Besides designing studies that use larger plots, if managers wish to understand effects of treatments on avian nesting success, the best way forward is likely to be through meta-analyses that utilize data gathered at multiple sites. Such meta-analyses can only be accomplished if data are published and presented in ways that allow effective harvesting of the information for further analyses. We encourage researchers to publish their results when possible so that data can be discovered and analyzed by interested researchers. That desire was the motivation behind this special issue and publication of other nesting success data from the fire-fire surrogate study [17, 18] . Alternatively, data can be archived in repositories such as the Avian Knowledge Network. However, extensive meta-data and associated materials, akin to what would be included in a peer-reviewed publication, should be provided so that those conducting meta-analyses may have enough information to interpret the archived data accurately.

That desire was the motivation behind this special issue and publication of other nesting success data from the fire-fire surrogate study.


Consequently, for all of the above-mentioned conditions, the evidence of neuronal injury may be crucial to document the onset of manifest neurodegenerative disease and/or prognosis of the future course. Several studies demonstrated abnormal findings using different imaging modalities including FDG-PET in the mentioned risk populations. Research guidelines explicitly recommend obtaining information on neuronal injury in addition to amyloid-status for risk assessment of AD in preclinical stages [6] . However, with regard to the potential clinical value of FDG-PET in this context, it needs to be conclusively demonstrated whether abnormalities are specifically bound to the onset of the target neurodegenerative disease, and their predictive value in the individual subject regarding the development of AD should be assessed.

Research guidelines explicitly recommend obtaining information on neuronal injury in addition to amyloid-status for risk assessment of AD in preclinical stages.


In the present study, we use the homotopy analysis method for the solution of two non linear ordinary differential equations introduced by Mandal [16] . The distribution of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, the methematical formulation of the problem is presented. The basic idea of HAM and solution by means of HAM is discussed in Section 3. The convergence of the obtained series solutions is carefully analyzed in Section 4. The graphical results, table and discusion are presented in Section 5. The conclution is presented in Section 6.

In the present study, we use the homotopy analysis method for the solution of two non linear ordinary differential equations introduced by Mandal.


In fluid mechanics and heat transfer many engineering problems are basically nonlinear. The majority of these problems do not have analytical solutions. Using numerical techniques, some of them can be solved and some can be solved analytically. Stability and convergence should be considered so that the divergence can be avoided in results obtained by numerical method. To find the analytic solution of these non linear equations, we need other methods such as perturbation method [1] . But in perturbation method, a small parameter is needed that is to be inserted in the equation. The main deficiency of perturbation method is to find that small parameter which is exerted it into the equation.

To find the analytic solution of these non linear equations, we need other methods such as perturbation method.


On the other hand, directional detection proposes to use the anisotropy in the recoil angular distribution (in the galactic coordinates) originated from the motion of the solar system around the galactic center within the DM halo [3] . The mostly isotropic background can thus be distinguished from the (anisotropic) expected DM signal. In case of a claimed detection by a non-directional detector, a directional detection would be an unambiguous proof of the DM origin of the claimed signal [4] .

On the other hand, directional detection proposes to use the anisotropy in the recoil angular distribution (in the galactic coordinates) originated from the motion of the solar system around the galactic center within the DM halo.

In case of a claimed detection by a non-directional detector, a directional detection would be an unambiguous proof of the DM origin of the claimed signal.


Weakly interacting massive particles are among the most studied candidates for Dark Matter (DM). The direct search for DM is performed by looking for elastic collisions of these WIMPs with target nuclei in a detector [1] . For a 1 GeV/c 2 to 1000 GeV/c 2 DM particle, the kinetic energy of the recoiling nuclei would be in the range of few keV to few hundreds of keV depending on the mass of the target nuclei. The search for such rare events, at low energies, requires a highly efficient discrimination of the background with respect to signal composed of nuclear recoils.

The direct search for DM is performed by looking for elastic collisions of these WIMPs with target nuclei in a detector.


Usually CNS is not taken into account in most of the investigations and its toxigenic ability is seldom analyzed (Su & Wong 1996) . Interestingly, in the present study all CNS samples analyzed harbored toxin genes. Each strain harbored either seg, seh or combinations of genes. These findings suggest a toxigenic involvement of CNS in subclinical bovine mastitis.

Usually CNS is not taken into account in most of the investigations and its toxigenic ability is seldom analyzed.


Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important row crop rich in oil, protein, vitamins and other micronutrients (Settaluri et al., 2012) . World peanut production exceeded 100 thousand metric tons in year 2016. The United States is the most efficient peanut producing country and accounts for 6% of world production (http://www.fao.org). Peanut production is threatened by multiple biotic stresses, of which the two foliar fungal diseases, early leaf spot (ELS) caused by Passalora arachidicola (Hori) U. Braun (syn. Cercospora arachidicola) and late leaf spot (LLS) caused by Nothopassalora personata (Berk.& M.A. Curtis) U. Braun, C. Nakash., Videira & Crous (syn. Cercosporidium personatum), predominate. Both fungal diseases produce lesions (up to 1 cm in diameter) on peanut leaves, petioles, stems and pegs (McDonald et al., 1985) . Shedding of infected leaves upon disease progression can lead to complete defoliation in susceptible genotypes and up to 70% yield loss (Singh et al., 2011) . In the U.S., the most common practice to control both diseases is by frequent fungicide applications; therefore, it is not surprising that fungicide sprays to control leaf spot diseases incur the highest cost in disease management (Woodward et al., 2014) . Developing and planting ELS and LLS resistant peanut cultivars should reduce the cost of peanut production while simultaneously mitigating the environmental footprint through reduction in pollution from fungicides.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important row crop rich in oil, protein, vitamins and other micronutrients.

Both fungal diseases produce lesions (up to 1 cm in diameter) on peanut leaves, petioles, stems and pegs.

Shedding of infected leaves upon disease progression can lead to complete defoliation in susceptible genotypes and up to 70% yield loss.

In the U.S., the most common practice to control both diseases is by frequent fungicide applications; therefore, it is not surprising that fungicide sprays to control leaf spot diseases incur the highest cost in disease management.


In concert hall design, the acoustic conditions for music players on the stage should be considered as well as those for the audience. In this respect, stage acoustics, we have made several investigations by subjective experiment up to now. In these studies, we have developed a sound field simulation technique using six-channel real time convolution system to examine the musicians' sensation in an artificial concert hall and investigated the relationship between acoustic parameters and subjective impression in solo performance [1] .

In these studies, we have developed a sound field simulation technique using six-channel real time convolution system to examine the musicians' sensation in an artificial concert hall and investigated the relationship between acoustic parameters and subjective impression in solo performance.


In the study of stage acoustics, the acoustic conditions for ensemble performance are also important and several researches have been made on this point [2] [3] [4] [5] . The authors also have started an experiment for ensemble performance by two players on a stage by expanding the sound field simulation technique mentioned above, in which two anechoic rooms and 24 channel digital convolution system are used. The applicability of this system to psychoacoustic experiments on ensemble performance was examined in the preliminary experiment on professional musicians [6] . Based on the experiences obtained in the preliminary study, we have performed a series of subjective experiments on the acoustic conditions for chamber music performance under a further detailed condition.

In the study of stage acoustics, the acoustic conditions for ensemble performance are also important and several researches have been made on this point.

The applicability of this system to psychoacoustic experiments on ensemble performance was examined in the preliminary experiment on professional musicians.


Regarding the effect of reverberation, Gade suggested that it has a negative influence on the requirement of hearing each other [4] . This tendency was observed under the strongest reverberation condition (Rev3) in this experiment. However, it has been found that the reverberation is much related to the requirement for making harmony and proper amount of reverberation is necessary for chamber music performance. As a result of this study, it has been suggested that the energy of reverberation is more important than the reverberation time for musicians.

Regarding the effect of reverberation, Gade suggested that it has a negative influence on the requirement of hearing each other.


In order to examine the transient process, the impulse responses measured through an omni-directional microphone were divided into three components as shown in Fig. 3 ; the direct sound including the reflection from the floor (Dir), the early reflections (ER) and the reverberation process (Rev). These components in an impulse response were separated in time domain and the energy (squared and integrated sound pressure) of respective components were calculated and expressed in level [6] . Here, the energy level of the early reflections and that of the reverberation process were indicated as a relative level to the direct sound of p self ðtÞ; L ER and L Rev , respectively. Figure 4 shows the results of L ER , L Rev and reverberation time (RT) which is obtained by the integrated impulse response method. The results are for the middle frequency range in two octave band including 500 Hz and 1 kHz bands. RT was read from the later part of the impulse responses excluding the effect of the direct sound and early reflections.

These components in an impulse response were separated in time domain and the energy (squared and integrated sound pressure) of respective components were calculated and expressed in level.


Traditional macroscopic models are generally ineffective in evaluating strategies designed to influence travel choices and optimize system performance (Sbayti and Roden 2010) . If the purpose of the study is to address congestion problems with operational and management strategies, microscopic models are much better positioned than macroscopic models to evaluate the effectiveness of the alternatives. While micro simulation models are definitely desirable, they require details about transportation facilities and flow entities at a granularity that is not typically available to transport agencies (Sbayti and Roden 2010) .

Traditional macroscopic models are generally ineffective in evaluating strategies designed to influence travel choices and optimize system performance.

While micro simulation models are definitely desirable, they require details about transportation facilities and flow entities at a granularity that is not typically available to transport agencies.


Transit effectiveness measures are needed to quantify how efficiently transit system inputs are used in producing a given output (Nash 2006) . Among the common effectiveness indicators of transit network design are the overall network and route travel times. The lesser the travel times of the designs needed to provide service to specific transit demand, the better is the design and the more attractive is the service to transit users. The effectiveness indicators are influenced by many factors, such as number of bus stops on routes, number of passengers boarding and alighting, speed restrictions, route length and alignments, etc.

Transit effectiveness measures are needed to quantify how efficiently transit system inputs are used in producing a given output.


Work on Arabic OCR started in 1970s [3] . The first published work on Arabic OCR dates back to 1975 [5] . The first Arabic OCR system was made available in 1990s [6] . The recognition of Arabic handwriting presents some unique challenges and benefits to the researchers [7] . Although more than three decades have passed, there has been a lack of effort in the recognition of Arabic handwritten texts compared to the recognition of texts in other scripts [6] .

Work on Arabic OCR started in 1970s.

The first published work on Arabic OCR dates back to 1975.

The first Arabic OCR system was made available in 1990s.

The recognition of Arabic handwriting presents some unique challenges and benefits to the researchers.

Although more than three decades have passed, there has been a lack of effort in the recognition of Arabic handwritten texts compared to the recognition of texts in other scripts.


However, the plastic deformation; the load bearing capacity provided by the shell wall; and the stiffness of the cracked reinforced concrete cross section are heavily dependent on the eccentricity of the normal force applied. The influence of the imperfection w 0 and that of the eccentricity e 0 of the normal force may be dealt with separately. However, a relationship between both may be stated [1] .

However, a relationship between both may be stated.


The calculation of this factor is often difficult. Some cases appear in the technical literature, such as spheres and cylinders [2] . These analytical solutions have the advantage of using abacuses and simple formulas to obtain the buckling load, but have the disadvantage of predicting this type of behaviour only for certain theoretical cases (sphere and cylinder), not being able to deal with structures with other geometries.

Some cases appear in the technical literature, such as spheres and cylinders.


Due to limits of time, labor, and funds, the conventional method of intensive field sampling combined with physical and chemical analyses in the laboratory is not suitable for large-scale analysis [3, 4] . With technology development, hyperspectral remote sensing and spectroradiometer, a wide-spectral range from 350 nm to 2500 nm with a spectral resolution of 1 nm~10 nm per spectral band, have been shown as good alternatives to traditional field work and become a promising tool for estimating soil salinity [5] [6] [7] . The target in hyperspectral data could be identified by spectral features deposited in the spectral libraries when the data has a wide-spectral range and a high-spectral resolution [8] .

Due to limits of time, labor, and funds, the conventional method of intensive field sampling combined with physical and chemical analyses in the laboratory is not suitable for large-scale analysis.

With technology development, hyperspectral remote sensing and spectroradiometer, a wide-spectral range from 350 nm to 2500 nm with a spectral resolution of 1 nm~10 nm per spectral band, have been shown as good alternatives to traditional field work and become a promising tool for estimating soil salinity.

The target in hyperspectral data could be identified by spectral features deposited in the spectral libraries when the data has a wide-spectral range and a high-spectral resolution.


The slope and the change in slope of spectral curve at every band could be showed clearly by the first and second derivative algorithms [9] . Using derivative algorithms could remove the baseline effects and locate the corresponding bands of inflection point, maximum and minimum reflectance [10] . The spectral derivative is one of most valuable algorithms for the preprocessing and analyses of hyperspectral data [11] .

The slope and the change in slope of spectral curve at every band could be showed clearly by the first and second derivative algorithms.

Using derivative algorithms could remove the baseline effects and locate the corresponding bands of inflection point, maximum and minimum reflectance.

The spectral derivative is one of most valuable algorithms for the preprocessing and analyses of hyperspectral data.


Here, we present a simple route to prepare a cationic nanofibrous adsorbent by electrospinning using branched PEI (b-PEI) as the starting material for the removal of anionic dyes from water. Because of its excellent water solubility and poor mechanical properties, b-PEI was modified by introducing a methacrylate group via a ring-opening reaction between the primary amine of b-PEI and epoxy of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) before electrospinning. It was then blended with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) to provide the feed solution for electrospinning. The modified PEI, methacrylated polyethylenimine (m-PEI), could be cross-linked by UV light irradiation during electrospinning, which provides the m-PEI fibers with good water resistance [28] . In addition, PVDF could provide admirable mechanical strength to the resultant nanofibrous adsorbent, namely, the m-PEI/ PVDF composite mat. In this study, a typical anionic dye, methylene orange (MO), was used as the target pollutant of water. The MO removal performance was explored by adsorption batch assays. The influence of the temperature, initial MO concentration, and pH of the solution on MO adsorption was also evaluated together with the relationship between the MO adsorption capacity and adsorption time. Further, the kinetic behavior of MO adsorption on the PEI-based nanofibrous adsorbent was studied to determine the removal rate and rate-controlling step of the adsorption process.

The modified PEI, methacrylated polyethylenimine (m-PEI), could be cross-linked by UV light irradiation during electrospinning, which provides the m-PEI fibers with good water resistance.


The presence of the particles in liquid-solid fluidized beds enhances the heat transfer, because the movement of the particles leads to an increased turbulence in the system. The turbulence affects the thermal boundary layer and reduces the heat transfer resistance, resulting in an improved heat transfer rate. The heat transfer plays an important role in solid-liquid fluidized beds. In liquid-solid fluidized beds, the heat transfer rate is mainly investigated using water as liquid and glass particles as solid. The effects of the process parameters on the heat transfer coefficient have been discussed. Quantitative information on the heat transfer coefficient between surface and bed is essential for the rational design and online process monitoring of liquid-solid fluidized bed systems [2] [3] [4] .

Quantitative information on the heat transfer coefficient between surface and bed is essential for the rational design and online process monitoring of liquid-solid fluidized bed systems.


Fluidized beds find wide applications in chemical process industries as they provide a large interfacial area, high degree of mixing and temperature uniformity. In particular, liquid-solid fluidized beds are increasingly used in chemical processes such as fermentation, biological wastewater treatment, flue gas desulfurization, ore reduction, etc. Although fluidization can be achieved either by liquid or gas as the fluidizing medium, gas fluidized beds have gained more importance in the scientific community due to their more numerous applications. The emergence of biosciences in the recent past and the adaptability of liquid fluidized beds for various applications has meant the solid-liquid fluidized beds gaining greater attention among scientists and researchers [1] .

The emergence of biosciences in the recent past and the adaptability of liquid fluidized beds for various applications has meant the solid-liquid fluidized beds gaining greater attention among scientists and researchers.


The difference in our findings might reflect seasonal differences between the end of the dry season when land runoff is low and nutrients are largely depleted, compared to the transition period from wet to dry (Edinger et al. 1998) . It is not known to what extent larger-(inter-annual) or shorter-scale (day-to-day) variations may have contributed to the observed differences in gradient strength. In spite of these uncertainties, the recurrent appearance of significant cross-shore gradients in all these studies suggests that pollution is chronic in the area (Edinger et al. 1998; Renema and Troelstra 2001) .

The difference in our findings might reflect seasonal differences between the end of the dry season when land runoff is low and nutrients are largely depleted, compared to the transition period from wet to dry.

In spite of these uncertainties, the recurrent appearance of significant cross-shore gradients in all these studies suggests that pollution is chronic in the area.


Moreover, an important practical problem related to the evaluation of the contact angles on this alloy has been observed. Wettability determination used to be done by measurements of contact angle of settled water drops on polished disks of the alloy. These disks come generally from cutting off hot rolled and annealed bars of Ti6Al4V ELI. These bars are two or three meters long and are available with different diameters, to attend to the needs of implant manufacturers. Nevertheless, despite tests were done with disks from the same batch, dispersion on the measured values of water contact angle is much larger than could be expected on highly polished materials. In a previous study on the effect of UV radiation on the wettability of disks of Ti6Al4V we found a radial dependence that was correlated with microstructural differences within the bar [17] . The present research has been based on the hypothesis that the variability in water contact angles for Ti6Al4V can be due to the heterogeneity of the samples surfaces caused by singularities in the bulk properties of the material and to the variations in the cleaning and measuring protocols.

In a previous study on the effect of UV radiation on the wettability of disks of Ti6Al4V we found a radial dependence that was correlated with microstructural differences within the bar.


This figure clearly shows that a stable value of the average contact angle was obtained, regardless of the passivation-growth-time. Also, the data distribution is very similar in all cases, with the lowest dispersion observed for measurements made at 48 h. It is also interesting to point out that the average value of contact angle is about 80°, higher than any of those obtained with other preparation protocols. It is likely that this procedure allows a thicker and more uniform passive layer of Ti6Al4V and therefore a lower dispersion in contact angle. The decrease in the observed wettability can also inform about the poor contribution of the bulk material properties to this passivation layer and it must be related to the protecting character of such hydrophobic passivation layer in waterlike environments [25] [26] [27] .

The decrease in the observed wettability can also inform about the poor contribution of the bulk material properties to this passivation layer and it must be related to the protecting character of such hydrophobic passivation layer in waterlike environments.


The success of Ti6Al4V in the biomedical field comes from its good biocompatibility and mechanical and anti-corrosive properties [9] . Interactions between an implant and the host tissue are mediated by the outermost layers of the implant. Therefore most of the reasons of the biocompatibility of any material are related to its surface characteristics even more than with its bulk properties. Besides, in spite of the suitable behavior of this alloy, nowadays there are considerable attempts to improve its properties by dressing the surface with active coverages. Efforts are under way to provide the surface with molecules that could help in given pathologies, such as osteoporosis, or to prevent infections by avoiding bacterial adhesion. However, it is essential for the design and reproducibility of any functionalization process to have thorough knowledge of the physicochemical properties of the pristine surface, as its wettability and surface free energy. For this reason, the surface characterization of the biomaterial is crucial.

The success of Ti6Al4V in the biomedical field comes from its good biocompatibility and mechanical and anti-corrosive properties.


Magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (MM-OCT) is a promising imaging method for noninvasive three-dimensional (3D) tracking of magnetically labeled cells in target tissues or organs [1] [2] [3] . In this situation, selected cells are labeled with magnetic micro-or nanoparticles as dynamic contrast agents, which are excited into motion by a modulated external magnetic field. By analysis of OCT signal alterations, this motion can be detected and visualized for enhanced contrast of labeled cells.

Magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (MM-OCT) is a promising imaging method for noninvasive three-dimensional (3D) tracking of magnetically labeled cells in target tissues or organs.


In conclusion, we have shown that rMM-OCT provides a higher magnetomotive signal at a lower power consumption compared to previous pulsed MM-OCT. This improvement was mostly achieved by adding a small permanent magnet in an off-axis configuration to the MM-OCT setup. The thickness of the permanent magnet is only 2 mm; hence, the reduction of working distance from 6 mm (relative to the surface of the solenoid) in the original setup to 4 mm (relative to the surface of In a final step, we tested our rMM-OCT imaging method on alternative cells next to MSCs that are used for retinal transplantation studies concerning the RPE, the ARPE-19 cell line [13] [14] [15] . These cells were labeled and embedded in agar scaffolds identical to MSCs, as described before. Representative OCT imaging results for labeled ARPE-19 cells are shown in Figure 7 . It can be seen that the magnetomotive contrast is very similar to the MSCs shown in Figure 5 . In a final step, we tested our rMM-OCT imaging method on alternative cells next to MSCs that are used for retinal transplantation studies concerning the RPE, the ARPE-19 cell line [13] [14] [15] . These cells were labeled and embedded in agar scaffolds identical to MSCs, as described before. Representative OCT imaging results for labeled ARPE-19 cells are shown in Figure 7 . It can be seen that the magnetomotive contrast is very similar to the MSCs shown in Figure 5 .

The thickness of the permanent magnet is only 2 mm; hence, the reduction of working distance from 6 mm (relative to the surface of the solenoid) in the original setup to 4 mm (relative to the surface of In a final step, we tested our rMM-OCT imaging method on alternative cells next to MSCs that are used for retinal transplantation studies concerning the RPE, the ARPE-19 cell line.


In recent years, there has been an increased demand for improved forecasting of severe convective weather and its associated hazards. Although the general skill of the numerical weather prediction is being steadily improved thanks to the increased model resolution and enhanced data assimilation systems, a very low skill for quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) persists especially in the warm season (Fritsch and Carbone 2004) . One of the causes for the low QPF skill is the inevitable model spinup associated with a poor specification of the initial state of the atmosphere at small scales. Such a deficiency often leads to an inaccurate simulation of the timing, location, and intensity of convective systems. Therefore, better initial conditions through assimilating mesoscale observations are considered vital for improving short-range QPF.

Although the general skill of the numerical weather prediction is being steadily improved thanks to the increased model resolution and enhanced data assimilation systems, a very low skill for quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) persists especially in the warm season.


The Neotropical bat genus Vampyrodes (figs. 1-2) is a monotypic taxon of frugivorous bats distributed from southern Mexico to southeastern Brazil. Although it has an extensive distribution, members of this genus seem to be rare in lower latitudes (Velazco et al., 2010a) . Vampyrodes is distinguished from related taxa in the subfamily Stenodermatinae by the combination of six characteristics: relatively large body size (>25 g; FA = 47-59 mm); presence of bright white facial stripes and a white middorsal stripe extending from the crown of the head to the rump; presence of a fringe of hair on the trailing edge of the uropatagium; presence of three lower molars and two upper molars; and presence of two accessory cusps on the posterior edge of the second upper premolar.

Although it has an extensive distribution, members of this genus seem to be rare in lower latitudes.


Fish oil contains no natural antioxidants and its unsaturated fatty acids are particularly sensitive to oxidation. For this reason stabilized fish oil has uses as a component of feed mixtures. The levels of EPA and DHA in the fish used in this experiment were relatively high and were a rich source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet. For comparison, the EPA and DHA contents and PUFA n-6:n-3 ratio in oil from fish coagulates were 3.98, 5.88 and 1.07%, respectively (Dobrzański et al., 2002a) .

For comparison, the EPA and DHA contents and PUFA n-6:n-3 ratio in oil from fish coagulates were 3.98, 5.88 and 1.07%, respectively.


Galaxies with observational data for rotational velocity curves reaching out well beyond the galaxy cores can provide a critical test of modified gravity theories without dark matter as well as dark matter models. Observed rotational velocity data has been obtained for the Milky Way that extends as far as 200 kpc from the core [6] . The rotational velocity predicted by STVG asymptotically becomes Kepler-Newtonian with an increased value for the gravitational constant G = G ∞ . On the other hand, the MOND prediction for the rotational velocity curve becomes asymptotically constant for a value of the critical acceleration a 0 ∼ 10 −8 cm s −2 . The Milky Way data can be fitted well by STVG but it excludes MOND as a viable model that can fit galaxy rotational velocity data.

Observed rotational velocity data has been obtained for the Milky Way that extends as far as 200 kpc from the core.


We first use the cross-sectional evidence alone for partial identification of HIV prevalence. We then exploit the availability of panel data and the absorbing nature of HIV infection to narrow the width of the initial identification region. Although additional assumptions, such as instrumental variable (IV) and monotone instrumental variable (MIV) restrictions, may be used to narrow the width of the identification region further, our main contribution is to show the power of combining substantive information about the HIV process with the longitudinal nature of the available data. One advantage of the partial identification approach is that practitioners can examine the credibility of point estimates obtained under alternative assumptions by checking whether they lie within the identification region (Nicoletti, 2010) . In particular, we consider point estimates obtained by using the complete-case approach, propensity score weighting and a Heckman-type estimator.

One advantage of the partial identification approach is that practitioners can examine the credibility of point estimates obtained under alternative assumptions by checking whether they lie within the identification region.


In recent years, several population-based surveys have begun, including modules that collect biomarkers that are useful to test for HIV, such as blood samples or saliva swabs. These surveys are an important new source of data because they accurately measure HIV status and, unlike surveys based on antenatal clinic attendance are not restricted to a selected subpopulation. Estimates of HIV prevalence obtained from these surveys are, in general, considerably lower than those obtained from antenatal clinic attendance data (Gouws et al., 2008; Montana et al., 2008) . On the basis of these new results, UNAIDS corrected downward HIV prevalence estimates in several countries (Brookmeyer, 2010) .

Estimates of HIV prevalence obtained from these surveys are, in general, considerably lower than those obtained from antenatal clinic attendance data.

On the basis of these new results, UNAIDS corrected downward HIV prevalence estimates in several countries.


TLC method is considered to be a good alternative, and it should be widely explored as an important tool in routine drug analysis. A major advantage of TLC is its ability to analyze several samples simultaneously using a small quantity of mobile phase. This reduces the time and cost of analysis, minimizes exposure risks, and significantly reduces disposal problems of toxic organic solvents, thereby reducing the possibilities of environment pollution [13] .

This reduces the time and cost of analysis, minimizes exposure risks, and significantly reduces disposal problems of toxic organic solvents, thereby reducing the possibilities of environment pollution.


Introducing new chemicals, diets, or technologies to aquaculture should be preceded by detailed scientific investigations focusing on fish health and welfare. This is why hematological studies are becoming increasingly important in aquaculture. Evaluating blood morphology permits evaluating fish health and diagnosing inflammation, infection, and many other disorders resulting from, among other causes, improper diet (Svobodova et al. 1991) . Supplemental biochemical and/or macro-and microscopic examinations of tissues and organs (especially in the parenchyma) are extremely useful tools for determining fish health.

Evaluating blood morphology permits evaluating fish health and diagnosing inflammation, infection, and many other disorders resulting from, among other causes, improper diet.


The worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and is projected to reach 4.4% by 2030 [1] . Diabetic cardiomyopathy that occurs independently of coronary artery disease and hypertension is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular complications of diabetes [2, 3] . Many epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that chronic hyperglycemia is a major initiator of diabetic cardiovascular complications. High glucose regulates structural and functional changes of cardiomyocytes via the activation of several signal transduction pathways, such as increased polyol pathway flux, altered cellular redox states, increased formation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and the subsequent activation of pro-tein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, and accelerated non-enzymatic formation of advanced glycated end products [4, 5] . Increased expression and activity of PKC causes modifications in the extracellular matrix, induces hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, microangiopathy of the heart, fibrosis of the interstitium, and eventually leads to heart failure [6] . Among the signal pathways listed above, the DAG-PKC signal pathway is considered to be one of the most important intracellular transduction pathways that functions as a core effector in the onset and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy [7] . The PKC family comprises more than ten different isozymes; with respect to the heart, PKC-α and PKC-β2 are the predominant Ca 2+ -dependent PKC isoforms. A number of reports have associated PKC with many structural and functional abnormalities in cardiovascular disease such as cardiac hypertrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, ischemic injury and heart failure. Additionally, inhibition of PKC has been reported to npg have a protective effect on both structural abnormalities and cardiac dysfunction. Most studies have shown that hyperglycemia could induce over-expression of PKC-α and PKC-β2 in the early stages of the pathological development of diabetic cardiomyopathy, and is likely to be responsible for the pathologies in diabetic cardiomyopathy [8, 9] . However, the exact role that PKC plays in the alteration of cardiomyocytes and its underlying downstream signal transduction pathways is still unclear.

The worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and is projected to reach 4.4% by 2030.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy that occurs independently of coronary artery disease and hypertension is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular complications of diabetes.

High glucose regulates structural and functional changes of cardiomyocytes via the activation of several signal transduction pathways, such as increased polyol pathway flux, altered cellular redox states, increased formation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and the subsequent activation of pro-tein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, and accelerated non-enzymatic formation of advanced glycated end products.

Increased expression and activity of PKC causes modifications in the extracellular matrix, induces hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, microangiopathy of the heart, fibrosis of the interstitium, and eventually leads to heart failure.

Among the signal pathways listed above, the DAG-PKC signal pathway is considered to be one of the most important intracellular transduction pathways that functions as a core effector in the onset and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Most studies have shown that hyperglycemia could induce over-expression of PKC-α and PKC-β2 in the early stages of the pathological development of diabetic cardiomyopathy, and is likely to be responsible for the pathologies in diabetic cardiomyopathy.


Women perceive changes in their body image starting at the beginning of pregnancy. The way to cope with these changes can be influenced by several factors, including partner support or the lack thereof. The results indicated that the lack of support from the partner is a predictor of body image, possibly triggering low selfesteem, non-acceptance of pregnancy and even depressive symptoms. The partner's emotional support contributes to the strengthening of the affective relationship and improvement of self-esteem, which positively reflects the quality of life of pregnant woman [37] .

The partner's emotional support contributes to the strengthening of the affective relationship and improvement of self-esteem, which positively reflects the quality of life of pregnant woman.


Research of hydrous ethanol was motivated by those who discovered previously that the burning characteristic of hydrous ethanol is better than of anhydrous ethanol especially at azeotropic composition [2] . However, until today, the scientific evidence has not been clearly revealed. Since ethanol contains little water, the hydrogen bonding is considered to play an important role. This study reveals that the azeotropic ethanol molecule cluster is constructed by ethanol-water molecules based on hydrogen bond at a certain composition. This research also provides the laminar burning velocity of hydrous ethanol.

Research of hydrous ethanol was motivated by those who discovered previously that the burning characteristic of hydrous ethanol is better than of anhydrous ethanol especially at azeotropic composition.


The study using hydrous ethanol as a fuel of engine has been performed by many researchers [1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10] . They suggest that hydrous ethanol increases the balance between the energy needed during production and the power produced. Hydrous ethanol produces higher power, better emission quality, and shorter burning duration.

The study using hydrous ethanol as a fuel of engine has been performed by many researchers.


A number of literature reviews on GSCM have been published in the past few years. Some of these reviews have been general and comprehensively covered the entire field, while others have focused on specific aspects (FAHIMNIA et al., 2015) . Specifically considering the subject of performance measurement of GSCM, to the best of our knowledge,we found no research paper that provides a review of this topic, specifically. In this way, this paper provides a methodological review for a better understanding of the current state of research studies regarding the subject "performance measurement of GSCM" and answers the following questions: 1) "What are the main subjects addressed by academic research related to the performance measurement of GSCM and what are the issues with the potential to be better exploited?"and 2) "How much of each dimension -economic, social and environmental-is addressed by academic research related to the performance measurement of GSCM and what are the dimensions with the potential to be better exploited?".

Some of these reviews have been general and comprehensively covered the entire field, while others have focused on specific aspects.


Much research describes building simulation software as a tool for calculation process. IDA Indoor Climate and Energy, TRNSYS, Energy Plus, eQuest, DOE-2, etc. are well-known programs used to create building models and to perform the necessary energy consumption and indoor climate condition simulations. These tools have been tested and validated through real experimental cases. The simulation tools are usually used to perform limited numbers of single runs to give an overview and conclusions about a defined task. As these programs are used to conduct hourly based calculations over the full year, sufficiently accurate energy consumption results are achieved. The probability for these results to run across the Pareto frontier optimum solutions is actually very low. A possibility to find optimal solution is to use a "brute force" search. This method needs a huge calculation resource due to the fact that all possible combinations are evaluated [1] .

This method needs a huge calculation resource due to the fact that all possible combinations are evaluated.


Creation of theoretical office building simulation model suitable for defining external wall window mathematical problem for optimization. Hourly based test reference year parameters were used for the external climate data. Indoor climate parameters are based on EN15251:2007 and the conventional use of the building [26] .

Indoor climate parameters are based on EN15251:2007 and the conventional use of the building.


Robust control of uncertain nonlinear systems is deemed as one of the most crucial topics in modern control theory [1] [2] [3] . High-gain feedback domination technique is a major design tool utilized for robust suppression of uncertainties in nonlinear control theory [3] . However, it is generally claimed that most of existing robust control approaches are criticized as worst case based design, that is, the objective of the controller design is to achieve best performance in the presence of the worst uncertainties [4, 5] . Such a design philosophy involving in most of the existing robust control design methodologies would result in the following two major obstacles for its practical applications [6] . On the one hand, excessive control energy is usually required for the robust control to suppress the worst case uncertainties [5] . This would cause the waste of control energy as well as unreasonable selection of the actuator since powerful actuators are required to perform unnecessarily excessive control action demanded by the robust controllers. To this end, the conventional robust controller in practical engineering usually leads to input saturation problems [7] [8] [9] . On the other hand, the robustness performance of those controllers are mostly obtained at a price of sacrificing the nominal control performance of the system because the control performance in the nominal case is usually not considered in the objective function of robust control [4, 6] . However, most practical systems are generally working around its nominal operation point and have a limited chance to operate far away from their nominal operation point. Taking a flight control system as an example, the flight envelop of the vehicle is generally around its nominal flight conditions. The extremely severe flight environment will but rarely appear in the whole flight process.

Robust control of uncertain nonlinear systems is deemed as one of the most crucial topics in modern control theory.

High-gain feedback domination technique is a major design tool utilized for robust suppression of uncertainties in nonlinear control theory.

However, it is generally claimed that most of existing robust control approaches are criticized as worst case based design, that is, the objective of the controller design is to achieve best performance in the presence of the worst uncertainties.

Such a design philosophy involving in most of the existing robust control design methodologies would result in the following two major obstacles for its practical applications.

On the one hand, excessive control energy is usually required for the robust control to suppress the worst case uncertainties.

To this end, the conventional robust controller in practical engineering usually leads to input saturation problems.

On the other hand, the robustness performance of those controllers are mostly obtained at a price of sacrificing the nominal control performance of the system because the control performance in the nominal case is usually not considered in the objective function of robust control.


Add to what was previously mentioned, teachers should arrange their workplace according to specific physical structures and social organizations to organize their activities and those of students. The teaching of EPS, including "is not taught in places designed for educational purposes, but in sports facilities that meet the unique requirements of the regulations, practices and sporting events. So that these areas need to be do-mesticated by teachers who care and are rarely used as such. They shape according to their intentions. Whatever the discipline, there is always a stage in education, but it is much more apparent in physical education " (Durand & Veyrunes, 2005) .

Whatever the discipline, there is always a stage in education, but it is much more apparent in physical education ".


Thus, and according Tochan 1993 SPE teach is to arrange a scene work and deal with it to transmit knowledge. The act of transmission is performed on this stage that the teacher and landscape which in turn shapes its action, guide interventions, frame the nature of knowledge transmitted to students. Accordingly, the teacher inhabits his workspace as a stage. If the purpose of the activity of a teacher is not one of aesthetic production, it nevertheless remains true creative practice. In fact, the teacher is a composer: he is his stage work; there is space agency interaction with students; it is important and manipulate various objects to organize its operations in time and space; it leads and takes a meeting with an audience of students, he creates his posture, his gestures, his words, his intonations, like an actor on stage. Improvisation in particular is an essential skill in teaching (Tochon, 1993) .

Improvisation in particular is an essential skill in teaching.


Economic theory argues that, in the absence of market imperfections, abnormal economic rents will be diluted as rivals and new entrants join the industry. Resource-based view, the dominant paradigm in strategic research, advances in the sense that organizations can obtain sustained abnormal returns if they own superior resources and are protected by mechanisms that prevent their diffusion throughout the industry. Hence, the concept of competitive advantage can be related directly to the notion of profits in excess of the opportunity cost of capital, and a persistently higher rate of return than competitors. An organization holds a sustained competitive advantage when the value creating strategy is not implemented by current or potential competitors and its benefits cannot be duplicated by others (Barney, 1986 (Barney, , 1991 Hamel & Prahalad, 1994; Lippman & Rumelt, 1982; Penrose, 1959; Peteraf, 1993; Rumelt, 1984; Wernerfelt, 1984) .

An organization holds a sustained competitive advantage when the value creating strategy is not implemented by current or potential competitors and its benefits cannot be duplicated by others.


In comparison, less research has been conducted on foot-based interactions. One possible reason for this is, when compared with hand movements for the same task, foot movements are less accurate, require more execution time, and are probably less satisfying [1] , [2] . However, it should be noted that the opportunity for using foot interaction in non-accurate spatial tasks remains [1] . Moreover, considering the essential fact that human beings are bipedal it is worth investigating foot-based interaction.

One possible reason for this is, when compared with hand movements for the same task, foot movements are less accurate, require more execution time, and are probably less satisfying.

However, it should be noted that the opportunity for using foot interaction in non-accurate spatial tasks remains.


Dendrogram derived from an UPGMA cluster analysis of the ISSR results based on Nei's genetic distance allowed the identification and provided knowledge of the genetic distances among different genotypes, which is very useful for genetic improvement. Simple matching genetic distances among all genotypes were calculated. The values of similarity indices reflect the range of homogeneity and inbreeding within each genotype studied. Alex line had the highest polymorphism and was distinctly different from NZW and Cal genotypes. From previous results, we can expect that the crossbreeding between Alex and Cal will be more successful to obtain many benefits from the 2 genotypes to improve the productive performance of rabbit genotypes and develop new characteristics to become more adapted to environmental changes; this is because they are genetically far apart and Alex is a synthetic line selected for daily weight gain and more adapted to environmental changes. Knowledge of genetic diversity among rabbit breeds and the relationship between their genetic markers and performance play an important role in the conservation of genetic resources of rabbits (Wilkinson et al., 2011) .

Knowledge of genetic diversity among rabbit breeds and the relationship between their genetic markers and performance play an important role in the conservation of genetic resources of rabbits.


Top hat stiffener (THS) is a marine structure that is used in high performance yachts to sustain the tensile and bending load of the keel [3] . Modern yacht design requires the lighter hull, higher speed, and lower center of gravity. These demands have encouraged the use of the small keel-hull mating area, hence, generation of enormous stress concentration on the mating area. A number of keel related accidents have been witnessed recently suggesting that inferior design and flaw manufacturing process have been the culprits. Due to the extreme working condition, design enhancement at the keel-hull joint is necessary. Improvement in the THS design seems more convenient and feasible to be achieved compared to other structures such as the hull.

Top hat stiffener (THS) is a marine structure that is used in high performance yachts to sustain the tensile and bending load of the keel.


Acoustic emission (AE) is a versatile and established noninvasive evaluation technique, which has been used for many purposes including structural failure detection and process control. This technique can be used to gather internal structural information without requiring any invasive procedure. Particular interest of AE application has been shown in failure assessment of composite structures, as the AE technique is capable of distinguishing the complex failure modes from certain waveform characteristics. Hence, all the industries that substantially use the composites such as the aerospace and marine industries, have applied this technique to studying the structural failures [1] [2] [3] .

Hence, all the industries that substantially use the composites such as the aerospace and marine industries, have applied this technique to studying the structural failures.


The charge-collection efficiency was measured using a relativistic beta-particle source. The efficiency in an integration time of 20 ns after a pion fluence of ~10 14 cm -2 measured with 50 V of overbias was found to be 88%. This value is exactly the same as measured after an irradiation with 24 GeV/c protons and 1 MeV neutrons to the same fluence [12] .

This value is exactly the same as measured after an irradiation with 24 GeV/c protons and 1 MeV neutrons to the same fluence.


A substantial amount of work has been done on K-edge imaging of high Z contrast materials, demonstrating the ability of spectral technology to distinguish contrast materials from body tissues by their atomic spectra [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . However, comparatively less research has been done to highlight the potential advantages of spectral imaging of tissue without using high Z contrast agents. Soft tissues such as fat and muscle (effective Z ≈ 7.5) are composed of low atomic number elements (e.g., hydrogen, Z = 1; carbon, Z = 6; nitrogen, Z = 7; and oxygen, Z = 8). At energies relevant to human diagnostic imaging (20-140 keV), x rays interact predominantly by a combination of the photoelectric (approximately proportional to Z 3 /E 3 for E far from a K-edge) and Compton effects (approximately proportional to 1/E) and therefore the probability of photoelectric absorption for Z < 10 at higher energies (> 50 keV) is close to zero [10] .

A substantial amount of work has been done on K-edge imaging of high Z contrast materials, demonstrating the ability of spectral technology to distinguish contrast materials from body tissues by their atomic spectra.

At energies relevant to human diagnostic imaging (20-140 keV), x rays interact predominantly by a combination of the photoelectric (approximately proportional to Z 3 /E 3 for E far from a K-edge) and Compton effects (approximately proportional to 1/E) and therefore the probability of photoelectric absorption for Z < 10 at higher energies (> 50 keV) is close to zero.


In this experimental study, spectral imaging of tissue has been performed without using high Z contrast agents. We have shown that lipid-like, water-like and calcium-like components of tissue can be distinguished from each other at high spatial resolution (∼ 100 micron). Dual-energy CT systems are limited to two energies and materials with closely related attenuation profiles, such as soft tissue (effective Z ≈ 7.5) and fat (effective Z ≈ 6.5), may be distinguished from each other but the methodology is difficult to perform [38] . However, the MARS scanner, incorporated with the Medipix3RX detector, divides a single wide spectrum into separate energy bins to extract energy information from the x-ray beam with fewer artefacts [33] . In a 3D volume rendering of the meat sample (see figure 6 ), a clear distribution of tissue, fat and bone can be seen, including fat marbling in the muscle. These techniques are critical for preclinical research projects in the characterization of atherosclerotic plaque, fatty liver diseases (metabolic syndrome), breast imaging, and functional imaging with nanoparticles that are currently underway by various MARS researchers. High soft tissue sensitivity is also attractive for the meat industry by allowing more accurate portioning and identifying low and high fat regions.

Dual-energy CT systems are limited to two energies and materials with closely related attenuation profiles, such as soft tissue (effective Z ≈ 7.5) and fat (effective Z ≈ 6.5), may be distinguished from each other but the methodology is difficult to perform.

However, the MARS scanner, incorporated with the Medipix3RX detector, divides a single wide spectrum into separate energy bins to extract energy information from the x-ray beam with fewer artefacts.


To perform spectral imaging, the MARS (Medipix All Resolution System) scanner uses a conventional CT broad spectrum x-ray source operated at a single accelerating voltage and a detector that can discriminate the energy of individual photons interacting with the detector sensor layer [1] . By combining this information with information about the energy dependence of x-ray attenuation in different materials, it is possible to discriminate different materials within the same voxel. The objective of this paper is twofold: first, to present unprocessed and processed data from our MARS scanner using the CdTe Medipix3RX camera in Charge Summing Mode (CSM) with four energy bins; and second, to demonstrate soft tissue imaging by the quantification of the fat content in tissue.

To perform spectral imaging, the MARS (Medipix All Resolution System) scanner uses a conventional CT broad spectrum x-ray source operated at a single accelerating voltage and a detector that can discriminate the energy of individual photons interacting with the detector sensor layer.


On the other hand, lowlands within the Rolling Pampa occupy nearly 20% of the area. They consist of hydromorphic and often saline/sodic Alfisols and Mollisols soils devoted to graze cattle mainly for beef production. The overall stocking capacity of these bottomlands under low input extensive cattle management can be estimated in about 5·10 5 heads. However, no specifically official figures are yet available. Cattle consist of Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Shorthorn, Holstein as well as other cattle races for beef production. Stocking rate usually varies between 0.5 to 1 animal units ha -1 yr -1 . Livestock fields are usually between 20 and 100 ha. Continuous grazing by cattle with no rotational management is the common practice. Due to the favorable climatic conditions, no stables are used so cattle graze in open fields throughout the year. Forage includes several natural and cultivated genuses like: Lolium spp, Stypa spp, Cynodon spp, Paspalum spp, Festuca spp, Agropyrum spp, Bromus spp, Melilotus spp, Lotus spp, Trifolium spp, etc. These grasslands surround the main water courses. Regional groundwater is usually deep enough to prevent capillary water rise to the soil surface. Runoff potential for these lowlands is larger than that for the well-drained arable lands. This is due to the topsoil´s aggregate instability as well as the incidence of a very slow permeable argilic/natric subsurface horizon (Chagas et al., 2011) . There are widespread signs of degradation like surface crusts, and water erosion processes like sheet erosion, rills and gullies, although local slope gradients are usually less than 1%.

This is due to the topsoil´s aggregate instability as well as the incidence of a very slow permeable argilic/natric subsurface horizon.


With respect to two-phase stratified flow system, as seen in Figure 10 , while the direction of the ISWs propagation is from left to right, the horizontal current induced by internal waves reverses the flow direction between upper and lower layers. The interaction between Pile 1 and Pile 2 occurs in both layers. Therefore, the physical mechanisms of the interference between the two cylinders should be studied separately in each layer, which acts as an important method contributing Table 4 , where is the wave amplitude when the leading ISW just reaches Pile 1 . The hydrodynamic interference induced by ISWs occurring in each layer at diverse L will be, respectively, discussed in detail below from the perspective of vorticity distribution and pressure gradient distribution [21] . The analysis of flow field characteristic and the forces of Pile 1 will be discussed in Sections 4.1 and 4.2 and then followed by those of Pile 2 in Sections 4.3 and 4.4.

The hydrodynamic interference induced by ISWs occurring in each layer at diverse L will be, respectively, discussed in detail below from the perspective of vorticity distribution and pressure gradient distribution.


In oceans, estuaries, and lakes, the stable stratification of density happens while the fluid density changes along with the depth due to the variations of temperature, salinity, and other environmental factors. Internal solitary waves (ISWs) with different amplitudes may be produced by a tiny or weak perturbation in such stable stratified environment [1] . Based on the monitoring and measured data collected from the South China Sea, strong underwater currents caused by internal waves could be a serious threat to underwater structures, such as oil drilling platforms or supporting cylinders [2] .

Internal solitary waves (ISWs) with different amplitudes may be produced by a tiny or weak perturbation in such stable stratified environment.

Based on the monitoring and measured data collected from the South China Sea, strong underwater currents caused by internal waves could be a serious threat to underwater structures, such as oil drilling platforms or supporting cylinders.


To begin with, note that in single-layer flow environment, flows around two circular cylinders in tandem arrangements can be grouped into two main categories: with or without mutual interference [22] . Furthermore, different interference regions in the "mutual interference" category were identified by the classification of Igarashi [33] . Then the pressure and forces on two tandem cylinders in these regions can be analyzed by employing the vortex method [34] .

To begin with, note that in single-layer flow environment, flows around two circular cylinders in tandem arrangements can be grouped into two main categories: with or without mutual interference.

Furthermore, different interference regions in the "mutual interference" category were identified by the classification of Igarashi.

Then the pressure and forces on two tandem cylinders in these regions can be analyzed by employing the vortex method.


During the developmental process of leaf, the increase in length along the proximodistal axis is usually accompanied by an increase in width of midrib. A cambium-like region, in which cells divide tangentially, is developed at the adaxial side along the midrib. This cambium-like region is termed as adaxial meristem and it contributes to thickening of leaf midrib (Foster, 1936; Kaufman, 1959) . Tangential cell divisions of the adaxial meristem also cause the formation of a crescent-shaped vascular bundle in midrib of wild leaf. In this adaxial meristem, unique cell files are found in wild-type leaf (Fig. 2C ), but not in transformants (Fig. 2E) , and the crescent-shaped vascular bundles in the midrib were not formed in the transgenic leaves. Instead of the adaxial meristem formation, cells in the adaxial side of transformants were expanded by vacuolization, same as at the abaxial side. Vacuolization mainly occurs in the cells of the abaxial side but not in the adaxial side. Such abnormal vacuolization at the adaxial side in transgenic plants suggests that the adaxial region lost the dorsal character and gained, in part, the ventral character. These phenomena lead us to speculate that decrease in the expression level of NTH15 in the adaxial side causes the loss of the dorsal character and change the dorsal character to the ventral.

This cambium-like region is termed as adaxial meristem and it contributes to thickening of leaf midrib.


By histological studies of dicotyledonous plants, the flattened shape of leaf results from two major shifts in the pattern of early development (Avery, 1933; Poethig and Sussex, 1985; Foster, 1936) . The first shift occurs in a small group of cells on the flank of SAM, in which the polarity of cell divisions are changed. This contributes to the formation of a leaf primordium with the first axis of leaf, proximodistal axis, along the midrib in the mature leaf (Waites and Hudson, 1995) . The second shift occurs in the dorsal side of the leaf primordium, where the lateral cell divisions are started to form the laminae. At this stage, no lateral growth can be observed in cells towards the ventral (abaxial) side of leaf primordium, suggesting that the establishment of leaf dorsoventrality coordinates the formation of the leaf laminae.

By histological studies of dicotyledonous plants, the flattened shape of leaf results from two major shifts in the pattern of early development.

This contributes to the formation of a leaf primordium with the first axis of leaf, proximodistal axis, along the midrib in the mature leaf.


Moving forward from these considerations, this paper intends to contribute to the ongoing debate on the role of SIBs for the future sustainability of welfare systems by proposing reflections and indications for their scalability and replicability by using an in-depth analysis of existing practices trough a multiple case study approach. In doing this, we focused on healthcare impact bonds (HIBs), which correspond to the adaptation of these current examples of SIBs in recidivism and child removal into new health programs and interventions [15] . Considered as a viable way to fund out-of-pocket programs, currently developed HIBs promote preventive programs with the promise of future public expenditure savings [16] .

In doing this, we focused on healthcare impact bonds (HIBs), which correspond to the adaptation of these current examples of SIBs in recidivism and child removal into new health programs and interventions.

Considered as a viable way to fund out-of-pocket programs, currently developed HIBs promote preventive programs with the promise of future public expenditure savings.


Fuzzy set theory, which was introduced by Zadeh in 1965, provides an effective method of dealing with the problem of knowledge representation in an uncertain and imprecise environment [6] . The conceptual framework of fuzzy logic is much closer to human thinking than the traditional logic systems. During the past years, fuzzy logic has been successfully applied in chemical process control systems, motor drives systems, robot systems, steam turbines systems, medicine diagnosis, and so on. PID controllers can now be implemented using fuzzy set theory.

Fuzzy set theory, which was introduced by Zadeh in 1965, provides an effective method of dealing with the problem of knowledge representation in an uncertain and imprecise environment.


In the highly interacted MIMO process such as two coupled distillation columns, the specifications for top and bottom product purity can be met through keeping the tray temperatures within a specified range around their steady state values. Keeping the temperatures of the different trays constant in the two-coupled distillation columns process is one of the most important control actions in the chemical industries. Recently, many researchers have devoted much effort in this area. The process of the two-coupled distillation columns can be decoupled into a group of independent loops [1] . Temperature control for each loop can be achieved via conventional PID control law [2] . Traditionally, the parameters of the conventional PID controller, i.e., K p , T i , and T d are adjustable and should be tuned appropriately according to the process dynamics. Consequently, the conventional PID controller is hardly efficient to control the system while the system is disturbed by unknown factors. Several methods for parameter tuning of non-fixed PID controller were proposed [3] [4] [5] .

The process of the two-coupled distillation columns can be decoupled into a group of independent loops.

Temperature control for each loop can be achieved via conventional PID control law.

Several methods for parameter tuning of non-fixed PID controller were proposed.


Many different clustering algorithms have been developed [8] . In the clustering process, there are neither pre-specified classes nor observations that would show what kind of desirable relationship is valid among the observations. One of the most difficult parts of clustering is validation of the results, since by definition the task is unsupervised and it is not possible to quantify whether the results are "correct". Nonetheless, it is still possible to make measurements regarding cluster similarity and algorithm consistency as indicators of confidence in the clustering results.

Many different clustering algorithms have been developed.


With the observation of bubbles forming at rupture, we have shown that an air gap does indeed separate the droplet from the bath. This air gap is thinnest at the inflection point of the bath dimple along the sides of the droplet transverse to the direction of motion. Though the detailed morphology of the air gap remains unknown, the total volume of air in the gap is constant throughout the motion. For driven systems the air gap is maintained in steady state. For stationary droplets the air gap thins similar to the Reynolds limit for approaching parallel disks (Amarouchene et al. 2001) . For the case of skirting droplets the angular momentum imparted at impact acts to drive air into the gap, thus replenishing the gap and delaying coalescence.

For stationary droplets the air gap thins similar to the Reynolds limit for approaching parallel disks.


The task of an RL agent is to learn an optimal policy π * : S → A that maps the current state s into a desirable action a to be performed in s [34] . In RL, the policy π should be learned through trial-and-error interactions of the agent with its environment. This problem is usually formulated as a discrete time, finite state, finite action Markov Decision Process (MDP), where the learner's environment is modelled as a 4-tuple S, A, T , R , in which: S is a finite set of states; A is a finite set of actions that the agent can perform; T : S × A → (S) is a state transition function, where (S) is a probability distribution over S; and, R : S × A → R: is a reward function [35] .

The task of an RL agent is to learn an optimal policy π * : S → A that maps the current state s into a desirable action a to be performed in s.

This problem is usually formulated as a discrete time, finite state, finite action Markov Decision Process (MDP), where the learner's environment is modelled as a 4-tuple S, A, T , R , in which: S is a finite set of states; A is a finite set of actions that the agent can perform; T : S × A → (S) is a state transition function, where (S) is a probability distribution over S; and, R : S × A → R: is a reward function.


Combustion is the prominent noise source in an engine, while heat transfer and friction account for major engine inefficiencies. The maximum combustion pressure occurs in the power stroke, whereas its lowest value is observed in suction. Also, flame propagation through the cylinder is not spontaneous as it is intended, thus creating pressure fluctuations. These cyclic variations create excitations with varying amplitudes and spectral composition. During power generation it is necessary to induce a rotary motion from the work done by the piston. A piston-connecting rodcrankshaft system converts this translational motion into a rotational action. This transformation produces harmonic responses as multiples of crankshaft rotational frequency, referred to as engine orders [1] . The fluctuations in power torque output often lead to NVH concerns, particularly with high torque diesel engines, another important trend in engine development.

This transformation produces harmonic responses as multiples of crankshaft rotational frequency, referred to as engine orders.


Extreme temperatures and heat waves are a serious threat to human health, especially for people living in urban areas. In the literature, there is evidence that high temperatures differentially affect population subgroups according to their physiological and behavioral responses to heat, which depend on clinical, social, and demographic factors [1] [2] [3] [4] . Overall, the elderly experience the most deaths and worsening of pre-existing chronic conditions due to heat waves [1] . Therefore, reducing mortality and morbidity faced by the elderly is an important aim for public health, which partially overlaps with the more general issue of frailty among the elderly [5] . Indeed, frail subjects are more vulnerable to environmental hazards, such as extreme temperature events, because of their reduced behavioral and physiological resources for adaptation [6] . Case-finding algorithms based on administrative data have been developed for screening frail persons in the community and used for various objectives and target populations [7] [8] [9] . However, not all frail individuals have a higher susceptibility to heat, and a portion of less frail individuals might actually be more susceptible to high temperatures. In the field of heat prevention, it is critical to protect elderly individuals from adverse health outcomes that could result in hospital admission or death, and this can be achieved through prevention and active surveillance [10] . However, no specific algorithm has been developed to identify elderly individuals that are susceptible to the negative effects of extreme temperatures.

In the literature, there is evidence that high temperatures differentially affect population subgroups according to their physiological and behavioral responses to heat, which depend on clinical, social, and demographic factors.

Overall, the elderly experience the most deaths and worsening of pre-existing chronic conditions due to heat waves.

Therefore, reducing mortality and morbidity faced by the elderly is an important aim for public health, which partially overlaps with the more general issue of frailty among the elderly.

Indeed, frail subjects are more vulnerable to environmental hazards, such as extreme temperature events, because of their reduced behavioral and physiological resources for adaptation.

Case-finding algorithms based on administrative data have been developed for screening frail persons in the community and used for various objectives and target populations.

In the field of heat prevention, it is critical to protect elderly individuals from adverse health outcomes that could result in hospital admission or death, and this can be achieved through prevention and active surveillance.


In cluster-based scheduling, processors are treated as clusters and the completion time is minimized by moving tasks among clusters [10, 18] . At the end of clustering, heavily communicating tasks are assigned to the same processor, reducing the interprocessor communication. However, after clustering is completed, merging the clusters to fit into a smaller number of processors without degrading the schedule is usually the bottleneck for this class of algorithms.

In cluster-based scheduling, processors are treated as clusters and the completion time is minimized by moving tasks among clusters.


In this work, we propose a novel two-phase duplication-based scheduling algorithm, called DUPS. The first phase, called minSL, aims to minimize the schedule length by minimizing the earliest finish time of each task on a new processor. The schedule on the processor associated with a task is called the partial schedule of that task. In the second phase, called minNP, the required number of processors is minimized by eliminating and merging the partial schedules without increasing the schedule length found in the first phase. A nice feature of minNP is that, with small modifications, it can be applied to the output of the existing scheduling algorithms to improve their efficiency. Performance evaluation of DUPS is presented in comparison to the CPFD algorithm which is shown to be a superior algorithm compared to other related scheduling algorithms in terms of producing the smallest schedule length with requiring a moderate amount of processors [1, 4, 8] .

Performance evaluation of DUPS is presented in comparison to the CPFD algorithm which is shown to be a superior algorithm compared to other related scheduling algorithms in terms of producing the smallest schedule length with requiring a moderate amount of processors.


Determining the number of states (namely the model selection problem) is a key issue when using HMMs, and is typically selected a priori. In the method adopted, a model selection analysis has been carried out by assigning to each state of the PH-HMM a different facial expression. The problem of finding the number of states is then casted into the problem of finding all different facial expressions in the video stream. The facial expressions have been identified using an unsupervised clustering approach, where the number of clusters has been automatically determined with the Bayesian Inference Criterion [14] .

The facial expressions have been identified using an unsupervised clustering approach, where the number of clusters has been automatically determined with the Bayesian Inference Criterion.


Companies and other organisations are often confronted with the decision to select the right projects for their business. The decision on selecting and implementing projects must be carefully considered. Organisations deal with many different problems and opportunities that surround them. We have to recognise the right opportunities and select the right projects. But how? What are the best criteria for selecting projects? It is not an easy decision and wrong decisions can have long-term damaging consequences. We spend a lot of money on projects that do not fulfil customers' needs and demands. Should decision be based strictly on financial analysis, or should other criteria be considered [1] ?

Should decision be based strictly on financial analysis, or should other criteria be considered?


In this paper, we propose a fine-grained lesion detection approach with a novel multi-scale attention mechanism. We use 2D FPN as the backbone to construct the feature pyramid in a relatively coarse scale. Within each level of the feature pyramid, we propose to use a Multi-Scale Booster (MSB) to facilitate lesion detection across fine-grained scales. Given the feature maps from one pyramid level, MSB first performs Hierarchically Dilated Convolution (HDC) that consists of several dilated convolution operations with different dilation rates [15] . The feature responses from HDC contain fine-grained information that is complementary to the original feature pyramid, which is achieved by extensive feature extraction in 2D space. The over-sampled feature responses are then concatenated and further exploited by channel-wise and spatial-wise attention. The channel attention module in MSB explores different lesion responses from the subchannels of the concatenated feature maps. The spatial attention module in MSB locates lesion response within each attentive channel. The channel-wise and spatial-wise attention modules enable the network to focus on particular lesion responses offered by the fine-grained features, while annealing the irrelevant and interference information. Thorough experiments demonstrate that MSB improves the deep pyramid prediction results and performs favorably against state-of-the-art approaches on the DeepLesion benchmarks. Fig. 2 shows an overview of the pipeline. Our method uses a pre-trained FPN network to extract features from the input image at different pyramid levels. The extracted features are further processed by channel and spatial attention modules to capture fine-grained information to handle large spatial scale variations. The output of the MSB modules is used to make the final prediction at each pyramid feature map respectively.

Given the feature maps from one pyramid level, MSB first performs Hierarchically Dilated Convolution (HDC) that consists of several dilated convolution operations with different dilation rates.


The problem of obtaining architectural design models from analysis models is not simple and easy and faces several difficulties [4] . Generically, it involves several decisions that cannot be done by a method or a tool, due to the natural discontinuity between functional and structural models. Holland and Lieberherr consider that the identification of objects and the description of the relationships between them are two of the three challenges of objectoriented design [5] .

The problem of obtaining architectural design models from analysis models is not simple and easy and faces several difficulties.

Holland and Lieberherr consider that the identification of objects and the description of the relationships between them are two of the three challenges of objectoriented design.


On-line analytical processing (OLAP) and data warehousing are essential elements of decision support, which is aimed at enabling executives, managers, and analysts to make better and faster decisions [9] . OLAP applications include marketing, business reporting for sales, management reporting, business-process management, budgeting and forecasting, financial reporting, and health care. Stored OLAP data are commonly presented as a large-scale multidimensional data cube; typical data-analysis queries on the cube data involve aggregation of large volumes of stored data and are thus complex and time consuming. Precomputing (materializing as views) and indexing auxiliary data aggregations is a common way in OLAP of reducing queryevaluation time costs for frequent and important dataanalysis queries.

On-line analytical processing (OLAP) and data warehousing are essential elements of decision support, which is aimed at enabling executives, managers, and analysts to make better and faster decisions.


IL-10 is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine (Pestka et al., 2004) . Endogenous IL-10 reportedly protects mice from death during septic peritonitis (van der Poll et al., 1995) . Administration of recombinant IL-10 inhibits LPS toxicity in mice (Howard et al. 1993) . Therefore, augmentation of IL-10 levels can be an effective way of treatment or prevention of sepsis (Scumpia and Moldawer, 2005) . In the present study, decursinol was found to markedly augment LPS/GalN-induced plasma IL-10 levels. Therefore, the action of decursinol could be ideal for this purpose. In addition to sepsis, IL-10 has been reported to be beneficial in various other inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disorders, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis (Pestka et al., 2004) . Boosting endogenous IL-10 production has been suggested as an important strategy for treating various inflammatory disorders (Zhou et al. 2005) . Thus, the IL-10 elevating activity of decursinol could be potentially effective in these disorders.

IL-10 is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine.

Endogenous IL-10 reportedly protects mice from death during septic peritonitis.

Administration of recombinant IL-10 inhibits LPS toxicity in mice.

Therefore, augmentation of IL-10 levels can be an effective way of treatment or prevention of sepsis.

In addition to sepsis, IL-10 has been reported to be beneficial in various other inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disorders, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Boosting endogenous IL-10 production has been suggested as an important strategy for treating various inflammatory disorders.


The test results of colloidal carbon tubes water solutions influence on rapeseed (soaking) indicated that all the studied concentrations of nanoparticles have a stimulating effect on root and stem length [8] . The root reaches its maximum length (+70% to control level) at a nanomaterial concentration of 0.01%; the stem reaches its maximum length (+10% to control level) at a nanomaterial concentration of 0.001%. Significant differences were discovered between the effects of different nanomaterial concentration levels (0.00001, 0.0001 and 0.01%) on root lenth. Although, soaking in nanomaterial solutions suppress the seeds germination and vigor (maximum -50% to a control level at a concentration of 0.0001%) [8] .

The test results of colloidal carbon tubes water solutions influence on rapeseed (soaking) indicated that all the studied concentrations of nanoparticles have a stimulating effect on root and stem length.

Although, soaking in nanomaterial solutions suppress the seeds germination and vigor (maximum -50% to a control level at a concentration of 0.0001%).


The field test was conducted using the rape crop cultivation technology common for Central Chernozem region [12] [13] . Environmentally friendly (nano) chips with elicitors (chitosan) introduced into their composition were used during the testing [14] [15] [16] . The crop was sprayed with biopesticides (chitosan) in the phases of 4-6 leaves and budding -flowering. In all the field tests phenological and phytosanitary surveillance and surveys were carried out according to the generally accepted methods and recommendations developed [13] . To protect rape crop from weeds and pests it was treated with herbicides and insecticides during the vegetation period (Zelek Super (0.5 l/ha), Salsa (20g/ha); insecticide spraying with Fastak (0.15 l/ha).

The field test was conducted using the rape crop cultivation technology common for Central Chernozem region.

Environmentally friendly (nano) chips with elicitors (chitosan) introduced into their composition were used during the testing.

In all the field tests phenological and phytosanitary surveillance and surveys were carried out according to the generally accepted methods and recommendations developed.


First, the existing literature of pure culture CO 2 -BMP, independent of bioreactor conditions and scale, was reviewed with an in depth examination of methanogenic strains, bioprocess setup, and growth conditions. Second, pure culture CO 2 -BMP data was extracted from literature [11, 12, 25, 26, 32, [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] . Third, the data was applied for qualitative and quantitative assessment and subsequent modelling. A list of comprehensively extracted results from literature is provided in Supplementary Material 1. From all literature reports on pure culture CO 2 -BMP, only the data on continuous culture experiments were analyzed as the stability of process variables in steady state allowed for a precise quantification. Closed batch and fed-batch CO 2 -BMP experiments were not considered.

Second, pure culture CO 2 -BMP data was extracted from literature.


MER of M. marburgensis from continuous culture experiments was plotted as a function of feeding ratio with a sulphide flow rate (S in ) to r (x) . It clearly shows, that the highest MER values were obtained at a S in /r (x) feeding ratio of either > 0.001 and < 0.017 which is close to the elementary composition found in the biomass of methanogens [57] . Higher feeding rates are thus not necessary. This could also be an indication that sulphide overfeeding was affecting the quantification of physiological responses shown for CO 2 -BMP in literature. Such findings could also be because of a variation observed in physiologic responses that could explain why none of the models shown above are valid. The equilibrium of sulphide species in aqueous phase and their interaction with TE needs to be dissected as a function of the pH, temperature, vvm, and ORP [58] . However, only one attempt has been made to account for H 2 S/HS -/S 2-equilibrium when performing elemental balancing in CO 2 -BMP [56] . The negative effect on either MER or r (x) could not be precisely determined for DS even though modelling indicates the possibility that the latter parameter was negatively influencing MER (Supplementary Material 2). Recently, sulphide and TE interactions were determined during CO 2 -BMP fed-batch bioprocessing. This was done to avoid physiologically unfavorable KPP settings [48] . Even so, this attempt did not fully dissect the complex sulphide and TE interactions in CO 2 -BMP processes. During CO 2 -BMP modelling, the gas transfer limitations are also of concern. As it was shown before, gas transfer related variables, such as MER or CH 4 offgas, were found to be strongly setup dependent [59] . Modelling across different reactor setups can consequently lead to erroneous results if the influences on the system are not properly characterized. Without a combination of PAT and experimental approaches it is difficult to unscramble liquid and gas transfer related influences, which could easily lead to misinterpretation of process factor correlations [11, 12, 48, 49] . Proper modelling for CO 2 -BMP therefore requires prior detailed knowledge about both the bioreactor setup and the physiology of the applied strain. This, however, creates the need for analytical tools that allow for the balancing of individual compounds, particularly for carbon and hydrogen molar fluxes, to a very accurate level. The presented results show that models based on literature data often lead to erroneous predictions and conclusions.

It clearly shows, that the highest MER values were obtained at a S in /r (x) feeding ratio of either > 0.001 and < 0.017 which is close to the elementary composition found in the biomass of methanogens.

The equilibrium of sulphide species in aqueous phase and their interaction with TE needs to be dissected as a function of the pH, temperature, vvm, and ORP.

However, only one attempt has been made to account for H 2 S/HS -/S 2-equilibrium when performing elemental balancing in CO 2 -BMP.

This was done to avoid physiologically unfavorable KPP settings.

As it was shown before, gas transfer related variables, such as MER or CH 4 offgas, were found to be strongly setup dependent.

Without a combination of PAT and experimental approaches it is difficult to unscramble liquid and gas transfer related influences, which could easily lead to misinterpretation of process factor correlations.


Physiological effects cannot be quantified if the C-balance variability is too high. In fact, the accuracy required for C-balancing needs to be assessed as a function of the Y (x/CH4) resolution target [8] . Therefore, enhanced C-and DoR-balancing would benefit the modelling of MER and r (x) as a function of KPP. Calculations of MER/MER max from literature data were expected to possess a slight offset from the concept graph line as some systematic differences are inherent to the calculation process. However, even with this in mind, some data could not be closely fitted as can be seen in Fig. 1 . An interval around full conversion of reactive gases was set in order to compensate for neglecting r (x) . Subsequently, only data fitting within this interval were presented and retained in the final data set. The final data set (Supplementary Material 1) will be used for the modelling of CO 2 -BMP and the multivariate data analysis of process variables.

In fact, the accuracy required for C-balancing needs to be assessed as a function of the Y (x/CH4) resolution target.


The above-mentioned constraints clearly show, that for a gas converting bioprocess, such as CO 2 -BMP, the two main kinetic determining limitations, gas-and liquid-limitation, need to be considered for modelling the overall process kinetics. A summary of possible issues, their interpretation and tasks that could occur during analysis and modelling of the CO 2 -BMP process is given in Table 2 . However, it has to be noted that it is the gas to liquid mass transfer that is limiting MER and not the physiological capacity of the methanogens [11, 12, 26, 32, 33, 35, 56] .

However, it has to be noted that it is the gas to liquid mass transfer that is limiting MER and not the physiological capacity of the methanogens.


Populations of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria affiliated to members of the genera Rhodobacter, Roseobacter, Marinobacter and Halomonas dominated enrichments of high-dilution mat suspensions, and thus represented numerically important populations. In contrast, populations affiliated to the Cytophaga/ Flavobacterium cluster were found to be less abundant in the mat as they only dominated the lower dilutions. The latter populations dominated the former populations probably as a result of their superior growth rate, whereas at higher dilution, they were diluted to extinction. However, by using a cultivation step we might have failed to recover dominant populations that resist cultivation (Amann et al. 1995) . In our study, a cultivation-based enrichment step was unavoidable in order to distinguish aerobic heterotrophs from other functional groups. On the other hand, the advantage of the enrichment procedure was that it enabled us to assess some of the physiological capabilities of the obtained populations.

However, by using a cultivation step we might have failed to recover dominant populations that resist cultivation.


In C. olla, in culture and in canola stubble a compact layer of raphide crystals, approximately 6.0 jim in thickness, was present along the length of hyphae (Fig. 2) . Styloid crystals were also asso ciated with this fungus but were not as abundant as the raphide type. Both these crystal shapes are characteristic of the m onohydrate form of calcium oxalate (Frey-Wyssling, 1981) . When grown in cul ture, bipyramidal crystals (approx. 2.5 x 2.5 jim) typical of the polyhydrate form of calcium oxalate were immersed in agar and were associated with some hyphae. Most hyphae, however, were heavily encrusted with raphide and styloid crystals.

Both these crystal shapes are characteristic of the m onohydrate form of calcium oxalate.


One of the most exciting trends and important themes in systems biology involves the use of highthroughput measurement data to construct models of complex systems. These approaches are also becoming increasingly important in other areas of biology. For example, mechanistic modeling seeks to describe biomolecular reactions in terms of equations derived from established physical and chemical theory. These theory-driven models use prior knowledge to represent a specific biological system and they work well for pathways in which components and connectivities are relatively well known. While mechanistic modeling approaches should be based on prior biological understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved, when prior knowledge is scarce, a data-driven model may be more appropriate. In such an endeavor, a data-driven model can help us to analyze large data sets by simplifying measurements or by acquiring insight from the data sets, without having to make any assumptions about the underlying mechanism [1] .

In such an endeavor, a data-driven model can help us to analyze large data sets by simplifying measurements or by acquiring insight from the data sets, without having to make any assumptions about the underlying mechanism.


In the course of a lifetime, people accumulate knowledge from a combination of school, media, family members and friends, and a wide range of other professional and personal experiences. However, even children get more environmental information from the media (83%) than any other source. For most adults, the media is the only steady source of environmental information [24] .

For most adults, the media is the only steady source of environmental information.


The results from this study represent a step toward resolving the fabled and clichéd 'birds of a feather' versus 'opposites attract' debate, suggesting that the heretofore equivocal association between perceived similarity and liking in ongoing relationships may be moderated by partners' level of commitment to the relationship. Participants in high-commitment relationships were more likely to favor a similar partner, consistent with the well-documented association between similarity and liking. These individuals may be seeking a highly compatible, long-term companion who offers easy, predictable interactions. In contrast, participants in low-commitment relationships tended to favor less similar partners, a hallmark of the self-expansion motive for romantic relationships (Aron & Aron, 1997) . Whereas highly committed relationships are sometimes assumed to be most rewarding, our findings point to the important functions that less committed relationships may serve.

In contrast, participants in low-commitment relationships tended to favor less similar partners, a hallmark of the self-expansion motive for romantic relationships.


To separate the desired mesostructure parameters from measured impedance data, researchers have proposed a number of equivalent circuit models [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Some model parameters can be obtained through numerical fitting by using measured data and a preset equivalent circuit model. These parameters can be used as quantitative characterization of the mesostructure and hydration degree of cement-based material.

To separate the desired mesostructure parameters from measured impedance data, researchers have proposed a number of equivalent circuit models.


Durability of concrete structures is one of the unsolved problems in the field of civil engineering and is an international research concern [1] . Durability problems are largely caused by the intrusion of external hazardous substances, which means that the transport property of near-surface concrete is an important aspect that affects durability [2] . A generally accepted fact is that transport property is essentially determined by the mesostructure.

Durability of concrete structures is one of the unsolved problems in the field of civil engineering and is an international research concern.

Durability problems are largely caused by the intrusion of external hazardous substances, which means that the transport property of near-surface concrete is an important aspect that affects durability.