radiation in 12 discrete wavelength bands ranging from 252.0 to 339.8 nm. The data are available as partial column ozone layers with vertical resolution larger than 10 km with a vertical sampling of around 3 km. Furthermore, retrievals are very sensitive to the used a priori profile (Bhartia et al., 2004) .

Furthermore, retrievals are very sensitive to the used a priori profile.


It is well-known that under certain conditions the optimal value of a mathematical program is differentiable with respect to the constraints of the problem (Rockafellar, 1984; Gal et al., 1997) . However, the derivative will typically be non-linear. The appropriate concept for this is directional Hadamard differentiability (Shapiro, 1990) . The derivative of the optimal value of a mathematical program is typically again given as an extremal value.

It is well-known that under certain conditions the optimal value of a mathematical program is differentiable with respect to the constraints of the problem.

The appropriate concept for this is directional Hadamard differentiability.


The practice commonly used for orchards is to plough soils deeply at about 0.5-0.6 m before fruit tree planting. By doing so, soil carbonates are brought up, and humus from the more fertile top horizons, where most of the fine roots exist, can be carried deeper. To alleviate the soil state after land clearing at the end of the orchard period, the soil could be cropped with ameliorative plants for a few years (Dumitru et al., 1999) . It would be also recommended to reclaim the worsened soil physical properties from ITR, by using now the soil formerly used for IR and vice versa in a new orchard with similar space between rows.

To alleviate the soil state after land clearing at the end of the orchard period, the soil could be cropped with ameliorative plants for a few years.


From the eight attributes of the HUI-3, vision, hearing and intelligence can be measured objectively. Therefore, we collected data of vision, hearing and intelligence to compare to the corresponding HUI-3 attributes. Data of vision was retrospectively collected. Vision is routinely checked with a Snellen chart by our pediatric ophthalmologist. Data of hearing was cross-sectionally gathered as part of another study [5] . Hearing was tested by a pediatric audiologist with pure tone audiometry. Hearing loss was expressed as the average hearing loss at 500, 1,000 and 2,000 Hz of the best ear. Intelligence was tested by a pediatric psychologist with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)-III, as part of a prospective study.

Data of hearing was cross-sectionally gathered as part of another study.


The AdS/CFT correspondence conjectures a mathematical equivalence between string theories, containing gravity, and field theories [1] . This powerful paradigm is capable of translating puzzling black hole physics into questions in a unitary field theory. This correspondence provides, in principle, key answers regarding not only the nature of the microscopic degrees of freedom responsible for the macroscopic entropy of black holes, but also the resolution of the information paradox.

The AdS/CFT correspondence conjectures a mathematical equivalence between string theories, containing gravity, and field theories.


Web-based user interfaces have become popular front-ends for information systems that require convenient access at any time from anywhere [1] . Especially in business-to-business and intranet applications that are designed to support elaborate business processes, these user interfaces can turn out to be quite complex. Their complexity is typically twofold: Most obviously to the user, they have intricate dialog structures that include nested dialog sequences, wizards, context-sensitive links and other navigation patterns. More transparent for the user, but all the more palpable for the developer, are the complex data flows between the interface and the business logic. No matter if these data flows mirror major business process features or serve minor technical purposes, the developer must ensure that the right data is available for the right component at the right time, all the while keeping an eye out for security issues, validity concerns, performance considerations and persistence strategies.

Web-based user interfaces have become popular front-ends for information systems that require convenient access at any time from anywhere.


The first paper in this area has been published in 1981 by the author [3] . The asymptotic behaviour of the mean busy period of the M/G/1 queueing system with service depending on queue-length has been studied there. This and the several later papers have been summarized in book [5] . Other research papers, associated with application of (1.2) have appeared recently [7] , [9] - [14] . In this survey we also discuss many other closely related papers, the results of which have been obtained by many authors. There are also new (unpublished and not announced) results related to the asymptotic behaviour of the consecutive losses in M/GI/1/n queueing systems.

The first paper in this area has been published in 1981 by the author.

This and the several later papers have been summarized in book.

Other research papers, associated with application of (1.2) have appeared recently.


Thermodynamic analysis of equilibrium conditions in the steam reforming of methane, leads to the product enhancement at low cost, considering several operative parameters such as the ratio of steam per methane in the inlet of a reformer, the operating temperature and the pressure [44] . The optimal operating conditions and reactor structures were studied according to the maximum thermochemical energy storage efficiency [45] . The comparison of the simulation results with experimentally obtained data for nickel based catalysts under oxidative reforming conditions was studied for isothermal flow reactor [46] .

Thermodynamic analysis of equilibrium conditions in the steam reforming of methane, leads to the product enhancement at low cost, considering several operative parameters such as the ratio of steam per methane in the inlet of a reformer, the operating temperature and the pressure.

The optimal operating conditions and reactor structures were studied according to the maximum thermochemical energy storage efficiency.

The comparison of the simulation results with experimentally obtained data for nickel based catalysts under oxidative reforming conditions was studied for isothermal flow reactor.


Hepatocyte transplantation (HT) is one such alternative that focuses on reconstituting the liver parenchyma as opposed to outright replacing it. HT requires the isolation of human hepatocytes from livers unsuitable for OLT and subsequent transplantation of cells into patients with liver disease via portal vein injection or injection into the spleen [1] [2] [3] . Due to the This article is part of the Topical Collection on Cellular Transplants high number of cells needed to achieve a therapeutic effect and high risk of portal vein thrombosis, HT generally requires multiple infusions of donor cells [4, 5] . Nonetheless, this approach is far less invasive than OLT and bypasses many of the complications associated with such an invasive surgery, such as risk of infection, biliary stricture/leak, excessive bleeding, and cardiac injury. This makes hepatocyte transplantation a potentially safer alternative, especially for high-risk patients. To date, at least 100 patients have successfully received a hepatocyte transplant worldwide [6] [7] [8] . HT is mainly used to correct enzyme deficiencies in children with inborn metabolic disease, which is a small component of liver diseases that necessitate OLT (Table 1) . HT can reverse hepatic failure in acute liver disease; however, only partial correction of metabolic dysfunction is often achieved, and treating chronic liver disease with HT has not demonstrated significant success due to the more complicated nature of ESLD [10] . Numerous clinical trials validated the long-term safety of HT [11] [12] [13] [14] . However, there remains several limitations that prevent HT from becoming a widely used therapy, despite its advantage as a less invasive and potentially safer alternative to OLT. The major limitations associated with HT are the short lifespan of isolated hepatocytes, low engraftment efficiency, variable hepatocyte quality, and an inability to expand primary hepatocytes ex vivo.

HT requires the isolation of human hepatocytes from livers unsuitable for OLT and subsequent transplantation of cells into patients with liver disease via portal vein injection or injection into the spleen.

Due to the This article is part of the Topical Collection on Cellular Transplants high number of cells needed to achieve a therapeutic effect and high risk of portal vein thrombosis, HT generally requires multiple infusions of donor cells.

To date, at least 100 patients have successfully received a hepatocyte transplant worldwide.

HT can reverse hepatic failure in acute liver disease; however, only partial correction of metabolic dysfunction is often achieved, and treating chronic liver disease with HT has not demonstrated significant success due to the more complicated nature of ESLD.

Numerous clinical trials validated the long-term safety of HT.


The solution of the equation for the impurity position, together with the spectral density, permits to qualify the motion of the impurity. We distinguished two situations: the case where the impurity is trapped in a harmonic potential (Sec. 6) and that in which there is not any trap (Sec. 5). When the impurity is untrapped it does not approach the equilibrium, and runs away from the point where was initially localized. We characterized quantitatively such a behavior by computing the mean square displacement, providing information about the portion of space explored by the impurity during its random motion. This quantity can be measured in experiments [15] . Such a quantity shows a super-diffusive form, namely it is proportional to the square of time. The super-diffusive behavior is a consequence of the presence of memory effects. Therefore, this result constitutes a witness of non-Markovianity on a measurable observable.

This quantity can be measured in experiments.


In this paper, we study the physics of the impurity as an open system in the framework of quantum Brownian motion (QBM) model. In general, the QBM describes a Brownian particle moving in a thermal bath consisting of a collection of non-interacting harmonic oscillators satisfying the Bose-Einstein statistics [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] . In our context, the impurity plays the role of the Brownian particle, while the bath consists of the Bogoliubov modes of the BEC. We assume that the bath is homogeneous, i.e. the density of the BEC is space-independent.

In general, the QBM describes a Brownian particle moving in a thermal bath consisting of a collection of non-interacting harmonic oscillators satisfying the Bose-Einstein statistics.


Stations volatility is the results of poor capacity batteries while radio communication need a lot of energy. As a result, energy saving is a key issue in the design of applications dedicated to MANETs that have to be careful with communication overheads. Two stations willing to communicate need to exchange preliminary information to set up the link. This initialization is called here, for seek of simplicity, "synchronization". Moreover, discovery times may also be considered (for instance, the Service Discovery Protocol in Bluetooth may be too slow for mobile networks [1] ). Synchronization processes need a lot of energy achieve and the number of new communication links may be minimized.

Moreover, discovery times may also be considered (for instance, the Service Discovery Protocol in Bluetooth may be too slow for mobile networks).


To the best of our knowledge, in this paper, we present the first real-time (≈ 30 fps) surgical tool segmentation pipeline. Our pipeline takes monocular video as input and produces a foreground/background segmentation based on both deep learning semantic labelling and optical flow tracking. The method is instrument-agnostic and can be used to segment different types of rigid or non-rigid instruments. We demonstrate that deep learning semantic labelling outperforms the state of the art on an open neurosurgical clinical dataset [1] . Our results also show competitive performance between real-time and non-realtime implementations of our method.

We demonstrate that deep learning semantic labelling outperforms the state of the art on an open neurosurgical clinical dataset.


Here, g : Ω × R → [−∞, ∞] is the derivative in u of a lower semicontinuous, convex function (see (A3) in Section 3) and f : Ω × R → R is a function satisfying a usual growth condition and some dissipativity assumption (see (A2) and (A4) in Section 3). Under the assumption that there exist a subsolution ϕ 1 and a supersolution ϕ 2 with ϕ 1 ϕ 2 , we show that if either ϕ 2 is a strict supersolution or ess sup{|∂f/∂t (x, t)| + |∂g/∂t (x, t)|: (x, t) ∈ Ω × R with ϕ 1 (x) < t < ϕ 2 (x)} < ∞ for any domain with Ω Ω, then there exists u between ϕ 1 and ϕ 2 such that u is a local minimizer for a suitable (nonsmooth) functional associated with the problem. This result is a Brezis-Nirenberg type theorem in the framework of nonsmooth analysis, which turns out to be new also in the smooth setting (g = 0). To prove it, we use the dissipativity of f instead of the regularity of ∂Ω (see Remark 8 in Section 3). This theorem plays an important role to show the existence of a second positive solutions of (1.1) as in Ambrosetti, Brezis and Cerami's argument [2] .

This theorem plays an important role to show the existence of a second positive solutions of (1.1) as in Ambrosetti, Brezis and Cerami's argument.


SCC of the prostate is a rare tumor with aggressive nature [1, 2] . It usually occurs in the seventh decade of age with symptoms of urinary obstruction or pain related to bony metastasis [6] . It differs from common adenocarcinoma in its therapeutic response and prognosis. This type of tumor has a poor response to conventional treatment and resulting in poor prognosis [7] . Because of the rarity of this malignancy, the treatment is controversial. Various approaches including surgical intervention, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have been implemented without durable response [7] [8] [9] .

SCC of the prostate is a rare tumor with aggressive nature.

It usually occurs in the seventh decade of age with symptoms of urinary obstruction or pain related to bony metastasis.

This type of tumor has a poor response to conventional treatment and resulting in poor prognosis.

Various approaches including surgical intervention, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have been implemented without durable response.


Bartsch and Harrison evaluate five metrics in Ceccato and Tonella's work [11] . They argue that only one of the evaluated metrics can be considered well-defined (lacks any interpretation ambiguities), and none of them are completely valid from a measurement theory point of view. Along the same lines, Mehner proposes a series of steps to validate AOP metrics and their application [33] .

Bartsch and Harrison evaluate five metrics in Ceccato and Tonella's work.

Along the same lines, Mehner proposes a series of steps to validate AOP metrics and their application.


In this paper we present a set of basic code metrics that categorize crosscutting according to the number of classes crosscut and their language constructs. To facilitate the description, we present them semi-formally using a functional programming style. Our metrics rate a crosscutting within a spectrum that goes from homogeneous to heterogeneous, depending on the number of classes crosscut by pieces of advice in relation to the number of classes crosscut by all crosscutting mechanisms of AspectJ. This distinction helps drawing a relation with other technologies that also provide support for crosscutting [7] .

Our metrics rate a crosscutting within a spectrum that goes from homogeneous to heterogeneous, depending on the number of classes crosscut by pieces of advice in relation to the number of classes crosscut by all crosscutting mechanisms of AspectJ. This distinction helps drawing a relation with other technologies that also provide support for crosscutting.


Reciprocity can be defined as an interactive condition in which two individuals mutually respond to each other while performing activities together [1] . This attitude is present from the first moments of life, when an infant is naturally orientated towards the mother's face and responds preferentially to it. Reciprocity is necessary in order to reach shared goals and consists of symmetrical exchanges characterized by finely tuned turn-taking [2, 3] . From the first interactions with their caregivers, typically developing infants (TD) show a natural aptitude for engaging in joint action and for sharing psychological states [4] [5] [6] . Mutual exchanges exist from the beginning when each member of the dyad is responsive to the other, trying to engage the other in turn and changing his/her behavior according to the other's solicitations [7] .

Reciprocity can be defined as an interactive condition in which two individuals mutually respond to each other while performing activities together.

Reciprocity is necessary in order to reach shared goals and consists of symmetrical exchanges characterized by finely tuned turn-taking.

From the first interactions with their caregivers, typically developing infants (TD) show a natural aptitude for engaging in joint action and for sharing psychological states.

Mutual exchanges exist from the beginning when each member of the dyad is responsive to the other, trying to engage the other in turn and changing his/her behavior according to the other's solicitations.


The rapid development of chaos theory is one of the major achievements of the last century [26] . With the continuous development of society, many nonlinear phenomena and models continue to emerge and so research in this field is on the rise. The international academic community ge nerally sees non-li near mathematics, nonlinear natural science and social science and their technological development as part of the mainstream in the 21st century, while chaos is the basic pattern of almost all sports phenomenon in the natural world. Chaos is considered to be a phenomenon that is seemingly irregular and similar to a 'random' in a deterministic system. The most essential characteristic of chaotic behaviour is extreme sensitivity to the initial conditions of the nonlinear system. It has many basic characteristics such as boundedness, ergodicity, intrinsic randomness, scaling, universality, fractal dimension, the positive Lyapunov exponent, unlimited broadband power spectrum and sub-dimensional power spectrum.

The rapid development of chaos theory is one of the major achievements of the last century.


With greater than 80,000 chemicals registered with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for commercial use, only a small fraction have been studied for their potential neurotoxic properties [13, 25] . Although counts differ across studies, about 200 chemicals are currently characterized as neurotoxic to humans [13, 26] . Even less is known about which of these chemicals are developmentally neurotoxic, and none have been systematically screened for such properties before entering commercial use [27] . Accumulating epidemiological and experimental research has linked exposure to several neurotoxic environmental contaminants including lead, mercury, air pollution, and a variety of pesticides and flame retardants with adverse consequences on brain development and heightened risk of neurodevelopmental disease [7•, 19, 28••] . In this review, we will focus on evidence of xenobiotic-related mechanisms by which neurodevelopmental damage may arise.

With greater than 80,000 chemicals registered with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for commercial use, only a small fraction have been studied for their potential neurotoxic properties.

Although counts differ across studies, about 200 chemicals are currently characterized as neurotoxic to humans.

Even less is known about which of these chemicals are developmentally neurotoxic, and none have been systematically screened for such properties before entering commercial use.


The method proposed in this paper is based on the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) [3] . This is the best known and the most commonly used system developed for human observers to describe facial activity in terms of visually observable facial muscle actions (i.e., action units, AUs). Using FACS, human observers decompose a facial expression into one or more of in total 44 AUs that produced the expression in question.

The method proposed in this paper is based on the Facial Action Coding System (FACS).


It is noted here, Eq. (2), shows a force balance of gravity, wall shear and interfacial vapor shear effects. Eq. (3) is an energy balance of the latent heat released through conduction in the condensate film between the interface and the horizontal tube wall surface. For a horizontal tube in external flow, the mean Nusselt number can be stated in terms of Prandtl and Reynolds number by using a Hilpert semi-empirical model, as seen in Hilpert [13] .

For a horizontal tube in external flow, the mean Nusselt number can be stated in terms of Prandtl and Reynolds number by using a Hilpert semi-empirical model, as seen in Hilpert.


Pregabalin is an aliphatic agent without any significant chromophore group, which makes difficulty in its quantification by general HPLC-UV methods. Therefore, derivatizing reagents such as o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA), 3-mercaptopropionic acid, and picrylsulfonic acid were usually used to make better determination [10, 17, 18] . Unfortunately, most of these derivatization methods are complicated and time consuming and suffer from low recovery values. Based on our knowledge, there is only one report about liquid chromatographic analysis of pregabalin in human urine without derivatization [19] . However, the method sensitivity was not adequate for most of bioanalytical application such as pharmacokinetic studies. Pharmacokinetic studies require a simple, sensitive, selective, reliable, and rapid analytical method. In this study, a nucleophilic reagent, 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) (Figure 2 ), was used for production of a chromophoric derivative of pregabalin. This reagent has been used before for the determination of pregabalin in bulk raw materials and also in pharmaceutical dosage forms [20] [21] [22] [23] . However, based on our knowledge, there is no report about application of this derivatization agent for pregabalin bioanalysis. The purpose of our study was to develop a rapid, sensitive, and reliable bioanalytical method based on precolumn derivatization for analysis of pregabalin in human plasma.

Therefore, derivatizing reagents such as o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA), 3-mercaptopropionic acid, and picrylsulfonic acid were usually used to make better determination.

Based on our knowledge, there is only one report about liquid chromatographic analysis of pregabalin in human urine without derivatization.

This reagent has been used before for the determination of pregabalin in bulk raw materials and also in pharmaceutical dosage forms.


For determination of pregabalin in biological fluids, sophisticated methods such as methods based on LC-MS-MS were employed [11] [12] [13] [14] . Although most of LC-MS-MS methods are sensitive and reliable, the instruments are too expensive and unavailable in most of clinical laboratories. Furthermore the carry-over and ion suppression effects are main analytical problems of LC-MS methods which are against the routine use of these methods [15, 16] .

For determination of pregabalin in biological fluids, sophisticated methods such as methods based on LC-MS-MS were employed.

Furthermore the carry-over and ion suppression effects are main analytical problems of LC-MS methods which are against the routine use of these methods.


Predicting fatigue damage of a product is therefore not only important directly prior to manufacture but is an integral step in the early stages of product development. However, the identification of critical locations and the quality of the prediction, e.g. the predicted number of cycles to failure, will only be as good as the following: level of complexity of the temperature dependent stress-strain calculation; reproducibility of the damage accumulation modelling; level of detail included in the fatigue damage prediction; and accuracy of the input data of the material properties [9, 11] . The final experimental verification of the prediction is always valuable before the component enters the manufacturing stage but prior to this stage, computer aided predictions are necessary as a means of reducing financial outlay and shortening development times [6, 12] .

However, the identification of critical locations and the quality of the prediction, e.g. the predicted number of cycles to failure, will only be as good as the following: level of complexity of the temperature dependent stress-strain calculation; reproducibility of the damage accumulation modelling; level of detail included in the fatigue damage prediction; and accuracy of the input data of the material properties.

The final experimental verification of the prediction is always valuable before the component enters the manufacturing stage but prior to this stage, computer aided predictions are necessary as a means of reducing financial outlay and shortening development times.


Mechanical components are usually subjected to variable loads during operation. These cause stresses, strains and temperature rises in the component as a reaction to such loading. Depending on the size of the load and the exposure (operating) time, fluctuating stress-strain fields in a component can eventually lead to a crack where the damage is greatest -the critical location, which will continue to grow under continued loading and eventually result in the failure of the component [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Although various mechanisms lead to the deterioration of mechanical products once they are put into operation, fatigue is still one of the main sources of failure for products that operate over longer amounts of time, e.g. months, years or hundreds of thousands of load cycles [6, 7] . Fatigue mechanisms prosper due to the changeable load and environmental conditions and can ultimately lead to a complete stoppage of functionality of these products [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] .

Depending on the size of the load and the exposure (operating) time, fluctuating stress-strain fields in a component can eventually lead to a crack where the damage is greatest -the critical location, which will continue to grow under continued loading and eventually result in the failure of the component.

Although various mechanisms lead to the deterioration of mechanical products once they are put into operation, fatigue is still one of the main sources of failure for products that operate over longer amounts of time, e.g. months, years or hundreds of thousands of load cycles.

Fatigue mechanisms prosper due to the changeable load and environmental conditions and can ultimately lead to a complete stoppage of functionality of these products.


Encapsulation technology is a process of entrapping bioactive compounds using a coating material, which protects them from degradation and provides efficient release and delivery for food and pharmaceutical applications (Nedovic et al., 2011) . The coating materials, which form nanometer-size particles, can enhance cell permeability and stability of the compounds in the bloodstream (Yadav et al., 2012) . The commonly used coating materials for encapsulation are natural polymers from plant, marine, microbial, and animal origins. This is due to their low or non-toxic property that makes them safe for food application (Wandrey et al., 2010) . Chitosan and alginate are natural polymers that are non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable (Skaugrud et al., 1999) . Chitosan is obtained from deacetylation of chitin, a compound rich in the exoskeleton of arthropods, beaks of cephalopods (e.g. octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish), and cell walls and membranes of various microbes including fungi (Sharp, 2013) . Chitosan is primarily composed of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine residues with 1,4-β-linkage (Rinaudo, 2006) . On the other hand, alginate is an anionic water-soluble polysaccharide extracted commercially from species of brown seaweed (Rowe et al., 2009) . It is composed of α-L-guluronic acid and β-D-mannuronic acid residues alternating in 1-4 linkage. When combined in a solution, these natural polymers can form a polyelectrolyte complex due to the interaction of the positively charged amine group of chitosan and the negatively charged carboxyl group of alginate. They can also form nanosize particles; thereby, increasing their chemical integrity in a wide range of pH (George & Abraham, 2006; Gupta & Karar, 2011) .

Encapsulation technology is a process of entrapping bioactive compounds using a coating material, which protects them from degradation and provides efficient release and delivery for food and pharmaceutical applications.

The coating materials, which form nanometer-size particles, can enhance cell permeability and stability of the compounds in the bloodstream.

This is due to their low or non-toxic property that makes them safe for food application.

Chitosan and alginate are natural polymers that are non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable.

Chitosan is obtained from deacetylation of chitin, a compound rich in the exoskeleton of arthropods, beaks of cephalopods (e.g. octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish), and cell walls and membranes of various microbes including fungi.

Chitosan is primarily composed of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine residues with 1,4-β-linkage.

On the other hand, alginate is an anionic water-soluble polysaccharide extracted commercially from species of brown seaweed.

They can also form nanosize particles; thereby, increasing their chemical integrity in a wide range of pH.


Recently, the collection of Social Web content has gained more interest. Many services, such as Twitter, YouTube or Flickr, provide through their APIs access to structured information about users, user networks and created content. Data collection from these services is not supported by standard Web crawlers. Usually it is conducted in an ad hoc manner, although some structured approaches exist [56] [57] [58] . However, these platforms focus on API access and do not archive Web pages linked from Social Web platforms.

Usually it is conducted in an ad hoc manner, although some structured approaches exist.


The changes in the internal structure of the Chinese video industry attract the attention of the academia, one part of the researchers analyze and forecast the future trend of video industry from the industrial point of view, but most of them agree that although the traditional television was impacted by the network video, the relationship of them is a mixed development in the future instead of completely alternative. Haiting Yu argues that the emergence of internet television has a marked impact on the traditional TV, but it will not replace the traditional TV and become the terminator [1] . Shaohua Yi thinks that it is the necessity of historical advance, technological development and the market rules' evolution for TV to become networked. In order to acclimatizing networking environment much better, the pressing problem in front of leader is how to develop a suitable strategy and tactics [2] . Xingxiao Lai argues that although traditional TV is facing new challenge brought by the network video, TV media still have their own independent audience. With intersection and independent, TV and network video jointly occupy the video market [3] . Some researchers hold that with the rise of the Internet TV, smart phones, social TV and other television terminals, great changes have taken place in the audience market structure, viewing habits and TV industry, which implies both opportunities and challenges for the traditional TV [4] .

Haiting Yu argues that the emergence of internet television has a marked impact on the traditional TV, but it will not replace the traditional TV and become the terminator.

In order to acclimatizing networking environment much better, the pressing problem in front of leader is how to develop a suitable strategy and tactics.

With intersection and independent, TV and network video jointly occupy the video market.

Some researchers hold that with the rise of the Internet TV, smart phones, social TV and other television terminals, great changes have taken place in the audience market structure, viewing habits and TV industry, which implies both opportunities and challenges for the traditional TV.


A third limitation of our study is that we could not test a full mediation model due to our two-wave dataset (Taris and Kompier, 2006) . Future research should use a three-wave dataset to test whether work engagement and burnout act as mediators in the motivational and health impairment processes of young employees with lower levels of education. In addition, it would be interesting to not only compare young workers of different educational levels with such a design, but also to include employees from different age categories. This could shed more light on differences between educational levels across age groups.

A third limitation of our study is that we could not test a full mediation model due to our two-wave dataset.


Muon rings have been used as a method to calibrate the total optical throughput of practically all previous Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes [12, 13, 14] . In this contribution we have presented simulations and analysis of the ring images carried out in the framework of the SST-1M project. This work is done in close collaboration with the other SST teams of the CTA Consortium [15, 16] . Preliminary results show that muon images are adequately selected despite a degradation of the optical efficiency of the instrument. Building on this encouraging result the SST-1M collaboration continues to work towards further improving the trigger efficiency for muon rings. In this direction, additional dedicated muon triggers are currently under study.

Muon rings have been used as a method to calibrate the total optical throughput of practically all previous Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes.

This work is done in close collaboration with the other SST teams of the CTA Consortium.


The SST-1M project is a Consortium of several Swiss and Polish institutes working on the design and construction of one of the prototypes for the SSTs of CTA [2] . The SST-1M prototype is the only SST telescope designed with one mirror. It uses the standard and well-proven Davies-Cotton design for the optics and telescope structure and an innovative camera using SiliconPhotomultipliers (SiPM), inspired by the experience of the FACT camera [3] . Thanks to their wide field-of-view (FoV) of about 9 • , the SSTs are particularly well suited for spectral studies of Galactic sources and Galactic Plane Surveys. The prototype of the SST-1M mechanical structure has been installed on a test site at the Institute of Nuclear Physics PAS in Kraków in November 2013. The design of the camera has been finalized and the commissioning phase has already started [4] .

The SST-1M project is a Consortium of several Swiss and Polish institutes working on the design and construction of one of the prototypes for the SSTs of CTA.

It uses the standard and well-proven Davies-Cotton design for the optics and telescope structure and an innovative camera using SiliconPhotomultipliers (SiPM), inspired by the experience of the FACT camera.

The design of the camera has been finalized and the commissioning phase has already started.


The human body is capable of great dexterity and coordination, giving it the capability to produce a wide array of precise detailed movements but, as such, it is a highly complicated and also redundant system [1] . With such large numbers of degrees of freedom, how the central nervous system implements a control strategy is of interest in numerous different fields, from robotics to rehabilitation [2] . The concept of synergies, that is, common patterns of muscle activations which can be reused and serve as building blocks to produce detailed movements, has been gaining traction in recent years [3, 4, 5] . Synergies provide an approach which reduces the number of degrees of freedom to be controlled individually whilst providing the flexibility and adaptability to produce a wide range of motions.

The human body is capable of great dexterity and coordination, giving it the capability to produce a wide array of precise detailed movements but, as such, it is a highly complicated and also redundant system.

With such large numbers of degrees of freedom, how the central nervous system implements a control strategy is of interest in numerous different fields, from robotics to rehabilitation.

The concept of synergies, that is, common patterns of muscle activations which can be reused and serve as building blocks to produce detailed movements, has been gaining traction in recent years.