Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic salts, normally with low melting points (below 100°C , which allows the researchers to design an IL possessing desired properties. Low vapour pressure (close to zero), thermal stability, and ability to dissolve both organic and inorganic compounds are the key properties that make ILs perfect solvents in many membrane processes. ILs are generally non-flammable, thermally stable and selective, which in most cases further broadens the range of their possible applications. They can also be quite easily recycled after regeneration, which is most commonly done by distillation. These features make ILs an attractive alternative to the conventional volatile organic solvents (VOCs) [12] [13] [14] .

These features make ILs an attractive alternative to the conventional volatile organic solvents (VOCs).


The creation of a successful company video script deserves a well-structured and focused preparatory elaboration, and should be based on the companies' strategy of marketing communication [49] . It can be assumed that the topic of a video script as a 'one sentence story' is determined by the mission and vision of the company while its content should be about how the targeted environment will look like after the company has achieved its goals. Corporate video and one-page strategic plan (OPSP), as pictured communication forms are very appropriate in the era of social media power to spread information rapidly, or in the other words, they have the shape that is appropriate for the "world of mouth" [50] .

The creation of a successful company video script deserves a well-structured and focused preparatory elaboration, and should be based on the companies' strategy of marketing communication.

Corporate video and one-page strategic plan (OPSP), as pictured communication forms are very appropriate in the era of social media power to spread information rapidly, or in the other words, they have the shape that is appropriate for the "world of mouth".


Generally, it can be stated that CSR is a company's 'philosophy' that influences all its major business activities and is an integral part of the corporate strategy. Many scholars have tried to define the concept of CSR, but a unified definition is still missing [18] . According to the European Commission (EC), CSR can be defined as the responsibility of enterprises for their impact on the society. In other documents by the EC, we can read that CSR is a "concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis" [19] . The basic idea of CSR is to investigate how enterprises integrate stakeholder interests with social values to consolidate the relationship between the organization and society [20] .

Many scholars have tried to define the concept of CSR, but a unified definition is still missing.

In other documents by the EC, we can read that CSR is a "concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis".

The basic idea of CSR is to investigate how enterprises integrate stakeholder interests with social values to consolidate the relationship between the organization and society.


CSR is important for the sustainability, competitiveness, and innovation of enterprises [21] . The definitions presented indicate that the concept of CSR is about integrating the triple bottom line: social, economic, and the environmental dimensions in a multi-stakeholder dialogue on a voluntary basis [11] . The issue of CSR is becoming more and more important to business organizations. This can be ascribed to several reasons, including the fact that CSR is an instrument that improves the image and reputation of the company, and can be used as a way of legitimizing the company's actions [2] . Companies that adapt CSR values are able to attract and retain best talents, brand image and employee morale and hence can develop such intangible assets into strategic advantages [11] . Consistently with these findings, a growing body of academic research attests to the wide range of business benefits that a company can reap from its engagement in CSR [3] .

CSR is important for the sustainability, competitiveness, and innovation of enterprises.

The definitions presented indicate that the concept of CSR is about integrating the triple bottom line: social, economic, and the environmental dimensions in a multi-stakeholder dialogue on a voluntary basis.

This can be ascribed to several reasons, including the fact that CSR is an instrument that improves the image and reputation of the company, and can be used as a way of legitimizing the company's actions.

Companies that adapt CSR values are able to attract and retain best talents, brand image and employee morale and hence can develop such intangible assets into strategic advantages.

Consistently with these findings, a growing body of academic research attests to the wide range of business benefits that a company can reap from its engagement in CSR.


Many problems in machine learning involve sequences of real-valued multivariate observations. To model the statistical properties of such data, it is often sensible to assume each observation to be correlated to the value of an underlying latent variable, or state, that is evolving over the course of the sequence. In the case where the state is real-valued and the noise terms are assumed to be Gaussian, the resulting model is called a linear dynamical system (LDS), also known as a Kalman Filter [1] . LDSs are an important tool for modeling time series in engineering, controls and economics as well as the physical and social sciences.

In the case where the state is real-valued and the noise terms are assumed to be Gaussian, the resulting model is called a linear dynamical system (LDS), also known as a Kalman Filter.


Due to demands for increasing levels of realism, many interactive computer graphics applications such as computer games, virtual reality, and animation require both reasonably high resolution to represent the geometric details of real objects, and high performance for achieving realtime interactivity. In general, object modeling can be categorized with a physically based modeling and a non-physically based modeling technique. Non-physically based modeling mainly deals with the visual component of the modeling. It is typically focused on the detailed geometric information of objects. On the other hand, a physically based modeling technique emphasizes the dynamic and physical nature of an object behavior under various external influences. It can provide increasing levels of realism for real world deformable 3D [1] . The prevailing issue in deformable object modeling is the conflicting goals between higher physical and dynamic realism on densely meshed objects and achieving faster computation at the same time.

It can provide increasing levels of realism for real world deformable 3D.


Waste-activated sludge (WAS) is formed at a consistent rate during the treatment of wastewater, representing around 30% (w/w) of the chemical oxygen demand (COD)-load of waste water treatment plants (WWTP) [1] . To minimise odor, volume, disposal costs and biological activity of the sludge and to harvest energy, WAS is often used at WWTP to produce biogas. This methane-rich gas is used to supply heat and electricity for the wastewater treatment process and buildings. Although the biodegradability of WAS by anaerobic digestion varies with certain characteristics such as COD:TOC ratio, carbohydrate, protein and lipid concentrations, the biogas yield is generally relatively low with 50-200 L CH4 kg volatile solids(VS) -1 compared to 600-800 L CH4 kg VS -1 for municipal organic waste [2] [3] [4] . Pre-treatment of this substrate, however, shows great advantages and may allow an immediate and distinct increase in methane yields [3] .

Waste-activated sludge (WAS) is formed at a consistent rate during the treatment of wastewater, representing around 30% (w/w) of the chemical oxygen demand (COD)-load of waste water treatment plants (WWTP).

Although the biodegradability of WAS by anaerobic digestion varies with certain characteristics such as COD:TOC ratio, carbohydrate, protein and lipid concentrations, the biogas yield is generally relatively low with 50-200 L CH4 kg volatile solids(VS) -1 compared to 600-800 L CH4 kg VS -1 for municipal organic waste.

Pre-treatment of this substrate, however, shows great advantages and may allow an immediate and distinct increase in methane yields.


Alkaline PT, however, breaks down cell walls through saponification and leads to release of soluble COD and higher biodegradability of the substrate [5] . Its drawbacks are enhanced corrosion of the equipment and the need for a neutralization step if leading to a final pH [8 in order not to harm the microbial community and to inhibit the fermentation [12] . Furthermore, the surplus of alkalinity supports acidogenic reactions (nitrification) if process waters are returned to the activated sludge process [13] .

Alkaline PT, however, breaks down cell walls through saponification and leads to release of soluble COD and higher biodegradability of the substrate.

Its drawbacks are enhanced corrosion of the equipment and the need for a neutralization step if leading to a final pH [8 in order not to harm the microbial community and to inhibit the fermentation.

Furthermore, the surplus of alkalinity supports acidogenic reactions (nitrification) if process waters are returned to the activated sludge process.


In the last 35 years, a large range of temperatures as well as NaOH concentrations have been tested (cf. Table 1) and showed highly variable results due to differing conditions. Most of these studies, however, do not account for side effects like increased energy input that will decrease the net energy output or overall cost alteration, but focus on biogas production only. Therefore, usually the highest tested values have been declared to be the optimum temperatures or NaOH-concentrations. Regarding the reaction time, ranges from 10 min to 48 h have been applied. It has been shown that the efficiency increases with pre-treatment time, but that 60-71% of the 24 h-solubilisation of COD was achieved during the first 30 min of heating [18] .

It has been shown that the efficiency increases with pre-treatment time, but that 60-71% of the 24 h-solubilisation of COD was achieved during the first 30 min of heating.


Vertical two-phase flows are usually classified into four basic flow regimes [1] [2] [3] . A gradual increment in the gas flow rate consecutively produces the bubbly, slug, churn, and annular flow patterns while an upward liquid flow in a vertical pipe with a constant liquid flow rate is considered. The main difference between slug and churn flow is that the turbulence and vibrations in churn flow are much higher than the slug flow. Identification of gas-liquid two-phase flow regime may be performed by each of the two main methodologies namely: direct observation (such as visual method and high-speed photography), and extraction of characteristic variables from signals of the two-phase flow [4] . Pressure and pressure drop signals are acquired easily in most cases and were thus widely used as the main signals for flow pattern identification and the fractal method was applied to analyze the signals to identify flow regimes.

Vertical two-phase flows are usually classified into four basic flow regimes.

Identification of gas-liquid two-phase flow regime may be performed by each of the two main methodologies namely: direct observation (such as visual method and high-speed photography), and extraction of characteristic variables from signals of the two-phase flow.


In this section, the results of classification with two introduced methods are presented. The two methods can anticipate the flow regime accurately. Table 4 shows the results of the performed tests. The Mamdani min implication operator has been used for the fuzzy analyses [28] . For each run, the number of objects, area of biggest object, means perimeter of objects, PCBIE, and the output of the fuzzy system are reported. The results from the fuzzy algorithm correspond to the prevalent flow (higher membership value) at the given flow output (Fig. 12) . The results are in good agreement with the real visual observation.

The Mamdani min implication operator has been used for the fuzzy analyses.


Flow regime identification has been performed by using a fuzzy system, employing the results from image processing and extracting flow features. In addition, a new method for image textural features extraction was introduced. This method is capable to join with Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Interface System (ANFIS) to classify flow regimes of vertical two-phase flow into four main regimes. Geometrical parameters of two-phase flow that directly depend on the flow structures have been used as inputs for the system. The results are in good agreement with visual observations and the flow regimes map of Hewitt and Roberts [30] .

The results are in good agreement with visual observations and the flow regimes map of Hewitt and Roberts.


Electric power production by a PV system depends greatly on insolation, which varies continuously with time. Therefore, the design of such a system involves a stochastic parameter and differs from the design of a conventional power production system. This work aims to provide a generalized methodology for analyzing the direct coupling of a PV system to Thevenin's equivalent loads. The optimum design of the system is based on the maximization of the effectiveness factor that is defined as the ratio of the load input energy to the PV array maximum energy over a time period. The advantage of this approach lies in the fact that it takes 2 International Journal of Photoenergy into account the variation of solar radiation over a long time period and not in just one day as previous studies has done [2] [3] [4] .

The advantage of this approach lies in the fact that it takes 2 International Journal of Photoenergy into account the variation of solar radiation over a long time period and not in just one day as previous studies has done.


Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in excess of a biological system's antioxidant capacity results in oxidative stress (Zima et al., 2001) . Free radical oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of a range of human diseases. Cells and tissue generally possess antioxidant defense mechanisms to ensure the removal of ROS; while some are controlled endogenously (superoxide dismutase), others are supplied by diet and other means (ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and β-carotene) (Haslam, 1996) . In terms of cellular pro-oxidant states and lipid peroxidation, the consumption of simple plant components in regular diet, apart from supplying traditional nutrients, may provide benefits in the treatment, improvement or prevention of numerous chronic diseases, such as cancer, and cardiovascular and inflammatory damage including aging-related cellular degeneration (Steinmetz and Potter, 1991) .

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in excess of a biological system's antioxidant capacity results in oxidative stress.

Cells and tissue generally possess antioxidant defense mechanisms to ensure the removal of ROS; while some are controlled endogenously (superoxide dismutase), others are supplied by diet and other means (ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and β-carotene).

In terms of cellular pro-oxidant states and lipid peroxidation, the consumption of simple plant components in regular diet, apart from supplying traditional nutrients, may provide benefits in the treatment, improvement or prevention of numerous chronic diseases, such as cancer, and cardiovascular and inflammatory damage including aging-related cellular degeneration.


Due to near-field properties, the energy of the ultrasound data reduces towards the edges of the transducer. In this paper, the influence of this near-field effect on the MV beamformer is demonstrated using simulated Field II [9] - [10] data. Furthermore, a method to reduce this influence is proposed by reducing the number of sensor signals.

In this paper, the influence of this near-field effect on the MV beamformer is demonstrated using simulated Field II- data.


Within recent years, the application of adaptive beamforming to ultrasound imaging has become an area of increasing interest. The primary focus has been on the so-called Minimum Variance (MV) or Capon beamformer [1] . Despite the fact that adaptive beamformers originally were developed for far-field applications, previous investigations in the field of ultrasound imaging have shown promising results; in terms of significantly increased resolution [2] - [8] .

The primary focus has been on the so-called Minimum Variance (MV) or Capon beamformer.

Despite the fact that adaptive beamformers originally were developed for far-field applications, previous investigations in the field of ultrasound imaging have shown promising results; in terms of significantly increased resolution.


Acute nociceptive pain results from high intensity stimulation of nociceptors and usually persists as long as stimulus is applied. Inflammation develops in parallel to tissue injury or infection, reflecting the activation of the immune system. Inflammatory mediators modify the normal responsiveness of nociceptors ('sensitization') by decreasing their threshold for activation and/or increasing suprathreshold responses, often causing spontaneous discharges. Inflammatory pain has an adaptive role, offering a longer term protection during the healing period. When pain persists past the normal time of healing, it becomes chronic or persistent pain [7] . The definition of chronic pain is not precise and may last less than one month, or more frequently, over six months. Among its salient characteristics are the absence of apparent biological value and the frequent tendency to become severe and intractable [4, 7] .

When pain persists past the normal time of healing, it becomes chronic or persistent pain.

Among its salient characteristics are the absence of apparent biological value and the frequent tendency to become severe and intractable.


This article does not wish to revisit debates about the motives and pressures behind the review process in Australia. Most commentators agree that the vision of higher education as a commodity in a global market has been a very important consideration for successive governments on both sides of politics (Vidovich, 2001; DEST, 2002; James, 2003; Marginson, 2003) . It is noted that big money is increasingly at stake in terms of being able to assure foreign governments and international students about the high quality of the Australian educational 'product'. While the appeal to foreign consumers has no doubt been an important factor driving policies to strengthen the quality agenda, the concerns and expectations which usually cluster under this umbrella would seem to be equally important to most university students, their families, and other stakeholders (including employers). Among such concerns might be: consistency of academic standards and assessment practices across and between higher education providers, quality of teaching and the quality of provisions for learning, "value for dollar" in terms of the cost to individuals and families of participation in higher education, and the reputation of academic courses and programs in the eyes of employers (and hence the potential employability of graduates).

Most commentators agree that the vision of higher education as a commodity in a global market has been a very important consideration for successive governments on both sides of politics.


The ongoing review and reform of higher education in Australia, which was inaugurated by the Commonwealth Labor government in the late 1980s, continued to gather momentum during the following decade and culminated in the establishment of a national system for auditing universities. These audits are administered by the Australian Universities Quality Agency (AUQA) which commenced its work proper in 2002. Given that the review and reform process has now lasted almost two decades, admittedly moving along in fits and starts under both Labor and Liberal regimes, it is not surprising that the notion of 'quality' itself in higher education might seem to have undergone "chameleon-like" change along with differing ideological emphases of successive governments (Vidovich, 2001) . Nevertheless, most of the key components of the quality agenda have remained fairly constant over the past couple of decades -irrespective of the political party in government.

Given that the review and reform process has now lasted almost two decades, admittedly moving along in fits and starts under both Labor and Liberal regimes, it is not surprising that the notion of 'quality' itself in higher education might seem to have undergone "chameleon-like" change along with differing ideological emphases of successive governments.


Compounding this situation is the fact that different Schools over time develop particular (even idiosyncratic) cultures which arise partly from staff personalities, but importantly also from different disciplinary cultures and the different orientations to teaching and learning perhaps associated with different subject disciplines (Prosser & Trigwell, 1999) . Moreover, these different orientations operate within Schools as well as between them, which might especially be the case for those universities which pride themselves on their 'interdisciplinary' or 'multidisciplinary' offerings (as in the present study). Such differing disciplinary cultures and pedagogical orientations are likely to impact in different ways on staff and student conceptions of standards and quality. These are important issues about which simple and quick value judgements should not be made. However, debate and discussion about the implications of such matters for student assessment, at least in the experience of the writers, are not prominent in the day-to-day discourse of mainstream academia.

Compounding this situation is the fact that different Schools over time develop particular (even idiosyncratic) cultures which arise partly from staff personalities, but importantly also from different disciplinary cultures and the different orientations to teaching and learning perhaps associated with different subject disciplines.


Growth and yield models are generally used to predict the temporal development of forest stands. Knowing the diameter at breast height (DBH) and total tree height is fundamental for both developing and applying many growth and yield models. DBH of a tree can be quickly, easily, and accurately measured, but the measurement of total tree height is relatively complex, time consuming, and expensive. Furthermore, tree, stand, and site conditions may prevent accurate height measurements on all trees measured for DBH as it may not be possible to unambiguously observe a given tree, or reach an appropriate vantage point. Therefore, with many permanent and temporary sample plot systems, DBH is conventionally measured for all trees sampled, but height is measured for only a sub-sample of trees selected across the range of diameters observed (Sharma & Parton, 2007) .

Therefore, with many permanent and temporary sample plot systems, DBH is conventionally measured for all trees sampled, but height is measured for only a sub-sample of trees selected across the range of diameters observed.


The use of principal component analysis in models of regression can be beneficial where modeling is used with quantitative and qualitative variables simultaneously. In regression models with principal components, they are explanatory variables that are not correlated, a factor that eliminates the problem of multicollinearity (Draper & Smith, 1981) . A high correlation of DBH and HCB was evidenced by the correlation matrix, indicating that the larger the diameter, the greater the height to crown base ( Table 3 . The PC-NLR explained 68.0% of variance of data used for fitting and 52.0% of validation data (e.g. see Table 3 ),but its p-value was significant by the t-test (p < 0.000042), evidencing low accuracy in estimates, with the predicted values different from observed.

In regression models with principal components, they are explanatory variables that are not correlated, a factor that eliminates the problem of multicollinearity.


Some artificial neural network based approach was conducted to reduce prediction error for wind speed (Sweeney, 2011) . However, this method can represent nonlinear behaviors of the model, but it still requires the fixed and entire number of variables. Also, it only gives a set of connection weights among nodes, as a result, which is not explainable like a black box.

Some artificial neural network based approach was conducted to reduce prediction error for wind speed.


Due to the development of information technology, the collection of a huge weather data becomes easier. The installation of AWS (Automatic Weather Station) is increasing continuously, which can observe data of weather elements such as temperature, precipitation, and wind speed automatically via sensors and computers. Thus the importance of numerical prediction weather models using long term statistical data has increased. The necessity for reliable predictions for weather and meteorological information about the future atmospheric state is essential (Kim, 2002) .

The necessity for reliable predictions for weather and meteorological information about the future atmospheric state is essential.


Multiple myeloma is a malignancy that is part of spectrum of diseases ranging from Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance (MGUS) to Plasma Cell Leukaemia. It occurs at an annual incidence of 1% of all malignancies, and 13% of all hematological malignancies [1] . In India the reported incidence varies from 0.3 to 1.9 per 100,000 for men and 0.4 to 1.3 per 100,000 for women [2] . In turn this amounts to nearly 6000 new multiple myeloma cases each year in India [3] . It is more common in men than women with male to female ratio of 1.4:1. The median age at diagnosis is 62 years for men and 61 years for women [1] . This severe disease may range from asymptomatic to being severely symptomatic with especially complications that require emergent treatment [4] .

It occurs at an annual incidence of 1% of all malignancies, and 13% of all hematological malignancies.

In India the reported incidence varies from 0.3 to 1.9 per 100,000 for men and 0.4 to 1.3 per 100,000 for women.

In turn this amounts to nearly 6000 new multiple myeloma cases each year in India.

The median age at diagnosis is 62 years for men and 61 years for women.

This severe disease may range from asymptomatic to being severely symptomatic with especially complications that require emergent treatment.


In Japan, early stage HCC nodules have been detected in more than 60% of patients, due to the routine practice of screening for HCC among high-risk patients [3] . The diagnosis of HCC without a pathological diagnosis can be achieved by assessing serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels and diagnostic imaging, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [5] . Unfortunately, even this approach is inadequate, and very few HCC biomarkers demonstrate sufficient diagnostic performance for early stage HCC in clinical practice.

In Japan, early stage HCC nodules have been detected in more than 60% of patients, due to the routine practice of screening for HCC among high-risk patients.

The diagnosis of HCC without a pathological diagnosis can be achieved by assessing serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels and diagnostic imaging, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


Unlike the event horizon, the apparent horizon and MTTs are quasi-local, and they are intrinsically foliation-dependent. In numerical studies of collapse, the teleological nature of event horizons makes the apparent horizon a more practical surface to track. Apparent horizons are employed in simulations of high precision waveforms of gravitational waves arising from the merger of compactobject binary systems or in stellar collapse to form black holes in numerical relativity, and the observations by the LIGO collaboration of gravitational waves from black hole mergers relied upon the numerical simulations based on apparent horizons [8] . Due to the foliation dependence of the apparent horizons and MTTs, they are observer dependent, which can lead to ambiguities if care is not taken to relate the differing observers' reference frames. For example, if a MOTS is taken as the outermost trapped surfaces in some foliation of hypersurfaces, Σ t , where this foliation is defined as hypersurfaces of "constant time" as determined by a set of observers with clocks that were synchronized on some initial hypersuface, then different sets of observers will observe different MTTs. For this reason it is important to identify alternative surfaces that are defined invariantly.

Apparent horizons are employed in simulations of high precision waveforms of gravitational waves arising from the merger of compactobject binary systems or in stellar collapse to form black holes in numerical relativity, and the observations by the LIGO collaboration of gravitational waves from black hole mergers relied upon the numerical simulations based on apparent horizons.


In analogy with the MOTSs and MITSs, we will introduce invariantly defined closed 2D surfaces, called geometrically outer (inner) trapped surfaces (GOTSs or GITSs), for which the expansion scalar θ (+) (θ (−) ) vanishes on spatial hypersurfaces and which make up the GH. While the existence of a GH is not dependent on this foliation, the introduction of GOTSs will be useful for descriptions and illustrations in figures. Similarly, we will say any GH for which θ (− ) < 0 in all GOTSs is a dynamical GH. If a dynamical black hole solution asymptotically evolves to a spherically symmetric dynamical black hole, the dynamical GH will correspond to the dynamical horizon [23, 17] .

If a dynamical black hole solution asymptotically evolves to a spherically symmetric dynamical black hole, the dynamical GH will correspond to the dynamical horizon.


In principle, the apparent horizons could be used to study the KT solutions, but the analysis would be difficult to implement. If a spacetime admits marginal surfaces, then this is not sufficient to ensure the existence of an apparent horizon [31] . The determination of an apparent horizon is problematic since it is necessary to check whether each surface in a given hypersurface is trapped. Furthermore, like the MTTs, the apparent horizon depends on the choice of foliation. While one could determine the connected component of the boundary of an inextendible trapped region, known as the trapping boundary, which would be invariantly defined for a spacetime, in practice this surface is hard to determine numerically [30] .

If a spacetime admits marginal surfaces, then this is not sufficient to ensure the existence of an apparent horizon.

While one could determine the connected component of the boundary of an inextendible trapped region, known as the trapping boundary, which would be invariantly defined for a spacetime, in practice this surface is hard to determine numerically.


To address this Penrose proposed the concept of closed trapped surfaces without border, which are compact spacelike surfaces such that the expansions of the future-pointing null normal vectors are negative [5] . Consequently, to move from stationary black holes to time-dependent situations, the event horizons (which are Killing horizons, and hence null surfaces) are replaced in practice by apparent horizons defined as the locus of the vanishing expansion of a null geodesic congruence emanating from a trapped surface S with spherical topology [6] . A related concept to trapping surfaces are marginally outer (inner) trapped surfaces (MOTSs or MITSs) which are two-dimensional (2D) surfaces for which the expansion θ (+) (θ (−) ) of the outgoing (ingoing) null vector normal to the surfaces vanishes. Assuming a smooth time evolution for the MOTSs (MITSs), the 2D surfaces can be combined to construct a three-dimensional (3D) surface known as a marginally trapped tube (MTT) [7] . If the MTT is foliated by MOTSs for which θ (−) < 0 as well, then it is called a dynamical horizon [1] .

To address this Penrose proposed the concept of closed trapped surfaces without border, which are compact spacelike surfaces such that the expansions of the future-pointing null normal vectors are negative.

Consequently, to move from stationary black holes to time-dependent situations, the event horizons (which are Killing horizons, and hence null surfaces) are replaced in practice by apparent horizons defined as the locus of the vanishing expansion of a null geodesic congruence emanating from a trapped surface S with spherical topology.

Assuming a smooth time evolution for the MOTSs (MITSs), the 2D surfaces can be combined to construct a three-dimensional (3D) surface known as a marginally trapped tube (MTT).

If the MTT is foliated by MOTSs for which θ (−) < 0 as well, then it is called a dynamical horizon.


The relatively complex operation of fish lifts, including the innumerous mechanical and electrical systems, results in frequent interruptions of the passage activities, which can last for long periods of time. During the reproductive period studied (four months), in ten days, there were at least 2-h interruptions in the passage activities. Its maintenance costs are also quite high when compared to fish ladders. This is the reason why static mechanisms (without movable parts) have been more utilized in France, where although they are more expensive in terms of engineering, they are more easily maintained and reliable (Larinier, 2002) .

This is the reason why static mechanisms (without movable parts) have been more utilized in France, where although they are more expensive in terms of engineering, they are more easily maintained and reliable.


Fish passages with a trap and truck system have been proposed for a great number of hydroelectric power plants. In Minas Gerais State, they were indicated for at least ten facilities in licensing or implementation processes in the Doce, Paraíba do Sul and Jequitinhonha River Basins. Because they belong to the same bio-geographic domain, called the East Basins, these basins share the majority of migratory species with the Mucuri River (Bizerril, 1994) . Therefore, it is expected that the information obtained in this study will be of great importance for the evaluation of the convenience, as well as providing subsides for the implementation and operation of this kind of mechanism in other hydroelectric plants. Additionally, this information would also be quite useful for evaluating the efficiency and better planning of conventional lifts, which have also been implemented in various dams, and which have identical attraction and capture systems.

Because they belong to the same bio-geographic domain, called the East Basins, these basins share the majority of migratory species with the Mucuri River.


As important as the fish's capability to locate the entrance of the mechanism and pass the dam is the evaluation of the importance and effectiveness of the mechanism in maintaining the populations of migratory species, an aspect rarely evaluated (Cada & Francfort, 1995; Agostinho et al., 2004) . For the migratory species of the Mucuri River, the spawning sites are located upstream, and the nursery areas downstream of Santa Clara Dam. However, the passage of eggs and larvae through the reservoir and dam's spillway seems to be possible (Pompeu, 2005) . Considering the selectivity and efficiency values of the fish lift in attracting shoals, this mechanism will probably contribute to the conservation of the migratory fish species of the Mucuri River. However, only a long-term monitoring of the ichthyofauna will be capable of revealing its efficiency in maintaining viable populations.

As important as the fish's capability to locate the entrance of the mechanism and pass the dam is the evaluation of the importance and effectiveness of the mechanism in maintaining the populations of migratory species, an aspect rarely evaluated.

However, the passage of eggs and larvae through the reservoir and dam's spillway seems to be possible.


Quantitative estimates of the efficiency of fish passages are only possible through tagging and recapture programs or when there is another fish passage downstream, where the number of passed individuals has been determined. Even in North America, these kinds of studies are scarce. From a databank of 213 projects for which at least one paper concerning fish passage has been published, information on the number of fish which utilized the mechanism was only available for eight mechanisms, where only three provided sufficient data for a quantitative estimate of the efficiency (Novak et al., 2003) .

From a databank of 213 projects for which at least one paper concerning fish passage has been published, information on the number of fish which utilized the mechanism was only available for eight mechanisms, where only three provided sufficient data for a quantitative estimate of the efficiency.


Free radicals are unavoidably produced during oxidation process in all living organisms and excess free radicals can cause destructive effects on living tissues and foodstuffs (Wang et al., 2007) . Among all free radicals, hydroxyl radical is considered to be the most reactive and can damage almost any compound in contact with in the living cells (Castro and Freeman, 2001) . Therefore, there is a growing interest to identify antioxidative properties in many natural sources including some dietary protein compounds (Dong et al., 2008) .

Free radicals are unavoidably produced during oxidation process in all living organisms and excess free radicals can cause destructive effects on living tissues and foodstuffs.

Among all free radicals, hydroxyl radical is considered to be the most reactive and can damage almost any compound in contact with in the living cells.

Therefore, there is a growing interest to identify antioxidative properties in many natural sources including some dietary protein compounds.


A random token to SQL keywords and operators are appended in the application code by the SQLrand [3] technique. This approach creates randomized instances of the SQL query language, by randomizing the template query inside the CGI script and the database parser. Here de-randomizing proxy is introduced to allow easy installation of their solutions into existing systems, which converts randomized queries to suitable SQL queries. A proxy server then checks to make sure that all keywords and operators contain this token before sending the query to the database. Because the SQL keywords and operators injected by an attacker would not contain this token, they would be easily recognized as attacks. The shortcoming of this technique is that the token can be easily guessed, making it ineffective, also the approach requires a special proxy server to be deployed.

A random token to SQL keywords and operators are appended in the application code by the SQLrand technique.


Since 1960, European countries have witnessed a growing body of private organizations that do not have profit maximization as their final objective (Barr, 1992) . Experiences in Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom have shown how the ratio between public expenses and GDP has constantly increased from 1960 to 1980 (Malinvaud, 1994) . In this scenario, foundations, associations, mutual help societies and cooperatives sprang up in order to offer goods and services able to responding to the citizens' needs.

Since 1960, European countries have witnessed a growing body of private organizations that do not have profit maximization as their final objective.

Experiences in Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom have shown how the ratio between public expenses and GDP has constantly increased from 1960 to 1980.


However, unlike electricity or natural gas, thermal energy cannot be distributed across large distances. Due to energy loss of transportation, DH can be strictly categorised as a local transportable energy source [10] [11] [12] . A low temperature level results in less heat loss compared to higher temperature levels. Furthermore, the overall efficiency of DHNs depends on heat demand densities: energy consumers located in close proximity in addition to high thermal energy demand and mix of function will increase the efficiency of the network [11] . In that sense, areas comprising multi-functional and dense structures are of special interest for district heating. Thus, mix of function affects the temporal patterns of heat demand, so that the difference of base load and peak load can be reduced and full-load hours can be increased. In Austria, mono-functional residential areas need around 2000 full-load hours, whereas multifunctional areas demand 4500 full-load hours and more [13] . Urban, town or village centres serve as examples for such areas suitable for DHS due to comparably high densities and continuous heat demand. Moreover, in multi-functional structures, cascading use of thermal energy is also possible [12] . It is evident that spatial developments play a significant role for the long-term suitability of DHS. By more thoroughly assessing and considering spatial structures, the quality of DHS planning can be raised. In this research, we emphasise integrated spatial and energy planning (ISEP), combining both the spatial dimension of energy demand and the spatial dimension of energy supply [12] . After identifying appropriate thermal energy consumers as well as other potential future heat sinks, the ideal location of DHNs can be determined.

Due to energy loss of transportation, DH can be strictly categorised as a local transportable energy source.

Furthermore, the overall efficiency of DHNs depends on heat demand densities: energy consumers located in close proximity in addition to high thermal energy demand and mix of function will increase the efficiency of the network.

In Austria, mono-functional residential areas need around 2000 full-load hours, whereas multifunctional areas demand 4500 full-load hours and more.

Moreover, in multi-functional structures, cascading use of thermal energy is also possible.

In this research, we emphasise integrated spatial and energy planning (ISEP), combining both the spatial dimension of energy demand and the spatial dimension of energy supply.


In terms of energy consumption and provision, it is essential to distinguish between thermal energy and electrical energy. In the European Union, approximately half of the final energy is used for thermal energy, including heating and cooling [3] . Thus, measures and options have to be developed in order to guarantee a sustainable thermal energy provision. Depending on the share of RES in the energy supply mix, district heating systems (DHSs) can pose an option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to decarbonise the energy system. Yet, conventional non-renewable energy sources like natural gas or fuel oil are widely used, which simultaneously increases the potential for using RES in DHS. Generally, energy transition and a decarbonisation of the energy system strongly depend on the chosen energy source. On a European level, only 12% of the primary energy supply for heating and cooling are provided by RES. Overall, 45% of the demand can be allocated to the residential sector, 37% to industries and 18% to services. In total, district heating is used to supply around 9% of the European heating demand. The largest share of this demand is covered by gas (40%), coal (29%) and biomass (16%) [4] . In Austria, the share of renewables used for district heating networks (DHNs) is estimated to be around 46% [5] .

In the European Union, approximately half of the final energy is used for thermal energy, including heating and cooling.

The largest share of this demand is covered by gas (40%), coal (29%) and biomass (16%).

In Austria, the share of renewables used for district heating networks (DHNs) is estimated to be around 46%.


One of the great challenges of the twenty-first century is global warming. Only a continuous reduction of greenhouse gas emissions on a global scale will allow to tackle this challenge, as was acknowledged by the recent ratification of the Paris agreement. In this particular agreement, the signatories aim to limit the global average temperature increase below 2°C compared to the pre-industrial level by reducing greenhouse gas emissions [1] . Therefore, the use of renewable energy sources (RES) as well as the promotion of energy efficiency measures has to be significantly enhanced. However, efforts have to be measured and quantified in order to understand if promised targets can be reached. For instance, the Climate Change Performance Index offers a global ranking concerning the efforts on climate protection of 56 countries and the European Union [2] . With regard to this index, various European countries are performing relatively poor concerning CO 2 emissions or climate policy.

In this particular agreement, the signatories aim to limit the global average temperature increase below 2°C compared to the pre-industrial level by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

For instance, the Climate Change Performance Index offers a global ranking concerning the efforts on climate protection of 56 countries and the European Union.


Our hybrid system addresses the formulated needs by interlacing OWL with one of the most prominent and historic approaches to logic-based knowledge representation, namely with Prolog. Our system layers Prolog on top of OWL by allowing the querying of OWL ontologies via a standard OWL reasoner. A tight integration is achieved by interpreting the answers given by the OWL reasoner in an open-world fashion, and by processing this answer within Prolog in the same open-world fashion. This is achieved by means of the so-called any-world semantics due to Loyer and Straccia [1] .

This is achieved by means of the so-called any-world semantics due to Loyer and Straccia.


Human visual system (HVS) has the powerful capability to automatically identify the potential most interesting region in complex scene. How to simulate the mechanism of HVS with a computer, has been investigated by experts from multiple research field, including neuroscience, psychology and computer vision. A variety of computational saliency methods are proposed to effectively detect the salient region which attracts humans' attention. As the saliency results can be applied to many tasks, such as object detection, image retargeting, video summarization, etc, saliency detection has become an active topic in recent years [1] .

As the saliency results can be applied to many tasks, such as object detection, image retargeting, video summarization, etc, saliency detection has become an active topic in recent years.


Human information behavior has been studied in several disciplines. Each discipline has its own focus, including personality in psychology, consumer behavior, health communication studies, information requirements in information systems design, and organizational decision making [7] . In general, researchers are interested in how people seek and use information, the channels to access information, and the factors that encourage or discourage information use. In this paper, we focus on the change of information behavior on Gnutella P2P network and the difference in information behavior in two Internet channels, P2P and WWW.

Each discipline has its own focus, including personality in psychology, consumer behavior, health communication studies, information requirements in information systems design, and organizational decision making.


There have been many studies on the information behavior of users of World Wide Web (WWW) search engines. However, the number of studies on the information behavior of P2P users is significantly lower. Changes in searching behavior and information needs on WWW were also reported by Spink, Jansen, Wolfram, and Saracevic [2] . It was found that there was a shift in the search topics but only little change in user search behavior. In this paper, we are interested in investigating the changes of information behavior of P2P users between 2002 and 2003 based on two sets of data collected from the Gnutella network. The analysis of the set of data collected in 2002 has been presented previously [3] . We are also interested to identify any difference between the information behavior of P2P users and WWW search engine users based on studies of Excite search engine [2, [4] [5] [6] .

Changes in searching behavior and information needs on WWW were also reported by Spink, Jansen, Wolfram, and Saracevic.

The analysis of the set of data collected in 2002 has been presented previously.

We are also interested to identify any difference between the information behavior of P2P users and WWW search engine users based on studies of Excite search engine.


Another way around for routing is Proactive Protocols which alike their wired counterparts maintain a routing table and update it regularly for any network changes. Every single node is known to every other node of the network i.e. each node in network has route information about other nodes of the network. In case of any change in network topology all nodes update their routing table to reflect this change [6] . Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol falls under this category.

In case of any change in network topology all nodes update their routing table to reflect this change.


It is noteworthy that the highest DNA variation (1.8%) within the P. dux intra-species was obtained merely in Taiwan. No significant intra-specific variation was observed within S. dux samples in China [11] . This may be due to that the length of COI DNA fragment studied in their study was only 272bp. Our result showed that the DNA variation was lower than that of P. dux in Australia (4.6%) [9] . Such a difference could be from a geographical separation factor, Taiwan (small island) versus Australia (large area). Based on these data, we speculated that the DNA variation in intra-species of P. dux might be high for many places in the world.

No significant intra-specific variation was observed within S. dux samples in China.

Our result showed that the DNA variation was lower than that of P. dux in Australia (4.6%).


Iterative shooting methods are numerical techniques for solving BVP's posed with one independent variable. These methods solve systems of first-order ordinary differential equations (ODE's) over an interval ½x 0 1 ; x f 1 where x 1 is the independent variable. For the case of a beam with parameters and equilibrium equations dependent on x 1 , a set of fourth-order ODE's is reduced to a set of firstorder ODE's and a set of boundary conditions is defined at both x 0 1 and x f 1 . With iterative shooting, this set of ODE's is treated as an initial value problem (IVP) in which multiple initial condition iterations at x 0 1 are performed in order to correctly arrive at the final conditions at x f 1 . In general, one cannot define a complete set of boundary conditions at x 0 1 such that the requisite boundary conditions at x f 1 are also satisfied. As a result, a minimization routine is typically invoked that varies the initial values at x 0 1 until all requisite boundary conditions at x f 1 are satisfied (Roberts and Shipman, 1972) . The varying of the initial values gives a different solution trajectory for each ''shot,'' until the requisite boundary conditions are ''hit'' by the correct trajectory.

As a result, a minimization routine is typically invoked that varies the initial values at x 0 1 until all requisite boundary conditions at x f 1 are satisfied.


In contrast to traditional iterative shooting techniques for beam BVP's, Shvartsman introduced a method for solving planar cantilever beam problems subjected to follower loads by a direct shooting method (Shvartsman, 1999; Shvartsman, 2009; Shvartsman, 2007) . This method uses variable substitution to arrive at a set of first-order ODE's which describe the equilibrium configuration of a beam undergoing large deflections. Some limitations of this direct shooting method are that it utilizes Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and has not been generalized for three-dimensional cases. Herein, a more general three-dimensional shooting method is introduced based on the intrinsic beam formulation (Hodges, 2003) .

In contrast to traditional iterative shooting techniques for beam BVP's, Shvartsman introduced a method for solving planar cantilever beam problems subjected to follower loads by a direct shooting method.

Herein, a more general three-dimensional shooting method is introduced based on the intrinsic beam formulation.


Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects mostly all organs of the body [1] . Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most serious manifestations in SLE and it occurs in about 60% of patients. Patients with LN have increased risk of progressive deterioration of kidney function as well as increased mortality rates [2] . The most important feature in LN is immune complex deposition in renal glomeruli which produces glomerular inflammation. The site and the amount of these immune deposits determine the degree and class of LN [3] .

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects mostly all organs of the body.

Patients with LN have increased risk of progressive deterioration of kidney function as well as increased mortality rates.

The site and the amount of these immune deposits determine the degree and class of LN.


Demanding users have forced WSPs to start considering the prioritisation and bandwidth allocation problems. Unfortunately, the measures taken by WSPs cause significant discontent. Users responsible for an excessive amount of traffic are punished via throttling or banned from the high capacity networks, effectively limiting service down to GPRS or EDGE levels. Throttling is the prevailing method for rate-limiting, even though deprioritisation can be much friendlier for end-users [19] . The main difference is that throttling constantly limits the throughput of specific clients, whereas deprioritisation characterises the traffic associated with these clients as low priority and limits its rate under congestion, but still allows high throughput when the traffic load of the network is low.

Throttling is the prevailing method for rate-limiting, even though deprioritisation can be much friendlier for end-users.


Multi-terminal VSC-HVDC (VSC-MTDC) transmission system is expected to play a crucial role in future power systems. In VSC-MTDC systems, the unavoidable nonpermanent DC faults on any transmission line can severely undermine the reliability and availability of the transmission system, which will cause the entire grid breakdown [5] . Therefore, it is vital to design a protection scheme for transmission lines to achieve fast fault clearance, as well as automatic and quick recovery.

In VSC-MTDC systems, the unavoidable nonpermanent DC faults on any transmission line can severely undermine the reliability and availability of the transmission system, which will cause the entire grid breakdown.


This paper presents one of the first attempts to use Kinect as a sensor for wearable haptics. The example we focus on is the virtual pinch grasp of an object with two contact points. It is worth underlining that the advantages of wearable haptic devices are even more evident when multi-point interaction is considered [9] .

It is worth underlining that the advantages of wearable haptic devices are even more evident when multi-point interaction is considered.


The Facebook based communication was helpful to keep the motivation aroused, since the government banned uprisings in the street. At the same time the Egyptian regime undertook a campaign of delegitimizat ion against Facebook, twitter and the internet in general [11] . The Egyptian regime shut down the Internet access for five days aims at frustration protests against the Mubarak regime in the first period of starting the revolution, at that time the social med ia such Facebook and Twitter became an increasingly important technique for organizers, activist and protesters while they have used the Internet to organize the demonstrations against Mubarak. During this event Hillary Clinton says "Both the American people and nations that censor the internet should understand that our government is co mmitted to helping promote internet freedom". Later Google Co mpany cooperates with twitter it has invited a technique that can post messages to twitter by making telephone calls. The government restored the Internet when aware that they cannot stay against circulating the informat ion among people.

At the same time the Egyptian regime undertook a campaign of delegitimizat ion against Facebook, twitter and the internet in general.


An agricultural irrigation network is comprised of a water supply source (river), a water distribution network (primary and branch irrigation canals), and demand centers (the areas that are covered by the irrigation network). Optimization of an irrigation system for the allocation of available water and cultivable area is one of the best methods of increasing a farmer's income and can be facilitated by an irrigation water distribution network. Irrigation water that is allocated to various crops is usually based on predictive factors such as the water demand for each crop and the availability of water for an irrigation network. Uncertainty is an inherent aspect of predicting the factors under consideration with respect to agricultural water systems. Absolute attention to reducing costs or increasing profits of agricultural irrigation systems, without consideration of uncertainty, can cause many problems with respect to future development. Two possible results of decisions without consideration to uncertainty are the (1) creation of a net benefit that is less than expected and (2) probability of system failure, in which failure is defined as not meeting a given demand or other system constraint (Watkins and McKinney 1997) . These results can be adjusted with more costs and the development of flexibility in the system during the design process to allow for this adjustment. Flexibility enhances a system's capacity to help decision-makers with changes to the supply of and demand for water.

Two possible results of decisions without consideration to uncertainty are the (1) creation of a net benefit that is less than expected and (2) probability of system failure, in which failure is defined as not meeting a given demand or other system constraint.


On the one hand, hard segments contribute to hardness, tensile strength, impact resistance, stiffness, and modulus. On the other hand, soft segments contribute to water absorption, elongation, elasticity, softness, and degradability. Hence, from the point of view of applications, it is possible to produce various polyurethanes, which properties can be easily modified by varying structures of soft and hard segments [16] .

Hence, from the point of view of applications, it is possible to produce various polyurethanes, which properties can be easily modified by varying structures of soft and hard segments.


The initial breakdown of a polymer, which is the first step of the biological degradation process, can result from physical and biological forces. Physical forces such as heating/cooling, freezing/ thawing, or wetting/drying can cause mechanical damage such as cracking of polymeric materials. The growth of many microorganisms can also cause small-scale swelling and bursting of polymeric materials. Most polymers are too large to pass through cellular membranes, so they must be depolymerized to smaller monomers before they can be adsorbed and degraded within microbial cells. The monomers, dimers, and oligomers of a polymer's repeating units are much easily degraded and mineralized because they can be assimilated through the cellular membrane and then further degraded by cellular enzymes. Two categories of enzymes are involved in the biological degradation of polymers: extracellular and intracellular depolymerases. During degradation, exoenzymes from microorganisms break down complex polymers, yielding smaller molecules of short chains that are small enough to pass semi-permeable outer bacterial membranes and then to be utilized as carbon energy sources. Under oxygen conditions, aerobic microorganisms are mostly responsible for the degradation of polymer. Biomass, carbon dioxide, and water are the final products of deterioration. As opposite to this, under anoxic conditions, anaerobic microorganisms play the main role in polymer destruction. The primary products are methane, water, and biomass [18] . Figure 1 represents the general mechanism of polymer biological degradation under aerobic conditions in a natural environment such as sea water and compost, which are studied by authors.

The primary products are methane, water, and biomass.


Generally, three types of polyurethane degradations have been identified: fungal degradation, bacterial degradation, and degradation by polyurethanase enzymes. However, polyurethanes are especially susceptible to fungal attack. Soil fungal communities are involved in polyurethanes degradation. For example, four species of fungi, namely, Curvularia senegalensis, Fusrium solani, Aureobasidium pullulans and Cladosporium, were obtained from soil and found to degrade ester-based polyurethanes [2, 19] . Bacteria known to degrade poly(ester-urethanes) also produce polyurethanes degrading enzymes, such as polyurethane-esterases. Two kinds of polyurethane-esterase enzymes, such as an intracellular polyurethane-esterase and an extracellular polyurethane-esterase, play predominant and various roles in polyurethane biodegradation process. The intracellular enzyme provides access to the hydrophobic polyurethane surface. Then the extracellular enzyme sticks on the surface of the polyurethane. During these enzymatic actions, the ability of bacteria to adhere to the polyurethanes surface and to hydrolyse polyurethane substrates to metabolites is observed [18] .

For example, four species of fungi, namely, Curvularia senegalensis, Fusrium solani, Aureobasidium pullulans and Cladosporium, were obtained from soil and found to degrade ester-based polyurethanes.

During these enzymatic actions, the ability of bacteria to adhere to the polyurethanes surface and to hydrolyse polyurethane substrates to metabolites is observed.


Polyurethanes are an important and versatile class of synthetic polymers that can be synthesized on a large scale and can be processed in a variety of different ways. For these reasons, polyurethanes are widely used in many aspects of modern life. They have found a widespread use in the industrial fields, for example as furniture coatings, adhesives, construction materials, flame retardants, fibers, paddings, paints, elastomeric parts, and synthetic skins [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Moreover, over the past 40 years polyurethanes have also been used in various biomedical applications such as vascular prostheses, artificial skin, pericardial patches, soft-tissue adhesive, drug delivery devices, and scaffolds for tissue engineering [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .

They have found a widespread use in the industrial fields, for example as furniture coatings, adhesives, construction materials, flame retardants, fibers, paddings, paints, elastomeric parts, and synthetic skins.

Moreover, over the past 40 years polyurethanes have also been used in various biomedical applications such as vascular prostheses, artificial skin, pericardial patches, soft-tissue adhesive, drug delivery devices, and scaffolds for tissue engineering.


In the present study, we compared daily PA measured by the triaxial accelerometer with our original NEAT score. To our knowledge, our NEAT questionnaire is the first to evaluate NEAT including locomotive and nonlocomotive activities in clinical practices. Our findings showed that the NEAT scores measured by using our questionnaire were highly correlated with PAL measured by the triaxial accelerometer in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Although the NEAT score obtained from the questionnaire is practical and cost-effective to evaluate PA, they are subjective data and may not always represent the true NEAT [13, 14] . The accelerometry technique have been found to have a significant correlation with EE measured by the indirect calorimetry, therefore, it has been extensively considered to be a validated method for evaluating PA under free living conditions [9, [15] [16] [17] [18] . In the present study, the validity of our original NEAT questionnaire was confirmed by using the triaxial accelerometer.

Although the NEAT score obtained from the questionnaire is practical and cost-effective to evaluate PA, they are subjective data and may not always represent the true NEAT.

The accelerometry technique have been found to have a significant correlation with EE measured by the indirect calorimetry, therefore, it has been extensively considered to be a validated method for evaluating PA under free living conditions.


Very recently, the relativistic molecular orbital calculation has been undertaken for ZnWO 4 (Itoh, Fujita, Inabe, 2006) . The obtained result reveals that the conduction band is built up of the W 5d state, with significant contribution from the Zn 4s state in the bottom region. The valence band has largely an O 2p character, and the Zn 3d state is concentrated in the bottom region of the valence band.

Very recently, the relativistic molecular orbital calculation has been undertaken for ZnWO 4.


These values are partially in accordance with the previous results (Babin et al., 2004; Chernov et al., 2004; Mikhailik and Kraus, 2006) . Fig. 5 shows the photo-induced IR absorption spectrum at 28 K. A broad band is observed in the region above 7000 cm −1 . This IR band decreases in intensity with increasing temperature and disappears above 100 K, as seen from the inset of Fig. 5 .

These values are partially in accordance with the previous results.


The 2.48 eV luminescence is an intrinsic feature of ZnWO 4 , and is ascribed to the radiative decay of self-trapped excitons (STEs) on the regular WO 6 group (Kolobanov et al., 2002) . Since this luminescence is excited in the energy region including the lowest exciton band (≥ 3.9 eV), it is believed that excitons generated optically on Zn 2+ ions can move to (WO 6 ) 6− molecular ions, to emit 2.48 eV photons. In other words, free excitons have a chance to be trapped by lattice defects before their movement to (WO 6 ) 6− .

The 2.48 eV luminescence is an intrinsic feature of ZnWO 4 , and is ascribed to the radiative decay of self-trapped excitons (STEs) on the regular WO 6 group.


In recent times, the importance of renewable and clean energy sources has increased significantly as climate change has become a long term threat to global ecosystems and the world economies (Simsek and Simsek, 2013) . Alternative energy sources are increasingly required to respond to this threat of climate change and skyrocketing energy demand in the world. The need for a shift from the use of primary energy sources that emits toxic pollutants to the environment to greener energy source is a current issue in energy led growth literature. Most advance countries of the world has established legal framework to encourage the use of renewable energy sources in line with the objectives of global energy organization and global climate change and environmental safety advocacy organization such as International Energy Agency (IEA) and Kyoto Protocol. Among these objectives is to advance the world's energy supply and demand structure by developing alternative sources of cleaner energy and increase the efficiency of energy use.

In recent times, the importance of renewable and clean energy sources has increased significantly as climate change has become a long term threat to global ecosystems and the world economies.


When considering the low FCR over the grower phase in the FS group which also demonstrated relatively high abdominal fatness (Table 4 ) is contrary to expectations based on the high energetic cost of depositing fatty tissues (Pym and Farrell, 1977) . The apparent abnormality can be explained by the much higher growth rate during this phase of the chicks than those given the SF as a standard feeding regimen. The higher growth rate and hence much reduced maintenance cost, more than compensated for the increase in fat deposition.

When considering the low FCR over the grower phase in the FS group which also demonstrated relatively high abdominal fatness (Table 4 ) is contrary to expectations based on the high energetic cost of depositing fatty tissues.


More than 90 % of all rolling bearings are grease-lubricated. Lubricating greases ensure separation of the contacting surfaces through hydrodynamic action, where the lubricant is sheared in between the rolling element-raceway contacts [1] . During the initial operation of the bearing, macroscopic flow (churning) takes place, for a few hours up to about 24 h depending on the internal design of the bearing, operating conditions, percentage filling and rheological properties of the grease. During the churning phase, a fraction of grease will end up next to the running track and another fraction will find its way to other crucial locations inside the bearing, such as under the cage bars, from where the lubricant feed to the bearing contacts takes place, mostly by oil separation [2] .

Lubricating greases ensure separation of the contacting surfaces through hydrodynamic action, where the lubricant is sheared in between the rolling element-raceway contacts.

During the churning phase, a fraction of grease will end up next to the running track and another fraction will find its way to other crucial locations inside the bearing, such as under the cage bars, from where the lubricant feed to the bearing contacts takes place, mostly by oil separation.


FTIR measurements from bled oils showed that the peaks relevant to the thickeners were either absent or below the detectable limit. This means that there was no significant thickener material in the bled oil and that the difference between the bled and base oil viscosity may be ascribed to the presence of additives [5] . This topic was not explored further, as the same additives will be present in their corresponding grease samples.

This means that there was no significant thickener material in the bled oil and that the difference between the bled and base oil viscosity may be ascribed to the presence of additives.


The complexity of the grease and the internal bearing geometry makes it difficult to study the mechanisms of grease lubrication in full rolling bearings. So the research on grease lubrication mechanisms has been mainly done using the ball on flat disk configurations [3] [4] [5] [6] . The main drawback of this system is the large difference in time between successive over-rolling and the absence of the true feed and loss mechanisms caused by the difference in geometry and kinematics [2] . Despite these disadvantages, the ball on flat disk configuration can reproduce the contact pressures, temperatures, slide/roll ratios, etc. inside the bearing and most importantly, can be used for measuring film thickness using optical interferometry [3] .

So the research on grease lubrication mechanisms has been mainly done using the ball on flat disk configurations.

The main drawback of this system is the large difference in time between successive over-rolling and the absence of the true feed and loss mechanisms caused by the difference in geometry and kinematics.

Despite these disadvantages, the ball on flat disk configuration can reproduce the contact pressures, temperatures, slide/roll ratios, etc. inside the bearing and most importantly, can be used for measuring film thickness using optical interferometry.


The prediction of the EHL film thickness for a greaselubricated contact often clearly deviates from that of its base oil. There are three regimes in which the lubrication mechanisms are different: ultra-low speed, medium speed and higher speed. At ultra-low speed, the film thickness may increase with decreasing speed [13] . This was modelled using an effective viscosity that is much higher than that of the base oil and is a function of the speed [22] . The higher film thickness may be ascribed to the large increase in viscosity when the shear rate approaches zero and/or to the formation of boundary layers. At medium speeds, the grease film thickness is closer to the base oil film thickness. However, also here the films are usually thicker. Again, the increase in film thickness can be modelled by an increase in viscosity. At these speeds, the films are so thick that the effect cannot be ascribed to the formation of a boundary layer. The shear rates are already so high that the viscosity hardly changes with shear rate. This viscosity can be modelled using Saito's equation, which describes the increase in viscosity of a fluid containing particles. Equations (5) and (7) describe that small particles in a high concentration have the most pronounced effect. The results shown are applicable to full film lubrication. For rolling bearings, this means during the churning phase. After this, full film only occurs if the speeds are not too high.

At ultra-low speed, the film thickness may increase with decreasing speed.

This was modelled using an effective viscosity that is much higher than that of the base oil and is a function of the speed.


The object tracking is performed via binary classification in the multi-domain network [26] . Extensive experiments on large-scale benchmark datasets demonstrate that our FANet outperforms other state-of-the-art tracking methods with a clear margin. To our best knowledge, this is the first work to learn both layer and modality weights for the fusion of hierarchical multi-resolution deep features and multimodal information for RGB-T object tracking in an end-to-end trained deep learning framework. We summarize our major contributions of our work as follows.

The object tracking is performed via binary classification in the multi-domain network.


The first step towards estimating a cointegration, respectively a vector error correction model (VECM), is formally testing the stationarity properties of the variables. In particular, each variable should include a unit root at their level and be integrated of the same order. Testing the stationarity of real exchange rates of the currencies and other macroeconomic variables is by employing the Augmented Dickey Fuller test, (Brooks, 2014) . Each variable has fixed lag length up to 13. Additionally, in each level specification is used category "None", also in the differences is used "None". Table 1 presents the results for the stationarity tests. They suggest that, at 5% significance level, all variables are nonstationary at their levels and integrated of order one. Exception was money supply M2, which needs two differentiations to become stationary for each country, so this variable was excluded for the following analyses. The next step is testing the cointegration relationship between the relevant variables. Existence of cointegrating vector between the real exchange rate of the country and other variables implies that the variables share an equilibrium relationship that on the long run is independent from the short run shocks. Testing the presence of cointegration is by using Johansen cointegration tests, which differ two tests: i) the Maximum Eigenvalue; ii) Trace test, both described in Johansen. The statistics for all tests are shown in Table 2 . At 5% significance level, both, the Maximum Eigenvalue and Trace tests indicate that there is three cointegrating vectors between the variables in case of Croatian Kuna and 2 cointegrating vectors between the variables in case of Serbian Dinar and in case of Macedonian Denar.

Testing the stationarity of real exchange rates of the currencies and other macroeconomic variables is by employing the Augmented Dickey Fuller test.


WPD was computed in each of the ECG heartbeat by using discrete approximation of the Meyer wavelet, which is considered as the most efficient decomposition of feature extraction [24] . All of the decomposition coefficients in the fourth level are used as features, with 16 sets of vectors and 107 components. The performance of the multi-linear subspace-learning method GND-ICA and the linear subspace-learning method PCA of heartbeat classification is described in terms of sensitivity, positive predictivity, accuracy, and average accuracy.

WPD was computed in each of the ECG heartbeat by using discrete approximation of the Meyer wavelet, which is considered as the most efficient decomposition of feature extraction.


The climatic conditions in each region are other factor which must be considered, and can be controlled when cultivation is made in a sheltered environment. According to the literature, the relative humidity of the air must be close to 70% and temperature between 25 C and 30 C (Dias, 2010) . However, it has been recommended to reduce the temperature to 20 C, followed by increasing to 26 C for pinning (Zied and Minhoni, 2009) . It is worthwhile noting that keeping the temperature in the range 21e27 C is favorable to cultivate this mushroom (Colauto et al., 2010b) .

According to the literature, the relative humidity of the air must be close to 70% and temperature between 25 C and 30 C.

However, it has been recommended to reduce the temperature to 20 C, followed by increasing to 26 C for pinning.

It is worthwhile noting that keeping the temperature in the range 21e27 C is favorable to cultivate this mushroom.


The casing layer to be added on the substrate must not be toxic and has to not have a sandy texture; however it has to be porous to facilitate gas exchange, or else enable appropriate aeration, water holding capacity and also capacity to liberate water without changing its structure (Zied et al., 2012) . Bacterial activity also plays an important role in the fruiting process (Pardo et al., 2002) . In Brazilian cultivation of A. subrufescens, a soil B horizon with an open clay texture is used empirically and is mixed several times with other substrates, such as washed sand, vegetable coal and rice husk, which offer desirable physicochemical characteristics. The diversity of soils available with different physical, chemical and biological characteristics is a limiting factor for the standardization of the soil as a casing layer (Siqueira et al., 2009; Dias et al., 2013) .

The casing layer to be added on the substrate must not be toxic and has to not have a sandy texture; however it has to be porous to facilitate gas exchange, or else enable appropriate aeration, water holding capacity and also capacity to liberate water without changing its structure.

Bacterial activity also plays an important role in the fruiting process.

The diversity of soils available with different physical, chemical and biological characteristics is a limiting factor for the standardization of the soil as a casing layer.


High-pressure torsion (HPT) experiments demonstrate the following regularities of structure formation as a function of thermomechanical deformation conditions [31] . Raising the deformation temperature to the austenite temperature range suppresses amorphization because of the following reasons: at higher temperatures, the resistance to plastic deformation decreases, the interval between the deformation and the M s temperatures becomes greater, and the lattice diffusion takes place. The highest deformation temperature for the partial amorphization of Ti-Ni with the highest M s temperature lies at about 300°C, the lower the M s of this alloy, the lower this temperature. Thus, the rise of deformation temperature promotes direct nanocrystalline structure formation up to a certain temperature threshold, above which the grain size evolves from nano-metric (\100 nm) to submicrometric (100 nm to 1 lm) range. This limiting temperature is about 300-350°C for non-aging equiatomic Ti-Ni alloys, and somewhat above 400°C for aging hyper-equiatomic Ti-Ni alloys. In the last case, precipitated particles delay grain growth.

High-pressure torsion (HPT) experiments demonstrate the following regularities of structure formation as a function of thermomechanical deformation conditions.


The main functional properties of SMA are highly structure-sensitive and can be listed as follows: recovery strain, shape recovery rate, recovery stress, shape recovery temperature range, ''transformation'', ''reorientation'' and ''dislocation'' (true) yield stresses. Conventional thermomechanical treatment (TMT) has made it possible to significantly improve shape memory and superelasticity stress-strain characteristics of Ti-Ni alloys while offering an effective control of their shape recovery temperature range [1, [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . This TMT combines cold-, warm-or hotdeformation of a moderate intensity (accumulated strains ranging from 20 to 40 %) with a certain post-deformation annealing (PDA), with the objective of creating in these alloys a polygonized dislocation substructure (subgrain size ranging from 0.1 to 1 lm and grain size, from 5 to 50 lm) [1, 22] . However, by the early 2000s, nearly all the resources offered by conventional TMT technology had been exploited.

Conventional thermomechanical treatment (TMT) has made it possible to significantly improve shape memory and superelasticity stress-strain characteristics of Ti-Ni alloys while offering an effective control of their shape recovery temperature range.

This TMT combines cold-, warm-or hotdeformation of a moderate intensity (accumulated strains ranging from 20 to 40 %) with a certain post-deformation annealing (PDA), with the objective of creating in these alloys a polygonized dislocation substructure (subgrain size ranging from 0.1 to 1 lm and grain size, from 5 to 50 lm).


We have presented a micromechanical investigation of the bulk behavior and average microstructural response of millions to billions of grains in the gage of superealstic ELI Nitinol material deformed well into plasticity regimes. While the neutron diffraction technique provided new insights into the deformation mechanisms, it was limited in an ability to quantify the roles of individual mechanisms, as was possible for monotonic deformations of monoclinic NiTi [18] . In the present study, reorientation and transformation events simultaneously occurred throughout the deformations and each clouded the direct identification of the other, as well as quantifiable signatures of slip. Still, we did qualitatively verify recent micromechanical reports using theories and surface observations that grain neighborhoods are equally, if not more important, than the orientations of grains themselves in bulk polycrystals. We were also able to quantify the kinetics of phase fraction in these deformations, which allows these data to serve as a benchmark for internal variable theories that assume constitutive behavior as a function of martensite volume fraction. Furthermore, the lattice strain and inverse pole figure evolutions provide benchmarking targets for micromechanical models, especially of self-consistent or grain-scale finite element implementations. Full-field and phase-field micromechanical implementations likely desire quantified data at more local scales.

While the neutron diffraction technique provided new insights into the deformation mechanisms, it was limited in an ability to quantify the roles of individual mechanisms, as was possible for monotonic deformations of monoclinic NiTi.


The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nanotopography on cell behavior. A murine bone marrow stromal cell line, W20-17, was used to investigate the potential of nanoporous alumina as an inductive substrate for osteogenic differentiation. We investigated the effect of nanotopography on osteogenic differentiation on varied pore sizes (20, 100 and 200 nm in diameter). The efficacy of nanoporous alumina to release an osteoconductive agent-bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) was also investigated. Cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation assays, and gene expression levels were performed in vitro. Cell morphology was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy [16] .

Cell morphology was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy.


Additional (Phase 4) trials are often conducted. These examine the real-world effectiveness of a drug in a real-world setting. These trials complement the efficacy data that emanates from pre-marketing RCTs. These real world data may indicate a need for further evaluation via the RCT route or even result in regulatory action (Suvarna, 2010) .

These real world data may indicate a need for further evaluation via the RCT route or even result in regulatory action.


This paper examines different models of endogenous social interactions to understand how achievement spillovers occur in 9th-grade German classrooms. Social interactions refer to interactions among individuals that are not regulated by a price mechanism (Glaeser and Scheinkman, 2000) . In the economics of education, the outcome of interest is unobserved ability -proxied by observed achievement in courses or test scores. Effects emanating from peers' ability, i.e. endogenous social effects, are important because they mask dependencies responsive to current behavior. Each plausible model of social interactions has different educational policy implications, pointing mainly to single or group-based rules. In turn, educational policy is interesting because of its close relation to human capital formation and long-term economic growth (Hanushek and Woessmann, 2010) .

Social interactions refer to interactions among individuals that are not regulated by a price mechanism.

In turn, educational policy is interesting because of its close relation to human capital formation and long-term economic growth.


The GPs acknowledged that an accurate diagnosis affected the choice of treatment. One option for Swedish primary care physicians when managing patients with suspected depression or anxiety is to test whether the patient improves with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment. As one out of five in our study did not meet the criteria for depression or anxiety disorder, this indicates that the MINI could help decrease unnecessary treatment and shorten the duration of the search for correct management. This is in accordance with another study, which found that a proportion of patients, who had received a diagnosis of affective or anxiety disorders based on clinical parameters, were subthreshold cases, not needing medical treatment [12] . Knowledge of hidden comorbidities also affects treatment and may lead to more tailored treatment or referral to psychiatry. Psychiatric disorders that are perceived as stigmatizing to the patients are less often identified by conversations with the patient than when the conversation is supplemented with a structured interview [34] .

This is in accordance with another study, which found that a proportion of patients, who had received a diagnosis of affective or anxiety disorders based on clinical parameters, were subthreshold cases, not needing medical treatment.

Psychiatric disorders that are perceived as stigmatizing to the patients are less often identified by conversations with the patient than when the conversation is supplemented with a structured interview.


We have used the first order formalism to do our computations. Our boundary conditions can be translated to the metric and the spin-3 fields in the second order language. There is a second order formalism of the 3d higher spin theories [24, 25] . It will be interesting to work out the details in that formalism too.

There is a second order formalism of the 3d higher spin theories.


Since high-voltage gain is a mandatory characteristic in several applications, it has led to the development of several novel converter topologies. Typically high-frequency isolated converters can play the whole of voltage step-up by adjusting the proper turns ratio, although the transformer is responsible for processing the total rated power, with consequent increase of size, weight and volume and reduction of efficiency [2] . Within this context, non-isolated dc-dc converters with high-voltage gain have been highlighted as an alternative solution in distinct applications.

Typically high-frequency isolated converters can play the whole of voltage step-up by adjusting the proper turns ratio, although the transformer is responsible for processing the total rated power, with consequent increase of size, weight and volume and reduction of efficiency.


TRO activity normally follows Rundle's curve where there is an initial deterioration of the symptoms followed by a period of stability and then improvement [46] . From start to finish, this time course is approximately 1 year. Traditionally, definitive intervention is initiated after the disease has stabilized. In this study, we treated ON with maximal decompression prior to disease stabilization and noted stability at one year. The results of our study raise the question whether early intervention for optic neuropathy improves clinical outcome [47] . This study is limited by several factors. First, it is retrospective in nature. A randomized, controlled study comparing medical and surgical therapy for ON in patients with bilateral disease would be ideal, but would be difficult to conduct. Second, histologic examination of orbital tissue before and after orbital decompression may reveal changing inflammatory markers, but may not be feasible as tissue sampling may not be possible. Third, some patients in the cohort were treated with corticosteroids for 8.4 weeks while others were treated for a much shorter duration, prior to orbital decompression. Although they all had similar preoperative CAS and similar statistically significant reduction in CAS after surgery, this represents a confounding variable that cannot be ignored. Fourth, our mean postoperative followup period is 12 months. Ideally, a longer follow-up period could be studied to rule out late reactivation of disease. Fifth, although the CAS objectively measures active disease status, it is difficult to differentiate inflammatory from congestive signs. Finally, there were a limited number of patients. A multicenter study with large numbers would be needed to strengthen the findings of the study.

TRO activity normally follows Rundle's curve where there is an initial deterioration of the symptoms followed by a period of stability and then improvement.

The results of our study raise the question whether early intervention for optic neuropathy improves clinical outcome.

First, it is retrospective in nature.


In the present study, we investigated a dental casting gold alloy composed of 56Au-25Ag-11.8Cu-5Pd-1.7Zn-0.4Pt-0.1Ir (wt.%). If the separation of Ag and Cu occurs by spinodal decomposition, an apparently rapid hardening and delayed softening will be observed, and if the separation of Ag and Cu occurs by the nucleation and growth mechanism, the age-hardening rate will be variable, mainly depending on the gap between the alloy composition and the composition range having a single phase in the ternary Au-Ag-Cu phase diagram [3, 8] . The purpose of the present study is to elucidate the age-hardening and overaging mechanisms in the Au-Ag-Cu-Pd-Zn alloy containing Pt and Ir by means of the hardness test, X-ray diffraction (XRD) study, field emission-scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) observation and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis.

If the separation of Ag and Cu occurs by spinodal decomposition, an apparently rapid hardening and delayed softening will be observed, and if the separation of Ag and Cu occurs by the nucleation and growth mechanism, the age-hardening rate will be variable, mainly depending on the gap between the alloy composition and the composition range having a single phase in the ternary Au-Ag-Cu phase diagram.


Age-hardenability in age-hardenable dental casting gold alloys is usually obtained in Au-Cu and Ag-Cu systems. In the Au-Cu system, the alloy is hardened by forming the AuCu I ordered structure, where alternate (002) planes are occupied by either all gold or all copper atoms [1] . As the atomic size of Au and Cu is different, such an arrangement in the disordered matrix results in a formation of strain field with lattice distortion. Thus, when the ordered domain grows larger after prolonged aging, the special softening mechanism, that is, twinning occurs to release the lattice distortion [1] . In the Ag-Cu system, the alloy is hardened by the phase separation mechanism due to the miscibility limit of the Ag-Cu system during the aging process [2] . The softening mechanism in the Ag-Cu alloy after prolonged aging is microstructural coarsening to release the lattice distortion in the inter-phase boundaries [2] . However, in most dental casting gold alloys, both Au-Cu and Ag-Cu systems work due to their complex compositions. Thus, the separation into the Ag-Au-rich and CuAu-rich phases occurs prior to the ordering into the AuCu I superlattice by the phase separation mechanism such as a spinodal decomposition and a nucleation and growth mechanism [3] [4] [5] . During the phase separation and ordering, the metastable phase could appear depending on the gap in the lattice parameters between the parent phase and the product phases. If the final product phases have a large gap in the lattice parameters with the parent phase, one or more metastable phases will be formed before the final product phases, which will result in a more complicated age-hardening mechanism. Moreover, the increasing Ag content in the Au-Cu system changes the softening mechanism of the alloy from twinning to lamellar formation [6] .

In the Au-Cu system, the alloy is hardened by forming the AuCu I ordered structure, where alternate (002) planes are occupied by either all gold or all copper atoms.

Thus, when the ordered domain grows larger after prolonged aging, the special softening mechanism, that is, twinning occurs to release the lattice distortion.

In the Ag-Cu system, the alloy is hardened by the phase separation mechanism due to the miscibility limit of the Ag-Cu system during the aging process.

The softening mechanism in the Ag-Cu alloy after prolonged aging is microstructural coarsening to release the lattice distortion in the inter-phase boundaries.

Thus, the separation into the Ag-Au-rich and CuAu-rich phases occurs prior to the ordering into the AuCu I superlattice by the phase separation mechanism such as a spinodal decomposition and a nucleation and growth mechanism.

Moreover, the increasing Ag content in the Au-Cu system changes the softening mechanism of the alloy from twinning to lamellar formation.


A lot of studies have been conducted for two-phase gas-liquid flows in ordinary sized channels with singularities as reported by, say, Chisholm [1] . Recently, however, compact heat exchangers with phase change, such as cooling devices of electronic equipment, are miniaturized. For designing such devices, it is very important to estimate the characteristics of heat transfer and pressure drop of two-phase flow in mini-and micro-channels of 100 µm to 10 mm not only for straight cannel flows but also for flows with singularities.

A lot of studies have been conducted for two-phase gas-liquid flows in ordinary sized channels with singularities as reported by, say, Chisholm.


That nonlinear networks are found to be superior to their linear counterparts should come as no surprise, as there have been many suggestions of a nonlinear component in the magnetospheric response to the solar wind conditions. At the same time, it has been suggested that nonlinear feedforward neural networks do not offer any advantages over linear filters in terms of prediction accuracy [Hernandez et al., 1993] . This is not what we found in the present study. Further explorations are necessary to find out why our conclusions differ.

At the same time, it has been suggested that nonlinear feedforward neural networks do not offer any advantages over linear filters in terms of prediction accuracy.


Multihop relaying, where several intermediate terminals relay the signal from the source terminal to the destination terminal, has gained significant research attention as an efficient technique mainly because it can expand the coverage of wireless networks with low power requirements while offering high data-rate at the end-to-end communication [1] . On the other hand, free-space optical (FSO) communication is a cost effective and wide bandwidth access technique operating at the unlicensed optical spectrum that allows higher capacity and higher data rates relative to the traditional radio frequency (RF) transmission [2] , [3] . However, the atmospheric turbulence can degrade the system performance particularly over distances of 1 km or longer. Another major impairment over FSO links is pointing error as a result of the building sway [3] , [4] .

Multihop relaying, where several intermediate terminals relay the signal from the source terminal to the destination terminal, has gained significant research attention as an efficient technique mainly because it can expand the coverage of wireless networks with low power requirements while offering high data-rate at the end-to-end communication.

On the other hand, free-space optical (FSO) communication is a cost effective and wide bandwidth access technique operating at the unlicensed optical spectrum that allows higher capacity and higher data rates relative to the traditional radio frequency (RF) transmission.

Another major impairment over FSO links is pointing error as a result of the building sway.


Moreover, it is believed that research on aggression based on this theory may reduce violence in society (DeWall et al., 2011) . Therefore, further studies would be important if other variables deemed important by the GAM in predicting aggressive behavior were included, such as some situational variables, for example, violent media. Furthermore, we suggest that further research should be conducted to verify the influence of these variables.

Moreover, it is believed that research on aggression based on this theory may reduce violence in society.