The previous design experience gained at Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT) tells us that the meridional blade angle distribution has a significant effect on impeller efficiency. This phenomenon has been taken into account in the inverse design approach [6] [7] [8] . However this design method has some drawbacks, as the resulting geometry is often mechanically complicated and the accuracy of the flow prediction methods available is poor. The flow is usually solved as an inviscid compressible fluid with a uniform velocity distribution at the inlet. At the moment, a complete CFD analysis of a compressor stage is computationally too expensive.

This phenomenon has been taken into account in the inverse design approach.


Despite the advances in Aspen Plus for time-dependent dynamic simulation and process control, no provision is currently available to couple detailed heat transfer models with a process simulation as part of a complete engineering solution. As a result, in fluidized bed modelling the heat absorption by the water wall and super-heaters is usually specified as model inputs explicitly rather than predicted directly by the models. Furthermore, the modular modelling strategy does not involve thermal reciprocity between each reactor module [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] . These aspects of modelling are particularly useful for the design and evaluation of the operational flexibility of a fluidized bed boiler in supercritical conditions [29] . This is due to the fact that, under supercritical conditions, the boiler uses once-through circulation for the water wall and if excessive heat flux on the furnace side occurs, this cannot be automatically compensated for with a larger water flow rate in the tubes, thus resulting in over-heating of the water membrane.

Furthermore, the modular modelling strategy does not involve thermal reciprocity between each reactor module.

These aspects of modelling are particularly useful for the design and evaluation of the operational flexibility of a fluidized bed boiler in supercritical conditions.


We show the PEPt (Protocol, Encoding, Presentation, transport) architecture as a high-level way to structure our thinking, design and implementation of RPC systems. The PEPt architecture has been used in a commercial CORBA system [11] . PEPt embodies the experience of evolving this system from C++ to Java and responding to its changing requirements over time (e.g., alternate protocols and transports, as well as revisions in stubs and encodings). If you build or use more than one RPC system, then the PEPt architecture will help you organize your approach to RPC by providing a clear structure that: provides clarity as to where a function belongs, makes it easier to evolve the system over time, is comprised of a small number of pieces that is easy to hold in one's head, and specifies a simple decomposition of RPC systems which universally applies.

The PEPt architecture has been used in a commercial CORBA system.


Loskop Dam was constructed in 1937 to supply irrigation water to downstream agricultural areas (Van Vuuren, 2008) . The irrigation canal system, measuring 480 km, was completed just over 10 years later, in 1948. The system provides water to the Loskop Irrigation Board, which is the second largest irrigation area in South Africa, supplying 700 properties and covering an area of 16 117 ha (Oberholster and Botha, 2011) . The dam is located about 32 km south of the town of Groblersdal in Mpumalanga Province, and is surrounded by a nature reserve. The main inflow to Loskop Dam is the Olifants River, which has the Wilge and Klein Olifants Rivers as its main tributaries. From Loskop Dam, the Olifants River flows north-east through the Drakensberg mountain range, the Kruger National Park, and into Massingir Dam in Mozambique, before continuing to the Indian Ocean.

Loskop Dam was constructed in 1937 to supply irrigation water to downstream agricultural areas.

The system provides water to the Loskop Irrigation Board, which is the second largest irrigation area in South Africa, supplying 700 properties and covering an area of 16 117 ha.


There is a marked difference in water quality across Loskop Dam, largely influenced by the algal blooms that currently characterise the transitional zone. In this area, the system changes from one that supports organisms suited to lotic environments to one that supports those adapted to lentic environments, such as M. aeruginosa and C. hirundinella. During algal blooms, photosynthetic activity in daylight results in elevated pH (> 9) through carbonic acid absorption, and increased dissolved oxygen levels (> 10 mg/ℓ) as a result of oxygen release. As blooms degrade, oxygen levels can plummet, as observed in December 2011 when dissolved oxygen dropped to 2.1 mg/ℓ in the surface water. The elevated pH levels can cause an increase in the concentration of the toxic un-ionised form of ammonia (NH 3 ) relative to the less toxic ammonium ion (NH 4 + ) (DWAF, 1996 a ). The solubility and bioavailability of Al is also increased at pH values > 8 (Gensemer and Playle, 1999) . All of these factors may negatively impact the health of aquatic biota, especially fish.

The solubility and bioavailability of Al is also increased at pH values > 8.


While market coupling is an unequivocally good thing for cross-border trading efficiencies, it poses an additional challenge for merchant projects since the revenues for interconnector owners will stem directly from the uncertain and volatile price differentials in the day-ahead auctions typically used to couple markets. Market coupling without accompanying hedging or long-term contracting options has a significant impact on attracting merchant investment and financing, as well as covering costs. Merchant interconnectors with debt finance will need to be financed or operated as infrastructure investments with very conservative lender risk appetite, which is a requirement to be at the fully contracted end of the spectrum of earnings profiles in order to receive an investment-grade credit rating and associated debt terms [15] .

Merchant interconnectors with debt finance will need to be financed or operated as infrastructure investments with very conservative lender risk appetite, which is a requirement to be at the fully contracted end of the spectrum of earnings profiles in order to receive an investment-grade credit rating and associated debt terms.


By using investment indicator the costs and benefits (= social welfare) of an investment would be weighed against each other. This general principle of comparing costs and benefits of market integration measures taken should theoretically be part of all indicators. However, defining the benefits and costs within this indicator is the key issue with regard to its implementation [6] .

However, defining the benefits and costs within this indicator is the key issue with regard to its implementation.


Paper researches additional criteria for optimal power system expansion especially for investments in cross-border transmission projects and power plants investments. Possible criteria are connected to maximization of social welfare, congestion cost and hours between areas (bidding zones), investment indicator, security of supply, and its impact as short and long term signals for use through appropriate financial mechanisms. There is no single criterion for power system expansion but it is possible to use combination of incentive schemes and possible through one index for cross-border trade. It is researched between regulated and merchant investments and there are shown positive and negative examples of cross-border interconnection investments in regional market. There is discussion on cost benefits analysis for particular market participants and there is possibility of risk reduction for power system expansion [3] .

There is discussion on cost benefits analysis for particular market participants and there is possibility of risk reduction for power system expansion.


Regulation on Trans-European Energy Infrastructure Guidelines addresses infrastructure challenges to ensure true interconnection in the internal market, integration of energy from variable renewable sources and enhanced security of supply. For projects identified as projects of common interest (PCI), the Regulation introduces measures to accelerate permitting procedures, including through a maximum time-limit and streamlining of environmental assessment procedures. The Regulation also provides better incentives to investors through enhanced regulatory provisions, and it sets the conditions for EU financial assistance under the proposed Connecting Europe Facility [2] .

The Regulation also provides better incentives to investors through enhanced regulatory provisions, and it sets the conditions for EU financial assistance under the proposed Connecting Europe Facility.


The criteria based on social welfare could be one of set of criteria for optimal expansion of regional power system. An interconnector between two price zones with a price difference will allow generators in the low price zone to supply load in the high price zone. This will result in an increase of overall social welfare if the net increase in producer surplus, con-sumer surplus and congestion rent is higher than the investment costs. However, there can be important distributional effects. In the low price zone, part of the consumer surplus will be transferred to the producer surplus as the price increases. Equally, in the high price zone part of the producer surplus will be transferred to the consumer surplus, as the price decreases [9] .

Equally, in the high price zone part of the producer surplus will be transferred to the consumer surplus, as the price decreases.


In a very short span of time, wireless sensors have emerged as the sensing technology of choice in a variety of industry instrumentation techniques because of their flexibility, non-intrusive operation, safety and their low cost, low power characteristics [6] . Wireless sensors can be installed inside the mechanical devices, much closer to the phenomena of interest. Since communication is integrated into the sensor setup, they can be installed on moving parts as well as static components.

In a very short span of time, wireless sensors have emerged as the sensing technology of choice in a variety of industry instrumentation techniques because of their flexibility, non-intrusive operation, safety and their low cost, low power characteristics.


The selection of right sensors is the key to effective condition monitoring [5] . At present, most of the sensors are physically wired. The wires provide both power and communications paths. However, in many applications, wired sensors are impractical or inconvenient. For example, they are difficult to mount on rotating machinery or high temperature applications. In these situations, wireless sensor networks could be a possible solution. These networks can be used in remote locations and also offer inexpensive and flexible installation.

The selection of right sensors is the key to effective condition monitoring.


To generate small and non-sparse vectors (about 500 elements), the output of the cited weighting techniques is refined by applying LSA [14] . LSA allows to assign non-zero values to keywords that do not appear in a text but that are still related to its contents. The strong correlation between LSA weights and keyword co-occurrences allows to partially deal with synonymy (different keywords having similar meanings) and polysemy (keywords assuming different meanings).

To generate small and non-sparse vectors (about 500 elements), the output of the cited weighting techniques is refined by applying LSA.


While the analysis at the island scale somehow revealed clear temporal trends, the analyses at the sector and meadow scales showed a large number of statistically non-significant results. This is most likely connected with the replication level of the analyses at the three scales: larger data availability at the island scale lead to higher statistical power for detecting significant patterns. At the sector and meadow scales, however, the smaller amount of data corresponds with a lower statistical power. Despite this, significant patterns had a prevalence of decreasing trends over time at both the sector and meadow scales. These results reinforce the impression of a prevalence of negative trends of Cymodocea nodosa in the Canary Islands. The dimension of this study, including a large data set of records (684), different sources (49), and the temporal scale (over two decades), support the reliability of our interpretations. The overall decline experienced by C. nodosa meadows represents a further warning and an incentive to encourage research on C. nodosa conservation, particularly as a result of the importance of this species as a 'habitat engineer' and its sensitivity to deteriorating environmental conditions, which may be indicative of the state of the marine environment (Oliva et al. 2012) .

The overall decline experienced by C. nodosa meadows represents a further warning and an incentive to encourage research on C. nodosa conservation, particularly as a result of the importance of this species as a 'habitat engineer' and its sensitivity to deteriorating environmental conditions, which may be indicative of the state of the marine environment.


Bandarban district is rich in floristic composition of medicinal plants, and the tribal herbal healers locally called "Bhaidya" use these plants in preparing traditional medicine. Ethnomedicinal knowledge plays an important role in identifying plants of therapeutic agents (Balick, 1990) . Ethno-botanical samples contain novel drug compounds and helps to find out economically important plant based drugs (Cox and Balick, 1994) . Like the other parts of the world, a good number of the people of Bandarban hill district still depend upon the herbal healers and herbal medicine for treatments.

Ethnomedicinal knowledge plays an important role in identifying plants of therapeutic agents.

Ethno-botanical samples contain novel drug compounds and helps to find out economically important plant based drugs.


Normalized coprime factorization of proper transfer function matrices (TFMs) have many important theoretical and practical applications. From theoretical part, they can be used to define topological properties for rational matrices [14] . Practical applications include model/controller reduction and robust controller design [7] .

From theoretical part, they can be used to define topological properties for rational matrices.

Practical applications include model/controller reduction and robust controller design.


Euclidean solutions can also be classified by their behaviour at asymptotic infinity as being asymptotically flat (AF), asymptotically locally flat (ALF), asymptotically Euclidean (AE) or asymptotically locally Euclidean (ALE) [13] . A solution is said to be AF, if at infinity the metric approaches the form: Taub-NUT  flat space  1  double-centered  Kerr-NUT Gibbons-Hawking 2 n-centered n-centered Taub-NUT Gibbons-Hawking n Table 1 : Known examples of ALE metrics as special limits of ALF metrics with infinite NUT charge. The last column refers to the number of turning points in the rod structures of the corresponding ALF and ALE metrics.

Euclidean solutions can also be classified by their behaviour at asymptotic infinity as being asymptotically flat (AF), asymptotically locally flat (ALF), asymptotically Euclidean (AE) or asymptotically locally Euclidean (ALE).


The Schwarzschild solution has another well-known generalisation, the so-called Taub-NUT solution [1] . It possesses some peculiar properties, such as the presence of a so-called Misner string. Indeed, the Taub-NUT solution was used by Misner as "a counterexample to almost anything" [2] . When a rotational parameter is added, it generalises to the Kerr-NUT solution, which is contained within the so-called Carter-Plebański solution [3, 4] . The latter solution is more general, containing electric and magnetic charges, as well as a cosmological constant. But in the present paper, we will only be interested in its Ricci-flat limit, i.e., the Kerr-NUT solution.

The Schwarzschild solution has another well-known generalisation, the so-called Taub-NUT solution.

Indeed, the Taub-NUT solution was used by Misner as "a counterexample to almost anything".

When a rotational parameter is added, it generalises to the Kerr-NUT solution, which is contained within the so-called Carter-Plebański solution.


This approach does have a number of practical and theoretical limitations. It relies on aggregate commuting data, and so cannot distinguish travel times by workers using different transport modes or identify whether the range of commuting times in particular areas is increasing or decreasing as those neighbourhoods mature. It is also unable to distinguish between men and women's commuting experiences. A large body of work has been critical of automobile-oriented suburbs due to travel burdens and mobility limitations on women (Markovich and Hendler, 2006) . However, as feminist approaches have highlighted increased density, land use diversity and public transit provision as being more conducive to the needs of women, the higher travel times and automobile dependency of newer areas in the commuting transition should be followed by improved conditions. Future work that specifically examines the differing mobilities of men and women would be helpful.

A large body of work has been critical of automobile-oriented suburbs due to travel burdens and mobility limitations on women.


CMV sero-status of subjects was not evaluated in this study. We reported that 77% of HCMV-seropositive HLA-A2 subjects were positive for CMV tetramer [9] . These findings suggest that the result of tetramer assay can be related to sero-status, because tetramer reactive T cells are memory T cells. However, further studies are required to assess whether the results of tetramer assays are consistent with the HCMV sero-status in different population.

We reported that 77% of HCMV-seropositive HLA-A2 subjects were positive for CMV tetramer.


Smart policing technologies are not widely adopted yet, which makes the response or preference data of the public and police very limited or non-existent. Therefore, we use the choice experiment method, which requires respondents to choose their preference from among scientifically designed hypothetical alternatives to obtain knowledge about their preference structure. Then, using data collected from the choice experiment, we use the econometric model to analyze preferences about the introduction of smart policing technologies of both the public and police [45] .

Then, using data collected from the choice experiment, we use the econometric model to analyze preferences about the introduction of smart policing technologies of both the public and police.


We have solved, for the first time, the three-body BS and LFD bound state equations with a one-boson exchange kernel and found a significant difference in the corresponding binding energies. This difference is absent in the two-body BS and LFD equations [9] . After incorporating, in the LFD framework, the three-body forces of relativistic origin, generated by two exchange particles in flight, the BS and LFD three-body binding energies become very close to each other.

This difference is absent in the two-body BS and LFD equations.


Recently, a novel CLC micro-droplet laser based on emulsion consisting of aqueous solution of the polymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and the CLC doped with a small amount of laser dye was demonstrated [21] [22] [23] . Distinct from the conventional CLC laser which should be confined in a planar aligned liquid crystal (LC) cell, such CLC micro-droplet laser can be formed just by covering the emulsion on a single substrate without any surface alignment, thereby significantly simplifying the preparation process and enabling the realization of film laser by coating the material on a flexible substrate. The drying of wet emulsion under room temperature leads to a shrinkage of the material on thickness, thereby forcing the random distributed helical axes of CLC droplets to transform into a uniform alignment perpendicular to substrate. Excited with a certain pumping light, the laser is emitted along the normal direction of substrate. In the very recent, a broad wavelength-tuning of such micro-droplet laser stimulated by light was realized through the doping of photosensitive azobenzene based chiral molecular switch [24] .

Recently, a novel CLC micro-droplet laser based on emulsion consisting of aqueous solution of the polymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and the CLC doped with a small amount of laser dye was demonstrated.

In the very recent, a broad wavelength-tuning of such micro-droplet laser stimulated by light was realized through the doping of photosensitive azobenzene based chiral molecular switch.


Graphs are used in numerous applications to represent many information structures: telecommunication networks, entity-relationship diagrams, data flow charts, object-oriented software design and much more [34] . Graph Drawing studies the automated layout of these structures onto a two or three dimensional space where each node is represented by a polygon or circle and each edge by one or more contiguous line segments. This visualization can take form in one of many conventions: e.g., polyline, straight-line, orthogonal planar, or upward [6, 7] .

Graphs are used in numerous applications to represent many information structures: telecommunication networks, entity-relationship diagrams, data flow charts, object-oriented software design and much more.

This visualization can take form in one of many conventions: e.g., polyline, straight-line, orthogonal planar, or upward.


A sedentary lifestyle and high energy diet increases the prevalence of being overweight, obesity, metabolic disorders (e.g., metabolic syndrome, MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [1] . Obesity and obesity-related co-morbidities, such as MetS and T2DM, are a major health problem worldwide [2] . Each of these disorders, in addition to established vascular risk factors (e.g., dyslipidaemia, smoking and hypertension) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation recommend a multifactorial risk reduction strategy targeting each risk factor and underlining both lifestyle and pharmacological treatment [3] .

A sedentary lifestyle and high energy diet increases the prevalence of being overweight, obesity, metabolic disorders (e.g., metabolic syndrome, MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Obesity and obesity-related co-morbidities, such as MetS and T2DM, are a major health problem worldwide.

Therefore, the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation recommend a multifactorial risk reduction strategy targeting each risk factor and underlining both lifestyle and pharmacological treatment.


This paper focuses on the estimation of absolute navigation information, and further fuses information from gyros and absolute attitudes to improve the accuracy and robustness in the framework of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The Sun sensor is used in combination with an inclinometer for absolute rover-heading estimations, and the inclinometer is used for absolute tilt (roll and pitch) angle estimations in all motion scenarios, i.e., when the rover stops for a long time, makes a turn-in-place motion or is moving continuously in the stop-and-go mode. An absolute positionestimation algorithm is also presented based on this work, but the results are quite coarse, using on-board MEMS-type sensors, in the range of kilometres [8] .

An absolute positionestimation algorithm is also presented based on this work, but the results are quite coarse, using on-board MEMS-type sensors, in the range of kilometres.


The results of this study indicate that both types of alternative sport athletes may be different from athletes participating in mainstream or traditional sports. Specifically, these athletes seem to possess different personality characteristics than traditional sport athletes. Based on these differences, they may need training instruction, conditioning, and injury rehabilitation that is different than what is typically offered to traditional sport athletes. Zuckerman suggests that individuals identified as sensation seeking are more confident, self-efficient, courageous, optimistic, and creative [18, 24] . These same qualities are also used as coping skills to deal effectively with stress [21, 22, 31] . Therefore, knowing that bullriders and other alternative sport athletes are fairly independent and reserved may suggest that coaches and athletic trainers work with these athletes differently. One suggestion is to allow these athletes more input into their injury rehabilitation and workouts, but a better explanation of why certain things need to be done before sending them out to work independently will also be necessary. Also, coaches should keep in the back of their minds that alternative sport athletes are much more susceptible to boredom than traditional athletes and may need their routine changed more frequently than the traditional sport athlete. Currently there are no set timeframes for how frequently the routines need to be changed; however, this could be examined in future research. Therefore coaches and athletic trainers would probably need to examine other ways to motivate these individuals to compete in a safe, yet higher risk taking environment. Future research should examine these athletes using qualitative techniques in order to identify coaching styles and rehabilitation strategies that are most meaningful to the sensation seeking type personality.

Zuckerman suggests that individuals identified as sensation seeking are more confident, self-efficient, courageous, optimistic, and creative.

These same qualities are also used as coping skills to deal effectively with stress.


Over the years, two types of alternative sport activities have evolved. The first type is considered traditional alternative sports, which can be defined as competitive sporting events involving humans in competition with other humans or animals usually in a defined area that is regulated by established or institutionalized rules and involves increased risk of serious physical injury and even death (e.g., bullriders and bullfighters). These types of activities have historical roots that go back to the early 1800's for some and as early as 2000 BC for others. The second type is considered contemporary alternative sports, which are recreational physical activities performed in a competitive setting with increased risk of serious physical injury and even death (e.g., Eco-challenge, hang gliding, mixed martial arts, mountain biking, sky-dancing/surfing, and whitewater kayaking) [4] . These activities have received cultural pop labels such as "alternative," "extreme," "X," "gravity," "lifestyle," and "adventure". The media often presents alternative sports as cutting edge and the participants are often characterized as radical, unconventional and rebellious. The traditional alternative sports have been quite popular over the years, whereas the contemporary alternative sports are growing in popularity [3, 4] . Understanding what attracts people to these sports and learning why they persist in them even when the risk of injury and death are high is important [3, 5, 6] . Many traditional and contemporary alternative sports seem to revolve around a particular lifestyle. For example, bull riders often grow up in rural farming communities where horses, cows, and 4-H happens to be a regular part of their daily lives; whereas skate boarders typically reside in more urban locations where sidewalks and asphalt provide an avenue to their leisure experiences. Although these individuals may participate in other activities, many seem to be socialized into these activities based on the environment in which they live and their family life. In addition to possibly being socialized into these activities, many other factors such as individual personality characteristics may influence why some individuals drift toward alternative sports instead of seeking out the challenges offered in traditional sports.

The second type is considered contemporary alternative sports, which are recreational physical activities performed in a competitive setting with increased risk of serious physical injury and even death (e.g., Eco-challenge, hang gliding, mixed martial arts, mountain biking, sky-dancing/surfing, and whitewater kayaking).

The traditional alternative sports have been quite popular over the years, whereas the contemporary alternative sports are growing in popularity.

Understanding what attracts people to these sports and learning why they persist in them even when the risk of injury and death are high is important.


Classic questions that have confronted sport scholars, journalists, and the general populace are: "What is a sport?" and "Who is an athlete?" [3] . Individuals who participate in mainstream sports (e.g., football, basketball, and tennis) are routinely viewed as athletes. However, the debate of what is a sport and who is an athlete becomes muddied when considering activities typically referred to as alternative sports (e.g., "extreme," "X," and "adventure"). Not only do these activities receive scrutiny for being a sport, but the individuals who participate in them are often viewed differently than those participating in mainstream sports. Therefore, various types of sport activities and the subcultures associated with them will be discussed and specific personality characteristics of those who participate in the representative sports are examined to determine if any differences truly exist.

Classic questions that have confronted sport scholars, journalists, and the general populace are: "What is a sport?" and "Who is an athlete?".


Although the individuals in this study may enjoy participating in other sport-related activities, many seem to have a real affinity toward the sport they train and compete in regularly. Future research is needed to examine various personality characteristics across diverse traditional and alternative sport groups and whether these individuals solely participated in their most preferred sport or had experiences in other types of sports. These studies could reveal whether specific personality differences exist between these sports and whether they are influenced by gender, cultural and ethnic backgrounds, and/or past sports experience. Previous research indicates that males and females may perceive emotions and experience activities differently [30] . Thus, it may be worthwhile to determine if this is also true in for alternative sports. In addition, longitudinal research is needed that examines whether certain characteristics that are common across various sports lead to such positive outcomes as sport performance success, injury prevention and rehabilitation, or sport career transition success.

Previous research indicates that males and females may perceive emotions and experience activities differently.


With the emphasis on "extreme" in most alternative sports, it would be reasonable to assume that individuals who seek an adrenaline rush may gravitate to these types of sports. These athletes are pushing the current expectations of traditional and alternative sports and constantly re-evaluating the definition of an athlete. Several studies have examined personality differences of traditional team sport athletes (e.g., football, basketball, and volleyball) and traditional individual sport athletes (tennis, track and field, and swimming) [7, 8, 9] . Team-sport athletes tend to think in a larger spectrum and incorporate their teammate(s) in their game plan; whereas individual-sport athletes must think in terms of themselves and what their game plan is. Individual-sport athletes are not as concerned about how their actions will affect teammates, because they are on their own [9] .

Several studies have examined personality differences of traditional team sport athletes (e.g., football, basketball, and volleyball) and traditional individual sport athletes (tennis, track and field, and swimming).

Individual-sport athletes are not as concerned about how their actions will affect teammates, because they are on their own.


Past research has examined personality traits and characteristics of individual sport athletes and team sport athletes, high risk and low risk athletes, or traditional sport and alternative/extreme sport athletes [4, 5, 14, 15] . In this study, however, we were interested in separating alternative sports into two categories, traditional alternative sport (bullriders) as compared to contemporary alternative sports (wakeboarders, moto-cross racers, etc.) to determine if different personality traits are associated with the level of risk inherent to the sport. The assumption was that getting on top of a bull and having no control over it would require different personality characteristics than moto-cross racing or wakeboarding where the athlete has some control. Interestingly enough, none of the personality traits examined in this study were found to be significantly different between bullriders and contemporary alternative sport athletes. This study confirmed that bullriders, wakeboarders, moto-cross racers, and downhill skiers (racers) are similar on the five personality traits measured. That is to say, both alternative sport groups appear to exhibit stronger tendencies toward the following traits: reserved, venturesome, self-sufficient, experimental (open to change), and sensation seeking (adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibited, and susceptible to boredom). These results, which are based on the operational definitions developed for this study, are consistent with previous studies examining alternative sport athletes (e.g., alpine skiers, surfers, adventure racers) and suggest that traditional alternative athletes (such as bullriders) may be similar to contemporary alternative sport athletes [4, 5, 14, 15] . The one personality trait where the bullriders seem to be more closely aligned with the traditional sport athletes is Factor I (tough-minded vs. tender-minded). Although not significant, bullriders in the current study scored more toward tender-mindedness, whereas the contemporary alternative sport athletes scored more towards tough-mindedness. Toughmindedness is associated with being more utilitarian, objective, unsentimental, self-reliant, no-nonsense and rough, whereas tender-mindedness is characterized as sensitive, aesthetic, sentimental, intuitive and refined [2] . In previous research, bullriders have been shown to be less shrewd and more positive which could contribute to the tendency toward tendermindedness [10, 13] . Some of the alternative sport athletes have reported being overly confident and invincible which could be associated with their perceptions that they are more tough minded or no-nonsense [6, 17] . Future research should examine this personality trait with a more comprehensive group of alternative sport athletes.

Past research has examined personality traits and characteristics of individual sport athletes and team sport athletes, high risk and low risk athletes, or traditional sport and alternative/extreme sport athletes.

These results, which are based on the operational definitions developed for this study, are consistent with previous studies examining alternative sport athletes (e.g., alpine skiers, surfers, adventure racers) and suggest that traditional alternative athletes (such as bullriders) may be similar to contemporary alternative sport athletes.

Toughmindedness is associated with being more utilitarian, objective, unsentimental, self-reliant, no-nonsense and rough, whereas tender-mindedness is characterized as sensitive, aesthetic, sentimental, intuitive and refined.

In previous research, bullriders have been shown to be less shrewd and more positive which could contribute to the tendency toward tendermindedness.

Some of the alternative sport athletes have reported being overly confident and invincible which could be associated with their perceptions that they are more tough minded or no-nonsense.


Two common traits were found among the three groups of athletes. The first characteristic common to the athletes involved in this study is that they seem to be more venturesome than shy. More specifically, these athletes consider themselves to be more bold and adventurous in social/sport situations rather than being cautious and uneasy in social/sport contexts. The second common trait is that they seem to be more experimental than conservative. In other words, most athletes like to think up new ways of doing things and to pursue new experiences. Previously, emotional stability, remaining calm, patience, and handling adversity have been identified as common traits associated with contemporary alternative sport athletes [5, 15] . These two traits add to the list of common traits among these athletes, expanding the findings to bullriders and traditional sport athletes. The findings may provide sport psychologists, coaches, and trainers with insight into methods and approaches for working with athletes in these types of sports.

Previously, emotional stability, remaining calm, patience, and handling adversity have been identified as common traits associated with contemporary alternative sport athletes.


Furthermore, the fact is stressed that the participants have different expectations with respect to their need to use the target language, for study or professional purposes, which highlights the merits of needs analysis concerning the identification of the learners' needs. On this basis, certain differences among the responses in terms of ranking the students' reasons for using English can be justified. As such, the need is stressed for an ESP course, which addresses the learners' immediate needs as students in the context of the T.E.I. and their long-term needs as postgraduate students or professionals in the accountancy business. It should be noted that this diversity of present and future needs justifies an approach to English for Specific Academic Purposes (ESAP) which is considered as more appropriate for the particular teaching context since it integrates academic skills with subject-specific skills which derive directly from the learners' subject discipline (Jordan, 1997) . Such an approach is expected to facilitate the learners in the process of mastering both academic and subject-specific aspects of the target language as well as motivate them in order to become actively involved in the ESP course.

It should be noted that this diversity of present and future needs justifies an approach to English for Specific Academic Purposes (ESAP) which is considered as more appropriate for the particular teaching context since it integrates academic skills with subject-specific skills which derive directly from the learners' subject discipline.


A large variety of off-line and on-line tar sampling and measurement methods is currently available to determine the amount of the tar in the product gas produced from biomass gasification. Cold solvent trapping (CST) is the conventional off-line method for integral tar sampling based on cold trapping using water condensers and cooling traps; occasionally combined with solvent absorption in impinger bottles and final determination by weight or gas chromatography (GC). The CST method has been improved several times by different organizations [9] [10] [11] [12] . The Biomass Gasification Task Working Group of the International Energy Agency (IEA) has completed an impinger-based, standardized international CEN Technical Specification "Biomass gasification-Tar and Particles in Producer Gases-Sampling and Analysis", which is based on "Tar Guideline" to assist developers and end-users of biomass gasification technologies in measuring tar in the product gas [13] . The solid phase adsorption (SPA) method was developed by the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) to quantify tar species ranging in molecular weight from benzene to coronene, prevailing in product gas produced from biomass gasification within the temperature range from 700 to 1000°C [8, 14] . The favorable features that distinguish the SPA method from the CST method include reliability, speed of sampling, simplicity, accuracy, reproducibility and specificity.

The CST method has been improved several times by different organizations.

The Biomass Gasification Task Working Group of the International Energy Agency (IEA) has completed an impinger-based, standardized international CEN Technical Specification "Biomass gasification-Tar and Particles in Producer Gases-Sampling and Analysis", which is based on "Tar Guideline" to assist developers and end-users of biomass gasification technologies in measuring tar in the product gas.

The solid phase adsorption (SPA) method was developed by the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) to quantify tar species ranging in molecular weight from benzene to coronene, prevailing in product gas produced from biomass gasification within the temperature range from 700 to 1000°C.


Antioxidants are bioactive micro-components present in food, having the ability to retard oxidation. Free radicals have been implicated for aging as well as food and chemical deterioration. Many researchers found that plant polyphenolic compounds scavenge free radicals, thereby protect humans against oxidative damage and diseases (Beecher, 1999; Cicerale et al., 2009; Okawa et al., 2001) . Recently, natural antioxidant α-tocopherol and some synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole and propyl gallate are commonly used to act against free radicals in food and biological systems. However, synthetic antioxidants are under heavy criticism due to their undesirable side effects on human health (Goli et al., 2005) . In order to minimize or eliminate the use of these artificial antioxidants in food, essential oils or plant extracts have been used as natural antioxidants against the proliferation of microorganisms or for protecting food from oxidation (Bubonja-Sonje et al., 2011) . For example, Roselle plant protects against Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-oxidation and has hypolipidemic effects in vivo (Hirunpanich et al., 2006) . In some instances, it is also used to preserve food. There are many reports published on the efficacy of Roselle calyces extract but only limited work has been done on seed extract. The objective of this research was to determine the chemical composition of seed extracts from different solvents. Moreover, in vitro antioxidant assay of seed extract was also performed.

Many researchers found that plant polyphenolic compounds scavenge free radicals, thereby protect humans against oxidative damage and diseases.

However, synthetic antioxidants are under heavy criticism due to their undesirable side effects on human health.

In order to minimize or eliminate the use of these artificial antioxidants in food, essential oils or plant extracts have been used as natural antioxidants against the proliferation of microorganisms or for protecting food from oxidation.

For example, Roselle plant protects against Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-oxidation and has hypolipidemic effects in vivo.


DABCO is bicyclo amine basic in character, so facilitates proton removal from active methylene compounds thereby increases reaction rate yields of annulated pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidinones. We suggest that DABCO is an effective catalyst for the formation of the higher reactive iminium group which is utilized to facilitate Knoevenagel condensation between aryl aldehydes and active methylene compounds, which proceeds via intermediate, undergoes dehydration and finally heterocyclization to produce annulated pyrano[2,3-d]pyramidine derivatives. Table 1 shows the result of a series of representative aromatic aldehydes with active methylene compounds and barbituric acid to yield pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidinones 4a-4j as sole products. DABCO catalyzed synthetic route is easy way to handle, non-corrosive in environmentally benign aqueous media, cheap, nontoxic and commercially available with advantageous high product's selectivity and yields. These formulated pyrano [2,3-d] pyrimidine products as biological agents may become excellent derivatives for globally alarming drug resistance issues in clinically used therapeutics. Table 2 shows the effect of different concentrations of catalyst for the synthesis of 4b in aqueous ethanol at room temperature and it was found 10 mol% of DABCO shows equal or more efficient catalytic activity in terms of reaction times and yields of the product. In the absence of the catalyst, the reaction was rather sluggish and resulted in poor yield (46%) even after 2.5 h time under same reaction conditions, thus confirming DABCO's role as an efficient catalyst. Catalyst gets easily removed by aqueous washing due to its solubility in water; hence no need of further neutralization and work-up is accomplished by simple filtration and recrystallization by ethanol. Prepared derivatives furnish a motivating model for studying the interaction of pyrano [2,3- Further, we have worked on systematic evaluation of different catalysts for the model reaction of benzaldehyde, ethylcyanoacetate and barbituric acid using aqueous ethanol 15 ml (1:1 ratio) as solvent (Table 3) . We found that yield of model product 4b (see manuscript Table 1 ) is 94% using Ntype DABCO catalyst as compared to the other various catalysts such as Et 3 N, DBU, Na 2 CO 3 , NaOH, K 2 CO 3 which is only 57-81%. These results indicated that time taken for the synthesis of model product 4b using DABCO is only 35 min as compared to other catalysts viz Et 3 N, DBU, Na 2 CO 3 , NaOH, K 2 CO 3 which is more 54-127 min (Table 3) . We have found that due to more addition of Et 3 N and DBU catalysts the product formation is very low and the removal of catalysts by simple washing is very difficult. The synthesis of pyrano [2,3-d] pyrimidines is based on two step mechanism such as Knoevenagel-Michael addition reaction. The catalysts like Et 3 N, DBU, Na 2 CO 3 , NaOH, K 2 CO 3 and other catalysts do not show good results for the synthesis of targeted/model 4b compound and such catalysts work more efficiently only in simple Knoveangel condition [4, 22, 25, 28, 31] . The Michael addition of barbituric acid on the synthesized arylidene and the heterocyclization as well as dehydration is not much favorable by using such catalysts due to the presence of the heteroaryl ring, cyano, amino and different substituent groups on the pyranopyrimidine ring. Therefore, we used DABCO as an efficient N-type catalyst as compared to the other various organic and inorganic catalysts for one-pot three component synthesis of pyrano [2,3-d] pyrimidine derivatives.

The catalysts like Et 3 N, DBU, Na 2 CO 3 , NaOH, K 2 CO 3 and other catalysts do not show good results for the synthesis of targeted/model 4b compound and such catalysts work more efficiently only in simple Knoveangel condition.


The swamp antechinus (Antechinus minumus), a small (30-80 g) insectivorous marsupial, exhibits divergent interpopulation features between island and mainland sites . Populations on the mainland of Australia occur at low densities (typically below 10 animals ha -1 ) in coastal localities from Wilsons Promontory in Victoria to Robe in South Australia (Menkhorst 1995; Bachmann and van Weenen 2001; Wilson et al. 2001) . These contrast with high-density populations (often exceeding 100 animals ha -1 ) that occur on small islands in Bass Strait (Wainer 1976; Sale et al. 2006) . Greater survival due to higher food availability on these islands has been proposed as one factor contributing to these large differences in population density (Sale et al. 2006) . However, resource availability for the swamp antechinus has not been calculated nor have comparisons of population features indicative of a resource-rich environment been made (e.g. survival, seasonal mass) for island and mainland habitats.

Populations on the mainland of Australia occur at low densities (typically below 10 animals ha -1 ) in coastal localities from Wilsons Promontory in Victoria to Robe in South Australia.

These contrast with high-density populations (often exceeding 100 animals ha -1 ) that occur on small islands in Bass Strait.

Greater survival due to higher food availability on these islands has been proposed as one factor contributing to these large differences in population density.


Several techniques on bandwidth enhancement of the slot antennas have been reported, such as surface meandering, aperture coupled patches, or near frequency resonators [7] . These techniques increase the bandwidth up to several tens percent. One may think about increasing the substrate height, but this implies the appearance of surface waves, which reduce considerably the antenna efficiency. In this paper, we propose a new circular slot antenna fed by a circular open ended Microstrip line. Experimental prototype is designed, fabricated, and measured. This paper is organized as follow. Section 2 presents the configuration of proposed antenna. Simulation and experimental results are presents in Section 3. Finally, section 4 concludes the paper.

Several techniques on bandwidth enhancement of the slot antennas have been reported, such as surface meandering, aperture coupled patches, or near frequency resonators.

This paper is organized as follow.

Finally, section 4 concludes the paper.


About 40 years ago, Malkus and Howard invented a chaotic waterwheel whose rotational motion exactly follows the Lorenz equations with a geometric parameter of unity, corresponding to an aspect ratio of in RB convection [3, 4] . The chaotic waterwheel randomly reverses its direction of rotation, which is a mechanical realization of the chaotic behavior of X in the Lorenz model. Motivated by the chaotic waterwheel, we have recently developed a chaotic gas turbine that erratically reverses its direction of rotation similarly to the chaotic waterwheel [5, 6] . Our gas turbine simulates the mechanism of RB convection in that buoyancy, viscous drag and thermal dissipation are mechanically simulated by the aerodynamic drag generated on the turbine blades by an air flow, the frictional force generated on the turbine rotor by a thrust bearing and the leakage of the air flow out of the turbine, respectively. As will be shown in this paper, unlike the chaotic waterwheel, the equations of motion of our gas turbine turn out to be an infinite-dimensional system of ordinary differential equations whose nondimensionalized expression is represented by a starlike network of infinitely many Lorenz subsystems sharing the dimensionless angular velocity of the rotor as the central node. The nondimensionalized equations with the number of Lorenz subsystems truncated at N are referred to as augmented Lorenz equations. The temporal fluctuation of the angular velocity of the rotor is reminiscent of the random reversal of large-scale circulation, often called mean wind, in turbulent RB convection at a high Rayleigh number exceeding with an aspect ratio on the order of unity [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] .

About 40 years ago, Malkus and Howard invented a chaotic waterwheel whose rotational motion exactly follows the Lorenz equations with a geometric parameter of unity, corresponding to an aspect ratio of in RB convection.

Motivated by the chaotic waterwheel, we have recently developed a chaotic gas turbine that erratically reverses its direction of rotation similarly to the chaotic waterwheel.

The temporal fluctuation of the angular velocity of the rotor is reminiscent of the random reversal of large-scale circulation, often called mean wind, in turbulent RB convection at a high Rayleigh number exceeding with an aspect ratio on the order of unity.


Recently there are increasing interests in sorption of ions and neutral molecules by surface-modified zeolites (Zhang et al., 2002) . In order to sorb both anions and cations, the modified surface must possess positively and negatively charged exchange sites. A typical zeolite cannot remove or sorb the anion species due to anionic charges of surface. By treating with a cationic surfactant, an organic covering is created on the external zeolite surfaces and the charge is reversed to positive charge. Laboratory batch and column tests show that surface modified zeolite (SMZ) can simultaneously remove both inorganic anions (e.g. chromate) and hydrophobic organics (e.g. chlorinated solvents and fuel components) (Li et al., 1998; Abdel-Ghani et al., 2009) . The most conventional surfactant to surface modification of zeolites is HDTMA (hexadecyltrimethylammonium) , the quaternary amine hexadecyltrimethylammonium cation with a long chain cationic surfactant that possesses a permanent positive charge (Nizam Nik Malek, 2007) .

Recently there are increasing interests in sorption of ions and neutral molecules by surface-modified zeolites.

Laboratory batch and column tests show that surface modified zeolite (SMZ) can simultaneously remove both inorganic anions (e.g. chromate) and hydrophobic organics (e.g. chlorinated solvents and fuel components).

The most conventional surfactant to surface modification of zeolites is HDTMA (hexadecyltrimethylammonium) , the quaternary amine hexadecyltrimethylammonium cation with a long chain cationic surfactant that possesses a permanent positive charge.


We find several examples of crowdsourcing projects focused on history and old maps, such as StaréMapy.cz ("Old Maps" -www.staremapy.cz, available only in Czech). The project aims to catalogue old maps gathered from different map collections in the Czech Republic on the basis of the geo-referencing method (adding coordinates to the metadata). In this project, no special skills are required on the part of the participants: they only need to know how to work with a map (matching at least four places on old and current maps). From 2013 to 2016, users geo-referenced more than 30,000 old maps (StaréMapy.cz, 2016) . It would have been impossible to achieve such results without involving the public.

From 2013 to 2016, users geo-referenced more than 30,000 old maps.


In our investigation of photometer data from the Gillam station of the CANOPUS array we found luminosity oscillations frequently associated with magnetospheric substorms. Detailed statistics of this relationship will be reported later. The primary purpose of this letter has been to present evidence supporting the view that modulation of the substorm associated auroral particle precipitation pattern is due to resonant Alfvén waves which carry parallel electric field. The association of parallel electric fields with Alfvén waves has been noted previously (Hasegawa, 1976; Goertz and Boswell, 1979; Rankin et al., 1997; Keiling et al., 2000) . The data presented here, for the substorm recovery phase on April 1, 2000, support the concept that compressional waves generated during expansive phase onset are resonantly converted at inner and outer boundaries of the plasma sheet to shear Alfvén waves which carry parallel electric field.

The association of parallel electric fields with Alfvén waves has been noted previously.


The main complications in nuclear segmentation are cellular structure (technical, biological) variation or heterogeneity. The techniques for automatic detection and segmentation are based on adaptive thresholding by morphological operator fuzzy clustering, level set based on gradient information and energy minimization function [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Color deconvolution after optimum thresholding, color and texture based hybrid analysis followed by clustering [6, 7] . There are some application combined by above mentioned techniques i.e., iterative radial voting was used to estimate seeds for the location of nuclei and the model interaction between neighboring nuclei with multiphase level set, and in an initial segmentation of nucleus with graph cut is obtained by multi scale detection and result further refined with next iteration of same method [1, [8] [9] [10] . Nuclear segmentation through color decomposition, using the same techniques developed for fluorescence microscopy [11] . Still it is a challenging to effectively address the systematical requirements of tumor histological characterization. Thresholding and clustering re applicable for only constant chromatin content for nuclei in the image. But due to wide variation in chromatin contents problems occurs with overlapping and clumping of the nuclei, also due to tissue thickness, they cannot be segmented properly. The method proposed in focus iterative radial voting on delineation of overlapping nuclei, but seed detection can have failed in the presence of wide variation in the nuclear size, lead to fragmentation [6, 12] .

The techniques for automatic detection and segmentation are based on adaptive thresholding by morphological operator fuzzy clustering, level set based on gradient information and energy minimization function.

Color deconvolution after optimum thresholding, color and texture based hybrid analysis followed by clustering.

There are some application combined by above mentioned techniques i.e., iterative radial voting was used to estimate seeds for the location of nuclei and the model interaction between neighboring nuclei with multiphase level set, and in an initial segmentation of nucleus with graph cut is obtained by multi scale detection and result further refined with next iteration of same method.

Nuclear segmentation through color decomposition, using the same techniques developed for fluorescence microscopy.

The method proposed in focus iterative radial voting on delineation of overlapping nuclei, but seed detection can have failed in the presence of wide variation in the nuclear size, lead to fragmentation.


So far, the empirical literature on growth interdependence and international business cycles has taken into account one or the other form of dependence -but not both. However, identifying correctly the type of cross-sectional dependence at work can be quite important for estimation of and inference on empirical growth models. While details may depend on the specific model under consideration, ignoring strong dependence in the estimation when it is present will generally lead to inconsistent estimates if the omitted common shocks are correlated with the model's regressors (Pesaran and Tosetti (2011) ).

While details may depend on the specific model under consideration, ignoring strong dependence in the estimation when it is present will generally lead to inconsistent estimates if the omitted common shocks are correlated with the model's regressors).


In the 1980s, initial studies relating environmental quality indicators to income were based on the concept of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). The EKC effect is an empirical phenomenon and the main assumption of this concept is that economic growth through time is necessary in order for environmental quality to be maintained. This is an essential part of the sustainable development argument [22] .

This is an essential part of the sustainable development argument.


These ranked results, which are essentially the same as HI alone, suggest that there is an economical influence on the historical formation of neighborhoods. The main lower ranked cluster and its adjacent areas are characterized by a particular and historical behavior in the urban environment development. Vila João Pessoa (between São José and Cel. Aparício Borges) is the first suburban neighborhood, formed around 1940, and developed along with the same sub-standard conditions through decades without adequate planning [80] . Most of Vila João Pessoa population still live in a society with no fixed job, and survive on the collection of waste (industrial waste, plastic bottles). In 2010, the average income of residents of Vila João Pessoa was 3.23 salary units. The average for the entire Porto Alegre city, with the 83 neighborhoods, was 5.3 salary units ranging between 1.84 to 18.24 salary units [80] . On 4 January 2010, the value of 1 salary unit (monthly payment) was on average equivalent to US$296.5 [81] .

Aparício Borges) is the first suburban neighborhood, formed around 1940, and developed along with the same sub-standard conditions through decades without adequate planning.

The average for the entire Porto Alegre city, with the 83 neighborhoods, was 5.3 salary units ranging between 1.84 to 18.24 salary units.

On 4 January 2010, the value of 1 salary unit (monthly payment) was on average equivalent to US$296.5.


The spatial distribution of the districts and villages in the territory of the city, in general, tend to reflect the distribution of the various social segments. Peripheral squatter settlements, either legal or clandestine, devoid of infrastructure, in different parts of the city, can present higher environmental temperature rates due to denser soil occupation. Ultimately, such macro-scale results observed from satellite imagery indicate that there is need for environmental maintenance in the lower ranked neighborhoods. These results indicate that not only the prevailing physically driven conditions in the urban environment but also the social environmental arrangement associated mainly to infrastructure and aesthetically configuration of neighborhoods, is exerting a non-negligible influence on LST distribution. This also suggests that reduced quality of public administration and management policies thorough years has been contributing to the precarious environmental situation of some neighborhoods, which in its turn can also lead to the strengthening of low educational status of individuals [80] .

This also suggests that reduced quality of public administration and management policies thorough years has been contributing to the precarious environmental situation of some neighborhoods, which in its turn can also lead to the strengthening of low educational status of individuals.


Considering the main higher ranked cluster and its adjacent areas, Moinhos de Vento (Windmills) is characterized by a particular historical behavior in the urban environment development. It was formed right after arrival of the Açorianos (migrants from the Açores Islands region, of Portugal), in 1772. The windmills were brought by the Açorianos and had its apogee during the wheat cultivation period. Even so, after 1835, the cultivation in the region was abandoned. Neighborhood development was boosted in 1893 with tram line installation, implemented for public transportation by urban municipality company "Carris". Another driving factor for the Moinhos de Vento development was the construction of hydraulic facilities in the hills of the area, in 1904, which led to the opening of several nearby streets. In the southern border of the neighborhood area the German Hospital took place in 1927, which in 1942 was renamed Hospital Moinhos de Vento [80] . Still today, it is one of the best and most modern city facilities. In 2010, the average income of residents of Moinhos de Vento was 16.05 salary units. Nowadays, it exhibits high-standard conditions and with adequate urban planning maintaining higher well-infrastructured conditions of green spaces and residential areas. Such results suggest that the economic resulting geolocation is a function of a veiled and underlying sectoring of city areas which, by its turn, promotes an environmentally unsustainable configuration of sub-urban areas but which is not directly related to imperviousness, vegetation coverage, soil exposure or lot size.

In the southern border of the neighborhood area the German Hospital took place in 1927, which in 1942 was renamed Hospital Moinhos de Vento.


Multiword expressions (MWEs) are widely used in written language as well as in colloquial speech. An MWE is composed of two or more words that together form a single unit of meaning, e.g., frying pan, take a stroll, and kick the bucket. Most MWEs behave like any phrase composed of multiple words, e.g., their components may be separated, as in She took a relaxing stroll along the beach. Nonetheless, MWEs are distinct from multiword phrases because they involve some degree of semantic idiosyncrasy, i.e., the overall meaning of an MWE diverges from the combined contribution of its constituent parts. Because of their frequency and their peculiar behaviour, MWEs pose a great challenge to the creation of natural language processing (NLP) systems (Sag et al., 2002) . NLP applications, such as semantic parsing and machine translation should not only identify MWEs, but also should know how to treat them when they are encountered.

Because of their frequency and their peculiar behaviour, MWEs pose a great challenge to the creation of natural language processing (NLP) systems.


R. laevigata Michx is a famous medicinal plant in China, and its fruit is widely used as the invigorator, paregoric and astringent. Now chemical and pharmacological researches have demonstrated that this medicinal plant can cure hyperpiesia, chronic cough, and dermatogic disease, as well as inhibit experimental arterial sclerosis [8] . Flavonoids are primarily considered as the pig-ments responsible for the autumnal burst of hues and many shades of yellow, orange and red in flowers and food. The flavonoids have long been applied to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiallergic, hepatoprotective, antithrombotic, antiviral and anticarcinogenic activities [9] [10] [11] . Up to now, the report about the antioxidant activity and hypolipidemic activity of the flavonids from this medicinal plant fruit was not discovered.

Now chemical and pharmacological researches have demonstrated that this medicinal plant can cure hyperpiesia, chronic cough, and dermatogic disease, as well as inhibit experimental arterial sclerosis.

The flavonoids have long been applied to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiallergic, hepatoprotective, antithrombotic, antiviral and anticarcinogenic activities.


Elevated blood triglyceride and cholesterol, especially low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), is a major risk factor in development of cardiovascular disease [31] . It is well-known that cholesterol is a fatty substance which is important to the membrane of cells in the animal body. TC is a measure of the total amount of all cholesterol in blood at a given time and is the sum of HDL-C, LDL-C. TG composed of three fatty acids and glycerol. Liking cholesterol, they circulate in blood, but are stored in body fat and used when body needs extra energy. HDL-C removes excess cholesterol from arteries and moves it to liver for further processing or to be eliminated from the body. The higher serum HDL-C is the better. Therefore, the HDL-C is called ''good'' cholesterol. It also plays a key role in the protection against oxidative damage of membrane. LDL-C contributes to buildup of fat deposits in the arteries (atherosclerosis), which can cause decreased blood flow and head attack. So it is always called ''bad'' cholesterol, and a less levels are desirable. The value of AI indicates the deposition of foam cells or plaque or fatty infiltration or lipids in heart, coronaries, aorta, liver and kidney. In this study, TC, TG and LDL-C levels significantly increased in the hyperlipemic animals fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks, but with no significantly decreased in HDL-C level (Table  1 ). All these results showed that the mouse hyperlipemic model was established successfully by feeding a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. After the experiment, the animals administration of fenofibrate and TFs were all exhibited a decrease tendency (p < 0.05). As to the data of HDL-C in the experiment, there was also a remarkable increase of the serum HDL-C levels in the mouse fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks. The increase of 'good' cholesterol does not mean high-fat diet is favorable to serum lipid profile levels, because the increase of 'good' probably does not surpass that of 'bad', which has negative effects on lipid-lowering. In summary, the administration of TFs could decrease the serum levels of TC, TG and LDL-C.

Elevated blood triglyceride and cholesterol, especially low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), is a major risk factor in development of cardiovascular disease.

The higher serum HDL-C is the better.


Hyperlipemia is the largest endocrine disease in the world, involving metabolic disorders of carbohydrate, fat and protein. Therefore, it is necessary to search for new drugs that can be used to amendment this metabolic disorder without any side effect. Oxidative stress is currently suggested as a mechanism underlying hyperlipemia, which is one of the major risk factors for coronary artery diseases [21] . In our study, the TFs with high flavonoids showed a good antioxidant activity in vitro, which encouraged us to check the antioxidant activity in vivo in hyperlipemic mice. MDA, one of the lipid peroxidation products, could make the deomosine between the cellulose molecular relax or inhibit protein synthesis. The hepatic MDA level significantly improved in hyperlipemia animals. In the present experiment, the MDA level was significantly decreased in mouse fed with TFs. These findings are in accordance with those of other investigators [22] .

Oxidative stress is currently suggested as a mechanism underlying hyperlipemia, which is one of the major risk factors for coronary artery diseases.

These findings are in accordance with those of other investigators.


We investigated the effect of two trematode parasites, C. parvum and Microphallus sp., on the behaviour of their second intermediate amphipod host (Paracalliope fluviatilis) in a behavioural syndrome framework. Three activity-related behavioural tests were conducted: phototaxis (response to light), horizontal activity, and vertical distribution. It should be noted that this study did not investigate behavioural syndromes as such, but examined parasite host manipulation in a behavioural syndrome framework. This framework focuses on the correlations between, and repeatabilities within suites of behavioural traits (Sih et al., 2004) . Although the experimental infection of laboratory-bred amphipods would ultimately be needed, valuable insights into how parasites affect the correlations and repeatabilities of behavioural characters of their hosts were obtained. We encourage future studies on parasitic manipulations of hosts to employ a behavioural syndrome framework to achieve greater insight into this phenomenon.

This framework focuses on the correlations between, and repeatabilities within suites of behavioural traits.


The present study examines parasite manipulation of hosts in a behavioural syndrome framework. Here, we investigated consistency of and correlations among multiple activity-related host traits, in a system where parasites are transmitted by predation. The study system consists of two species of trematode parasites, Coitocaecum parvum (family Opecoelidae) and an undescribed species of the genus Microphallus (family Microphallidae) referred to as Microphallus sp., and their intermediate host, the freshwater amphipod Paracalliope fluviatilis. One of these parasites, Microphallus sp., is known to alter the behaviour of its crustacean host in ways that make it more susceptible to predation , whereas the other parasite, C. parvum, appears incapable of host manipulation (Poulin, 2001) . The aim of our work was to examine how parasite infection changes the correlation between three host behavioural traits (phototaxis, horizontal movement and vertical distribution) and the repeatability of these traits. We are well aware of the limitations of our findings, which are observational rather than experimental. Therefore, even when we observe that infected hosts show different patterns of correlation and repeatability from uninfected hosts, we cannot make a causal link between infection and behavioural changes. It is quite possible that innate behavioural differences of hosts can make particular hosts more susceptible to parasite infections as shown in the aforementioned study (Wilson et al., 1993) .

One of these parasites, Microphallus sp., is known to alter the behaviour of its crustacean host in ways that make it more susceptible to predation , whereas the other parasite, C. parvum, appears incapable of host manipulation.

It is quite possible that innate behavioural differences of hosts can make particular hosts more susceptible to parasite infections as shown in the aforementioned study.


A two-level factorial design was adopted in this study for a complete understanding of the effects of pH, spacer, glutaraldehyde and enzyme concentration in the immobilization procedure, and their possible interactions. This method is ideal for the identification of the vital variables that significantly affect the immobilization process and has been applied successfully to study and optimize a different number of biocatalytic and bioseparation processes [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . The major advantage of studying the influence of several parameters by means of factorial design methodology is to distinguish possible interactions among factors, which would not be possible by classical experimental methods, such as the one-factor-at-a-time approach [31] .

This method is ideal for the identification of the vital variables that significantly affect the immobilization process and has been applied successfully to study and optimize a different number of biocatalytic and bioseparation processes.

The major advantage of studying the influence of several parameters by means of factorial design methodology is to distinguish possible interactions among factors, which would not be possible by classical experimental methods, such as the one-factor-at-a-time approach.


After the immobilization procedure and according to the variations of the factors imposed by the design (Table 2) , the activity of the immobilized laccase was measured as previously described. As expected, the immobilized enzyme presented absolute activity values lower than those obtained for the free enzyme, presenting also a slower kinetics (data not shown) for the oxidation of the soluble substrate ABTS. This evidence can be explained by the mass transfer limitations of the substrate. In this system, where the enzyme is covalently incorporated onto a nylon matrix, the consumption of substrate and the release of the product resulting from enzymatic activity to the aqueous medium, is limited by external and internal constrains that can be related with the steric hindrance effect of the woven nylon support [9] . Therefore, the activity of the immobilized laccase on woven nylon depends on several variables such as: area distribution of immobilized enzyme, level of support activation, density of enzyme binding sites, the surface charge, the hydrophilicity of the support, the bulk mass transfer and local diffusion of the system [9] . The polymeric microenvironment and the covalent interactions connecting the biocatalyst to the support usually lead to a reduction in the enzyme mobility. Despite these drawbacks, the half-life time of immobilized laccase could be improved when compared with the free enzyme. The inclusion of a spacer, 1,6-hexanediamine, was essential to improve enzyme conformational flexibility and enhance enzymatic activity. Table 2 shows the designed experiment matrix, together with the experimental results. Regression analysis was performed to fit the response functions (half-life time, HLT; protein retention, PR and immobilization yield, IY) with the experimental data ( Table 3) .

In this system, where the enzyme is covalently incorporated onto a nylon matrix, the consumption of substrate and the release of the product resulting from enzymatic activity to the aqueous medium, is limited by external and internal constrains that can be related with the steric hindrance effect of the woven nylon support.

Therefore, the activity of the immobilized laccase on woven nylon depends on several variables such as: area distribution of immobilized enzyme, level of support activation, density of enzyme binding sites, the surface charge, the hydrophilicity of the support, the bulk mass transfer and local diffusion of the system.


Laccases are multi-copper oxidase proteins that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various aromatic and non-aromatic compounds by a radical-catalyzed reaction mechanism [17, 18] . The low substrate specificity of these enzymes, associated with their good intrinsic stability properties, has prompted interest for application in biobleaching, wastewater treatment, dye decolourization, cathode fuel cells and biosensors [12, 19, 20] . Immobilization can protect laccase from denaturation by organic solvents, extend its half-life time and allows enzyme reuse in several reaction cycles [20] [21] [22] .

Laccases are multi-copper oxidase proteins that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various aromatic and non-aromatic compounds by a radical-catalyzed reaction mechanism.

The low substrate specificity of these enzymes, associated with their good intrinsic stability properties, has prompted interest for application in biobleaching, wastewater treatment, dye decolourization, cathode fuel cells and biosensors.

Immobilization can protect laccase from denaturation by organic solvents, extend its half-life time and allows enzyme reuse in several reaction cycles.


Enzymes are usually stable when stored at low temperatures and neutral pHs in aqueous media. Generally, they are soluble and consequently can only be used once in free solutions [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . The application of immobilization processes allows that enzymes can be recovered from solution and reused. Moreover, the enzyme stability can usually be enhanced as well as the ability to run a process on a continuous basis [1, 3] .

Generally, they are soluble and consequently can only be used once in free solutions.

Moreover, the enzyme stability can usually be enhanced as well as the ability to run a process on a continuous basis.


The main factor concentration of crosslinker was significant only for PR. This response also presented as significant the amount of enzyme added, both showing negative effects. Glutaraldehyde is an effective crosslinker of proteins, able to link the amino groups of the enzyme to the fabric and moreover it can promote self-oligomerization reactions [13] . If the nylon surface is saturated with enzyme and crosslinker, the recovery will be lower, as the study confirms.

Glutaraldehyde is an effective crosslinker of proteins, able to link the amino groups of the enzyme to the fabric and moreover it can promote self-oligomerization reactions.


The application of a heterogeneous biocatalysis via immobilization can lead to a reduction of downstream processing costs and the solid biocatalyst can be reusable. Moreover, the laccase showed a high ability to be used as biocatalyst and its immobilization onto woven nylon presents new insights about future applications. The laccase immobilization onto nylon matrices seems to be a promising system for bioremediation of contaminated soils, wastewater treatment, wine and other beverages stabilization. Nylon woven can also probably be applied as support of laccase, used on biosensors applications [39] .

Nylon woven can also probably be applied as support of laccase, used on biosensors applications.


Manas was believed to harbour good populations of tiger, rhino and swamp deer prior to the conflict [19] . In the absence of scientifically reliable empirical studies on the animal populations before and after the conflict, it was difficult to assess its impact on wildlife population of Manas. To overcome this limitation, we compared the densities of the animals in Manas from the present study with other conflict-free PAs of the Indian subcontinent. Notwithstanding the limitations of this approach viz. not controlling for other forms of anthropogenic and habitat differences, we nevertheless expected the prey densities to provide clues to the probable tiger densities of Manas. That is because the primary driver for tiger density is their prey density [20] . The severe conflict in Manas could have reduced prey numbers, which would then be much lower than in other PAs with high tiger densities. On the other hand, if prey densities are high in Manas, selective poaching of economically important species like tiger and leopard may have occurred during the conflict period.

Manas was believed to harbour good populations of tiger, rhino and swamp deer prior to the conflict.

That is because the primary driver for tiger density is their prey density.


Furthermore, MPM is a relatively rare and heterogeneous disease. The tumor comprises different histological subtypes: epithelioid, sarcomatoid, and mixed (or biphasic), each of which are prognostically different. Recent pathologic studies have identified new prognostic factors like the pleomorphic type, which is considered a subtype of epithelioid mesothelioma, but has a prognosis similar to that of sarcomatoid MPM [6] . Furthermore, stratification for nuclear grade, determined by nuclear atypia and mitotic count, enabled discrimination between three prognostic groups in a series of 323 MPM cases [7] . Predictive biomarkers on the contrary, have not been identified. To date, no biomarker has proven to be sufficiently robust to apply in routine clinical practice. All of the above complicate validation of new therapeutic strategies in adequately powered randomized clinical trials.

Recent pathologic studies have identified new prognostic factors like the pleomorphic type, which is considered a subtype of epithelioid mesothelioma, but has a prognosis similar to that of sarcomatoid MPM.

Furthermore, stratification for nuclear grade, determined by nuclear atypia and mitotic count, enabled discrimination between three prognostic groups in a series of 323 MPM cases.


This study represents the first attempt to test the general hypotheses that an organization's innovation performance is influenced by 'fit', which is defined as the extent to which an organization's culture profile matches its innovation strategy. Based on configuration theory, we apply the fit as a 'profile deviation' approach to explore the fit between organizational culture and innovation strategy, and how this fit is associated with innovation speed and innovation quality. The results offer insights into the specific configuration between multiple components of innovation strategy and organizational culture. The results about the profiles of the ideal organizational culture indicated that the top-performing organizations of each innovation strategic group have distinctive configurations of organizational culture. This finding is consistent with previous propositions regarding cultural differences between organizations implementing different innovation strategies [9] .

This finding is consistent with previous propositions regarding cultural differences between organizations implementing different innovation strategies.


Innovation strategy that outlines how organizations intend to achieve their innovative goals is critical for organizations to attain competitive advantage [1] . However, organizations have increasingly realized that it is easier to formulate innovation strategy than how to implement it. The way organizations sense and behave towards the environment has been identified as an important cause of difficulty in implementing innovation strategy [2] . The literature suggests that to enable innovation strategy implementation and achieve superior innovation performance, organizations should combine their shared norms and values with the strategy requirement [3] . This indicates that the fit between innovation strategy and organizational culture is critical for effective and efficient implementation of innovation strategy [4] . However, many organizations are still facing the difficult challenges of managing organizational culture in ways that successfully enable innovation strategy implementation [5] . Although this issue is of great theoretical and practical importance, the current understanding about how organizational culture should be managed to facilitate innovation strategy implementation and how this affects innovation performance is still limited.

Innovation strategy that outlines how organizations intend to achieve their innovative goals is critical for organizations to attain competitive advantage.

The way organizations sense and behave towards the environment has been identified as an important cause of difficulty in implementing innovation strategy.

The literature suggests that to enable innovation strategy implementation and achieve superior innovation performance, organizations should combine their shared norms and values with the strategy requirement.

This indicates that the fit between innovation strategy and organizational culture is critical for effective and efficient implementation of innovation strategy.

However, many organizations are still facing the difficult challenges of managing organizational culture in ways that successfully enable innovation strategy implementation.


The ideogram showed higher variation in the γ and ω gliadins than in the α and β gliadins (Figure 1 ). This may be either due to greater staining intensity of the α and β gliadins, or the separation of these proteins may not be complete in a 1-D electrophoresis system (Sewa et al., 2005) . Although care was taken to separate all the bands, more than one protein may be present in a band in the region.

This may be either due to greater staining intensity of the α and β gliadins, or the separation of these proteins may not be complete in a 1-D electrophoresis system.


Every year, the number of visually impaired persons is increasing due to eye diseases diabetes, traffic accidents and other causes. There are about 200,000 persons with acquired blindness in Japan. Therefore computer applications that provide support to the visually impaired persons have become an important theme. We have already developed a pen-based character input system for blind persons using a PDA [1] . On this system, people with acquired blindness remember the shape and writing order of Japanese characters and they can use this system as a notepad and as an E-mail terminal anytime, anywhere. This application essentially works as communication tool. However, such a device does not solve all of the problems encountered by a blind person willing to go outside unaccompanied.

We have already developed a pen-based character input system for blind persons using a PDA.


In calculating the color rendering properties, the test light source is compared with a reference light source. The reference light source is usually selected from incandescent light bulb (black body radiation) or CIE D series (day light), depending on the color temperature of the test light source [5] . The spectra of the reference light sources are very broad. These light sources can reveal a full range of colors without distortion, hence making the color of the illuminated object appear natural.

The reference light source is usually selected from incandescent light bulb (black body radiation) or CIE D series (day light), depending on the color temperature of the test light source.


The order of atrophy progression in the EBM for most regions was similar between PPMS and CIS/relapse-onset MS. This may support the evidence from histological studies that the pathological processes are regionally consistent between early RRMS and progressive MS (SPMS and PPMS) (Mahad et al., 2015) . Our results showed that areas with an early atrophy according to the EBM were the posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, thalamus and brainstem in both groups, thereby extending the results of previous studies, which have limited their investigation to specific MS subtypes (Gilmore et al., 2009; Audoin et al., 2010; Steenwijk et al., 2016) . When all patients were included together, the insula, the accumbens and the caudate were predicted as becoming atrophic early on.

This may support the evidence from histological studies that the pathological processes are regionally consistent between early RRMS and progressive MS (SPMS and PPMS).

Our results showed that areas with an early atrophy according to the EBM were the posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, thalamus and brainstem in both groups, thereby extending the results of previous studies, which have limited their investigation to specific MS subtypes.


Researchers evaluate behavior analytic procedures in the natural environment with different populations; however, researchers have evaluated most of these procedures using single subject designs, which while excellent for determining if change occurred, make it difficult to track the overall comparison to non-referred or normal peers of the subject. On the other hand, behavior analytic procedures evaluated in group-designs, fail to estimate the practical consequences of treatment for the individual consumer (Kendall, 1999; Saunders, Howard, & Newman, 1988) . We believe that this study overcomes some of the questions for overall effectiveness. We believe that it would be good for future studies, which incorporate single subject designs to give reference group measures such as using standardized behavioral assessment instruments or in education criterion referenced tests such as achievement tests.

On the other hand, behavior analytic procedures evaluated in group-designs, fail to estimate the practical consequences of treatment for the individual consumer.


University life is one of the most fun and exciting phase of young adulthood. It is a place where students gain opportunity to educational as well as intellectual growth. Unfortunately, young adults seem to be having difficulty in handling life. Students encounter a lot of challenges in their daily life hence the idea of a vibrant university life is disclosed by these challenges which contribute to stress (Pariat et al., 2014) . Many of them face hardship and difficulties in their studies and working life. For some university students, stress has become a way of living. Students are often challenged with many different personal and interpersonal challenges and the disability of these students to embrace the challenges and demands in university has turned into one of the most common reasons for students to withdraw from their tertiary education (Gerdes & Mallinckrodt as cited in Abdullah, Elias, Uli & Mahyuddin, 2010, p. 378).

Students encounter a lot of challenges in their daily life hence the idea of a vibrant university life is disclosed by these challenges which contribute to stress.


It can be said that most of the students who attend university face a lot of pressure in terms of workload, stress from family, friends and lecturers to work regularly and properly, to maintain their good quality work and also to complete their assignments on time without fail (Irshad, Saleem & Mahmood, 2015) . These undergraduates are considered to be a fortunate generation because they are able to attend university, nevertheless it is time we face reality that these undergraduates are the ones who go through continuous stress due to changes and survival during their period of study in university. All of these stressors may put university students at a greater risk in developing some problems (Hung, 2011) . The main purpose of this study is to investigate the stress level and the coping strategies that students use to deal and handle with the situations and resolve the issues.

It can be said that most of the students who attend university face a lot of pressure in terms of workload, stress from family, friends and lecturers to work regularly and properly, to maintain their good quality work and also to complete their assignments on time without fail.

All of these stressors may put university students at a greater risk in developing some problems.


However, as we try to generalize the result over a complete intersection, the original proof cannot be applied in this generality. The properties of complete intersections and the formula itself suggest that we apply an argument similar to the one used in Roberts' proof of the vanishing theorem. This will be discussed in the third section. We further prove the formula for a Gorenstein ring of dimension ≤ 5. This is also inspired by the vanishing theorem under the same condition [12] .

This is also inspired by the vanishing theorem under the same condition.


Finally, our cases are likely relevant for debates in comparative industrial relations. Despite global decline in union membership, the cases suggest that unions are not institutional dinosaurs helplessly dying out. Instead, they can use gaps in welfare state provision as a 'ladder' to overcome the 'snakes' of the post-industrial age (Crouch, 2000) . Welfare state restructuring does indeed offer unions opportunities to become important players in welfare provision. Even more, these opportunities may be congruent with 'coalition building' strategies (Frege and Kelly, 2004: 35) to reach broader constituencies and revitalise membership (Clegg and Van Wijnbergen, in this issue). These opportunities do come with strings attached. They carry the possibility of increased frictions with governments, while their reach of coverage is not near the universalism of welfare state. Nevertheless, we seek to point out that in the face of welfare retrenchment and membership decline, unions have not merely been on the defensive; they have proved resilient, taking novel initiatives to prove their continuous usefulness. That they are then seen as a threat by policymakers can be read as indirect evidence for their success.

Instead, they can use gaps in welfare state provision as a 'ladder' to overcome the 'snakes' of the post-industrial age.


Until recently, plasmonic waveguide junctions have been modeled with the finite-difference timedomain (FDTD) technique or by employing analytic expressions with parameters calculated numerically. Due to the small wavelength of SPPs and the associated simulation grid size, these tools become extremely time-consuming and, therefore, impractical when applied to optimization problems. In order to facilitate handling such problems, we originally developed a pure analytic model of SPP transmission through MDM waveguides coupled to an arbitrary number of perpendicular stubs [33] . The model allows one to rapidly and precisely simulate the transmission spectra of plasmonic filters, in the event that the waveguide and stubs have the same thickness. The aim of the present work is to adapt this model for description of MDM waveguide junctions in the presence of resonant cavities and use its new version to optimize the parameters of the cavities and suppress reflection from the junctions.

In order to facilitate handling such problems, we originally developed a pure analytic model of SPP transmission through MDM waveguides coupled to an arbitrary number of perpendicular stubs.


A number of limitations of this study should be noted. First, we had a refusal rate of 40%. This rate, which is current in recent French general population surveys, could be differential regarding to some sunbed use characteristics, and in this case could influence our results. However, we expect this bias is limited because the person surveyed was randomly selected and we can assume that this refusal response was randomly distributed in the population. Second, this study characterizes only the beliefs and practices about tanning bed use, but we did not include data on physical exposure to artificial UV (UV intensity combined with exposure time). In fact, the artificial UV tanning sector has been expanding for several years in many European countries. Although it is less developed in France, this market has shown signs of significant growth over the last ten years (increase in the number of devices available and increase in the number of specialized centers) [17] . Professionals in this sector are leading a very active communication campaign to attract new and increasingly younger clients, based on non-scientifically proven information. Many popular misconceptions are spread among the population such as ''exposure to artificial UV radiation helps to prepare the skin for the sun and prevent sunburns'' or the role of artificial UV in fighting vitamin D deficiencies. Any reference to a beneficial effect for health is prohibited by law (' Article 12 du décret n°97-617 du 30 mai 1997'). Yet, such information is commonly spread via internet and in many articles addressed to the general public. Moreover, European standard for cosmetic sunbeds, EN 60 335-2-27, states that information regarding risks of sunbed use shall be part of the users instruction [18] . These results suggest public health policies efforts in this way.

First, we had a refusal rate of 40%.

Although it is less developed in France, this market has shown signs of significant growth over the last ten years (increase in the number of devices available and increase in the number of specialized centers).

Moreover, European standard for cosmetic sunbeds, EN 60 335-2-27, states that information regarding risks of sunbed use shall be part of the users instruction.


Chest X-ray investigation is recommended soon after a cough to shorten delays in diagnosis and treatment of smear negative pulmonary TB in PLHIV [1, 24] . In our study, 64.8% of the patients performed a chest X-ray, of which one in three was abnormal. Abnormalities were associated with empirical treatment for TB and were a predictor of death, again in our view, indicating a higher likelihood of tuberculosis.

Chest X-ray investigation is recommended soon after a cough to shorten delays in diagnosis and treatment of smear negative pulmonary TB in PLHIV.


Developing a building in cold climate for year-round energy supply for crop cultivation encounters significant challenges. These challenges include ensuring a sufficient level of lighting and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to maintain a healthy photosynthesis for plants' growth, while maintaining optimal climatic conditions [3] . These conditions are not easy to meet in high latitude, cold climate regions. For instance, Edmonton (Alberta, Canada) has few daylight hours and low angle solar radiation for half of the year, both of which restrict receiving sufficient sunlight to support yearlong agriculture. Moreover, outdoor air required for proper ventilation has low temperatures over long time periods, necessitating thus a substantial amount of energy to bring it to an acceptable temperature.

These challenges include ensuring a sufficient level of lighting and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to maintain a healthy photosynthesis for plants' growth, while maintaining optimal climatic conditions.