Groovy is a dynamic language created to be run on the Java platform. Groovy 2.0 supports invokedynamic. Groovy, similar to JRuby, by default disables the use of the new opcode, giving the user the possibility to activate it. Groovy conducted some tests on version 2.0. The results indicated that runtime performance was increased in some scenarios, while other programs shower slower execution [16] .

Groovy 2.0 supports invokedynamic.

The results indicated that runtime performance was increased in some scenarios, while other programs shower slower execution.


The main objective of the present paper is to analyze the switching loss characteristics of the different sequences, which can be used to formulate new hybrid PWM techniques that result in simultaneous reduction in both THD and switching losses. Fig. 1 , is generated by applying the active state 1, the active state 2 and the zero states 0 and/or 7 for durations T 1 , T 2 and T Z respectively [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . For a given reference vector and Ts, the duration T 1 , T 2 and T Z are unique. However, each of these durations can be divided and applied in more than one distinct interval in a sub-cycle. There is also a choice in the sequence in which each of these states is applied [5, 6] .

Fig. 1 , is generated by applying the active state 1, the active state 2 and the zero states 0 and/or 7 for durations T 1 , T 2 and T Z respectively.

There is also a choice in the sequence in which each of these states is applied.


It is well-known that shear band intersections can be very effective strain-induced nucleation sites. The shear bands can be in the form of ε-martensite, mechanical twins, or dense stacking fault bundles [15] . Traditionally, the γ → α' transformation occurs via two shear strains of specific defects (mostly characterized by the type of a/6 < 112 > Shockley partial dislocation) on the {111}γ planes [16] . Depending on the crystallographic directions of the second shear deformation, the K-S or the Nishiyama-Wessermann orientation relationship could result. In K-S relationship, the {111}γ is converted into the {110}α' with the <1 10 >γ parallel to the < 111 >α' [17] . This mechanism could be reasonable for deformation-induced martensite transformation (DIMT) in large-sized γ grains.

The shear bands can be in the form of ε-martensite, mechanical twins, or dense stacking fault bundles.

Traditionally, the γ → α' transformation occurs via two shear strains of specific defects (mostly characterized by the type of a/6 < 112 > Shockley partial dislocation) on the {111}γ planes.

In K-S relationship, the {111}γ is converted into the {110}α' with the <1 10 >γ parallel to the < 111 >α'.


Based on our experience with BOKUroadkill, we conclude that a citizen science approach in higher education is very suitable for addressing important elements of motivation for learners: challenge, activity, curiosity, control, imagination, cooperation, competition and recognition (Malone & Lepper, 1987) . In BOKUroadkill, every student could choose his or her level of challenge by working with more or less complex datasets. The level of activity was met by shortterm and long-term goals; we set clear goals for the student project and also aggregated the observed data into a database for long-term monitoring. Using their own mobile phones, the students could actively take part in science, interactive feedback was provided immediately by pinpointing the roadkill location on the map -this fostered curiosity. Also, students acknowledged the fact that at least parts of the data they collected will be published in peerreviewed scientific journals and that their effort resulted in valuable pieces of new information to scientific knowledge. Students also had the full control over the time, place and effort of their participation effort, from just analyzing some data to proposing a hypothesis, collecting data and interpreting them. Roadkill is a very clear topic and through illustrations on our new website (Fig.  3) , we encouraged students to also use their imagination to think about underlying causes for roadkills in new ways which might ultimately generate innovative scientific questions and problem solutions. Since citizen science depends strongly on cooperation, the cooperation element was obvious in our project. However, for ethical reasons, we did not want to foster competition in BOKUroadkill, because monitoring killed animals should not be seen as a game where the participant reporting the most roadkills might be seen as the winner. Finally, the participants get recognition by reporting roadkills, because every data entry creates a pinpoint on a map and contains the name of the person who entered the data. Taken collectively, in this project we demonstrate that a citizen science approach could be used to familiarize hundreds of students with scientific research methods while additionally collecting valuable data for ecological research. As many universities are challenged by steadily weakening lecture-to-student ratios in natural sciences, educators are encouraged to take advantage of the mobile devices used by students and embed citizen cyber-science projects in their courses.

Based on our experience with BOKUroadkill, we conclude that a citizen science approach in higher education is very suitable for addressing important elements of motivation for learners: challenge, activity, curiosity, control, imagination, cooperation, competition and recognition.


In this research, a new type of microphone using the flexoelectric material, barium strontium titanate (Ba 0.65 Sr 0.35 TiO 3 or BST), was proposed to enhance the sensor sensitivity and bandwidth. Flexoelectricity has several advantages as a sensing principle. In crystallography, flexoelectricity can be found in all dielectric solids. On the other hand, piezoelectricity exists in only non-centrosymmetric crystal systems, a total of 20 out of 32 point groups [11, 12] . This indicates that flexoelectricity offers a broader choice of materials for electromechanical sensing with preferable properties. Of particular significance is the fact that flexoelectricity is not based on remnant polarization, and hence the poling process is not required for utilization. This being so, flexoelectric materials do not exhibit poling related aging problems [13, 14] . Furthermore, thanks to the scaling effect, flexoelectric sensing structures are expected to exhibit much higher sensitivity when the structures are scaled down to micro/nano domains [15] [16] [17] .

On the other hand, piezoelectricity exists in only non-centrosymmetric crystal systems, a total of 20 out of 32 point groups.

This being so, flexoelectric materials do not exhibit poling related aging problems.

Furthermore, thanks to the scaling effect, flexoelectric sensing structures are expected to exhibit much higher sensitivity when the structures are scaled down to micro/nano domains.


In our prior work, SVMs from two implementations (Kernlab and LibSVM via the Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA)) were used to perform the classifications [23, 24] . Several kernels were trialled, with the linear and RBF kernels performing the best. The cost of the constraint violation hyperparameter C, which is similar to except it is used when performing classifications, was set to 1. In all cases, both in this work and the prior work, five-fold cross validation was used to train and test the models.

In our prior work, SVMs from two implementations (Kernlab and LibSVM via the Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA)) were used to perform the classifications.


Assuming the red plane is making decision in Rollout ADP Policy(). It will not follow ADP policy directly. On the contrary, it tries each possible action (line 1 in Code section). For each possible action, the red plane's future state ( ) is rolled out for roll steps (lines 5-7). The red plane follows ADP policy during this process and the blue one follows Min-Max policy. The sum of reward and utility of is compared with the historical best value best : if the former is bigger than best , then update best and record the corresponding best action best (lines [8] [9] [10] [11] . Having tried all possible actions, the red plane gets the best action best in state .

It will not follow ADP policy directly.

The sum of reward and utility of is compared with the historical best value best : if the former is bigger than best , then update best and record the corresponding best action best (lines.


Materials placed in the microwave environment are classified as insulators, conductors, semiconductors, and superconductors [19] . Most of foodstuff are in the category of insulators and have low internal wavelength decided by dielectric properties and electromagnetic frequency [20] . Chemical component and physical structure of foodstuff determine the dielectric properties [13] . Food materials 2 Journal of Food Quality interact with microwave electromagnetic field to generate heat, and the dielectric constant and dielectric loss coefficient of the material are used to characterize the electromagnetic energy storage capability and the ability to convert electromagnetic energy into heat of the materials. So electromagnetic distribution can directly influence the temperature generation and distribution in the foodstuff heated by microwave [19] . Therefore, studying the rules from foodstuff heating phenomena in microwave oven has significant meaning for improving the quality of various foodstuff.

Materials placed in the microwave environment are classified as insulators, conductors, semiconductors, and superconductors.

Most of foodstuff are in the category of insulators and have low internal wavelength decided by dielectric properties and electromagnetic frequency.

Chemical component and physical structure of foodstuff determine the dielectric properties.

So electromagnetic distribution can directly influence the temperature generation and distribution in the foodstuff heated by microwave.


The aim of this paper is to explore the following research question: what are the consequences of mobile ERP use for organizations? The term "consequences" is used instead of the term "impact", because we want to consider both "positive" and "negative" or unanticipated consequences of technology use, considering the duality of technology when it is applied to a specific context (Orlikowski, 1992) . We present a set of propositions of possible consequences of mobile ERP use in organizations and we test them via multiple case studies, in three companies located in the South of Brazil.

The term "consequences" is used instead of the term "impact", because we want to consider both "positive" and "negative" or unanticipated consequences of technology use, considering the duality of technology when it is applied to a specific context.


Our approach for verifying reference counting implementations follows the following strategy. As a first step, we perform compositional reasoning to reduce the verification problem to a number of finite-state verification problems whose combined validity implies the original program's [22] . One possible verification strategy is to tag each resource with a handle, and ensure that clients only access resources to which they have handles. Correctness then follows separately from the correctness of handling each resource, and each handling process. This first step is called temporal case splitting: we check validity for a particular tracked resource and a particular accessee in an environment that abstracts all other resources and accessors.

As a first step, we perform compositional reasoning to reduce the verification problem to a number of finite-state verification problems whose combined validity implies the original program's.


A pronounced delay in the onset of fingering is found in all three cases. However, in immiscible fluids once the fingers do form after the delay, they grow very rapidly. This is in contrast to the slow "proportionate" growth regime found in miscible fluids. The delayed onset radius of fingering in immiscible fluids is much larger than what has been predicted by previous theoretical work (Al-Housseiny et al. (2012) ). This onset radius is proportional to the most unstable wavelength and increases approximately as a power law with the viscosity ratio, η in /η out .

The delayed onset radius of fingering in immiscible fluids is much larger than what has been predicted by previous theoretical work).


The literature on the effects of wars on economic growth, both theoretical and empirical, shows mixed results (Blattman and Miguel, 2010; Gyimah-Brempong and Corley, 2005) . The evidence from annual growth rates is similarly mixed. Sri Lanka enjoyed a 5% annual growth rate on average over the 30 year period of its civil conflict , while many other developing countries with similar civil unrest such as Afghanistan, Burundi and Somalia have failed to achieve such an outcome (Snodgrass, 2004; Wijeweera and Webb, 2009) . It is the contention of this paper that even when measures of economic performance show a net positive effect, a war is unlikely to have a positive contribution to economic growth in the case of a developing country that does not produce military hardware for the market.

The literature on the effects of wars on economic growth, both theoretical and empirical, shows mixed results.

Sri Lanka enjoyed a 5% annual growth rate on average over the 30 year period of its civil conflict , while many other developing countries with similar civil unrest such as Afghanistan, Burundi and Somalia have failed to achieve such an outcome.


The OMG are currently proposing a new UML profile for schedulability and performance aspects of real time systems (SPT), [16] . Schedulability and quality of service are complementary to the issues considered here. The SPT profile assumes that the communication semantics are already correctly described within the model. The SPT profile is concerned with building real time systems that are capable of systematic analysis and testing, at both the abstract level before implementation, and at the concrete level after implementation. The CUP profile is concerned with automatically resolving behavioural inconsistencies in a model specification by modifying the communication semantics, and hence applies to an earlier stage of requirements capture than the SPT profile. The CUP profile is also given a partial order theoretic semantics, which facilitates automated checking of the types of pathologies described in the paper.

The OMG are currently proposing a new UML profile for schedulability and performance aspects of real time systems (SPT).


Zileuton was tested in a randomized phase II trial in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer [41] . Patients received carboplatin/gemcitabine with Zileuton, celecoxib, or both Zileuton and celecoxib. The study failed to demonstrate a survival benefit in any arm, but the drugs, including Zileuton, were well tolerated. It is reasonable to suggest that the benefits of Zileuton might only be seen during escalation of cancer-associated inflammation and thus might have more use in cancer as a chemo-preventive agent, which is the setting in which we tested in this study.

Zileuton was tested in a randomized phase II trial in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.


In the continuum flow regime, the generalized constitutive relationship and the heat flux term are the corresponding Navier-Stokes formulations. The new gas dynamic equations can be regarded as a regularization of Levermore's 10 moment closure equations [2] . The gas dynamic equations have a wider applicable flow regime than that of the NS equations. They capture the time evolution of the anisotropic non-equilibrium flow variables, as demonstrated in our examples. The traditional temperature concept come from equilibrium thermodynamics, in which there is no anisotropic particle random motion in space. However, for the non-equilibrium flow transport, due to inadequate particle collisions the random molecule motion can become easily anisotropic. To directly consider the temperature as a tensor rather than a scalar is a reasonable description of a non-equilibrium flow. For a diluted gas, due to the lack of long-range particle interactions, the randomness of the particle motion is the only source for the dissipation in the system. Under the new definition of the temperature, all dissipative effects in a diluted gas system, such as the viscosity and heat conduction, can be unified under the same concept, T ij . The introduction of anisotropic Gaussian in the ES-BGK model is mainly for the modification of Prandtl number. Here, we explicitly present the anisotropic temperature concept, which is used to describe the physical reality, such as those routinely observed in the DSMC simulations. The current gas dynamic equations can be useful in the study of non-equilibrium flows in the near continuum flow regime. In the current generalized gas dynamic equations, the total thermal energy is invariant with respect to the system of coordinates. However, the individual temperature seems depend on the coordinate system, which deserves further investigation.

The new gas dynamic equations can be regarded as a regularization of Levermore's 10 moment closure equations.


Developing a high-power, low-cost, fast tunable, and high reliable THz source is one of most challenging issues in a THz system. For example, for medical applications, a THz source is required to have a frequency between 0.3 and 3 THz in addition to all other features mentioned above. Among the THz sources currently available, the parametric conversion technique could provide a THz source with a narrow line-width and can operate at room temperature. It is also fast to tune at a relatively low cost [16] . However, the phase-mismatching dilemma is an issue that would decrease the generation efficiency. One common way to increase the efficiency is to boost the pumping power by the use of a pulsed source. Unfortunately, this approach is limited by the two-photon absorption [17] . On the other hand, utilizing a periodic structure is an effective way to achieve quasiphase matching and thus improves the conversion efficiency. Usually, noncentrosymmetric crystals in free space geometry are employed [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . Despite the achievable high generated power, this scheme lacks the advantages of compatibility with fiber and integrated optics and is sensitive to environmental effects.

It is also fast to tune at a relatively low cost.

Unfortunately, this approach is limited by the two-photon absorption.

Usually, noncentrosymmetric crystals in free space geometry are employed.


It will also be of potential interest to study if miR-182 mediated control of PPP1R1C is also functionally important in cervical cancer pathogenesis [6, 7] . Conversely, it will be important to verify if other known targets of miR-182, like FOXO1 in prostate cancer, are also deregulated in GBM. A complete understanding of miR-182 mediated regulation might emerge from experiments looking at gene expression following overexpression and knockdown of miR-182 in GBM cells.

It will also be of potential interest to study if miR-182 mediated control of PPP1R1C is also functionally important in cervical cancer pathogenesis.


Self-efficacy is an important dimension in the learners' personality because of its impact on his behavior and actions. Self-efficacy plays a vital role in directing and determining the learner's behavior, he acts based on his thoughts about himself, this mean an interchangeable process between the way and how he perceives himself; this process is referred to as the academic adjustment [1] . Learners Perceiving their academic self-efficacy proved to have high abilities in; academic adjustment, challenge, performing the extra effort tasks, adjustment to the university activities, agreement with faculty members, less vulnerability to others disorders and self-organized [2] .

Self-efficacy plays a vital role in directing and determining the learner's behavior, he acts based on his thoughts about himself, this mean an interchangeable process between the way and how he perceives himself; this process is referred to as the academic adjustment.

Learners Perceiving their academic self-efficacy proved to have high abilities in; academic adjustment, challenge, performing the extra effort tasks, adjustment to the university activities, agreement with faculty members, less vulnerability to others disorders and self-organized.


Following two outbreaks in Michigan and Oregon, USA, 1982, Escherichia coli O157:H7 was first identified as a human pathogen. It was separated from those individuals who had and severe abdominal cramps bloody diarrhea after eating underboiled hamburgers in restaurants. Since then, it has been separated from food products with growing prevalence (Nyachuba, 2010) . It is found that E. coli O157:H7 generally accesses the food chain of human beings via water or food which is polluted by faeces from animals carrying the bacteria. Numerous methods have been developed to decrease the incidence of E. coli O157:H7 in ruminants and therefore to reduce the carriage in human beings. It is important that those strategies will be economical, practical and suitable from the perspective of animal welfare. However so far, no effective strategy has been developed to decrease E. coli O157:H7 incidence of ruminants. This situation calls for innovative strategies to effectively decline E. coli O157:H7 prevalence and thereby to lower the public health risk.

Since then, it has been separated from food products with growing prevalence.


Learning to learn together (henceforth L2L2) has been defined as a complex competence that emerges in a group or collectivity with the goal of learning how to be an effective facilitator of group learning (Yang, Wegerif, & Pifarré, 2013) . L2L2 skills will equip citizens for life in the knowledge society in today's global age, in which distributed teams working together to solve problems and inquiring into issues are increasingly common. Nevertheless, teaching how to learn collectively and how to develop skills that allow individuals to learn to learn with others is one of the greatest educative challenges (Mercer, 2013; Wegerif, 2015) .

Learning to learn together (henceforth L2L2) has been defined as a complex competence that emerges in a group or collectivity with the goal of learning how to be an effective facilitator of group learning.

Nevertheless, teaching how to learn collectively and how to develop skills that allow individuals to learn to learn with others is one of the greatest educative challenges.


At the same time, it has long been conventional wisdom that finite mixture models can yield pathological estimates (Redner and Walker, 1984) . As Larry Wasserman remarked, finite mixture models are the "Twilight Zone of Statistics" (Wasserman, 2012) . Our motivation for this paper is to understand how the pathological features of finite mixture models affect inference for component-specific means, which is a central challenge in principal stratification and is also of general scientific interest.

At the same time, it has long been conventional wisdom that finite mixture models can yield pathological estimates.

As Larry Wasserman remarked, finite mixture models are the "Twilight Zone of Statistics".


Principal stratification is a widely used framework for addressing post-randomization complications in a principled way (Frangakis and Rubin, 2002) . Typically, the goal is to estimate a causal effect within a partially latent subgroup known as a principal stratum. While there are many possible ways to estimate these principal causal effects, by far the most common approach is via finite mixture models, treating the unknown principal strata as mixture components (Imbens and Rubin, 1997) . To date, scores of applied and methodological papers have relied on finite mixtures to estimate causal effects, both explicitly and implicitly.

Principal stratification is a widely used framework for addressing post-randomization complications in a principled way.

While there are many possible ways to estimate these principal causal effects, by far the most common approach is via finite mixture models, treating the unknown principal strata as mixture components.


A standard way to describe the large N limit of a matrix model is in terms of a density of eigenvalues. A particular background would correspond to a specific eigenvalue density. In this article we have used a Young diagram to specify the background. We have seen however, that this Young diagram can be translated into a particular eigenvalue distribution. A Young diagram describing m rings will correspond to a distribution in which the eigenvalues are clustered into m "clumps" with eigenvalues in a particular clump having similar magnitudes. This suggests that the free fermion pic-ture of the eigenvalue dynamics has a potential with m minima. The locality that we have seen emerge from the field theory emerges when the clumps of eigenvalues have well separated values. This matches nicely with other recent results [25] .

This matches nicely with other recent results.


In total, 85 indicator species were detected in the conducted experiment. This value appears to be relatively small compared with the number of species which constitute the general resources and biodiversity of lowland Poland. It is estimated that the total aquatic flora of watercourses of this type includes about 115 species of vascular plants (Rutkowski, 2008; Bernatowicz and Wolny, 1969) .

It is estimated that the total aquatic flora of watercourses of this type includes about 115 species of vascular plants.


It has been observed (in agreement with the existing literature) that the cleaner the river, the higher the calculated MIR values (Table 1 ). The MIR indicator may take a value from 10 (the most degraded) to 100 (the best). In the case of lowland rivers, the highest MIR values do not exceed 60 (Szoszkiewicz et al., 2010) . Values consistent with the literature were confirmed in the analyzed experiment and in the simulated data.

In the case of lowland rivers, the highest MIR values do not exceed 60.


In addition to typical macrophytes, 63 more terrestrial vascular plants may potentially develop in the waterfront zone (Rutkowski, 2008) . This number may be increased by bryophytes, with 10 liverworts and 15 mosses (Jusik, 2012) . In addition, 15 surface mosses are regularly recorded in sandy-bottomed lowland rivers (mainly Bryopsida and Mnium species). Moreover, nine structural algae may potentially occur in waters of this type (Cladophora, Ulva, Vaucheria, Oedogonium, Ulotrix, Spirogyra, Hildenbrandia, Rhizoclonium, Stigeoclonuim) .

In addition to typical macrophytes, 63 more terrestrial vascular plants may potentially develop in the waterfront zone.

This number may be increased by bryophytes, with 10 liverworts and 15 mosses.


CIR and EIR are specifically defined by Y.1564, in terms of measurement philosophy and methodologies, as the acceptable parameters in the method to determine service performance levels that conform to modern industrial and commercial service level agreements. It therefore appears logical that modern IEEE 802.11a/g/n systems that transport TCP/IP Ethernet services for industrial solutions should be evaluated according to the same ITU-T Y.1564 standards. It should be noted here that 802.11b is not an OFDM-based system, but that 802.11a/g/n OFDM systems are backward compatible with 802.11b (Paulraj, Nabar, & Gore, 2003) .

It should be noted here that 802.11b is not an OFDM-based system, but that 802.11a/g/n OFDM systems are backward compatible with 802.11b.


Performance gains may be made in OFDM systems by the application of more than one antenna at either or both connecting points of the wireless link (Bolcskei, 2006) . Multiple antennas can be used to effect interference cancellation and may also be used in coherent combining techniques to obtain diversity and array gain. An additional fundamental channel gain is realized by the use of multiple antennas in a MIMO configuration at either/both sides of the link that improves spectral efficiency.

Performance gains may be made in OFDM systems by the application of more than one antenna at either or both connecting points of the wireless link.


Another approach to solve the minimum total expansion problem is to fur the interconnection topology of the parallel system to have a short path between every two processors. Then, the corresponding mapping problem is to assign the nodes of a task graph to the nodes of a fixed processor graph so as to minimize total expansion [7] . The mapping problem to minimize total expansion is NP-complete [7] .

Then, the corresponding mapping problem is to assign the nodes of a task graph to the nodes of a fixed processor graph so as to minimize total expansion.

The mapping problem to minimize total expansion is NP-complete.


This study assessed the recycling process of a local waste-concrete treatment plant. The wetbased crushing method consisted of crushing/screening, classifying and flocculating concrete fines, as illustrated in Figure 1 . Dried sludge, precipitated using cationic-organic polymer coagulants was discarded at a rate of 10 tons/day. The total amount of solid phase included in the concrete sludge from recycled concrete-aggregate production was approximately 7%, increasing up to 40% for high quality aggregate products. The concrete sludge was strongly alkaline and rich in calcium (Ca) as a result of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) dissolution from the concrete particles [5] . The air-dried solids, generated from the solid-liquid separation and flocculation process, were discarded as they were considered to have insignificant economic value. The supernatant from the flocculation process was reused in the wetbased crushing processes, without further treatment. The best practice, from both environmental and economic stand points, should include neutralization for discharge into streams or, ideally, neutralization and reuse to remove cement paste in the wet process of waste concrete production. Treatment using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is commonly employed to neutralize alkaline wastewater, because of the simplicity of the process. However, it does increases the agent cost consumption [6] . This added cost is a significant barrier to the development of the whole waste-concrete recycling process. In addition, neutralization of the wastewater using acids, without Ca removal, is not effective in removing cement paste from the aggregates in the waste-concrete recycling process due to the over-saturation of Ca.

The concrete sludge was strongly alkaline and rich in calcium (Ca) as a result of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) dissolution from the concrete particles.

However, it does increases the agent cost consumption.


When k = 1, we have d 1,n = 2(n − 1) and # 1,n is the Catalan number # 1,n = 1 n 2n−2 n−1 . The following table exhibits the large discrepancy between the number of lines tangent to spheres and the number of lines tangent to general quadrics. When n = 3 this discrepancy was accounted for by Aluffi and Fulton [1] . In Section 1, we review some facts on Plücker coordinates of k-planes in projective space. In Section 2, we combine recent results in the real Schubert calculus with classical perturbation arguments adapted to the real numbers to prove Theorem 1. Since the proof for general (k, n) is non-constructive, we give a symbolic, constructive proof for the case (k, n) = (1, 3) in Section 3.

When n = 3 this discrepancy was accounted for by Aluffi and Fulton.


Most biological tissue lack NIR-absorbing chromophores, thus permitting transmission of NIR light (700-1,000 nm). Therefore, normal tissue along the laser path should suffer minimal thermal damage, which is not the case for radiofrequency (RF) or magnetic thermal ablation [31, 32] . Spheroids containing empty Ma were not affected by even the highest laser irradiances tested (28 W/ cm 2 ) Live/dead assays clearly demonstrated similar numbers of dead cells in spheroids containing empty Ma independent of laser treatment (Fig. 5a, b) , in sharp contrast to the effects of NIR on spheroids containing loaded Ma where the overwhelming majority of tumor cells were dead (Fig. 5c, d ).

Therefore, normal tissue along the laser path should suffer minimal thermal damage, which is not the case for radiofrequency (RF) or magnetic thermal ablation.


Pomalidomide (PMD) is a third-generation immunomodulatory drug with significant activity in multiple myeloma. Its mechanism of action is incompletely understood, but concerns anti-angiogenic and other unknown antiinflammatory effects [25] . In addition, PMD is the most potent in inhibition of TNF-α production [25] . An earlier study by the authors of the presented study showed that PMD attenuated CPF-induced apoptosis in SHSY5Y cells. Also, in this study, CM given in a dose of 2.5uM had no effect on the cytotoxicity of CPF to tested cells [11] .

Its mechanism of action is incompletely understood, but concerns anti-angiogenic and other unknown antiinflammatory effects.

In addition, PMD is the most potent in inhibition of TNF-α production.

Also, in this study, CM given in a dose of 2.5uM had no effect on the cytotoxicity of CPF to tested cells.


Casuarina equisetifolia L. (Casuarinaceae) is a nitrogen-fixing tree native to Southeast Asia, Australia and Pacific islands (PINYOPUSARERK and HOUSE, 1993) . The species is of considerable social, economic and environmental importance in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In southern China, nearly all of the estimated 300,000 hectares of casuarina plantations is comprised of C. equisetifolia . In India, over two-thirds of the total 500,000 hectares of casuarina plantations are established with this species (RAWAT et al., 2011) . Genetic improvement programs for C. equisetifolia are actively underway in China and India.

Casuarina equisetifolia L. (Casuarinaceae) is a nitrogen-fixing tree native to Southeast Asia, Australia and Pacific islands.

In India, over two-thirds of the total 500,000 hectares of casuarina plantations are established with this species.


Researchers use the concentration of the gas at any location to study plumes. Special sensors can measure the values of concentrations at the desired locations. The surrounding area of factories that use a certain poisoning gas is covered by a grid of sensors that are able to measure the concentration of this specific gas [1] , [2] .

The surrounding area of factories that use a certain poisoning gas is covered by a grid of sensors that are able to measure the concentration of this specific gas.


Plume spreading is affected by different factors. Apart from the nature of the gas and the temperature at the release point; weather conditions is the most important factor. It is impossible to track plumes without full knowledge of the weather conditions, especially the wind direction and velocity. The wind factor is included in most of the mathematical plume models in literature [1] .

The wind factor is included in most of the mathematical plume models in literature.


The promising path started from the previous developments makes desirable a more detailed study of general correlation functions using algebraic Bethe ansatz techniques. In this article we will consider the case were the spin operators are located at non-adjacent sites. We will focus on the SU(2) sector of N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills. At oneloop the dilatation operator in that sector reduces to the hamiltonian of an homogeneous Heisenberg chain [22] . At two and three-loops the spectrum of anomalous dimensions can be obtained from the Bethe ansatz equations of a long-range spin chain, with interactions beyond nearest-neighbours [23] . Our analysis will start with the one-loop homogeneous Heisenberg chain, where some care will be needed in order to regularize the seeming divergent behavior of the commutation relations of the elements of the monodromy matrix.

At oneloop the dilatation operator in that sector reduces to the hamiltonian of an homogeneous Heisenberg chain.

At two and three-loops the spectrum of anomalous dimensions can be obtained from the Bethe ansatz equations of a long-range spin chain, with interactions beyond nearest-neighbours.


Marine oil spills are the most important threat to the coastal environment and ecosystem of the sea. Moreover, oil spills are responsible for the great loss of energy resources. They are formed mainly by occasional accidental episodes of super tankers, oil rig drilling, war and natural events. Therefore, the ecological disasters resulting from oil spills have created a great need for cost effective cleanup systems. In recent years large numbers of studies have been devoted to oil spill cleanup [1] . A wide range of materials for oil remediation have actually been employed such as dispersants, absorbents, solidifiers and booms [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Dispersants simply disperse the oil to accelerate the oil and separate it from the water by absorption. Absorbents collect the oil and separate it from the water by absorption. Absorbent materials are attractive for oil spill cleanup application because of the possibility of collection and complete removal of the oil from the oil spill site. The addition of absorbents to oil spill areas facilitates a change from liquid to semi-solid phase and once this change is achieved, the removal of the oil by removal of the absorbent structure then becomes much easier. Solidifiers react with the oil to form a cohesive, solidified mass that floats on water and Booms are used to trap the oil in small area [9] .

In recent years large numbers of studies have been devoted to oil spill cleanup.

A wide range of materials for oil remediation have actually been employed such as dispersants, absorbents, solidifiers and booms.

Solidifiers react with the oil to form a cohesive, solidified mass that floats on water and Booms are used to trap the oil in small area.


The properties for good absorbent materials include hydrophobicity and oleophilicity, high uptake capacity, reusability and biodegradability of the absorbents [10] . Advanced material engineering techniques can structure surfaces that allow dynamic tuning of their wettability all the way from superhydrophobic (i.e. repelling) behaviour to almost complete wetting (i.e. super hydrophilic) but these surfaces only work with high-surface-tension liquids [11] . Almost all organic liquids that are everywhere in human environment such as oils, solvents, detergents, etc. have quite low surface tensions and thus easily wet the hydrophobic surfaces. Silica aerogels possess low surface energy; therefore it absorbs liquid which possess surface energy less than the surface energy of aerogels [12] .

The properties for good absorbent materials include hydrophobicity and oleophilicity, high uptake capacity, reusability and biodegradability of the absorbents.

Advanced material engineering techniques can structure surfaces that allow dynamic tuning of their wettability all the way from superhydrophobic (i.e. repelling) behaviour to almost complete wetting (i.e. super hydrophilic) but these surfaces only work with high-surface-tension liquids.

Silica aerogels possess low surface energy; therefore it absorbs liquid which possess surface energy less than the surface energy of aerogels.


Therefore, this paper proposes a method of tracking the MPP of the PV system using the PI controller, which is widely used to control the industrial field [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] . The PI controller is a controller that uses proportional gain and integral gain. The proportional gain and the integral gain of the PI controller are closely related to the rise time, settling time, and steady-state error, and there is clear relationship between the gain and the control amount. In addition, it has a simple structure and a small amount of calculation, which enables a quick response. Since the PI controller is generally controlled with a fixed gain value, however, it is difficult to satisfy both transient and steady states. The response performance of the steady state is degraded when the gain value is increased for the fast response of the transient state, whereas, the performance of the transient state is degraded if the gain value is reduced to improve the steady-state response performance. Therefore, it is necessary to control the gain so as to satisfy both transient and steady states by automatically adjusting the gain value of the PI controller according to the operation state. In this paper, fuzzy control is used to adjust the gain of the PI controller. Methods for adjusting the gain value of PI controller using fuzzy control were presented through several studies [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] . However, existing studies depend on designer knowledge for rule base and membership function designs and do not suggest how the gain value of a PI controller changes with its operational state. Thus, the paper proposes simple and clear fuzzy control membership function and rule base design according to the characteristics of the PV system and shows the gains of PI controller, which are changing in the transient and steady-state of the system. Fuzzy control does not require accurate modeling and has the advantage of controlling nonlinear systems [39] . The VGPI (variable gain proportional integral) controller proposed in this paper uses the voltage and current of photovoltaic power generation, as inputs to control the gain value of the PI controller with a fuzzy controller, and the PI controller tracks the MPP of the PV system.

Therefore, this paper proposes a method of tracking the MPP of the PV system using the PI controller, which is widely used to control the industrial field.

Methods for adjusting the gain value of PI controller using fuzzy control were presented through several studies.

Fuzzy control does not require accurate modeling and has the advantage of controlling nonlinear systems.


Threshold logic (TL) was introduced over four decades ago, and over the years has promised much in terms of reduced logic depth and gate count compared to traditional AND -OR -NOT (AON) logic-gate based design. However, lack of efficient physical realizations has meant that TL has, until recently, had little impact on VLSI. Efficient TL gate realizations have recently become available, and a number of applications based on TL gates have demonstrated its ability to achieve high operating speed and significantly reduced area [1] .

Efficient TL gate realizations have recently become available, and a number of applications based on TL gates have demonstrated its ability to achieve high operating speed and significantly reduced area.


The role of cities in sustainable development has become more prominent due to the growing urban population worldwide [6] . Sustainability was first defined over 30 years ago and is widely accepted as an important conceptual framework within which to position urban policy and development. The underlying tension between the associated aspects of sustainability-environmental, social and economic-as well as the wide interpretation of the concept has led to a variety of urban forms being described as -sustainable‖ [6] . As nodes of energy and material consumption, cities are causally linked to accelerating global ecological decline and are not by themselves sustainable. At the same time, cities and their inhabitants can play a major role in helping to achieve global sustainability [7] . The academic study of sustainable development now holds a variety of perspectives and approaches. It includes a number of policies and practices grounded from communal agrarian utopianism to large-scale capital-intensive consumer market development. Human well-being stands at the center of this analysis of AC use. In parts of the world the hottest season already brings daily ambient heat levels beyond the physiological limits of the human species, particularly for people carrying out physical work [4] . Climate change will create higher heat exposure levels and AC will be needed more and more in highly populated urban areas. To find a sustainable way to provide the energy requirements for urban AC is a major challenge.

The role of cities in sustainable development has become more prominent due to the growing urban population worldwide.

The underlying tension between the associated aspects of sustainability-environmental, social and economic-as well as the wide interpretation of the concept has led to a variety of urban forms being described as -sustainable‖.

At the same time, cities and their inhabitants can play a major role in helping to achieve global sustainability.

In parts of the world the hottest season already brings daily ambient heat levels beyond the physiological limits of the human species, particularly for people carrying out physical work.


Low-power, high-temperature sensors can be used in conjunction with on-chip coils for power transfer to monitor the temperature of power semiconductors [8] . The concept is illustrated in Fig. 1 . Here, the temperature sensors are glued in direct contact with the power semiconductors to provide accurate measurements while being galvanically isolated from the main measurement system, as communication and power supply are implemented wirelessly through radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology.

Low-power, high-temperature sensors can be used in conjunction with on-chip coils for power transfer to monitor the temperature of power semiconductors.

The concept is illustrated in Fig. 1 .


Based on our observations, one of the most abundant ladybird species occurring in South Florida citrus groves is Coelophora inaequalis (F.) (unpublished data). However, no quantitative data on the relationship between C. inaequalis and the brown citrus aphid are available. Several studies have suggested that brown citrus aphid may be toxic to certain predators, or nutritionally inadequate for their successful development (Tao & Chiu, 1971; Morales & Burandt, 1985) . The suitability of brown citrus aphid as prey must therefore be determined to assess the capacity of C. inaequalis to maintain signi®cant numbers in affected orchards. Understanding the development and functional response of a predator is important to the effectiveness of biological control of an insect pest (Juliano, 1993) . Therefore, we evaluated the development and ef®ciency of adult and fourth-instar C. inaequalis as a predator of brown citrus aphid through functional response experiments.

Several studies have suggested that brown citrus aphid may be toxic to certain predators, or nutritionally inadequate for their successful development.

Understanding the development and functional response of a predator is important to the effectiveness of biological control of an insect pest.


Although it is straightforward to see how QKD with ideal sources and detectors is secure, real-world QKD systems must contend with imperfect experimental components. In 2000, it was pointed out that the use of attenuated lasers (which emit photons in a Poissonian distribution) drastically limits the secure range of laser-based QKD systems [4] . Eve could perform a photon number splitting (PNS) attack in which she selectively changes the channel transmittance based on photon number but still maintains the expected rate of detections at Bob. If the rate of multi-photon pulses at Alice is larger than the rate of photon detections at Bob, then Eve could block all the laser pulses containing single photons, and only allow transmission of the multi-photon pulses, which are inherently insecure. In this case, the entire string of "secure" bits could, in fact, be known to Eve.

In 2000, it was pointed out that the use of attenuated lasers (which emit photons in a Poissonian distribution) drastically limits the secure range of laser-based QKD systems.


Piezoelectric material, due to its characteristic direct-converse piezoelectric effect, has naturally received considerable attentions [1] . Piezoelectric materials playing a key role as active components in many fields of engineering and technology such as electronics, laser, microwave infrared, navigation and biology [2] . Mechanical stress occurs in piezoelectric material for any electric input. The stress concentrations caused by mechanical or electric loads may lead to crack initiation and extension, and sometimes the stress concentrations may be high enough to fracture the materialparts.

Piezoelectric material, due to its characteristic direct-converse piezoelectric effect, has naturally received considerable attentions.

Piezoelectric materials playing a key role as active components in many fields of engineering and technology such as electronics, laser, microwave infrared, navigation and biology.


Large multi-MW wind turbines experience large unbalanced loads on the blades and rotor induced by the time and spatial variation of the wind filed. Rotational sampling induces large spectral peaks on the blade loads at multiples of the rotor rotational speed, , i.e. , etc.. Both blade in-plane (M x ) and out-of-plane (M y ) bending moments are dominated by the component. With a threebladed wind turbine, the hub loads and other structural loads are dominated by , etc., due to the 120 degrees of phase between the contributions from each blade. Additional significant components in the loads arise from structural modes, e.g. blade flapwise and edgewise modes. The flapwise mode is normally aerodynamically well damped but the edgewise mode is not [1] . All these components contribute to the lifetime equivalent fatigue loads and ultimate loads of wind turbine structural elements.

The flapwise mode is normally aerodynamically well damped but the edgewise mode is not.


An alternative approach is Individual Blade Control (IBC) [5] . To remove those aspects of the dynamics due to the rotation of the rotor, the dynamics of a blade in the non-inertial reference plane rotating with the rotor are transformed to those in an inertial stationary reference frame. A controller is designed using a measurement of the blade root bending moments to reduce some target load. Since no information about the blade loads is lost in this approach, it has more flexibility over the choice of target loads. The application of IBC (IBC_iss1) to directly reduce the lifetime equivalent blade loads and to indirectly reduce the lifetime equivalent loads has been investigated [5] . Furthermore, the application of IBC (IBC_iss2) to reduce ultimate loads has, also, been investigated [6] . The load reductions achieved by both these designs are compared with the baseline full envelope controller and performance are briefly summarised in Table 1. For brevity, only the lifetime fatigue loads for blade root out-of-plane, hub tilting and tower base fore-aft bending moment are tabulated. Only the ultimate blade loads L1 and L2 at one blade station, as discussed in Section 4, are included. Clearly IBC_iss1, which is designed to reduce the lifetime equivalent fatigue loads, can obtain satisfactory reductions of order 3%~27% on the blade, hub and tower but it does not reduce significantly the blade ultimate loads. In contrast, IBC_iss2, which is designed to reduce the blade ultimate loads, can achieve a reduction greater than 20% on both load L1 and L2 but does not reduce the lifetime equivalent fatigue loads significantly. In this paper, the application of IBC to reduce both blade fatigue and ultimate loads concurrently is investigated. The contributions of spectral load components, , and edgewise mode, is explored and different control options for reducing various combinations of these load components are compared. Because IPC cannot be used to directly reduce blade ultimate loads it is not considered further. The paper is divided into 5 sections: in section 2, a description of individual blade load control is presented. Then a general overview of blade fatigue and ultimate loads is given in section 3. Section 4 discusses the simulation results for an exemplar 5MW wind turbine based on four different controller designs. Finally, in section 5, discussions and conclusions are outlined.

An alternative approach is Individual Blade Control (IBC).

The application of IBC (IBC_iss1) to directly reduce the lifetime equivalent blade loads and to indirectly reduce the lifetime equivalent loads has been investigated.

Furthermore, the application of IBC (IBC_iss2) to reduce ultimate loads has, also, been investigated.


Legal liability, for example, creates an awareness that has an impact on midwives as well as obstetricians and gynaecologist's decision-making and attitudes towards mode of delivery (Reime B et al 2004) . Most studies have focused on obstetricians and gynaecologists' attitudes towards elective CS but little is known about midwives attitudes and opinions about CS. In addition, there is an ongoing debate in public and among other professional groups involved in perinatal care. Therefore it has become important to study the attitudes to CS in general in a population of Swedish midwives.

Legal liability, for example, creates an awareness that has an impact on midwives as well as obstetricians and gynaecologist's decision-making and attitudes towards mode of delivery.


The theory of elastic rods has a long history. There now exists a hierarchy of detailed theories that both justify and generalize the original (most simplistic and yet fundamental) model of Euler and the Bernoullis to encompass such effects as shear, extension, non-uniformity, intrinsic curvature, and nonlinear constitutive relations, in both the static and dynamic settings. A comprehensive survey of both the history and contemporary state of the field can be found in Antman [2] .

A comprehensive survey of both the history and contemporary state of the field can be found in Antman.


The microstructure and mechanical properties of alloys in the initial state and after the introduction of various additives are presented in detail in References [16, 19] . It was shown that for all of the modified samples, an increase in the relative elongation was characteristic. However, the temporary tear resistance for all samples varied from 14.4 kgs/mm 2 to 22 kgs/mm 2 . For all of the modified samples, the increase in mechanical properties was due mainly to the decrease in the dimensions of the silicon wafers. However, the uneven distribution of the eutectic and its accumulation in alloys modified by commercial K 2 ZrF 6 and Arsal 2120 influenced the strength values and the optimal relationship between the structure and mechanical properties. The introduction of MM to the melt led to a secondary liberation of silicon particles from the solid solution, due to which an optimal relationship between the structure and mechanical properties was achieved.

The microstructure and mechanical properties of alloys in the initial state and after the introduction of various additives are presented in detail in References.


Misconceptions about HIV transmission are still prevalent in SSA, despite recent significant improvements in public awareness of the disease. For example, studies in Kenya and Ghana discovered that some respondents believe the HIV virus could be spread through mosquito bites and touching an infected person [11, 13] . In addition, the view that a healthy-looking person cannot be HIV positive or that HIV can be cured by sleeping with a virgin, eating fresh vegetables, and making ancestral sacrifices is still a notion in many parts of SSA [14, 15] .

For example, studies in Kenya and Ghana discovered that some respondents believe the HIV virus could be spread through mosquito bites and touching an infected person.

In addition, the view that a healthy-looking person cannot be HIV positive or that HIV can be cured by sleeping with a virgin, eating fresh vegetables, and making ancestral sacrifices is still a notion in many parts of SSA.


The importance of quality rice seeds in increasing yield has been widely recognized. With no market access to good quality seed, farmer-to-farmer exchange is generally the major source of seeds in Bangladesh. Continuous saving of seeds from own harvest for seed purpose without proper cleaning would seriously affect seed health leading to lower yields (Mew, 1997) . It has been documented that the use of clean and healthy seed of farmers' own harvest can increase yield by 8-10% in Bangladesh (Diaz et al., 2000) . So, it is important that clean and healthy seeds be used as planting materials in order to increase the productivity for eliminating poverty and calorie deficiency of Bangladeshi people. Poor quality seed can reduce germination, seedling growth and crop health, grain quality and yield. Most rice farmers use their own preserved seed for the subsequent crop season, which is subject to insect infestation and disease.

Continuous saving of seeds from own harvest for seed purpose without proper cleaning would seriously affect seed health leading to lower yields.

It has been documented that the use of clean and healthy seed of farmers' own harvest can increase yield by 8-10% in Bangladesh.


Good seed health could be achieved through better management by selecting the seeds from the time of harvest, drying for optimum moisture control for storage, and maintaining scientific storing conditions to protect seeds from seedborne pathogens. For crop and pest management, attention has been paid to cultural practices or curative measures with harmful agrochemicals aimed at protecting the crop health. Seeds carry potential genetic characteristics for successful crop production. It is important that clean and healthy seeds be used as planting materials in order to increase rice yield. Contaminated seeds can often result in poor seedling vigor, and an unhealthy crop (Shenoy et al., 1988) .

Contaminated seeds can often result in poor seedling vigor, and an unhealthy crop.


The oxygen penetration depth was between 0.3 to 0.6 cm in the sediment (Fig 2) . Nitrate concentrations in the overlying water ranged from 120-180 lM, while NO 3 -in pore water from the 0-0.5 cm layer was always below 5 lM. The relatively coarse scale of the pore water sampling (0.5 cm sections in the upper 2 cm) and the rapid reduction of nitrate in the samples, limits the resolution of measured pore water NO 3 -. Typically the NO 3 -penetration should extend below that of O 2 (Stief et al., 2003) . The resolution of the O 2 profiles is improved by the use of the microelectrode. Pore water NH 4 + concentrations increased with depth, as a result of ammonification. Seasonal differences in NH 4 + were observed in the upper 17 cm with highest concentrations in spring and lowest in fall, where high NH 4 + corresponded with shallower O 2 penetration. The NH 4 + profiles exhibit evidence of bioirrigation in the upper 17 cm with somewhat homogeneous concentrations, while below this depth upward diffusion is evident. Sediment N org concentrations decline with depth due to organic matter decomposition.

Typically the NO 3 -penetration should extend below that of O 2.


Globally, suicide accounted for one of the leading causes of mortality among the young adult population [18] . The students undergoing training to become professional nurses belong to the young adult population among whom suicide is now recognized as a major public health issue [18] . According to the World Health Organization, more than three-quarter of the global mortality from suicide occur in the developing countries in which more than 90% of the world's young adult population live [19] . The reduction of suicide is a complex process that requires multiple and equally complex approaches [20] . Indeed, an extensive electronic search of literature revealed that, the construct and correlates of hopelessness has not been explored among the population of Nigerian student nurses and no instrument has been validated as a measure of hopelessness in the general population of Nigerian students undergoing health-care training, or Nigerian student nurses in particular. Thus, we are of the opinion that a first step in this direction will be to explore the appropriateness of the BHS as a measure of hopelessness by examining its factorial structure, validity, and reliability in a non-clinical sample of Nigerian student nurses selected from four training institutions in South-western Nigeria. We hypothesized that the BHS would have statistically significant negative correlations with the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES), and positive correlations with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), and the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).

Globally, suicide accounted for one of the leading causes of mortality among the young adult population.

The students undergoing training to become professional nurses belong to the young adult population among whom suicide is now recognized as a major public health issue.

According to the World Health Organization, more than three-quarter of the global mortality from suicide occur in the developing countries in which more than 90% of the world's young adult population live.

The reduction of suicide is a complex process that requires multiple and equally complex approaches.


The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) was developed by Beck and colleagues in 1974 to specifically and quantitatively measure hopelessness, a construct that had been initially regarded as impossible to empirically evaluate [1] . Currently, the most extensively utilized instrument for the assessment of hopelessness is the BHS [2] . The original psychometric characteristics of the BHS was described based on the data obtained from 294 individuals who had attempted suicide, and the authors reported a three-factor structure after subjecting the scale's 20 items to exploratory factor analysis (EFA) [1] . Despite the observation that the BHS has demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability in an extensive number of studies involving clinical and non-clinical populations, there is still uncertainty regarding the factor structure of the scale [3] .

The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) was developed by Beck and colleagues in 1974 to specifically and quantitatively measure hopelessness, a construct that had been initially regarded as impossible to empirically evaluate.

Currently, the most extensively utilized instrument for the assessment of hopelessness is the BHS.

The original psychometric characteristics of the BHS was described based on the data obtained from 294 individuals who had attempted suicide, and the authors reported a three-factor structure after subjecting the scale's 20 items to exploratory factor analysis (EFA).

Despite the observation that the BHS has demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability in an extensive number of studies involving clinical and non-clinical populations, there is still uncertainty regarding the factor structure of the scale.


The relationship of hopelessness with depression and suicidality has been well researched and documented [4] [5] [6] . One variable which has been permanently integrated into the measures for the evaluation of risk of suicide and suicidal behavior is hopelessness [7] . In several observational studies, hopelessness has been repeatedly recognized as the most dependable risk factor for suicidal behavior, either attempted or completed [8] [9] [10] . Studies have also demonstrated that the severity of hopelessness, and thus the risk of suicide can be ameliorated by employing psychological therapeutic techniques [11, 12] .

The relationship of hopelessness with depression and suicidality has been well researched and documented.

One variable which has been permanently integrated into the measures for the evaluation of risk of suicide and suicidal behavior is hopelessness.

In several observational studies, hopelessness has been repeatedly recognized as the most dependable risk factor for suicidal behavior, either attempted or completed.

Studies have also demonstrated that the severity of hopelessness, and thus the risk of suicide can be ameliorated by employing psychological therapeutic techniques.


Through the observed findings, it is clear that the oral manifestations emerged after chemotherapy. The antineoplastic post-treatment oral affections are compounded when the individual has come from a poor oral health. This condition may be due to several causes, where the lack of information and access to health services are very relevant when surveyed in the literature [13] .

This condition may be due to several causes, where the lack of information and access to health services are very relevant when surveyed in the literature.


Infants demonstrated sensitivity to another individual's incongruent emotional responses to two of three interpersonal events. In support of our predictions, infants looked longer at a protagonist's angry facial expressions after being given a toy than when she conveyed a happy facial expression. A similar difference was present when sadness followed the give event, but this effect fell short of reaching statistical significance. Additionally, infants looked longer at an angry expression than a sad expression following the give event. This may be because anger was both unexpected for this event and high in arousal, resulting in increased infant attention (Russell & Bullock, 1985) .

This may be because anger was both unexpected for this event and high in arousal, resulting in increased infant attention.


Portland cement-based concrete is the most widely used construction material. This has led researchers to invent new cement production technologies and investigate the use of various materials and additives. Concrete structures are subjected to harsh environments that affect their long-term serviceability and durability [1] . The durability of concrete is defined as its ability to maintain its structural integrity, protective capacity, and aesthetic characteristics for a prolonged period of time. Researchers are always working to develop stronger, more durable concrete. Additionally, the quest for shorter setting times and high early strength has led researchers to modify Portland cement using innovative chemical and mineral admixtures to meet those demands. The need to produce more sustainable concrete has led researchers to formulate complex mixes that use secondary mineral additions and a wide variety of chemical admixtures to improve concrete performance [2] .

Concrete structures are subjected to harsh environments that affect their long-term serviceability and durability.

The need to produce more sustainable concrete has led researchers to formulate complex mixes that use secondary mineral additions and a wide variety of chemical admixtures to improve concrete performance.


The mentioned approaches consider QoS parameters to be precise and be provided by the consumer. But in general QoS parameters from consumers are imprecise and expressed in different forms. In addition little or no detail is given on how to calculate the dependencies between QoS parameters, which will have influence on the service ranking and selection. Fuzzy logic has been used to deal with ambiguous QoS parameters [19] [20] [21] . Used fuzzy logic to deal with QoS parameters, however, the approaches provide solution to ambiguous and imprecise QoS parameters and did not address any dependencies between QoS parameters.

Fuzzy logic has been used to deal with ambiguous QoS parameters.


Despite the differences in spectral composition and intensity between solar UVR and artificial UV sources some of the results of field and standardized laboratory experiments are comparable. In both approaches repeated sublethal UVR-irradiation of D. pulex resulted in increased mortality (Figs 2, 3) . Also, in field studies, UVR-induced mortality has recently been shown to be preceded by damage to the intestine of D. pulex (Zellmer et al. 2004) . The results of our laboratory experiments confirm these findings: UVR-treated D. pulex showed an increase in the length of the green-colored portion of the gut, increased percentages of D. pulex with damaged guts and increased mortality compared to control animals with no UVR-treatment (Fig. 3) . If D. pulex were fed on UVR-treated algae these negative effects increased significantly suggesting a food chain effect of UVR, both under field and laboratory conditions. In order to get a more detailed view of the impact of UVR on the digestive process of D. pulex we studied food transportation through the gut, amylase and cellulase enzyme activity in UVR-treated and control animals, both with control food and UVR-treated food.

Also, in field studies, UVR-induced mortality has recently been shown to be preceded by damage to the intestine of D. pulex.


Ponds reflect changes in environmental conditions very quickly due to their shallowness and small volume. Thus, phyto-and zooplankton inhabiting such ecosystems are exposed to rapid changes in their physical (i. e. solar radiation, temperature, DOC dissolved organic carbon, pH) as well as biochemical environment. In high latitude ponds physical and chemical forcing of certain variables are even more extreme than for ponds at lower latitudes compelling biota to cope with sudden and drastic changes in their environment. Two of the most variable factors in high latitudes ponds are temperature and solar radiation. As a consequence of decreases in stratospheric ozone concentrations increases in solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 290 -400 nm) have been recorded in some regions (Perin & Lean 2004) . UVR is the most energetic and most harmful part of the solar spectrum and shows a maximum in early spring in northern latitudes. The attenuation of UVR in the water column depends mainly on the concentration of the chromophoric portion of DOC (Arts et al. 2000) . The shallowness of many subarctic ponds and their low DOC concentrations allows UVR to penetrate to the bottom of most ponds. Thus, the biota living in these ponds must tolerate at least some exposure to solar UVR especially in spring and early summer when many pond animals are reproducing and solar UVR levels are high.

As a consequence of decreases in stratospheric ozone concentrations increases in solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 290 -400 nm) have been recorded in some regions.

The attenuation of UVR in the water column depends mainly on the concentration of the chromophoric portion of DOC.


The ability to predict the fluid dynamics is of primary importance in designing and developing multiphase reactors. Numerical modeling of multiphase flows at large scales is an intensive area of research, and the Eulerian two-fluid approach is widely used for simulating dispersed multiphase flows, such as in bubble columns. In this approach, the conservation equations are formulated for each phase and weighted with the volume fraction of the corresponding phase. As a result of this averaging procedure, the interaction between the phases is taken into account by the interfacial exchange terms that appear in the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations of each phase. The turbulence for largescale simulations is usually described with the ReynoldsAveraged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations [14] . Such an approach allows for the simulation of large-scale reactors, whereas direct numerical simulation or large eddy simulation with the Euler-Lagrange treatment is too cost-intensive.

The turbulence for largescale simulations is usually described with the ReynoldsAveraged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations.


Examples of the Eulerian two-fluid approach with unsteady RANS (URANS) turbulence modeling have been widely applied in the literature for bubble columns [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . When using an Eulerian two-fluid approach, a proper solution for the bubble columns is dependent on the correct modeling of interphase forces and turbulence models. These closure models must describe complex phase interactions, and several models for interphase forces have been reported in the literature [15, 19, [21] [22] [23] . The drag force has a great effect on the macroscopic flow patterns (i.e., vertical velocity profiles and local void fraction profiles). The lateral forces influence the radial void fractions in the pipe cross section. The lift force is subject to a change of sign for a bubble critical diameter and becomes substantial by using bubble classes with extra velocity classes. The wall force drives the bubbles away from the wall, and the turbulent dispersion force tends to even the gradients in the void fractions.

Examples of the Eulerian two-fluid approach with unsteady RANS (URANS) turbulence modeling have been widely applied in the literature for bubble columns.

These closure models must describe complex phase interactions, and several models for interphase forces have been reported in the literature.


The problem of managing trust and reputation in open and decentralized systems has attracted substantial research efforts in recent years [3] . A large number of work in this area focus on developing appropriate computational trust models to learn behaviors of participants based on their historical performance. Such model uses statistical or heuristic methods to aggregate ratings on past transactions of a target peer and related participants, from which to compute a trust metric as an indication of whether the target cooperates in the next transaction.

The problem of managing trust and reputation in open and decentralized systems has attracted substantial research efforts in recent years.


MCC is derived from cellulose by acid hydrolysis followed by homogenization and is commercially available [6e9] . MCC possesses excellent mechanical properties (axial elastic modulus 120e200 GPa, tensile strength 7.5 GPa) and already finds applications in food, cosmetics, medical and hygiene products, emulsions, etc [7e9] . Both nano cellulose and MCC have been extensively used as reinforcements of polymeric matrices [10e14]. However, they have been rarely studied as reinforcements of cementitious composites for construction applications. Very recently, well dispersed nano cellulose (as received from the acid hydrolysis) was found to improve the flexural strength of cement by 30% [15] . BNC has also been used as fibre coating in bagasse fibre reinforced cement composites resulting in stronger fibre/cement interface and reduced fibre mineralization [16] . Similarly, MCC was also used for reinforcement of cementitious materials; however, no improvement in mechanical performance was achieved [17] . In this work, MCC was saturated with water and mixed with cement without any dispersion step. So, non-homogeneous dispersion of MCC could be the main reason behind its ineffectiveness in enhancing mechanical performance. Similar to other nano and micro materials, dispersion of MCC is also believed to be highly important with respect to the mechanical properties, as MCC agglomeration can significantly reduce its reinforcing efficiency and leads to defects within cementitious materials. Therefore, to ensure homogeneous dispersion of MCC within cementitious matrix, the present study reported the first attempt of using a surfactant (Pluronic F-127) to fabricate MCC reinforced cementitious composites.

Very recently, well dispersed nano cellulose (as received from the acid hydrolysis) was found to improve the flexural strength of cement by 30%.

BNC has also been used as fibre coating in bagasse fibre reinforced cement composites resulting in stronger fibre/cement interface and reduced fibre mineralization.

Similarly, MCC was also used for reinforcement of cementitious materials; however, no improvement in mechanical performance was achieved.


Let us briefly describe the first option. The option of a full-length helical undulator remains the most attractive in terms of quality of the output radiation. However, its realization is not foreseen at the first stage of the LCLS project mainly due to technical challenges related to the production of long helical insertion devices. The choice of a relatively short helical undulator could initially constitute a reasonable compromise. It is not necessary that all the undulators in the line be helical, Fig. 1 . In fact, since the SASE process already provides electron beam microbunching, the microbunches radiates coherently when passing through an helical undulator tuned at the same radiation wavelength. At the LCLS, saturation of linearly polarized radiation at 1.5 nm is reached after 6 undulator modules. The saturation power is about 10 GW. In order to reach more than 99% degree of polarization, APPLE undulators need to be installed before the power reaches 0.1 GW, i.e. in the fourth module [11] .

The saturation power is about 10 GW.

In order to reach more than 99% degree of polarization, APPLE undulators need to be installed before the power reaches 0.1 GW, i.e. in the fourth module.


The etiology of gastric cancer has been demonstrated to be multifactorial, infection with Helicobacter pylori being the most important risk factor [10] . Virulence of Helicobacter pylori depends on several factors including the cytotoxic associated gene A and the vacuolating cytotoxin gene A [11] . Whether the existence of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer in our patient is of causal or concurrent relationship remains unclear. Occurrence of gastric cancer in young people motivated molecular studies that identified inherited mutations in the E-cadherin/CDH1 gene described in several ethnic groups [12] [13] [14] .

The etiology of gastric cancer has been demonstrated to be multifactorial, infection with Helicobacter pylori being the most important risk factor.

Virulence of Helicobacter pylori depends on several factors including the cytotoxic associated gene A and the vacuolating cytotoxin gene A.

Occurrence of gastric cancer in young people motivated molecular studies that identified inherited mutations in the E-cadherin/CDH1 gene described in several ethnic groups.


The second important difference between pigs and humans is that the posterior communicating artery in pigs is comparable in size to the ICA. As a result, the connection between the anterior and posterior circulation systems is very well developed when compared with humans. An additional important difference is that in each hemisphere 2 MCAs originate from the ICA, 1 coursing laterally and another rostrally over the olfactory tract [13] .

An additional important difference is that in each hemisphere 2 MCAs originate from the ICA, 1 coursing laterally and another rostrally over the olfactory tract.


In mobile communication systems, such as the current 2G and 3G networks, small cells divided by the base stations are used to cover the entire region. So the base station should have the best possible coverage area in order to improve the quality of service (QoS). As to base station antenna, the most important factors that affect the cell coverage are antenna's azimuth angle, vertical down angle, and transmit power. As to the terminal, we think there are two targets which have to be considered. They are RSRP (Reference Signal Receiving Power) and SINR (Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio) [1] . The RSRP characterizes the average signal power obtained by the mobile terminal which depends on the power antenna transmits, distance between base station and terminal, and direction of terminal to the base station, and so forth. SINR is different from the noise in the propagation path such as AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise). It focuses on the interference from different signals which lead to the decline in SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio). SINR mainly originates from the interference caused by the signals from the same base station to different terminals and from different base stations to one terminal. So we should choose the right antenna parameters to maximize the RSRP and minimize the SINR.

They are RSRP (Reference Signal Receiving Power) and SINR (Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio).


A scaled-down alternative to the algae-aquaculture system may also be the construction and improved maintenance of farm ponds and recreational lakes throughout the watershed of a eutrophic ecosystem. If these manmade water bodies are built to cultivate algae and tilapia in a single environment, they will be able to provide nu- trient removal services and marketable products, as well as catchment areas for flooding and storm water management. Biomanipulation, artificial circulation, and algae harvesting may prove to be useful tools in smaller, less complex aquatic ecosystems such as these. Productive reservoir/lake/pond ecosystems involving fish and algae represent permanent nutrient loss pathways, since the organisms that take up the nutrients are being harvested and removed from the system; case studies often attest to the natural nutrient uptake abilities of these ecosystems [56] . If enough of these water bodies are constructed and maintained, their cumulative effect may be substantial. Preliminary calculations indicate that approximately 1,850,000 hectares of such productive ecosystems would be needed to reduce the annual Mississippi River phosphorus load by 50%. Further research is required to gauge the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of constructing and maintaining pond/lake ecosystems compared to algae-aquaculture systems similar to the one proposed herein. One of the significant aspects of ecosystem management is that of finding methods to allocate costs and pay for each project. The reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus associated with an algae-aquaculture system has value to society, but methods to convert this value to project funding may require government action.

Productive reservoir/lake/pond ecosystems involving fish and algae represent permanent nutrient loss pathways, since the organisms that take up the nutrients are being harvested and removed from the system; case studies often attest to the natural nutrient uptake abilities of these ecosystems.


Current approaches to corporate water risk disclosure are fundamentally unsatisfactory when applied to understand the scale of the challenges faced. Efficiency targets offer a superficially attractive benchmark of improvements in company performance, but diminishing marginal returns on efficiency investment will inevitably render such measures progressively less meaningful. A more useful approach would incorporate targets 'beyond the fence line', but companies behaving rationally are unlikely to expose themselves to the execution risk that this implies; notwithstanding the momentum towards greater transparency identified in the literature (Meyer, 2010) .

A more useful approach would incorporate targets 'beyond the fence line', but companies behaving rationally are unlikely to expose themselves to the execution risk that this implies; notwithstanding the momentum towards greater transparency identified in the literature.


The study was conducted within RCEGS in Miyagi Prefecture of the Tohoku region of Japan. Students and teachers were sampled from 15 schools comprising four elementary schools, six junior high schools and five high schools in and around Zao-Shiroishi, Murata, Kakuda City, Natori City and Sendai City using structured questionnaires. The data presented in this paper is part of a study conducted on (1) environmental sustainability knowledge of respondents in schools and businesses, and (2) the sustainability of schools and businesses in RCEGS [1, 22, 69] . Regarding the figure showing "the most appropriate stage for learning ESD", additional respondents of 94 company workers from 10 firms were sampled. Preferences for the suggested ESD approaches for implementation in the schools were sought from the respondents. The suggested approaches were categorized as: (a) sustainability awareness creation by the use of the media (internet, newspapers, and voluntary in-school activities); (b) re-oriented field-based and classroom-based sustainability education in the present curriculum; (c) company visits and on-the-job training/internship; and (d) sustainability practices in the school premises and environs. The questionnaire included a list asking students to select three jobs they would like to do in the future. Analyses were done and the statistical representations were mainly descriptive.

The data presented in this paper is part of a study conducted on (1) environmental sustainability knowledge of respondents in schools and businesses, and (2) the sustainability of schools and businesses in RCEGS.


When a place becomes unavailable or is threatened, awareness of the benefits it provides may increase (Cheng & Chou, 2015) . This suggests that under a changing climate, as environments are fundamentally altered or as adaptation requiring landscape modifications intensifies, individuals' attachment to place is increasingly likely to be challenged (Adger et al., 2009; Quinn, Lorenzoni, & Adger, 2015) . Empirical research has repeatedly demonstrated how identities embedded in particular places and occupations influence climate risk perceptions, motivation and adaptation (Clarke, Murphy, & Lorenzoni, 2016; Marshall et al., 2013) . Conversely, psychological change may also be necessary to promote adaptation and avoid maladaptation risks (Quinn et al., 2015) .

When a place becomes unavailable or is threatened, awareness of the benefits it provides may increase.

This suggests that under a changing climate, as environments are fundamentally altered or as adaptation requiring landscape modifications intensifies, individuals' attachment to place is increasingly likely to be challenged.

Empirical research has repeatedly demonstrated how identities embedded in particular places and occupations influence climate risk perceptions, motivation and adaptation.

Conversely, psychological change may also be necessary to promote adaptation and avoid maladaptation risks.


Where disruptive change is viewed as positive and familiar, both support for change and place attachment can increase, enabling a pathway for transformation i.e. disruptive change does not always produce negative attitudes (Von Wirth et al., 2016) . Respondents in this study recognised the need for flood defences, but were less supportive where flood defences required changes to the form and/ or function of the promenade. Where individuals recognise the need for place change, but symbolic values associated with place appear to contradict such changes, some form of cognitive transformation may be necessary to overcome the psychological dissonance between the desire for both stability and change. In this context, educational awareness has been shown to play a supportive role in facilitating transformative adaptation (Schlosberg et al., 2017) . Respondents in this study however, criticised the availability and transparency of information from the local authority. Moreover, increasing educational awareness alone may be insufficient to encourage adaptation where place attachment is concerned (Lewicka, 2011) .

Where disruptive change is viewed as positive and familiar, both support for change and place attachment can increase, enabling a pathway for transformation i.e. disruptive change does not always produce negative attitudes.

In this context, educational awareness has been shown to play a supportive role in facilitating transformative adaptation.

Moreover, increasing educational awareness alone may be insufficient to encourage adaptation where place attachment is concerned.


The 19 helminth species of L. guttatus herein reported contrast with the fi ve helminth species found in Caulolatilus princeps, nine in Sebastes miniatus, and 14 in Caranx caballus from the Mexican Pacifi c (Rodríguez-Santiago & Rosales-Casián, 2011; Rodríguez-Santiago et al., 2014; Violante-González et al., 2016) . Possibly, such differences would be indicating a more varied diet in L. guttatus. Nonetheless, several parasite species are accidental.

The 19 helminth species of L. guttatus herein reported contrast with the fi ve helminth species found in Caulolatilus princeps, nine in Sebastes miniatus, and 14 in Caranx caballus from the Mexican Pacifi c.


The study presented here describes a fast and reproducible LC-MS/MS method to determine concentrations of Tα1 in human serum between 0.5 ng/ mL and 100 ng/ mL, the concentrations seen in both healthy subjects and in patients after pharmacologic administration. The method employs a simple reverse-phase SPE extraction combined with LC-MS/MS multiple reaction monitor (MRM) detection.This method is accurate and precise, as well as sensitive, with only 30 µ L required for injection. The run time is only 8 minutes, so the method can be used in both clinical trial samples as well as for pharmacokinetic studies [31] .

The run time is only 8 minutes, so the method can be used in both clinical trial samples as well as for pharmacokinetic studies.


Endogenous Tα1 can be detected in serum, where levels measured in more than 600 healthy adults by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were found to be in the 0.1 to 1 ng/ml range [24] [25] [26] [27] . The circulating concentration of Tα1 tends to be lower in diseased individuals and higher during pregnancy [28] [29] [30] . The source and mechanisms of release and regulation of circulating T α1 are unknown. T α1 is contained in the sequence of prothymosin, a 126− amino acid peptide that is reported to be found in the cell nucleus and has been examined in terms of its potential effects on cell proliferation. T α1 is found in highest concentrations in the thymus but has also been found in spleen, lung, kidney, brain, blood, and a number of other tissues.

Endogenous Tα1 can be detected in serum, where levels measured in more than 600 healthy adults by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were found to be in the 0.1 to 1 ng/ml range.

The circulating concentration of Tα1 tends to be lower in diseased individuals and higher during pregnancy.


Along with the assessment of deficits, SST planning in crack users should consider the differences, such as gender. Women had higher social skills in the overall score than men when comparing the social skills of men and women. This finding provides evidence that women were more skilled at social interaction than men in this population of crack users in a closed environment. In this perspective, it is understood that in the society, different repertoires are reinforced for men and women in behaviors considered skilled and unskilled (Caballo, 2003) .

In this perspective, it is understood that in the society, different repertoires are reinforced for men and women in behaviors considered skilled and unskilled.


Different sociodemographic aspects influence the social skills. Among them, gender is emphasized, since learning social skills occurs differently for men and women (Bolsoni-Silva et al. 2011; Caballo, 2003) . Since childhood, social behaviors are directly influenced by the roles of social genders, which are reinforced by caregivers, differentiating the learning mode of sociability between the genders (Papalia & Feldman, 2013) .

Among them, gender is emphasized, since learning social skills occurs differently for men and women.

Since childhood, social behaviors are directly influenced by the roles of social genders, which are reinforced by caregivers, differentiating the learning mode of sociability between the genders.


With regard to the adult population, the literature indicates differences in social skills between men and women in different contexts. A study performed with the population of 18 countries, including Latin America and also Portugal and Spain, identified that women had higher levels of anxiety or fear toward different social situations involving possible evaluation of another person, reflecting in more difficulties in interpersonal relationships with the female population (Caballo et al. 2014) . A Brazilian study with 126 college students reported that women had higher expression of positive affects kills and self-exposure to unknown people and new situations when compared to men (Bartolomeu et al. 2008) . Also in Brazil, a study with 80 participants found no differences in social skills of alcohol users compared to nonusers. However, when analyzing the gender of the participants, men had higher averages in self-control of aggressiveness, conversation, and social confidence (Aliane et al. 2006) . Due to the presented evidence, the important role that gender has about social skills repertoire is emphasized (Caballo, 2003) .

A study performed with the population of 18 countries, including Latin America and also Portugal and Spain, identified that women had higher levels of anxiety or fear toward different social situations involving possible evaluation of another person, reflecting in more difficulties in interpersonal relationships with the female population.

A Brazilian study with 126 college students reported that women had higher expression of positive affects kills and self-exposure to unknown people and new situations when compared to men.

However, when analyzing the gender of the participants, men had higher averages in self-control of aggressiveness, conversation, and social confidence.

Due to the presented evidence, the important role that gender has about social skills repertoire is emphasized.


Characteristics of consumption pattern and the type of drug used may also influence the social skills repertoire of individuals (Sá & Del Prette, 2014) . Crack is considered a substance with high rates of dependency and biopsychosocial losses. It is reported that its users tend to break affective and professional interpersonal relationships, resulting in poor social interaction (Limberger & Andretta, 2017; Kessler et al., 2012; Ribeiro & Laranjeira, 2012; Spronk et al. 2013) .

Characteristics of consumption pattern and the type of drug used may also influence the social skills repertoire of individuals.

It is reported that its users tend to break affective and professional interpersonal relationships, resulting in poor social interaction.


In addition to the differences in the overall score, the assessment of other social skills is crucial, considering the situational and contextual characteristics in which individuals are inserted (Lendering et al., 2011; Sá & Del Prette, 2014) . Thus, in conversation and social confidence skills, women had a significantly higher repertoire than men. There is evidence in a nonclinical population that points to higher conversation and social confidence skills in women when compared to men, according to a study with 167 Argentinian college students (García et al. 2014) . Furthermore, it is emphasized that the normative reference of the instrument used in this study was also based on a nonclinical population. In the population evaluated by the instrument, differences were reported in specific items of social skills, but not in factors. Also, regarding alcohol users, a German study found higher losses in the approach to interpersonal conversation in women, and men had lower levels of social avoidance and difficulty approaching others (Muller et al., 2009) . In this sense, the repertoire of social behavior should not be generalized to all drugs, noting that there are specific characteristics in the use of different substances, which may also explain the distinction between the studies with alcohol users and this study with crack users.

In addition to the differences in the overall score, the assessment of other social skills is crucial, considering the situational and contextual characteristics in which individuals are inserted.

There is evidence in a nonclinical population that points to higher conversation and social confidence skills in women when compared to men, according to a study with 167 Argentinian college students.

Also, regarding alcohol users, a German study found higher losses in the approach to interpersonal conversation in women, and men had lower levels of social avoidance and difficulty approaching others.


Conversation and social confidence portrays the skill to deal with situations with minimal risk of an unwanted reaction, from daily relationship standards. Self-exposure to unknown people and new situations includes the approach of unknown people at a greater risk of unwanted reactions from the other. Finally, self-control of aggressiveness in aversive situations indicates the expression of unpleasantness or anger in a socially competent manner (Del Prette & Del Prette, 2001) .

Finally, self-control of aggressiveness in aversive situations indicates the expression of unpleasantness or anger in a socially competent manner.


Among linear RD schemes, probably two of the best known schemes are the LDA and the N scheme. The LDA scheme is second order accurate scheme and it is successfully used for subsonic computations. It is not suitable for the transonic regimes, because of the oscillatory resolution of the shock waves. However, due to its upwinding character, it contains enough dissipation for medium transonic velocities. On the other hand, the N scheme is a first order, positive scheme. An example of a second order and non-oscillatory scheme is the nonlinear B scheme [10, 3] . It employs a blending technique taking advantage of both the N and the LDA schemes. It performs very robustly with monotone shock capturing and it can be used for large scale applications [20] . Another approach was chosen for construction of the second order and positive N-modified (also called PSI or limited N) scheme [3] . Despite robustness of the nonlinear schemes, both the B and the N-modified schemes suffer from rather poor convergence to the steady state solution. For the implicit calculations approximation of the Jacobian by the first order scheme has to be taken, otherwise CFL numbers of order units have to be used.

An example of a second order and non-oscillatory scheme is the nonlinear B scheme.

It performs very robustly with monotone shock capturing and it can be used for large scale applications.

Another approach was chosen for construction of the second order and positive N-modified (also called PSI or limited N) scheme.


The class of compact residual distribution (RD) schemes has become an appealing alternative for solving fluid flows to other approaches, as e.g., finite volume (FV) and finite element methods (FEM). RDS combine the second order of accuracy with non-oscillatory properties on a very compact stencil [8] . They are routinely used for steady state calculations of a complex flow problems, e.g., 3D turbulent transonic industrial-type simulations [10, 20] .

RDS combine the second order of accuracy with non-oscillatory properties on a very compact stencil.

They are routinely used for steady state calculations of a complex flow problems, e.g., 3D turbulent transonic industrial-type simulations.