The formation of the emitter in fabricating solar cells is one of the critical processes in the solar cell fabrication process. The emitter is usually formed by diffusing the dopant atom into a silicon wafer surface. There are many ways in creating the emitter, including the standard diffusion process, ion implantation, and epitaxial growth. Of these methods, ion implantation, when applied to the solar cell fabrication, has many advantages compared to the conventional thermal diffusion method [1] . It does not require the etching of the phosphosilicate glass formed during the diffusion process or the additional edge isolation step. Compared to the thermal diffusion method, ion implantation also allows an excellent control over the doping profile. The doping profile can be controlled by modifying the dose or the acceleration during the implantation or by modifying the annealing step, which also acts as a drive-in step [2] .

Of these methods, ion implantation, when applied to the solar cell fabrication, has many advantages compared to the conventional thermal diffusion method.

The doping profile can be controlled by modifying the dose or the acceleration during the implantation or by modifying the annealing step, which also acts as a drive-in step.


There is much evidence from epidemiological studies and animal experiments have shown that dietary sodium plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure [1] . A positive relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure has been documented both in hypertensive and normotensive individuals [2, 3] . The INTERSALT study was an observational study showed an association between dietary salt intake and blood pressure. Of the study populations, four centres with low sodium excretion had low median blood pressures, low prevalence of hypertension, and either a decrease or only a small increase of blood pressure with age [4] .

There is much evidence from epidemiological studies and animal experiments have shown that dietary sodium plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure.

A positive relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure has been documented both in hypertensive and normotensive individuals.

Of the study populations, four centres with low sodium excretion had low median blood pressures, low prevalence of hypertension, and either a decrease or only a small increase of blood pressure with age.


An ideal vaccine would either generate immunity or help out the animals to contain the infection so there is no horizontal spread. Currently, most of the MAP vaccines use mineral oil adjuvants to evoke more active immune responses [33] . Most of the sheep studies used strain 316F, strain 18 and virulent field strains with oily adjuvant as killed vaccines for the control of Johne's disease [19] . Vaccination with these strong adjuvants often lead to development of lesions at the site of vaccination [34] . While vaccine invariably result in a strong cellular immune response, it is overlayed with an equally strong humoral response [35] .

Currently, most of the MAP vaccines use mineral oil adjuvants to evoke more active immune responses.

Most of the sheep studies used strain 316F, strain 18 and virulent field strains with oily adjuvant as killed vaccines for the control of Johne's disease.

Vaccination with these strong adjuvants often lead to development of lesions at the site of vaccination.

While vaccine invariably result in a strong cellular immune response, it is overlayed with an equally strong humoral response.


I N the context of scientific computations, iterative algorithms are very well suited to a large class of problems and are in many cases either preferred to direct methods or even sometimes the single way to solve a problem. Direct algorithms give the exact solution of a problem within a finite number of operations, whereas iterative algorithms provide an approximation of it, we say that they converge (asymptotically) toward this solution. When dealing with very great dimension problems, iterative algorithms are preferred, especially if they give a good approximation in a little number of iterations [1] .

When dealing with very great dimension problems, iterative algorithms are preferred, especially if they give a good approximation in a little number of iterations.


It is worth noting that our sample was comprised of college students, and not a clinical population. This limits generalizability of study findings to clinical populations being treated for HD, particularly given that hoarding often worsens over time and is treated in older populations (Tolin, Meunier, Frost, & Steketee, 2010) . However, one unique benefit of focusing on a younger, nonclinical population is that it may provide a perspective on processes relevant to the development of clinically significant hoarding, such as how inflexible responding to distress may contribute to hoarding symptoms. In other words, the skill of psychologically flexible responding may be one way to prevent a trajectory of increasing, habitual use of unhelpful emotion regulation strategies, which could lead to a variety of problem behaviors, including excessive hoarding. Further research is needed to clarify if these mediational processes would be replicated in a clinical sample.

This limits generalizability of study findings to clinical populations being treated for HD, particularly given that hoarding often worsens over time and is treated in older populations.


In terms of interface temperature and thermal uniformity, the thermal characteristics of heat exchangers with different internal structures are discussed. The maze shape has slightly higher interface temperature at the front end, but lowers at the outlet. However, the fishbone design shows better uniformity [11] .

However, the fishbone design shows better uniformity.


It has been shown that the Vd2 population is depleted in chronically HIV-infected patients [25] . Our data indicated that this is an early event, occurring before the remarkable reduction in the total cd T cell count, since baseline data showed no significant change in the fraction of cd T cells among the total T cell population (Fig. 1A, 1C and 1E) . Our results also demonstrated that there were no significant changes in the proportion of Tnaïve cells in the Vd2 cell population. The fractions of TEM and TCM cells were decreased, while the TEMRA fraction was elevated, which indicated increased aging of Vd2 cells in acute HIV infection (Fig. 2) .

It has been shown that the Vd2 population is depleted in chronically HIV-infected patients.


Recently, there has been a growing interest among scientists in the synthesis, characteristics and application of hierarchical zeolites [5] [6] [7] [8] . These materials, characterized by occurrence of secondary porosity (mesopores) superimposed on the primary microporous structures, constitute a class of porous materials displaying molecular sieve capacity and mesoporous materials. These materials, by combining catalytic properties of conventional zeolites with increased access and transport of reagents in additional meso-or macroporosity, constitute an effective solution to the problem of mass transport which occurs while using conventional zeolites in catalytic reactions. The occurrence of mesoor macroporosity provides substrate molecules with access to active spots located in macroporesand leads to increased reaction time and catalyst lifespan [8] .

Recently, there has been a growing interest among scientists in the synthesis, characteristics and application of hierarchical zeolites.

The occurrence of mesoor macroporosity provides substrate molecules with access to active spots located in macroporesand leads to increased reaction time and catalyst lifespan.


Territorial aggressive behavior in rodents reared in social isolation (defined as "residents") is induced by exposure to an intruder (resident−intruder interaction). An encounter with an intruder can cause neurobiological changes that underlie aggressive behaviors in the resident, as has been shown by several neurochemical studies. For instance, encounters with an intruder have been found to increase dopamine (DA) levels in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, and to decrease serotonin (5-HT) levels in the cortex of the resident rat [20] . Aggressive encounters have also been found to increase phasic DA transmission in the mesolimbic pathway in rats that experienced social defeat [21] .

For instance, encounters with an intruder have been found to increase dopamine (DA) levels in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, and to decrease serotonin (5-HT) levels in the cortex of the resident rat.

Aggressive encounters have also been found to increase phasic DA transmission in the mesolimbic pathway in rats that experienced social defeat.


In recent years, as part of a public health strategy for chronic disease prevention, five daily portions of fruits and vegetables (approximately 400 g/day) have been recommended [1] . In fact, literature shows that plant food consumption is related to mortality reduction, including mortality from cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and cancer [2] . This may be due in part to the high amounts of beneficial components present in vegetables such as dietary fiber, folate, antioxidants, vitamins, polyphenols, and potassium [3] . Phytochemicals, in particular, are recognized as being responsible for these protective effects. They are secondary plant metabolites responsible for plant food colour, smell, flavor, and bitterness and consist of a wide variety of different molecules, all important for diseases prevention by impacting the production and the action of free radicals.

In recent years, as part of a public health strategy for chronic disease prevention, five daily portions of fruits and vegetables (approximately 400 g/day) have been recommended.

In fact, literature shows that plant food consumption is related to mortality reduction, including mortality from cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and cancer.

This may be due in part to the high amounts of beneficial components present in vegetables such as dietary fiber, folate, antioxidants, vitamins, polyphenols, and potassium.


Regarding the fate of BAs after the cooking process, few and contradictory studies have been reported. Some authors concluded that these compounds are heat stable compounds and their level is not significantly reduced by high temperature treatment [13] . According to other authors, cooking processes and heat treatments can influence polyamine contents [14, 15] .

Some authors concluded that these compounds are heat stable compounds and their level is not significantly reduced by high temperature treatment.

According to other authors, cooking processes and heat treatments can influence polyamine contents.


However, both positive and negative effects on polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity have been reported in recent literature. In fact, the cooking process can cause the thermal degradation of phytochemicals, but also it can increase their total content by enhancing their availability for extraction, inactivating the polyphenol oxidase, or releasing fiber-bound polyphenols into free polyphenols [8] . The final result depends upon differences in process conditions and morphological and nutritional characteristics of vegetable species [9] [10] [11] [12] .

In fact, the cooking process can cause the thermal degradation of phytochemicals, but also it can increase their total content by enhancing their availability for extraction, inactivating the polyphenol oxidase, or releasing fiber-bound polyphenols into free polyphenols.

The final result depends upon differences in process conditions and morphological and nutritional characteristics of vegetable species.


Biogenic amines (BAs) are natural contaminants originated from enzymatic decarboxylation of the corresponding amino acid. As the microbial spoilage of food may be accompanied by the increased production of decarboxylases, the presence of BAs might serve as a useful indicator of food spoilage [4] . They are ubiquitous in all food, but in particular in fermented food, and can exert negative impacts on human health, especially tyramine and histamine [5] .

As the microbial spoilage of food may be accompanied by the increased production of decarboxylases, the presence of BAs might serve as a useful indicator of food spoilage.

They are ubiquitous in all food, but in particular in fermented food, and can exert negative impacts on human health, especially tyramine and histamine.


A digital recorder was used for the purposes of ensuring an accurate record of the discussions, to facilitate full transcriptions to be undertaken. Following this, thematic analysis was selected as the chosen analytical strategy. This has been suggested as a useful way of identifying, analysing and reporting themes in qualitative data (Braun and Clarke 2006) .

This has been suggested as a useful way of identifying, analysing and reporting themes in qualitative data.


Theorem provers are formal systems that were developed to prove design properties using formal deduction based on a set of inference rules [6] . Even though these deductive methods are not constrained by any decidability frontiers, their application requires expertise and significant human intervention which makes their application to complex systems very difficult. A lot of research has been focusing on extending theorem provers with decision procedures for verification assistance and automation, as well as formalizing important theories like the real analysis theory. Some primary efforts on verifying AMS systems using theorem provers started recently. In addition to deductive based methods, induction and symbolic based methods were also proposed to prove properties of some classes of AMS designs.

Theorem provers are formal systems that were developed to prove design properties using formal deduction based on a set of inference rules.


Time trends for changes in mean levels of MCH service utilization were assessed using logistic regression model. MCH service utilizations were used as dependent variables while time of survey as independent variables. We computed the percentage change in excess risk by subtracting one from rate ratio (rate ratio-1), where rate ratio is the incidence in the poorest quintile divided by incidence in the richest quintile (Q1/Q5) [23] .

We computed the percentage change in excess risk by subtracting one from rate ratio (rate ratio-1), where rate ratio is the incidence in the poorest quintile divided by incidence in the richest quintile (Q1/Q5).


In order to get an idea of why the highest score was only 43% out of 100%, which may seem low, each category is examined in more detail. Table 2 shows the maximum scores per category and the number of companies that scored above 0%. The fact that companies scored low with respect to reporting on targets (regarding both operations and supply chain) shows that it is still quite unusual in the private sector to set quantitative time-specific targets to reduce water use and pollution. The absence of benchmarks regarding water use per sector is regretful in this respect, because this would help companies to position themselves and formulate targets to improve. The branch where benchmarks for operational water use have been best developed is the beverage sector [21] . Regarding the supply chain, there is no sector yet that has developed benchmarks. For raw crop ingredients, a first global benchmarking study for water use was carried out recently [22] .

The branch where benchmarks for operational water use have been best developed is the beverage sector.

For raw crop ingredients, a first global benchmarking study for water use was carried out recently.


Companies report much more about their operational use than about their supply chain. The best scores were found for "reporting on water use and pollution" and "reporting on performance" in own operations. The low overall scores may seem disappointing, with 43% being the highest score, but these low scores should not be associated with bad companies or bad reporting skills. The ranking was carried out to see where the Dutch stock-listed companies stand in terms of reporting about water. Corporate awareness regarding water issues is still at its infancy and considering water use and pollution in supply chains is a completely new field for most companies [25] . There is a great room for improvement in the private sector if it comes to understanding and addressing its contribution to water scarcity and pollution. It would be helpful to develop sector benchmarks with respect to water use and pollution in operations and supply chain in order to enable companies to measure themselves against others within the same sector.

Corporate awareness regarding water issues is still at its infancy and considering water use and pollution in supply chains is a completely new field for most companies.


We examined surgical margin width in patients with R0 resection because the influence of resection margin on outcome has also been controversial. Patients with narrow or wide negative margins showed similar recurrence patterns, reflecting the results of previous papers [10, 25, 26] . In contrast, a recent paper reported that margin width and prognosis correlated linearly in patients without lymph node metastasis, and [10 mm could be considered a safe surgical margin [16] . Other papers similarly suggested that curative resection requires a clear margin of 10 mm [14, 27] . With regard to surgical margins, there is an interesting report that mutations of the APC or KRAS gene were detected even 4 mm from the macroscopic tumor border in patients with liver metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinoma [28] . This finding raises the possibility that tumor may remain in cases of a narrow margin width. However, a multi-institutional analysis recently showed that survival was not influenced by the width of a negative resection margin [29] .

Patients with narrow or wide negative margins showed similar recurrence patterns, reflecting the results of previous papers.

In contrast, a recent paper reported that margin width and prognosis correlated linearly in patients without lymph node metastasis, and [10 mm could be considered a safe surgical margin.

Other papers similarly suggested that curative resection requires a clear margin of 10 mm.

With regard to surgical margins, there is an interesting report that mutations of the APC or KRAS gene were detected even 4 mm from the macroscopic tumor border in patients with liver metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinoma.

However, a multi-institutional analysis recently showed that survival was not influenced by the width of a negative resection margin.


The article introducing the General Factor of Personality (GFP) appeared ten years ago (Musek, 2007) . The term GFP was coined for the first time in that study and it was also the first study, which has been completely focused to the construct of GFP or the "Big One". The theoretical framework of the study was the Five Factor Model (FFM), which considers five personality traits as the basic dimensions of personality (Big Five): extraversion (E), agreeableness (A), conscientiousness (C), neuroticism (N) and (intellectual) openness (O). The study was based on the hypothesis that the Big Five substantially correlate and that the correlations between the Big Five can be explained by higher-order factors including a dominant highestorder factor, which can be interpreted as a general factor in personality domain. The study was conducted on three different samples of participants using three different measures of the Big Five. The results confirmed the higher-order structure of the Big Five dimensions, with the GFP at the apex of the dimensional hierarchy, followed by the Digman's Big Two (Alpha and Beta factor or Stability and Plasticity) and the Big Five.

The article introducing the General Factor of Personality (GFP) appeared ten years ago.


Our paper is structured as follows. Section 2 contains our main results. More precisely, in Section 2.1 we construct an approximating martingale with stationary differences in L p that leads to estimates of the L p approximating error between the partial sums and the constructed martingale (see Theorem 2.4). In Section 2.2, we address the question of the quenched weak invariance principle under the Maxwell-Woodroofe's condition (1) . Section 3 is devoted to some applications of the estimates given in Theorem 2.4 to various kind of limit behavior of the partial sums. In Section 4, we prove the results stated in Sections 2.1 and 2.2 and state a new ergodic theorem with rates (see Theorem 4.7) whose proof is postponed in Section A. Some technical results are given and proven in Section B.

Our paper is structured as follows.

Section 2 contains our main results.

In Section 2.2, we address the question of the quenched weak invariance principle under the Maxwell-Woodroofe's condition.


Differentiation of the level of similarity of an object among different cultural groups of subjects results in more differences of the distribution of color quality preferences. This is illustrated by the results for painting II, which content is assumed to be more familiar to Americans rather than to Chinese [ Fig. 4(c) ]. In this case, not only a smaller FWHM but also a noticeable shift of the peak of the distribution toward more color saturating conditions was observed for the Chinese subjects compared to the American subjects. One can speculate that faded colors of sacral artworks are more acceptable for the subjects connected to the Christian culture, while Chinese are more tending for the compensation of the faded colors by selecting a more saturating blend [28] . Note that the distribution of the selection rates for CCT is still almost independent of cultural background [ Fig. 4(d) ].

One can speculate that faded colors of sacral artworks are more acceptable for the subjects connected to the Christian culture, while Chinese are more tending for the compensation of the faded colors by selecting a more saturating blend.


Assuming that the racial factor in perceiving colors is to be excluded, the observed difference in the width of the preference selection rate distributions is to be attributed entirely to the difference in the cultural background of the two groups of subjects. The multidimensionality and complexity of the cultural background aggravates finding the exact reasons of this phenomenon. Tentatively, the problem can be considered in terms of some simplified models. One of such models is G. Hofstede's approach to national cultural dimensions [27] . In particular, we can trace the correlation of our results with the Hofstede's Individualism/Collectivism dimension (IDV), which can be understood as a measure of the integration of individuals into primary groups. The US population scores an IDV of 91, which shows a preference for a loosely-knit social framework, in which individuals are expected to take care of themselves, and implies highly individual decision making. In contrast, the Chinese score an IDV of 20, which infers that Chinese people act more as a group rather than individuals and their decision making might be influenced by group norms (intended behavior of other group members).

One of such models is G. Hofstede's approach to national cultural dimensions.


In summary, our results indicate that parents and caregivers should be aware that (very) young children are probably less able to cope with parallel care arrangements. Also, trusted caregivers' availability may enhance the child's feeling at ease in day care. Furthermore, more maternal family management stress seems to have a negative impact on the child's socio-emotional functioning in day care, especially when the child experiences several parallel care arrangements. Finally, we identified a new aspect of caregiver stability, i.e. caregiver availability, which led to some interesting and diverging results regarding its role in children's adjustment that warrant further research. The results of our study are limited in that they reflect associations at a single point in time, and some of the associations are based on reports of the same observer (e.g., the caregiver). Further research is needed to replicate the results looking at both short-term and long-term effects of day-to-day stability, especially given the possible higher vulnerability of younger children as compared to children older than 30 months. We are aware that restricting our study to center day care implies limited applicability of our findings. In the Netherlands, for example, higher educated parents make more frequent use of center day care (SCP, 2002) . However, the restriction to center day care gave us the opportunity to study more closely what happens within the day care setting. Our newly developed instrument on daily experiences of stability in care describes fairly high stability experiences for children in child care centers in the Netherlands. Even so, the results indicate that more stability contributes to better adjustment to the day care setting.

In the Netherlands, for example, higher educated parents make more frequent use of center day care.


Relatively low efficiency of today`s internal combustion engine is the consequence of several factors. First, ordinary spark ignition (SI) IC engines during running at low loads have their thermal efficiency reduced due to the effect of the throttle valve that controls the engine load and by the fact that the compression starts at low pressure [1] . Under part load conditions, engines use some of the work to pump air across the partially closed throttle valve. One of the possible solutions for improving efficiency at part load is to reduce the stroke volume by selectively shutting of several cylinders of an engine at the part load conditions. As early as 1916, the potential of using a variable displacement engine to increase the fuel efficiency at part load conditions was known and tested. This means that instead of reducing the air-fuel mixture charge by the throttle valve at part load conditions, the stroke volume of the engine is reduced by disabling some of the working cylinders [2] . Also, the compression ratio of the engine should be varied according to the load and speed conditions in order to improve efficiency [3] [4] [5] .

First, ordinary spark ignition (SI) IC engines during running at low loads have their thermal efficiency reduced due to the effect of the throttle valve that controls the engine load and by the fact that the compression starts at low pressure.

This means that instead of reducing the air-fuel mixture charge by the throttle valve at part load conditions, the stroke volume of the engine is reduced by disabling some of the working cylinders.

Also, the compression ratio of the engine should be varied according to the load and speed conditions in order to improve efficiency.


Affinity chromatography is considered to be one of the most refined and efficient techniques, which has been widely used in downstream processing with outstanding success in certain cases [16] . In this technique, the molecule of interest binds to another immobilized molecule, most often called the ligand. Ideally, the ligand has such structural and physicochemical properties that it is recognized specifically only by the target biomolecule [17] . As a result, the final purity depends on the specificity between the ligand and the biomolecule as well as, the strength of their interaction [18] .

Affinity chromatography is considered to be one of the most refined and efficient techniques, which has been widely used in downstream processing with outstanding success in certain cases.

Ideally, the ligand has such structural and physicochemical properties that it is recognized specifically only by the target biomolecule.

As a result, the final purity depends on the specificity between the ligand and the biomolecule as well as, the strength of their interaction.


L-ASNase is the only bacterial enzyme that has been approved by the FDA for human therapy [10] . The two approved preparations are from E. coli and E. chrysanthemi [11] . The E. coli ASNase is the first choice drug as it is capable of leading to remission very fast and causing relatively mild toxic effects [12] . Nevertheless, in cases where immunogenicity and allergic side effects arise due to E. coli L-ASNase, treatment is immediately switched to the Erwinia enzyme [13, 14] . It has been reported, that the two enzymes exhibit totally different immunogenicity patterns in patients [15] .

L-ASNase is the only bacterial enzyme that has been approved by the FDA for human therapy.

The two approved preparations are from E. coli and E. chrysanthemi.

The E. coli ASNase is the first choice drug as it is capable of leading to remission very fast and causing relatively mild toxic effects.

Nevertheless, in cases where immunogenicity and allergic side effects arise due to E. coli L-ASNase, treatment is immediately switched to the Erwinia enzyme.

It has been reported, that the two enzymes exhibit totally different immunogenicity patterns in patients.


Histopathologically, DPHL is characterized by widespread demyelination with axonal preservation (Gottfried et al. 1997) . Diffuse and confluent white matter changes are present on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), most notably with extensive, symmetric, and often striking restricted diffusion (Molloy et al. 2006) . Such a pattern is distinctly different from that seen in acute hypoxic-ischemic injury in the adult, which involves predominantly the gray matter structures (Huang and Castillo 2008) .

Histopathologically, DPHL is characterized by widespread demyelination with axonal preservation.

Diffuse and confluent white matter changes are present on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), most notably with extensive, symmetric, and often striking restricted diffusion.

Such a pattern is distinctly different from that seen in acute hypoxic-ischemic injury in the adult, which involves predominantly the gray matter structures.


McMC was not seen as a viable alternative for the analysis of high b-value diffusion-MR data. To obtain diffusion images, we need to process an huge amount of data. Standard McMC strategies like single site updates and random walk proposals were not efficient enough to produce whole brain images under the Rice noise model. By exploiting the properties of Generalized Linear Models, we are able to construct a Gaussian approximation to the full conditional distribution and update simultaneously large blocks of tensor variables with high acceptance rates. It is clear that our fully Bayesian approach, as well as all methods based on penalized maximum likelihood, is computationally extensive compared with multi-stage procedures where first the tensors are estimated independently, and only in a second step smoothing and interpolation procedures are applied. However second-stage smoothing has its drawbacks, for example it depends on the choice of the tensor metrics, it can induce unwanted effects as tensor swelling (Dryden I.L. et al. , 2009) . Nowadays there are affordable options for acceleration, e.g. adopting parallel computation on a large computer cluster, and computing with Graphical Processor Unit (GPU) (Hernández M. et al. , 2013) . On the other hand, the acquisition of MR-diffusion data is very costly and we cannot keep a subject for hours inside the scanner, in order to get the most out of the data it makes sense to use more computational resources and perform an accurate Bayesian computation under the exact noise model combining estimation and adaptive regularization in single procedure.

However second-stage smoothing has its drawbacks, for example it depends on the choice of the tensor metrics, it can induce unwanted effects as tensor swelling.

Nowadays there are affordable options for acceleration, e.g. adopting parallel computation on a large computer cluster, and computing with Graphical Processor Unit (GPU).


Rician noise, which models the magnitude of a real valued signal perturbed by additive complex Gaussian noise, appears in a wide range of applications in statistics and signal processing. By using a novel representation of the Rician likelihood, we are able to reduce nonlinear regression problems with Rician noise to Generalized Linear Models with Poissonian noise. This representation turns out to be very useful in Diffusion Tensor Imaging, where the problem is to estimate the transition distribution of water molecules diffusing inside the brain cells, by using spectral data which is corrupted by Rician noise. In this work we parametrize these transition distributions with diffusion tensors of either 2nd or 4th order. We follow the Bayesian paradigm, choosing improper non-informative priors for tensors and noise parameters. Indeed, in the Bayesian regularization of the tensor field only very little assumptions are needed, namely an improper and isotropic Gaussian Markov random field prior, where the regularization parameters with scale invariant priors are also estimated from the data. This is very much in the spirit of E.T. Jaynes who advocated for Bayesian inference using objective priors, which should be based on symmetries and on the maximum entropy principle when prior information is not available (Jaynes E.T. (2002) ). It is also not far from the penalized maximum likelihood approach, with the difference that we use as Bayesian estimator the posterior expectations rather than the Maximum A Posteriori configuration (which again could be obtained by simulated annealing after adding a temperature parameter to our Gibbs-Metropolis algorithm).

This is very much in the spirit of E.T. Jaynes who advocated for Bayesian inference using objective priors, which should be based on symmetries and on the maximum entropy principle when prior information is not available).


Termites are economically important pests because they destroy wood products of human homes, building materials, forests, agriculture crops and other commercial products (Monica et al., 2009) . Baiting has been promoted as a desirable method of termite pest control. It is lauded as environmentally sound as it uses very small amounts of insect specific toxicants that are administered in localized baits that are targeted at the pest species (i.e. not large amounts of toxicants spread over large areas around a house). However, in order for baiting to work successfully, termites must find and consume the bait matrix and for the toxicant contained therein to be transferred back to the nest.

Termites are economically important pests because they destroy wood products of human homes, building materials, forests, agriculture crops and other commercial products.


One of the more ambitious products stemming from the creation of Predictive Services is generated during the National Seasonal Assessment Workshops (NSAWs), where fire weather, fire management, fuel analysts, and climate specialists gather to collectively produce a national assessment of the upcoming fire season. These assessments are designed to enhance proactive wildland fire management and test the geographic and temporal limits of predictive forecasting capabilities. Like the initial Fire and Climate workshop in 2000, early NSAW meetings were characterized by several important processes: 1) climate scientists educating fire managers and meteorologists on the relevance of atmospheric circulation patterns, such as ENSO, to weather and fire forecasting, the limits and abilities of climate forecasts, and the differences between climate and weather; 2) fire managers educating climate scientists on their needs, the types of forecasts that would be most useful, and in what formats information would be most effectively delivered; and 3) opening a national dialogue for fire managers at different agencies and in different regions to discuss and strategize for the upcoming fire season (Garfin and Morehouse 2001, 2005) . Currently, workshops are held twice a year, one in the eastern United States in January and one in the western United States in April. The western meeting includes specialists from Canada and Mexico.

Like the initial Fire and Climate workshop in 2000, early NSAW meetings were characterized by several important processes: 1) climate scientists educating fire managers and meteorologists on the relevance of atmospheric circulation patterns, such as ENSO, to weather and fire forecasting, the limits and abilities of climate forecasts, and the differences between climate and weather; 2) fire managers educating climate scientists on their needs, the types of forecasts that would be most useful, and in what formats information would be most effectively delivered; and 3) opening a national dialogue for fire managers at different agencies and in different regions to discuss and strategize for the upcoming fire season.


Modern information communication mainly focuses on verbal information and to a lesser degree deals with the human emotions accompanying the message (nonverbal information). Both research and business are developing in the field of human interface technology which covers voice recognition, voice synthesis and virtual reality. However, there are many problems in affective information processing and recognizing human emotion accurately. This makes many people still feel strong resistance toward interacting with machines in business fields of terminal devices (mobile phones and car navigation systems) and medical care systems. Semantic recognition of natural language, which is essential for a machine to communicate with a human, is not efficient enough. It is also indispensable for a machine to recognize and extract the information in human emotions (acts, facial expressions and sensibility) to actualize emotion communication without any sense of unease for the human [1] , [3] , [4] .

It is also indispensable for a machine to recognize and extract the information in human emotions (acts, facial expressions and sensibility) to actualize emotion communication without any sense of unease for the human.


This experiment was designed to compare HO enzyme system activity, basal HO-2 and HO-1 expressions, and CO production in males and females in oestrus phase. The level of oestrogen in blood is increased between the morning and afternoon of proestrus and remained high during estrus morning, and it then decreases again in metestrus and diestrus. The circulating level of estradiol in the proestrus phase induces elevated expression and activity of HO enzyme system, compared to male rats [60] .

The circulating level of estradiol in the proestrus phase induces elevated expression and activity of HO enzyme system, compared to male rats.


Currently, one of the most urgent topics in the HVDC domain is a reliable fault current interruption. Although the DC faults in a point-topoint HVDC link can be adequately isolated by conventional circuit breakers (CBs) on converter's AC side, this is not an option for the MTDC networks. Unlike that in the AC systems, the fault current in a DC system cannot naturally decrease to zero. In other words, it is inevitable to artificially create zero-crossing after DC-side faults occurrence, and this idea gives rise to the main concept of DCCB design. Besides the zero-crossing current, a successful fault interruption also requests a DCCB to be capable of dissipating the magnetic energy stored in DC system's inductors and withstanding the electrical strength of transient interruption voltage (TIV) [1] .

Besides the zero-crossing current, a successful fault interruption also requests a DCCB to be capable of dissipating the magnetic energy stored in DC system's inductors and withstanding the electrical strength of transient interruption voltage (TIV).


Some are presented in Fig. la,b and Fig. 2a-d . Most of the mutations were found on the largest K, Ki, characterized by a conspicuous pattern of thick dark bands that facilitate recognition of the alterations. Each testis of a newly hatched A. lucidus larva contains only one primary germ cell (Bauer & Beermann, 1952) . During the first gonial mitoses of these cells about half of the Ks are eliminated by lagging. It is not known whether paternal or maternal Ks are eliminated equally or preferentially. The occurrence of X-ray induced marker Ks excludes the possibility that all paternal Ks will be eliminated in the first gonial mitoses in males.

Each testis of a newly hatched A. lucidus larva contains only one primary germ cell.


The use of e-mail, forums, playing online games, searching information, and reading news online did not correlate neither with IA nor self-disclosure. The Internet may be heavily used without having negative effects and excessive Internet use alone does not qualify as IA, which is defined in terms of disturbances in a person's life associated with Internet usage (Charlton & Danforth, 2004; Morahan-Martin, 2008) . The study results showed that even playing online games-on average the application most heavily used by almost 3,000 children and youth in this study-was unrelated to having the Internet-associated disturbances in their life. As expected, searching information, reading news, or playing computer games (in contrast to multiplayer socially interactive games)-activities excluding human communication-were unrelated to self-disclosure. Interestingly, writing e-mails or posting in forums (including class forums) did not stimulate the participant self-disclosure. It seems like participants, mostly elementary school students, used e-mails and forums for educational purposes rather than for casual communication.

The Internet may be heavily used without having negative effects and excessive Internet use alone does not qualify as IA, which is defined in terms of disturbances in a person's life associated with Internet usage.


Computer-mediated communication (CMC) provides a social setting for satisfying people's needs of companionship and belongingness (Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2003) . Different online tools offer a variety of choices to meet new people, communicate, and develop close relationship with others (Pornsakulvanich, 2005) . However, some people experience problems through over-engaging in Internet-related activities. This study explores the relationships between Internet abuse (IA)-self-disclosure, and the usage of different online tools among Israeli children and youth-as well as discusses its implication for education and Internet safety programs. In addition, the study investigates whether the participant IA and self-disclosure differ according to online relationship type-traditional long-distance, purely virtual, and migratory mixed-mode. The next section defines IA and discuses the difference between IA and Internet addiction. Following that, self-disclosure in online communication is compared to self-disclosure in offline environment. The introduction section concludes by discussing three types of online inter-personal relationships: traditional longdistance, purely virtual, and migratory mixed-mode.

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) provides a social setting for satisfying people's needs of companionship and belongingness.

Different online tools offer a variety of choices to meet new people, communicate, and develop close relationship with others.


The results showed that the general usage of the Internet correlates with IA, but not with participant self-disclosure. Children and youth who use the Internet in an abusive way did so without providing much information about themselves to others. It seems that reporting the average daily time spent online, children and youth participants were generalizing and somewhat affected by their opinion whether they do or do not have Internet-related problems. Although people sometimes claim they are "addicted" to the Internet, those who are highly engaged and spend a large amount of time in online activities cannot be considered pathological in the absence of detrimental effects on their lives (Charlton & Danforth, 2004; Morahan-Martin, 2008) .

Although people sometimes claim they are "addicted" to the Internet, those who are highly engaged and spend a large amount of time in online activities cannot be considered pathological in the absence of detrimental effects on their lives.


Despite the very clear differences in aroma and other sensory attributes of white and red Prošeks (data not shown), the differences in chemical composition were very small. Despite substantial differences in the fermentation of white and red Prošeks, there were no differences between the contents of C 6 alcohols, C 6 aldehydes, and β-damascenone: the volatiles originating from the berry skin (Noguerol-Pato et al. 2012a) . Instead, the primary differences between white and red Prošeks were in the major volatile compounds, particularly certain esters. White Prošek wines had more esters than the red ones. Ethyl esters of fatty acids, mainly ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate, are produced by yeast during alcoholic fermentation of most red and white wines, but in Prošek, which is produced from dried grapes, acetate esters, isoamyl acetate and ethyl acetate dominate.

Despite substantial differences in the fermentation of white and red Prošeks, there were no differences between the contents of C 6 alcohols, C 6 aldehydes, and β-damascenone: the volatiles originating from the berry skin.


Acetate esters are the major esters in Prošek. Isoamyl acetate, with a characteristic banana odour, was the most abundant single compound in Prošek with 25.8% in Plavac mali and 27.9 % in Pošip. Ethyl acetate was the second most abundant ester making 16.3% in Pošip and 21.1% in Plavac mali. The wines produced from sun-dried grapes had high concentrations of isoamyl acetate and ethyl acetate (Márquez et al. 2008) . Ethyl acetate and acetic acid are usually very abundant in Passito and Vin Santo wines, but the flavour note is buffered by the high sugar concentration (Bellincontro et al. 2004) . Ethyl acetate and isoamyl aceate were major ester compounds in fino sherry wine (Castro et al. 2004) . Ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, and 3-methylbutyl hexanoate were statistically more abundant (P < 0.05) in Prošek from cv. Pošip than in that from cv. Plavac mali, while ethyl-2-phenylacetate and ethyl heptanoate were less abundant.

The wines produced from sun-dried grapes had high concentrations of isoamyl acetate and ethyl acetate.

Ethyl acetate and acetic acid are usually very abundant in Passito and Vin Santo wines, but the flavour note is buffered by the high sugar concentration.

Ethyl acetate and isoamyl aceate were major ester compounds in fino sherry wine.

Pošip than in that from cv.


Then, we examined the chronic effects of intranasal LPS administration by administering LPS to one nostril three times per week (every other day) and examined the nasal cavity 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after the first administration (Fig. 2a) . To identify infiltration of inflammatory cells, the tissue was stained with antibodies for Ly-6G (a marker for neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes), CD11b (neutrophils and macrophages), Iba-1 (monocytes/macrophages) and CD3 (T cells) [21] [22] [23] [24] . The administration of saline did not result in the infiltration of Ly-6G-positive, CD11b-positive or CD3-positive cells into the OM (saline-treated OM; Fig. 2b , e, and h). In contrast, Ly-6G-positive and CD11b-positive cells infiltrated the lateral part of the LPS-treated OM at all experimental time points examined from Day 3 to Day 21, especially around the blood vessels in the lamina propria (Fig. 2c, d , f and g), while leukocytes were rarely found in the non-treated OM. CD3-positive cells infiltrated the LPS-treated OM with increasing numbers between Day 3 and Day 21 ( Fig. 2i and j) ; suggesting that T cells infiltrate the LPS-treated OM in a time-dependent manner. These results indicate that repeated LPS exposure was successful to induce persistent inflammation (chronic inflammation in combination with newly induced acute inflammation) in the OM.

To identify infiltration of inflammatory cells, the tissue was stained with antibodies for Ly-6G (a marker for neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes), CD11b (neutrophils and macrophages), Iba-1 (monocytes/macrophages) and CD3 (T cells).


Nutmeg is a commonly used spice derived from the seed of the Myristica fragrans tree. The spice is normally used in small amounts to flavor seasonal beverages and baked goods. When large amounts are taken, several toxic effects, including tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, agitation, and hallucinations, have been noted [1] [2] [3] . These effects have been attributed to myristicin, the ingredient contributing to the largest portion of the volatile oil of nutmeg. Myristicin is metabolized to 3-methoxy-4,5 methylenedioxyamphetamine also known as MMDA. MMDA is a sympathomimetic with hallucinogenic properties and believed to be the compound associated with nutmeg's hallucinogenic effects [1] . Myristicin is also implicated in monoamine oxidase inhibition [2] . Another important chemical component is elemincin, which has been shown to decrease muscle coordination and activity [4] . Many of the toxic cases reported to poison centers across the country are the result of abuse of the spice as a means of inducing this purported hallucinatory effect [2, 3] . Recent review articles have found that nutmeg exposures reported to poison centers were mostly intentional and seen primarily in adolescents [2, 3] . There are two cases in the literature of fatalities from nutmeg overdose [5, 6] . Importantly, the most recent case of fatality from nutmeg overdose involved the simultaneous abuse of a fatal dose of flunitrazepam [2, 5] .

When large amounts are taken, several toxic effects, including tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, agitation, and hallucinations, have been noted.

MMDA is a sympathomimetic with hallucinogenic properties and believed to be the compound associated with nutmeg's hallucinogenic effects.

Myristicin is also implicated in monoamine oxidase inhibition.

Another important chemical component is elemincin, which has been shown to decrease muscle coordination and activity.

Many of the toxic cases reported to poison centers across the country are the result of abuse of the spice as a means of inducing this purported hallucinatory effect.

Recent review articles have found that nutmeg exposures reported to poison centers were mostly intentional and seen primarily in adolescents.

There are two cases in the literature of fatalities from nutmeg overdose.

Importantly, the most recent case of fatality from nutmeg overdose involved the simultaneous abuse of a fatal dose of flunitrazepam.


Stress intensity factor determination plays a central role in linearly elastic fracture mechanics problems. Fracture propagation is controlled by the stress field near the crack tip. Because the stress field near the crack tip is asymptotic dominant or singular, it is characterized by the stress intensity factor. The real stress distribution at the vicinity of crack tip and the K-field LEFM approximation can be depicted schematically as in Figure 1 . The stress singularity right at the tip of the crack cannot be experienced in real nature because inelastic deformation prevents the crack tip from being perfectly sharp. However, according to small scale yielding of the process zone immediately around the crack tip in comparison with the K-field region (Figure 2 ), the SIF is the quantity which dictates if/when the crack will propagate. The inaccuracy of the stress field calculation using the SIF based on LEFM is less than 15% of the exact solution over the distance ranging from r <0.01a to r <0.15a, where r is the radius of Kfield region and a is the half length of the crack [4] .

The inaccuracy of the stress field calculation using the SIF based on LEFM is less than 15% of the exact solution over the distance ranging from r <0.01a to r <0.15a, where r is the radius of Kfield region and a is the half length of the crack.


The "Integral equation" approach (also called influence function) and the "displacement discontinuity method" are two types of BEM widely used in LEFM analysis. Both approaches incorporate only boundary data by relating boundary tractions and displacements. In the integral equation technique, superposition of known influence functions (called Green's function) along boundaries generate a system of simultaneous integral equations [15] . In DDM, unknown boundary values are found from a simple system of algebraic equitation [16] . Generally, DDM has the advantage over integral equations in being faster, while integral equations can be more accurate for non-linear problems.

In the integral equation technique, superposition of known influence functions (called Green's function) along boundaries generate a system of simultaneous integral equations.

In DDM, unknown boundary values are found from a simple system of algebraic equitation.


Let Q be a poset with 0 and 1. An element ∈ Q is said to be a complement of ∈ Q if ( ) ul = ( ) lu = Q. A poset Q is said to be complemented if each element of Q has a complement in Q, see Chajda [3] . Let Q be a poset with 0. An element * ∈ Q is said to be the pseudocomplement of ∈ Q, if ( * ) l = {0} and for ∈ Q, ( ) l = {0} implies ≤ * . A poset Q with 0 is called pseudocomplemented if each element of Q has the pseudocomplement, see Venkatanarasimhan [35] .

Let Q be a poset with 0 and 1.

An element ∈ Q is said to be a complement of ∈ Q if ( ) ul = ( ) lu = Q. A poset Q is said to be complemented if each element of Q has a complement in Q, see Chajda.

Let Q be a poset with 0.

A poset Q with 0 is called pseudocomplemented if each element of Q has the pseudocomplement, see Venkatanarasimhan.


Most radiological findings of TB in children involve mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy with central necrosis and retention of airways. Simple radiography is unreliable in determining the existence, station, and characteristics of mediastinal lymphadenopathy, while computed tomography (CT) scan is considered as the gold standard [15] . CT scans have more benefits in diagnosis of TB in children as compared with radiography and can be used in cases of complex suspected TB to provide further details of airway, parenchyma, and lymph node involvement [16] . However, a limited number of studies of CT-scan findings exclusively reported mediastinal adenopathy in children. Usually, these studies were performed on a very limited sample size. Also, these studies are performed on suspicious TB cases according to the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria [15, 17] .

Simple radiography is unreliable in determining the existence, station, and characteristics of mediastinal lymphadenopathy, while computed tomography (CT) scan is considered as the gold standard.

CT scans have more benefits in diagnosis of TB in children as compared with radiography and can be used in cases of complex suspected TB to provide further details of airway, parenchyma, and lymph node involvement.

Also, these studies are performed on suspicious TB cases according to the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria.


Other studies have suggested that observers tended to overestimate their ability to detect changes (Levin, Momen, Drivdahl & Simons, 2000) . Our study found that drivers were aware of how the secondary task and blanking affected their change detection performance. The positive relationship between d' and confidence held true for different experimental conditions.

Other studies have suggested that observers tended to overestimate their ability to detect changes.


There is no dispute regarding the impact of PT service quality on pro-environment travel; however, passengers may have different needs for certain quality attributes, which may have different effects on the results. Instead of simply using abstract concepts such as safety, comfort and stability to describe PT service quality, we communicated face-to-face with interviewees on the basis of referring to but not fully relying on existing research results. We analysed their psychological processes based on the facts, opinions and motivations they described, and as a result, specific and measurable attributes of PT service quality and personal socio-economic statistical characteristics were obtained as the observed variables of latent variables. These observed variables can be more easily used by policy-makers or planners, and can produce social effects more quickly. From the results of hypothesis testing, it is not difficult to determine that the perception of PT service quality has a direct and significant impact on the willingness to use pro-environment modes of travel, and that satisfaction also plays an intermediary role, which has again been proven. OM (0.808) and VE (0.826) have the highest perceived impact on service quality. Hence, providing more routes and vehicles and offering more seats can ease congestion, while improving the sanitary conditions of the vehicles and passengers' perceptions of the environmental services offered. It is also important to ensure that vehicles arrive on time as much as possible, reduce waiting time for passengers, provide adequate operating periods and closely monitor the driving technology and behaviour of drivers; establishing concessionary fares can also improve the perception of the level of OM. These findings can help PT enterprises to prioritise important service items, although it should be noted that the cost of providing better service quality is often too high, and this can in turn be passed on to passengers by increasing fares [2] . Hence, it is crucial for PT enterprises to consider synergies between measures.

These findings can help PT enterprises to prioritise important service items, although it should be noted that the cost of providing better service quality is often too high, and this can in turn be passed on to passengers by increasing fares.


Passenger intention (0.535) is still the most crucial and direct factor influencing PET behaviour. First, passenger attitude is the strongest predictive factor of passenger intention. Hence, raising passengers' awareness of public transit and creating a more positive attitude are key to promoting pro-environment behaviour. For example, public service advertising and demonstrations by public figures and government officials can help to promote PT to passengers and help them maintain a more positive attitude towards it. Second, the impact of PBC on intention is also significant, and improving PBC with regard to the ability to use PT and reducing the perception of difficulty are also very important. This is because many people choose PT for economic or other reasons, such as road congestion, parking difficulty, etc. For the former, as soon as their economic situation permits, their use of cars will greatly increase, while for the latter, if traffic conditions improve, they will immediately abandon PT and use cars instead. Hence, a program of simply expanding the roads and improving the conditions for private car travel may cause private car users to feel greater inconvenience or difficulty when using PT. This promotes the use of private cars, causing people to be caught up in a cycle of more crowded roads and a worse environment. To reduce the perceived difficulty of using PT and improve the public's perceptual ability to control PT, we need to pay attention to improvements in the PT infrastructure, meaning that passengers are closer to stations, making it more convenient to use public transit, and improving the efficiency of public transit operation. The influence of habit has been widely recognised, and may promote greater development of public transit once the habit has been formed through frequent use [14] .

The influence of habit has been widely recognised, and may promote greater development of public transit once the habit has been formed through frequent use.


Research has shown that when formulating intervention policies, improving the service quality of PT and understanding the psychological factors that affect individuals' choice of travel mode surpass the effects of other technologies (including improving automotive technology and engineering) in terms of reducing carbon dioxide emissions [5] [6] [7] [8] . Since decisions are made as a result of the combined effects of PT service quality and psychological variables, there is an inevitable bias in only conducting a study of the relationship between unilateral factors and travel decisions. Considering a combination of the influences of the two aspects allows us to get closer to the decision-making mechanisms of travellers in order to guide the formulation of effective traffic intervention policies.

Research has shown that when formulating intervention policies, improving the service quality of PT and understanding the psychological factors that affect individuals' choice of travel mode surpass the effects of other technologies (including improving automotive technology and engineering) in terms of reducing carbon dioxide emissions.


Subjective normative structure is usually regarded as a weak predictor of intention, and to a certain extent, this is due to poor measurement. The measurement of SN is mainly related to perceived social pressure; however, most people's behaviour is not necessarily affected by social pressure [62] . The results of this paper support this view in the context of medium-sized cities in China. Easterners are more likely to be influenced by the important people in their lives rather than pressure from the wider society, in contrast to the results of some studies of Western cultural backgrounds. Hence, we show that in the context of China, demographic and socio-economic characteristics will affect pro-environment travel behaviour to varying degrees, and this has a very important impact on explaining the significance of other psychological structures in this model [10] . Our results show that the effects on PET behaviour vary greatly based on driving experience, income and private car ownership. The perception of PT service quality, such as VE, TN, OM, IT and so on, also varies greatly between people of different genders, occupations and ages. Hence, when formulating traffic intervention plans, attention should be paid to the construction of an integrated and multi-level intelligent public transport system to provide more accurate, effective and personalised services for travellers with different personal attributes.

The measurement of SN is mainly related to perceived social pressure; however, most people's behaviour is not necessarily affected by social pressure.

Hence, we show that in the context of China, demographic and socio-economic characteristics will affect pro-environment travel behaviour to varying degrees, and this has a very important impact on explaining the significance of other psychological structures in this model.


The dynamic steady state response of the system to AC votlages is also presented. By exciting the system with AC voltage at a freqeuncy between the natural frequencies of the two potential wells intermittent chaos is obtained. This intermittent chaotic motion is located in the lower well and between the two potential wells. It is observed that the voltage generated by the controller is significantly reduced since the previous study [25] .

It is observed that the voltage generated by the controller is significantly reduced since the previous study.


A large body of literature has examined a number of variables which are likely to influence the stigma attached to rape perception. This is thought to be explained by a plethora of personal, psychological and situational factors, including the victim and the perceiver personal characteristics. Observers are subject to biased perspectives based on their own beliefs and unique characteristics (e.g., gender, race, and empathy), as well as on the victim's attributes (e.g., physical traits, sexual history, and behaviour) (Angelone et al., 2012; Gölge et al., 2003; Grubb & Harrower, 2009; Grubb & Turner, 2012; Pollard, 1992) .

Observers are subject to biased perspectives based on their own beliefs and unique characteristics (e.g., gender, race, and empathy), as well as on the victim's attributes (e.g., physical traits, sexual history, and behaviour).


Women with a positive result at screening would need 2 further antibody tests and a Western blot test, for confirmation of HIV infection, and women with true-positive results would require additional posttest counseling. A proportion of women with confirmed HIV infection would choose to terminate the pregnancy. Those who continue would be offered antiretroviral therapy under the guidance of their physician. We assume that the women would attend regular outpatient appointments and that the 076 treatment strategy would be followed but would be modified to include combivir and nelfinavir for 12 weeks, in-line with Australian guidelines for optimal treatment [47] .

We assume that the women would attend regular outpatient appointments and that the 076 treatment strategy would be followed but would be modified to include combivir and nelfinavir for 12 weeks, in-line with Australian guidelines for optimal treatment.


Industrial activities, urban waste treatment, and vehicle exhaust are some of the sources causing large quantities of toxic elements as contamination in atmosphere, water, and soil. In the case of chemical toxicity, elemental analysis of environmental materials such as soil, sediments, natural and waste water, and air particulates can play an important role in the rapid detection and identification of the key element. The health risk of an element is determined by the stability and environmental mobility of the particular species of the element. Toxic effects of large number of elements are well known [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] .

Toxic effects of large number of elements are well known.


Spectral interferences may drastically deteriorate the analytical characteristics of the ICP-OES. The most difficult samples, from this point of view, are the soil and different sediments. These materials normally contain high concentrations of Al, Ca, and Mg, which cause significant background enhancement in many regions of the spectrum, high concentrations of Fe, and to a lesser extent Ti, which can give rise to serious line overlap interferences in the determination of trace elements [14] .

These materials normally contain high concentrations of Al, Ca, and Mg, which cause significant background enhancement in many regions of the spectrum, high concentrations of Fe, and to a lesser extent Ti, which can give rise to serious line overlap interferences in the determination of trace elements.


The present paper presents quantitative new base data for the spectral inferences in the presence of complex matrix containing Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Ti around the wavelength of the prominent lines of ten elements (Zn, Cd, Sb, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sn, Cr, U, and Ba) by using 40.68 MHz ICP. The measurements were performed in the 2nd order of the spectrum (practical spectral bandwidth 5 pm) for the most prominent lines of Zn, Cd, Sb, Mn, Pb, Sn, and Cr with wavelengths in the spectral region 160-320 nm. The wavelengths of the most prominent lines of Cu, U, and Ba lie in the spectral region 320-800 nm, and the measurements were made in the 1st order (practical spectral bandwidth 10 pm). In our Journal of Spectroscopy previous paper, was experimentally demonstrated that the selected "best" analysis lines are the same, irrespective of ICP and operating conditions, and therefore, these data can be transferred from one ICP system to another [44] .

In our Journal of Spectroscopy previous paper, was experimentally demonstrated that the selected "best" analysis lines are the same, irrespective of ICP and operating conditions, and therefore, these data can be transferred from one ICP system to another.


The increasing power demand, rising costs of electricity transmission and distribution, deregulation of the energy markets, depletion of fossil fuels are making a significant entrance of renewable energy resources into the energy sector [1] [2] [3] [4] . The centralized power generation, transmission and distribution are now shifting to a decentralized one [1] . In this framework, a new power system model called autonomous power generating system (APGS) has evolved. It is a collection of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as diesel energy generator (DEG), fuel cell (FC), microturbine generator (MTG) with solar photovoltaic (PV) units and wind turbine generators (WTG) and cluster of loads [1, 2] . The chaotic characteristics of the load and the sustainable energy generations, i.e. wind and solar sources, introduce fluctuations in the system frequency [1] . Energy-storing elements such as ultra capacitor (UC), flywheel energy storage system (FESS) and battery energy storage system (BESS) are coupled to the system to mitigate the unbalance due to generation and load mismatch. These energy-storing devices store the surplus power for a small interval of period from the renewable energy sources and later deliver the power to the grid when there is a more load demand [5, 6] . A proper control strategy is required for coordinating these actions accurately [5] . This calls for the concept of load frequency control (LFC) for damping the frequency oscillation.

The increasing power demand, rising costs of electricity transmission and distribution, deregulation of the energy markets, depletion of fossil fuels are making a significant entrance of renewable energy resources into the energy sector.

The centralized power generation, transmission and distribution are now shifting to a decentralized one.

It is a collection of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as diesel energy generator (DEG), fuel cell (FC), microturbine generator (MTG) with solar photovoltaic (PV) units and wind turbine generators (WTG) and cluster of loads.

The chaotic characteristics of the load and the sustainable energy generations, i.e. wind and solar sources, introduce fluctuations in the system frequency.

These energy-storing devices store the surplus power for a small interval of period from the renewable energy sources and later deliver the power to the grid when there is a more load demand.

A proper control strategy is required for coordinating these actions accurately.


Our studies document the rank-dependent imitation effect in multiple samples, using different methods, and across various operationalizations of punishment. Taken together, the differences across the five experiments provide some evidence of the robustness of our results. However, one potential limitation of the current research is that all of the studies involve unethical behaviors of a somewhat limited scale (e.g., single instances of expense report fraud or equipment theft). Despite being unambiguously unethical, these behaviors are small enough that they do not have major repercussions for the company. Additionally or alternatively, people may be more willing to make situational attributions for discrete events such as these than for larger-scale or sustained unethical behavior (e.g., embezzling millions of dollars in company funds or repeated instances of fraud or theft). More severe cases of unethical conduct have greater moral intensity (Jones, 1991) . Observers may therefore be more reluctant to make situational attributions for more severe behavior and feel that transgressors should be punished whether or not they imitated others. In sum, the scope of the rank-dependent imitation effect is unclear based on the current evidence, and future research should seek to establish boundary conditions of the effect in terms of the scale or sustained nature of the transgression.

More severe cases of unethical conduct have greater moral intensity.


Another limitation is that our studies do not systematically examine the imitation effect across the many possible differences in rank that may exist between instigators and imitators. Future research could test whether imitating an immediate supervisor is different from imitating an even higher-ranked authority. The rank-dependent imitation effect may be stronger when people imitate an immediate than distant supervisor because immediate supervisors have more direct influence and more contact with the imitator. Results of Study 2 are generally supportive of the notion that observers are more likely to take prior transgressions into account when the first actor is proximate (in the same organization) rather than distant from the imitator (in a different organization). However, it is also possible that the rank-dependent imitation effect may be stronger when people imitate a distant than immediate supervisor because higher-ranking supervisors have more formal authority and higher status in the organization, which contributes to their perceived credibility as role models (Bandura, 1986; Brown et al., 2005) . Future research could investigate these potential conditions of the rank-dependent imitation effect.

However, it is also possible that the rank-dependent imitation effect may be stronger when people imitate a distant than immediate supervisor because higher-ranking supervisors have more formal authority and higher status in the organization, which contributes to their perceived credibility as role models.


Despite the significance of web archives in preserving web heritage, the aspect of web archive usage has been overlooked. The only previous related work is a study of the search behavior characterization for web archives [7] . We highlight this work, but first we define the terms for our discussion.

The only previous related work is a study of the search behavior characterization for web archives.


As far as livestock income is concerned, our survey treated this as business income only if someone is involved in trading livestock that is reared by others. Income from livestock products was also included under capital income, and higher earnings from that source logically point to larger stocks of animals. However, it represents a relatively small fraction of potential unaccounted returns from livestock sales. A 2011 survey in Tigray reported an average income of 560.81 birr per household per year on animal products, versus 1533.10 birr/year earnings on livestock sales [13] . This is an example where income is correlated to wealth, but where inequality in the former underestimates inequality in the latter. The methodological difficulties that follow from the difference between wealth and income can lead to a serious misrepresentation of inequality. Alternative or additional measurement instruments are needed.

A 2011 survey in Tigray reported an average income of 560.81 birr per household per year on animal products, versus 1533.10 birr/year earnings on livestock sales.


Land is the primary means of production in the global South. Output produced in excess of the needs of the household is sold, and if the family cannot perform all the required work, it could become a net employer. Subsistence farmers, on the other hand, could become net buyers of output; and family labour in excess of what is needed on the home plot could be sold (we draw from the insight that the household as a unit of analysis includes producer, consumer, employer and labourer activities [1] ). Land allows families to potentially increase income and reduce spending. It therefore represents the main asset upon which they can accumulate further wealth for themselves and for their children, such as livestock, irrigation systems, farming tools, means of transportation, or additional land. The capacity of households to manage their properties productively is therefore a key factor in the generation of economic inequalities. Hence, development research and policy often ask whether producer-labourer households will endure as a category, or whether they will over time tend to differentiate in landless workers and commercial farmers, and, if so, which category will dominate [1] .

Subsistence farmers, on the other hand, could become net buyers of output; and family labour in excess of what is needed on the home plot could be sold (we draw from the insight that the household as a unit of analysis includes producer, consumer, employer and labourer activities).

Hence, development research and policy often ask whether producer-labourer households will endure as a category, or whether they will over time tend to differentiate in landless workers and commercial farmers, and, if so, which category will dominate.


Income or spending metrics fail to reveal how individuals and households participate in the economy. A step in the right direction is to distinguish between the income generated from capital and the income generated from labour [9] . Recent evidence from different parts of the world reveals that the gap in the former is wider than the gap in the latter [9] [10] [11] [12] . It is assumed that the pattern of distribution of income from capital largely reflects the distribution of material assets between households. This leads to the following questions: to what extent is this reflection accurate? What does income from capital as a proxy for material wealth hide and reveal?

A step in the right direction is to distinguish between the income generated from capital and the income generated from labour.

Recent evidence from different parts of the world reveals that the gap in the former is wider than the gap in the latter.


Asset formation is low in the context of these rural economies, but losses and accumulation still occur, especially through the rental system. This is a crucial dimension of the dynamics of inequality because land represents a basis upon which households can accumulate other assets, particularly livestock [3] . Our results indeed show skewed livestock ownership.

This is a crucial dimension of the dynamics of inequality because land represents a basis upon which households can accumulate other assets, particularly livestock.


One way in which income inequality statistics fall short is that they do not measure how wealth distribution affects patterns of expenditure. Households that manage to produce surpluses for the market are also generally least dependent on it for their own needs (they consequently spend less). They are also more likely to have stocked up reserves for the lean months. In contrast, households in need of cash, e.g., during food shortages, may sometimes be forced to sell their already limited assets (particularly livestock) [21, 22] . These households temporarily seem better off because their rate of spending has risen, but in fact they have lost productive assets and have therefore become poorer. Circumstances may even force them to abandon their own land and rent it out to others [23] . Households with fewer draft animals are known to be more likely to do so [24] .

In contrast, households in need of cash, e.g., during food shortages, may sometimes be forced to sell their already limited assets (particularly livestock).

Circumstances may even force them to abandon their own land and rent it out to others.

Households with fewer draft animals are known to be more likely to do so.


Stronger multidisciplinary assessment and, in particular, the addition of a specialist clinical component to such assessments may confer signiWcant beneWts. Evidence from three sources provides a rationale for this. The Wrst is a tradition of work in the United Kingdom which has examined the health status of older people at the point of admission to care homes, and identiWed potentially treatable health conditions which might obviate the need for placement given the proper intervention [12] [13] [14] . There has also been a tradition on a local basis of engaging specialist staff in placement decisions [15] . However, such interventions have not been systematically evaluated and in particular, they were conducted before implementation of the community care reforms, which altered the process of placement. The second is the evidence drawn from international sources that systematic specialist geriatric assessment at critical care points can have a signiWcant impact on functional status, well being and the likelihood of entry to nursing home care [16, 17] . The third is the Australian Aged Care Reforms dating from the 1980's which, faced with similar patterns of growth as the care home sector in the UK, sought to achieve similar outcomes to the community care reforms implemented in that country [4, 5] . A key difference in Australia was the decision to give more structure to the assessment process prior to entry of an older person to a care home by prescribing a speciWc role for Geriatric Assessment Teams [18] . At least in the major cities, around which most of the Australian population live, these teams provide a full multidisciplinary focus to the critical decision as to whether an older person requires the level of care offered in an institutional setting. An important, if perhaps unintended consequence of the Australian reforms was the much closer involvement of secondary care services, in particular geriatric medicine, with community care provision [19, 20] . It is noteworthy by comparison the extent to which secondary health care services for older people, such as geriatric medicine and old age psychiatry, in the UK are not formally and systematically engaged in the community care reforms.

The Wrst is a tradition of work in the United Kingdom which has examined the health status of older people at the point of admission to care homes, and identiWed potentially treatable health conditions which might obviate the need for placement given the proper intervention.

There has also been a tradition on a local basis of engaging specialist staff in placement decisions.

The second is the evidence drawn from international sources that systematic specialist geriatric assessment at critical care points can have a signiWcant impact on functional status, well being and the likelihood of entry to nursing home care.

The third is the Australian Aged Care Reforms dating from the 1980's which, faced with similar patterns of growth as the care home sector in the UK, sought to achieve similar outcomes to the community care reforms implemented in that country.

A key difference in Australia was the decision to give more structure to the assessment process prior to entry of an older person to a care home by prescribing a speciWc role for Geriatric Assessment Teams.

An important, if perhaps unintended consequence of the Australian reforms was the much closer involvement of secondary care services, in particular geriatric medicine, with community care provision.


Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, with over a million new cases diagnosed in the United States each year [1] . On average, one in six Americans will develop skin cancer during their lifetime [2] . Most forms of skin cancer are preventable by limiting ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure and enhancing UV protection behaviors. Finding accurate and feasible strategies for measuring UV exposure, protective behaviors, and related skin damage is important for skin cancer prevention and intervention efforts. Choosing a measure is determined in part by the purpose of the assessment. Clinicians and researchers need to understand how various measurement strategies compare with one another. The current study compared four methods of assessing skin color, UV exposure, and damage: verbal self-report, observation, ultraviolet-filtered photographs, and spectrophotometry readings. We examined their reliability, convergent validity, and compared measurements across participant groups.

Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, with over a million new cases diagnosed in the United States each year.

On average, one in six Americans will develop skin cancer during their lifetime.


Our analysis suggested that the indicators did not conform to the multivariate normality premise of structural equation modeling techniques (SEM). For this reason, the proposed model was assessed with Partial Least Squares (PLS), which is a robust method in regards to departures from multivariate normality, multicollinearity within and between blocks of manifest variables, and model misspecification; it can also accommodate small sample sizes, reflexive and formative constructs, and moderation effects (Chin, 2010; Urbach & Ahlemann, 2010; Vinzi, Trinchera, & Amato, 2010) . Model estimation and statistical testing were performed with SmartPLS version 2.0 (Ringle, Wende, & Will, 2005) . We employed a percentile bootstrapping technique (cases = 107; samples = 1,000) to evaluate the statistical significance of the estimated effects, which is a distribution free approach to significance testing (Chin, 2010) .

For this reason, the proposed model was assessed with Partial Least Squares (PLS), which is a robust method in regards to departures from multivariate normality, multicollinearity within and between blocks of manifest variables, and model misspecification; it can also accommodate small sample sizes, reflexive and formative constructs, and moderation effects.

Model estimation and statistical testing were performed with SmartPLS version 2.0.

We employed a percentile bootstrapping technique (cases = 107; samples = 1,000) to evaluate the statistical significance of the estimated effects, which is a distribution free approach to significance testing.


From a theoretical perspective, the contributions of this study are twofold. On the one hand, it expands the generalizability of transformational leadership theory beyond the limits of US-EU contexts and into the Brazilian workplace, thereby answering the call for research on leadership in more diverse cultural settings (Den Hartog & Dickson, 2012; Gardner et al., 2010) . On the other hand, it contributes to knowledge regarding how transformational leaders encourage follower performance by looking at psychosocial processes that have implications for work behaviors, an initiative that has long been asked for in the literature (Antonakis, 2012; Kark et al., 2003; Lowe & Gardner, 2000) .

On the one hand, it expands the generalizability of transformational leadership theory beyond the limits of US-EU contexts and into the Brazilian workplace, thereby answering the call for research on leadership in more diverse cultural settings.

On the other hand, it contributes to knowledge regarding how transformational leaders encourage follower performance by looking at psychosocial processes that have implications for work behaviors, an initiative that has long been asked for in the literature.


Transformational leadership is an approach that has had an immense impact on leadership as a field of inquiry (Antonakis, 2012) . The results described above indicate that transformational leadership seems to be associated with increased levels of performance and helping behaviors in the Brazilian work context. Our research also observes that subordinates of individuals that are perceived as transformational leaders report stronger identification with their superiors and higher levels of selfefficacy regarding their work. In addition, we proposed and found preliminary evidence that these two mechanisms, identification and efficacy beliefs, can be routes through which transformational leaders are likely to promote follower contextual and task performance.

Transformational leadership is an approach that has had an immense impact on leadership as a field of inquiry.


The range of ICT devices is expanding and becoming more affordable for Australian households [6] . In Australia between 1998 and 2008, access to the Internet in the home increased from 16% to 72% [7] . Internet access increases by age; with 60% of 5 to 8 year old Australian children accessing the Internet in 2009 compared with 96% of adolescents aged 12 to 14 years [8] . Eighty-eight per cent of Australian adolescents aged 15-17 years use digital technologies to access social networking sites [5] . Use of computers was reported to be more than seven hours per week, by over a third of the 884 Australian adolescent participants in a study published in 2006 [9] . In 2009, another study of 925 Australian adolescents aged 13-19 years (mean age 16.1 years) found that digital technologies were used on average, for over three hours per day [10] . The replacement of physical activity with more sedentary screen-based activities among adolescents is also a concern, since findings show that adolescents are two to three times more likely to watch TV than participate in physical activity [11] . The 2010 Kaiser Family Foundation Survey of approximately 2,000 young people aged 8-18 years in the USA suggests that other forms of ICT (i.e., computers, gaming devices, mobile telephones) do not replace, but are used in addition to, TV watching [12] . With the emergence of multi-purpose single interface devices such as tablets and smart phones, adolescents' exposure to ICT is likely to increase as devices become more portable and further integrated into activities of daily living.

The range of ICT devices is expanding and becoming more affordable for Australian households.

In Australia between 1998 and 2008, access to the Internet in the home increased from 16% to 72%.

Internet access increases by age; with 60% of 5 to 8 year old Australian children accessing the Internet in 2009 compared with 96% of adolescents aged 12 to 14 years.

Eighty-eight per cent of Australian adolescents aged 15-17 years use digital technologies to access social networking sites.

Use of computers was reported to be more than seven hours per week, by over a third of the 884 Australian adolescent participants in a study published in 2006.

In 2009, another study of 925 Australian adolescents aged 13-19 years (mean age 16.1 years) found that digital technologies were used on average, for over three hours per day.

The replacement of physical activity with more sedentary screen-based activities among adolescents is also a concern, since findings show that adolescents are two to three times more likely to watch TV than participate in physical activity.

The 2010 Kaiser Family Foundation Survey of approximately 2,000 young people aged 8-18 years in the USA suggests that other forms of ICT (i.e., computers, gaming devices, mobile telephones) do not replace, but are used in addition to, TV watching.


Until recently, only the summary methods were applied in the Netherlands. Once a month the Dutch Land Registry Office (Kadaster 1 ) published the mean selling price and the National Association of Property Brokers (NVM) published the median selling price of existing homes. However, one intrinsic flaw in the summary methods is that they are not adjusted for quality. They are unable to distinguish between price movements and changes in the composition of sold dwellings from one period to the next (Bourassa et al, 2004) . For example, if for some reason, a disproportionate number of high-priced homes were sold in a given month, the mean or median price would still rise, even though not a single house had increased in value (Case and Shiller, 1987) . Furthermore, the quality of new houses is likely to rise. Since these houses ultimately become existing houses, the median or mean price of existing houses will rise even if individual properties are not appreciating (Bailey et al, 1963; Case and Shiller, 1987) . The shortcomings in the summary methods meant that an alternative method had to be found for calculating a house price index for the Netherlands.

They are unable to distinguish between price movements and changes in the composition of sold dwellings from one period to the next.

For example, if for some reason, a disproportionate number of high-priced homes were sold in a given month, the mean or median price would still rise, even though not a single house had increased in value.

Since these houses ultimately become existing houses, the median or mean price of existing houses will rise even if individual properties are not appreciating.


One disadvantage of the index is that it is only corrected for quality if properties retain the same physical attributes and if these attributes are accorded the same value by the market over time (Stephens et al., 1995) . It is highly plausible that, for some dwellings, the characteristics will be different on the two dates of sale. This would then undermine one of the assumptions that makes for consistency in the repeat-sales approach. On the one hand, houses may depreciate through time, either physically or because of new tastes and fashions. On the other hand, they may have been modernised and upgraded, thereby gaining in value.

One disadvantage of the index is that it is only corrected for quality if properties retain the same physical attributes and if these attributes are accorded the same value by the market over time.


Reservoir Computing has its roots in neural network research, where it was discovered that the rich dynamics and memory capabilities of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) could be exploited without any training of the network. Good performance could be obtained with a random network coupled with a linear readout layer trained on the activations of the RNN nodes (Jaeger, 2001; Maass et al., 2002) . Figure 1 shows the typical RC architecture with three distinct parts: the input layer, the reservoir with its many recurrent nodes, and the readout layer. Note that the readout is the only trained part, both the input layer and the reservoir remain unchanged.

Good performance could be obtained with a random network coupled with a linear readout layer trained on the activations of the RNN nodes.


A widely known development in this framework is the use of assimilation techniques for the correction of wave model initial fields. However, the lack of a sufficient number of wave observations was always a serious drawback for such efforts, not only operationally but also for the establishment of the necessary background information (Bouttier and Courtier, 1999) . A recent advancement that contributes to the solution of this problem is the use of satellite records. Ocean wind and wave measurements from satellites, combined with global wave and atmospheric numerical models have changed the way of obtaining ocean wave information, for both operational and climatological purposes. Through data assimilation in operational numerical models, satellite sea-surface observations are contributing to improved shortterm wave forecasts. On the other hand, satellite wind observations assimilated into atmospheric models contribute indirectly, by improving the atmospheric forecast and, hence, the wind forcing into the wave models.

However, the lack of a sufficient number of wave observations was always a serious drawback for such efforts, not only operationally but also for the establishment of the necessary background information.


The different phycocolloids used in food industry as natural additives are (European codes of phycocolloids) (i) alginic acid-E400, the main difference between the highly sulphated carrageenans from the less sulphated agars is the presence of Dgalactose and anhydro-D-galactose in carrageenans and of Dgalactose, L-galactose, or anhydro-L-galactose in agars. The structure of the various types of carrageenans is defined by the number and position of sulphate groups, the presence of 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose, and conformation of the pyranose ring. There are about fifteen idealized carrageenan structures traditionally identified by Greek letters [9] .

There are about fifteen idealized carrageenan structures traditionally identified by Greek letters.


Different types of carrageenan are obtained from different species of the Gigartinales (Rhodophyta). Kappacarrageenan is predominantly obtained by extraction from the cultivated tropical seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (known in the trade as "cottonii"). Eucheuma denticulatum (trade name "spinosum") is the main species for the production of iota-carrageenan. Lambda-carrageenan is obtained from different species from the genera Gigartina and Chondrus (trade name "Irish moss") [11] .

Lambda-carrageenan is obtained from different species from the genera Gigartina and Chondrus (trade name "Irish moss").


Laminaran (Figure 1 ) is a small glucan present in either soluble or insoluble forms. The first form is characterized by complete solubility in cold water, while the other is only soluble in hot water [20, 21] . This polysaccharide is composed of D-glucose with b-(1,3) linkages, with b-(1,6) intrachain branching [6] [7] [8] .

The first form is characterized by complete solubility in cold water, while the other is only soluble in hot water.

This polysaccharide is composed of D-glucose with b-(1,3) linkages, with b-(1,6) intrachain branching.


In this work, a combined FTIR-ATR and FT-Raman spectroscopy analysis was used to identify the main seaweed polysaccharides, namely, alginate, fucoidan, laminaran, agar, and kappa-, iota-, and lambda-carrageenans. Therefore, vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR and FT-Raman) is proposed as a useful tool for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries to check the phycocolloid quality of a raw seaweed material by a quick and nondestructive method [5, 16] . Standard samples were obtained from Sigma (kappacarrageenan, type III, C-1263; iota-carrageenan, type V, C-4014; alginic acid, A0682), TAAB Laboratories (agar, A010), and CP Kelco (pure lambda-carrageenan).

Therefore, vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR and FT-Raman) is proposed as a useful tool for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries to check the phycocolloid quality of a raw seaweed material by a quick and nondestructive method.


Agar (Figure 1 ) was the first colloid to be developed and it has applications as a gelling agent for food and also as an inert support medium for microbial culture. This polysaccharide is the dried hydrophilic, colloidal substance extracted commercially from certain marine algae of the phylum Rhodophyta. The most important commercial agarophyte genera are Gelidium, Pterocladiella, Gelidiella, and Gracilaria. Agar has also been found in species of Ceramium, Phyllophora, Ahnfeltia, Campylaephora, Acanthopholis, and Gracilariopsis. It is a polysaccharide, consisting primarily of D-and L-galactose units. About every tenth D-galactopyranose unit contains a sulphate ester group. Calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sodium cations are also International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry 3 associated with the polysaccharide. Agar may be separated into two fractions. One is a neutral polymer, agarose, composed of repeating units, referred to as agarobiose, and of alternating 1,3-linked -D-galactopyranose and 1,4linked 3,6-anhydro--L-galactopyranose. The second fraction has agaropectin, a more complicated structure. It contains residues of sulphuric, pyruvic, and uronic acids, in addition to D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose [10, 12] .

It contains residues of sulphuric, pyruvic, and uronic acids, in addition to D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose.