At the commencement of this study in 2008, hand-hoe weeding intensity (low and high) was added as a treatment factor. The weeding intensity treatments were superimposed on maize mulch rates of 0, 4 and 8 t ha -1 , with each mulch rate replicated twice per tillage main plot (conventional tillage compared against the minimum tillage (MT) systems of planting basin and ripper tine). The high weeding intensity treatment was carried out a week before planting, 1 week after planting (WAP), at 5 WAP and before harvesting. This weeding regime was maintained from the previous four seasons and represented the CA recommendation of frequent weeding (Mazvimavi and Twomlow, 2009) . The low weeding intensity treatment, done only a week before planting and at 5 WAP, simulated the smallholder farmer practice of planting into a clean seedbed after early summer mouldboard ploughing and then hoe weeding 40 or more days after planting (Twomlow et al., 2006) .

This weeding regime was maintained from the previous four seasons and represented the CA recommendation of frequent weeding.

The low weeding intensity treatment, done only a week before planting and at 5 WAP, simulated the smallholder farmer practice of planting into a clean seedbed after early summer mouldboard ploughing and then hoe weeding 40 or more days after planting.


The empirical models are often employed for the vehicle simulation and control, which rely basically on curve-fitted experimental data and can provide a good representation of experimental data for longitudinal force, lateral force, and aligning moment. However, empirical models would become quite complicated without theoretical support while considering all kinds of operating variables, such as slip angle, inclination angle, slip ratio, vertical load, inflation pressure, road friction, and rolling speed. The analytical models, which usually include carcass model (beam, string or rigid) with elastic tread elements, such as Brush model, Fiala model and String model, establish the relationship between tire structure parameters and tire behavior [3] . So it can be employed to derive some useful qualitative conclusions for understanding tire properties, but most of these models are either relatively simple or more complicated, which limit their practical use. In this paper, we do not see the carcass as an actual beam or string, and the carcass deformation is described with relatively simple and general forms, composed by translational, bending, and twisting deformations. Besides, the arbitrary pressure distribution, dynamic friction coefficient, and anisotropic stiffness properties are also considered. Consequently, the analytical model would become more suitable for application and also appropriate for analyzing tire properties in detail.

The analytical models, which usually include carcass model (beam, string or rigid) with elastic tread elements, such as Brush model, Fiala model and String model, establish the relationship between tire structure parameters and tire behavior.


Recent work has shown that it is possible to determine whether indentations are affected by the proximity of the reinforcement [7] . In this work it was suggested that when an indentation takes place across an interface of an inhomogeneous surface, e.g. the glass/resin interface in a glass-fibre polymer composite, there is a lateral force exerted on the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and an associated torsion of the cantilever. The aim of the current paper is to show that the lateral force, identified by measuring the torsion on the AFM cantilever, may be used to verify, both quickly and unambiguously, whether indentations are representative of the material or restricted by a local reinforcement (i.e. a transition measurement). Results will be presented in the form of experimental and finite element analysis of AFM indentations over the interface of a glass fibre-reinforced phenolic composite in which a lateral force on the AFM tip is identified for all transition measurements.

Recent work has shown that it is possible to determine whether indentations are affected by the proximity of the reinforcement.


In recent decades, Diabetes Mellitus has become a severe and growing global public health problem in developed and developing countries due to the increase of its prevalence, morbidity and mortality. Recent estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO) forecast a significant increase in the number of individuals suffering from diabetes until the year 2030. Then, the number of estimated diabetes-suffering individuals constitutes a universe of nearly 366 million people [1] . Approximately 90% of them will develop type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), in the age range of 45-64 years-old, in developing countries, where it is known that the access conditions to specialized medical centers are not always satisfactory [1] .

Then, the number of estimated diabetes-suffering individuals constitutes a universe of nearly 366 million people.

Approximately 90% of them will develop type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), in the age range of 45-64 years-old, in developing countries, where it is known that the access conditions to specialized medical centers are not always satisfactory.


The research of a shadow economy is very important for policymakers as underground activities often undermine their intentions and, therefore, can have important implications for the economic policy. Simply put, large shadow economies imply smaller tax bases, which may result in higher budget deficit or tax rates (Schneider and Enste, 2000) . Because of high tax rates, individuals can feel overburdened by the state and might respond with engaging in even more underground activities. On the other hand, a shadow economy can provide opportunities for people struggling to find a job (e.g. as the result reason of rising minimal wage), and it also makes some services which are not profitable under current legislation available (e.g. a grocery shop in small villages).

Simply put, large shadow economies imply smaller tax bases, which may result in higher budget deficit or tax rates.


These findings are not too surprising for a few reasons. First, personal finance professionals often advise against using a home equity loan to purchase a car, as these loans extend maturities beyond the lengths typically recommended for cars and thus may increase the total interest paid by consumers (Singletary, 2008; Wall Street Journal) . Second, the transaction costs of extracting home equity with a second lien or mortgage refinancing generally exceed those of originating an auto loan; doing so only makes sense if the homeowner plans to extract a lot of equity at once and use much of it for another purpose. Third, the primary advantage to using home equity rather than an auto loan to finance a car purchase-the tax-deductibility of the interest-is not available for the approximately one-third of homeowners who take the standard deduction (Poterba and Sinai, 2008) . Finally, auto loans were an attractive financing choice during much of the housing boom period: Auto credit appears to have been widely available, and interest rates on new car loans were generally low and often heavily discounted by the manufacturers, especially for households with low credit risk.

Third, the primary advantage to using home equity rather than an auto loan to finance a car purchase-the tax-deductibility of the interest-is not available for the approximately one-third of homeowners who take the standard deduction.


Continuous wavelength-tunable optical short pulses have been generated by use of a Bi-EDFA structure in a selfseeding scheme. Such a system can effectively improve pump power efficiency while suppressing ASE noise. The SMSR of greater than 40 dB has been obtained over a wavelength tuning range of 33 nm. It is expected that the wavelength tuning range of the pulses can be further increased by use of a LD with a broadband spectrum such as that of a quantum-well LD [16] .

It is expected that the wavelength tuning range of the pulses can be further increased by use of a LD with a broadband spectrum such as that of a quantum-well LD.


The procedure that was followed for measurements at Tuz Gölü was similar to what was done in Arizona. That is, the ASD was 'warmed up' for 2 h so that it was thermally stable during the measurement period. The calibration panel (the same panel and ASD were used for both campaigns) was viewed by the ASD, and then the M1 Strip was walked. Approximately 30 spectra were collected each day. The M1 strip was the first site collected each day and represents the optimal opportunity for repeatable measurements during this campaign. Figure 10 shows the reflectance measurements that were collected. It is immediately apparent from the figure that in the visible wavelengths the Tuz Gölü lake bed and the Tracor 48% tarp are similar. That is, both are quite bright ranging from 40% to 60% reflectance. However, at the longer wavelengths, while both targets have lower reflectance, the Tuz Gölü site is much darker. At wavelengths greater than 2000 nm the Tuz Gölü site reflectance is approximately 5% while the Tracor tarp reflectance is 25%. Secondly, fairly consistent measurements were made on each date with the exception of 18 August where the measurement is noticeably higher than the others. This anomaly was reported by other teams that day, but the source of the difference is unknown. There were indications that the surface was 'wetter' in the mornings and it is possible this was the cause on the 18th. But a weather front also moved through the region that day and could be another reason for the anomaly [3] .

But a weather front also moved through the region that day and could be another reason for the anomaly.


In conclusion, we have shown that EDNNs and DCIGNs can be used alongside, or replace conventional KS-DFT calculations. When considering the SHO external potentials, EDNNs have the capability to make energy predictions using both the charge densities and the external potentials as input for correlation, exchange, external, kinetic and total energy simultaneously to within chemical accuracy. When considering the RND external potentials, the majority of the mean absolute errors of the energy predictions when using the both the charge density and external potentials as input are above chemical accuracy at most by an order of magnitude. When using DCIGNs, we have shown that they qualitatively reproduce the charge density, even for the complex RND potentials. In addition, in all cases considered in this report we found that the absolute errors between the true energy differences and predicted energy differences between configurations are all within chemical accuracy for the SHO external potentials. The results of this report show promise for future application in two regards. First, that this framework has the capability to make predictions of higher level theory calculations given a lower level theory charge density similar to a previous report [14] . Second, EDNNs can be used to calculate energy differences between structures to a high level of accuracy. This means that one can rapidly screen for stable adsorption sites or energetically favourable structures enhancing a new materials discovery process. Table 2 : Mean absolute errors and energy differences between configurations (in mHa per electron) for models trained in this report for the RND potentials. The abbreviations CD, POT, and PCD are charge density, potential, and predicted charge density respectively. The arrows (i.e. LDA→PBE) indicate that the charge density used as input to the DNN was calculated using the LDA exchange-correlation functional, but the labels (energies) were calculated using another exchange-correlation functional. Table 3 : Mean absolute errors and energy differences between configurations (in mHa per electron) for models trained in this report for the SHO potentials. The abbreviations CD, POT, and PCD are charge density, potential, and predicted charge density respectively. The arrows (i.e. LDA→PBE) indicate that the charge density used as input to the DNN was calculated using the LDA exchange-correlation functional, but the labels (energies) were calculated using another exchange-correlation functional.

First, that this framework has the capability to make predictions of higher level theory calculations given a lower level theory charge density similar to a previous report.


The present analyses demonstrate that laser ablation of solid materials in appropriate conditions generates a uniform plasma in local thermodynamic equilibrium. For a clear demonstration, we irradiated stainless steel with UV nanosecond laser pulses under argon background gas. The rich spectrum of iron was explored using both optically thin and optically thick spectral lines. Transitions of negligible optical thickness were used for accurate measurements of temperature, electron density and plasma composition. The knowledge of the plasma properties was then used to calculate the spectral radiance of strongly self-absorbed lines. These lines were shown to saturate at the blackbody spectral radiance in agreement with the radiation model of the uniform LTE plasma. The accurate plasma diagnostics allowed us to deduce the time evolution of the kinetic pressure within the ablated vapor plume. The pressure was shown to decrease monotonically until it reaches a minimum value for a delay of a few microseconds. The minimum pressure was found to be smaller than the ambient gas pressure, in agreement with the computational predictions of Ershov-Pavlov [17] . The precise knowledge of the pressure evolution in the laser-produced ablation plume is of interest for the validation of plasma modeling. It may play the role of a control parameter in material analyses via calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

The minimum pressure was found to be smaller than the ambient gas pressure, in agreement with the computational predictions of Ershov-Pavlov.


Under semiaerobic conditions, the different compost extracts have different colors, this was mainly due to the microbial activities. It seems that EM4 amended to the composts has dominant role to degrade and decompose organic materials and this shown with the dark brown to black color of the extract. Organic materials without either EM4 or P. aeruginosa Ch1 (E or B) form a clear and brownish yellow extract. When they are only amended with P. aeruginosa Ch1 it formed a clear and lightly brownish yellow color extract. However, our previous study shows that after three weeks extraction, vegetable wastes compost extract without EM4 but with P. aeruginosa Ch1 and processed anaerobically produced a lightly greyish yellow and slightly milky, whereas the color of aerobically processed extract is a clear and brownish yellow (Sriwardani 2006; Marisha-Gondjong 2006) . This indicates that the biological activities of both bacteria of EM4 and P. aeruginosa Ch1 to decompose the organic materials under different conditions is different.

However, our previous study shows that after three weeks extraction, vegetable wastes compost extract without EM4 but with P. aeruginosa Ch1 and processed anaerobically produced a lightly greyish yellow and slightly milky, whereas the color of aerobically processed extract is a clear and brownish yellow.


First, however, some motivation is needed. In Section 2 we shall explain why the convex semialgebraic sets C are interesting. This is done by discussing several geometric applications, notably the study of m-ellipses and m-ellipsoids [12] . Section 4 is devoted to algebraic geometry questions related to our set C: What is the Zariski closure Z(∂C) of the boundary ∂C ? What is the polynomial defining Z(∂C) ? What is the degree of Z(∂C) ? Is the boundary ∂C irreducible ?

This is done by discussing several geometric applications, notably the study of m-ellipses and m-ellipsoids.

What is the polynomial defining Z(∂C) ?

What is the degree of Z(∂C) ?

Is the boundary ∂C irreducible ?


Linear matrix inequalities (LMI) are a useful and efficient tool in system and control theory [2] . LMI representations are convenient for building convex optimization models, especially in semidefinite programming [16] . The set described by an LMI is always convex and semialgebraic. Since our set C is convex and semialgebraic, it is natural to ask whether C admits an LMI representation ?

Linear matrix inequalities (LMI) are a useful and efficient tool in system and control theory.

LMI representations are convenient for building convex optimization models, especially in semidefinite programming.


Interest in evaluating the quality and health of our soil resources has been stimulated by increasing awareness that soil is a critically important component of the earth's biosphere, functioning not only in the production of food and fiber but also in the maintenance of local, regional, and global environmental quality (Glanz, 1995) . Soil is also the basis of agricultural and of natural plant communities. Thus, the thin layer of soil covering the surface of the earth represents the difference between survival and extinction for most land-based life . However, inventories of soil productive capacity indicate human-induced degradation on nearly 40% of the world's agricultural land as a result of soil erosion, atmospheric pollution, extensive soil cultivation, over-grazing, land clearing, salinization, and 0929-1393/00/$ -see front matter Published by Elsevier Science B.V. PII: S 0 9 2 9 -1 3 9 3 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 0 6 7 -6 desertification (Oldeman, 1994) . Indeed, degradation and loss of productive agricultural land is one of our most pressing ecological concerns, rivaled only by human caused environmental problems like global climate change, depletion of the protective ozone layer, and serious declines in biodiversity (Lal, 1998) .

Interest in evaluating the quality and health of our soil resources has been stimulated by increasing awareness that soil is a critically important component of the earth's biosphere, functioning not only in the production of food and fiber but also in the maintenance of local, regional, and global environmental quality.

However, inventories of soil productive capacity indicate human-induced degradation on nearly 40% of the world's agricultural land as a result of soil erosion, atmospheric pollution, extensive soil cultivation, over-grazing, land clearing, salinization, and 0929-1393/00/$ -see front matter Published by Elsevier Science B.V. PII: S 0 9 2 9 -1 3 9 3 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 0 6 7 -6 desertification.

Indeed, degradation and loss of productive agricultural land is one of our most pressing ecological concerns, rivaled only by human caused environmental problems like global climate change, depletion of the protective ozone layer, and serious declines in biodiversity.


Industry-university partnerships, particularly those involving research universities, are commonplace and on the rise (Burnham, 1997) . They allow industry access to quality research services at subsidized costs as well as to potential future employees while still in their formative years. Universities benefit from such partnerships through research grants that complement dwindling government funding, and student exposure to current "real-world" problems and issues.

Industry-university partnerships, particularly those involving research universities, are commonplace and on the rise.


Irrespective of economic sector or industry, the vast majority of industry-university partnerships are of the research partnership type, which predominantly involves applied firmspecific research. In this type of partnership, funding from the industry partner is received in exchange for "intellectual horsepower" in the form of research services and technology transfer (Hollingsworth, 1998) . In science-based fields, universities focus on basic research, and the main interest of industry partners is in the commercial and industrial implications of a scientific project and how they can be taken advantage of by internal research and development departments. In less science-based fields, the solution of technical problems is a major concern of industry. In all fields, the exchange of knowledge in techno-scientific communities is a crucial element of interaction in research partnerships (Meyer-Krahmer, 1998) .

In this type of partnership, funding from the industry partner is received in exchange for "intellectual horsepower" in the form of research services and technology transfer.

In all fields, the exchange of knowledge in techno-scientific communities is a crucial element of interaction in research partnerships.


In our study, the most favorable outcome was found for individuals with low total HADS score. In addition, a significant inverse correlation was also found between PCS-12 and medication days/month after 4 years. Few other follow-up studies have evaluated the influence of HADS score and quality of life at baseline on long-term outcome. In a 1-year follow-up of MOH patients, selfreported bodily pain measured by SF-36 was associated with poor outcome, whereas HADS score did not influence significantly [26] .

In a 1-year follow-up of MOH patients, selfreported bodily pain measured by SF-36 was associated with poor outcome, whereas HADS score did not influence significantly.


The integrated model incorporates an age-dependent dispersion parameter which significantly enhances model fit. Also, this model conceptually is the most credible because it reflects the underlying spatial dynamics of the stock. Our estimates suggest that, over the period 1996-2005, the annual proportion of fish that had moved in a northwesterly direction increased from about 10% at age 2 to 33% at age 5 and older. This pattern corresponds to the ontogenetic changes in distribution inferred from commercial catch rates and survey data (Rijnsdorp and van Beek, 1991) . The changes in distribution with age are attributable to the gradual dispersion of maturing fish from the shallow coastal nursery grounds to deeper water offshore (Zijlstra, 1972; van Beek et al., 1989) . The age at which the Figure 6 . Estimates of the average fishing mortality over ages 2-6 (a) the RV "Isis" data and (b) the RV "Tridens II" data, and estimates of (c) dispersal rate and (d) selectivity of fishing mortality according to the best-fitting integrated model with base-case assumptions for natural mortality and catchability (Model C in Table 2 Bayesian survey-based assessment of North Sea plaice estimated dispersion parameter levels off corresponds to that at which females become mature (Grift et al., 2003) .

This pattern corresponds to the ontogenetic changes in distribution inferred from commercial catch rates and survey data.

The changes in distribution with age are attributable to the gradual dispersion of maturing fish from the shallow coastal nursery grounds to deeper water offshore.

The age at which the Figure 6 .

Estimates of the average fishing mortality over ages 2-6 (a) the RV "Isis" data and (b) the RV "Tridens II" data, and estimates of (c) dispersal rate and (d) selectivity of fishing mortality according to the best-fitting integrated model with base-case assumptions for natural mortality and catchability (Model C in Table 2 Bayesian survey-based assessment of North Sea plaice estimated dispersion parameter levels off corresponds to that at which females become mature.


Here we propose an integrated catch-at-age model for research vessel data, derived from two surveys covering distinct parts of the distribution area of North Sea plaice. Parameters are estimated in a Bayesian context using hierarchical prior distributions for global abundance indices, which allows the estimation of measurement error. Measurement error is a consequence of the way in which samples are taken and processed in the survey, e.g. the timing of the survey or choice of fishing gear (Harwood and Stokes, 2003) . The results demonstrate that integrated analyses yield superior model fit to separate analyses, and partially solve the previously reported inconsistencies therein.

Measurement error is a consequence of the way in which samples are taken and processed in the survey, e.g. the timing of the survey or choice of fishing gear.


According to previous research, large global benefits of international cooperation paradoxically deter participation in multilateral environmental cooperation (Barrett, 2003; Finus, 2008) . This result must be qualified when bargaining concerns are central. Specifically, it holds for donors but not for recipients. When donors fund global public goods that they value a lot, participation is difficult to attain. But if recipients also value these global public goods -even if not enough to fund without external assistance -then participation is easy to attain. Donors' bargaining power increases because the recipient's dependence on project implementation increases, so more donors are willing to participate. This result holds because the recipient's bargaining power influences donors' strategic incentives to participate, and it holds regardless of the availability of club goods from project implementation.

According to previous research, large global benefits of international cooperation paradoxically deter participation in multilateral environmental cooperation.


Population growth, climate change, and high and increasing air pollution levels are known to pose risks to health and safety in cities [1] . Therefore, sustainable urban planning is necessary to improve the quality of life and preserve the integrity of natural ecosystems [2] . Urban forests and trees can significantly contribute to mitigating climate change effects and improving air quality in residential areas [3] . Pollution caused by tree removal in cities considerably depends on the species calculation of the inter-tree competition between each tree based on the position, height, and crown size of a tree and its competitors [31] . The aforementioned methods provide objective measures because they are based on tree position and size, i.e., the remote sensing data.

Population growth, climate change, and high and increasing air pollution levels are known to pose risks to health and safety in cities.

Therefore, sustainable urban planning is necessary to improve the quality of life and preserve the integrity of natural ecosystems.

Urban forests and trees can significantly contribute to mitigating climate change effects and improving air quality in residential areas.

Pollution caused by tree removal in cities considerably depends on the species calculation of the inter-tree competition between each tree based on the position, height, and crown size of a tree and its competitors.


The comparison of the different schemes for the advection equation discussed in this paper should be extended to the full Vlasov equation and will be the subject of a future publication. The splitting scheme used here should also be compared to more efficient symplectic schemes for the time advance. Similarly, other spatial discretization methods should be considered, such as the wavelet projection used by Benhadid [43] .

Similarly, other spatial discretization methods should be considered, such as the wavelet projection used by Benhadid.


The hyperspectral remote sensing images always contain many continuous and narrow wave bands, and the continuous spectral feature curves of the observed ground objects can be formed which have the better ability of ground objects recognition. However, hyperspectral remote sensing image has many common problems such as large amount of data, the higher proportion of mixed pixels, and low spatial resolution, thus the improvement of classification speed and accuracy will be limited if ground objects are classified simply using hyperspectral images. Currently, remote sensing image classification is mainly based on spectrum and texture (two major basic features), and also top priority is given to spectrum. Texture information can allow people to observe the detailed changes of the surface within a small space scope, and also can reflect the spatial structure and internal difference of different targeted ground objects, so it has been used as an important foundation of satellite image interpretation and information extraction [1] .

Texture information can allow people to observe the detailed changes of the surface within a small space scope, and also can reflect the spatial structure and internal difference of different targeted ground objects, so it has been used as an important foundation of satellite image interpretation and information extraction.


Substantial gaps exist in the availability of essential childbirth-related health technologies across health sector levels in Africa and Asia. Many high priority countries in these regions are suffering shortfalls in progress towards achieving Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 [28, 29] . Effective interventions that facilitate reliable access to essential childbirth-related health technologies are urgently needed in order to provide health workers with the tools they need to improve global maternal and newborn survival.

Many high priority countries in these regions are suffering shortfalls in progress towards achieving Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5.


The high complexity and nonlinearity of power systems have created a great deal of challenge to power system control engineers for decades. One of the most important problems in power systems is the damping of low-frequency oscillation. If no adequate damping is available, the oscillations may be sustained for minutes and grow to cause system separation [ 1], [2] .

If no adequate damping is available, the oscillations may be sustained for minutes and grow to cause system separation [ 1].


Many kinds of stabilizers have been proposed to improve the stability of synchronous generators. The gain settings of power system stabilizers (PSS) are usually fixed at a certain set of values which are determined based on a nominal operating point [ 11- [5] . These fixed gain controllers are 96 WM 037-2 EC A paper recommended and approved by the IEEE Energy always a compromise between the best settings for light and heavy load conditions. It is impossible for these fixed gain stabilizers to maintain the best damping performance when there is a drastic change in system operating condition, such as that resulting from a three-phase fault in power system. In order to overcome this difficulty, a self-tuning stabilizer, where the gain settings are adjusted in real time to automatically track the variations in the operating condition, was employed [6] , [7] .

The gain settings of power system stabilizers (PSS) are usually fixed at a certain set of values which are determined based on a nominal operating point [ 11.

In order to overcome this difficulty, a self-tuning stabilizer, where the gain settings are adjusted in real time to automatically track the variations in the operating condition, was employed.


An important source of data was the lists of permits issued in the three CFs during the first three years of harvesting operations. The DOF introduced a standard process for CF management committees to maintain detailed records of permits issued for CF products [36] . The research team compiled the permits by household with the assistance of the committee members (the original permits were listed under the name of the individual who requested the permit rather than the CF member). Since this information was available for 100% of the members of the three user groups, statistical analysis of the data was not required. The data from the permit lists were verified during the household survey. In Yakpugang a detailed inventory of harvested and live trees was conducted to assess the impact of harvesting on the regeneration of preferred species [32] .

The DOF introduced a standard process for CF management committees to maintain detailed records of permits issued for CF products.

In Yakpugang a detailed inventory of harvested and live trees was conducted to assess the impact of harvesting on the regeneration of preferred species.


Forest management provides an opportunity to study Hardin's theory. Property regimes in natural resources management can be divided into three classes: state property regimes, common property regimes, and individual property regimes [4] . Forests around the world are managed under all three classes of property regimes: it has been estimated that 77% of global forests are managed under state property regimes, 11% under common property regimes, and 12% under individual property regimes. In developing countries the percentage of forests under common property regimes is somewhat higher at 22%, vs. 71% for state property regimes and 7% for individual property regimes [5] .

Property regimes in natural resources management can be divided into three classes: state property regimes, common property regimes, and individual property regimes.

In developing countries the percentage of forests under common property regimes is somewhat higher at 22%, vs. 71% for state property regimes and 7% for individual property regimes.


Ironically, the nationalization of forests and the establishment of forest services in the 20th century sometimes created a "tragedy of the commons" by undermining traditional management systems. In Nepal, for example, "the new laws (related to forest nationalization)… led to widespread deforestation" ( [6] , p. 499). Many national forests are only occasionally monitored by government staff and in practice are open-access forests [7] . This situation also occurs in developed countries: nationalization of forests reportedly undermined local stewardship practices in Canada [8] .

In Nepal, for example, "the new laws (related to forest nationalization)… led to widespread deforestation" (, p. 499).

Many national forests are only occasionally monitored by government staff and in practice are open-access forests.

This situation also occurs in developed countries: nationalization of forests reportedly undermined local stewardship practices in Canada.


Hardin's "tragedy of the commons" has been observed in some forest management regimes, even CFs that in theory should be able to avoid this fate. However the initial experience with community forestry in Bhutan supports Ostrom's conclusion that "tragedies of the commons are real but not inevitable" ( [66] , p. 280). Due to historical and socio-cultural reasons, communities in Bhutan possess many attributes of successful forest user groups. As a result they are more likely to determine that cooperative management of forests is in their best interests, and adopt rules controlling access. National policies for community forestry, including the unusual provision of handing over well-stocked forests to user groups, have further enhanced the likelihood of communities forming effective forestry user groups and managing their CFs sustainably and equitably. The initial experience of forest management by user groups in Bhutan is promising, and merits further study now that that a much larger number of CFs have experience with harvesting.

However the initial experience with community forestry in Bhutan supports Ostrom's conclusion that "tragedies of the commons are real but not inevitable" (, p. 280).


Focus group discussions were conducted in the nearest adjacent village to each CF to collect additional information about the historical use of the forests. Each focus group discussion involved a group of farmers and local leaders, and followed a standard set of questions to assess whether the establishment of the CFs had a negative impact on villagers who were not members of the user groups. For example, traditional users could have been excluded from the user groups, or user groups could have protected their CFs at the cost of other national forests by moving livestock out of the CFs or requesting permits in other national forests. There has been speculation that the improved forest condition in some CFs in Nepal may have been partially offset by increased degradation of adjacent national forests [37, 38] .

There has been speculation that the improved forest condition in some CFs in Nepal may have been partially offset by increased degradation of adjacent national forests.


This paper examines the initial experience of Bhutan's community forestry program, which was influenced by the established forestry programs of neighboring Nepal and India due to the strong links between the forestry professionals of the three countries. Bhutan's social, political and environmental conditions are quite different from its neighbors, and the country has developed its own unique policies and program. For example, the community forestry program of Bhutan is unusual in that well-stocked forests are handed over to user groups, whereas governments in many countries have only been willing to hand over degraded forests for community management [10, 11] . Studies of the initial experience in Bhutan have reported that user groups were managing their forests sustainably and avoiding the problems with political and economic equity reported in Nepal and India [32] [33] [34] . This paper attempts to assess how national policies in Bhutan have contributed to sustainable and equitable forest management by user groups.

For example, the community forestry program of Bhutan is unusual in that well-stocked forests are handed over to user groups, whereas governments in many countries have only been willing to hand over degraded forests for community management.

Studies of the initial experience in Bhutan have reported that user groups were managing their forests sustainably and avoiding the problems with political and economic equity reported in Nepal and India.


The situation calls for the development of systematic methods to treat many degrees of freedom in LQG, beyond the truncation given by a fixed graph. One possibility is to adopt methods from lattice gauge theory and use coarse graining or renormalisation procedures in order to obtain solutions to the dynamics and ultimately a theory with a well-defined continuum limit, where diffeomorphism symmetry is restored [54] . The endpoint of such a renormalisation group flow corresponds to a particular continuum phase, describing the collective behaviour of many degrees of freedom (infinitely many in the limit). In an interpretation of the setting as a theory of quantum gravity, one would like to show that such a phase describes a smooth non-degenerate spacetime geometry, such as Minkowski or de Sitter space.

One possibility is to adopt methods from lattice gauge theory and use coarse graining or renormalisation procedures in order to obtain solutions to the dynamics and ultimately a theory with a well-defined continuum limit, where diffeomorphism symmetry is restored.


Many interesting features of complicated dynamical systems are nowadays studied by means of computers. Despite all numerical evidence it is usually highly demanding to describe the observed phenomena in a mathematically rigorous manner. Finding theoretical results that are accessible to the computational power of modern computers is a major challenge of applied mathematics. Recently, a couple of attempts in this direction have been carried out [6] .

Recently, a couple of attempts in this direction have been carried out.


The logistics network design problem (LNDP) has been widely studied [1] [2] [3] . Generally, this problem comprises two subproblems: (i) a location problem, namely, how to decide the locations of logistics nodes (such as logistics parks, distribution centers, and logistics terminals), and (ii) an allocation problem, namely, how to route the flow of goods to origin-destination (O-D). Since the construction of urban logistics nodes has the characteristics of a large investment, long period, an great risk, the rationality and feasibility of the plan need to be ensured with the objective guidance of theory and method. Meanwhile, with the development of society and the improvement of people's living standards, traffic congestion and transportation-related environmental issues have become the focus of attention for scholars and governments [4] [5] [6] . Against this unsettling backdrop, the traditional single mode of transport does not meet the needs of modern cities. Therefore, how to design a multimodal logistics network with high efficiency, safety, and environmental friendliness is an important issue to be solved urgently in the development of urban agglomeration logistics.

The logistics network design problem (LNDP) has been widely studied.

Meanwhile, with the development of society and the improvement of people's living standards, traffic congestion and transportation-related environmental issues have become the focus of attention for scholars and governments.


With the increasing popularity of social network sites (SNS) worldwide, more and more attentions have been paid to understanding users' behavior when they are using the sites. One major concern is whether users are willing to disclose their personal info and tend to meet new people through the SNS. It is also interesting to know whether users actively post information regularly and whom they allow to access the info. These issues are in nature related to users' privacy concern and trust formation in the site. Indeed, trust has long been recognized as the primary factor leading to successful online transactions and interaction. Prior trust-related investigations in ecommerce sites showed that higher trust can prompt users to have more intention to purchase a product, and to return to the site for repeated uses [3] . On the other hand, it has been recognized that if a user worries his/her personal info will be used by the site for other purchases, s/he will unlikely trust the site and hence not be so active in disclosing her/his personal info. Thus, privacy concern seems to be a dominant factor in influencing users' trust building, and trust would further be the antecedent affecting users' actual behavior in the site.

Prior trust-related investigations in ecommerce sites showed that higher trust can prompt users to have more intention to purchase a product, and to return to the site for repeated uses.


A likely alternative hypothesis is that drought and N treatments alter the efficiency of enzymatic decomposition. Changes in decomposition may not relate to changes in potential EEA if treatments alter the physical and chemical environment for enzyme activity. For example, drought may limit rates of diffusion, which could limit the efficiency of enzymatic catalysis (Wallenstein et al., 2011) . In addition, environmental treatments could affect substrate concentrations, further decoupling enzyme potentials from actual decomposition rates .

For example, drought may limit rates of diffusion, which could limit the efficiency of enzymatic catalysis.


Energy-efficient (EE)-AODV routing protocol that is an enhancement of current AODV routing protocol was proposed by Singh and Gupta [25] . Routing algorithm adopted by EE-AODV enhanced RREQ and RREP process to save mobile devices energy. EE-AODV considers a threshold energy level as minimum energy which must be available with a node for use as an intermediary node. When node energy reaches the threshold level, it would not be considered an intermediary node unless alternative paths are unavailable. Simulation shows that network life increased in EE-AODV compared to AODV.

Energy-efficient (EE)-AODV routing protocol that is an enhancement of current AODV routing protocol was proposed by Singh and Gupta.


There is also a range of recovery periods between bursts of high intensity activity with 57% of recoveries taking less than 20 s and 3.5% of recoveries lasting 90 s or longer. The range of recoveries between bursts may have implications for the energy systems that are utilised during high intensity bursts. Previous research has shown that blood lactate accumulation and performance decrements over five 6 s maximal sprint bouts performed on cycle-ergometer equipment were greater when a recovery of 30 s was taken between bouts than when the recovery was 60 s (Wootton & Williams, 1983) . Furthermore, muscle CP may not be sufficiently replenished after recovery periods of under 45 s (Balsom et al., 1992) .

Previous research has shown that blood lactate accumulation and performance decrements over five 6 s maximal sprint bouts performed on cycle-ergometer equipment were greater when a recovery of 30 s was taken between bouts than when the recovery was 60 s.

Furthermore, muscle CP may not be sufficiently replenished after recovery periods of under 45 s.


To avoid the extinction of Kejobong goat, the breeding program to preserve genetic is necessary to be done. Genetic status of Kejobong goat has not been known certainty yet, so it is important to study the genetic molecular of Kejobong goat. One effort should be done is to generate the genetic diversity information (Susilowati, 2008) . Analysis of DNA mitochondrial (mtDNA) is one of method mostly used to study the origins of domesticated animal (Machugh and Bradley, 2001) . In mammalian, mitochondrial DNA is only passed down through the mother (maternal) without recombination (Manceau et al., 1999) .

One effort should be done is to generate the genetic diversity information.

Analysis of DNA mitochondrial (mtDNA) is one of method mostly used to study the origins of domesticated animal.

In mammalian, mitochondrial DNA is only passed down through the mother (maternal) without recombination.


Constipation is a prevalent problem [8, 14] . Peak incidence in childhood constipation is reported to Fig. 1 : Clinical findings of children with functional (group 1) and secondary (group 2) constipation be before 4 years of age, especially at the toilet training age [4, 5] . Constipation had started at the age of 2.2 years in our study also. Secondary constipation is stated to be less than 10% similar to our result [4, 5] . Even though the secondary constipation is not frequent, it is important to recognize organic diseases.

Constipation is a prevalent problem.

Peak incidence in childhood constipation is reported to Fig. 1 : Clinical findings of children with functional (group 1) and secondary (group 2) constipation be before 4 years of age, especially at the toilet training age.

Secondary constipation is stated to be less than 10% similar to our result.


Since most applications do not require the frequency comb to be a train of solitons in the time domain, anomalous dispersion has no clear advantage over normal dispersion, aside from a possibly broader comb. On the other hand, the normal dispersion regime offers increased robustness that is due to the absence of Raman-shifted solitons and MI-amplified noise. Furthermore, the normal dispersion regime has been shown to have a beneficial impact on spectral flatness in the context of supercontinuum generation [28] . The aim of this study is to demonstrate that dual CW pumps can be used in the normal dispersion regime of a PCF to generate tunable frequency combs. We explore the parameter space through extensive numerical simulations and determine the effect of different input parameters on the comb width. Optical wave breaking is shown to play a key role in producing spectral broadening of the frequency comb. Raman effects, often ignored in most studies of frequency combs, are included. We discuss the conditions under which their neglect is justified.

Furthermore, the normal dispersion regime has been shown to have a beneficial impact on spectral flatness in the context of supercontinuum generation.


Myxofibrosarcoma is one of the most common sarcomas in the elderly. It was first described in 1977, and it represents a spectrum of myxoid fibroblastic sarcomas, the high-grade end of the spectrum of what was formerly labeled as "myxoid malignant fibrohistiocytoma" [2] [3] [4] . Currently, the World Health Organization recognizes myxofibrosarcoma as a distinctive entity, marked by distinctive clinicopathologic characteristics [1, 5] . Compared to other sarcoma subtypes, the prognosis of myxofibrosarcoma is relatively good, with an overall risk of metastases ranging between 20% and 25% [4] [5] [6] [7] . In the present case, spindle-shaped tumor cells were sparsely distributed in the abundant myxoid matrix. The cellularity was remarkably low, and tumor necrosis was not obvious. From these findings, the present case was diagnosed as grade 1 myxofibrosarcoma. Tumor grades, as in the most soft tissue sarcoma subtype, predict the risk of developing distant metastases. Generally, grade 1 cases have been considered to be incapable of metastatic disease [6, 8, 9] . Most of the patients who eventually developed metastatic disease reported in the several literatures had grade 2 or 3 myxofibrosarcoma [6, 8, 9] . Within our knowledge, only a few cases with grade 1 myxofibrosarcoma including the current case developed metastatic lesions [10] .

It was first described in 1977, and it represents a spectrum of myxoid fibroblastic sarcomas, the high-grade end of the spectrum of what was formerly labeled as "myxoid malignant fibrohistiocytoma".

Currently, the World Health Organization recognizes myxofibrosarcoma as a distinctive entity, marked by distinctive clinicopathologic characteristics.

Compared to other sarcoma subtypes, the prognosis of myxofibrosarcoma is relatively good, with an overall risk of metastases ranging between 20% and 25%.

Generally, grade 1 cases have been considered to be incapable of metastatic disease.

Most of the patients who eventually developed metastatic disease reported in the several literatures had grade 2 or 3 myxofibrosarcoma.

Within our knowledge, only a few cases with grade 1 myxofibrosarcoma including the current case developed metastatic lesions.


As with the one-dimensional case, they proved that the sets arising as R-transforms, can be endowed with two binary operations which encode the addition and multiplication of free n-tuples of non-commutative random variables, such that they become in general non-abelian groups. However, contrary to the original situation for moments, they provided explicit and computable formulae for both operations, and also gave explicit transformation rules between moments and free cumulants, see Figure 2 . The multi-variable addition and multiplication problem for n-tuples of free random variables, in the free cumulant picture, as solved by Speicher and Nica [18, 16, 17] .

The multi-variable addition and multiplication problem for n-tuples of free random variables, in the free cumulant picture, as solved by Speicher and Nica.


Recently remarkable progress has been achieved in studying integrability properties within the arena of the AdS/CFT correspondence [1] . The ideal setting for performing this analysis is provided by the planar limit of the superconformal N = 4 SYM theory and its string dual in the AdS 5 × S 5 background. Indeed major efforts have been devoted to the comparison of the spectra on the two sides of the correspondence, i.e. the anomalous dimensions of gauge invariant operators in the gauge theory versus the mass spectra in the corresponding string sector. Higher loop perturbative calculations in the gauge theory have been performed taking advantage of the quantum spin chain description for which an Hamiltonian and a corresponding asymptotic Bethe ansatz can be constructed [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . In particular important results have been obtained for operators of infinite length, since in this case the dynamics simplifies considerably and it is essentially encoded in an exact, factorized S-matrix corrected by a dressing phase [7] [8] [9] [10] .

Recently remarkable progress has been achieved in studying integrability properties within the arena of the AdS/CFT correspondence.

Higher loop perturbative calculations in the gauge theory have been performed taking advantage of the quantum spin chain description for which an Hamiltonian and a corresponding asymptotic Bethe ansatz can be constructed.

In particular important results have been obtained for operators of infinite length, since in this case the dynamics simplifies considerably and it is essentially encoded in an exact, factorized S-matrix corrected by a dressing phase.


As a one-port measurement, only the reflection coefficient S 11 is acquired from the analyser. It has been found that phase information is more sensitive than the magnitude [11] . Accordingly, the distribution of the phase at each sampling position is plotted. As seen in Fig. 6 , at the inspection frequency of 19 GHz, both the delamination and the variation of the thickness can be detected. In addition, the presence of the web is well presented. It is shown that the size of the blue region is slightly larger than the real size of the web, which is primarily due to the transition in the thickness from the skin to the web and the intrinsic limited resolution that is dependent on the waveguide dimensions [12] . As presented in Fig. 7 , a similar result is found in T-joint II. The colour difference in the delamination region reveals the severity of the defects inside the joint. However, the same colour in differences figures is not comparable, and the colour differences indicating varied signal responses are only meaningful for a specific joint.

It has been found that phase information is more sensitive than the magnitude.

It is shown that the size of the blue region is slightly larger than the real size of the web, which is primarily due to the transition in the thickness from the skin to the web and the intrinsic limited resolution that is dependent on the waveguide dimensions.


The present study AFM determined no significant difference in the average surface roughness of both wires before (as-received) and after immersion in either the chlorhexidine or the artificial saliva test environment. This finding may explain why chlorhexidine did not have significant influence on the frictional resistance between stainless steel brackets and the two types of evaluated orthodontic wires. In addition, the average surface roughness value for the as-received Ni-Ti was higher than that of SS wires. However, no significant difference in the frictional resistance between the two types of wires immersed in either of the test environments was observed (P > 0.05). It has been reported that the frictional forces of stainless steel archwires increased significantly in artificial saliva, and that of β-titanium archwire decreased when compared with the dry condition [4] . This might have been also the case for the stainless steel and nickel-titanium wires used in this study regardless of their surface roughness.

It has been reported that the frictional forces of stainless steel archwires increased significantly in artificial saliva, and that of β-titanium archwire decreased when compared with the dry condition.


However, most studies show that product development teams leave life cycle design for the final stage of product development and comply with the requests of directives during product development or develop sustainability in parallel through the entire design process, which causes inefficiency because of feedback and rechecks in every design stage [11] [12] [13] . Therefore, Johansson indicated that there will be a lot of benefits such as reduced cost and higher efficiency if sustainable design were incorporated into the very beginning stage, which is one of the goals in this study [8] . Moreover, in the product development and design process, designers have applied computer-aided design (CAD) software such as Pro/E, Alias, and AutoCAD to sketch ideas as 3D models and produce prototypes. However, some studies have indicated that design tools and assistances are still insufficient for designers to develop products, especially at the early conceptual stage [10, 14] . Furthermore, the available CAD software mostly is not suited for design at the early concept development stage because it lacks a generative and managing mechanism to help designers evaluate and choose ideas efficiently. Therefore, this study aims to develop an intelligent system based on the sustainable product design and development (SPDD) model to incorporate sustainable design into early concept development stage and emphasizes a generative and managing mechanism to assist designers determine key themes in the early stages efficiently.

However, most studies show that product development teams leave life cycle design for the final stage of product development and comply with the requests of directives during product development or develop sustainability in parallel through the entire design process, which causes inefficiency because of feedback and rechecks in every design stage.

Therefore, Johansson indicated that there will be a lot of benefits such as reduced cost and higher efficiency if sustainable design were incorporated into the very beginning stage, which is one of the goals in this study.

However, some studies have indicated that design tools and assistances are still insufficient for designers to develop products, especially at the early conceptual stage.


Our previous data demonstrated that simultaneous depletion of T and NK cells significantly ameliorates survival in mice treated with IL-12 cDNA [10] . With this data in mind, we speculate that this effect is due to abrogation of the different sources of TNFa. Interestingly, data from the present work demonstrates that TNFa production is observed in T cells, NK cells and also in Mw. This residual Mw TNFa expression is probably why we observed that a percentage of mice depleted of NK-T cells still succumb following IL-12 cDNA treatment [10] . Moreover, we demonstrate here that when comparing NO vs arginase levels together with TNFa production, Mw from IL-12+IL-18-treated mice seems to exhibit a lower inflammatory profile when compared to IL-12-treated mice.

Our previous data demonstrated that simultaneous depletion of T and NK cells significantly ameliorates survival in mice treated with IL-12 cDNA.

This residual Mw TNFa expression is probably why we observed that a percentage of mice depleted of NK-T cells still succumb following IL-12 cDNA treatment.


E-mail address: Dimitrios.Chronopoulos@nottingham.ac.uk (D. Chronopoulos). and space usage. Moreover, it is also noted that whilst viscoelastics have shown potential for increasing attenuation in the high frequency domain, there is currently no recognised passive design configuration for efficiently damping low frequency vibration (that is the first 5-10 structural modes). Research interest has therefore focused towards achieving increased structural damping through measures of reduced mass, volume and cost impact. A methodology receiving increasing attention due to its attenuation efficiency (particularly in the low-frequency range) is the inclusion of internal tuned resonators [1] . As demonstrated below, a number of authors has suggested that the inclusion of negative stiffness elements in the structural ensemble, can drastically amplify internal oscillations and consequently the structural damping performance of the configuration.

A methodology receiving increasing attention due to its attenuation efficiency (particularly in the low-frequency range) is the inclusion of internal tuned resonators.


It could be argued that the threshold response to cumulative O 3 exposure was attributable to physiological changes associated with day of year, or the onset of drought stress. Day of year was not included in the generalized additive model because of colinearity with cumulative O 3 exposure. Although there was no statistically significant difference in O 3 exposure between the two years at any of the sites, the date when cumulative O 3 exposure became deleterious to C acquisition varied by 45 d among the four sites. The cessation of branch elongation growth, as a measure of phenology, was consistent across all sites (Table 3) . Needle elongation growth was more variable. The best evidence that the decline in C acquisition was attributable to cumulative O 3 exposure is that the date corresponding to the threshold varied by 1 month between the 2 yr at the cleanest site, and predated the onset of drought stress in 1993. At that site, the date of cessation of needle elongation growth was similar in the 2 yr (220-225), and occurred c. 3 wk before the threshold in 1993 and c. 1 wk after the threshold in 1994. The threshold to cumulative O 3 exposure roughly corresponded to the onset of drought stress at the southern Californian sites, but predated the cessation of needle growth by 3 -4 wk in 1993 and by 1 wk in 1994. Predawn xylem potential differed on only one sampling date in the 3 yr of study across the San Bernardino Mountains (Grulke et al., 1998) . Among the southern Californian sites, the date when the threshold response was achieved varied by 2 wk.

Predawn xylem potential differed on only one sampling date in the 3 yr of study across the San Bernardino Mountains.


The composition of effluent organic matter (EfOM) is a combination of those of natural organic matter (NOM), soluble microbial products (SMPs) and trace harmful chemicals. Most of the NOM originates from drinking water, which is one of major components in wastewater, while SMPs come from biological treatment and non-biodegradable organic matter [4] . Of particular interest are recalcitrant organic chemicals which are resistant to biodegradation, and thus challenging to remove during typical wastewater treatment. Some micro-contaminants associated with wastewater effluent may cause adverse impacts to aquatic and human health if the compounds are present in recycled water. Some of the organic compounds of concern include: disinfection by-products (DBP), N-nitrosodimethylamines (NDMA), pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) [5] .

Most of the NOM originates from drinking water, which is one of major components in wastewater, while SMPs come from biological treatment and non-biodegradable organic matter.

Some of the organic compounds of concern include: disinfection by-products (DBP), N-nitrosodimethylamines (NDMA), pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs).


Since the reflection is selective not only in wavelength but also in polarisation, the communication patterns can be turned on or off by changing the handedness of the illuminating light. By combining CLCs with right-and left-handed helices in one and the same sample, it is even possible to hide only a fraction of the reflection pattern in this way [27] . In an elegant study, the Kim group combined a temperature-responsive CLC droplet with a surrounding shell of polymer-stabilised CLC, the two CLCs having opposite handedness [31] . This allowed them to induce a very rich set of communication patterns by changing, on the one hand, the light polarisation, turning on the droplet, shell, or both reflection patterns. On the other hand, they could change the temperature, thereby dynamically changing the pitch of the inner CLC and thereby its reflection colour.

By combining CLCs with right-and left-handed helices in one and the same sample, it is even possible to hide only a fraction of the reflection pattern in this way.

In an elegant study, the Kim group combined a temperature-responsive CLC droplet with a surrounding shell of polymer-stabilised CLC, the two CLCs having opposite handedness.


In the present paper, we suggest and experimentally explore yet another possible approach to fusion of light nuclei. The idea is to make a crystal out of the atoms whose nuclei we want to fuse. In this crystal, the nuclei sit next to each other at an atomic distance and oscillate around the equilibrium positions. A crystal is just a huge molecule and of course the probability of spontaneous fusion of neighbouring nuclei is negligible, the same as in the ordinary molecules. An experiment aimed to observe the spontaneous fusion in the lithium deuteride crystal put an upper bound on the fusion rate per nuclear pair as ∼ 10 −48 s −1 [8] .

An experiment aimed to observe the spontaneous fusion in the lithium deuteride crystal put an upper bound on the fusion rate per nuclear pair as ∼ 10 −48 s −1.


A nobler possible destination for this waste, different from the fertigation, is the conversion of the biogas produced during its anaerobic digestion into energy. Several authors have studied the possibility of energy generating from the anaerobic digestion of the stillage and verified the presence of a large energy potential in this waste (Santos et al., 2011) . This practice brings about significant improvements because the high organic load of the waste is reduced, the residue receives treatment, and biogas is produced in large quantities. After treatment, vinasse may also be applied as a fertilizer (Salomon et al., 2011) . The anaerobic digestion of the stillage for hydrogen production has been also studied (Fu et al., 2017) .

Several authors have studied the possibility of energy generating from the anaerobic digestion of the stillage and verified the presence of a large energy potential in this waste.

After treatment, vinasse may also be applied as a fertilizer.

The anaerobic digestion of the stillage for hydrogen production has been also studied.


In recent years, research on the relationship between EFT and DM has gradually increased, but the reasons for the increase in EFT observed in DM patients has not been studied. Possible causes include decreased physical activity and an increased food supply, which lead to adipose tissue deposition in T2DM patients [38] . Additionally, genes associated with lipid metabolism have been shown to be missing, dislocated and mutated in DM patients [39] . Finally, T2DM patients regulate the distribution of sex steroids in body fat tissue (such as androgen) abnormally [40] . Previous studies have shown that EFT is closely related to insulin levels in serum in addition to Resistin mRNA levels and may be involved in the formation of insulin resistance. A significant increase in EFT has also been observed in chronic systemic inflammation, such as obesity and hyperlipidemia. It has been Fig. 1 Flowchart of the study selection process used to identify studies to be included in the meta-analysis suggested that it is also involved in abnormal lipid metabolism in the body [41, 42] .

Possible causes include decreased physical activity and an increased food supply, which lead to adipose tissue deposition in T2DM patients.

Additionally, genes associated with lipid metabolism have been shown to be missing, dislocated and mutated in DM patients.

Finally, T2DM patients regulate the distribution of sex steroids in body fat tissue (such as androgen) abnormally.

It has been Fig. 1 Flowchart of the study selection process used to identify studies to be included in the meta-analysis suggested that it is also involved in abnormal lipid metabolism in the body.


Over the last ten years much progress has been made in understanding the dynamics of Conformal Field Theories (CFT) in dimensions greater than two, using both analytical and numerical conformal bootstrap techniques. They rely on the formulation of consistency conditions on conformal dimensions and three point function coefficients (CFT data) of local primary operators, arising from the associativity of the Operator Product Expansion (OPE) and symmetries of the theory. Analytic solutions of crossing equations are not easy to obtain. Recently, two equivalent approaches have been proposed to analytically extract CFT data. In one approach, the main observation has been that specific singularities of the four point correlator completely fix the large spin expansion of the CFT data, making it possible to reconstruct the CFT data even for finite spin [1] . In the other approach, CFT data can be derived as an integral of the double discontinuity of the four point correlator over Minkowski regions [2] . In the latter, the structure of the singularities of the correlator in Lorentzian signature plays an important role.

In one approach, the main observation has been that specific singularities of the four point correlator completely fix the large spin expansion of the CFT data, making it possible to reconstruct the CFT data even for finite spin.

In the other approach, CFT data can be derived as an integral of the double discontinuity of the four point correlator over Minkowski regions.


In this work, we propose quantization, pruning and coding techniques for compression of deep networks, with a focus on the image instance retrieval task, unlike [9] , [10] , [12] . We also study the problem in the context of state-of-the-art deep residual networks. For residual networks, we propose sharing parameters across different layers to reduce the number of weights. Quantization and coding techniques specific to residual networks are further applied to reduce model size. We perform extensive evaluation of trade-off between retrieval performance and model size for different types of networks on several data sets, providing the most comprehensive study on this topic. We compress models to the order of a few MBs: two orders of magnitude smaller than uncompressed deep networks, while achieving negligible loss in retrieval accuracy.

In this work, we propose quantization, pruning and coding techniques for compression of deep networks, with a focus on the image instance retrieval task, unlike.


Since a small CO 2 laser average output power of ϳ0.5 W and a small tension ͑ϳ5 g͒ are used during the scanning process, the periodic residual stress relaxation is considered to be the main mechanism to form the grating. When the focus plane is moved away from the cladding surface, both the transmission loss in the air and the enlargement of the affected area will lower the power density irradiated on the cladding surface. This in turn reduces the laser penetration depth into the fiber, thus decreasing the heat depth of the silica glass [16] . This implies that the residual stress relaxation mainly occurs near the cladding surface region in the laser irradiation direction, while the fiber core is hardly affected.

This in turn reduces the laser penetration depth into the fiber, thus decreasing the heat depth of the silica glass.


Correspondence to: A. Tangborn (tangborn@umbc.edu) far from that of the Earth (Kono and Roberts, 2002) . Surface geomagnetic observations can be traced back up to 7000 years (Bloxham et al., 1989; Constable et al., 2000; Sabaka et al., 2002) . Plaeomagnetic dipole moment record can be traced much further back in time (Guoyodo and Valet, 1999) .

Correspondence to: A. Tangborn (tangborn@umbc.edu) far from that of the Earth.

Surface geomagnetic observations can be traced back up to 7000 years.

Plaeomagnetic dipole moment record can be traced much further back in time.


One could analyze the problem with a full-scale geodynamo model, such as MoSST core dynamics model we are using for related research (Kuang and Chao, 2003) . But the model is very complicated: in addition to 5 fields, the model is operating in a 3-dimensional spherical shell, with 4 non-dimensional parameters describing material and thermal properties specified for the core fluid. With this approach, it is much harder to develop and test a new algorithm amid the complicated interactions between the poloidal magnetic field and other variables in the model.

One could analyze the problem with a full-scale geodynamo model, such as MoSST core dynamics model we are using for related research.


The essense of agriculture is to convert various forms of energy into food energy for human consumption. Jhum in the hill region of north-eastern India is the principal way of yielding food energy. The first interesting feature of traditional jhum system of cultivation, as is evident in the present study, is that it is a labour intensive agriculture in which food energy is produced by consuming mainly the human energy. The material input in jhum is only through seeds, which again is in fact a product of preceding year's human labour input. The energy input through human labour accounts for a little more than three-fourth of total energy input in the present case where rice in monoculture was cropped. But under mixed cropping, labour input of energy may go as high as 97% (Toky and Ramakrishnan 1982) .

But under mixed cropping, labour input of energy may go as high as 97%.


Conventional MIMO data detection techniques are the ML detector, Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) detector, Zero-Forcing (ZF) detector, detector based on Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC), QR-decomposition detector and the Bell Labs layered space-time (BLAST) detector [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . ML detector is the optimal detector, but with a high complexity. MMSE and ZF detectors are all linear detectors and have low complexity. Detector based on SIC, QR-decomposition detector and BLAST detector are all nonlinear detectors. Among these detectors, V-BLAST detector is the best detector.

Conventional MIMO data detection techniques are the ML detector, Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) detector, Zero-Forcing (ZF) detector, detector based on Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC), QR-decomposition detector and the Bell Labs layered space-time (BLAST) detector.


Knee menisci are important structures in load transmission, shock absorption and joint stabilization [1] . Injuries to the menisci often result from a forceful twisting movement of the knee whilst weight bearing. A bucket handle meniscal tear (BHMT) is a sub group of the meniscal injuries, which consist of a vertical or oblique longitudinal tear with an attached fragment displaced away from the periphery of the meniscus [2] . BHMT occurs more commonly in the less mobile, medial meniscus [2] . There have been 3 case reports of simultaneous bicompartmental BHMT all of which were associated with torn ACL [3] [4] [5] . We present an unusual pattern of this meniscal injury: bicompartmental BHMT with a clinically competent ACL.

Knee menisci are important structures in load transmission, shock absorption and joint stabilization.

A bucket handle meniscal tear (BHMT) is a sub group of the meniscal injuries, which consist of a vertical or oblique longitudinal tear with an attached fragment displaced away from the periphery of the meniscus.

BHMT occurs more commonly in the less mobile, medial meniscus.

There have been 3 case reports of simultaneous bicompartmental BHMT all of which were associated with torn ACL.


To sum up, our work has led us to support the idea that government plays an important role in economic growth, but an excessively large government reduces economic growth. ASEAN Community has focused on public sector reform to improve service delivery for citizens, enhancing trust in government, strengthening efficiency and addressing corruption (ASEAN, 2013) . The evidence from this study suggests that governments in ASEAN countries should consider optimal government size at round 25.69 per cent GDP for supporting sustainable economic growth.

ASEAN Community has focused on public sector reform to improve service delivery for citizens, enhancing trust in government, strengthening efficiency and addressing corruption.


In the present study, combined application of vitamin E and Se had an additive protective effect against changing enzymes activities in smoke-exposed mice livers, kidneys and brains. The in vitro exposure of plasma to cigarette smoke resulted in the destruction of tocopherols, carotenoids, and retinal (Handelman et al. 1996) . The study revealed depletion in the levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as vitamins C, E and A in the brain of rats exposed to cigarette smoke (Anbarasi et al. 2006) . In another study, antioxidant (bacoside A) increased the GSH levels in the brain. Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effect of B. monniera following increased GSH levels have been reported (Sumathy et al. 2001; Rohini et al. 2004) . Similarly, preventing of alteration of enzyme activity against smoking-induced alteration in the brain, kidney and liver indicates hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and renalprotective role of vitamin E and selenium. This could also be the reason for the maintenance of the antioxidant vitamins which otherwise would be spared in scavenging these radicals from smoke.

The in vitro exposure of plasma to cigarette smoke resulted in the destruction of tocopherols, carotenoids, and retinal.

The study revealed depletion in the levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as vitamins C, E and A in the brain of rats exposed to cigarette smoke.

Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effect of B. monniera following increased GSH levels have been reported.


Exposure to cigarette smoke enhances the production of these antioxidant enzymes as a result of adaptive response, which consequently mitigate the damage caused by cigarette smoke (Hilbert & Mohsenin 1996) . Our results are in corroboration with the above findings, showing the increasing activities of CAT, GPX, GRX, SOD and GST in smoke exposed-mice liver and kidney. An increase in the activity of CAT, GPX, SOD and GST in the livers and kidneys of smoke-exposed mice suggests the ability of host antioxidant defense to meet the oxidative stress.

Exposure to cigarette smoke enhances the production of these antioxidant enzymes as a result of adaptive response, which consequently mitigate the damage caused by cigarette smoke.


Iron ion release from LO X at anaerobic condi tions (6 in Fig. 2 ) exceeds that at aerobic condi tions (5 in Fig. 2 ) for a factor of about 2.5. The iron ion release experiments obtained at the pHoptimum of soybean LO X I (pH = 9.0, 0.2 m bo rate buffer; 18 [im linoleic acid; 0.016 U/ml LO X ), n = 4) are described shortly as follows: If only L O X is stirred with oxygen the mean absorbance at 562 nm is 0.0425 (SD = 0.00289). In this case surprisingly, iron ion release by oxy gen exceeds that one caused by incubation of LO X with linoleic acid and oxygen (mean absor bance at 562 nm is 0.01825 ± 0.00419). Incuba tion of LO X and linoleic acid without oxygen results in a mean absorbance at 562 nm of 0.07025 ± 0.00206. This result is consistent with previous studies demonstrating that the presence of either 13-HPODE (for soybean L O X ) or 9-H PODE (for tomato L O X ) protects the enzyme against denaturation (Perez-Gilabert et al., 1996) . This reduction of the iron release may be due to shielding of the active site by reduced access of damaging ROS to susceptible histidine resi dues.

This result is consistent with previous studies demonstrating that the presence of either 13-HPODE (for soybean L O X ) or 9-H PODE (for tomato L O X ) protects the enzyme against denaturation.


The skin friction drag appears when fluid flows over a surface in wall turbulence. The drag can consume large amounts of power and cause emission of harmful gases. Therefore, drag reduction technique for wall turbulence is required and important in industrial application. Some kinds of high molecular weight polymer solutions added even at concentrations as small as ten parts per million can significantly reduce skin friction drag in turbulent flow. This phenomenon was first reported by Toms in 1948 and is known as Toms effect [1] . This drag-reducing effect, which depends on the polymer characteristics and concentration, has been the subject of a large number of investigations for understanding the complicated dynamic interactions between polymers and turbulence over the last 60 years [2, 3] . The results of the investigations can be used to ascertain the mechanism of turbulent drag reduction and even the mechanism of selfsustaining wall turbulence. They can also be extended to turbulence control in practical industrial application [4, 5] .

This phenomenon was first reported by Toms in 1948 and is known as Toms effect.

This drag-reducing effect, which depends on the polymer characteristics and concentration, has been the subject of a large number of investigations for understanding the complicated dynamic interactions between polymers and turbulence over the last 60 years.

They can also be extended to turbulence control in practical industrial application.


P. margaritifera is a protandric species. Populations growing in both natural and cultivated conditions have low numbers of females, and females are mainly among the older oysters (Chávez-Villalba et al. 2011) . Gender is determined by genotype or environmental factors or their interaction (Valenzuela et al. 2003) . Since P. margaritifera occupies areas with relatively homogenous temperature and food, the effect of these parameters on the expression of gender has not been well established. Available information suggests that temperature influences sex ratios in this oyster because more a Corresponding author: jechavez04@cibnor.mx b Permanent address: Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Unidad Sonora, Apdo.Postal 349, Guaymas, Sonora 85450, Mexico females have been found in the northern populations of French Polynesia, where temperature is higher and the range is narrower (Chávez-Villalba et al. 2011) . Furthermore, pearl oysters exposed to plenty of food may accelerate the change from male to female (Tranter 1958; Pouvreau et al. 1999) .

Populations growing in both natural and cultivated conditions have low numbers of females, and females are mainly among the older oysters.

Gender is determined by genotype or environmental factors or their interaction.

Postal 349, Guaymas, Sonora 85450, Mexico females have been found in the northern populations of French Polynesia, where temperature is higher and the range is narrower.

Furthermore, pearl oysters exposed to plenty of food may accelerate the change from male to female.


The paper does not address implications for government policies. It is clear however that there is ample scope for policies to facilitate and promote the development of firm-level innovative capabilities (Ernst, 2005 d and 2000) . In fact, integration into global knowledge networks is likely to increase the need for policies to develop strong national innovation systems that can create new sources of innovation.

It is clear however that there is ample scope for policies to facilitate and promote the development of firm-level innovative capabilities.


Foresight activities are designed to push the boundaries of human perception and engender long-term critical thinking as individuals envision desired states, formulate strategies to address the consequences of current actions, and identify and avoid negative futures (Slaughter, 1995) . In order to anticipate important shifts and events, organizations must continuously scrutinize and have deep knowledge of the driving forces that influence environmental changes, and better understand the associations, dynamics and interactions between these (Martelli, 2014) . Similarly, they must be able to identify emergent patterns still in the infancy of their emergence, separating out those considered to signal important future changes from those merely representative of randomness or 'noise'. However, while it is therefore essential to consider and prepare for futures for which there is some present evidence, and for which presently-existing driving forces might therefore be identified, it is also important to consider potential futures which are not leaving any evidential trace in the presentthe latter being the most profound source of uncertainty, representing so-called 'unknown unknowns'.

Foresight activities are designed to push the boundaries of human perception and engender long-term critical thinking as individuals envision desired states, formulate strategies to address the consequences of current actions, and identify and avoid negative futures.

In order to anticipate important shifts and events, organizations must continuously scrutinize and have deep knowledge of the driving forces that influence environmental changes, and better understand the associations, dynamics and interactions between these.


Horizon Scanning (HS) also eschews the attempt to create projections of the future; it instead aims to continuously and objectively explore, monitor and assess current developments and their potential implications for the future (Miles and Saritas, 2012) . The HS approach has been integrated with the scenario planning approach to engender continuity and give on-going purpose to scenario narratives (Ramirez et al., 2013; Schoemaker et al., 2013) . Practitioners argue that their integration provides greater benefits, enhances preparedness and increases value for organizations, than does either in isolation. The present paper seeks to evaluate these claims by providing a review of scenario planning and horizon-scanning processes in order to determine their individual and combined success and value in practice.

Horizon Scanning (HS) also eschews the attempt to create projections of the future; it instead aims to continuously and objectively explore, monitor and assess current developments and their potential implications for the future.

The HS approach has been integrated with the scenario planning approach to engender continuity and give on-going purpose to scenario narratives.


In the frame of this investigation, we employed the VT-DMA in conjunction with a mobility size spectrometer measuring number fractions as well as number size distributions of externally mixed soot particles. We determined the externally mixed subpopulation of soot particles for different aerosol types (street canyon, urban background, and continental rural) and different seasons. Furthermore, for the first time, emission rates of diesel soot particles of passenger cars and heavy-duty vehicles were estimated from the street canyon data using the street emission model OSPM (Berkowicz et al., 1997) .

Furthermore, for the first time, emission rates of diesel soot particles of passenger cars and heavy-duty vehicles were estimated from the street canyon data using the street emission model OSPM.


All the previous mentioned work were restricted to reversal via homogeneous rotation. Inhomogenous states were treated by Braun who calculated the thermally activated reversal in elongated particles [1] . Besides analytical formulas for the attempt frequency he found that the thermal stability depends on the domain wall energy in these elongated particles.

Inhomogenous states were treated by Braun who calculated the thermally activated reversal in elongated particles.


The genus Coffea has approximately 100 species, with commercial relevance for C. arabica and C. canephora (Davis et al., 2006) . Brazil is the world's largest coffee producer and exporter. Coffee is a major source of income, employment and development in the producing and processing regions.

The genus Coffea has approximately 100 species, with commercial relevance for C. arabica and C. canephora.


The analysis of the photosynthetic pigments will give insights on the impact of stress on the photosynthetic apparatus. Amongst them, carotenoids are especially important, since they contribute to the stability of light-harvesting antenna complexes, the dissipation of excess excitation energy and the reactive oxygen species scavenging (Demmig-Adams et al., 1995) . With low-temperature exposure, chlorophylls a and b were severely reduced in all genotypes (Table 2) . This loss was further increased in Conilon 02 during recovery, when the chlorophyll (a + b) rate dropped to 38% of the control. The strongest impact was on chlorophyll a.

Amongst them, carotenoids are especially important, since they contribute to the stability of light-harvesting antenna complexes, the dissipation of excess excitation energy and the reactive oxygen species scavenging.


The active population appears increasingly aware of the importance of good health, and more concerned about personal appearance, the environment, and longevity. Such attitudes encourage older people to become increasingly active. For their future success, spa tourism destinations need to appreciate the changing demands of the spa and health market and have the capacity to satisfy them (Henderson, 2004) .

For their future success, spa tourism destinations need to appreciate the changing demands of the spa and health market and have the capacity to satisfy them.


With growing scientific evidence that minerals obtainable from certain springs have special properties which can cure or ease the symptoms of various ailments, the tourism industry has sought to deploy these resources to attract more domestic and international visitors. The recent increase in public awareness of the importance of good health has provided an incentive for countries to develop their mineral springs resources and pursue the development of their own spa tourism sector. The economic potential of this sector has led many countries to finance, plan and develop the regions where the major hot springs are found and to engage in promotional campaigns to encourage visitors to these sites. Though it is well-established in Western societies, the development of spa tourism is a relatively recent phenomenon in Asia (Henderson, 2004) .

Though it is well-established in Western societies, the development of spa tourism is a relatively recent phenomenon in Asia.


Spa tourism has recently experienced a resurgence in many European countries and in the U.S.A. and has grown considerably in the Asia Pacific region. Competition between spa destinations is likely to intensify. It seems probable that if Taiwan is to be marketed effectively as a competitive hot springs tourism destination, its attractiveness will need to be superior to what is available in alternative destinations. This is particularly important in the case of the international market. Destination competitiveness is based on the capacity to design, produce, market, and deliver quality spa experiences that outperform other destinations from a supply-side perspective across a range of dimensions. This suggests the need to investigate the sectorspecific determinants of destination competitiveness and the preparation of a framework to guide the development of the spa tourism sector. The development of a model of competitiveness for spa destinations could assist tourism stakeholders in both the private and public sectors to identify destination strengths and weaknesses from a visitor's perspective, to highlight opportunities for tourism development, and to develop strategies to combat potential threats to future visitation (Dwyer et al., 2004) .

The development of a model of competitiveness for spa destinations could assist tourism stakeholders in both the private and public sectors to identify destination strengths and weaknesses from a visitor's perspective, to highlight opportunities for tourism development, and to develop strategies to combat potential threats to future visitation.


Notably, the SATs demonstrated higher adipocyte cell diameter as well as the higher abundance of insig-1 and insig-2 genes than the VATs. Between the two types of adipose tissue from the different anatomic sites, VATs showed more sensitivity to lipid levels in cases of over cholesterol-induced metabolic diseases. Previous findings reported that the insig genes assemble in subcutaneous adiposity in young adult women (Orkunoglu-Suer et al., 2008) . Our results indicate that SATs and VATs not only have anatomic differences, but also have metabolic and functional distinctions. In summary, these results suggest the changes in the mRNA abundance of insig-1 and insig-2 are related to porcine fat deposition; thus insig-1 and insig-2 are potential candidate genes for the pig fat mass trait.

Previous findings reported that the insig genes assemble in subcutaneous adiposity in young adult women.


Understanding how the rate of urban expansion, and its driving forces, change over time matters to urban planners [3] . Competition for land between urban and other use is very important in China. Land for agricultural and forestry production is concentrated in monsoon-affected East China, where agricultural soils account for 30% of total land surface; more than 20% higher than in West China [9] . Since the most rapid economic and urban growth has also been in East China, there are concerns that rates of land conversion may be so high as to endanger aspects of sustainable development, such as food security [5] .

Understanding how the rate of urban expansion, and its driving forces, change over time matters to urban planners.

Land for agricultural and forestry production is concentrated in monsoon-affected East China, where agricultural soils account for 30% of total land surface; more than 20% higher than in West China.

Since the most rapid economic and urban growth has also been in East China, there are concerns that rates of land conversion may be so high as to endanger aspects of sustainable development, such as food security.


The current study provides updated national-level evidence on urban expansion in China and on the effects of local economic growth and population change on this expansion. The 1993-2012 period is examined. Tests are conducted to see if trend expansion rates and the relationship between local economic growth and city area change between the two decades studied. Two types of data are used to see if patterns are robust to different sources of evidence. The first is administrative data from various yearbooks (documented more fully in Section 2 below) that annually report area and various socio-economic indicators for all urban districts in China. There are doubts about yearbook data on the urban area supplied by local governments, since land sales account for up to one quarter of their revenue and not all sales are sanctioned by upper levels of government. For example, in the secondary market, an entity who obtains land use rights from a local government may rent or mortgage that land to others, and this often involves a change in land use that is not registered with the authorities [10] .

The 1993-2012 period is examined.

For example, in the secondary market, an entity who obtains land use rights from a local government may rent or mortgage that land to others, and this often involves a change in land use that is not registered with the authorities.


Modal control uses the modal states for controlling purposes. Normally, these modal states are not directly accessible in the experiment. For this reason, state estimators can be employed to determine the modal states. The use of estimators requires a reduction of the model according to the number of considered modes for controlling the system. However, the use of reduced models can generate spillover effects, which can be overcome by choosing appropriate number and position of actuators and sensors [6] .

However, the use of reduced models can generate spillover effects, which can be overcome by choosing appropriate number and position of actuators and sensors.


Firms in developing countries are faced with a variety of constraints that may hamper their productivity and threaten their survival, with broader implications for economy-wide growth. These range from external characteristics such as difficulty in access to finance, lack of market outlets, macroeconomic uncertainty, and complicated government policies, to internal features such as shortage of labour and lack of technical knowledge. Another crucial internal constraint is the scarcity of managerial capital which relates to managerial practices and inherent talent. Better managerial capital can improve the marginal productivity of other inputs and affect the quantity and quality of other inputs in the production process (Bruhn et al. 2010) .

Better managerial capital can improve the marginal productivity of other inputs and affect the quantity and quality of other inputs in the production process.


Cities consume resources and produce both solid and liquid waste. Waste may normally be defined as any material or energy which cannot be economically used, recovered or recycled at a given time and place. Thus every city of the world must find a way of dealing with its waste. But what if this waste can be treated as a useful resource instead of a hazard to the public? That is exactly the practice developed by the 20,000 natural ecologists, i.e the farmers as well as the fisherman of East Calcutta Wetland. It is because of them that sewage has taken on a new meaning for Calcutta. Natural processes coupled with informal practices contribute significantly to wastewater treatment and promotes recycling. ECW's resource recovery system, developed by local people through the ages, has saved the city of Calcutta from the costs of constructing and maintaining wastewater treatment plants. Calcutta currently has no sewage treatment plant for its 12 million inhabitants. The recycling system that has developed over a century operates with minimum use of technology and engineering [1] .

The recycling system that has developed over a century operates with minimum use of technology and engineering.


Training system affects canopy light distribution and therefore canopy photosynthetic rate (Goudriaan and van Laar, 1994) . For the same LA per tree, a better light distribution may contribute to increased carbohydrate supply to sink organs, resulting in higher MFW. Cultivars differ in potential fruit weight and in the sink strength of individual fruit. Regressions between MFW and FNLAR can be used to analyse production potential of different cultivars (Proebsting, 1990) . A better understanding of the relationships between MFW and FNLAR would facilitate development and implementation of cultivar-specific management practices to attain optimum fruit yield and quality. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between MFW and FNLAR at both spur and whole-tree levels for 'Bing', 'Van' and 'Lapins', growing under tatura-trellis and vase training systems.

Training system affects canopy light distribution and therefore canopy photosynthetic rate.

Regressions between MFW and FNLAR can be used to analyse production potential of different cultivars.


Under similar management and growing conditions, cultivar was the main factor affecting the relationship between MFW and FNLAR. In contrast, training system did not affect this relationship. Trees used in this study exhibited a low LAI (2.5±0.7). Training system affects the light extinction coefficient, but at low LAI, this has little effect on light interception (Goudriaan and van Laar, 1994) . However, no conclusion can be extracted with this regard because each training system was present in a different orchard.

Training system affects the light extinction coefficient, but at low LAI, this has little effect on light interception.