Vibrio vulnificus is gram-negative halophilic motile bacterium that spreads worldwide in estuarine and warm coastal waters that already salt and brackish water frequently contaminates oysters and other seafood (Horseman and Surani, 2011) . This bacterium classified in Gammaproteo bacteria group, family Vibrionaceae (Broza et al., 2009) . V. vulnificus considered a highly pathogenic marine bacterium which implicated in a variety of infections in humans those are consuming a contaminated seafood or exposure of skin wounds for water contaminated with V. vulnificus that also can cause septicemia, primary sepsis for patients with chronic liver disease, immunodeficiency and iron storage disorders. Moreover, its increases mortality rates as a result of the bacterial infection rank among the highest foodborne pathogens, up to 50%, among individuals with immune compromised (Mead et al., 1999) .

Vibrio vulnificus is gram-negative halophilic motile bacterium that spreads worldwide in estuarine and warm coastal waters that already salt and brackish water frequently contaminates oysters and other seafood.

This bacterium classified in Gammaproteo bacteria group, family Vibrionaceae.

Moreover, its increases mortality rates as a result of the bacterial infection rank among the highest foodborne pathogens, up to 50%, among individuals with immune compromised.


On most sites in temperate Europe succession leads to the development of forest ecosystems. With changing structure of the vegetation, light availability to the ground flora decreases and since plant biomass is no longer removed, nutrients and carbon tend to accumulate. Later on, regrowing temperate forests develop surface organic horizons which modify the microclimate at the soil surface and the physical, chemical and biological features of the soil. The pool of nutrients contained in plant biomass increases during succession as plant biomass accumulates. Accumulation of nitrogen in the ecosystem is probably one of the main driving variables that determine the rate of succession (Tilman 1987) . Since the input of nitrogen by atmospheric deposition can be at some places extremely high, its effect on natural plant communities may be crucial (Berendse 1990; Bobbink et al. 1998) .

Accumulation of nitrogen in the ecosystem is probably one of the main driving variables that determine the rate of succession.

Since the input of nitrogen by atmospheric deposition can be at some places extremely high, its effect on natural plant communities may be crucial.


A search of TF binding sites (TFBS) in the 5 promoter region of the PvbZIP coexpressed genes revealed those from NAC, LIM, PROM and ALFIN families, present in more than 80% of coexpressed genes. Interestingly, the overexpression of Alfin1 in transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa) resulted in the enhanced expression of a salt-inducible gene in roots and increased root growth under normal and saline conditions, thus increasing plant growth and salt tolerance [32] . Also TF from the NAC family are involved in responses to salinity in rice and tomato plants [33, 34] . Arabidopsis seeds overexpressing the rice NAC gene ONAC063 showed enhanced tolerance to high-salinity and osmotic pressure [33] . Though TFBS for PvbZIP TF were not detected as over-represented in the coexpressed genes the binding of the TF to yet unknown DNA sequences cannot be excluded. An alternative interpretation of the latter is that salt-responsive PvbZIP exert indirect transcriptional regulation upon coexpressed genes in common bean.

Interestingly, the overexpression of Alfin1 in transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa) resulted in the enhanced expression of a salt-inducible gene in roots and increased root growth under normal and saline conditions, thus increasing plant growth and salt tolerance.

Also TF from the NAC family are involved in responses to salinity in rice and tomato plants.

Arabidopsis seeds overexpressing the rice NAC gene ONAC063 showed enhanced tolerance to high-salinity and osmotic pressure.


To study the stability of crude oil samples, the approach involving n-heptane-induced precipitation monitored with chemical imaging was applied. Using selected ATR-FTIR spectra, it was observed that n-heptane induces the precipitation of asphaltenes in all samples ( Figure 4 and Table 2 ). This is an expected result as asphaltenes are n-heptane insoluble fraction of crude oil (Mitchell and Speight 1984) . The chemical composition of asphaltenes observed for all samples are similar. The main component is condensed aromatic structures with nitrogen-and sulphur-containing species, such as pyridine and sulphoxide, respectively. The different wavenumber values related to the spectral bands of the same chemical species point to the possible variation in the structure of asphaltene molecules and ratio between various components. The dynamics of asphaltene precipitation was different for studied samples. As it has been already discussed earlier, the following sequence of crude oil stability could be proposed: B > D > A > E > C.

This is an expected result as asphaltenes are n-heptane insoluble fraction of crude oil.


The mechanics of MFIS are well established [10] . In the Heusler alloy Ni 2 MnGa, cooling below the characteristic martensite start temperature M s produces a cubic to tetragonal transformation and a corresponding twin-variant structure. Over a certain compositional range, a typical martensite microstructure consists of a mixture of three variants, each with tetragonal lattice c × c × a (c/a = 0.94), in which adjacent variants are separated by twin boundaries. Large MFIS results from the reorientation of favorable martensite variants through the motion of twin boundaries. Both magnetic fields and compressive stresses favor the alignment of the easy c-axis of the tetragonal unit cell. Conventional actuator devices require a mechanism to restore the twin variant structure when the magnetic field is cycled. This is done by applying compressive stresses or magnetic fields orthogonal to the drive magnetic fields.

The mechanics of MFIS are well established.


There is a more complicated notion called a Tambara functor, which incorporates norm maps as well. A Tambara functor is represented by a commutative "Gequivariant Eilenberg-MacLane ring spectrum" [11] . One can think of restriction as an equivariant version of a diagonal map, transfer as an equivariant version of addition and norm as an equivariant version of multiplication.

A Tambara functor is represented by a commutative "Gequivariant Eilenberg-MacLane ring spectrum".


Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a technology that has been used in a vast number of applications such as environmental monitoring, acoustic detection, seismic detection, military surveillance, inventory tracking, and medical monitoring with successful results. Because of their fast development, the WSNs are getting more and more popular in the scientific and technological field. Several studies on medical, commercial, and industrial applications have shown successful and promising outcomes, increasing the interest of new users towards this type of monitoring solutions. This type of network is defined as a group of autonomous sensor nodes that send their sensed data to a main network gateway by using a radio frequency channel of communication. Wireless sensor networks consist of light-weight, low power, and small size sensor nodes (SNs). They have ability to monitor, calculate, and communicate wirelessly. These devices are mostly based on a low power consumption design, making it possible to power the network's sensor nodes with their own individual batteries and keep an extended lifetime through even several years of operation without having to restore any of them [1] .

These devices are mostly based on a low power consumption design, making it possible to power the network's sensor nodes with their own individual batteries and keep an extended lifetime through even several years of operation without having to restore any of them.


Trajectory shaping of a missile is an advanced approach to missile guidance which aims at computing the whole trajectory in an optimal way. Trajectory shaping has been used by some researchers to improve the precision of the missile trajectory during manoeuvre. To increase warhead effectiveness and survivability again missile defence system the optimization of terminal impact angle is necessary to modulate trajectories of the missile. Furthermore it can be use to enhance the overall productivity and the effectiveness of the operation, especially to avoid from increasing anti-missile capability [1] .

Furthermore it can be use to enhance the overall productivity and the effectiveness of the operation, especially to avoid from increasing anti-missile capability.


With the development of wireless technology, the location-based service (LBS) gradually becomes a hot research field in recent years. One of the most well-known location systems is the GPS which is widely used in many fields for tracking moving objects located outdoors. However, GPS does not perform very well and even causes larger errors inside buildings for the signal is susceptible [1] . Therefore, indoor positioning system has attracted growing attention in these days.

However, GPS does not perform very well and even causes larger errors inside buildings for the signal is susceptible.


The functional form of the data is able to capture the subtle variations in mortality rates; thus the models and forecasts both have notable strength demographic forecasting [17] . The other studies in modeling mortality and fertility forecasting also have acknowledged the implication of functional data analysis approach in modeling all causes of mortality rates [11, 27] . Functional data analysis method on fertility and mortality data achieves better forecasting results than other approach to mortality forecasting [3] . Moreover, FDA technique allows the variation of mortality rates so that for different ages mortality declines or increases at different rates.

The functional form of the data is able to capture the subtle variations in mortality rates; thus the models and forecasts both have notable strength demographic forecasting.

The other studies in modeling mortality and fertility forecasting also have acknowledged the implication of functional data analysis approach in modeling all causes of mortality rates.

Functional data analysis method on fertility and mortality data achieves better forecasting results than other approach to mortality forecasting.


Samples were taken from the mouth of the Albujón wadi and the drainage effluent seven times between September 2002 and October 2003 to record the seasonal variability and the influence of flash floods. Additional samples, four times in five localities in the lagoon, were taken along a distance and depth gradient from the mouth of the Albujón wadi to Perdiguera Island (Figure 1c ) following the water plume determined by the circulation pattern (Pérez-Ruzafa et al., 2002) . The study period comprised two heavy storms, one in winter (10-12/1/03, 75.33 mm precipitation) and the other in autumn (16-17/10/03, 35.73 mm precipitation, Figure 2 ). Mean daily precipitation was calculated from data obtained from four meteorological stations located in the Campo de Cartagena. In the two storm events, samples were taken 1-4 days after the rains.

Additional samples, four times in five localities in the lagoon, were taken along a distance and depth gradient from the mouth of the Albujón wadi to Perdiguera Island (Figure 1c ) following the water plume determined by the circulation pattern.


Similar nutrient concentrations were found in the Albujón wadi and the drainage effluent, reflecting the same predominant nutrient source. The greatest differences between the two discharge levels were found for suspended sediment and nitrate concentrations after storm events. The drainage effluent transported more sediment per litre than the Albujón wadi. In addition, the differences in nitrate concentration may have been due to differential nitrate accumulation rates in the top and deeper soil layers, depending on the season, and differential leaching by surface or subsurface runoff. Surface runoff erodes and leaches the nitrate accumulated in the top soil, and an increase in the nitrate concentrations of the stream can be observed very quickly after the autumn rains, when the soils would have contained heavy nutrient loads as a result of fertilisation activity. However, infiltration creates subsurface saturated flow, which leaches the deeper nitrates that provide delayed peaks of nitrate concentration a few days after a storm event (Burt & Arkell, 1987) .

However, infiltration creates subsurface saturated flow, which leaches the deeper nitrates that provide delayed peaks of nitrate concentration a few days after a storm event.


In the Mar Menor, muddy substrates, low hydrodynamism and shallow waters determine that sufficient light reaches the bottom to allow the development of submerged vegetation, such as the macroalga Caulerpa prolifera, which is capable of using the nutrients present both in water and sediments (Terrados and Ros, 1991) . Only in late summer and early autumn was there any proliferation of the phytoplankton, principally near the Albujón mouth, as a result of increased inputs of NH 4 and the concurrence of high water temperature and strong easterly winds. These conditions produced an acceleration in the P exchange across the sediment-water interface, increasing the availability of water P for phytoplankton. This increased development of phytoplankton, which cause a reduction in the quantity of light that reaches the bottom and affect the survival of the dominant seaweed, C. prolifera (Terrados and Ros, 1991) . Furthermore, from the middle of September and throughout the winter, the water temperature would not allow optimal growth of the macroalga (Terrados and Ros, 1995) .

In the Mar Menor, muddy substrates, low hydrodynamism and shallow waters determine that sufficient light reaches the bottom to allow the development of submerged vegetation, such as the macroalga Caulerpa prolifera, which is capable of using the nutrients present both in water and sediments.

This increased development of phytoplankton, which cause a reduction in the quantity of light that reaches the bottom and affect the survival of the dominant seaweed, C. prolifera.

Furthermore, from the middle of September and throughout the winter, the water temperature would not allow optimal growth of the macroalga.


Hearing difficulties are a serious public health problem [1] [2] [3] [4] . It has been estimated that they will become one of the top ten leading burdens of disease by 2030 [3] . Hearing difficulties are not only a problem among the elderly, but also a common problem in the working-age population [2, 5, 6] . Any influence that hearing difficulties might have on mortality has, however, been only sparsely examined.

Hearing difficulties are a serious public health problem.

It has been estimated that they will become one of the top ten leading burdens of disease by 2030.

Hearing difficulties are not only a problem among the elderly, but also a common problem in the working-age population.


In order to develop better training programs that reflect the specific needs of the individual GK, it may also be important to examine the intra-individual variability that exists among them. This information can be used effectively by soccer coaches, GKs coaches, and strength and conditioning coaches to enable the individual GK to most benefit from the training program. In soccer, it has been already argued that various factors can predispose players to be successful, and that heterogeneity exists in the anthropometric characteristics and physiological attributes of players in top soccer teams (Reilly et al., 2000) . This assumption could be true for GKs as well.

In soccer, it has been already argued that various factors can predispose players to be successful, and that heterogeneity exists in the anthropometric characteristics and physiological attributes of players in top soccer teams.


Tissue undergoes changes during the development of cancer. Morphological changes mostly contribute to changes in the scattering properties, while biochemical changes occur at a cellular level from bio-molecules which are reflected in the absorption properties of the tissue [24, 25] . In addition, tissue undergoes changes in concentration of fluorophores e.g., decrease in concentration of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and increase in concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) which are well documented [26, 27] . Optical techniques may be more sensitive to the changes occurring in the preliminary stages of cancer than the existing conventional techniques [25, 28] .

Morphological changes mostly contribute to changes in the scattering properties, while biochemical changes occur at a cellular level from bio-molecules which are reflected in the absorption properties of the tissue.

In addition, tissue undergoes changes in concentration of fluorophores e.g., decrease in concentration of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and increase in concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) which are well documented.

Optical techniques may be more sensitive to the changes occurring in the preliminary stages of cancer than the existing conventional techniques.


For better classification of cervical data, comparative evaluation of several classifier techniques using same set of data is necessary. Among all the available classifiers, SVM is robust and performs better than other classification techniques. SVM is a machine learning algorithm used for classification of data, function approximation, etc., due to its generalization ability, it has been successfully applied in many cases [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] . SVM works by minimizing the upper bound of error through maximizing the margin between separating hyperplane and data set. It has the advantage of choosing the model automatically such that both the optimal number and location of basis functions are determined during training. SVM is also suitable for small samples and some inherently non-linear problems. There are several kernel functions available for SVM, both for linear and non-linear classification, and its performance largely depends on the selection of the kernel function [44, 45] . Rarely is one index test sufficient for diagnosis of a particular condition, and so diagnostics involving multiple tests are often used. We have hence, utilizused the advantage of SVM on fluorescence lifetime and PC scores for classification.

SVM is a machine learning algorithm used for classification of data, function approximation, etc., due to its generalization ability, it has been successfully applied in many cases.

There are several kernel functions available for SVM, both for linear and non-linear classification, and its performance largely depends on the selection of the kernel function.


Fluorescence lifetime distinguishes EH and CIN-I tissues and the distinction improves by the application of PCA. The difference is attributed to the variation in scattering between EH and CIN-I tissues. Application of PCA enhances the discrimination as the principal components capture both absorption and scattering effects [29] . Further application of SVM on fluorescence lifetime and PC scores quantifies the distinction with even better accuracy. Finally, the combined results of both fluorescence lifetime and PCA significantly improves the sensitivity and hence the diagnostic capability. The preliminary study suggests that the fluorescence lifetime and PCA combined with RBF kernel function in SVM has the potential to demarcate abnormal from EH samples and performance of this method will become more robust with a larger data set.

Application of PCA enhances the discrimination as the principal components capture both absorption and scattering effects.


Dual curing systems are used in many applications since they provide great flexibility in product design. Taking advantage of the sequentiality of the two reaction steps, one can tailor product properties at both the intermediate and the final curing stages [1] . The first stage of curing in many dual curing schemes is a self-limiting click reaction. These reactions provide high yields with high selectivity, thus making them suitable for a dual curing scheme [2] . A widely used click reaction is the Michael addition as it can be carried out in near-ambient conditions with favorable reaction kinetics and high yields [3] [4] [5] [6] . It is essentially a base catalyzed addition of a nucleophile to an activated electrophile. Nucleophiles are referred as Michael donors, whereas electrophiles are called Michael acceptors. Typical Michael donors are amines, thiols, and phosphines. The group of Michael acceptors is more numerous and includes acrylate esters, acrylonitrile, acrylamides, maleimides, alkyl methacrylates, cyanoacrylates and vinyl sulfones [3] .

Taking advantage of the sequentiality of the two reaction steps, one can tailor product properties at both the intermediate and the final curing stages.

These reactions provide high yields with high selectivity, thus making them suitable for a dual curing scheme.

A widely used click reaction is the Michael addition as it can be carried out in near-ambient conditions with favorable reaction kinetics and high yields.

The group of Michael acceptors is more numerous and includes acrylate esters, acrylonitrile, acrylamides, maleimides, alkyl methacrylates, cyanoacrylates and vinyl sulfones.


Taking into consideration these antecedents, in the present work, we utilize acrylate-amine Michael addition (i.e. aza-Michael addition) followed by photo-initiated radical polymerization of methacrylates. Due to the steric hindrance caused by their pendant methyl groups and to the inductive effect, methacrylates are poor Michael acceptors. As a result, they do not partake in the aza-Michael addition, and thus can be used selectively in a dual curing system [5, 6] . They can undergo photopolymerization at a subsequent stage of curing via a fast photo-initiated radical curing mechanism to provide the final product with a heterogeneous network structure which would have high crosslink density and desirable mechanical properties [5, 9, 10] .

As a result, they do not partake in the aza-Michael addition, and thus can be used selectively in a dual curing system.

They can undergo photopolymerization at a subsequent stage of curing via a fast photo-initiated radical curing mechanism to provide the final product with a heterogeneous network structure which would have high crosslink density and desirable mechanical properties.


In the present work, we prepared different mixtures of acrylates, methacrylates and an amine to synthesize thermosets using a solvent-free dual curing scheme carried out at near-ambient conditions. As the first curing step, acrylates are selectively reacted with a stoichiometric amount of an amine through aza-Michael addition. Since an amine performs both as a base and a nucleophile, no additional base catalyst is needed in this reaction [3, 5] . After this first curing step, the methacrylates in our mixtures are homopolymerized by a photo-induced free-radical polymerization mechanism. The employed dual curing methodology is schematized in Scheme 1. We focused on the effect of formulation (i.e. relative acrylate and methacrylate content) on reaction kinetics, the resulting network structure and viscoelastic properties of materials both at the intermediate (i.e. after aza-Michael addition) and final stage (i.e. after photopolymerization). To monitor acrylate and methacrylate conversion, we used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To measure viscoelastic properties at both curing stages, we used dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). To determine gel time during aza-Michael addition, thermomechanical analysis (TMA) was used. We also used thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the thermal degradation profiles of our final materials. We performed soluble fraction analyses on intermediate and final materials to shed further light on crosslink density and the extent of conversion. We also carried out a statistical analysis of aza-Michael network build-up in order to support our experimental findings about network structure. In order to check the degree of cure achieved, the final materials were thermally postcured.

Since an amine performs both as a base and a nucleophile, no additional base catalyst is needed in this reaction.


To detect and analyse high RI analytes, the SPR sensor using hollow fiber (HF) has been demonstrated both in experimental and theoretical researches [13] , [14] . In these sensor designs, the liquid analyte is filled into the center hole of the fiber to form a waveguide. When the analyte RI is higher than the material of the fiber, the incidence light can propagate in the analyte-filled waveguide to achieve the detection for high RI analyte. However, for the analyte with RI lower than the fiber material, the sensors cannot work effectively because condition of total reflection is not satisfied.

To detect and analyse high RI analytes, the SPR sensor using hollow fiber (HF) has been demonstrated both in experimental and theoretical researches.


Methionine-rich diets can lead to hyperhomocysteinemia, a condition that induces the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension in rats and humans and that can also increase oxidative stress in vitro (Robin et al., 2004) . Homocysteine (HCY) is a sulfurated amino acid originating from methionine metabolism that does not form proteins. HCY can be remethylated to methionine (transmethylation) or sulfo-conjugated with serine to form cysteine (transsulfuration) in a series of enzymatic reactions (Jung et al., 2003) . The reactions in the methionine cycle also lead to the formation of the tripeptide glutathio-710 ne (GSH), with a strong involvement in the process of free radical formation and lipid peroxidation .

Methionine-rich diets can lead to hyperhomocysteinemia, a condition that induces the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension in rats and humans and that can also increase oxidative stress in vitro.

HCY can be remethylated to methionine (transmethylation) or sulfo-conjugated with serine to form cysteine (transsulfuration) in a series of enzymatic reactions.


A study on lipid peroxidation caused by ethanol clearly showed that the maintenance of normal vitamin E levels is essential for antioxidant production. Vitamin E-deficient animals showed increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels even without receiving ethanol. The same study demonstrated that the effects of ethanol are observed in a time-dependent manner, i.e., the results crucially depend on the time when the sample is collected (Jordão Jr et al., 2004) .

The same study demonstrated that the effects of ethanol are observed in a time-dependent manner, i.e., the results crucially depend on the time when the sample is collected.


These GSH data initially reflect the depletion of this antioxidant which is considered to play a key role in drug detoxification, being affected by ethanol. GSH levels decreased over a 24 hour period ( Table I) , showing that GSH plays an important role in the antioxidant defense system, in the metabolism of various nutrients and in the regulation of cellular events including DNA damage, gene expression and apoptosis where its deficiency contributes to oxidative stress (Wu et al., 2004) . However, these effects of GSH on the mechanisms of lipid and protein oxidation need to be better elucidated (Biswas et al., 2006) .

GSH levels decreased over a 24 hour period ( Table I) , showing that GSH plays an important role in the antioxidant defense system, in the metabolism of various nutrients and in the regulation of cellular events including DNA damage, gene expression and apoptosis where its deficiency contributes to oxidative stress.

However, these effects of GSH on the mechanisms of lipid and protein oxidation need to be better elucidated.


The reduction of vitamin E levels probably demonstrates the utilization of this vitamin in the process of detoxification and recovery of the animal after ethanol consumption. We suggest that further studies prolonging the time in a similar experiment may determine whether vitamin E is recycled and recovered in the subsequent period. An experiment using different vitamin E levels (normal, deficient and supplemented) in the presence of acute ethanol intake, with the animals being sacrificed at different time points, clearly showed that vitamin E is reduced up to 8 hours after ethanol intake but that these hepatic levels are restored within a period of 24 hours, except in animals who already have vitamin E deficiency (Jordão Jr et al., 2004) . Table II presents the data regarding oxidative DNA damage determined by the Comet test. The data clearly demonstrate the increased DNA damage induced by acute ethanol administration and DNA protection when ethanol is administered together with methionine, a fact that may be explained by protection against the increase in lipid peroxidation in the ethanol plus methionine group. This shows the existence of a relation between TBARS levels and DNA damage, with consumption of hepatic antioxidants occurring in both groups receiving ethanol.

An experiment using different vitamin E levels (normal, deficient and supplemented) in the presence of acute ethanol intake, with the animals being sacrificed at different time points, clearly showed that vitamin E is reduced up to 8 hours after ethanol intake but that these hepatic levels are restored within a period of 24 hours, except in animals who already have vitamin E deficiency.


Energy is the livewire of industries and agricultural production, the fuel for transportation as well as for the generation of electricity in conventional thermal power plants is all energy based. In Nigeria, the rising fuel cost and limitations in supply is affecting virtually every sector of the economy. There is a gradual focus on the need for more energy-related research to reduce costs through energy conservation with a view of preventing possible folding up of the industry due to reduced availability of energy resources. The introduction of a Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in Nigeria in 1989 led to the prohibition of the importation of some essential products (such as soap, cooking oil, body/hair cream, etc.) as policy measures to revive the economy, minimize the dependence on importation and build a non-oil export based economy (Aina, 2002) . These policy measures rekindled an interest in post-agricultural ventures on the part of many Nigerians. These led to the establishment of some cottage industries such as soap production, cooking oil and body/hair cream (Olajide and Oyelade, 2002) .

The introduction of a Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in Nigeria in 1989 led to the prohibition of the importation of some essential products (such as soap, cooking oil, body/hair cream, etc.) as policy measures to revive the economy, minimize the dependence on importation and build a non-oil export based economy.

These led to the establishment of some cottage industries such as soap production, cooking oil and body/hair cream.


All data used in this study were extracted from the hospitalization summary report (HSR) database of the Beijing Municipal Health Bureau, Beijing, China. By governmental mandate, HSR on each hospitalization is required as a routine report to Beijing Municipal Health Bureau. The information assists the Bureau to make health care-related decisions, to allocate financial resources and to monitor health care services. Given the critical importance of these decisions, the Bureau, since 2004, has been consistently improving HSR reporting quality through standardizing the reporting form and enforcing the reporting procedure [14] .

Given the critical importance of these decisions, the Bureau, since 2004, has been consistently improving HSR reporting quality through standardizing the reporting form and enforcing the reporting procedure.


The commonly used additives in ruminant nutrition have an important role as modulators of the end products of rumen fermentation; however, the use of antibiotics in animal feeds is facing decreased social acceptance, and their use has been forbidden in the European Union since January 2006 (Calsamiglia et al., 2007) . For this reason, there is substantial interest in evaluating the potential of natural antimicrobials such as plant extracts to modify rumen microbial fermentation (Busquet et al., 2006) . The plants of interest produce a diverse array of secondary compounds, which have benefits in ruminant production (Wallace, 2004) . These compounds, including phenylpropanoids and flavonoids, are known to have an impact on rumen microbial metabolism by inducing changes in the fermentation conditions (pH, propionate proportion, and protein degradation) (Broudiscou et al., 2002; Balcells et al., 2012) .

The commonly used additives in ruminant nutrition have an important role as modulators of the end products of rumen fermentation; however, the use of antibiotics in animal feeds is facing decreased social acceptance, and their use has been forbidden in the European Union since January 2006.

For this reason, there is substantial interest in evaluating the potential of natural antimicrobials such as plant extracts to modify rumen microbial fermentation.

The plants of interest produce a diverse array of secondary compounds, which have benefits in ruminant production.

These compounds, including phenylpropanoids and flavonoids, are known to have an impact on rumen microbial metabolism by inducing changes in the fermentation conditions (pH, propionate proportion, and protein degradation).


It is important to emphasize the role of protozoa since they are known to be sensitive to PBP (Ríspoli et al., 2009) . The most important aspect of protozoa is their ability to engulf large molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and rumen bacteria (Van Soest, 1994) . Because protozoa are not able to use NH 3 -N, a fraction of the engulfed insoluble protein returns to the ruminal fluid in the form of soluble protein (Dijkstra, 1994) . Thus, defaunation decreases the concentration of NH 3 -N in the rumen (Eugene et al., 2004) . Therefore, propolis-based products (especially PBP C1) act not only on NH 3 -producing bacteria but also on protozoa.

It is important to emphasize the role of protozoa since they are known to be sensitive to PBP.

The most important aspect of protozoa is their ability to engulf large molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and rumen bacteria.

Because protozoa are not able to use NH 3 -N, a fraction of the engulfed insoluble protein returns to the ruminal fluid in the form of soluble protein.

Thus, defaunation decreases the concentration of NH 3 -N in the rumen.


New evidence involving the mechanisms behind the antimicrobial activity of flavonoids has been discovered: inhibition of cell wall and cell membrane synthesis (Cushnie and Lamb, 2011) . Accordingly, a single flavonoid may have different mechanisms of action; in propolis, the synergy between phenolic compounds may hinder the understanding of the antimicrobial activity of a particular compound. Among the phenolic acids, the presence of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and Artepillin C was noteworthy. Both the compounds possess strong antimicrobial activity, but their mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated (Estrada et al., 2008; Bankova, 2009) .

New evidence involving the mechanisms behind the antimicrobial activity of flavonoids has been discovered: inhibition of cell wall and cell membrane synthesis.

Both the compounds possess strong antimicrobial activity, but their mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated.


Propolis is a resinous material collected by bees from plant buds and exudates; flavonoids are considered the main class of biologically active phenolic compounds in propolis (Castro et al., 2007) . Other compounds are also involved, such as cinnamic acid derivatives and Artepillin C (3, 5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid), one of the major phenolic acids found in Brazilian propolis (Estrada et al., 2008) . These phenolic compounds are responsible for the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of propolis (Santos Neto et al., 2009; Frozza et al., 2013) .

Propolis is a resinous material collected by bees from plant buds and exudates; flavonoids are considered the main class of biologically active phenolic compounds in propolis.

Other compounds are also involved, such as cinnamic acid derivatives and Artepillin C (3, 5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid), one of the major phenolic acids found in Brazilian propolis.

These phenolic compounds are responsible for the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of propolis.


In this paper an improved kinetic model based on the differential mass balance equation is described for the kinetics of extracting tea seed oil with supercritical CO 2 , which overcomes the shortcomings listed above. Compared with general models based on differential mass balance, in this model the shape of particles and mass transfer in the solid phase are not taken into account, which facilitates calculation and makes the model more universal. If an artificial neural network were combined with this model, it would predict the extraction yields under other extraction conditions and could play an important role in the scale-up design of extraction process (Fullana et al., 1999) .

If an artificial neural network were combined with this model, it would predict the extraction yields under other extraction conditions and could play an important role in the scale-up design of extraction process.


The kinetic model based on differential mass balance centers on mass transfer and can solve the distribution of solute concentration in the fluid phase as a function of height of the extraction bed and extraction time (Reverchon and Marrone, 2001) . Therefore, the model fits much research data on the extraction process. Reverchon used the kinetic model based on differential mass balance to model supercritical extraction of clove bud essential oil and sage oil (Reverchon, 1996; Reverchon and Marrone, 1997) . However, there are still lots of assumptions in the kinetic models based on the differential mass balance equation, such as particle shape. Some models need to calculate the mass transfer coefficient for comparison with experimental results.

The kinetic model based on differential mass balance centers on mass transfer and can solve the distribution of solute concentration in the fluid phase as a function of height of the extraction bed and extraction time.

Reverchon used the kinetic model based on differential mass balance to model supercritical extraction of clove bud essential oil and sage oil.


Camellia oleifera is the key edible oil tree growing specifically in the south of China. Tea seed oil, a high quality edible oil, is obtained from Camellia oleifera seeds. Tea seed oil contains more than 84% unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid, and is characterized by its unique flavor, durable storage, and ease of absorption into the body (Ma et al., 2011) . It is one of the four edible tree oils (the other three being palm oil, olive oil, coconut oil).

Tea seed oil contains more than 84% unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid, and is characterized by its unique flavor, durable storage, and ease of absorption into the body.


Supercritical CO 2 extraction is a new and green technology for extraction and separation with several virtues such as high efficiency, short extraction time, low operation temperature, less pollution etc.. It has been widely applied in fields such as food, flavor, medicine, etc. Supercritical CO 2 extraction of tea seed oil have been performed by several researchers to study the effects of parameters such as pressure, temperature, extraction time and modifier on the yield and composition of the oil (Rajaei et al., 2005; Xu et al., 2010; Zhong et al., 2001; Zhou et al., 2012) . Based on our literature survey, no work has been done on the mathematical modeling of the extraction process. Compared with the applied research, the research on the kinetics and mechanisms of dissolution and mass transfer in the extraction of tea seed oil is thus less well developed.

Supercritical CO 2 extraction of tea seed oil have been performed by several researchers to study the effects of parameters such as pressure, temperature, extraction time and modifier on the yield and composition of the oil.


Overuse of antibiotics in respiratory tract infections has continued to be a major problem causing patient harm and contributing to antibiotic resistance [5] [6] [7] [8] . We previously developed and validated an EHR-integrated clinical prediction rule (iCPR) clinical decision support (CDS) tool. The study demonstrated the tool's ability to reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and test ordering for patients with respiratory tract infections. However, it was developed and tested in a single academic health center internal medicine clinic, limiting its generalizability to more diverse settings [9] . To extend these promising findings, a new study was launched examining how these iCPR CDS tools translate to more diverse primary care settings. This article discusses the tool adaptation, usability testing, training, and implementation procedures used to adapt and disseminate the iCPR tool at diverse primary care clinics across two health care systems.

Overuse of antibiotics in respiratory tract infections has continued to be a major problem causing patient harm and contributing to antibiotic resistance.

However, it was developed and tested in a single academic health center internal medicine clinic, limiting its generalizability to more diverse settings.


Reinforcement learning (RL) is a machine learning framework based on reward-related interactions with environments (Sutton & Barto, 1998) . In many RL methods, policy evaluation, in which a value function is estimated from sample trajectories, is an important step for improving a current policy. Since RL problems often involve high-dimensional state spaces, the value functions are often approximated by low-dimensional parametric models. Linear function approximation has mostly been used due to their simplicity and computational convenience.

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a machine learning framework based on reward-related interactions with environments.


Betaxolol bioavailability is solubility limited [18, 19] . Hot-melt methods, widely used in the food and polymer industries, are gaining increasing interest in pharmaceutical formulation development as a green, solvent free methodology to enhance dissolution rates of poorly water soluble drugs [20, 21] . The relatively low melting temperature of betaxolol makes it a good candidate for this type of technology. As an initial step in the development of effective new formulations, a detailed assessment of the polymorphism of the pure API, and particularly of its polymorphic behaviour in melt cooling experiments is essential.

Betaxolol bioavailability is solubility limited.

Hot-melt methods, widely used in the food and polymer industries, are gaining increasing interest in pharmaceutical formulation development as a green, solvent free methodology to enhance dissolution rates of poorly water soluble drugs.


Emerging economies together attracted more than half of global FDI inflows in the year 2010. As international consumption and international production has been shifted to emerging economies (BRIC), MNCs are increasingly investing in these countries. To utilize this trend of FDI it becomes important to look back the status of India's FDI attracting position among the other BRICS countries (Mathipurani, 2014) .

To utilize this trend of FDI it becomes important to look back the status of India's FDI attracting position among the other BRICS countries.


Trade between BRICS countries and the rest of the world has grown significantly with China and Brazil being the world's fastest growing economies. These countries are set to improve their economies by developing infrastructure, agriculture, manufacturing and the development of small business. Ranked as the poorest continents in the world, Latin America and Africa have posted strong growth rates in recent years, drawing increasing inward investment (Ho, 2013) .

Ranked as the poorest continents in the world, Latin America and Africa have posted strong growth rates in recent years, drawing increasing inward investment.


The curve fits for other fiber volumes are shown in Table 1 for the D155 material [6, 7] . The 10 7 cycles to failure was arbitrarily chosen to represent fatigue lifetimes of wind turbines. This is in contrast to the 10 6 cycles to failure often chosen f or other machine endurance limits. The point is, there is a complicated interaction between fiber volume and fatigue life of structures made from candidate materials such as those illustrated in Figure 1 . This interaction must be understood to determine the fatigue life of the wind turbine blade, especially as we venture into large (1+ megawatt) utility grade wind turbines.

The curve fits for other fiber volumes are shown in Table 1 for the D155 material.


Temperature is a main driver of microbial processes and higher temperatures increase SOM decomposition rates (Davidson and Janssens, 2006) . Old C incorporated in permafrost could be particularly sensitive to temperature changes (Knorr et al., 2005) . Temperature may also indirectly influence SOC dynamics. Shifts in plant community structures, higher air temperatures, and rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations can lead to higher plant net primary production and above-ground uptake of CO 2 (Ainsworth and Long, 2004) . Part of this additional C will be transferred into soils, e.g. as plant litter or root exudates (Jastrow et al., 2005) . In addition, higher temperatures and associated increases in active layer depths will lead to larger rooting depths and higher C inputs (Jorgenson et al., 2010) . This may have contrasting effects on SOC storage. On the one hand, SOM is decomposed more slowly in deeper soil layers and relatively undecomposed material is eventually incorporated into permafrost . On the other hand, the input of fresh and labile OM from the surface may stimulate microbial activity and enhance the decomposition of older SOM through positive priming (Fontaine et al., 2007) . Consequently, higher SOM decomposition rates will result in a loss of SOC. Considerable C losses can also be caused by freeze-thaw cycles, which cause short bursts of greenhouse gas production (Matzner and Borken, 2008) .

Temperature is a main driver of microbial processes and higher temperatures increase SOM decomposition rates.

Old C incorporated in permafrost could be particularly sensitive to temperature changes.

Shifts in plant community structures, higher air temperatures, and rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations can lead to higher plant net primary production and above-ground uptake of CO 2.

Part of this additional C will be transferred into soils, e.g. as plant litter or root exudates.

In addition, higher temperatures and associated increases in active layer depths will lead to larger rooting depths and higher C inputs.

On the other hand, the input of fresh and labile OM from the surface may stimulate microbial activity and enhance the decomposition of older SOM through positive priming.

Considerable C losses can also be caused by freeze-thaw cycles, which cause short bursts of greenhouse gas production.


Master students and graduates had alterations in happiness and life satisfaction that were related to socioeconomic and perceived health difficulties, and positive career attitudes. Given the important role played in people's happiness and wellbeing, university career services should pay a particular attention in monitoring of the various components of positive career attitudes and encouraging experience opportunity and activities useful to offer young people a growing sense of hope and planning for the future. As recommendations, we proposed to elaborate interventions aiming at improving psycho-educational determinants. It must be stimulated at the beginning of the entry at the university with appropriately collaborative supports, pedagogical workshops and interpersonal trainings [30] . These findings may help with the development of university and post university services with the aim to increase happiness and life satisfaction among postgraduates' students and ex-students. In the context of developing a European Higher Educational Area, these measurements are major indicators that can be used as a guide to promote programs geared towards counselling, improvement of the social environment, and services to assist with university work and facilitate achievement of future professional projects [32] .

It must be stimulated at the beginning of the entry at the university with appropriately collaborative supports, pedagogical workshops and interpersonal trainings.

In the context of developing a European Higher Educational Area, these measurements are major indicators that can be used as a guide to promote programs geared towards counselling, improvement of the social environment, and services to assist with university work and facilitate achievement of future professional projects.


Melt blending of starch with non-biodegradable polymers such as PE is a good way of improving TPS properties, but PE contents must be kept low to ensure biodegradability of the blend [18] . A new form of PE, called green polyethylene, has recently become available on the market. It is produced from the renewable material sugarcane; therefore, it seems to be a suitable material to melt-blend with starch from a marketing ("green" materials) and environmental perspective.

Melt blending of starch with non-biodegradable polymers such as PE is a good way of improving TPS properties, but PE contents must be kept low to ensure biodegradability of the blend.


Over the past century the petroleum-based polymer industry has grown rapidly by creating materials that are cheap, easy to transform, hydrophobic, and biologically inert. However, several decades of using and disposing of non-biodegradable plastic has caused an accumulation of plastic waste in landfills, polluted maritime environments, and contributed to the depletion of our limited reserves of fossil fuels. In a recent marine pollution study, a staggering amount of 4256 plastic pieces per square km of ocean surface were observed, whereas up to 800 different kinds of waste marine plastics, mostly micro-sized pieces, were also recorded in same work [1] . One alternative to disposing these plastics in landfills is burning them for energy production. However, this merely moves pollution from ground level into the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide and other gases. Recycling also has the problem of being energy intensive and requiring selective sorting out and cleaning of waste plastic [2] . A better alternative is to minimize the quantities of non-degradable plastics used by substituting them with biodegradable plastics.

In a recent marine pollution study, a staggering amount of 4256 plastic pieces per square km of ocean surface were observed, whereas up to 800 different kinds of waste marine plastics, mostly micro-sized pieces, were also recorded in same work.

Recycling also has the problem of being energy intensive and requiring selective sorting out and cleaning of waste plastic.


The OH functional group is susceptible to substitution reactions and has a high affinity for water, causing much of the problem of water absorption in starch formulations. Also, the C-O-C bond is susceptible to chain breakage [6] . A number of chemical reactions with these two groups have been studied in the literature to increase the hydrophobicity of starch [7] .

Also, the C-O-C bond is susceptible to chain breakage.

A number of chemical reactions with these two groups have been studied in the literature to increase the hydrophobicity of starch.


Developing melt-blends with satisfactory properties depends on the ability to generate a small dispersed phase size with strong interfacial adhesion, thereby improving the stress transfer between the component phases [19] . This is accomplished by using a compatibilizer that reacts with the hydroxyl groups of starch to form covalent bonds, providing interfacial adhesion [20] . Common compatibilizers used in starch mixtures are ethyleneeacrylic acid (EAA), maleic anhydride (MAH), and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVA). MAH is the most suitable of these compatibilizers because EVA is hydrophilic and the moisture it attracts is detrimental to TPS's mechanical properties. Also, a large amount of EAA is required for compatibilization which becomes costly [21] . The reactions whereby MAH reacts with PE to form maleated PE which then reacts with starch are shown below in Figure 2 and Figure 3 , respectively.

Developing melt-blends with satisfactory properties depends on the ability to generate a small dispersed phase size with strong interfacial adhesion, thereby improving the stress transfer between the component phases.

This is accomplished by using a compatibilizer that reacts with the hydroxyl groups of starch to form covalent bonds, providing interfacial adhesion.

Also, a large amount of EAA is required for compatibilization which becomes costly.


Herbicide Axial 100 EC was used with one biotype R1 from Kąsinowo/Szamotuły (52°36'40''N, 16°34'44''E), and Attribut 70 WG herbicide was used with biotype R2 from Kluczewo-Huby (52°38'7''N, 16°29'27''E). Biotype from Winna Góra (52°12'0''N, 17°27'0''E) sensitive (S) to all of tested herbicides was used as a standard. All the herbicides used in the experiment except of sulfometuron are registered in Poland. Herbicide spraying was conducted with a greenhouse sprayer at the 3-4 leaf stage of wild oat with TeeJet TT 11002 sprayers, the used pressure was 3 bar, and the amount of water for the treatment was 250 L/ha. Assessment of effect of the used herbicides was made 3 weeks after the treatment by evaluation of green matter of aboveground plant parts. Percentage of plant green matter loss was assessed in comparison with the control. The results were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance, and regression curve was plotted for each biotype with confidence interval of 0.05. Statistical analysis was carried out with the use of Polo Plus software and the logit model was used (Robertson et al. 2002) . The application automatically plots the curve and makes calculations of the effective dose (ED 50 ) causing a 50% reduction in green matter. On that basis, resistance index (R/S) was determined, which is a ratio of the dose causing a 50% reduction in green matter of resistant biotype plants and the dose causing a similar effect in sensitive biotype plants.

Statistical analysis was carried out with the use of Polo Plus software and the logit model was used.


Recently, there are various types of UWB antennas which have been designed to achieve the requirement for different applications [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . The planar inverted cone antenna is proposed by Suh and variants of the PICA concept have been investigated by others [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . A typical PICA is composed of single flat element vertically mounted above a large ground plane and likes a wide monopole antenna. Its bandwidth is impressive in view of its small size and mechanical simplicity. However, it is not the most suitable for portable communication systems due to the protruding part of planar inverted cone antenna.

Recently, there are various types of UWB antennas which have been designed to achieve the requirement for different applications.

The planar inverted cone antenna is proposed by Suh and variants of the PICA concept have been investigated by others.


Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio is an emerging and promising technology with uniquely attractive features inviting major advances in wireless communications, networking, radar, imaging, and positioning systems [1] . In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated the frequency band 3.1-10.6 GHz for UWB applications in 2002 [2] . In either conventional communication systems or UWB communication systems, an antenna plays a very crucial role. Nevertheless, there are more challenges in designing an UWB antennas than a narrow band one [3] .

Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio is an emerging and promising technology with uniquely attractive features inviting major advances in wireless communications, networking, radar, imaging, and positioning systems.

In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated the frequency band 3.1-10.6 GHz for UWB applications in 2002.

Nevertheless, there are more challenges in designing an UWB antennas than a narrow band one.


Notwithstanding resurfacing grievances regarding appropriateness of target-setting, government behaviour, interest groups, policy appropriateness and even Kyoto Protocol mechanisms themselves, Australian policymakers require complementary political, judicial and regulatory structures that can capture and harness firms and individuals to serve international obligations (Babiker et al. 2002; Prins and Rayner 2007) . The inherent biological nature of the LULUCF sector is likely to require a diverse multi-jurisdictional, multi-disciplinary capability to balance factional preferences and enable regionally efficient mitigation and adaptation. The last two decades of policy development demonstrate that complex policies-even if they can be implemented in the first place-may generate only relatively inconsiderable LULUCF mitigation.

Notwithstanding resurfacing grievances regarding appropriateness of target-setting, government behaviour, interest groups, policy appropriateness and even Kyoto Protocol mechanisms themselves, Australian policymakers require complementary political, judicial and regulatory structures that can capture and harness firms and individuals to serve international obligations.


The HRTEM analysis is shown in Figure 3 . The formation of nanoparticles embedded in the PPS matrix is observed for the Co 3 O 4 prepared using 1:1 ratio. The average particle size for the resultant composition was found to be in between 5 to 10 nm. The SAED pattern shown as inset of Figure 3 [17, 18] .

The SAED pattern shown as inset of Figure 3.


Numerical relativity in anti-de Sitter backgrounds is bound to contribute enormously to our understanding of the gauge-gravity duality and is likely to have important applications in the interpretation of observations [6] [7] [8] [9] . For instance, in the context of the gauge-gravity duality, high energy collisions of BHs have a dual description in terms of a) high energy collisions with balls of de-confined plasma surrounded by a confining phase and b) the rapid localised heating of a de-confined plasma. These are the type of events that may have direct observational consequences for the experiments at Brookhaven's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) [8, 9] . Numerical relativity in anti-de Sitter is notoriously difficult, and so far only very special situations have been handled [10, 11] . The phenomenologically most interesting case is a five dimensional space-time, AdS 5 , and therefore the higher dimensional extension of numerical relativity is necessary.

Numerical relativity in anti-de Sitter backgrounds is bound to contribute enormously to our understanding of the gauge-gravity duality and is likely to have important applications in the interpretation of observations.

These are the type of events that may have direct observational consequences for the experiments at Brookhaven's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC).

Numerical relativity in anti-de Sitter is notoriously difficult, and so far only very special situations have been handled.


Not much is known about general equilibrium states in anti-de Sitter backgrounds. The gauge-gravity duality and the hydrodynamic limit have been used to predict the existence of larger classes of BHs in anti-de Sitter backgrounds, including non axi-symmetric solutions [56, 57] . However, these have not yet been found.

The gauge-gravity duality and the hydrodynamic limit have been used to predict the existence of larger classes of BHs in anti-de Sitter backgrounds, including non axi-symmetric solutions.

However, these have not yet been found.


Numerical relativity is an essential tool to study many processes involving strong gravitational fields. In four space-time dimensions, processes of this sort, such as black hole (BH) binary evolutions, are of utmost importance for understanding the main sources of gravitational waves, which are expected to be detected by the next generation of ground based [Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), VIRGO] and space based [Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA)] interferometers. Long-term stable numerical evolutions of BH binaries have finally been achieved after four decades of efforts [1] [2] [3] . The numerical modelling of generic spinning BH binaries in vacuum Einstein gravity is an active field of research, with important consequences for gravitational wave detection in the near future.

Long-term stable numerical evolutions of BH binaries have finally been achieved after four decades of efforts.


The weight of concrete represents a large proportion of dead load on a structure; the use of geopolymers of lower density is beneficial in terms of reduced structural load-bearing with further benefits of acoustic and thermal insulation [8] [9] [10] . However, mechanical strength relates strongly with density and low density geopolymers can exhibit unacceptably low strength [11] . Sufficient mechanical strengths can be achieved with the controlled addition of foaming agents in order to achieve an optimum density and pore structure.

The weight of concrete represents a large proportion of dead load on a structure; the use of geopolymers of lower density is beneficial in terms of reduced structural load-bearing with further benefits of acoustic and thermal insulation.

However, mechanical strength relates strongly with density and low density geopolymers can exhibit unacceptably low strength.


Use of chemical foaming agents by themselves showed an increased tendency for pore collapse when compared with the use of surfactant. This, in part, was caused by the different composition of the gas that produces the foams. The surfactant enables the entrapment of air that is composed mainly of nitrogen and less permeable than O 2 and H 2 produced from the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and aluminium powder, respectively [2333] .

The surfactant enables the entrapment of air that is composed mainly of nitrogen and less permeable than O 2 and H 2 produced from the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and aluminium powder, respectively.


To increase the concentration of foaming agents in the geopolymer paste, it is necessary to have a more viscous mix that is less likely to be susceptible to coalescence of the pores and gas escape from the slurry. Alternatively a matrix with a faster setting time could be used [16] . In this study the geopolymer paste synthesised from fly ash had a relatively low viscosity and a long setting time due to sodium aluminate based activator.

Alternatively a matrix with a faster setting time could be used.


In CDMA system, an MS accesses the system on a particular carrier frequency [10] . A single carrier frequency occupies 1.25MHz bandwidth contains seven paging channels. When a carrier reaches its capacity limit, it is desirable to increase the system capacity. One way of achieving this is to increase the number of carriers to greater than one. When more than one carrier is used then, the system is referred to as multi-carrier system.

In CDMA system, an MS accesses the system on a particular carrier frequency.


The Internet has made an enormous impact on the world of communications. It has interconnected billions of networking devices all over the world [1] . These devices share information with each other in the form of digital data packets. The networking protocols are responsible for the delivery of these packets to their respective destinations. Despite their significance, these protocols have not evolved over the years, which are complex and thus restrict innovation. In the traditional network management, network administrators had to configure each device manually by using proprietary commands. Newer policies or protocols cannot be introduced in the network on the fly, while automatic reconfiguration and response mechanisms are almost non-existent. The still ongoing transition of protocol change from IPv4 to IPv6 shows how difficult it is to introduce new changes [2] .

It has interconnected billions of networking devices all over the world.

The still ongoing transition of protocol change from IPv4 to IPv6 shows how difficult it is to introduce new changes.


The effect of the presence of an interface crack on the contact stress field is first examined. To this end, the crack length relative to the punch width, c/δ, is taken to be a variable and the other parameters are set as μ f = 0.5, h 1 /h = h 2 /h = 0.5 and δ/h = 0.5, with the punch being located at e/c = 0. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the distributions of normalized contact stress σ 1xx (0, y)/σ 0 and in-plane surface stress σ 1yy (0, y)/σ 0 for μ 1 /μ 3 = 5.0 and μ 1 /μ 3 = 0.2, respectively. In this case, the powers of stress singularity at the leading (y = e + δ) and the trailing (y = e − δ) edges of the flat punch as determined from equation (5.8) are χ = −0.4548 and ω = −0.5452, respectively, resulting in the greater stress concentrations around the trailing edge of the punch. When the interfacial cracking is extended by increasing c/δ, it can be observed in figures 2a and 3a that there are also greater stress concentrations around both ends of the punch. The distributions of the in-plane stress component in figures 2b and 3b, which are discontinuous and unbounded at both edges of the punch, exhibit tensile responses just behind the trailing edge (y < −δ) that may trigger the initiation and growth of surface cracking in load transfer components through the sliding contact (Suresh 2001) . In the remaining region of the coating surface, it is predicted that the in-plane surface stress is in general rendered greater as the relative crack size c/δ increases.

The distributions of the in-plane stress component in figures 2b and 3b, which are discontinuous and unbounded at both edges of the punch, exhibit tensile responses just behind the trailing edge (y < −δ) that may trigger the initiation and growth of surface cracking in load transfer components through the sliding contact.


Coating/substrate systems are commonly utilized in a wide range of modern engineering practices, in an effort to improve the reliability and durability of components and parts of mechanical and structural assemblages, where the coating materials are essentially intended to play a protective role for the underlying substrate against detrimental wear-, heat-and corrosion-related damage. In applying a conventional, homogeneous coating to the substrate, one of the issues of utmost significance is the unavoidable presence of a sharp interface with an apparent mismatch of thermophysical properties. It is therefore very likely that the interfacial region suffers from high stress concentrations, poor bonding strength and consequent vulnerability to failures that may involve cracking and debonding of the coating layer, thereby counteracting the enhancements attained by the coating. Recent progress in the field of functionally graded materials that exhibit smooth spatial variations of properties, however, has made it viable to cope with such a drawback through the deliberate incorporation of a graded transitional interlayer as an undercoat between the coating and the substrate or the direct deposit of a graded coating on the substrate as an alternative to the homogeneous coating. The mismatch between the properties of the constituents can thus be alleviated to such a degree that it leads to superior structural and tribological performances (Schulz et al. 2003) .

The mismatch between the properties of the constituents can thus be alleviated to such a degree that it leads to superior structural and tribological performances.


To be addressed subsequently is the assessment of criticality resulting from the singular nature of the contact pressure distributions around a flat punch in terms of the punch-edge stress intensity factors, K T and K L , as evaluated from equations (5.40) and (5.41) and plotted in figure 5a,b. The singular stresses at the punch edges therein are predicted to be intensified as the shear modulus ratio μ 1 /μ 3 becomes greater, as opposed to those at the crack tips. In addition, the values of such punch-edge stress intensity factors at the trailing edge arrive at the peaks when the punch is acting on the location of the left-hand half of the crack, while those at the leading edge attain their peaks when the punch is acting on the right-hand half of the crack. In comparison, the severity of singular stresses in the close vicinity of punch edges is seen to be slightly greater at the leading edge than at the trailing edge, which is also in contrast to the case in which there is no crack (Choi & Paulino 2008) .

In comparison, the severity of singular stresses in the close vicinity of punch edges is seen to be slightly greater at the leading edge than at the trailing edge, which is also in contrast to the case in which there is no crack.


Garcinia mangostana L. or mangosteen is a tropical tree from the family Clusiaceae. The tree is cultivated for centuries in the tropical rainforests of some Asian countries. The tree can be found now in Northern Australia, Brazil, Central America, Hawaii, Southern India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and other tropical countries (Ji et al., 2007) . The fruit is dark purple or reddish with soft, white and juicy edible pulp. The pericarps of the fruit have been used in folk medicine for the treatment of several human diseases including skin and wound infections, hemorrhoids, arthritis, tuberculosis, inflammation, mycosis, ulcers, genitourinary tract infections, fever, amoebic dysentery and abdominal pain (Baxter et al., 1999; Caius, 2003; Moongkarndi et al., 2004; Salguero, 2003; Suksamrarn et al., 2006) . Mangosteen is also used worldwide as an ingredient of several commercial products including nutritional supplements, herbal cosmetics and pharmaceutical products (Ji et al., 2007) .

The tree can be found now in Northern Australia, Brazil, Central America, Hawaii, Southern India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and other tropical countries.

The pericarps of the fruit have been used in folk medicine for the treatment of several human diseases including skin and wound infections, hemorrhoids, arthritis, tuberculosis, inflammation, mycosis, ulcers, genitourinary tract infections, fever, amoebic dysentery and abdominal pain.

Mangosteen is also used worldwide as an ingredient of several commercial products including nutritional supplements, herbal cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.


Single or mixed cultures are used in biosensors. Since a single strain is not able to oxidize the entire range of organic contaminants in water samples, and the DO consumption is, thus, not always directly proportional to the concentration of biodegradable organics, mixed cultures like activated sludge have been preferred [7] . Even in the case of mixed cultures, however, the activity of the microbes is easily affected by the changes of environmental condition, such as concentrations of nutrients, temperature, and pH resulting in inaccurate BOD 5 values [8] .

Since a single strain is not able to oxidize the entire range of organic contaminants in water samples, and the DO consumption is, thus, not always directly proportional to the concentration of biodegradable organics, mixed cultures like activated sludge have been preferred.

Even in the case of mixed cultures, however, the activity of the microbes is easily affected by the changes of environmental condition, such as concentrations of nutrients, temperature, and pH resulting in inaccurate BOD 5 values.


Recently, a few researchers have utilized both UV-visible spectrophotometry and �uorescence measurements together to estimate the BOD 5 in waters. Applying the sensors to the environmental monitoring is advantageous since they are rapid and versatile. In addition, they require low operating costs, no chemicals, and no sample pretreatment for measurements. However, their application to water samples can be very limited if the SS concentration of the samples is high [16] .

However, their application to water samples can be very limited if the SS concentration of the samples is high.


Dissolved organic compounds with aromatic structures strongly absorb UV radiation [9] . Based on the principle, the UV-visible spectrophotometry of a water sample is hypothesized to have a linear relation with water total organic carbon (TOC), nitrate, suspended solids (SSs), chemical oxygen demand (COD), BOD 5 or dissolved organic carbon (DOC) [10] . Alternatively, the UV light absorbance at 254 nm has been utilized to directly estimate the aggregate organic content of a water sample [11] . If this approach is to be applied for the BOD 5 determination, target water samples should not contain other light-absorbing chemicals or materials like nitrate or SS [3] .

Dissolved organic compounds with aromatic structures strongly absorb UV radiation.

Based on the principle, the UV-visible spectrophotometry of a water sample is hypothesized to have a linear relation with water total organic carbon (TOC), nitrate, suspended solids (SSs), chemical oxygen demand (COD), BOD 5 or dissolved organic carbon (DOC).

Alternatively, the UV light absorbance at 254 nm has been utilized to directly estimate the aggregate organic content of a water sample.

If this approach is to be applied for the BOD 5 determination, target water samples should not contain other light-absorbing chemicals or materials like nitrate or SS.


A soware sensor (in other words, virtual sensors) generates virtual signals for the water quality parameter of interest through the calculation of a model fed with real signals from reliable, available sensors for other parameters [17] . It rapidly predicts the effect of changes in other water quality parameters on the target parameter. Since the soware sensor does not obtain its result from physical measurements, however, the uncertainty associated with its result can be large [3] . Hence, it has been suggested that a soware sensor should generate its data based on signals from as many real relevant sensors as possible. In this study, the synchronous �uorescence spectra, the UV light absorbance at 254 nm, and DOC of water samples were analyzed to predict their BOD 5 values. Since the �uorescence spectra vary depending on the characteristics of DOMs that are site speci�c in this study, therefore, all the �uorescence spectra of a sample were utilized.

A soware sensor (in other words, virtual sensors) generates virtual signals for the water quality parameter of interest through the calculation of a model fed with real signals from reliable, available sensors for other parameters.

Since the soware sensor does not obtain its result from physical measurements, however, the uncertainty associated with its result can be large.


Two cylindrical chambers, commonly used for radiotherapy dosimetry, PinPoint (PTW) such as used in Hrshak's study, and the CC01 (IBA), were examined in this study in oblique-incidence for low and high energy beams (6 MV and 15 MV). The angular dependence was first measured for the CC01 chamber for the relevant couch angular range (0˚ -110˚). Monte Carlo calculations were carried out for each chamber, and were compared to the measured results for the CC01 and to Hrshak's study for the PinPoint [2] .

Monte Carlo calculations were carried out for each chamber, and were compared to the measured results for the CC01 and to Hrshak's study for the PinPoint.


This high level of resistance could be attributed to mutations in both gyrA and parC which was reported to raise resistance in S. aureus (Decousser et al., 2002) . The majority of these isolates were also resistant to six other classes of antibiotics. We characterized the mechanism of resistance in these isolates by sequencing of gyrA and parC. To elucidate whether an efflux system was responsible for the multidrug resistance in the tested isolates, accumulation experiment was performed with ciprofloxacin.

This high level of resistance could be attributed to mutations in both gyrA and parC which was reported to raise resistance in S. aureus.


Development of the fluoroquinolone class of antimicrobial agents advanced the possibility of an effective option for the therapy of serious infections caused by multi-resistant strains of S. aureus, even by the oral route of administration. Unfortunately, shortly after introduction of these agents into clinical use, the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant S. aureus was noted (Peterson et al., 1990) . The primary targets of fluoroquinolones are two essential enzymes of bacterial cells, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (Hooper, 2002; Horii et al., 2003; Wang et al., 1998) . In most bacterial species the mutations in the genes that lead to fluoroquinolone resistance are limited to a few point mutations at restricted positions of the genes called QRDR. Fluoroquinolone resistance in S. aureus is generally associated with two single-point mutations in gyrA at codon 84, and in parC at codon 80 or 84. S. aureus isolates with higher levels of resistance are associated with the second mutation in parC at codon 80 or 84, depending on the position of the first mutation. When the second mutation in gyrA occurs at codon 85 or 88, in addition to the first mutation at codon 84, the strain shows the highest fluoroquinolone resistance even to newer fluoroquinolones (Iihara et al., 2006) .

Unfortunately, shortly after introduction of these agents into clinical use, the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant S. aureus was noted.

The primary targets of fluoroquinolones are two essential enzymes of bacterial cells, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.

When the second mutation in gyrA occurs at codon 85 or 88, in addition to the first mutation at codon 84, the strain shows the highest fluoroquinolone resistance even to newer fluoroquinolones.


The study also found that there was a significant improvement of participants' self-efficacy about their academic writing abilities with the experimental teaching and learning activities. Results from the interview also suggested that process-genre approach played a positive role in cultivating EFL learners' confidence and in enhancing their self-efficacy level of completing writing tasks. This finding is in consistent with previous research that genre-based instruction can develop L2 writers' confidence in writing tasks (Jiwon & Phil, 2018; Yasuda, 2011) . One possible explanation for the improvement of participants' self-efficacy is that process-genre writing instruction provides explicit instruction and needed support for students. With clear guidelines of both language use and context, students have a definite goal and they receive enough input and feel ready through repetitive exposure to research writing papers, which may increase their confidence in completing the writing tasks. In the interview, all the participants regarded the process-genre approach as useful and helpful. Another benefit is that the teacher divides the overall academic writing task into several stages with specific focus at each stage, which makes the writing task more manageable and controllable by the students. Students may feel less stressful and are more likely to experience progress and success with the smaller task at each sub-stage. Increased communications in class may also provide opportunities for students to view other peers' success and hold similar expectations of their own success with efforts. And free discussions and positive feedback also foster a relaxed atmosphere and the development of a positive relationship between the teacher and students, which may enable students to reduce their anxiety and take active participation in writing tasks.

This finding is in consistent with previous research that genre-based instruction can develop L2 writers' confidence in writing tasks.


For safety glazing applications, heat-strengthened or heattempered glass should be used. Only the lamination of glass layers does not make it safe. Therefore, the layers of laminated safety glass should be consisting of heat-strengthened or heat-tempered glass layers. Tempering increases the price of the glass (about 1.5 times), therefore, sometimes people try to use ordinary float glass where the use of heat-strengthened or tempered glass would be necessary. Fig. 1 indicates that non-safety glass was used in glass separation wall and the failure stared by about 120 panes. The use of float glass in point fixed glazing is especially dangerous, because it is not resistant to high stress concentrations e.g. which develop around holes [1] .

The use of float glass in point fixed glazing is especially dangerous, because it is not resistant to high stress concentrations e.g. which develop around holes.


In step 3 we should determine shear wave velocity profile (V S versus depth). Considering that shear wave velocity is approximately equal to 1.1 V R , so V S can be obtained. Also the effective penetration depth of Rayleigh waves is equal to 1 3 R  , so D (depth) can be obtained too [3] .

Also the effective penetration depth of Rayleigh waves is equal to 1 3 R  , so D (depth) can be obtained too.


Shear wave velocity estimation is an important task due to its application in evaluating sub surface response to earthquakes, soil improvement, and the strength of the surface structures' foundation. Two common methods for determining shear wave velocity profile in sub surface layers are Down Hole Test (DHT) and Cross Hole Test (CHT). As a weak point, in these methods we need to drill bore holes. Bore hole drilling is a destructive, expensive and time consuming task. Therefore a proper non-destructive alternative for these methods is needed. Spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method is a non destructive procedure which gives shear wave velocity using seismic surface waves [1] .

Spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method is a non destructive procedure which gives shear wave velocity using seismic surface waves.


RMS test is calculated as RMS train but for the test data. From Table 3 , the average RMS of the error for train and test results in each bore hole is near zero. The reduction in the network error will increase the reliability of network's predictions. Other training algorithms such as Scaled Conjugate Gradient, One-Step Secant, and Fletcher-Powell Conjugate Gradient were also used but were discarded due to higher tolerance for the test errors and lower reliability in our application [4, 6] . With a network of only one hidden layer, overtraining was often observed. Overtraining happens when the network is highly trained but its predictions appear erroneous for the test data. This can be the consequence of the complexity of problem investigated here and modeled in our neural network.

Other training algorithms such as Scaled Conjugate Gradient, One-Step Secant, and Fletcher-Powell Conjugate Gradient were also used but were discarded due to higher tolerance for the test errors and lower reliability in our application.


The second step is data processing. In this step, the phase difference between two signals recorded with geophones (x(t) and y(t)) is obtained. This phase difference is a function of Rayleigh wave frequency which propagates the distance between two geophones. To calculate the phase difference, signals from time domain should transfer to the frequency domain using Discrete Fourier Transform. After that X(f ) and Y(f ) are obtained. Therefore Cross Power Spectrum Function (G YX ) and the phase are calculated using Equations (1) and (2) . Calculated phase from Equation (2) is a phase difference between X(f ) and Y(f ).

The second step is data processing.

Therefore Cross Power Spectrum Function (G YX ) and the phase are calculated using Equations (1) and.


Over the past decade there has been tremendous activity, both theoretical and experimental, devoted to theories of the dark sector with new light degrees of freedom that couple to ordinary matter and mediate a fifth force [1] . These degrees of freedom (generally considered to be scalar fields) couple to matter with strength comparable to, or stronger than, the gravitational force. Nevertheless they have managed to escape detection (thus far) through so-called screening mechanisms. In regions of high density, where experiments are performed, the scalar fields develop strong non-linearities which result in an effective decoupling and correspondingly weak force. Thus screening mechanisms rely on the interplay between the interactions with matter and the non-linear self-interactions of the scalar.

Over the past decade there has been tremendous activity, both theoretical and experimental, devoted to theories of the dark sector with new light degrees of freedom that couple to ordinary matter and mediate a fifth force.


Many researchers proposed their frameworks for service composition in the MANET [4] [5] [6] . Their approaches can be roughly divided into two categories. In the first category, for each function, a path from the composite service-requesting node to the service-providing node corresponding to this function should be found. In another category a composite service is represented as an executable path, in which previous nodes provide services and intermediate results will be transmitted to successive ones through multi-hop transmission. Our approach belongs to this category.

Many researchers proposed their frameworks for service composition in the MANET.

Our approach belongs to this category.


Another general clinical implication from the present study is the need to incorporate a multidimensional approach to parents' QL and pediatric family caregiving. Our study demonstrated that the relationships between caregiving variables are not necessarily linear, and their impact is quite differential. A multidimensional assessment of burden may increase intervention effectiveness, through an appropriate allocation of resources (Savundranayagam et al., 2011) . Sharing caregiving responsibilities with other sources of support, learning to manage emotional stress, and implementing child behavior modification techniques, for instance, are distinct intervention strategies that may follow a multidimensional assessment to reduce Objective, Subjective and Relationship Burdens respectively. Nevertheless, any caregiving assessment exclusively focusing on negative dimensions may only provide an incomplete picture. It stands clear from our work that considerable levels of caregiving burden and uplifts may indeed coexist, so that despite a component of the intervention may be designed to decrease burden, other may be implemented to foster caregiving uplifts or utilize them as a therapeutic resource.

A multidimensional assessment of burden may increase intervention effectiveness, through an appropriate allocation of resources.


A statistical report from the Det Norske Veritas (DNV) showed that about 45% of the major accidents in the petroleum and petrochemical industry (PPI) in the last 50 years were caused by the high hazard mechanical system (HHMS) failure. In the PPI, when one HHMS has outburst failures in the production process, unexpected downtime of the entire production system occurs, along with major production losses and economic costs, potentially leading to significant casualty accidents and environmental pollution. The failure frequency of HHMS in the PPI is higher than that of other industries due to their changeable working conditions and poor operating environments [1] . As the competition among companies has become increasingly intense in the PPI, the production safety requirements have continuously improved, resulting in a growing concern for the failure risk of HHMS. When the high-risk components in the mechanical system are quantitatively identified and assessed, hazard frequency and hazard severity can be effectively reduced and controlled to ensure the reliable operation and safe production [2] . Moreover, quantitative risk level and distribution of the high-risk objects in one mechanical system can contribute to its fault prognostics, maintenance decisions, and health management. Thus, obtaining a quantitative risk assessment result for failure of subsystems, components, and parts of a HHMS in the PPI is important.

The failure frequency of HHMS in the PPI is higher than that of other industries due to their changeable working conditions and poor operating environments.

When the high-risk components in the mechanical system are quantitatively identified and assessed, hazard frequency and hazard severity can be effectively reduced and controlled to ensure the reliable operation and safe production.


The size of the cooling effect produced by air movement depends upon the speed of the air at the surface of the occupants' skin [11] , [12] . To use air movement effectively throughout a space, designers must have knowledge of the air speed patterns in the occupied zone produced by air movement sources. The ceiling fan is a source that in recent years has become highly effective and energy-efficient.

The size of the cooling effect produced by air movement depends upon the speed of the air at the surface of the occupants' skin.


What makes these distributions appealing for use in practice is that they are simple extensions of their more commonly used counterparts, the normal and Student's t distributions, and that they share some properties. For example, the distribution of the quadratic forms of skew-normal and skew-t random vectors does not depend on the shape parameter (and is chi-squared for the skew-normal model, as it is for the normal model). This property is useful for evaluating model fit. These distributions are closed under linear transformations, and multivariate versions are closed under marginalization (but not conditioning). Similarly to the normal and Student's t distributions, the skewnormal and skew-t distributions can also be adapted to handle positive data by considering their log versions (Azzalini, dal Cappello, and Kotz 2002; Marchenko and Genton 2010) .

Similarly to the normal and Student's t distributions, the skewnormal and skew-t distributions can also be adapted to handle positive data by considering their log versions.


First it enables us to prove that the two-body Hamiltonian with the proper domain is self-adjoint. Secondly, using this expression, one can reduce the spectral problem for the two-body Hamiltonian to a sequence of systems of ordinary differential equations enumerated by irreducible representations of the isometry group. In the case of the sphere S 3 we found all separate differential equations for spectral values, which can be solved in an explicit form for some interaction potentials. Thus, although the two-body problem on spaces S n and H n seems to be non-integrable in any sense, some its energy levels can be explicitly found. Such a situation appears in so called quasi exactly solvable models [22] - [24] . There are two essential differences however. First, usually quasi exactly solvable models are artificially constructed. Second exact energy levels are obtained, as a rule, from one differential equation with the specially selected potential, but this equation has also other unknown spectral values. Conversely, in the problem under consideration we select a separate differential equation from systems of ordinary differential equations and find all its spectral values.

Such a situation appears in so called quasi exactly solvable models.


In the recent years, intelligent surveillance cameras are very much exploited for different applications related to the safety and protection of environments. These cameras are located in sensitive locations to encounter dangerous, forbidden or strange events. Every moment vast amounts of videos are captured by these cameras, almost all of which comprise normal every-day events, and only a tiny portion might be irregular events or behaviors. Accurate and fast detection of such irregular events is very critical in designing a reliable intelligent surveillance system. Almost in all applications, there is no clear definition of what the irregularity can be. The only known piece is whatever that deviates from the normal every-day activities and events in the area should be considered irregularity [1] . This is a subjective definition that can include a wide-range of diverse events as irregularity and hence makes it hard for automated systems to decide if an event in the scene is really irregularity. Therefore, systems are generally trained to learn the regularity, and rigorously tag everything else as irregularity [2] . I is an encoder-decoder convolutional network, which is trained to inpaint its input, X, i.e., remove the irregularity. Therefore, |X − I(X)| indicates the pixel-level segmentation of the irregularity, from I's point-of-view. Whereas, D is a fully convolutional network (FCN), which identifies if different regions of its input are normal or irregular (patch-level). The intersection of the pixels denoted as irregularity in both I and D are labeled as the fine-segmentation of irregularity.

The only known piece is whatever that deviates from the normal every-day activities and events in the area should be considered irregularity.

Therefore, systems are generally trained to learn the regularity, and rigorously tag everything else as irregularity.


Inverted schneiderian papilloma and adenocarcinoma should always be considered in the sinonasal tract [4, 6] . Despite characteristic histological features that distinguish these tumours, the differential diagnosis can be challenging in cases of small or fragmented endoscopic biopsies [1] . Appreciable allelic loss within REAH, observed in previous studies, supports the hypothesis that the lesion might be a benign neoplasm rather than a developmental malformation [9] .

Inverted schneiderian papilloma and adenocarcinoma should always be considered in the sinonasal tract.

Despite characteristic histological features that distinguish these tumours, the differential diagnosis can be challenging in cases of small or fragmented endoscopic biopsies.

Appreciable allelic loss within REAH, observed in previous studies, supports the hypothesis that the lesion might be a benign neoplasm rather than a developmental malformation.


Time reversible reciprocating actuation mechanisms can not sustain significant net flow under low Reynolds Numbers where shear forces are dominant over inertial forces as explained in 'scallop theorem' [1] . Microorganisms such as spermatozoa and bacteria use their flagella to propel themselves [2] . Flagella of spermatozoa and other eukaryotic cells resemble to elastic rods, whose stress-induced suddenbending deformations propagate in waves towards the tip in a way similar to beating motion [3] . Periodic traveling-wave deformations of the biopolymer tail of the microorganism are the result of the balance between the bending stresses of the structure and the total stress in the fluid [4] .

Time reversible reciprocating actuation mechanisms can not sustain significant net flow under low Reynolds Numbers where shear forces are dominant over inertial forces as explained in 'scallop theorem'.

Microorganisms such as spermatozoa and bacteria use their flagella to propel themselves.

Flagella of spermatozoa and other eukaryotic cells resemble to elastic rods, whose stress-induced suddenbending deformations propagate in waves towards the tip in a way similar to beating motion.

Periodic traveling-wave deformations of the biopolymer tail of the microorganism are the result of the balance between the bending stresses of the structure and the total stress in the fluid.


In this work, we present numerical solutions of 3D time-dependent channel flows induced by the propagation of sine-wave deformations on thinmembranes submersed in fluids inside channels. These flows are governed by incompressible NavierStokes equations subject to continuity on timevarying domains. Mesh displacement due to moving boundaries of the membrane is modeled using an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation [16] . Effects of the amplitude, frequency and the film's width are demonstrated. Pressure head and efficiency against the flow rate curves are shown for a typical micropump that is actuated by traveling-sine-wave deformations on a thin-membrane.

Mesh displacement due to moving boundaries of the membrane is modeled using an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation.


Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) is an example of pure reactive routing protocol [5] . AODV routing protocol works exclusively on demand basis after it is needed by networks, which fulfilled by nodes inside the networks [9] . Route invention and path maintenance is additionally grasped out on demand basis even if merely two nodes demand to converse alongside every single other. AODV cuts down the demand of nodes in order to always stay alert and to unceasingly notify routing data at every single node. In other words, AODV maintains and discovers paths merely after there is a demand of contact amid disparate nodes [10] .

Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) is an example of pure reactive routing protocol.

AODV routing protocol works exclusively on demand basis after it is needed by networks, which fulfilled by nodes inside the networks.

In other words, AODV maintains and discovers paths merely after there is a demand of contact amid disparate nodes.