Recently, a GaN-based nanorod LED structure has drawn increasing attention as an alternative technology to overcome the efficiency limitation of current LED structures [13] [14] [15] [16] . Nanorod structures have high potential to enhance the efficiency of LEDs significantly. In the core-shell nanorod LED structure, for example, high internal quantum efficiency is expected to be obtained as a result of reduced dislocation density and internal polarization fields [14] . In addition, improvement in optical properties can also be expected from nanorod LED structures. First, light extraction efficiency (LEE) can be increaed greatly in the nanorod LED stuctures [17] [18] [19] . Owing to the nano-scale geometry, light can easily escape from the nanorod overcoming the total internal reflection inside it. Second, spontaneous emission (SE) rate can be enhanced through the strong modifications of the optical density of states in the nanorod structure. It has been theoretically found that this Purcell effect can mitigate the efficiency droop and the green gap problems to some extent [20, 21] .

Recently, a GaN-based nanorod LED structure has drawn increasing attention as an alternative technology to overcome the efficiency limitation of current LED structures.

In the core-shell nanorod LED structure, for example, high internal quantum efficiency is expected to be obtained as a result of reduced dislocation density and internal polarization fields.

First, light extraction efficiency (LEE) can be increaed greatly in the nanorod LED stuctures.

It has been theoretically found that this Purcell effect can mitigate the efficiency droop and the green gap problems to some extent.


When a dipole source is positioned near the rod center, it will couple to the RM rather than the WGM. As shown in Figure 3a ,b, the intensity at the center of the rod is high for the rod radius of 200 nm, whereas it is relatively low for the rod radius of 250 nm. Therefore, for the rod radius of 200 nm, the dipole source at the rod center couples well with the RM and a high LEE is expected. For the rod radius of 250 nm, on the contrary, the dipole source at the center does not couple well with the RM and the low LEE is expected. This interpretation can explain the different LEE values at the rod center for different rod radius. Since the RM oscillates in the x-direction, it couples well with the dipole source of the y-polarization when the dipole is not positioned at the center. Figure 2b shows a periodic behavior of the LEE with increasing x for the y-polarization. The high (or low) LEE appears when the dipole position coincides with the high (or low) intensity of the RM profile. The periodicity of ~100 nm approximately corresponds to the antinode spacing of a standing wave pattern of the RM, λ/2n, where n is the refractive index of GaN. Figure 3a,b) , and the light coupled with the RM can escape the nanorod structure relatively easily, resulting in a high LEE. On the contrary, the WGM oscillates along the circumference of the rod. The WGM generally has a very high Q and appears as the lasing mode of a micro-disk laser [26] . If a dipole source couples with the WGM, the emitted light travels along the circumference of the rod and escapes from the rod quite slowly, resulting in a low LEE. This can explain the decreasing behavior of the LEE with an increasing source position in Figure 2 .

The WGM generally has a very high Q and appears as the lasing mode of a micro-disk laser.


While there have been several papers devoted to the study of railroad CSPs in Europe, Asia, and Australia, North American railroad problems are yet to be addressed satisfactorily. The only application of optimization methods to North American railroad crew scheduling is that of Gorman and Sarrafzadeh [20] . They studied crew balancing in the context of a major North American railroad, the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway, and developed a dynamic programming approach to solve the problem. The major shortcoming of their research is that they did not consider the possibility of different crew types, each governed by a different set of rules. Another drawback is that their approach could handle only a particular crew district configuration (single-ended crew district). While most crew districts in North America are single-ended, there are several that are double-ended or even more complex. The multicommodity network flow approach described in this paper models all of the rules considered by Gorman and Sarrafzadeh and also handles the case in which different crew pools have different sets of rules. It is also applicable to all of the crew district configurations encountered in North America. These configurations are described in the next section.

The only application of optimization methods to North American railroad crew scheduling is that of Gorman and Sarrafzadeh.


The underlying basis for many predictions of flashover and room fire growth rely on the study of flame spread along the surface of materials [1] . Flame spread is divided according to the direction of any forced or buoyancy driven flow in regard to the direction of flame travel. In the case of wind assisted or vertical flame spread, the flame extends over the unburnt area, increasing the area affected by the radiation from the flame and hence the pre-heating of the material whereas lateral (or opposed flow) flame spread does not involve flame extension over the unpyrolised area.

The underlying basis for many predictions of flashover and room fire growth rely on the study of flame spread along the surface of materials.


To improve the stability and performance of the system, some energy storage devices such the flywheel (FW), BESS and the ultra-capacitor (UC) are often used [11] . These work as backup devices that injects power to the grid in case of excess demand and stores excess power when the generation is more than the demand. This helps to keep the secure performance of the system and balance the demand and supply sides. Therefore, it ensures acceptable levels of system frequency deviations [12, 13] . FW stores electric power in the form of kinetic energy. There are many merits of FW such as high conversion efficiency of 80-90%, high stored energy density, high power exchange with the system, long lifetime and also free from pollution effects [14] . In addition, UC offers another option to smooth strong and short-time power oscillations of the hybrid power system for meeting the demand thanks to its fast power response, high energy density, flexible and modular structure [15] . Furthermore, BESS is growing rapidly in the technologies of energy storage. One of The deficit of BESS is its installation cost especially for a large one. The system cost of a small power system will increase significantly if a large BESS has to be installed, which will make the whole system unfeasible from in economic terms. For this reason, the application of customers' appliances in the control of the power system instead of BESS has appeared [16] . One example of such applications is V2G, that is a concept of controlling the charging and discharging criteria between the power system and some of EVs trying to reach a balance between the generation and demand sides to suppress the system frequency fluctuations.

To improve the stability and performance of the system, some energy storage devices such the flywheel (FW), BESS and the ultra-capacitor (UC) are often used.

Therefore, it ensures acceptable levels of system frequency deviations.

There are many merits of FW such as high conversion efficiency of 80-90%, high stored energy density, high power exchange with the system, long lifetime and also free from pollution effects.

In addition, UC offers another option to smooth strong and short-time power oscillations of the hybrid power system for meeting the demand thanks to its fast power response, high energy density, flexible and modular structure.

For this reason, the application of customers' appliances in the control of the power system instead of BESS has appeared.


Radial basis functions (RBFs) have become one of the main fields of research in numerical analysis. It is theoretically proved that RBF networks having one hidden layer are capable of universal approximation [22] . They can represent an arbitrary continuous function within an arbitrarily small error bound. The application of RBFs for the numerical solution of ordinary/partial differential equations (ODEs/PDEs) has received a great deal of attention.

It is theoretically proved that RBF networks having one hidden layer are capable of universal approximation.


Conversion of hydrocarbons into a hydrogen rich gas can be achieved via partial oxidation (POX), autothermal reforming (ATR) or steam reforming (SR). Among these three options, SR is currently the most established hydrogen production technology [10] . The product gas of SR is characterized by a high partial pressure of hydrogen (70e80 vol.% on a dry basis) compared to 40e50 vol.% for ATR and POX [11] . Drawbacks of the SR technology are a poor dynamic behavior and a comparatively high level of system complexity. Taking this into account, SR is widely considered as the preferred hydrogen production method for stationary applications [4, 12] .

Among these three options, SR is currently the most established hydrogen production technology.

The product gas of SR is characterized by a high partial pressure of hydrogen (70e80 vol.% on a dry basis) compared to 40e50 vol.% for ATR and POX.

Taking this into account, SR is widely considered as the preferred hydrogen production method for stationary applications.


First of all, such a mechanism is the need of application white list to manage system security [12] [13] [14] . It is a very challenging task to protect the integrity and consistency of a software system if the application white list system is developed on the basis of pure software systems. In contrast, the trusted computer system is a hardware-based security platform, which can solve the insecurity of computer and network infrastructure, providing high security with the trust chain established from chip, hardware and operating systems.

First of all, such a mechanism is the need of application white list to manage system security.


Buildings have a significant impact on energy use and the environment. Commercial and residential buildings use almost 40% of the primary energy and approximately 70% of the electricity in the United States. The energy used by the building sector continues to increase, primarily because new buildings are constructed faster than old ones are retired. Electricity consumption in the commercial building sector doubled between 1980 and 2000 and is expected to increase another 50% by 2025 [1] . To address the growing energy use in the commercial building sector, an influential community of industry leaders and researchers has committed to pushing the boundaries of building performance to develop net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs).

Electricity consumption in the commercial building sector doubled between 1980 and 2000 and is expected to increase another 50% by 2025.


Furthermore, our findings are aligned with previous research who state that despite that OEE is supposed to measure individual equipment efficiency, it is affected by the surrounding environment [5, 12, 13] . This often refers to materials handling, buffers and ques. With the analysis of operator influence, we have shown that in order to improve equipment efficiency, it is also required to focus attention and efforts primarily on how supporting activities performed by operators are planned and executed. The OEE measure, consequently, captures the results of supporting activities, but is limited when it comes to representing the areas of improvement for these manual work tasks. The identified differences in the distribution of operator influenced time among industry groups is reflected by the characteristics of the different production systems.

Furthermore, our findings are aligned with previous research who state that despite that OEE is supposed to measure individual equipment efficiency, it is affected by the surrounding environment.


It was found that over 80% of the machines, reportedly, had 100% performance efficiency. This means that they either are operating at equipment design speed or that the companies do not measure cycle times. Analogously, about 90% of the machines had a reported quality rate of 100%, which suggests that either there is no scrap or that companies do not measure the amount of accepted products per machine. In our view, it is not likely that such a large proportion of machines are operating at full efficiency rates. This can be strengthened by the fact that '100%' constitute the default value for these factors in the measurement system. Even under ideal conditions is a quality rate of 100% is not realistic in practice [1, 5] . Also, concerning the speed efficiency, previous research can confirm that many companies refrain from operating time data related functions and, consequently, do not measure cycle times or have sufficient knowledge about the theoretical maximum performance [16, 17] .

Even under ideal conditions is a quality rate of 100% is not realistic in practice.

Also, concerning the speed efficiency, previous research can confirm that many companies refrain from operating time data related functions and, consequently, do not measure cycle times or have sufficient knowledge about the theoretical maximum performance.


An understanding of the mechanics of the behavioural transformation occurring in imitation has been described through the 'correspondence problem' formalism (Nehaniv & Dautenhahn, 2002) . These concepts provide a basis for an investigation of social learning and the interaction between both human/robot and robot/robot pairs to understand the social dimension of imitative behaviour. It is this research which forms the starting point for the work described in this document.

An understanding of the mechanics of the behavioural transformation occurring in imitation has been described through the 'correspondence problem' formalism.


In recent years, the push towards the development of biobased materials has been evident. Numerous approaches have been extremely investigated on the feasibility of biobased materials for many purposes. The emergence of biobased material played an important role on many industrial sectors such as automotive part, electronic device, pharmaceutical and medical research, and food technology [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Up to the present time, the category of biobased material was versatile depending on available resources. It was related to cellulose and its derivative, chitin-chitosan, polylactic acid, polybutylene succinate, and starch. The use of biobased materials was therefore selected due to environmentally friendly purpose, nontoxicity, and value-added concept for agricultural product. On the other hand, biobased materials were therefore considered as biomass. The existence of these biobased resources should be preferably investigated as well as their feasibility in order to replace the conventional nonrenewable materials. Moreover, due to the growth of worldwide population, it should be encouraged that the emergence of novel technology based on "green product and process" be endorsed. It was involved in the design of product and process which minimizes the use and the generation of hazardous materials. To become innovative in green technology, numerous approaches have been investigated from academic research to industrial commercialization. One of the excellent strategic routes was related to waste development.

The emergence of biobased material played an important role on many industrial sectors such as automotive part, electronic device, pharmaceutical and medical research, and food technology.


To the best of our knowledge, the management of municipal solid waste was considered as important issue for city authorities and planners due to increment in population, urbanization, and limited land space. It was consequently considered as the major concern to environmental health [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . This probably had many effects on environmental treatment challenges such as leachate generation and air pollution. As a consequence, it may combine with political, social, and economic issues, as well as the availability of land, which were major concerns to be addressed in land evaluation and management. In addition, increment in worldwide population led to increase in fossil fuel consumption, rendering increment in greenhouse gas emission. This might be considered as environmental issue. In order to solve this technical issue, converting solid waste to conventional product was favorably remarked to be an option. To be sustainable and renewable, the design of product based on solid waste should be preferably developed. This concept led to solving the landfill space, environmental issue as well as nonpollution.

It was consequently considered as the major concern to environmental health.


To respond to this scenario, waster composite was considered as an important key challenge to solve this issue [14] [15] [16] . One solid waste was due to activated carbon derived from scrap tile waste. From the fundamental point of view, scrap tire throughout the world is approximately 1 billion per year and it sets to be increased in the future as car and truck transportation continues to expand. Up to the present time, reutilization of scrap tile was comparatively much below annually generated tire. One of the successful strategic approaches of the reutilization of scrap tile waste was involved in activated carbon formation. After pyrolysis of scrap tile waste, the existence of activated carbon with high specific surface area and porosity was presented. It was considered as a viable market for the end product of the waste [17] [18] [19] [20] . On the other hand, another waste was involved in cellulose derived from palm frond. At this presence, palm frond was relatively considered as biomass. The availability of palm frond was therefore versatile in many areas of academic research and industrial commercialization [21] [22] [23] . To the best of our knowledge, utilization of palm frond was related to biorefinery which comparatively referred to a promising concept of utilizing biomass or any other renewable resources as feedstock to produce energy and platform chemicals and materials [24, 25] . It was definitely considered as one of the excellent techniques to reduce carbon footprint and dependency on fossil fuel for sustainable development. One of the excellent strategic approaches of biorefinery of palm frond was biological production of cellulose. From conventional reaction, cellulose was therefore derived from palm frond. The properties of cellulose were evident to have numerous features such as high thermal stability, chemical resistance, and excellent mechanical properties.

To respond to this scenario, waster composite was considered as an important key challenge to solve this issue.

It was considered as a viable market for the end product of the waste.

The availability of palm frond was therefore versatile in many areas of academic research and industrial commercialization.

To the best of our knowledge, utilization of palm frond was related to biorefinery which comparatively referred to a promising concept of utilizing biomass or any other renewable resources as feedstock to produce energy and platform chemicals and materials.


The phase separation in an unstable PMB is a complex process controlled by many factors. Diffusion and flow may be the main mass transfer modes in this process. In some cases, dynamic asymmetry between the bitumen and polymer may influence the mass transfer processes [10] . Due to the polymer-bitumen density difference, the gravity affects the PMB phase separation in the vertical direction. The gravity effect might, however, not be the direct cause for the separation, but could accelerate the phase separation in the vertical direction [11] . In the case of crystalline or semicrystalline polymer modifier (e.g. polyethylene and polypropylene), the polymer crystallization process may become important. With the use of chemically reactive additives (e.g. sulphur), chemical reactions certainly affect the phase separation. Last but not least, thermal history, i.e. the temperature level and its changing rate during phase separation, has significant effects on almost every factor mentioned above.

In some cases, dynamic asymmetry between the bitumen and polymer may influence the mass transfer processes.

The gravity effect might, however, not be the direct cause for the separation, but could accelerate the phase separation in the vertical direction.


This change in perspective has consequences for the way in which we construct narratives about strategy, governance, financial performance and value. Financialization is driving strategy because the process and elements are operating simultaneously in both a left to right (value creation) and right to left (value absorbing) direction. Corporate financials not only reflect current income and expenditure circuits they also embody the product of capital market wealth accumulation when corporate-capital market transactions are accounted for at market value. The spheres of current cash earnings and wealth accumulation are now increasingly blended in corporate sector accounts. Financialization is directing corporate strategy because value creation and value absorption adjust managerial behaviour, governance priorities and stakeholder settlements (Andersson et al, 2008) . Significantly value absorption distorts conventional financial performance metrics, such as Profit and Cash ROCE, restricting the purchase of critical narratives and positivist accounts which construct their arguments within an orthodox left to right framework of analysis.

Financialization is directing corporate strategy because value creation and value absorption adjust managerial behaviour, governance priorities and stakeholder settlements.


In the European Forsteo Observational Study (EFOS), in contrast to clinical trials, all patients initiating TPTD in a naturalistic setting were enrolled in a 3-year prospective, noninterventional, multicenter design [13] . The results of 18 months of treatment with TPTD in the total cohort enrolled in the study have been reported [14] . The present analysis focuses on the subset of patients enrolled in Greece.

In the European Forsteo Observational Study (EFOS), in contrast to clinical trials, all patients initiating TPTD in a naturalistic setting were enrolled in a 3-year prospective, noninterventional, multicenter design.

The results of 18 months of treatment with TPTD in the total cohort enrolled in the study have been reported.


The model simulation results suggest that habitual behavior or inertial forces play a role in shaping the dynamics of activity-travel patterns of individuals and households (Gärling and Axhausen, 2003) . While there may be subtle adjustments in activity-travel patterns in response to fuel price shifts (or any other travel demand management strategy), it appears that households may exhibit greater shifts in vehicle type choice with the intent of minimizing the adjustments that need to be made to vehicle miles of travel. The analysis suggests that greater impacts on greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption may be made by spurring technological innovation, by providing tax incentives for people to shift more quickly to fuel-efficient and low-emission vehicles, and by having automakers (either through voluntary means or through regulatory mechanisms such as raising of corporate average fuel economy or CAFE standards) greatly increase production of smaller fuel-efficient and hybrid-fuel vehicles to meet shifts in consumer demand. Relying on reductions in vehicle miles of travel (VMT) to combat global climate change and dependence on oil may not only prove ineffective, but may also result in degradation of quality of life and slowing of economic activity.

The model simulation results suggest that habitual behavior or inertial forces play a role in shaping the dynamics of activity-travel patterns of individuals and households.


Previous studies suggested that systemic inflammatory markers such as NLR are useful prognostic markers for various types of cancers [22, 25, 26, 27] . However most studies focused on the pretreatment values of inflammatory markers, the dynamic change of NLR, which may reflect the dynamic change of balance between host inflammatory response and immune response, is rarely studied. In present study, for the first time, we demonstrated that postoperative NLR change was an independent prognostic factor for patients with small HCC undergoing RFA.

Previous studies suggested that systemic inflammatory markers such as NLR are useful prognostic markers for various types of cancers.


We define a city as a human settlement above a threshold population size that satisfies the functional requirements of that population (Bessey) . The cutoff for determining what is urban is arbitrary and arises from practical rather than theoretical considerations (Marshall, 1989) . This analysis used a U.S. Census dataset incorporating the urbanized area (UA) definition. A UA comprises a central place and the urban fringe, which includes other "places" (Bessey, 2000) . The Bureau of the Census officially defines a "place" as a concentration of population that must have a name and be locally recognized, although it may or may not be legally incorporated under the laws of its state (Bessey, 2002) .

The cutoff for determining what is urban is arbitrary and arises from practical rather than theoretical considerations.

A UA comprises a central place and the urban fringe, which includes other "places".

The Bureau of the Census officially defines a "place" as a concentration of population that must have a name and be locally recognized, although it may or may not be legally incorporated under the laws of its state.


New hierarchical levels can emerge in urban systems via an expansion of trade, lower transportation costs, or change in the internal structures of cities (Rosser, 1994) . Nonlinear oscillations can trigger a phase transition and the emergence of a new level in a hierarchy. An emergent level is evidence of discontinuity in the organization of a system (Goldstein, 2002) . This new level of organization is a construct of the adaptive cycle in systems, which manifests in marked change between levels of a hierarchy.

New hierarchical levels can emerge in urban systems via an expansion of trade, lower transportation costs, or change in the internal structures of cities.

An emergent level is evidence of discontinuity in the organization of a system.


Size is a critical factor for manufacturing firms (Mittelstaedt et al., 2003) . Manufacturing firms in South Carolina must reach a critical size (>20 employees) before they can engage in import-export operations. Within the economic literature on firm size and growth rates for developing countries, there is evidence that larger firms grow slower than smaller firms (Sleuwaegen and Goedhuys, 2002; Van Biesbroeck, 2005) . Van Biesebroeck found that large firms remain large in Africa, allowing for little change in the hierarchy of the continent. This suggests that smaller, less productive firms have a difficult time reaching the threshold necessary for a transition to a size that allows them to persist. In short, size matters.

Size is a critical factor for manufacturing firms.

Within the economic literature on firm size and growth rates for developing countries, there is evidence that larger firms grow slower than smaller firms.

In short, size matters.


Many Bureau of the Census classifications have evolved over the last 120 years. Regional systems theory conceives of cities as the central places in regional, social, and economic systems, nested within a larger hierarchy of cities and regions (Skinner and Henderson) . U.S. urban development in the 20th century was characterized by sharp regional patterns (Overman and Ioannides, 2001) . Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) regions comprise defined entities whose boundaries hold historically. Additionally, aggregating cities on a national scale masks discontinuous patterns that manifest at a regional scale (Skinner and Henderson, 1999) . Functional economic regions likely capture scale effects better than convenient political divisions (Rigby and Essletzbichler, 2002) . Analyzing the data based on BEA regions allowed for research along smaller and more uniform biophysical, economic, and socio-cultural characteristics (Bessey) .

U.S. urban development in the 20th century was characterized by sharp regional patterns.

Additionally, aggregating cities on a national scale masks discontinuous patterns that manifest at a regional scale.

Functional economic regions likely capture scale effects better than convenient political divisions.


In this paper, we propose a model for health assessment and RUL estimation which integrates a WPD algorithm for fast feature extraction, a nodes energy features selection of each wavelet level decomposition, and an intelligent analysis method based on the CNNs algorithm to obtain the health assessment result of bearings. An experimental verification is given by using the data from PRONOSTIA test rig [26] . Then obtained model is applied to the acceleration signals that are collected from the bearing degradation test experiment. This paper starts with the description of the prognostics and health management along with the proposed model in Section 2. A brief introduction of WPD for features extractions is presented in Section 3 and deep CNNs for bearing health assessment in Section 4. The proposed method is experimentally validated using bearing's dataset in Section 5 and we demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach. We close the paper with conclusions in Section 6.

An experimental verification is given by using the data from PRONOSTIA test rig.


The geographic information system (GIS) is an excellent platform to develop an automated and IT-based tool for construction planning due to its strong capability of integrating and managing various types of information, such as spatial and nonspatial data, required for roadway construction planning. Attempts to utilize digitized design data for construction planning via GIS have also been made in the roadway construction field recently (Hassanein and Moselhi 2002) . A GIS-based system for improving roadway construction planning is presented in this paper. The proposed system improves the roadway construction planning process in a unique way with its "interactive space scheduling" and "operation level planning" functions, which are supported by the integration of the data required for the planning of roadway construction. The proposed system can improve the planning process by integrating design and construction information within the system and creating modularized design elements for space scheduling in real time using its interactive planning capability. The operation level planning function of the system is designed for the earthwork portion of roadway construction and is based on the threedimensional (3-D) analysis of haul routes and the equipment selection procedure. It is expected that roadway construction planning can exploit IT more with the GIS-based paradigm suggested by this study. Three major work sections of roadway construction including pavement, earthwork, and drainage and other items were considered for this study.

Attempts to utilize digitized design data for construction planning via GIS have also been made in the roadway construction field recently.


Injection locking is a technology of locking the oscillation state of a resonance cavity (called the slave) by injecting external laser light (called the master). Lasers under optical injection locking exhibit superior performance over freerunning lasers and provide wide applications [1] [2] [3] [4] . The effects of optical injection locking mainly have two aspects: one is to improve the characteristics of the slave and the other is to synchronize the master and the slave. In the former, the locking is able to improve the properties of the slave laser in terms of spatial, spectral and time domains, making it indispensable for many applications. For instance, a Fabry-Pérot (FP) semiconductor laser has commonly multiple longitudinal modes, low mode stability and wide diverging angle. After being locked by a single-mode master laser, the FP slave laser can achieve a single wavelength emission, high side mode suppression ratio (SMSR), narrow linewidth and diffraction-limited beam quality. These improvements have attracted interest, particularly for high-power lasers [5] . Additionally, it can significantly reduce the frequency chirp under modulation and improve the laser intrinsic frequency response, which are important for direct modulation of the lasers for high-speed data communications [2, 4] . In the latter, the synchronization of the master and slave in a wavelength, phase and chaos state has led the injection locking to broad applications in the coherent communications [6] .

Lasers under optical injection locking exhibit superior performance over freerunning lasers and provide wide applications.

These improvements have attracted interest, particularly for high-power lasers.

Additionally, it can significantly reduce the frequency chirp under modulation and improve the laser intrinsic frequency response, which are important for direct modulation of the lasers for high-speed data communications.

In the latter, the synchronization of the master and slave in a wavelength, phase and chaos state has led the injection locking to broad applications in the coherent communications.


Several limitations should be noted. First, this was a pilot trial, aimed at evaluating the feasibility of a randomized clinical trial comparing liberal and restrictive blood transfusion strategies in patients with moderate and severe TBI. Therefore, the secondary outcome analysis should be considered exploratory. Nevertheless, our results are in line with previous experimental, physiological and observational data and point toward superiority of the liberal transfusion strategy [3, 19, 20] . Second, the sample size was small and may have been underpowered to detect small differences between groups. Third, the patients were evaluated at hospital discharge and 6 months after hospital discharge, instead of at fixed time points. However, hospital discharge was at the discretion of the assistant team and not influenced by the investigators, and the length of hospital stay was not different between groups. Fourth, this was a single-center trial and recruitment was slow, taking 2 years to include 44 patients. Our main difficulty was obtaining written informed consent. Thirty-five patients refused or were unable to provide consent, which prolonged the trial and may have delayed the intervention. A strategy of delayed consent may increase recruitment in future trials. Fifth, ICP was often not monitored. However, this was a pragmatic trial and ICP monitoring is not part of routine practice in our ICU.

Several limitations should be noted.

Nevertheless, our results are in line with previous experimental, physiological and observational data and point toward superiority of the liberal transfusion strategy.

Fifth, ICP was often not monitored.


Recent years have witnessed a thriving research activity on how to assemble and coordinate networked distributed systems (NDSs) into a coherent whole to perform a common task [1] . NDSs have obvious advantages in practice, such as energy saving, easy installation, and higher reliability [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Thus, studying stabilization of NDSs is of theoretical and practical importance. To realize the stabilization, a control strategy is needed. However, due to the absence of central data fusion, the classical centralized control scheme is not feasible for NDSs. Accordingly, the cooperative control strategy is a preferred choice. Since an NDS consists of a large number of agents, it is impossible and unnecessary to control every agent. An effective approach is to implement controllers for a fraction of the NDSs to stabilize the whole system, which is referred to as the pinning stabilization problem [7, 8] .

Recent years have witnessed a thriving research activity on how to assemble and coordinate networked distributed systems (NDSs) into a coherent whole to perform a common task.

NDSs have obvious advantages in practice, such as energy saving, easy installation, and higher reliability.

An effective approach is to implement controllers for a fraction of the NDSs to stabilize the whole system, which is referred to as the pinning stabilization problem.


Fallopian tube torsion caused by extremely large Morgagni hydatid: A very rare cause of acute abdomen in a virgin adolescent often accompanied by nausea and vomiting but without specific symptoms [4] . We report a case of acute abdominal pain in an adolescent virgin female caused by a complete torsion that resulted in an infraction of the left fallopian tube. At surgery, we found extremely large hydatid of Morgagni, which caused torsion of the fallopian tube threefold.

Fallopian tube torsion caused by extremely large Morgagni hydatid: A very rare cause of acute abdomen in a virgin adolescent often accompanied by nausea and vomiting but without specific symptoms.


Since the Weyl tensor vanishes identically for the global AdS space, the charge in the AMD approach vanishes as well. This, in turn, implies that it does not include the vacuum energy of the AdS space. On the other hand, in the AdS/CFT approach, a vacuum energy is associated to odd-dimensional AAdS spacetimes, and it matches the Casimir energy in a holographically dual CFT. The expressions for conserved charges agree in both approaches up to finite terms [6, 7, 8] . The AMD formula for a conserved charge in AAdS spaces gives finite, that is regularized, quantity and moreover it takes a very simple form because it is expressed in terms of the electric part of the Weyl tensor only.

The expressions for conserved charges agree in both approaches up to finite terms.


There are several possible realizations of LH models depending on how the new symmetries are implemented. Broadly speaking, they can be separated into two categories: those that have the SM gauge group emerging from the diagonal breaking of the product of several groups (for instance (SU (2)×U (1)) N ) and those where it emerges from the breaking of a larger simple group (for example SU (N ) × U (1)). The former are called product group models while the latter are termed simple group models. There are some general features characteristic of each of the approaches [5] . In the absence of further symmetries, product group models have additional free parameters from the gauge couplings of the different groups that diagonally break down to the SM gauge group, the SM Higgs can be embedded in definite models into a single sigma-model multiplet and it is possible to make the fermion sector relatively simple. On the other hand, simple group models have the enlarged gauge group couplings fixed by the SM values but they require, in specific models, at least two sigma-model multiplets. Moreover, fermion multiplets must be extended to transform under the new gauge group.

There are some general features characteristic of each of the approaches.


Students in the study showed behaviors consistent with research findings in cognitive science (Reisberg, 1997) . Generally, humans respond to their environments in reflexive manners. That is, they frame their situations, take actions, then re-evaluate their subsequent actions, based on the outcomes of previous outcomes. Participants in the present study acted in accordance with these cognitive science principles. They demonstrated reflexive natures, deciding with whom to compete and in what circumstances it most likely would be to their advantages in doing so. In short, they showed behavior patterns that extended far beyond mere stimulus-response patterns. Rather, they used cognitive behavioral patterns more consistent with the brain's executive functioning and processing modalities.

Students in the study showed behaviors consistent with research findings in cognitive science.


Similarly, the results are relatively consistent with classical learning theory (Lefrancois, 2006) . Both animals and humans consistently have been shown to work differentially, depending on the level of rewards offered for engaging in assigned behavior. Students in the study told us that they tended to become non-competitive or lesscompetitive in circumstances where the potential rewards were not tangible or where delay of gratification was a factor. Evidently, competition is strongest for our sample of students when the enjoyment of rewards was more concrete than when it is abstract and when it is more immediate than potentially distant. With this, students indicated that they tended to gravitate towards competition when the potential reward is valuable to them. The participants' behaviors follow a general behaviorist model where potential rewards and punishments have significant influences over potential learning outcomes.

Similarly, the results are relatively consistent with classical learning theory.


We were able to reach mothers and other contacts through calls primarily made during working/business hours. However, further research exploring the use of text messages may be warranted to test feasibility in situations where parents are working in settings where phone calls are not allowed during working hours. Also consent may be taken from such parents regarding the time of the day that they are free to receive immunization reminder/recall phone calls. We found that the cost of cellphone calls for reminder/recall intervention was relatively inexpensive and that making the calls was not time consuming. Thus, this strategy can be implemented in low-resource settings. Further, record clerks who normally schedule clients' appointments can be guided or trained to make reminder/recall phone calls to reduce time demands on nurses and other immunization providers given the shortage of health workforce in many low and middle income countries [36] [37] [38] . However, other administrative support infrastructure like comprehensive immunization registers, clients' phone numbers, electricity to charge cellphones and phone call log books should be available.

Further, record clerks who normally schedule clients' appointments can be guided or trained to make reminder/recall phone calls to reduce time demands on nurses and other immunization providers given the shortage of health workforce in many low and middle income countries.


The speed of growth of new science-based firms is an interesting empirical phenomenon in its own right, but particularly because established theories of innovation management offer limited guidance. Thus, its study offers an opportunity for theory development. Both economics and management of innovation literatures have examined speed in connection to innovation. Economics of innovation scholars have explored economic growth as a process of transformation driven by innovation, focusing on innovation patterns, technological spillovers and divergence across firms and countries (Nelson and Winter, 1982; Dosi et al., 1988) . The concern with speed in this literature regards the rate at which innovation is diffused throughout firms, sectors, regions and countries (Mansfield, 1961; Perez, 1983; von Tunzelmann, 1995) .

Economics of innovation scholars have explored economic growth as a process of transformation driven by innovation, focusing on innovation patterns, technological spillovers and divergence across firms and countries.

The concern with speed in this literature regards the rate at which innovation is diffused throughout firms, sectors, regions and countries.


Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) may be congenital or acquired, associated with either malignant or nonmalignant conditions. The most common etiology of acquired nonmalignant TEF is necrotizing tracheitis due to prolonged intubation or tracheostomy, usually with overinflated (pressure [ 20 cm H 2 O) cuff, causing mucosal ischemia. Necrosis of the tracheal wall and neighboring esophagus may be substantial especially when nasogastric tube occupies the esophageal lumen [1] . Other factors associated with increased risk for TEF formation include excessive tube mobility, respiratory or esophageal infection, poor nutrition, advanced age, diabetes, anemia, hypotension and steroid treatment [2] .

Necrosis of the tracheal wall and neighboring esophagus may be substantial especially when nasogastric tube occupies the esophageal lumen.

Other factors associated with increased risk for TEF formation include excessive tube mobility, respiratory or esophageal infection, poor nutrition, advanced age, diabetes, anemia, hypotension and steroid treatment.


The Amplatzer occluder, originally introduced intravenously and monitored by fluoroscopy, can be inserted either through the trachea or via the esophagus. Concomitant esophagoscopy and bronchoscopy allows direct visualization and good control of the devise insertion, thus fluoroscopy is not really necessary. In the reported cases both insertion approaches were used. In two out of three of the previously reported cases, an endotracheal approach was taken [4] [5] [6] . In the closure of a broncho-neo-esophageal fistula, a transesophageal approach was preferred [7] . We found the bronchoscopic approach safer and more accessible. The rigid trachea, opposed to the collapsed esophageal lumen, allows easier instrumentation and lower risk for perforation. By intermittent deflation of the tube balloon we could easily advance the wire and guide, and use bronchoscopy forceps, without compromising ventilation. Obviously careful respiratory monitoring is warranted, with assured cooperation with the anesthesiologist.

In two out of three of the previously reported cases, an endotracheal approach was taken.

In the closure of a broncho-neo-esophageal fistula, a transesophageal approach was preferred.


The weight of time is −1, the one of the space coordinates is −1/3, so the weights of energy and momentum are 1 and 1/3, respectively. The theory has weighted dimension 2, so the lagrangian contains only terms of weights 2. The weight of the gauge couplings g is 1/3. Gauge anomalies cancel out exactly as in the Standard Model [3] . The "boundary conditions" that ensure that Lorentz invariance is recovered at low energies are that b Iab 1 tend to δ ab and τ G tend to 1. One such condition can be trivially fulfilled normalizing the space coordinatesx.

Gauge anomalies cancel out exactly as in the Standard Model.


To the best of our knowledge, information on the effect of various Trichoderma species on Xiphinema index has not been available to date. Among the Trichoderma species examined with respect to their ability to kill plant-parasitic nematodes, mostly T. harzianum has been tested (Sharon et al., 2001) . Furthermore, many publications report interactions between plant-parasitic nematodes and soil fungi; however, most of the studies were performed on Meloidogyne species (Rao et al., 1997) . Among other Trichoderma species of this study, T. harzianum strains have caused significant reduction of X. index populations, although they did not prove to be the only efficient strains of all the tested fungal species. In general, strains of T. virens, T. atroviride and T. rossicum have triggered faster and more complete mortality than strains of T. harzianum. The evaluation of the mortality assays indicated that Trichoderma species have innate ability to decrease X. index population in vitro. Additionally, we designed and successfully used a new method to keep X. index specimens viable during the experiments. The presented data contribute to the further development of biological control agents against Xiphinema species.

Among the Trichoderma species examined with respect to their ability to kill plant-parasitic nematodes, mostly T. harzianum has been tested.

Furthermore, many publications report interactions between plant-parasitic nematodes and soil fungi; however, most of the studies were performed on Meloidogyne species.


The emphasis of our study is on development of numerical relational methods including relational representation of numeric data. How can one move from a real numerical measurement to a first-order logic representation? This is a non-trivial task [32] . For example, how does one represent temperature measurement in terms of first-order logic without losing the essence of the attribute (temperature in this case) and without inputting unnecessary conventional properties? For instance, Fahrenheit and Celsius zeros of temperature are arbitrary conventions in contrast with the Kelvin scale where zero is the lowest possible temperature (the physical zero). Therefore, incorporating properties of the Fahrenheit zero into first-order rules may force us to discover/learn properties of this convention along with more significant scale invariant forecasting rules. Learning algorithms in the space with those kinds of arbitrary properties may be very time consuming and may produce inappropriate rules.

This is a non-trivial task.


The stock market in Indonesia is known as Bursa Efek Indonesia or Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). All companies that listed in IDX is classified to ten sectors depend on kind of industry being run, which one of them is financial sector that is discussed in this study. Financial sector is one of ten sectors in IDX that divided into some sub sectors such as banking, financial institutions, securities, insurance, etc. Financial sector stock price index represent all financial sector stock's movement listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. As seen in Figure 1 , the financial sector stock price index has increased from 2011 to 2017. In 2017 financial sector has played the biggest role in growth to CSPI, with 20.64% growth. Figure 1 shows that financial stock price index has increased from 2011 to 2017. The higher financial stock index appreciation, the higher financial sector index return. The stock return, especially the financial sector stock return can be influenced by internal factors of the company (this factor is directly related to the fundamental condition or performance of a company) and external factors such as macroeconomic factors (Agustina & Sumartio, 2014) .

The stock return, especially the financial sector stock return can be influenced by internal factors of the company (this factor is directly related to the fundamental condition or performance of a company) and external factors such as macroeconomic factors.


Furthermore, in two patients with recurrent GB, large areas with a strong negative response during hyperoxia, and a lack of response during hypercapnia were detected both adjacent to, and distant from the tumors. This phenomenon may be related to ''intracerebral steal'' effect, attributed to shunting of blood flow away from non-autoregulating ischemic areas by the action of normally reactive vessels in an attempt to increase the flow to ischemic areas [37] . The use of carbogen inhalation, which contains 5% CO 2 , may induce a similar effect, resulting in reduced MR signal. GB tumors are usually heterogenic with ischemic areas that may also cause ''intracerebral steal''. Further studies should test this hypothesis and determine whether these changes are reversible following anti-angiogenic therapy, and whether this finding may predict therapy response.

This phenomenon may be related to ''intracerebral steal'' effect, attributed to shunting of blood flow away from non-autoregulating ischemic areas by the action of normally reactive vessels in an attempt to increase the flow to ischemic areas.


With the deviations with respect to the SM of the couplings of h and their implications for decays and production mechanisms, one can impose the experimental constraints of section 4.2.3 and explore the allowed values of c βα and the gFC parameters n f in Eq. (38) . For the results presented in the following we consider the most conservative situation, i.e. all parameters are free to vary simultaneously. Compared to restricted situations where not all parameters are considered simultaneously, this offers a safer interpretation of excluded regions (they are excluded whatever the values of the parameters not displayed) at the price, of course, of larger allowed regions. Figure 3 shows n f vs. c βα for all quarks and leptons. Some comments are in order.

With the deviations with respect to the SM of the couplings of h and their implications for decays and production mechanisms, one can impose the experimental constraints of section 4.2.3 and explore the allowed values of c βα and the gFC parameters n f in Eq..

Some comments are in order.


Daily application of Revamil medical-grade honey did not reduce the frequency of positive skin cultures of CVC insertion sites of critically ill patients. Gender, duration of CVC use, CVC location, and CVC type were predictive for a positive culture, which is in agreement with several publications on independent risk factors for catheter-site colonization and catheter-related infections [15, 18, 19] . After correction for these variables, no effect of honey on frequency of positive skin cultures was detected in a multivariate logistic regression model. No differences were observed in the secondary end points, which were quantitative level of colonization of CVC sites, microbiologic outcomes for different catheter locations, ICU length of stay, duration of catheter use, and ICU and hospital mortality. Large-scale prophylactic application of antibiotics to prevent CRBSIs is strongly discouraged because of the risk for development of antibiotic resistance [6] . Because no resistance against honey has ever been reported, honey could be a very interesting alternative to antibiotics for topical applications. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first in which honey as an antimicrobial agent was applied to ICU patients.

Gender, duration of CVC use, CVC location, and CVC type were predictive for a positive culture, which is in agreement with several publications on independent risk factors for catheter-site colonization and catheter-related infections.

Large-scale prophylactic application of antibiotics to prevent CRBSIs is strongly discouraged because of the risk for development of antibiotic resistance.


Sustainable and low-cost biomass feedstock is important for production of bio-fuels and other valuable products in a bio-based economy. At present, commercial bioethanol fuel is primarily produced from corn (Zea mays) in the US, China, and Canada; sugarcane (Sacchrum officinale) in Brazil; sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in France; wheat (Triticum aestivum) in China and Canada; and cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Thailand [1] . Most of current research and technology development for bioethanol production is focused on the use of agricultural and food residues as feedstock in order to reduce the feedstock cost and alleviate the competition between fuel and food/feed.

At present, commercial bioethanol fuel is primarily produced from corn (Zea mays) in the US, China, and Canada; sugarcane (Sacchrum officinale) in Brazil; sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in France; wheat (Triticum aestivum) in China and Canada; and cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Thailand.


Following the ideas presented by SAGrader, it seems promising that Ontology-based Information Extraction (OBIE) can be used for automatic summary and essay grading because OBIE provides a domain representation to help identify concepts and relationship over free text, which is a similar task to grading summaries and essays. Using OBIE for automatic summary and essay grading offers the same advantages that semantic networks offer, such as the possibility of generating feedback and no need of gold standard summaries. Also, ontologies are more expressive than semantic networks by allowing to represent disjointness and negations, which cannot be done by semantic networks [8] .

Also, ontologies are more expressive than semantic networks by allowing to represent disjointness and negations, which cannot be done by semantic networks.


As mentioned, advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) has given the possibility of automatic summary grading, such as the successful systems that use Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) [3] . LSA treats each essay as a matrix of word frequencies and applies singular value decomposition (SVD) to the matrix to find an underlying semantic space. It then represents each to-be-graded essay in that space as vectors and assesses the cosine similarity between the essay and the graded or standard essays or the text students read. The cosine similarity can be transformed to the grade. LSA-based systems have shown to be very accurate and with significant correlation when compared with human grading.

As mentioned, advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) has given the possibility of automatic summary grading, such as the successful systems that use Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA).


The results confirmed that ENTI fully mediated the relationship between ATE and PRSB (H 5 ). The findings further confirmed the full mediation of ENTI on the association of SUN and PRSB of Asnaf millennials (H 5 ). The results also confirmed that entrepreneurial intention fully mediated the linkage between PBC and PRSB (H 5 ). It is confirmed that the mediation model for this study is convincing and in line with the previous studies [85] .

It is confirmed that the mediation model for this study is convincing and in line with the previous studies.


The buoyancy effects are the result of the decrease in the density near the Pseudo-Critical Point (PCP) whereas acceleration effect results from the increase in the thermal expansion coefficient. The acceleration effect can also be explained using mass conservation principle. When a constant heat is provided to a fluid, density of the fluid decreases near the PCP and to conserve the mass, the decreased density will cause an increase in the velocity, accelerating the flow. The buoyancy effect acts always in the direction of gravitational force, irrespective of the flow direction whereas acceleration effect always acts in the direction of a flow irrespective of the gravitational force. Although these two effects are result World Journal of Engineering and Technology of large property variation, researchers investigated these effects extensively because large changes in the density and thermal expansion coefficient affect the heat transfer phenomenon more than other properties do [11] [12] . Experiments have shown that the buoyancy effects are not limited to supercritical pressure fluids and can be seen, for example, in heat transfer to water and air at atmospheric pressure, however, in a less dramatic form due to the smaller variation in properties as compared to supercritical fluids. In order to help understand the effects of buoyancy on heat transfer, experiments and numerical studies that included both buoyancy aided flow (upward flow) and buoyancy opposed flow (downward flow) conditions were carried out ( Figure 2 and Figure 3 ). A significant amount of work on buoyancy influenced heat transfer has been produced over the decades and is summarized by Jackson [8] .

Although these two effects are result World Journal of Engineering and Technology of large property variation, researchers investigated these effects extensively because large changes in the density and thermal expansion coefficient affect the heat transfer phenomenon more than other properties do.

A significant amount of work on buoyancy influenced heat transfer has been produced over the decades and is summarized by Jackson.


Women who are dependent are unable to seek care in the health care institutions or to procure the anti-retroviral treatment (ART) they need. Our data also show that women are unable to prevent their partners from having sexual relationships with other women since they are dependent on them for financial support. This is in line with a study carried out in Nigeria which shows that women's possibility to confront their husbands' infidelity or to insist on condom use is a highly charged issue (involving-avoidance of pregnancy, counter-accusations and suspicions on both sides) which can threaten the marriage [42] .

This is in line with a study carried out in Nigeria which shows that women's possibility to confront their husbands' infidelity or to insist on condom use is a highly charged issue (involving-avoidance of pregnancy, counter-accusations and suspicions on both sides) which can threaten the marriage.


ShEx has several open source implementations, and several documentation resources available on the Web. It has been used for the description and the validation of two linked data portals [13] . ShEx is currently successfully used in medical informatics for describing clinical models. ShEx represents a substantial improvement over contemporary schema languages in features and sound semantics.

It has been used for the description and the validation of two linked data portals.


Studies indicate that the extent of stroke-induced brain injury is influenced by the periphery. It has been shown that increased peripheral inflammation at the time of stroke aggravates ischemic injury [4] . Furthermore, exacerbated ischemic brain injury was reported in mice with elevated levels of plasma cholesterols [5] . The impact of comorbidity on stroke outcome therefore suggests the need to include comorbid conditions in the experimental animal model of stroke for a better understanding of pathology and therapeutic strategy.

It has been shown that increased peripheral inflammation at the time of stroke aggravates ischemic injury.

Furthermore, exacerbated ischemic brain injury was reported in mice with elevated levels of plasma cholesterols.


Eleven-dimensional supergravity reduces to type IIA supergravity in D = 10 under dimensional reduction. The product manifolds of the D-dimensional Minkowski spaces Min D with the tori T (10−D) provide consistent backgrounds for type II string theories whose low-energy effective theories are simply the maximal supergravity theories in D-dimensions. Type IIA and IIB superstring theories compactified over tori are related via T-duality, which in the low-energy limit is only a field redefinition. The eleven-dimensional supergravity theory arises as the low-energy effective theory of a strongly-coupled phase of superstring theory [38] .

The eleven-dimensional supergravity theory arises as the low-energy effective theory of a strongly-coupled phase of superstring theory.


So far the mechanisms of apoptosis are becoming clear and the key protein and apoptosis-related genes in the apoptosis pathway have become a molecular target of anti-cancer drug. In cancer therapy, increasing the activity of pro-apoptotic genes selectively and/or inhibiting the expression of anti-apoptotic genes can not only enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy of radiotherapy, but also reduce the toxic side-effects of drug (Zhou and Huang, 2004) . Therefore, inducing the apoptosis of tumor and reducing the apoptosis of healthy tissue cells have become a hot topic in cancer treatment. Pro-apoptotic gene Bax and anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 play an important role in regulating the apoptosis of tumor as the most representative members of Bcl-2 family. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in tumor cells was examined by immunohistochemistry in our research. The results showed that the Bcl-2 positive cells in tumor tissues of the ESBI and II groups were decreased significantly and the Bax positive cells in tumor tissues of the ESBI groups showed a significant increase, meanwhile the ratios of Bax/Bcl-2 in the ESBI and II groups were bigger than that of the control group. Our study indicated that the two ingredients ethanol extract from S. baicalensis could induce the apoptosis of tumor by down regulating the level of Bcl-2 gene and up regulating the level of Bax gene in tumor tissues.

In cancer therapy, increasing the activity of pro-apoptotic genes selectively and/or inhibiting the expression of anti-apoptotic genes can not only enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy of radiotherapy, but also reduce the toxic side-effects of drug.


High speed routers require wire speed packet forwarding while the sizes of the IP tables across core routers are increasing at a very high rate [16] . IP address lookup has been a significant bottleneck for core routers. The advancement of optical networks made the situation even worse with link rates already beyond 40 Gbps. It is predicted that in the near future ''Terabit'' link rates will be available at affordable prices [43, 17] .

High speed routers require wire speed packet forwarding while the sizes of the IP tables across core routers are increasing at a very high rate.

It is predicted that in the near future ''Terabit'' link rates will be available at affordable prices.


Complete functional and sensory recovery has been reported in cases of SBP following radiotherapy and/or surgery [14, 18, 19, 26, 28] . Unfortunately, most cases do not report standard SCI classifications or describe the functional recovery in detail. Of the cases that reported functional recovery, it is often unclear whether the patient was diagnosed with SBP or SEP. For example, Tomita and colleagues reported 1 patient with SP improving from Frankel C to D after spondylectomy [31] . In addition, Baba and colleagues reported 8 cases of SP of the spine, where one patient progressed from Frankel grade B to E in a period of 3.8 years [32] . Although, it is noteworthy that the patient with this progression was only 49 at the age of SP diagnosis. The researchers also reported that the other 7 patients progressed to Frankel grade D or E, however, two patients were initially classified as Frankel grade C, four at D, and one at E [32] . Likewise, there have been two reports of full functional recovery after surgery and radiotherapy in individuals with SBP who initially presented with limb weakness and paraparesis [18, 28] .

Complete functional and sensory recovery has been reported in cases of SBP following radiotherapy and/or surgery.

For example, Tomita and colleagues reported 1 patient with SP improving from Frankel C to D after spondylectomy.

In addition, Baba and colleagues reported 8 cases of SP of the spine, where one patient progressed from Frankel grade B to E in a period of 3.8 years.

The researchers also reported that the other 7 patients progressed to Frankel grade D or E, however, two patients were initially classified as Frankel grade C, four at D, and one at E.

Likewise, there have been two reports of full functional recovery after surgery and radiotherapy in individuals with SBP who initially presented with limb weakness and paraparesis.


Maps were generated for all prehistoric sites and for each cultural phase, determining areas with high or low probability. In Figure 15 , the highly probable areas of locating Achuelian (Phase 1) sites have been depicted, which fall on the pediplains or denudation surfaces, related to Satyavedu Formations, or in context of proximity to raw material sources related to the Cretaceous formations. Shifts in site location were seen over the Middle to late Palaeolithic periods. Areas with negligible probability occurred in alluvial contexts [7] [8] [9] . A significant outcome of the present study is that an urgent survey and sampling of the regions demarcated as high potential areas can be taken up to ensure rapid conservation of the sites as well as documentation in particular under constraints of time and funding. The same parameters can be applied to archaeologically rich areas extending from Tamil Nadu to Odisha, or in regions bearing similar geomorphological features, while modifications of this model may be applied to extend to sites of different time-periods and in other regions of the country.

Areas with negligible probability occurred in alluvial contexts.


Machines may never need all of the emotional skills that people need; however, there is evidence that machines will require at least some of these skills to appear intelligent when interacting with people. A relevant theory is that of Reeves and Nass at Stanford: Human-computer interaction is inherently natural and social, following the basics of human-human interaction [5] . For example, if a piece of technology talks to you but never listens to you, then it is likely to annoy you, analogous to the situation where a human talks to you but never listens to you. Nass and Reeves have conducted dozens of experiments of classical human-human interaction, taking out one of the humans and putting in a computer, and finding that the basic human-human results still hold.

A relevant theory is that of Reeves and Nass at Stanford: Human-computer interaction is inherently natural and social, following the basics of human-human interaction.


Regression showed that landscape diversity (expressed by the number of landscape types and SHDI) is area dependent i.e., the largest the area the highest the landscape diversity. The relationship seems to be analogous to the species-area curve [29] . However, when examining evenness against area size there is no trend since SHEI measures the distribution of area among patch i.e., in this case LDU types. The use of Shannon index for assessing landscape diversity is recommended since it is sensitive to rare landscape types and therefore appropriate for landscape management within an ecological framework [30] . The highest number of landscape types recorded in Cyprus compared to the rest of the study areas should not be attributed only to its size but also to the fact that we mapped the whole range of landscapes within the island's geographical boundaries. Landscape diversity comparisons among regions depend usually on the landscape itself, but also on the way that the methodology has been applied in each region. Despite the effort to streamline the process we cannot exclude elements of subjectivity in the application of the landscape character mapping by the teams involved. In terms of characterization, the findings imply that the 'complexity' of the classification scheme (should) increase as the area increases.

The relationship seems to be analogous to the species-area curve.

The use of Shannon index for assessing landscape diversity is recommended since it is sensitive to rare landscape types and therefore appropriate for landscape management within an ecological framework.


The problems of cross comparison between countries has been addressed by other studies [13, 17] . In the absence of truly unified datasets for the whole area the study relied on nationally available datasets which differed in nomenclature and classification systems. Data issues (availability, accessibility and quality) along with problematic access to some parts of the study areas due to safety and security reasons was also a limitation in addition to semantics in the interpretation of landform types, settlements, and the very term landscape. However, and despite the diverse background of the persons involved in the study, training and protocol development brought the teams closer than before to a common understanding of methods and terms. In the same way that sampling units assist when comparing population samples, a consistent landscape mapping framework can have a similar role when comparing landscape types.

The problems of cross comparison between countries has been addressed by other studies.


The study has filled a gap in East Mediterranean landscape mapping and typology by setting a benchmark for landscape characterization work in the area, while at the same time, recognized and revealed the distinct landscape character of each study area and the inherent diversity of its landscapes. The typology produced resulted in sufficient variation to describe landscape types while it emphasized elements which are characteristic of Mediterranean landscapes. More specifically it has accounted for the coastal nature of the area, the variety of landforms and has incorporate settlement pattern and land use, in particular pastoral tradition the latter being an important element of Mediterranean land systems [22] .

More specifically it has accounted for the coastal nature of the area, the variety of landforms and has incorporate settlement pattern and land use, in particular pastoral tradition the latter being an important element of Mediterranean land systems.


The number of total hip arthroplasties (THA) performed each year is increasing. A similar trend has also been observed for revision hip procedures [1] . Different materials, implant designs and sizes are available for THA acetabular revisions [2] . Special constructs are used for THA revision surgery with various success rates [3, 4] .

A similar trend has also been observed for revision hip procedures.

Different materials, implant designs and sizes are available for THA acetabular revisions.

Special constructs are used for THA revision surgery with various success rates.


Paclitaxel, a diterpenoid secondary metabolite in various Taxus (yew) species, is an excellent anticancer drug which has been widely used in the treatment of breast, ovarian and lung cancers as well as AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Since the supply of paclitaxel from the Taxus tree is in great shortage, the semisynthesis from a precursor 10-deacetyl baccatin III (10-DAB III) is viewed as promising alternative ways for antitumor drugs such as Taxol  (paclitaxel) and Taxotere  (N-debenzoyl-N-tertbutoxycarbonyl-10-deacetyl taxol) (Ramesh, 1998) . Taxus yunnanensis is an evergreen tree indigenous to China and from which many taxoids including paclitaxel and 10-DAB III have been already isolated (Zhang et al., 1995) . Cell culture of T. yunnanensis is a promising and renewable resource to supply paclitaxel (Zhang et al., 2002) .

Since the supply of paclitaxel from the Taxus tree is in great shortage, the semisynthesis from a precursor 10-deacetyl baccatin III (10-DAB III) is viewed as promising alternative ways for antitumor drugs such as Taxol  (paclitaxel) and Taxotere  (N-debenzoyl-N-tertbutoxycarbonyl-10-deacetyl taxol).

Taxus yunnanensis is an evergreen tree indigenous to China and from which many taxoids including paclitaxel and 10-DAB III have been already isolated.

Cell culture of T. yunnanensis is a promising and renewable resource to supply paclitaxel.


We presented a four-parameter two-groups mixture of normals parametric model for the distribution of GWAS summary statistics. Additionally, we presented an empirical scheme for estimating replication z-scores, their variances, and replication rates. The model parameters are then estimated by minimizing a cost function that depends on the differences in model and empirical estimates of effect sizes and expected z-scores-squared. Applying the model and empirical scheme to recent large GWAS of schizophrenia and putamen volume, we showed that effect sizes, along with variances and replication rates, are accurately described by the simple model over a wide range of z-scores, and over a wide range of discovery and replication sample sizes when the relationships can change dramatically. We further showed how the model can be used to estimate the fraction of additive SNP heritability (an estimate of the fraction of chip heritability) explainable by genome-wide significant SNPs in a massive univariate setting, as a function of sample size. The model enables estimation of an index for the degree of polygenicity of a phenotype, because structurally it allows for separate distributions of the large number of ubiquitous (small) effects and the relatively small number of sparse (large) effects, postulating that these different classes of effects will be distributed differently. We showed that ignoring the contribution of ubiquitous non-null effects severely degrades the accuracy of the mode. Given the model parameters, for any SNP with a p-value less than some thresholdindicating a potential candidate for true association with the phenotype -an accurate estimate of its probability of replicating can be calculated for replication samples of different effective numbers of subjects. It should be noted, however, that to have reasonable probability of replicating in a multistage GWAS, it might be necessary that candidate SNPs in the discovery sample substantially exceed genome-wide significance. The model can be improved and extended by letting the model coefficients depend on SNP heterozygosity, and by incorporating additional information like SNP functional annotation category (Schork et al., 2013) . We showed that schizophrenia is highly polygenic (∼3.7% of SNPs are significantly associated). We estimate that at approximately half a million each of cases and controls genotyped, all SNPs contributing to narrowsense heritability would have reached genome-wide significance. Putamen volume is approximately 40-times less polygenic than schizophrenia, and only of order one hun-dred thousand people need to be genotyped to capture all chip heritability with genome-wide significant SNPs.

The model can be improved and extended by letting the model coefficients depend on SNP heterozygosity, and by incorporating additional information like SNP functional annotation category.


In this paper, we study a new, quantitative way to analyse basic tenets good programming style using fractal geometry [7] . Fractals are often associated with beauty in nature and human designs [8] . Furthermore since fractals are self-similar and scale-invariant, we hypothesized a fractal approach might be inherently robust for handling distributions of source sizes.

In this paper, we study a new, quantitative way to analyse basic tenets good programming style using fractal geometry.

Fractals are often associated with beauty in nature and human designs.


Behind the rapid development of social, economic, and technology, energy becomes a crucial issue around the globe. A global warming devastation occurs from time to time and is becoming severe in the 21st century. Abrupt climate change happens around the world. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the responsible body to control the global temperature variation; it had announced that the global temperature absolutely increased with the estimation of 0.4 and 0.8 ∘ C for the past century and this phenomenon was the 10 warmest years over the last 15 years [1] . In the North Atlantic, the atmospheric circulation above Greenland also changed abruptly due to the global warming [2, 3] . Global warming phenomenon occurred as a result of greenhouse effect which led to the increasing in atmospheric temperature [3] . Increases in concentration of greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide (N 2 O), methane (CH 4 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) were the main causes of the drought in the areas from East Africa coastal area to the Arabian Sea, South Asia, East Asia, and South China. In the case of water (sea/river) level rising during the 21st century, global warming resulted in the melting of remaining ice masses. IPCC forecasts global mean sea levels (GMSLs) are likely to increase with the variation of 4-5 mm/year by 2050, 0.5-0.9 m by 2100, thus the losses of up to 30% of coastal wetlands [4] . Two major net heat sources had documented (1) net heating generated by human activities and (2) geothermal heat flow. In addition, the exploitation of nuclear energy and nonrenewable energy thus produces an additional heat in the world [5] . These driving forces lead the researchers to reduce the greenhouse effect and environmental protection with presenting creative ideas. In this paper, we are focusing on the alternative energy, hydrogen gas production. Today's hydrogen production is produced from fossil fuels, methane, and coal gasification [6] . The production of hydrogen gas determines the environmental impact and energy efficiency. Light-induced water splitting system is attractive to be studied. Thus, the photocatalysed degeneration of water with nanodisk-dendritic zinc oxide film was chosen to be the catalyst.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the responsible body to control the global temperature variation; it had announced that the global temperature absolutely increased with the estimation of 0.4 and 0.8 ∘ C for the past century and this phenomenon was the 10 warmest years over the last 15 years.

In the North Atlantic, the atmospheric circulation above Greenland also changed abruptly due to the global warming.

Global warming phenomenon occurred as a result of greenhouse effect which led to the increasing in atmospheric temperature.

IPCC forecasts global mean sea levels (GMSLs) are likely to increase with the variation of 4-5 mm/year by 2050, 0.5-0.9 m by 2100, thus the losses of up to 30% of coastal wetlands.

In addition, the exploitation of nuclear energy and nonrenewable energy thus produces an additional heat in the world.

Today's hydrogen production is produced from fossil fuels, methane, and coal gasification.


Our experiments have shown that population lag times, and thus fitness under an environmental switch to lactose, are to a large extent determined by the frequency of sensorless cells with zero lac operon expression. Moreover, such lags are observed across a diverse set of natural E. coli isolates. Given that even a small relaxation of the strength of lac operon repression can significantly reduce population lags, it is remarkable that natural selection has apparently not acted to avoid the occurrence of sensorless cells in any of the strains we tested here. This suggests that another selection pressure acts to ensure that a substantial fraction of cells have zero lac expression in the absence of lactose. One could speculate that perhaps LacY may otherwise transport toxic substances into the cell, or waste energy on transporting useless substances [14, 15] . In any case, it appears E. coli must trade-off short lags under a switch to lactose, against unwanted side effects of even very low lac operon expression when lactose is absent. The strength of lac operon repression observed in different strains may reflect Distributions of expression levels of sensor kinases across 28 conditions for 9 of the 28 annotated two-components systems in E. coli . The vertical dashed lines correspond to an average of 3 proteins per cell which is the threshold below which more than 5% of the cells is expected to be sensorless. Note that 4 out of 9 two-components systems (highlighted in orange) feature sensorless cells in 6 conditions or more.

One could speculate that perhaps LacY may otherwise transport toxic substances into the cell, or waste energy on transporting useless substances.


Our measurements of the single-cell lags suggest that population lags, and thus fitness in response to a switch of the available nutrients to lactose, can sensitively depend on the growth conditions before the switch. To test this in real populations, and to investigate to what extent this behavior extends beyond lab strains, we performed classic diauxie experiments with both lab strains and a diverse set of natural E. coli isolates [12, 13] . As is well known, when E. coli is grown on a combination of glucose and lactose, cells first consume the glucose and naturally switch to consuming lactose when the glucose runs out. To test the context-dependence of population lags, we performed diauxie experiments with two different lactose concentrations.

To test this in real populations, and to investigate to what extent this behavior extends beyond lab strains, we performed classic diauxie experiments with both lab strains and a diverse set of natural E. coli isolates.


The purpose of this study was to provide validity evidence for the New Lifestyles NL-1000 pedometer for use as an accurate, practical, and affordable measure of MVPA in school settings. The primary finding of this study was that estimates of MVPA time from the NL-1000 are, on average, similar to estimates derived from accelerometry using age-specific equations and a 4-MET threshold to define moderate intensity. This was true for a variety of school-based activities (cross-country run, PE, and classroom physical activity breaks). Other than during running, the NL-1000 underestimated accelerometry-derived MVPA with 3 METs used as the threshold. The absolute validity of the NL-1000 for estimating time spent in MVPA during school-based physical activity was therefore supported, if one accepts 4 METs as an appropriate MVPA threshold in children. Absolute validity refers to the ability of an instrument to measure accurately the correct score for a construct, in this case MVPA time (Sallis & Saelens, 2000) . This is important for situations such as reporting population values of MVPA or for determining the proportion of children who meet MVPA recommendations. During running, the choice of GT1M-derived MVPA threshold minimally affected the agreement with NL-1000 MVPA. The most likely explanation for this finding is that when running, children are usually considerably and continuously above the moderate intensity threshold, regardless of whether this is defined as 3 METs or 4 METs; thus, agreement between instruments is relatively easy to achieve. However, testing the NL-1000 under these conditions was a necessary prerequisite before testing it under more challenging conditions (i.e., where physical activity intensity varied and moderate intensity physical activity was intermittent). Activity during PE and classroom-based activity, on the other hand, is more intermittent and varied in nature; including light, moderate, and vigorous intensity activities. Therefore, any disparity in MVPA recording ability between instruments is more likely to be detected during these conditions. The results in the current study, therefore, are promising for use of the NL-1000 to determine MVPA in school-based physical activity.

Absolute validity refers to the ability of an instrument to measure accurately the correct score for a construct, in this case MVPA time.


The correlations between the NL-1000-derived MVPA and GT1M-derived MVPA were moderate to high under all conditions (although the removal of an outlier was necessary to achieve this in the PE condition), with one exception. The correlation with GT1M-4MET MVPA was fairly low. Other than the latter results, this supports the relative validity of the NL-1000 for measuring MVPA, i.e., its ability to put children in a similar order to the GT1M (Sallis & Saelens, 2000) .

Other than the latter results, this supports the relative validity of the NL-1000 for measuring MVPA, i.e., its ability to put children in a similar order to the GT1M.


Due to environment and sustainability considerations, the development of high-performance materials made from natural resources is increasing worldwide. The greatest challenge in working with natural fiber reinforced plastic composites is lower CO 2 emission compared to that of synthetic fibers [1] . The application of natural composites is being targeted in various fields due to the environmental and economic benefits which could be used in automotive industry as interior parts and in constructions sector such as walls and roofs. The use of natural plant fibers as reinforcement in fiber-reinforced plastics is receiving more attention recently, because of their advantages such as renewability, low density, and high specific strength. However, there are some disadvantages associated with the use of natural fibers as reinforcement in polymer composites. These include the incompatibility between fibers and polymer matrices, tendency to form aggregates during processing and poor moisture resistance, and so forth [2] [3] [4] .

The greatest challenge in working with natural fiber reinforced plastic composites is lower CO 2 emission compared to that of synthetic fibers.

These include the incompatibility between fibers and polymer matrices, tendency to form aggregates during processing and poor moisture resistance, and so forth.


These results seem to be comparable with previously reported stress states in silicon nanoparticles during lithiation using micro-Raman spectroscopy (Zeng et al., 2016) . However, it must be noted that a micro-Raman spectroscopy technique would only examine the outer surface of the crystalline part of the silicon nanoparticles, and thus the level of stress would be as expected in the outer walls of the crystalline core of the nanoparticles, i.e., a few hundreds of MPa. This technique would not provide the complete stress distribution in the nanostructures, but could prove useful in elucidating the qualitative trend of the stress evolution during lithiation. Our present study further confirms the overall qualitative trend of the stress states of the crystalline core of the SiNWs after lithiation and could provide furthermore complete information about the stress state of different parts of the SiNWs (for instance, smaller beam could lead to finer stress information, or the white-beam data could provide deviatoric components of the stress and thus provide richer information about the stress states in the individual SiNWs). In combination, these stress studies could help further improve the understanding of the complete stress states in the SiNWs during the electrochemical lithiation and could thus lead to the design of fracture-free silicon nanostructures for next-generation LIBs.

These results seem to be comparable with previously reported stress states in silicon nanoparticles during lithiation using micro-Raman spectroscopy.


Android Architecture. In Android, there are four types of app components: activities, which define a user interface; services, which perform background processing; content providers, which store and share data using a relational database; and broadcast receivers, which can receive broadcast messages from other applications. The primary method for inter-component communication, both within and between applications, is via intents. In this paper, we focus on communication between activity components. The startActivity family of methods is used to send an intent to an activity component. The app's manifest file specifies filters that are used by the system to determine if the app is eligible to receive a particular intent, using Android rules for matching filters to content of various intent fields. A component may also send an intent to itself, addressing itself either explicitly, or implicitly by setting its intent filter so that it can receive the intent it sent. Static Analysis Tools. Our analysis is built upon the FlowDroid and Epicc analyses and the Soot analysis framework. The FlowDroid static analysis is context-, flow-, object-, and field-sensitive and Android app lifecycle-aware [9] . FlowDroid performs a highly precise taint flow static analysis for Android, but its analysis is lim- Figure 1 . Analysis by data flow type: FlowDroid identifies sources (including intents received), flow of the data within the component, and sinks (including intents sent). Epicc identifies characteristics of intents sent by a component. TaintFlows, the Phase-2 analyzer, matches sent intents to components which could receive the intent, using app manifest data and matching intent IDs from Epicc and FlowDroid. From beginning to end, a given data flow can be internal to one component or traverse multiple components that can be in a single app or multiple apps.

Android Architecture.

Static Analysis Tools.

The FlowDroid static analysis is context-, flow-, object-, and field-sensitive and Android app lifecycle-aware.


TNF-α exerts its functions through two distinct receptors, TNF-α-R1 (CD120a) and TNF-α-R2 (CD120b). After binding TNF-α, TNF-α-R1 recruits a death domain (DD)-containing adaptor molecule, namely the TNF-α-R1-associated death domain protein (TRADD). TRADD serves as a platform for recruiting additional mediators [49] . It binds the DD-containing Ser/Thr kinase receptor-interacting protein (RIP) and TNF-receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2). This TRADD-RIP-TRAF2 complex initiates the pathway leading to NF-kB activation [50] [51] [52] . How might exogenous PC function in this regulation?

TRADD serves as a platform for recruiting additional mediators.

This TRADD-RIP-TRAF2 complex initiates the pathway leading to NF-kB activation.


BC is usually diagnosed in clinical practice by urinary cytology and cystoscopy. Although urinary cytology is convenient and detects BC with high specificity, its diagnostic ability is rather disappointing due to its low sensitivity (40-76%) [17] . Moreover, cystoscopic examination is highly invasive and relatively expensive, and thus, majority of the patients would be distressed. Therefore, new diagnostic tools that can distinguish BC from non-cancerous conditions with better sensitivity and specificity are needed. To this end, a number of urine-based tests have been developed. These include tests based on bladder tumor antigen (BTA), nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22), urine fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), ImmunoCyt, and FISH (UroVysion) [18, 19] . However, the diagnostic capability of all of these tests is insufficient, and can replace cystoscopy or urinary cytology [20] . The urinary metabolomics-based diagnostic approach described in the present study may be more promising as it is clinically relevant, performs well, and is convenient. The clinical relevance of this approach is based on the fact that urine is stored in the bladder and is in direct contact with bladder tissue. Thus, its metabolomic profile may closely reflect the status of the bladder tissue, making it more clinically relevant for BC diagnosis than the blood samples used in some studies [21, 22] . With regard to its diagnostic performance, the high sensitivity and specificity shown in this study using a large number of patients (> 250) gives reliability on its performance. Especially with the high sensitivity of above 85% without compromising the specificity, it can be compared with urinary cytology which suffers from the low sensitivity. It is also important that any diagnostic test should be convenient and quick in real practice and that the diagnostic decision can be made relatively easily. Our metabolomics approach only needs 5 uL of urine (1/5000th of the volume of the typical urine sample) which can be readily obtained during a routine check-up without affecting the original tests. Moreover, compared to the cystoscopy involving local anesthesia and pain, our urinary metabolomics-based diagnostic approach is non-invasive. The sample can be analyzed in 35 minutes and the decision can be made relatively quickly and objectively, as it does not require the expertise of experienced pathologists. Given these merits, this urinary metabolomics-based diagnostic approach may have the potential to augment or even replace the cytology or cystoscopic diagnostic modalities that are currently being used.

Although urinary cytology is convenient and detects BC with high specificity, its diagnostic ability is rather disappointing due to its low sensitivity (40-76%).

These include tests based on bladder tumor antigen (BTA), nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22), urine fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products (FDP), ImmunoCyt, and FISH (UroVysion).

However, the diagnostic capability of all of these tests is insufficient, and can replace cystoscopy or urinary cytology.

Thus, its metabolomic profile may closely reflect the status of the bladder tissue, making it more clinically relevant for BC diagnosis than the blood samples used in some studies.


Alcohol is a depressant psychoactive drug that reduces attention and reaction speed. It comes in many forms, including beer, wine and spirits. Beer is the third most consumed beverage following water and coffee, and is the oldest alcoholic beverage (Nelson, 2005) .

Beer is the third most consumed beverage following water and coffee, and is the oldest alcoholic beverage.


Recent years have seen increased interest in wearable devices that utilize an egocentric approach for acquiring interaction input from multi-modal sensors and performing everyday computing tasks. These include devices like augmented reality glasses, where a combination of an augmented display and a number of tangible and voice activated interfaces are used for interaction [2] . Such devices lack a novel interaction method which is both computationally efficient and robust. There is a need for an interaction method which can intuitively utilize the egocentric perspective to realize a natural interaction experience.

These include devices like augmented reality glasses, where a combination of an augmented display and a number of tangible and voice activated interfaces are used for interaction.


Although food has been made from natural materials its stability changes over a certain period of time. It is primarily affected by inadequate conditions of storing causing changes of its sensory characteristics (odour, taste, colour), and finally resulting in spoilage [1] . Some additives as synthetic flavorings are added for food preservation and restoration of its original properties. Numerous studies have been carried out with the purpose of examining food ingredients like vitamins, polyphenols, terpenes, fatty acids and all types of animal and vegetable products. Fruit as plant food containing various substances has great effects on the human body [2] . Its antioxidant activity is very important with the influence on the prevention of tumour diseases [3] . In any case, plant parts are very important to human nutrition having a positive effect on human health [4] .

It is primarily affected by inadequate conditions of storing causing changes of its sensory characteristics (odour, taste, colour), and finally resulting in spoilage.

Fruit as plant food containing various substances has great effects on the human body.

Its antioxidant activity is very important with the influence on the prevention of tumour diseases.

In any case, plant parts are very important to human nutrition having a positive effect on human health.


Direct searches at colliders impose a lower bound on the masses of the scalar particles [50, 51] . For definiteness, we require all scalars to be above 100 GeV. To ensure that the scan is sufficiently general, the upper bound on the scalar masses was set at 5 TeV. The masses of the singlet fermions, m N i , are not constrained by current collider data. In the scan, we allowed them to vary from a common minimum value of 1 GeV to a maximum value of 3.3, 5 and 10 TeV respectively for i = 1, 2, 3.

Direct searches at colliders impose a lower bound on the masses of the scalar particles.