It is evident from the study made that it is advantageous to use HCNG as a fuel in internal combustion engines. Addition of hydrogen to CNG as a fuel in SI engines gives significant and positive impact on efficiency, especially close to the lean limit. HCNG makes it possible to run the engine leaner, resulting in lower emissions of CO 2 , CO and HC at certain λ and higher NO x emissions at constant excess ratio. Future experimental developments would prophesy the optimization of emissions of both urban pollutants and CO 2 along with the reduction of fuel consumption for specific vehicle driving cycle finding the best compromise after investigating a wider spectrum of λ, spark advance, compression ratio and percentage of hydrogen in the blends. Finally, it has been concluded that HCNG fuels pave the road for the use of hydrogen vehicles in the future due to expensive after treatment technologies. While majority of the research work on HCNG refers SI engines, If the existing heavy duty CNG buses are run by HCNG , then HCNG has the potential to meet the toughest diesel engine Euro-V norms yet to be enforced in future in India as shown in Figure 5 [3] . HCNG can be successfully employed in existing CNG engines with proper modifications.

While majority of the research work on HCNG refers SI engines, If the existing heavy duty CNG buses are run by HCNG , then HCNG has the potential to meet the toughest diesel engine Euro-V norms yet to be enforced in future in India as shown in Figure 5.


However, as the hydrogen fraction increases above certain extent, abnormal combustion such as pre-ignition, knock and backfire occur. Due to the low quench distance and high burning velocity, the combustion chamber walls become hotter which causes more losses to the cooling water. Therefore, the amount of hydrogen being added should be optimized to compromise the gain and loss. With the increase of hydrogen addition, the lean operation limits extend and the mean brake torque decreases [9] . This view has been the accelerant behind the renewed interest and recent progress in the research and development of HCNG engines. This paper gives a comprehensive review of HCNG characterization, experimental investigation on different internal combustion engines, merits, demerits and challenges faced by HCNG.

With the increase of hydrogen addition, the lean operation limits extend and the mean brake torque decreases.


Hydrogen has been regarded as a future secondary fuel for power system due to carbon-free operation. Rapid increase in the emission of green house gases and very strict environmental legislations are major motivating factors for the usage of hydrogen in fuel cells and internal combustion engines. It is an excellent additive to improve the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel due to its low ignition energy, high reactivity, diffusivity and burning velocity [6] . The internal combustion engines can be fueled with pure hydrogen or the mixtures of hydrocarbon fuels and hydrogen. As hydrogen has lower volumetric energy density and higher combustion temperature, pure hydrogenfueled engine produces lower power output and much higher NO x emissions than gasoline-fueled engine at stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. Blending of hydrogen with CNG provides a blended gas termed as HCNG. HCNG stands for hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas and it combines the advantages of both hydrogen and methane. HCNG allows customers early hydrogen deployment with nearly commercial technology. It is being treated as the first step towards future hydrogen economy. Engines can be calibrated for lower NO x or greenhouse gas emissions. Any natural gas engine is compatible to run on HCNG and can do so with minimum modifications. It also allows governments and agencies to promote the use of hydrogen to greater number of people at less cost. HCNG can help the hydrogen industry to develop volume and transportation solutions while reducing costs. HCNG can take advantage of existing investment in natural gas infrastructure and also has much higher volumetric energy storage density than pure hydrogen [7] [8] .

It is an excellent additive to improve the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel due to its low ignition energy, high reactivity, diffusivity and burning velocity.

HCNG can take advantage of existing investment in natural gas infrastructure and also has much higher volumetric energy storage density than pure hydrogen.


In the last few years, the use of alternative fuel in internal combustion engines has received renewed attention. The uncertainty of petroleum-based fuel availability has created need for alternative fuels. In recent years, an emphasis on reducing pollutant emissions from petroleum-based engines has motivated the development and testing of several alternative fuels. The conventional diesel and gasoline engines suffer from higher emissions. Upcoming stringent emission norms coupled with rising fuel costs and depleting crude oil resources has pushed to do research in alternate fuels that are environment friendly. With ever increasing energy demand and concern of environmental protection, clean combustion with high efficiency has got increased attention. Further reduction in engine emissions using alternative fuels has become one of the major fields in engine development. Various fuels have been considered as substitutes for hydrocarbon-based fuel. Alternative fuels that aspire to replace petroleum-based fuels include alcohols, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), hydrogen, vegetable oils, bio gas, producer gas and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) [1] [2] .

Alternative fuels that aspire to replace petroleum-based fuels include alcohols, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), hydrogen, vegetable oils, bio gas, producer gas and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).


Currently, in Central European forests, the two main oak species are decreasing in proportion due to the tendency towards close-to-nature forestry favouring shade tolerant species. Light demanding tree species, such as oak or pine, are often outcompeted in continuously covered forests because of their need for light, especially in the early development state. However, oak seems to have the potential to cope with warmer climates, which are likely to arrive in Central Europe in the future [69, 80, 81] .

However, oak seems to have the potential to cope with warmer climates, which are likely to arrive in Central Europe in the future.


Parenting is to have information about student needs and interests, as well as families' responsibilities for child growth and development [20] . Communicating is to increase two way communications from home to school and from school to home in order to develop understanding and cooperation between school and home [20] . Volunteering is that parents share their time and talents to help schools, teachers, and students. They might assist schools in the library, playground, and cafeteria for after school activities, celebrations, sport activities and other events [20] . Learning at home activities guide parents to help their children for homework and prepare a study field at home [20] . Decision Making is that parents involve in the decision making process about school programs, activities, support students for post-secondary school selection [20] . Collaborating with the community is to help cooperation among schools, families, organizations, community groups, and agencies [20] .

Parenting is to have information about student needs and interests, as well as families' responsibilities for child growth and development.

Communicating is to increase two way communications from home to school and from school to home in order to develop understanding and cooperation between school and home.

They might assist schools in the library, playground, and cafeteria for after school activities, celebrations, sport activities and other events.

Learning at home activities guide parents to help their children for homework and prepare a study field at home.

Decision Making is that parents involve in the decision making process about school programs, activities, support students for post-secondary school selection.

Collaborating with the community is to help cooperation among schools, families, organizations, community groups, and agencies.


The development of the survey followed a two-stage process. In the initial stage, existing items were generated from the literature. In particular, four of the six constructs contained in model were measured by two or more dimensions. For example, advertising and promotions were used to measure company's presented brand , while word-of-mouth and publicity were used to measure external brand communications . Customer experience with company was measured through core service, servicescape and employee service and, finally, brand meaning was measured through perceived value, brand personality and organisational associations (Aaker, 1996; Buil et al., 2008) . These items had previously been validated in the literature exhibiting high Cronbach's alpha and, therefore, were deemed appropriate for this study. Slight modification of item wording was required to reflect the context of this study. The second stage of survey development involved conducting focus groups to eliminate deficiencies regarding the instruction, content, and layout of the questionnaire. This resulted in the refinement of the instruction and six variables. The two-stage process ensured the reliability and validity of the survey instrument.

Customer experience with company was measured through core service, servicescape and employee service and, finally, brand meaning was measured through perceived value, brand personality and organisational associations.


As in the classical case, Fourier integral operators arise prominently in the study of solvability of hyperbolic equations, regularity of solutions and the inverse problem (determining the non-smooth coefficients from the data -an important problem in geophysics [6] ). In the case of differential operators with coefficients belonging to the Colombeau algebras, this leads to Fourier integral operators with generalized amplitudes and generalized phase functions. The purpose of this paper is to develop the theory of that type of Fourier integral operators and to derive first results on propagation of singularities.

As in the classical case, Fourier integral operators arise prominently in the study of solvability of hyperbolic equations, regularity of solutions and the inverse problem (determining the non-smooth coefficients from the data -an important problem in geophysics).


In this paper we have proved a very fundamental hybrid fixed point theorems in partially ordered normed linear spaces. However, more general hybrid fixed point theorems under weaker conditions may be proved along the similar lines with appropriate modifications. Further these hybrid fixed point theorems have some nice applications to hybrid differential and integral equations for proving the existence and uniqueness theorems under weaker hypotheses than earlier ones discussed in the literature. Here, in this work we have discussed only the dynamic systems with continuous nonlinearity, however the results on hybrid fixed point theorems of this paper can also be applied to study the dynamic systems with discontinuous nonlinearities on the domains of their definition. This can be accomplished by defining the order relation through the appropriate order cone in a normed linear space and following the lines of arguments given in Hekkillä and Lakshmikantham [13] . Therefore, the work presented in this paper opens a new vistas for the research work in the area of nonlinear analysis and applications. Finally, while concluding we mention that some of the results in the stated direction under weaker hypotheses than that presented here will be reported elsewhere.

This can be accomplished by defining the order relation through the appropriate order cone in a normed linear space and following the lines of arguments given in Hekkillä and Lakshmikantham.


Slowly, ITQs have been adopted worldwide, and studies examining change in economic performance metrics for fishing vessels after implementing ITQs have emerged. A move to this type of market-based management system provides policy-makers with a type of natural experiment where the predicted results of increased efficiency can be tested (Brandt 2003) . Although there is generally no control group because vessels without an ITQ allocation cannot land fish, readily-available micro-level data can inform researchers about trends in productivity, efficiency and capacity utilization for survivor vessels (i.e., those that operated both before and after ITQ implementation), as well as entering and exiting vessels. The extent to which these economic performance metrics change with shifts in management methods can provide important insights for future management actions.

A move to this type of market-based management system provides policy-makers with a type of natural experiment where the predicted results of increased efficiency can be tested.


A key advantage of formulating a content selection strategy as a p-median optimization problem is that the resulting framework can be extended to select other characteristics of the summary at the same time as the information content, such as the realization strategy with which the content is expressed. The p-median clustering works as a module separate from its interpretation as the solution to a content selection problem, so we can freely modify the conversion process from the selection problem to the clustering problem. Work in NLG and summarization has shown that content and realization decisions (including media allocation) are often dependent on each other, which should be reflected in the summarization process. For example, in multi-modal summarization, complex information can be more effectively conveyed by combining graphics and text (Tufte et al., 1998) . While graphics can present large amounts of data compactly and support the discovery of trends and relationships, text is much more effective at explaining key points about the data. In another case specific to opinion summarization, the controversiality of the opinions in a corpus was found to correlate with the type of text summary, with abstractive summarization being preferred when the controversiality is high (Carenini and Cheung, 2008) .

For example, in multi-modal summarization, complex information can be more effectively conveyed by combining graphics and text.

In another case specific to opinion summarization, the controversiality of the opinions in a corpus was found to correlate with the type of text summary, with abstractive summarization being preferred when the controversiality is high.


It is now possible to find a large amount of information on people's opinions on almost every subject online. The ability to analyze such information is critical in complex, high-stakes decision making processes. At the individual level, someone wishing to buy a laptop may read customer reviews from others who have purchased and used the product. At the corporate level, customer feedback on a newly launched product may help to identify weaknesses and features that are in need of improvement (Dellarocas et al., 2004) .

At the corporate level, customer feedback on a newly launched product may help to identify weaknesses and features that are in need of improvement.


Cancer cells are regarded as metastable system. Owing to their fast proliferation rates these cells generate loads of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is usually balanced by high intracellular antioxidants. Therefore, agents which can either reduce the intracellular antioxidant levels or slightly increase the ROS production in cancer cells may result in lethal damage and death in cancer cells. In contrast, normal cells usually have lower basal ROS levels and can tolerate this oxidative insults to much greater extend and have stronger antioxidant capacities (Sun et al., 2013) . Finding of current study showed dose-dependent increase in ROS levels in HCT 116 cells compared to 0.5% DMSO treated cells pointing towards ROS-mediated cell death as one of the main mechanisms responsible for the observed cytotoxic activity. Results of present study are consistent with other research reports where selective increase in ROS generation in cancer cells was observed after treatment with natural products. Similarly, 5-Fluorouracil, a standard drug to treat CRC, has also been reported to induce cell death through generation of ROS (Fu et al., 2014; Wen et al., 2002; Xu et al., 2014; Zou et al., 2015) . After establishing the ROS promoting role of F-3, we further confirmed the results by a series of in vitro antioxidant assays i.e., DPPH, ABTS and FRAP, and findings of the study revealed that F-3 phytoconstituents has weak activity in all the models employed.

In contrast, normal cells usually have lower basal ROS levels and can tolerate this oxidative insults to much greater extend and have stronger antioxidant capacities.

Similarly, 5-Fluorouracil, a standard drug to treat CRC, has also been reported to induce cell death through generation of ROS.


The synthetic arrival rates demonstrate the potential benefit of using dynamic server allocation to reduce waiting times under ideal circumstances. By ideal we mean that we expect dynamic reassignment of servers to be most beneficial when peak periods in one queue correspond to slow periods in the other. The second set of data, from Logan Airport, give an idea of how well these techniques might work in a real queuing system. Logan Airport is a highvolume airport, handling over 170 000 departing flights in 2009, which corresponds to over 12 000 000 departing passengers for the year, or roughly 35 000 passengers passing through security per day (Massport, 2010) .

Logan Airport is a highvolume airport, handling over 170 000 departing flights in 2009, which corresponds to over 12 000 000 departing passengers for the year, or roughly 35 000 passengers passing through security per day.


We provide the first implementation of fully collusion resistant traitor tracing and trace & revoke schemes. We use only prime order bilinear groups in this implementation. We implement all of our schemes using the Pairing Based Crypto (PBC) library [18] . For schemes that use asymmetric bilinear groups, we generate them using MNT curves [20] . The group size is 170 bits long, the group representations are 512 bits long, and the security is equivalent to 1024 bits of discrete log. It is also believed that the XDH assumption holds on these curves (Section 8.1 [6] ). For symmetric bilinear groups, we use super singular curves (with fastest pairing times but bad group element size). We use 512 bit group representations and have 1024 bits of discrete log security. One can choose other alternative symmetric groups that have smaller group size with faster exponentiation but slower pairing operations. This kind of tradeoff was not possible in previous systems [8, 9] .

We implement all of our schemes using the Pairing Based Crypto (PBC) library.

For schemes that use asymmetric bilinear groups, we generate them using MNT curves.

It is also believed that the XDH assumption holds on these curves (Section 8.1).

This kind of tradeoff was not possible in previous systems.


In recent years, sustainability, environmental concerns and green chemistry have played a big role in guiding the development of the next generation of materials, products and processes. The persistence of plastics in the environment, dwindling petroleum resources, shortage of landfill space and the concerns over emissions of toxic gases during incineration have fuelled efforts to develop biodegradable polymers from renewable resources [1] . The high social demand for sustainable biomaterials in the production of consumer goods has lead to increased attention in "green" technologies, in particular by developing environmentally friendly packaging systems [2, 3] . The proposal of new structures coupling adequate functionalities and sustainability is one of the current challenges in the research for new packaging materials. Important efforts have been recently devoted to obtain high performance bio-based materials, including polymer matrices, nanostructures and additives, fully derived from renewable resources [4, 5] .

The persistence of plastics in the environment, dwindling petroleum resources, shortage of landfill space and the concerns over emissions of toxic gases during incineration have fuelled efforts to develop biodegradable polymers from renewable resources.

The high social demand for sustainable biomaterials in the production of consumer goods has lead to increased attention in "green" technologies, in particular by developing environmentally friendly packaging systems.

Important efforts have been recently devoted to obtain high performance bio-based materials, including polymer matrices, nanostructures and additives, fully derived from renewable resources.


To accomplish this goal, we will draw from ideas in control-relevant identification (Rivera et al., 1992) . The result is a systematic framework for conducting control-relevant demand modeling in the single variable case. Results from a case study will show that the use of the framework not only improves the performance of the supply chain, but also enables planners to reduce the complexity of customer demand models.

To accomplish this goal, we will draw from ideas in control-relevant identification.


Efficient supply chain management has become a significant imperative for many modern-day enterprises (Simchi-Levi et al., 2004) . Properly characterizing and predicting demand plays a significant role in achieving high performance from supply chain management systems. The presence of error in a demand forecast will adversely affect decisionmaking in a supply chain. Inaccurate market research, customer order changes, out-of-date information, and misreading product/business cycles may have a negative effect on the profitability of a supply chain dependent corporation. While eliminating all sources of error from a demand forecast is impossible, it may be possible to mitigate its detrimental effects. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of forecast error on a supply chain decision policy.

Efficient supply chain management has become a significant imperative for many modern-day enterprises.


Moving target detection, imaging, and velocity estimation are active research fields with civilian and military applications in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) community [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . Many applications aim at determining the position and the velocity of certain targets. It is critical to estimate its velocity because properly refocusing and locating the moving target require the knowledge of the two components. This paper address the design of processing algorithms aiming at estimating the velocity of a detected moving target in a complex-valued SAR imagery.

Moving target detection, imaging, and velocity estimation are active research fields with civilian and military applications in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) community.


The B. braunii fatty acid profile during the active growth phase contained high proportions of C16 and C18 polyenoic acids (62% of total fatty acids), with monoenoic acids amounting to just 8.4%, and that was consistent with our previous data (Kalacheva et al. 2001) . The ratios of monoenoic to polyenoic fatty acids and monoenoic to dienoic ones were very low-0.15 and 0.45, respectively. Later on, the proportion of trienoic acids decreased significantly (from 42.7% to 11.8-19.7%), while the proportion of oleic acid grew (from 3.6% to 25.8-32.1%). The percent of linoleic acid remained unchanged, but the proportion of another dienoic acid (C16:2) dropped almost twofold. The ratio of monoenoic to polyenoic fatty acids increased 6.3-9.5-fold and that of monoenoic to dienoic ones, 5.2-5.6-fold.

The B. braunii fatty acid profile during the active growth phase contained high proportions of C16 and C18 polyenoic acids (62% of total fatty acids), with monoenoic acids amounting to just 8.4%, and that was consistent with our previous data.


Previously, we demonstrated that nitrogen deficiency and elevated or low temperatures influence biochemical composition (mainly the fatty acid spectrum of lipids) of B. braunii IPPAS H-252. However, no significant increase in lipid content was found (Kalacheva et al. 2002b; Zhila et al. 2005) . Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sodium chloride on variations in the lipid and fatty acid profile of the alga B. braunii IPPAS H-252.

However, no significant increase in lipid content was found.


The chief role of fatty acids in algae is related to functions of cell membrane and metabolic processes (Guschina and Harwood 2006) . The degree of unsaturation of membrane fatty acids is also a significant parameter in adaptation of algae to environmental conditions. Changes in the lipid fatty acid profile in response to elevated salinity of the medium are necessary to keep the membrane fluid and prevent its destruction.

The chief role of fatty acids in algae is related to functions of cell membrane and metabolic processes.


One of the reasons why these results are so contradictory can be that fatty acid composition was analyzed in algal cells of different growth phases. There seems to be only one available paper reporting lipid fatty acid compositions of algal cells grown under different NaCl concentrations that were taken for analysis during the exponential and the stationary growth phases. During the exponential growth phase, 18:3 increased and C16:0 decreased at 1.0 M NaCl and higher concentrations, and C20:4 increased at 1.5 M. During the stationary growth phase, C18:0 was demonstrated in the fatty acid profile, and there was a decrease in C20:4 that was not related to sodium chloride concentration of the medium (Lee et al. 1989) .

During the exponential growth phase, 18:3 increased and C16:0 decreased at 1.0 M NaCl and higher concentrations, and C20:4 increased at 1.5 M. During the stationary growth phase, C18:0 was demonstrated in the fatty acid profile, and there was a decrease in C20:4 that was not related to sodium chloride concentration of the medium.


Organophosphorus compounds are the most widely used pesticides, and about 38% of the total used pesticides belong to this group of chemicals [32] . However, overuse of these pesticides has raised significant environmental problems by contamination of soils and groundwater [33] . Therefore, in the current work, the photocatalytic activity of the prepared thin films in degradation of paraoxon (as model of organophosphorus compounds) was studied.

Organophosphorus compounds are the most widely used pesticides, and about 38% of the total used pesticides belong to this group of chemicals.

However, overuse of these pesticides has raised significant environmental problems by contamination of soils and groundwater.


We apply the proposed methods on Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 (GAW15) Problem 1 data [2] [3] [4] . This data set consists of 14 three-generation Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain pedigrees. Genotypes of 2882 autosomal and X-linked SNPs are provided for each individual. Expression levels of ~8500 genes in lymphoblastoid cells were obtained using the Affymetrix Human Focus Arrays [4] .

We apply the proposed methods on Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 (GAW15) Problem 1 data.

Expression levels of ~8500 genes in lymphoblastoid cells were obtained using the Affymetrix Human Focus Arrays.


Ginseng, the root of panax ginseng C.A Meyer (Araliaceae), is a well-known traditional herbal medicine that has been shown to exhibit a variety of medicinal efficacies. The main molecular components responsible for the action of ginseng are ginsenosides which are also called a ginseng saponin. The ginsenosides have a four-ring, steroid-like structure with sugar moieties attached and show similar properties to various neurotransmitters. They also have an antinociceptive effect on various animal models [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . In practice, ginseng has been used to alleviate a varie- ty of pain in traditional folk medicines since administration of ginseng extracts promptly produces antinociception and prevents the opioid tolerance caused by chronic treatment with morphine at spinal cord [7] . Moreover, ginsenosides recently were known to inhibit voltage-dependent channels in peripheral sensory neurons [9, 10] . These reports indicate that ginseng plays an important role in modulating pain perception in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. However, effects of ginsenosides on tooth pulpal pain and trigemino-cardiovascular reflex were not studied using c-Fos expression, a reliable marker to identify nociceptive neuron or specific neural pathways activated by noxious stimuli in animal model. This study investigated the effects of ginsenosides on tooth pulpal pain and trigemino-cardiovascular reflex elicited by noxious tooth pulpal stimulus for c-Fos in rats.

They also have an antinociceptive effect on various animal models.

In practice, ginseng has been used to alleviate a varie- ty of pain in traditional folk medicines since administration of ginseng extracts promptly produces antinociception and prevents the opioid tolerance caused by chronic treatment with morphine at spinal cord.

Moreover, ginsenosides recently were known to inhibit voltage-dependent channels in peripheral sensory neurons.


However, sometimes the cost or logistics of applying these chemicals may be prohibitive or surface application can not solve subsoil acidity (Parkpian et al., 1991) . On acidic low P upland soil in northern Thailand, farmers grow many legumes including cowpea without stress symptoms being expressed. In this system of shifting cultivation, upland rice is grown together with 30 species of crops including several legumes in rotation with 6 years of fallow, with very little external inputs, and soil fertility is maintained by a fallow enriching tree, Macaranga denticulata (Yimyam et al., 2003) .

However, sometimes the cost or logistics of applying these chemicals may be prohibitive or surface application can not solve subsoil acidity.

In this system of shifting cultivation, upland rice is grown together with 30 species of crops including several legumes in rotation with 6 years of fallow, with very little external inputs, and soil fertility is maintained by a fallow enriching tree, Macaranga denticulata.


In a small case control study performed in Titule, onchocerciasis suspected skin lesions were more often present in persons with epilepsy compared to controls, respectively 12/41 (29%) and 1/56 (2%) (OR = 20.26, 95% CI: 2.42-170) (P < 0.01) [8] . However, O. volvulus DNA was detected by PCR in skin snips in 26 (76%) of 34 cases and in ten (71%) of 14 controls (P = 0.7), and O. volvulus IgG4 antibodies were present in 35 (73%) of 48 cases and 15 (83%) of 18 controls (P = 0.5). O. volvulus DNA was not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of cases [8] . The finding that in Titule there was no difference in O. volvulus antibodies and skin snip positivity between cases and controls is in contrast with other case control studies that found that O. volvulus microfilariae were more often present in cases compared to controls [9] [10] [11] . We hypothesize that this discrepancy can be explained by the fact that previous case control studies were performed prior to the introduction of mass distribution of ivermectin while in Titule annual ivermectin mass distribution has been implemented for 14 years. In the study in Titule nearly 50% of cases and controls received ivermectin 7 months before the skin snip exam [8] . We therefore performed two additional case control studies in the DRC in areas where the population had been less exposed to ivermectin.

In a small case control study performed in Titule, onchocerciasis suspected skin lesions were more often present in persons with epilepsy compared to controls, respectively 12/41 (29%) and 1/56 (2%) (OR = 20.26, 95% CI: 2.42-170) (P < 0.01).

O. volvulus DNA was not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of cases.

The finding that in Titule there was no difference in O. volvulus antibodies and skin snip positivity between cases and controls is in contrast with other case control studies that found that O. volvulus microfilariae were more often present in cases compared to controls.

In the study in Titule nearly 50% of cases and controls received ivermectin 7 months before the skin snip exam.


New tests can be designed in order to collect more data within a single run, compared to the standard methods. The use of full-field measurements makes it possible to choose complex geometries for the test specimens, introducing heterogeneous strain fields, thereby enabling the yield envelope to be probed at thousands of different stress states at once. One of the main challenges in such approach is to extract the material parameters from the collected data. Two of the most used inverse techniques capable of doing this are finite element model updating (FEMU) and the virtual fields method (VFM). It was demonstrated that these approaches can reduce the number of tests needed to fully characterize anisotropic models, in particular Hill48, or Yld2000-2D [11, 13, 18, 21, 35, 38, 39] .

It was demonstrated that these approaches can reduce the number of tests needed to fully characterize anisotropic models, in particular Hill48, or Yld2000-2D.


One of the main challenges in the VFM is the choice of virtual fields. These are test functions that act upon the reconstructed stress fields to check for stress equilibrium. Their choice strongly affects the accuracy of the identification. Until recently, no structured method was available to generate high quality virtual fields for non-linear problems. Currently, the standard approach is to rely on user-defined virtual fields (UDVFs), using standard expansion bases such as polynomials or harmonic functions. The effectiveness of these user-defined virtual fields strongly depends on their choice, and requires the user to understand the method in depth to be able to select these fields in an informed way. Recently, a new approach for generating high quality virtual fields has been developed, leading to the so-called sensitivity-based virtual fields (SBVFs) [28] . They outperformed UDVFs in case of isotropic plasticity, and are generic enough to be applied to any constitutive model.

Recently, a new approach for generating high quality virtual fields has been developed, leading to the so-called sensitivity-based virtual fields (SBVFs).


The identifiability of Hill48 model from a single test has been already established before [13, 39] . Interestingly, the results suggest that a single test performed at 45 • may contain enough information to characterise the Yld2000-2D criterion as well. In fact, if confirmed experimentally, it would give an exciting alternative to the standard test protocol involving three uniaxial tests and one biaxial, significantly reducing the experimental effort to characterise a material. This would be possible due to the ability of the SBVFs to identify in space and time when each parameter is active and focus exclusively on those regions when identifying the parameters.

The identifiability of Hill48 model from a single test has been already established before.


Load forecasting is classified as short-term, mid-term, and long-term load forecasting based on forecasting time range. Short-term load forecasting (STLF) is defined as hourly through daily forecasting, mid-term load forecasting is estimation from 1 hour to 1 year, and long-term load forecasting extends from 1 year to more [2] . STLF is used in making decisions for economical power generation capacity, fuel purchasing, safety assessment, and power system planning in order to have economical power conditions. The methods developed for load forecasting are generally analyzed in 2 categories, analytical methods and artificial intelligence methods. Commonly used analytical methods in the literature are time series analysis, regression methods, similar day method, least square estimation (LES), and wavelet transform (WT). Analytical methods work well in normal daily conditions, but they cannot give satisfactory results when subject to meteorological, sociological, or economic changes, or the change in load demand during holidays, since they are not updated over time. For this reason, artificial intelligence (AI) methods have gained importance in reducing estimation errors. Artificial neural networks (ANN), fuzzy logic (FL), support vector machines (SVM), genetic algorithms (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and ant colony optimization (ACO) based methods are among these AI methods. In addition to these, hybrid methods consist of more than 1 artificial intelligence method or analytical method, or 2 together. Furthermore, WT is used as a preprocessing tool for AI-based forecasting.

Short-term load forecasting (STLF) is defined as hourly through daily forecasting, mid-term load forecasting is estimation from 1 hour to 1 year, and long-term load forecasting extends from 1 year to more.


Plug and Play applied to control systems is a principle where new subsystems can be added to or removed from a system without the need of redetermining all controller parameters for the system [1] , [2] . This principle can be very useful in large-scale systems and distributed systems, as they usually consist of a number of subsystems. The class of studied systems varies, from cooperative systems, where all information is shared, to decentralized systems, where only static informations or no information is shared. Most approaches use a form of cooperative design. Some cooperative designs are given below.

Plug and Play applied to control systems is a principle where new subsystems can be added to or removed from a system without the need of redetermining all controller parameters for the system.


Harmonic in power system is introduced by highly non-linear devices and it degrades its performance. Forced Commutated VSCs are the main building block for low and medium power application. Due to recent development in the semiconductor technology and availability of high power switches e.g. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) and Gate Turn off Thyristor (GTO) have widespread acceptance in for high power VSC's, which are used for HVDC converters and FACTS controllers. The process of calculating the magnitude and phase of fundamental and higher order of system signals means power system harmonic analysis. The generation of harmonics in power system is due to large size of power converter. To reduce the harmonics in the system, filter and modern switching pattern are used. The increasing prevalence of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices makes to have accurate model of these devices. One attracting method for modeling the steady state performance of these devices is frequency domain analysis [1] [2] . Harmonic phasor contains both positive and negative frequency terms for phase dependence. FACTS devices are characterized by their switching nature. For the reactive power compensation, the favorable FACTS device is STATCOM. STATCOM is a shunt connected device to regulate the voltage at the connected node [3] . To understand the interaction between the STATCOM based on VSC and utility system, there is a need of appropriate model. VSC based STATCOM acts as source of harmonic current injection into the system and also interacts with harmonic distortions present within the system. To represent the harmonics interaction between STATCOM and system, as well as its effect on the system, it can be achieved from an accurate model of STATCOM based on VSC [4] . However, it is difficult to analyze the STATCOM, since it has both continuous and discrete time dynamics. Various switching techniques and modeling techniques are used for STATCOM to reduce effectively generated harmonics, including PWM techniques multi-module PWM techniques, selective harmonic elimination, and multi-level topology.

One attracting method for modeling the steady state performance of these devices is frequency domain analysis.

STATCOM is a shunt connected device to regulate the voltage at the connected node.

To represent the harmonics interaction between STATCOM and system, as well as its effect on the system, it can be achieved from an accurate model of STATCOM based on VSC.


The present study starts from the concepts described above to perform an exploration of the waste production trends in the world following the approach of an earlier study by some of the authors of the present paper [16] . We do not aim at forecasting short term trends, but to determine whether there exist already indications that we are approaching a peak in waste generation, and in particular to municipal solid waste (MSW), which is often perceived by the public and by decision makers as the most pressing problem in modern society. This exploration is made difficult by the lack of reliable data and by the difficulties inherent in aggregating and comparing different parameters related to waste production. However, the result of our study indicates that, in several macro-regions of the world, MSW production has already peaked and is declining and some evidence indicates that the same effect is occurring for all forms of waste. This finding is clearly important at the level of policy choices in waste management, especially in relation to municipal waste management as it may remove some of the urgency felt by operators in planning for larger and larger waste treatment facilities.

The present study starts from the concepts described above to perform an exploration of the waste production trends in the world following the approach of an earlier study by some of the authors of the present paper.


Of particular concern in the present study is the way these issues may be constituted at the secondary level. Technologymediated instruction has increasingly become commonplace in secondary classrooms. Despite this, the vast majority of research is located at the tertiary level (Means et al., 2010) . This study responds to this deficit by addressing the issues raised above within a secondary educational setting.

Despite this, the vast majority of research is located at the tertiary level.


Conceptionally, A[G, P, θ] resembles a Toeplitz type crossed product for a generalised Exel-Larsen system naturally arising from (G, P, θ). To make this idea precise we appeal to Fowler's product systems of right-Hilbert bimodules over semigroups [12] . Explicitly, we show that his theory, that was originally developed for quasi-lattice ordered pairs, can be taken a considerable step further to the setting of right LCM semigroups.

To make this idea precise we appeal to Fowler's product systems of right-Hilbert bimodules over semigroups.


To shed some light on the policy options, this paper calculates the large European economies Germany, France, Spain and Italy's 4 government exposure to the Greek crisis. Scenarios are defined as representative examples. A preliminary calculation of the German exposure has originally been done by ourselves for the Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung (Nienhaus, 2011) . The main result is that a quick debt restructuring turns out to be preferable to long lingering illness -at least if one is quite sceptical about the self-healing power of Greece. In the following, we go more deeply into the assumptions and calculation methods of this quite stylized though helpful simulation. We focus on the fiscal costs for large European economies only until the year 2015. IMF loans are senior throughout and were as a rule repaid in the case of other historical country cases.

A preliminary calculation of the German exposure has originally been done by ourselves for the Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung.


However, a solution to the crisis is strictly required (de Grauwe, 2011) . Otherwise, contagion can lead to negative spillovers to other bond markets in euro area countries and could increase the pressure on governments in many states to contract their fiscal policies, risking a double dip recession. An ongoing crisis might lead to an uncontrolled spiral and default that can trigger a whole range of other events also in other parts of the world.

However, a solution to the crisis is strictly required.


Some scintillation indices use methods based on wavelet transforms for the filtration. A major advantage of wavelet filters is that they manage to preserve local features in the signal, thus avoiding misinterpretation that can occur when using standard filter approaches [24, [33] [34] [35] [36] . While such wavelet filters may yield better results than conventional filters, the computational load can become very high, especially when processing data with high sampling rates (50+ Hz). The improvement that can be achieved by substituting a wavelet filter for the conventional filters must therefore be weighed against the computational load required, especially if the algorithm is intended for real-time applications.

A major advantage of wavelet filters is that they manage to preserve local features in the signal, thus avoiding misinterpretation that can occur when using standard filter approaches.


In practice, the degradation of rotating machinery is often monitored via time-domain features, such as root mean square (RMS), kurtosis, skewness, and entropy [5] . Unfortunately for low speed slewing bearing, the changes in these features cannot be identified due to the low energy and low frequency of the vibration. This paper proposes a prognostic technique for low speed slewing bearing based on combined low pass filter (LPF) and adaptive line enhancer (ALE) as a pre-conditioning method, and auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) as a prediction method. The ARIMA model with selected lags and adaptively modified coefficients for time-series forecasting of the slewing bearing lifetime is developed. The proposed technique provides an accurate degradation trend prediction of the bearing life for a slewing bearing case.

In practice, the degradation of rotating machinery is often monitored via time-domain features, such as root mean square (RMS), kurtosis, skewness, and entropy.


Horizontally oriented particles increase the hemispherical albedo effect of a given cirrus cloud, and the more closely aligned are the particles, the higher the increase. The impact of particle alignment on the radiative properties has to be quantified, but if results from the present study are representative of most ice clouds, oriented crystals would influence more the radiative balance of cirrus clouds than other ice clouds. As changes in high cloud albedo directly impact the transfer of radiation through the troposphere at visible wavelengths, this phenomenon could have important consequences for the global radiative budget. To estimate these effects, large-scale studies of crystal orientation in cirrus clouds are required. This could be possible through application of similar analysis to multi-angle satellite observations. For instance, polarized radiances from the POLDER instrument have been shown to contain valuable information on oriented particles (Chepfer et al, 1999; Noel and Chepfer, 2004) . However, as was shown in the present paper, scanning lidar not only allows an analysis of the crystal orientation, but also 20 provides ways to correlate the retrieved properties with their synoptic and microphysical context.

For instance, polarized radiances from the POLDER instrument have been shown to contain valuable information on oriented particles.


The ecological approach stresses the importance of taking into account the global context of occurrence of IPVAW in order to better understand why it occurs and -perhaps more importantly -how preventive efforts can be tailored to different groups. In that respect, the perception of various community members about the potential causes and triggers of IPVAW could constitute an important part of preventive efforts, in particular in settings where knowledge is limited and data are scarce and difficult to access [19] . Indeed, prior to epidemiologic investigation and intervention, performing social diagnosis about potential causes and triggers of IPVAW can help to clarify a number of beliefs as well as consensus and divergence about them within and between groups of people [19, 20] . This paper presents the results of a social diagnosis investigation gathering the views of married Iranian women from Kermanshah city concerning what may cause or trigger IPVAW. The study forms part of a broader communitybased project ultimately aiming at the prevention of IPVAW in new couples and of which the first part is a wide-ranging social assessment that gathers the opinions of women and men currently married as well as those of a number of key informants in the community so as to better understand the social context of the intervention that will be developed later on. The approach is inspired from the Green model for the modification of health behaviour [developed in 1991] and where various community-specific assessments ought to be made prior to an intervention and the first step is a social assesment [21, 22] .

In that respect, the perception of various community members about the potential causes and triggers of IPVAW could constitute an important part of preventive efforts, in particular in settings where knowledge is limited and data are scarce and difficult to access.

Indeed, prior to epidemiologic investigation and intervention, performing social diagnosis about potential causes and triggers of IPVAW can help to clarify a number of beliefs as well as consensus and divergence about them within and between groups of people.

The approach is inspired from the Green model for the modification of health behaviour [developed in 1991] and where various community-specific assessments ought to be made prior to an intervention and the first step is a social assesment.


Recently, it has been realized that 3D virtual worlds can be applied in observational ethnography, case studies, economic markets and social networks [10] . Its richer visualization representation abilities can expand the memory bandwidth of people, allowing them to effectively process more information [11] . This strongly suggests that 3D virtual worlds could be a superior process visualization platform, enabling people to recall and cognate about conceptual and non-conceptual content, facilitating the communication process in analysing, modelling and validating organizational structures and resource behaviours. In addition, these visualization have the capacity for high levels of personalized configuration, providing role-based representations that enable people to easily recognize their place in a complex process system via provision of a visual context simulating their own experience [42] .

Recently, it has been realized that 3D virtual worlds can be applied in observational ethnography, case studies, economic markets and social networks.

Its richer visualization representation abilities can expand the memory bandwidth of people, allowing them to effectively process more information.

In addition, these visualization have the capacity for high levels of personalized configuration, providing role-based representations that enable people to easily recognize their place in a complex process system via provision of a visual context simulating their own experience.


As expected, 0.27 of HI for 10.0 mol% Ba-doped perovskite solar cell is lower than 0.87 of HI for 10.0 mol% Sr-doped perovskite solar cell. The Ba-doped perovskite solar cell exhibits lower HI than Sr-doped perovskite solar cell due to its high crystallinity (Fig. 1) . The J-V hysteresis depends on the crystallinity of perovskite film [36] .

The J-V hysteresis depends on the crystallinity of perovskite film.


There is limited information on the relationship between consumer preference or acceptance and chemical composition of ripe kiwifruit (Gorini and Lasorella, 1990; Mitchell et al., 1990; Crisosto, 1992) . In other fruit, it has been reported that consumer preferences or acceptance are mainly based on SSC but other quality attributes may also be important (Sozzi et al., 1980; Ben-Arie et al., 1982; Matsumoto et al., 1983; Young and Paterson, 1985; Robertson and Meredith, 1989; MacRae et al., 1990) . Among these other quality attributes, TA may play an important role in consumer preferences or acceptance (Lawes and Sawanobori, 1984; Pehrson and Ivans, 1988; Crisosto et al., 1997) .

There is limited information on the relationship between consumer preference or acceptance and chemical composition of ripe kiwifruit.

In other fruit, it has been reported that consumer preferences or acceptance are mainly based on SSC but other quality attributes may also be important.

Among these other quality attributes, TA may play an important role in consumer preferences or acceptance.


Here we present the results of the first systematic comparison of the molecular organisation and concentration of SP-B or SP-C and their pro-forms in BALF in children with cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis and pneumonia in comparison to controls. SP-B was detected regularly at molecular weights of 8 kDa in monomeric respectively 16-18 kDa in dimeric form, additional partly at approximately 30 kDa under non reducing conditions, suggesting the presence of oligomers in smaller amounts. SP-C was mainly detected at molecular weights of approximately 4.2 kDa. Some western blots also showed a band at approximately 7 kDa, which could either be caused by SP-C-dimers or covalent bonds between SP-C and other thioles [27, 28] . Pro-SP-B was found in 60 of 64 samples and was therefore commonly abundant in all groups, which corresponds to previous results [10] . Pro-SP-C was not detected apart from two lavages of CF patients with very high neutrophil count. No major qualitative or quantitative differences were found between the four groups of children evaluated, suggesting that both chronic (cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis) and acute (pneumonia) neutrophilic inflammation is not associated with pronounced regulatory changes in these hydrophobic surfactant proteins. This result is surprising, especially for SP-C, as recently in various animal models of lung injury the regulation of SP-C expression by inflammation has been highlighted [1] . Although we found no evidence for down-regulation of SP-C expression by pulmonary infection and inflammation, SP-C was not detected in the samples of three patients with very high percentages of neutrophile granulocytes in their lavages. However lower molecular weight pro-SP-C reactive fragments were detected, suggesting proteolysis. This was confirmed by re-lavages at later time points, where less neutrophilic inflammation and normal SP-C were found. As for SP-B, the quantitative analysis of SP-C under non reducing conditions did not show a correlation between the level of neutrophilic inflammation and the amounts of SP-C in the analysed lavage samples. These data suggest loss of SP-C by proteolysis with severe inflammation, but not down-regulation from inflammation.

Some western blots also showed a band at approximately 7 kDa, which could either be caused by SP-C-dimers or covalent bonds between SP-C and other thioles.

Pro-SP-B was found in 60 of 64 samples and was therefore commonly abundant in all groups, which corresponds to previous results.

This result is surprising, especially for SP-C, as recently in various animal models of lung injury the regulation of SP-C expression by inflammation has been highlighted.


The psychiatric literature highlights the problems narcissists create in the workplace. Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder "…may expect great dedication from others and may overwork them without regard for the impact on their lives" (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p. 659). This feature may be particularly problematic when an individual with strong narcissistic features is in a position of authority (Deutschman, 2005; Lubit, 2002; Maccoby, 2000) .

This feature may be particularly problematic when an individual with strong narcissistic features is in a position of authority.


Walking sound -that is, the sound of the footsteps of an individual-is a typical sound source in urban parks; although, it has been considered in very few researches so far, and mainly for indoor environments [13] . This study aimed to investigate the effect of walking sounds on the soundscape of urban parks for people with both a holistic or attentive listening style. To this purpose, a laboratory experiment involving fifty participants was carried out with four plausible walked-on materials: grass, wood, stone and gravel. Results were afterwards compared with data collected from an online survey presented to different users' groups.

Walking sound -that is, the sound of the footsteps of an individual-is a typical sound source in urban parks; although, it has been considered in very few researches so far, and mainly for indoor environments.


Both quantities are closely correlated such as Rop(K) ≤ 2 Len(K). Much effort has been invested in the research project for finding upper bounds on these quantities in terms of the minimum crossing number c(K) of the knot. It is already known that Len(K) and Rop(K) lie between O(c(K) [2, 13] .

It is already known that Len(K) and Rop(K) lie between O(c(K).


In Section 3 and 4, we construct 2-bridge knots or links in specific ways which realize the upper bounds in Theorem 1 and Proposition 2, respectively. In Section 5, the 2-bridge knots or links constructed in Section 4 are locally modified so that the constant term of the upper bound is improved as follows. In fact, a linear growth upper bound on the minimum ropelength for a much larger class of knots called Conway algebraic knots is known [16] .

In fact, a linear growth upper bound on the minimum ropelength for a much larger class of knots called Conway algebraic knots is known.


First, innovative cooperation is a way of strategizing for enterprises to maintain market share. It means establishing long-term relations of innovation between economically and legally independent firms [4] . Research indicates that the maintenance costs for informal contract, expected punishment of the opportunistic behavior, and opportunistic benefits can influence the innovative cooperation between cluster enterprises and external enterprises. To achieve the most conducive environment for the development of industrial clusters (that is, the cluster informal contracts can be well maintained), and the cluster enterprises can find external partners with honest cooperative behavior, it requires further consolidation with the cluster informal contracts, reducing maintenance costs and, at the same time, increasing punishment of opportunistic behavior to jointly build a good and orderly environment in the industrial cluster, in order to promote innovative cooperation and sustainable development of industrial clusters.

It means establishing long-term relations of innovation between economically and legally independent firms.


Nowadays, the development issues about industrial cluster is becoming increasingly compelling, as cluster development is still one of the most effective ways to increase competitiveness [1] . For a long time, industrial clusters have played an important role in the process of international division of labor, to strengthen the industrial giants and national competitive advantage. There are many scientific studies related to cluster theory currently [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Collaborative facilities in the cluster provide cluster participants with the opportunity to optimize engineering and manufacturing processes in order to minimize nonmanufacturing costs. As a result, all cluster members gain a competitive advantage [7] .

Nowadays, the development issues about industrial cluster is becoming increasingly compelling, as cluster development is still one of the most effective ways to increase competitiveness.

There are many scientific studies related to cluster theory currently.

As a result, all cluster members gain a competitive advantage.


Third, when industrial clusters expand their scope of cooperation, the industrial enterprises should also pay attention to avoid the relevant risks. The combination of external and internal sources of knowledge can enhance the success of innovation [39] . However, while acquiring external knowledge, the company's classified information may be revealed in knowledge exchange, resulting in the leakage of core technologies. Thus, these risks will cause enterprises to discern how they should apply the external and internal knowledge in innovative cooperation [40] . The innovative literature highlights the advantages of combining external knowledge with internal capabilities. In reality, even if a firm's inventive success depends on more internal knowledge, it also requires the capability to acquire and combine knowledge from external sources. Therefore, in the process of cooperation with external enterprises, we should pay attention to preventing the loss of the core competitiveness of cluster enterprises [40] .

The combination of external and internal sources of knowledge can enhance the success of innovation.

Thus, these risks will cause enterprises to discern how they should apply the external and internal knowledge in innovative cooperation.

Therefore, in the process of cooperation with external enterprises, we should pay attention to preventing the loss of the core competitiveness of cluster enterprises.


Traffic emissions are among the biggest sources of environmental pollution in cities. The emissions of vehicles contain several harmful substances, such as nitrogen oxides (NO , i.e., nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and fine particulate matter. Around the world, approximately 50% of the NO emission and 90% of the CO emission come from traffic [1] . Consequently, traffic emissions, as an environmentoriented traffic control objective, draw more attention [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .

Around the world, approximately 50% of the NO emission and 90% of the CO emission come from traffic.

Consequently, traffic emissions, as an environmentoriented traffic control objective, draw more attention.


In chemistry graph theory setting, materials and other chemical compounds are represented as graphs: each vertex in graph expresses an atom of molecule structure; each edge represents a covalent bound between two atoms. Such a graph is called molecular graph which is denoted as = ( ( ), ( )), where ( ) is the vertex (atom) set and ( ) is the edge (chemical bond) set. All the (molecular) graphs discussed in this paper are no loop and multiple edge, that is, simple graphs. The notations and terminologies used in our paper but not defined can be attributed to Bondy and Murty [3] .

The notations and terminologies used in our paper but not defined can be attributed to Bondy and Murty.


An increased trend in consumer health consciousness and food selection has pushed for research and development of foods that promote health [1] . Foods that supply significant nutrition, have health advantages, inhibit disease and/or assist health have become more readily accepted by the industry and can be used as successful marketing/branding tools. This has caused the emergence of functional foods that comprise a wide range of components such as probiotics, prebiotics, vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber [2, 3] .

An increased trend in consumer health consciousness and food selection has pushed for research and development of foods that promote health.

This has caused the emergence of functional foods that comprise a wide range of components such as probiotics, prebiotics, vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber.


Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic, prokaryotic organisms which occur primarily in freshwater and saline environments, but also in terrestrial ecosystems. Their presence in lakes with high nutrient levels can lead to a mass increase in cyanobacterial cell numbers, with the formation of blooms, which results in a depreciation of water quality [1] . Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (or CyanoHABs) represent one of the most conspicuous waterborne microbial hazards to human and agricultural water supplies, fishery production, and freshwater and marine ecosystems [2] . This hazard results from the production of cyanotoxins, harmful secondary metabolites, which can have deleterious effects within reservoirs and in downstream receiving water systems during releases [3] .

Their presence in lakes with high nutrient levels can lead to a mass increase in cyanobacterial cell numbers, with the formation of blooms, which results in a depreciation of water quality.

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (or CyanoHABs) represent one of the most conspicuous waterborne microbial hazards to human and agricultural water supplies, fishery production, and freshwater and marine ecosystems.

This hazard results from the production of cyanotoxins, harmful secondary metabolites, which can have deleterious effects within reservoirs and in downstream receiving water systems during releases.


Catalytic upgrading of food waste using CeZrO x as a heterogeneous catalysts yielded a bio-oil with increased carbon content, decreased oxygen content, and increased HHV when compared to the bio-oil produced using a homogeneous catalyst. Its activity was attributed to catalysis of aldol condensation reactions, which have the dual benefit of increasing carbon yield and decreasing the organic content of the aqueous byproduct. Moreover, CeZrO x exhibited minimal loss of activity on repeated usage. To estimate the potential benefits of the reusable catalyst on HTL, we compared the current results to those presented in the literature. Table 4 compares the energy recovery, oil yield, and oil HHV improvement from the presented food waste catalytic HTL runs with similar studies reported in the literature, using energy recovery as the primary metric of comparison. Inter-comparison of HTL results must take into account the effects of feed, reaction temperature, and catalyst loading on performance; hence, Table 4 provides data on the experimental conditions relevant to energy recovery analysis. Energy recovery can depend strongly on the feedstock. To account for feedstock dependence, Table 4 provides data on food waste (the current study), vegetable oil, sawdust, and several algae types. Compared to other feeds, vegetable oil has a high energy recovery and mass yield due to the relative ease of converting straight chain lipids into bio-oil compared to carbohydrate-rich steams, such as food waste or biomass [32] . In contrast, lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as sawdust (Table 4) , are more recalcitrant than simple oils and therefore result in lower energy recovery [33] . Algae is a popular candidate as an energy crop for fuel production due to its high growth rate and high energy density, which can be attributed to high lipid content, a component similar to vegetable oil [34] . However, HTL of algae results in lower energy recovery than reported for vegetable oil, likely due to the combined effects of lower operating temperature and more dilute feedstock (6 wt % feed) [31] . Catalytic food waste HTL results in a similar energy recovery compared to microalgae, which is surprising given that microalgae has high lipid content, whereas the food waste mixture used here is primarily composed carbohydrates. The close agreement in the energy recovery for the two feeds may be attributable to the greater reaction temperature used for food waste HTL (250 vs. 300 • C) and the relative effectiveness of the catalyst (zeolites vs. CeZrO x ). Table 4 compares HTL performance based on oil yield improvement and oil HHV to differentiate the effect of feedstock properties from catalytic effects. Oil yield improvement is defined as the ratio of HTL bio-oil yields obtained with the use of a catalyst to that obtained without the use of a catalyst. Similarly, oil HHV improvement is defined as the ratio of HTL bio-oil HHV obtained with the use of a catalyst to that obtained without the use of a catalyst. Table 4 shows that CeZrO x catalyst improved oil yield by 59% relative to the yield obtained from non-catalytic HTL of food waste and that the HHV of the thermal and CeZrO x oils were within 10% of one another. Meanwhile, Na 2 CO 3 catalysis had no effect on oil yield and decreased the HHV of the oil product by 68% when compared to the oil obtained from non-catalytic HTL. The net result is that CeZrO x improves HTL energy yield from 27.6% for the non-catalytic performance to 38.8%, while Na 2 CO 3 actually reduces the energy yield.

Compared to other feeds, vegetable oil has a high energy recovery and mass yield due to the relative ease of converting straight chain lipids into bio-oil compared to carbohydrate-rich steams, such as food waste or biomass.

In contrast, lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as sawdust (Table 4) , are more recalcitrant than simple oils and therefore result in lower energy recovery.

Algae is a popular candidate as an energy crop for fuel production due to its high growth rate and high energy density, which can be attributed to high lipid content, a component similar to vegetable oil.

However, HTL of algae results in lower energy recovery than reported for vegetable oil, likely due to the combined effects of lower operating temperature and more dilute feedstock (6 wt % feed).


Providing women comprehensive post-abortion contraceptive services, including counseling about and provision of the full range of contraceptive methods, is an important component of abortion care, including harm-reduction services. It is interesting that contraceptive uptake was similar in the telephone and in-person follow-up groups, suggesting that the addition of telephone follow-up improves contraceptive use post-abortion compared to no follow-up. All contraceptive methods other than the IUD can be offered on the first day of medication abortion, even with the mifepristone regimen [26] [27] . Provision of depoprovera and implants on the day of harm-reduction counseling may not be feasible because women may not have decided on the plans for the pregnancy and due to legal constraints.

All contraceptive methods other than the IUD can be offered on the first day of medication abortion, even with the mifepristone regimen.


Although the high vowels /i/ and /u/ devoice with the greatest frequency, the other vowels of Japanese are also occasionally devoiced in this environment (Vance 1987) . Crucially, devoicing of high or non-high vowels does not occur 100% of the time, and the probability of a given vowel being devoiced or not changes dynamically according to linguistic and para-linguistic factors. Comparing how various factors impact the likelihood of devoicing in different speech registers could shed light on the phonological processes involved in vowel devoicing.

Although the high vowels /i/ and /u/ devoice with the greatest frequency, the other vowels of Japanese are also occasionally devoiced in this environment.


Despite increased scientific attention to the effects of human capital investment on entrepreneurial performance, existing evidence is inconclusive. This is because the relationship between human capital and entrepreneurship is not straightforward. Personal characteristics and other factors, which are often unobservable, can affect both the decision to invest in human capital and entrepreneurial performance (Shane, 2006) . Failing to take these into account may bias estimations, and hence flaw policy recommendations. Causal studies that address unobserved heterogeneity in the relationship between human capital investments and entrepreneurial performance are therefore of great importance.

Personal characteristics and other factors, which are often unobservable, can affect both the decision to invest in human capital and entrepreneurial performance.


We propose the following for future research. First and foremost, we call for the application of causal research designs in evaluating human capital interventions. Studies applying an experimental or quasiexperimental design are better equipped to find the true effects of interventions on the performance. Nonetheless, matching and IV studies are not immune to endogeneity, when there are unobservables involved or when instruments are not strictly exogenous. Greater exploitation of experiments and regression discontinuity designs could be promising (Lee, 2008) . Second, future studies could pay more attention to imprecision in self-reported outcomes such as earnings. This could be aided by using additional validation data and bounding analysis (Bound et al., 2001) . Third, there is a need for longer follow-ups, since it remains unclear how human capital effects unfold over time (McKenzie and Woodruff, 2013; Grimm and Paffhausen, 2015) . Fourth, studies could examine the mechanisms underlying human capital effects. This is especially important for studies that combine multiple treatments, as it helps to uncover why a particular intervention is effective and to what extent. A related suggestion is to broaden the set of outcomes. Even if interventions have little effect on entrepreneurial performance, they could still enhance welfare through increased autonomy, flexibility, or job satisfaction (Carter, 2011) . Finally, studies could pay more attention to heterogeneity, as interventions probably play out differently across industries, between start-up and scale-up companies, or by economic and institutional context (Block et al., 2017) . Future research could explore these suggestions, taking into account the findings of this review.

Greater exploitation of experiments and regression discontinuity designs could be promising.

This could be aided by using additional validation data and bounding analysis.

Third, there is a need for longer follow-ups, since it remains unclear how human capital effects unfold over time.

Even if interventions have little effect on entrepreneurial performance, they could still enhance welfare through increased autonomy, flexibility, or job satisfaction.

Finally, studies could pay more attention to heterogeneity, as interventions probably play out differently across industries, between start-up and scale-up companies, or by economic and institutional context.


In the CNS, treatment with BMP-7 before generalized hypoxia or ischemia reduced brain infarction volume and mortality in rats [14, 20] . Additionally, administration of BMP-7 after focal cerebral stroke enhanced recovery of sensorimotor function in the impaired limbs, decreased body asymmetry, and increased locomotor activity [4, 24] . We found BMP-7 was upregulated in the vessels and axon-Schwann cell units within the basal laminae of the nerve. Longitudinal arrangement of BMP-7 expression was observed at and distal to the injured nerve when the Schwann cells formed columns. BMP-7 may promote axonal growth by guiding or maintaining Schwann cell columns because these are a very favorable environment for regenerating axons. Application of BMP-7 may result in neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects in the PNS as well as the CNS.

In the CNS, treatment with BMP-7 before generalized hypoxia or ischemia reduced brain infarction volume and mortality in rats.

Additionally, administration of BMP-7 after focal cerebral stroke enhanced recovery of sensorimotor function in the impaired limbs, decreased body asymmetry, and increased locomotor activity.


A dual channel near infrared system (NIRO 200, Hamamatsu Photonics KK) was used to measure changes in HbO 2 and HHb haemoglobin concentrations using the modified Beer-Lambert Law, and tissue oxygenation index (TOI) using spatially resolved spectroscopy. Channel 1 was placed on the forehead (cerebral) and channel 2 on the calf (peripheral) of the patients. The optodes were held in place using elastic bandage to eliminate possible drifts in the signal arising from gradual loss in contact between the optode and the skin. For the conversion of the optical attenuation changes to chromophore concentration changes a differential pathlength factor (DPF) of 4.99 was applied [5] . Data were collected during manipulations in the ECMO circuit flow. Blood flow in the ECMO circuit was decreased or increased successively by 10% from the initial flow every 20-30 min.

For the conversion of the optical attenuation changes to chromophore concentration changes a differential pathlength factor (DPF) of 4.99 was applied.


Moreover, it may not be sensitive enough to detect meaningful changes at such a short interval period (4-week frequency), where the other studies used 8 to 10 weeks frequency between pre-and posttesting. This may be due to reporter bias at a short frequency because the Sensory Profile is a subjective caregiver report (e.g., parent familiarity with the rating scale, heightened awareness of the child's sensory behaviors from completing it the first time, or parents wish that they had scored differently the first time). More recent intervention studies have administered the Sensory Profile as part of a comprehensive evaluation and inclusion criteria for sensory processing disorder, but have avoided using it to measure outcomes until validated (Schaaf et al., 2014; Schaaf, Hunt, & Benevides, 2012) .

More recent intervention studies have administered the Sensory Profile as part of a comprehensive evaluation and inclusion criteria for sensory processing disorder, but have avoided using it to measure outcomes until validated.


Decades ago, Hans Selye demonstrated that chronic activation of the stress response system resulted initially in hyperactivity of the physiological stress response. However, sustained exposure to a stressor resulted in a "collapse" of the system which manifests as a failure to elicit much, if any, HPA-axis response to any challenge (Selye termed this the "triphasic course of the stress response" in his General Adaptation Syndrome [Selye, 1984, p. 111] ). In recent years, this progression of the stress response system through over-to under-response has been largely ignored, and researchers had assumed that the response can only increase (Sapolsky, 1992) .

In recent years, this progression of the stress response system through over-to under-response has been largely ignored, and researchers had assumed that the response can only increase.


In this experiment, all sampling interval is set at 10 seconds. The results obtained from the three genetic algorithms are shown in Figs. 10 to 12. Normally, all genetic approaches can finish the computation in 2 seconds. For comparison, the results of the traditional PID and DMC are shown in Figs. 13 and 14. DMC is a model predictive control algorithm, which is widely used in industrial processes because of its robustness and simplicity in implementation (Cutler and Perry, 1980) . In DMC, the predictive model is obtained first from step response. Based on this model, further optimization of a quadratic function is performed to drive the output to approach a reference trajectory.

DMC is a model predictive control algorithm, which is widely used in industrial processes because of its robustness and simplicity in implementation.


In a traditional wind power converter design process, the power switching device ratings are normally decided based on the potential current/voltage stresses, and some rating margins may be reserved to ensure certain reliability requirements. However, it is found that the loading distribution of power devices may be quite unequal under various converter topologies as well as operation conditions [2] - [5] . With this traditional "rating-oriented" design process, it may easily lead to capacity waste of some less loaded devices. Therefore, more advanced models for wind power converter design are needed in order to satisfy the growing reliability requirements together with the most cost-effective solutions.

However, it is found that the loading distribution of power devices may be quite unequal under various converter topologies as well as operation conditions.


The life history and behavioural decisions (basking, foraging and escape) of small lizards are significantly influenced by predation risk (Williamson et al. 1989; Lima & Dill 1990; Cooper 2000) . How long an individual remains exposed to a predation threat while engaged in other behaviours is influenced by the availability of, and nearest distance to, refuges (Cooper 1997) . Escape decisions are a trade-off between the actual threat of predation (impacted by refuge availability) and the energetic cost of escaping (Ydenberg & Dill 1986; Cooper 1997) . These decisions can be measured in terms of flight initiation distance (FID), which is the distance at which an animal starts fleeing from a potential predator (Bonenfant & Kramer 1996) . To trade-off the fitness costs of lost foraging opportunities or actual predation with the benefit of future survival, individuals should adjust their behaviour to maintain a margin of safety and to minimize exposure (Carrascal et al. 1992; Cooper 2000) .

The life history and behavioural decisions (basking, foraging and escape) of small lizards are significantly influenced by predation risk.

How long an individual remains exposed to a predation threat while engaged in other behaviours is influenced by the availability of, and nearest distance to, refuges.

Escape decisions are a trade-off between the actual threat of predation (impacted by refuge availability) and the energetic cost of escaping.

These decisions can be measured in terms of flight initiation distance (FID), which is the distance at which an animal starts fleeing from a potential predator.

To trade-off the fitness costs of lost foraging opportunities or actual predation with the benefit of future survival, individuals should adjust their behaviour to maintain a margin of safety and to minimize exposure.


Many studies have focused on the verbal narratives of people with cancer. Yet some people regard their cancer as a 'wake up call' to be self-expressive in other ways (Predeger 1996) . This study focuses on nonverbal means of self-expression and meaning-making, through visual art-making, and the narratives that people construct to make sense of their artwork.

Yet some people regard their cancer as a 'wake up call' to be self-expressive in other ways.


Another area in which ICA of EEG has proved useful is seizure detection and localization [30] . Seizures are often marked by large amounts of movement artifact that can pose similar challenges as locomotion to the interpretation of EEG recordings [31] . The use of ICA to remove movement artifact from seizure EEG and to localize the anatomical source of seizure activity can be beneficial to this field. We can only speculate how the results of this study will transfer to seizure analysis. However, during seizure, the seizure-related EEG activity is dominant in the EEG channel signals. Therefore, just as the anterior cingulate source was well captured by the reduced-channel electrode montages in this study, seizure activity may be well captured with a reduced number of EEG sensors. We believe that applying the analysis approach presented in this study to seizure-related EEG would answer this question and, therefore, should be pursued.

Another area in which ICA of EEG has proved useful is seizure detection and localization.

Seizures are often marked by large amounts of movement artifact that can pose similar challenges as locomotion to the interpretation of EEG recordings.


The results of this study are important because they provide useful information for researches and developers who are interested in implementing MoBI. While additional EEG electrodes (at least up to 125 channels, as shown here) will improve the ICA decomposition, task specific placement of electrodes may bypass the need for added channels. For example, the cognitive state of a subject can be extracted from a few usable ICs, negating the benefit of additional channels [10, 11] . We plan to evaluate the relative effects of strategic placement of EEG electrodes in future work.

For example, the cognitive state of a subject can be extracted from a few usable ICs, negating the benefit of additional channels.


An emerging field of study in neuroscience approaches the brain as a complex network of dynamic oscillators. ICA has already been utilized to formulate these network nodes for various analyses [27] [28] [29] . The number of ICs extracted is of critical importance when studying brain activity with these methods. ICA can decode and anatomically locate sources of EEG activity, therefore, physiologically realistic maps can be generated when the density of anatomical nodes is sufficient. Therefore, while reducing the number of EEG channels may be sufficient for analysis of ERPs during mobile tasks, researchers interested in network analysis will likely want to maximize the number of EEG signals recorded.

ICA has already been utilized to formulate these network nodes for various analyses.


Assuming that the fuel layer is ignitable an important concern is thin layer boil-over. The term "boilover" has been usually applied to a fire scenario in which an open top tank containing burning crude oil, after a long period of quiescent burning, shows a sudden increase in fire intensity associated with the expulsion of burning oil from the tank (Henry and Klem (1983) ). The term boilover has also been applied to the burning of thin layers of fuel on the surface of water in order to limit the spread of oil after an accident . This scenario is commonly referred as thin layer boil-over. Although somehow different in nature, both cases result from the onset of boiling nucleation at the fuel/water interface and therefore, the time from ignition to the onset of boilover correlates well with the time needed for the thermal wave to reach the water (Garo et al., 1994) ).

The term "boilover" has been usually applied to a fire scenario in which an open top tank containing burning crude oil, after a long period of quiescent burning, shows a sudden increase in fire intensity associated with the expulsion of burning oil from the tank).

Although somehow different in nature, both cases result from the onset of boiling nucleation at the fuel/water interface and therefore, the time from ignition to the onset of boilover correlates well with the time needed for the thermal wave to reach the water).


Possible reasons for this maybe that patients do not understand the information provided or that patients do not feel either procedure would impact their postoperative outcome in any detrimental way, and are therefore happy to allow the surgeon to decide on the technique used. Patient preference is dictated primarily by extent of benefit between two treatment strategies and the likelihood of returning to health [12] . It was considered that the possible emotional difference between having the heart arrested during the operation and performing the operation on the beating heart would be sufficiently significant for the patient to wish to participate in this choice. However, the evidence that both beating-heart-and arrested-heart surgery offer equal benefits and risks may be the reason for patients not wanting a choice in this situation. This is in contrast to current evidence, which demonstrates that patients want shared decision responsibility with their doctor [12] .

Patient preference is dictated primarily by extent of benefit between two treatment strategies and the likelihood of returning to health.

This is in contrast to current evidence, which demonstrates that patients want shared decision responsibility with their doctor.


Qualifying and quantifying software quality Apart from aesthetic appreciation of quality products, our purpose in examining quality is not only to improve the software process but also to facilitate decision-making. One example of these decisions is in the choice of software tools, where there are several applications that might meet requirements. Another example is the decision of whether to accept, and to pay for, a product that claims to meet a particular need. Many software engineering project managers are often concerned with the issue of quality versus price, that is, what quality is available for a given price, or how much extra better quality would cost. Consequently, another example is in deciding what investment tradeoffs are worth making in order to improve the quality of a given software system or product. In many cases, what we really want to do is predict what our own level of satisfaction with the software will be, before we have had the chance to exercise the software extensively in a particular context (Gentleman, 1996) . This comes up both when the software is unfamiliar to us, and when it is not yet complete.

In many cases, what we really want to do is predict what our own level of satisfaction with the software will be, before we have had the chance to exercise the software extensively in a particular context.


Cement-based composites are some of the most widely used construction materials because of their low cost, high compressive strength, high durability, versatility, and ease of handling. However, cement-based composites are intrinsically porous and may deteriorate or degrade because of exposure to a harsh environment or poor construction quality. However, micro or medium cracks always exist in cement-based composites no matter how much efforts have been done. Cracks may lead water, chloride-ion, and carbon dioxide into concrete and finally induce steel corrosion, and cracks may rapidly cause the durability problem of concrete structure. To make the composite less permeable and the paste denser or to inhibit crack propagation should be an effective way to minimize the durability problem [1] . The densification of paste can be achieved by using low water cementitious ratio or supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and the crack inhibition can be increased by adding fibers [2, 3] .

To make the composite less permeable and the paste denser or to inhibit crack propagation should be an effective way to minimize the durability problem.

The densification of paste can be achieved by using low water cementitious ratio or supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and the crack inhibition can be increased by adding fibers.


Wall temperatures are a good indicator of heat transfer. Heat transfer by convection is proportional to the difference between fluid and wall temperatures. Conductive heat fluxes also depend on wall temperature distribution. Finally, radiation heat transfer is proportional to the difference of temperatures to the fourth power [6] . Another point of view is that if boundary conditions -such as coolant, oil, intake air and ambient temperatures -are maintained constant, then variations in wall temperatures will depend only on combustion chamber conditions. Hence, the influence of engine operating parameters on heat losses can be studied by understanding the effects of those parameters on wall temperatures and heat fluxes.

Finally, radiation heat transfer is proportional to the difference of temperatures to the fourth power.


Since the inception of space geodesy, the tropospheric delay plays an important role of the signals propagation when is passing through the atmosphere which affects the geodetic estimations of coordinates of points on the surface of the Earth. The amount of precipitable water vapor (PW) contained in the neutral atmosphere can be inferred from the propagation delay of Global Positioning System (GPS) signals passing through the troposphere. For many years, geodesists have treated such delays as nuisance parameters to be removed in the process of estimating station coordinates (Tregoning et al. 1998) .

For many years, geodesists have treated such delays as nuisance parameters to be removed in the process of estimating station coordinates.


Recent developments in both ground-based and satellite-borne geospatial infrastructure have opened exciting new opportunities for geodesists to contribute to big issues such as weather, climate, global warming, environment and sustainability . Radio signals transmitted from the GPS satellites are delayed by the atmosphere before they are received on the ground. The delay due to the presence of water vapor in the troposphere offers an opportunity to observe precipitable water (PW) using ground-based GPS (Liou, Huang, and Teng 2014) .

The delay due to the presence of water vapor in the troposphere offers an opportunity to observe precipitable water (PW) using ground-based GPS.


The relative angular resolution of an EBSD map is a function of multiple SEM and EBSD system parameters. A high angular resolution (~0.01°) may be obtained using HR-EBSD (High Resolution-EBSD) [4] . With a conventional system and in optimal conditions, a disorientation angle can be measured with a precision lower than half a degree [5] . However, there is a tradeoff between angular resolution and the acquisition rate. If no particular care has been taken, the angular resolution is more reasonably of one degree [6, 7] .

A high angular resolution (~0.01°) may be obtained using HR-EBSD (High Resolution-EBSD).

With a conventional system and in optimal conditions, a disorientation angle can be measured with a precision lower than half a degree.

If no particular care has been taken, the angular resolution is more reasonably of one degree.


The utility of each user s is a strictly concave, continuously differentiable non-decreasing function Us(xs), measuring the user's 'happiness' when allocated rate xs. Essentially, it is a measure of the Quality of Service (QoS). For best-effort data traffic, a function of the transmission rate alone is good enough to reflect QoS, but for delay-sensitive traffic, a utility function that is only a function of the transmission rate of user s may not reflect user's perception of QoS. For example, for a Voice over IP (VoIP) application, the R-factor which is a measure of user's satisfactory of the QoS, has a linear term of the end-to-end average delay [1] .

For best-effort data traffic, a function of the transmission rate alone is good enough to reflect QoS, but for delay-sensitive traffic, a utility function that is only a function of the transmission rate of user s may not reflect user's perception of QoS. For example, for a Voice over IP (VoIP) application, the R-factor which is a measure of user's satisfactory of the QoS, has a linear term of the end-to-end average delay.


In general, most modulation methods were investigated under the assumption of the ideal input voltages and balanced loads. However, the matrix converter may encounter abnormal power supplies inevitably in practice, such as the unbalanced and/or non-sinusoidal voltages. Owing to the lack of DC-link circuit for energy storage, the matrix converter output will be directly disturbed by the abnormal input voltages. In particular, when matrix converter operates under the unbalanced input voltage condition, the output voltages may contain undesirable low-order harmonics [15] . Meanwhile, the influence of the unbalanced input voltage on the input current quality is also significant [16, 17] .

In particular, when matrix converter operates under the unbalanced input voltage condition, the output voltages may contain undesirable low-order harmonics.

Meanwhile, the influence of the unbalanced input voltage on the input current quality is also significant.


In contrast, the Sacramento River during wet years will flow over the Fremont Weir at the northern end of the Yolo Bypass and move in a southerly direction through the bypass avoiding the City of Sacramento [10] . The fast moving waters in the bypass serve as a false attractant to the green sturgeon moving upstream during their spawning migrations. They become trapped at the top of the Yolo Bypass south of the Fremont Weir when the Sacramento River recedes from flood stage, and the elevation of the river falls below the crest of the weir [10] . The California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) was notified by local fishermen during 2011 that numerous sturgeon were stranded in shallow pools behind the Fremont and Tisdale Weirs after a series of rain storms. The sturgeon were trapped when the flows in the Sacramento River subsided, consequently lowering the height of the river below the crest of the weirs. A total of 24 green sturgeon were captured, transported, and released into the Sacramento River above the weirs [11] .

In contrast, the Sacramento River during wet years will flow over the Fremont Weir at the northern end of the Yolo Bypass and move in a southerly direction through the bypass avoiding the City of Sacramento.

They become trapped at the top of the Yolo Bypass south of the Fremont Weir when the Sacramento River recedes from flood stage, and the elevation of the river falls below the crest of the weir.

A total of 24 green sturgeon were captured, transported, and released into the Sacramento River above the weirs.


Autonomous receivers allow the collection of detection data from remote sites without personnel being present. However, the files of tag detections stored in the receivers must be downloaded periodically, and for this reason equipment failure and the resulting loss of data are not detected until these infrequent visits are made. In contrast, real-time receivers can record the passage of tagged fish and immediately transmit their identities and times of detection at a particular location to a website, where they can be viewed on either a computer or cellular telephone. Regulatory biologists can access the data on the website to help them make important decisions. The viewer can find out whether the receiver is operating by simply checking whether a full is voltage displayed on the website. A real-time node must be distinguished from an autonomous receiver. The former is composed of a variety of receivers, a mooring within the river, a submersible cable, a circuit board, modem, and battery enclosed within a waterproof box, with a cable leading from it to an array of solar cells. This is an emerging capability, which has recently been used in remote area of the ocean to monitor the residence times and depth preferences of four species fishes at a fish aggregating device (FAD) [7] .

This is an emerging capability, which has recently been used in remote area of the ocean to monitor the residence times and depth preferences of four species fishes at a fish aggregating device (FAD).