We propose here the near-term fabrication of prototype devices by ion implantation. Our technique makes use of a conventional ion implanter teamed with methods to count the number of ions implanted into controlled positions in a semiconductor device. By removing the statistical variations of blanket implantations, considerably improved device properties and inter-device variability are expected and observed [15] .

By removing the statistical variations of blanket implantations, considerably improved device properties and inter-device variability are expected and observed.


In general, the ceramic materials have potential applications of various fields because of their significant electrical properties [1] . In particular, the ceramic materials with ferroelectric properties were developed and utilized for different applications such as non-volatile memories, medical ultrasound imaging and actuators, and data storage devices [2] . The biggest applications of ferroelectric ceramics are in the areas of dielectric ceramics for capacitor applications, especially ferroelectric thin film technology [3] . The perovskite family shows a general structure of ABO 3 [4, 5] . Many ferroelectric materials such as barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ), lead titanate (PbTiO 3 ), lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) exhibit the perovskite structure. All these are expected to be candidate dielectric materials.

In general, the ceramic materials have potential applications of various fields because of their significant electrical properties.

In particular, the ceramic materials with ferroelectric properties were developed and utilized for different applications such as non-volatile memories, medical ultrasound imaging and actuators, and data storage devices.

The biggest applications of ferroelectric ceramics are in the areas of dielectric ceramics for capacitor applications, especially ferroelectric thin film technology.

The perovskite family shows a general structure of ABO 3.


It has been argued that the space of alternative behaviors (or convention space) is an important factor in the outcome of convention problems [8] . In other words, the number of possible conventions the agents can establish may influence the emerging convention(s) (if any). Therefore, mechanisms must be able to cope with convention spaces of different sizes.

It has been argued that the space of alternative behaviors (or convention space) is an important factor in the outcome of convention problems.


Next we studied 2D nanosheets derived from wurtzite ZnO. The nanosheets are based on the model of (2 × 2) supercell cut from initial bulk ZnO (0001) plane, which contains 9 Zn and 9 O atoms, as shown in Figure 2 . After full optimization, the pristine ZnONSs transform from the initial configuration (Figure 2 (a)) to a flat graphitic structure ( Figure 2(b) ). For the structural optimization, the energetic convergence threshold is 10 −4 Ry. Atomic relaxation is carried out until all components of the residual forces are less than 1 mRy/a.u. A pronounced geometry change appears in this case: the length of Zn-O bond has changed from 1.973 to 1.876Å. Moreover, the bond angle within the newly formed planar layer increases from the wurtzite tetrahedral, 109 ∘ on average, to plane trigonal, 120 ∘ . We also find that the calculated band structure of the ZnONSs exhibits a direct band gap at the Γ point with an energy gap of 1.40 eV, which is bigger than that in the bulk structure. The spin-polarized calculations show that the ZnONSs have no magnetism; this can also be seen from the total density of states (DOS) shown in Figure 2 and is consistent with previous experimental results [23, 24] .

The spin-polarized calculations show that the ZnONSs have no magnetism; this can also be seen from the total density of states (DOS) shown in Figure 2 and is consistent with previous experimental results.


The naturally occurring phenolic compound nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) has been widely used as an antioxidant [19] . This compound has also been reported to act as a protective agent against keratosis caused by exposure to UV light [20] . Furthermore, NDGA due to the presence of two functional ortho-catechols in its structure (Scheme 1) can act as a cross-linking agent improving the mechanical properties of synthetic collagen [21, 22] .

The naturally occurring phenolic compound nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) has been widely used as an antioxidant.

This compound has also been reported to act as a protective agent against keratosis caused by exposure to UV light.

Furthermore, NDGA due to the presence of two functional ortho-catechols in its structure (Scheme 1) can act as a cross-linking agent improving the mechanical properties of synthetic collagen.


Nitrates are released into the soil and water through a breakdown of naturally occurring organic nitrogen compounds through mineralization, hydrolysis, and bacterialactivated reactions [7, 8] . Urea like other forms of organic nitrogen in soil and natural waters is converted to ammonia under anaerobic microbial processes [8] . Ammonia is also converted to nitrate and nitrite which are soluble in water both of which do not bind to soil and have high migration potential through soil. Consequently, nitrates are washed easily into surface waters by rain or leached through soil into ground water. Plant cover, land use, fertilizer pattern, fertilizer usage, soil type, rainfall pattern, irrigation, climatic conditions, and depth of ground water below land surface are the main factors that control the leaching of nitrates as well as nitrites [9] .

Nitrates are released into the soil and water through a breakdown of naturally occurring organic nitrogen compounds through mineralization, hydrolysis, and bacterialactivated reactions.

Urea like other forms of organic nitrogen in soil and natural waters is converted to ammonia under anaerobic microbial processes.

Plant cover, land use, fertilizer pattern, fertilizer usage, soil type, rainfall pattern, irrigation, climatic conditions, and depth of ground water below land surface are the main factors that control the leaching of nitrates as well as nitrites.


A second way is a simpler scene-oriented approach. This was explored by Oliva and Torralba, who showed that images can be described with basic scene labels such as 'street', 'buildings' or 'highways', using a selection of relevant lowlevel global filters [9, 10] . They further showed how simple image statistics can be used to infer the presence and absence of objects in the scene [11] .

This was explored by Oliva and Torralba, who showed that images can be described with basic scene labels such as 'street', 'buildings' or 'highways', using a selection of relevant lowlevel global filters.

They further showed how simple image statistics can be used to infer the presence and absence of objects in the scene.


The standard scheme produced curves that were qualitatively similar to those from the grid centred scheme. In particular they showed no signs of any numerical instabilities out to t = 1000m. They did, however, show non-trivial quantitative differences in the later stages of the evolution -at t = 1000m the standard scheme's grid had stretched out to 739m as opposed to 826m for the grid centred scheme. The grid centred scheme also showed better constancy in the area of the apparent horizon (see section (6.5)), with only a 4% change in area from t = 0 to t = 100m as opposed to a 13% change for the standard scheme. In the later stages of the evolution we can expect that the accuracy of the solution will be degraded due to the loss of resolution near the apparent horizon. This problem will occur with all numerical methods that do not provide for special treatment over the highly dynamical regions (e.g. an adaptive grid refinement scheme such as that due to Berger and Oliger [21] ).

This problem will occur with all numerical methods that do not provide for special treatment over the highly dynamical regions (e.g. an adaptive grid refinement scheme such as that due to Berger and Oliger).


One alternative is the smooth lattice approach which we presented in two earlier papers [11, 12] . This is a method which uses a lattice similar to that used in the Regge calculus but differing significantly in the way the field equations are imposed on the lattice. In the smooth lattice method we employ a series of local Riemann normal coordinates in which the connection vanishes at the origin of each such frame. Collectively these frames enable us to obtain point estimates of the curvatures in terms of the lattice data (in particular the leg lengths). The upshot is that the 3+1 ADM equations can be applied directly to the lattice. This is clearly a radically different approach to that normally used in numerical relativity. It is thus interesting to explore its stability properties against those for traditional techniques.

One alternative is the smooth lattice approach which we presented in two earlier papers.


Nowadays, supply chain management is the key area of research in each field of business sector (see for reference Sarkar [1] ). The most crucial factor in supply chain is to obtain more profit or to reduce a total system cost. To earn more profit, selling-price plays an important role as less sellingprice with perfect quality product will give always increasing market size of any product. Thus, if any industry can maintain an optimum selling-price for a long period of time, the industry may consider a sustainable supply chain forever with known market size.

Nowadays, supply chain management is the key area of research in each field of business sector (see for reference Sarkar).


The environmental benefits of bio-glycols are very important from the 'green chemistry' point of view, but the influence of the bio-glycols on the chemical structure and performance of the polymers synthesized using them should be investigated in detail. The petrochemical and biotechnological processes are different in several points, but the final products of both processes can be contaminated by several chemical compounds, for example intermediates or by-products. This contamination can significantly influence on the chemical structure and properties of polyurethanes, and this is resulted from the lower mass of chain extenders in comparison with the mass of polyols or isocyanates used during the synthesis of PUs. According to the literature, the bio-based glycols can contain contaminations like 2,3-butanediol, lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, succinic acid 1,4-butanediol monoacetate, 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde and another ketones and aldehydes, enzymes and inorganic compounds [43] [44] [45] .

According to the literature, the bio-based glycols can contain contaminations like 2,3-butanediol, lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, succinic acid 1,4-butanediol monoacetate, 4-hydroxybutyraldehyde and another ketones and aldehydes, enzymes and inorganic compounds.


Recently, considerable effort has been exerted in developing high-κ rare earth oxide, M 2 O 3 (M = La, Pr, Nd, etc.), as a replacement of the conventional SiO 2 -based gate dielectric material [1] . The incorporation of neodymium (Nd) ions in insulating layers has important applications for solid-state laser materials, luminescent materials, protective coatings, and gate dielectric applications [2, 3] . However, Nd 2 O 3 is thermally unstable upon annealing and can be partially transformed to NdO(OH) when exposed to atmospheric conditions [4] . One of many solutions to enhance the thermal stability is the incorporation of aluminium (Al) to develop innovative multifunctional advanced lanthanidealuminates-based ceramics, MAlO 3 (M = La, Pr, Gd, and Nd). The lanthanide aluminates are promising high-κ candidates as they combine the advantages of the high permittivity of the lanthanide oxide with the chemical and thermal stability of Al 2 O 3 . Furthermore, they remain amorphous up to high temperatures, leading to a large reduction in leakage current relative to polycrystalline M 2 O 3 films during CMOS processing [5, 6] .

Recently, considerable effort has been exerted in developing high-κ rare earth oxide, M 2 O 3 (M = La, Pr, Nd, etc.), as a replacement of the conventional SiO 2 -based gate dielectric material.

The incorporation of neodymium (Nd) ions in insulating layers has important applications for solid-state laser materials, luminescent materials, protective coatings, and gate dielectric applications.

However, Nd 2 O 3 is thermally unstable upon annealing and can be partially transformed to NdO(OH) when exposed to atmospheric conditions.

Furthermore, they remain amorphous up to high temperatures, leading to a large reduction in leakage current relative to polycrystalline M 2 O 3 films during CMOS processing.


The power sector in Malaysia has been heavily dependent on conventional fossil resources, according to 2013 available capacity data indicated that 88.4% came from fossil fuels and 11.4% is from hydropower. To be distinct, the 88.4% accounts for 53.3% natural gas, 30.5% coal, 2.8% fuel oil and 1.8% diesel. The penetration of renewables in the generation mix has been rather laid back despite the implementation of the feed-in tariff and renewable smart targets. The contribution of renewables aside from hydro in the electricity mix in 2013 was only 0.2% [1] . Malaysia is also one of the largest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitters in South East Asia, ranked third after Indonesia and Thailand. In 2013, the CO2 emission marked a tremendous four-fold increase to 236.5 Mt compared to 56.6 Mt in 1990. Furthermore, in 2013 power sector alone contributed 54.8% of total CO2 emissions [2] . Malaysia has also ratified the Paris agreement to reduce 45% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relative to 2005 levels by 2030, in which 35% reduction is on unconditional terms and 10% is upon receipt of climate finance, technology transfer and capacity building from advanced countries. At current production to reserve rate, oil and gas reserves are showing signs of depletion, oil may last for 30 years, while gas may hold about 40 years. Malaysia needs to restructure her electricity generation mix to cater for the aforementioned challenges of climate change and diminishing fossil fuel. As part of the solution, the government has laid plans to commission a 2.0 GW Nuclear Power Plant which is scheduled to be in operation by 2030. Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC) was established and entrusted to lead this initiative, their current focus is to set up the legal framework for nuclear power in the country [3] . Nevertheless, after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, led some European countries to shut down their nuclear reactors as a safety obligation towards their citizens. This incident has enhanced the awareness of the Malaysian public that nuclear technology is associated with inherent risks, and thus the idea of sourcing power from nuclear is no longer intriguing to the public. Thus there is a need to explore other long term sustainable options for power generation in Malaysia. This type of long term foresight studies are still lacking for Malaysia and optimization models are known to be able to provide an objective evaluation of future generation technologies and fuel mix selection. These studies are not only limited to power sector analysis but can cover the whole energy system as well [4] [5] [6] . However, these studies are often unique owing to application of country-specific data, the research objectives may vary upon factors such as policies of national interest, demand or technology-driven or maybe linked to environmental concerns. Hence, this study will assess the optimized least cost selection of future power generation technologies in Malaysia for a period from 2013 until 2050 by evaluating a few scenarios namely the optimized least cost on existing technology, plus renewables, plus nuclear, also plus PV and storage which will be contrasted to the business as usual (BAU) scenario. The electricity demand projection, capacity levels, and electricity generation by technology, the CO2 emission profile, as well as the total system cost for all scenarios will be presented.

The contribution of renewables aside from hydro in the electricity mix in 2013 was only 0.2%.

Furthermore, in 2013 power sector alone contributed 54.8% of total CO2 emissions.

Malaysia Nuclear Power Corporation (MNPC) was established and entrusted to lead this initiative, their current focus is to set up the legal framework for nuclear power in the country.

These studies are not only limited to power sector analysis but can cover the whole energy system as well.


Leptin is known to circulate in a free as well as a protein-bound form. The RIA-method used during the present study measures the total amount of circulating immunoreactive leptin and does not distinguish between these two forms, unless combined with gel-exclusion chromatography (Teppa et al, 2000) . Recent studies have shown that the concentrations of both forms of circulating leptin are elevated during pregnancy (Lewandowski et al, 1999; Teppa et al, 2000) . Free leptin and bound leptin may have distinct functions (Brabant et al, 2000) . Whether free leptin or bound leptin relates to the plasma phospholipidassociated fatty acids during early pregnancy cannot be derived from our results and thus needs further elucidation. Therefore, it seems advisable to measure both forms of circulating leptin during future studies.

The RIA-method used during the present study measures the total amount of circulating immunoreactive leptin and does not distinguish between these two forms, unless combined with gel-exclusion chromatography.

Recent studies have shown that the concentrations of both forms of circulating leptin are elevated during pregnancy.

Free leptin and bound leptin may have distinct functions.


Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) belongs to the STAT family of signal-responsive transcription factors [19] . The inactive form of STAT3 in the cytoplasm of non-stimulated cells is activated by cytokines, growth factors and oncogenic proteins through sequential phosphorylation of tyrosine 705 and serine 727 [20] . Like NF-κB, constitutive activation of STAT3 has been shown to contribute to the progression of gastric cancer, including proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis [21] [22] [23] . However, STAT3 showed differential roles in gastric cancer cell metastasis depending on the upstream regulator of STAT3 activation [21] .

Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) belongs to the STAT family of signal-responsive transcription factors.

The inactive form of STAT3 in the cytoplasm of non-stimulated cells is activated by cytokines, growth factors and oncogenic proteins through sequential phosphorylation of tyrosine 705 and serine 727.

Like NF-κB, constitutive activation of STAT3 has been shown to contribute to the progression of gastric cancer, including proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis.

However, STAT3 showed differential roles in gastric cancer cell metastasis depending on the upstream regulator of STAT3 activation.


Most of the work on food deserts conducted to date in BC has been conducted in urban regions of the province [25] . We offer here a suite of methods, and illustrate their use, to empirically determine food self-sufficiency at a relatively small level of geography for use in rural places. Furthermore, we have, after identifying regions of lowest food self-sufficiency in BC, superimposed these on regions whose populations have relatively poor dietary ill health. In this way we have demonstrated a methodological way forward to empirically determine regions in the province of BC most at risk for food insecurity. This information should be of interest to health and food planners within the province. These methods may also be useful for researchers and planners in other jurisdictions.

Most of the work on food deserts conducted to date in BC has been conducted in urban regions of the province.


And in 2015 the UK Government's Department for Business, Innovation and Skills published proposals for a Teaching Excellence Framework TEF to mirror research assessment. The new Framework "will identify and incentivise the highest quality teaching to drive up standards in higher education" (p. 18). So the delivery of excellent university teaching assumes heightened political and public importance in the UK and further afield. Further impetus comes from widespread global austerity and the direct cost of tuition for many students and countries. One example is that, in England, universities now charge undergraduates around £9,000+ per year tuition fees (Browne, 2010) . A 2009 petition, signed by 600 students at Bristol University (SW England), for example, complained that revenue per student from such fees had increased without evidence that the quality of education had improved accordingly (Jamieson, 2009) .

One example is that, in England, universities now charge undergraduates around £9,000+ per year tuition fees.

A 2009 petition, signed by 600 students at Bristol University (SW England), for example, complained that revenue per student from such fees had increased without evidence that the quality of education had improved accordingly.


We examined the degree of process change, depth of PM adoption, and local success of PM introduction as changes caused by adopting project-based management (Research question 2). Our results emphasize that achieving benefits from project-based management requires both a wide, consistent and thorough use of project management throughout the firm, and local success in introducing PM. This is in line with an earlier proposition that a great number of units should support the use of the organizational innovation, and that a localized search process is needed for the organizational innovation to succeed (Alänge et al. 1998) . The results show that depth of PM adoption and local success of PM introduction correlate with external pressure, and mediate the relationship between external pressure and the benefit variables.

This is in line with an earlier proposition that a great number of units should support the use of the organizational innovation, and that a localized search process is needed for the organizational innovation to succeed.


Incubation period in M. niger has not been reported; however, preliminary data under semi-controlled temperature conditions, suggest that it extends from 84 to 96 days (J.B. Thorbjarnarson, personal communication) . In the closely related species, Caiman latirostris and Alligator mississippiensis, incubation period at constant temperatures varies from 69 to 81 and 63 to 84 days, respectively (Lang and Andrews, 1994; Piña et al., 2003) . If M. niger has an incubation period in this range, it likely explains why nests of this species where found only on the shores of lakes that remain isolated on average more than 81 days per year.

In the closely related species, Caiman latirostris and Alligator mississippiensis, incubation period at constant temperatures varies from 69 to 81 and 63 to 84 days, respectively.


A manufacturing system could be defined as a collection of integrated equipment (including production machines and tools, material handling and work-positioning devices and computer systems) and human resources, whose function is to perform one or more processing and/or assembly operations on raw materials, a part, or set of parts (Groover, 2008) . In this system, human resources are required either full time or periodically to keep the system running. There are seven systems included in a manufacturing system: they are; taxonomy, single-station cells, group technology, a flexible manufacturing system, manual assembly lines, automated assembly lines and transfer lines. In this study, the discussion will focus on an assembly line system. It is both an old problem and a new problem, due to the fact that many researchers still attempt to stumble on optimized ways, methods or techniques to assembly lines balancing.

A manufacturing system could be defined as a collection of integrated equipment (including production machines and tools, material handling and work-positioning devices and computer systems) and human resources, whose function is to perform one or more processing and/or assembly operations on raw materials, a part, or set of parts.


The conductivity of the liquid is given by the number of charge carriers. In water we have thermal generated carriers H + and OH -; in the bridge another type of carrier is generated at the high voltage electrode, for voltages ≥4 kV the high voltage generated cations play the dominant role. Consistent with this statement is the charging of the cathode fluid reservoir top surface observed when we operate the bridge in continuous mode by maintaining the equilibrium of the fluid levels in both beakers [1] . If the current conduction were associated with the H + and/or OH -ions transport, an appreciable increase in current should be observed. What we have measured in the DMSO matrix is that the addition of the impurity water decreases the conduction, decreasing the charge transport. The addition of water at high voltages results in a decrease in the conductivity probably because it interfere the p + mobility.

Consistent with this statement is the charging of the cathode fluid reservoir top surface observed when we operate the bridge in continuous mode by maintaining the equilibrium of the fluid levels in both beakers.


The purpose of a safety analysis is to ensure that the risks that could be a potential source of harm, damage of property and degradation of the environment, are sufficiently minimized by addressing all the relevant safety lifecycle stages including the design, implementation, operation, and maintenance through to decommissioning. Reducing residual risk to an acceptable level is usually achieved by using a combination of safety protective systems, including safety instrumented systems, SIS (e.g., emergency shutdown systems and fire and gas systems), other technology safety-related systems (e.g., relief valves, bursting discs, firewalls, drain system), and external risk reduction facilities (e.g., work organization, procedures, separation). The SIS often represents an integral part of a safety management system to reduce the risk of major accident hazards [1] . It is made up of one or more safety instrumented functions (SIF) to sense abnormal situations and automatically return the process to a safe state. This is usually achieved by performing a partial or complete shutdown of the process, to prevent a hazardous event or mitigate its consequences. If the initial risk without SIS is high, the availability and integrity requirements for SIF's must be high.

The SIS often represents an integral part of a safety management system to reduce the risk of major accident hazards.


Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a highly adaptable cereal grain and ranks 5th among all crops for dry matter production in the world. In addition, it is an important food source in many parts of the world (Gupta et al., 2010) . Although barley is regarded as salt tolerant among crop plants, its growth and development are severely affected by ionic and osmotic stresses in salt-affected soils (Mahmood, 2011) .

In addition, it is an important food source in many parts of the world.

Although barley is regarded as salt tolerant among crop plants, its growth and development are severely affected by ionic and osmotic stresses in salt-affected soils.


The Guessing steam gasification process including gas cleaning has been already modeled and implemented into the equation-oriented process simulation tool IPSEpro [3] . Within the present work, the simulation has been extended by the model of the IRSOFC stack and a coupling between the gasification process and an IRSOFC-GT hybrid concept is realized in the simulation program. A steam cycle and a compact organic Rankine cycle (ORC) are discussed as possible concepts for heat recovery across the plant.

The Guessing steam gasification process including gas cleaning has been already modeled and implemented into the equation-oriented process simulation tool IPSEpro.


Generally, the aim of monitoring the LMD process is the improvement of the reproducibility, reliability and quality of the process, what results in economic saving [6] . When monitoring the process, different systems have been developed. Up to now, the most promising methods are those based on measuring the melt pool temperature or size and acting on the laser power to keep the measured signals within a desired range.

Generally, the aim of monitoring the LMD process is the improvement of the reproducibility, reliability and quality of the process, what results in economic saving.


As mentioned in Figure 15 , nodes , , and represent the glass cover of the PV module, the PV cell, and the PV back sheet, respectively. Node represents the air within the gap and node represents the roof. The variables and are the exterior and interior roof surface temperatures. Figure 16 illustrates the energy flow through the PV roof system with a ventilation gap based on an -circuit representation [13] .

Figure 16 illustrates the energy flow through the PV roof system with a ventilation gap based on an -circuit representation.


Although it's possible to automatically perform pre-hoc quality control for simple constraints over simple data types, it is still unclear how this can be achieved for more complex data integrity constraints and data types. For instance, multi-paragraph text attributes such as product reviews, forum comments, or rental descriptions are particularly challenging for several reasons. First, the quality measure is continuous (there is no "perfect document") and thus hard to identify a "violation". Second, it is ill-defined and applicationdependent, thus difficult to specify as a constraint. Third, it's unclear how to automatically generate the appropriate feedback text to show the user. Existing approaches (surveyed in Related Work) focus on syntactic errors such as grammatical mistakes, which cannot help improve the text content, or overly simple models for picking feedback text [50] .

Existing approaches (surveyed in Related Work) focus on syntactic errors such as grammatical mistakes, which cannot help improve the text content, or overly simple models for picking feedback text.


Several limitations have to be mentioned. First, our sample mainly consisted of couples with relatively younger children. Therefore, results cannot be generalized to newlyweds or couples with older children. Second, couples who were born in the 1970s tend to be more traditional or collectivistic than couples born in the 1980s and 1990s, who tend to be more individualistic (Shu & Zhu, 2009) . In order to account for this variability, we controlled for several important aspects (e.g., age, education, marital duration, number of children) to make the results more comparable. However, future studies should collect data from a more diverse generation group to examine stress and dyadic coping processes. Finally, it is not possible to draw causal conclusions about the underlying mechanisms based on our crosssectional data. Future research should focus on designing longitudinal (e.g., diary study) or experimental studies to deepen our understanding of stress and dyadic coping mechanisms in Chinese couples.

Second, couples who were born in the 1970s tend to be more traditional or collectivistic than couples born in the 1980s and 1990s, who tend to be more individualistic.


In relation to direct effects, all direct pathways were significant with two exceptions (see Table 3 ). First, although external stress and relationship satisfaction correlated significantly with each other, this association was no longer significant when we included the mediator variables in the model, indicating that the mediators can fully explain the association between external stress and relationship satisfaction. Second, we did not find significant partner effects between dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction, replicating a previous study with Western couples (Hilpert et al., 2013) . In addition, findings show that the associations between the variables are equal across gender, further supporting the assumption that Chinese husbands and wives may perceive similar levels of stress, coping behaviors, and relationship satisfaction. This means that the effect of external stress on one's own behavior is very similar between partners when reacting to stressors and perceiving partners' coping behaviors. We can conclude that under everyday stressful circumstances, modern Chinese couples demand coping resources from their partners to maintain their own psychological well-being.

Second, we did not find significant partner effects between dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction, replicating a previous study with Western couples.


Adequate delineation of LV endocardial (and epicardial) borders are a prerequisite of 2D echocardiography and especially stress echocardiography for accurate interpretation of regional LV function. In about 15% of stress echo patients this goal cannot be achieved due to limited image resolution [7] [8] [9] . As a consequence, data are usually limited to qualitative judgement [6, 9, [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . In addition, conventional echocardiography rarely allows confident distinction of epicardial borders.

In about 15% of stress echo patients this goal cannot be achieved due to limited image resolution.

As a consequence, data are usually limited to qualitative judgement.


Since the end of the Second World War, Germany has faced a multi-cultural experience of immigration (Bauer et al., 2005) . In the period up to the 1970s immigrants have been actively recruited from Southern Europe to match increased demand for low skilled labour in Germany's postwar economic boom. Since the end of the guest-worker recruitment era in 1973, the ethnic composition of immigration to Germany has changed substantially.

Since the end of the Second World War, Germany has faced a multi-cultural experience of immigration.


However, it was the controversy surrounding the comprehensive Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standards in the early 1990s that brought the conflict to a much higher and more international level. The GSM conflict made it clear that SSOs had to develop rules concerning IPR in the standards they draft in the changing technological and competitive environment. This amplified concerns that were already being addressed in the United States during the mid-1980s, when the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) began developing its patent policy. The way the newly created European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) addressed the IPR controversy in the GSM standards is widely seen as heralding a new era in which multi-party standardization activities would increasingly encounter IPR conflicts (Iversen, 1995 (Iversen, , 2001 Bekkers, 2001; Dupuis 2002; Haug 2002) . Based on the experience of GSM, ETSI adopted a new IPR policy in 1994 which is still largely in place and which has been the blueprint for IPR policies in many other SSOs around the world (Iversen, 2002) .

The way the newly created European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) addressed the IPR controversy in the GSM standards is widely seen as heralding a new era in which multi-party standardization activities would increasingly encounter IPR conflicts.

Based on the experience of GSM, ETSI adopted a new IPR policy in 1994 which is still largely in place and which has been the blueprint for IPR policies in many other SSOs around the world.


The fruit can be squeezed for juice and used as a brewed fruit tea due to its low content of sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose), rich aroma components and high levels of ascorbic acid (44.5 mg/100 g), dehydroascorbic acid (2.2 mg/100 g), and citric acid (3.6%) [1] . Calamondin juice is characterized by its high acidity, as reflected by the high citric acid content [1] . Thus, calamondin drinks are currently popular.

The fruit can be squeezed for juice and used as a brewed fruit tea due to its low content of sugars (glucose, fructose, and sucrose), rich aroma components and high levels of ascorbic acid (44.5 mg/100 g), dehydroascorbic acid (2.2 mg/100 g), and citric acid (3.6%).

Calamondin juice is characterized by its high acidity, as reflected by the high citric acid content.


The anti-corrosive properties of zinc-coated steel sheets has led to them being increasingly used, especially in automotive structures. Some studies have been carried out to understand the effect of the zinc film on contact mechanics and on the texture of plastically deformed sheets [5, 6] . However, in spite of the research already done in this field, proper criteria for designing parts or structures, taking into account the fretting fatigue effect, have not yet been established for this kind of material. This work examines the effect of fretting on the fracture life of a low carbon steel that is used mainly in automobile structures, emphasizing the role of electroplated zinc films. The effect of certain fretting parameters was also studied.

Some studies have been carried out to understand the effect of the zinc film on contact mechanics and on the texture of plastically deformed sheets.


These results imply that we would expect to see an energy guzzlers gap in the data, if decision makers are really using an option value framework. To the degree that we don't see such a gap, it casts doubt on the idea that decision makers are making extremely rational decisions based on an option value framework. This would lead back to the idea that there are behavioral issues, such as hyperbolic discounting or heuristic decision-making, that may need to be addressed by non-traditional policies (Gillingham et al., 2009; Turrentine and Kurani, 2007) . More empirical work is needed to carefully test whether an option-value framework is appropriate.

This would lead back to the idea that there are behavioral issues, such as hyperbolic discounting or heuristic decision-making, that may need to be addressed by non-traditional policies.


High surface charge density, which generates strong repulsive force and small size of the agglomerates make it possible to formulate highly concentrated and stable inks. However, it was only possible to obtain 25 wt% Ag loading dispersion through adjusting pH and further increasing the silver content weakens the stability of the fluid due to the decrease in the electrophoretic mobility of the particles [9] . To load more Ag NPs in an ink and form a stable dispersion, copolymer F127 was used. Fig. 3 shows TEM pictures of silver particles dispersed in water with and without copolymer F127. The primary nanoparticles strongly attract each other through physical forces due to large surface area, immediately forming larger particles. Upon ultrasound treating, the agglomerates were separated and due to the presence of F127, the small particles were prevented from being agglomerated again. It was the surface modification that delayed the agglomeration or clustering. Resulted size of the dispersed particles was around 10 nm. As a result, a high Ag loading ink containing 45 wt% Ag could be produced.

However, it was only possible to obtain 25 wt% Ag loading dispersion through adjusting pH and further increasing the silver content weakens the stability of the fluid due to the decrease in the electrophoretic mobility of the particles.


The morphology of the printed lines has an effect on the bulk electrical properties of the printed line [4] . Smaller feature size enables the benefits of inkjet printing in functional applications, such as printed electronics. Additionally, it lowers the production costs of electronic devices, since material can be positioned on-demand, which reduces the amount of necessary materials [4] .

The morphology of the printed lines has an effect on the bulk electrical properties of the printed line.

Additionally, it lowers the production costs of electronic devices, since material can be positioned on-demand, which reduces the amount of necessary materials.


The approach taken in this paper is entirely based on Fourier series with respect to spherical harmonics. We make use of the fact that the Funk-Radon transform is a multiplication operator in Fourier space and that it suffices to specify the mollifier by its Fourier coefficients. The advantages of this approach are as follows. Firstly, we are not restricted to specific mollifiers which are Funk-Radon transforms of approximating identities. Secondly, the estimator E ψ (Ff +ε), the Sobolev norm f H s and the maximum risk (1.2) can be easily expressed with respect to the Fourier coefficients of f . Lastly, this representation leads to a fast inversion algorithm, i.e. an algorithm that scales like O(M log M ), by applying the nonequispaced fast spherical Fourier transform [16, 21] .

Lastly, this representation leads to a fast inversion algorithm, i.e. an algorithm that scales like O(M log M ), by applying the nonequispaced fast spherical Fourier transform.


Results indicate that young people who are well informed and have more positive attitudes and skills tend to not accept risks, while those who possess less knowledge, less positive attitudes and less skills will more readily accept risks, which is in agreement with the model of informationmotivated behavioural skills (IMB) (Fisher & Fisher, 1992; 1993) . Knowledge alone about contraception and STIs does not grant a protective effect in relation to preventive sexual behaviour. This means that being well informed about contraception and prevention of STIs does not guarantee that individuals will not perform behaviours that may put them at risk of becoming infected. Motivation and behavioural skills to perform preventive sexual behaviours have significant effects; consequently interventions that promote prevention of sexual behaviour should give emphasis on changing attitudes, perceptions of social support, intentions and skills acquisition.

Results indicate that young people who are well informed and have more positive attitudes and skills tend to not accept risks, while those who possess less knowledge, less positive attitudes and less skills will more readily accept risks, which is in agreement with the model of informationmotivated behavioural skills (IMB).


Because young people today prefer smaller families and delay childbearing longer, more family planning is necessary than in the previous generation. Given the greater diversity in contraceptive technology that is available today, young people need increasingly comprehensive education so that they are aware of all of their options. A focus on the advantages and disadvantages of all methods can help students make informed decisions (Kirby, Laris, & Rolleri, 2007) . Because not all students go to health centers it is imperative to create a space in university for this exchange of information.

A focus on the advantages and disadvantages of all methods can help students make informed decisions.


The correlations between the C max or AUC 0-∞ of SN-38 and doses of PEP02 were weak in this phase I study. The elimination of SN-38 was slow and exhibited significant inter-individual variation after administration of PEP02. The reason for such inter-individual variation in kinetic behavior of SN-38 after PEP02 administration is not yet fully explored, but pharmacogenetic variability of irinotecan metabolismrelated enzymes is likely to be involved. The presence of the UGT1A1*28 allele has been shown to cause a 70 % reduction in the expression of UGT, the enzyme responsible for glucuronidation of SN-38 into inactive SN-38 glucuronide (SN-38G). This reduction leads to increased exposure of patients to the cytotoxic metabolite, SN-38 [14, 15] . Clinically, patients with either heterozygous UGT1A1*1/*28 or homozygous UGT1A1*28/*28 genotypes are more prone to severe irinotecan-associated toxicity, notably grade 3-4 neutropenia and/or diarrhea [15] . Based on these findings, the US Food and Drug Administration revised the label of irinotecan and recommended that patients who are known to be homozygous for the UGT1A1*28 allele should receive a reduced initial dose of irinotecan to minimize the risk of significant toxicity [16] . However, ethnic differences in UGT1A1 allele frequencies are well established, and the Asian population is known to have a lower frequency of the UGT1A1*28 allele (13.9 % vs 33.4 % in Caucasians) but a significantly higher frequency of UGT1A1*6 (13.0 % vs 0.5 % in Caucasians) [15] . It has been reported that patients with a combined heterozygosity of UGT1A1*6 and *28 were more prone to develop toxicities after irinotecan injection, as happened in one of our patients [17, 18] . Comparing the PK of SN-38 in the four patients receiving 180 mg/m 2 of PEP02, the C max and AUC 0-∞ of SN-38 of the patient (#203) who died of grade 4 diarrhea, neutropenia and infection were almost threefold higher than in the other three patients.

This reduction leads to increased exposure of patients to the cytotoxic metabolite, SN-38.

Clinically, patients with either heterozygous UGT1A1*1/*28 or homozygous UGT1A1*28/*28 genotypes are more prone to severe irinotecan-associated toxicity, notably grade 3-4 neutropenia and/or diarrhea.

Based on these findings, the US Food and Drug Administration revised the label of irinotecan and recommended that patients who are known to be homozygous for the UGT1A1*28 allele should receive a reduced initial dose of irinotecan to minimize the risk of significant toxicity.

However, ethnic differences in UGT1A1 allele frequencies are well established, and the Asian population is known to have a lower frequency of the UGT1A1*28 allele (13.9 % vs 33.4 % in Caucasians) but a significantly higher frequency of UGT1A1*6 (13.0 % vs 0.5 % in Caucasians).

It has been reported that patients with a combined heterozygosity of UGT1A1*6 and *28 were more prone to develop toxicities after irinotecan injection, as happened in one of our patients.


Other liposome formulations of irinotecan or SN-38 have also been developed. IHL-305 (pegylated liposomal irinotecan) has been identified in its MTD at every 4 week and every 2 week schedule as 160 and 80 mg/m 2 , respectively, in a phase I study [19] . The AUC 0-∞ of SN-38 at 160 mg/m 2 was 360 ± 370 ng*h/mL, and one PR and two SD were observed among the 60 patients recruited. PEP02 at 120 mg/m 2 showed higher SN-38 exposure than IHL-305 at 160 mg/m 2 . LE-SN38 is a liposome-encapsulated SN-38, which had been developed in phase II stage. The MTD of LE-SN38 was identified in its phase I study as 35 mg/ m 2 every 3 weeks for both the UGT1A1*28 wild-type and heterozygous patients [20] . The AUC 0-∞ of SN-38 at the MTD for the wild-type and heterozygous patients were 1,751.8 and 3,493.6 ng*h/mL, respectively. Notwithstanding LE-SN38 has relatively high SN-38 AUC, unfortunately, it did not meet the pre-specified activity criteria in its phase II CALGB 80402 study for mCRC patients [21] .

IHL-305 (pegylated liposomal irinotecan) has been identified in its MTD at every 4 week and every 2 week schedule as 160 and 80 mg/m 2 , respectively, in a phase I study.

The MTD of LE-SN38 was identified in its phase I study as 35 mg/ m 2 every 3 weeks for both the UGT1A1*28 wild-type and heterozygous patients.

Notwithstanding LE-SN38 has relatively high SN-38 AUC, unfortunately, it did not meet the pre-specified activity criteria in its phase II CALGB 80402 study for mCRC patients.


In the new era of power systems, power quality (PQ) issues have attained considerable attention in the last few decades due to increased demand of power electronics and/or microprocessor based non-linear controlled loads. While these devices create power quality problems, at the same time, devices may also malfunction due to the severe power quality problems [1] . Electricity is now treated as commercial product that is evaluated not only by its reliability but also by its quality. The customer will choose the supplier providing electrical energy having better power quality, at lower cost and acceptable reliability that meet his load needs. The utilities or other electric power providers have to ensure a high quality of power delivery to remain competitive and to retain/attract the customers in new electricity market scenario [2] .

While these devices create power quality problems, at the same time, devices may also malfunction due to the severe power quality problems.

The utilities or other electric power providers have to ensure a high quality of power delivery to remain competitive and to retain/attract the customers in new electricity market scenario.


Under the assumption of random additive demand model, our paper tries to investigate the structure of the optimal inventory control and pricing policy in each period. We show that the optimal inventory policy is partially characterized by an ( , , ) policy on four regions; in two of these regions the optimal policy is completely specified while, in the other two, it is partially specified. More specifically, the optimal ordering quantity in the first region is the full capacity, while in the last region it is optimal to order nothing; in the two middle regions, the optimal decision is either to order to the maximum capacity, to order to at least a prespecified level , or to order nothing. The optimal pricing policy ( ) in each period is dependent on the inventory level after the replenishment decision, , which is in general not a monotone function. The key concept utilized is strong -concavity, which is an extension of -concavity, and was first introduced by Gallego and Scheller-Wolf [2] .

The key concept utilized is strong -concavity, which is an extension of -concavity, and was first introduced by Gallego and Scheller-Wolf.


Science and education are complementary to one another. At the intersection of these two phenomena is the Universities. The functions fulfilled by universities are divided into three groups as education-teaching, basic scientific research, and community services (Doğramacı, 2000; Gürüz et al., 1994) . Universities have important tasks in the development and modernisation of societies from every aspect. Raising the qualified manpower needed by the society, performing pieces of research and investigation and publishing them, finding and explaining the ways of solution to various problems and presenting the views concerning the issues, and thus contributing to the scientific, technological and social development are among the tasks and responsibilities of universities (Işıksoluğu, 1993) .

The functions fulfilled by universities are divided into three groups as education-teaching, basic scientific research, and community services.

Raising the qualified manpower needed by the society, performing pieces of research and investigation and publishing them, finding and explaining the ways of solution to various problems and presenting the views concerning the issues, and thus contributing to the scientific, technological and social development are among the tasks and responsibilities of universities.


The power of societies has always relied on differing sources. The concept of industrial society in particular was based on production depending on industrialisation, and kept existing for a long time. In the process following the industrial society, however, the fundamental factor of production and power was information, and thus being a society of information became increasingly important. Information societies need individuals who can easily reach information, who can use it and contribute to its production, who have the evaluation and communication skills with the capability of analysing and synthesizing, who are creative and who have internalized the universal values. In this context, educational systems must raise the manpower carrying the properties in question (Saracaloğlu & Kaşlı, 2001) .

In this context, educational systems must raise the manpower carrying the properties in question.


Two corpora of NL sentences paired with MR's were used to evaluate SCISSOR. For CLANG, 300 pieces of coaching advice were randomly selected from the log files of the 2003 RoboCup Coach Competition. Each formal instruction was translated into English by one of four annotators (Kate et al., 2005) . The average length of an NL sentence in this corpus is 22.52 words. For GEOQUERY, 250 questions were collected by asking undergraduate students to generate English queries for the given database. Queries were then manually translated Table 1 : Conditioning variables for each back-off level for semantic parameters (× Ñ subscripts omitted).

Each formal instruction was translated into English by one of four annotators.


The castor bean cake is the most important and traditional byproduct of the castor oil production. It is a waste very rich in nutrients and organic matter and is often used as fertilizer [5] . The cake is also a good candidate to be used in animal feed composition. However, the presence of toxic compounds limits its use for these purposes [6, 7] . The PETROBRAS Research Center (Cenpes) developed a process to obtain biodiesel from castor bean seeds [8] . The castor bean seeds are grounded and added directly to the chemical reactor in the presence of ethanol and an alkaline catalyst and, after the transesterification reaction, a residue named castor bean waste is produced. This residue is extremely alkaline, has no value after the process of biodiesel production and, unlike the castor bean cake -obtained from the pressing of castor bean seeds -cannot be used as fertilizer.

It is a waste very rich in nutrients and organic matter and is often used as fertilizer.

However, the presence of toxic compounds limits its use for these purposes.

The PETROBRAS Research Center (Cenpes) developed a process to obtain biodiesel from castor bean seeds.


The fungus P. simplicissimum grew satisfactorily in the toxic castor bean waste reaching a maximum at 72 h (Fig. 1) , which was expressed indirectly by the N-acetylglucosamine content. Since the fungus was able to grow in this unfriendly residue, the search for toxic components at different fermentation stages was carried out. The protein extracts, obtained from in natura and fermented castor bean waste, were loaded in a Sephadex G-50 column (molecular exclusion chromatography) to verify the presence of ricin in the non-fermented waste (in natura) and after several fermentation times. The results confirm the effectiveness of treatment (Fig. 2) . Two peaks are observed majority after elution of the crude extracts, being the first one identified as the fraction containing ricin [32] . This peak is evident in the sample of the in natura castor bean waste, with a subsequent decrease or total disappearance in the fermented samples (Fig. 2) . The second peak is probably due to the presence of other proteins produced by the fungus and also the ones present in the castor bean waste.

Two peaks are observed majority after elution of the crude extracts, being the first one identified as the fraction containing ricin.


An alternative for this agro-industrial residue would be to use it as a culture medium for solid-state fermentation (SSF) to obtain biotechnological products [7, 9, 10] . SSF is a fermentation process which uses a solid culture medium as source of nutrients and support for the growth of microorganisms. The water content in the medium should be the minimum necessary to ensure appropriate growth and metabolism of cells, but not exceeding the maximum capacity of water retention in the matrix [11, 12] . Besides being a process for bioproducts obtainment, the SSF is a promising process for removing toxic compounds from agro-industrial residues [7, 9, [13] [14] [15] . Our group has developed a new low-cost process for biodetoxification of castor bean waste through solidstate fermentation, obtaining excellent results and, simultaneously, adding value to the residue through the production of a biocatalyst [7, 15] . Based on this work, another research group has used castor bean residue as solid medium in SSF to obtain enzymes (tannase and phytase) from Paecilomyces variotii and simultaneously detoxify the residue obtaining good results [9] .

An alternative for this agro-industrial residue would be to use it as a culture medium for solid-state fermentation (SSF) to obtain biotechnological products.

The water content in the medium should be the minimum necessary to ensure appropriate growth and metabolism of cells, but not exceeding the maximum capacity of water retention in the matrix.

Besides being a process for bioproducts obtainment, the SSF is a promising process for removing toxic compounds from agro-industrial residues.

Our group has developed a new low-cost process for biodetoxification of castor bean waste through solidstate fermentation, obtaining excellent results and, simultaneously, adding value to the residue through the production of a biocatalyst.

Based on this work, another research group has used castor bean residue as solid medium in SSF to obtain enzymes (tannase and phytase) from Paecilomyces variotii and simultaneously detoxify the residue obtaining good results.


Ricin is a strongly toxic protein and it is known that a single molecule in the cytoplasm is able to stop protein synthesis, through inactivation of approximately 1500 ribosomes per minute [2] . Even after the detection of ricin in the samples, an assay to verify if the detected ricin presents biological activity or not is necessary. Furthermore, it is necessary to be sure if the non-detection of ricin, due to a possible low sensitivity of the used method, really generates a non-toxic and safe product. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the toxicity of the samples in a living system, validating the efficiency of the treatment. The proteins extracted from in natura, autoclaved and fermented castor bean waste were placed in contact with Vero cell line. Animal cells are widely used as a model for analysis of in vitro toxicity of several compounds [20] [21] [22] [23] .

Ricin is a strongly toxic protein and it is known that a single molecule in the cytoplasm is able to stop protein synthesis, through inactivation of approximately 1500 ribosomes per minute.

Animal cells are widely used as a model for analysis of in vitro toxicity of several compounds.


In fields like medicinal training where applications based on performance evaluation come forth, the studies done regarding the extensive reliability analysis of measurements via handling multivariable sources of error together are too scarce in our country (Yılmaz and Gelbal, 2011; Yılmaz and Başbaşa, 2015) . When the performance is evaluated, it is considered that the extensive reliability analyses to be performed for used measurement tools and studies that handle multivariable sources of error to be done are important and this study will provide contribution to the literature in this regard. In the scope of this research, communication skills elective course is considered. Mentioned course consists of evaluation of patient interview of students in occupational sense.

In fields like medicinal training where applications based on performance evaluation come forth, the studies done regarding the extensive reliability analysis of measurements via handling multivariable sources of error together are too scarce in our country.


To avoid carbon emissions from land use change and to limit the loss of biodiversity, several authors suggested the use of degraded lands for bioenergy crops over agricultural lands [8, 12, 13] . About 15%, i.e. 5404 km 2 , of Belgium's total area was considered to be degraded land in 2003 [14] . Growing poplar on degraded lands may help in recultivating degraded lands or in preventing further degradation of such lands. Rental or purchase price of degraded lands is cheaper in comparison with agricultural lands. However, in many cases, the extra work needed to bring in amendments or to prepare the site for growing SRC or other energy crops make them more expensive. Also, productivity and yields of SRC on degraded lands may be lower. This raises the question whether the productivity on degraded lands is so low that electricity generation from a poplar SRC system on such lands becomes inefficient, i.e. the system's energy ratio is less than unity. Although energy balances of SRC-based electricity systems have been extensively researched, no studies of energy balances on degraded lands were reported [11] . Further, field experiments covering the complete life span of poplar SRC on agricultural lands are scarce and even inexistent on degraded lands. The life expectancy is believed to be 20e25 years (including 7e8 harvests for 3-year harvest cycles) without significant yield losses, but it can be markedly affected by plant material, by plantation maintenance, by the presence of pathogens and by the planting density in relation to the harvest frequency [15] .

To avoid carbon emissions from land use change and to limit the loss of biodiversity, several authors suggested the use of degraded lands for bioenergy crops over agricultural lands.

About 15%, i.e. 5404 km 2 , of Belgium's total area was considered to be degraded land in 2003.

Although energy balances of SRC-based electricity systems have been extensively researched, no studies of energy balances on degraded lands were reported.

The life expectancy is believed to be 20e25 years (including 7e8 harvests for 3-year harvest cycles) without significant yield losses, but it can be markedly affected by plant material, by plantation maintenance, by the presence of pathogens and by the planting density in relation to the harvest frequency.


Because of their pronounced genetic differences and the lack of gene flow between them, R. lagascae s. s., Mt. Labo R. lagascae, and R. manillana should be managed as distinct conservation entities. Mt. Labo R. lagascae and R. manillana are each only known from a single population, which shows lower SYSTEMATIC BOTANY [Volume 42 550 genetic diversity than similar sized populations of R. lagascae s. s. (Table 2 ). Both taxa therefore have a higher risk of losing genetic diversity and of becoming extinct than R. lagascae s. s. The habitat of R. manillana is protected as part of the Samar Island Natural Park and is relatively intact, but the Mt. Labo area does not enjoy formal protection. The Mt. Labo Rafflesia is therefore particularly prone to experiencing a reduction in the size of its single population and should thus be managed as a critically endangered species (IUCN 2012) .

The Mt. Labo Rafflesia is therefore particularly prone to experiencing a reduction in the size of its single population and should thus be managed as a critically endangered species.


The total number of electrons in beryllium is equal to 4 and this limits the number of covalent bonds it can establish. This atom cannot use two extra electrons from its neighbors to add two covalent bonds i.e. to have a beryllium atom with 6 covalent bonds. For the authors, the main consequence of this is that an atom in a solid cannot bear several charges, such as 2(+) or 2(−). The same hypothesis is imposed in the isoelectronicity rule to add or subtract only one charge. This supposition was previously used [5] .

This supposition was previously used.


In the periodic table, Argon is an even-atom in column 8. Argon can crystallize into a mono-element evenatom single-face-centered cubic crystal as shown in Figure 12 (a), with 8 covalent bonds per atom [6] . Following the isoelectronicity rule, 4 argon atoms are replaced by Na(+) and the four others replaced by Cl(−). The result is shown in Figure 12(b) .

Argon can crystallize into a mono-element evenatom single-face-centered cubic crystal as shown in Figure 12 (a), with 8 covalent bonds per atom.

The result is shown in Figure 12(b) .


The validity of the even-odd rule was recently tested on single-face-centered crystals [6] . For the authors, the previous article reports a valid test to extend the even-odd rule from molecules to crystals with 4 atoms per unit cell. In the present article, the success with 8 atoms in cubic unit cells is without ambiguity and the rule is validated on double-face-centered cubic crystal with 6 covalent bonds per atom.

The validity of the even-odd rule was recently tested on single-face-centered crystals.


We noted two additional differences with orb-weavers and their relatives. There was never any indication that spiders broke and reeled up lines along which they walked. Nor did we ever see one leg IV holding the drag line as the spider walked and allowing it to slip through her tarsal claws (Eberhard 1982; Eberhard & Barrantes 2015) . Occasionally, however, one leg IV rested on her drag line (and may have held it in some cases) at the moment it was being attached to the substrate after a long trip away from the retreat (Fig. 6e) ; the leg remained on the line while the spider turned and then grasped the line with her ipsilateral leg II (e.g., leg II followed ipsilateral leg IV) as she began to move back toward the retreat. On some other occasions, however, leg IV clearly did not contact the line as it was being attached when the spider attached to the substrate and then turned back toward the retreat (Fig. 6h) . Holding the drag line with one leg IV was more common when attaching to the substrate (5 of 12 cases in which this detail was clear) than when attaching to other silk lines (0 of 45 cases). It was not certain whether the ventral surface of tarsus IV (see Fig. 6e, g ) or the tarsal claw contacted the line (e.g., whether she grasped the line).

Nor did we ever see one leg IV holding the drag line as the spider walked and allowing it to slip through her tarsal claws.


In addition to its essential role as a neurotransmitter, dopamine also has an important physiologic role in the kidney to regulate net salt and water excretion. Dopamine's actions are mediated by activation of one or more of the five members of the family of seven transmembrane G protein coupled dopamine receptors in mammals. The dopamine receptors are classified into 'D1-like' (D1R and D5R) and 'D2-like' (D2R, D3R and D4R) on the basis of G protein subtype coupling, with D1-like receptors coupled to G s , which stimulates adenylate cyclases, and D2-like receptors coupled to G i , which serves to inhibit adenylate cyclase. Both D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors are expressed in the mammalian kidney [1] .

Both D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors are expressed in the mammalian kidney.


Incubation of the plates was performed at 37°C, the optimum temperature for growth of M. pachydermatis (Slooff, 1974) . For the production of proteinase the readings were taken after 24, 48, 72, 96h and after 7 days. For the production of phospholipase the readings were done after 48, 72, 96h and after 7, 9, 11 and 14 days. For chondroitin-sulphatase and hyaluronidase the readings were taken after 48h and 11 days, respectively.

Incubation of the plates was performed at 37°C, the optimum temperature for growth of M. pachydermatis.


Intervals of 48h and 7 days were adopted for the production of proteinase and phospholipase, respectively. The production of proteinase was tested at 24, 48, 72 and 96h and 7 days, with the best readings being obtained at 48 and 72h (data not shown). With respect to phospholipase, its production was tested at 48, 72 and 96h, and 7, 9, 11 and 14 days, with the readings taken from 7 days onward being significantly higher than those obtained for the previous intervals (data not shown). The best intervals thus obtained for phospholipase agree with those reported by other investigators, who recommended that readings be performed within an interval of 7 to 10 days (Riciputo et al., 1996; Coutinho and Paula, 2000) .

The best intervals thus obtained for phospholipase agree with those reported by other investigators, who recommended that readings be performed within an interval of 7 to 10 days.


Utilizing General Linear Models in SPSS, a series of mixed-factorial ANCOVAs were performed on the RT and accuracy data to determine the effect of executive functioning upon these dependent variables. Within-subject independent variables included SOA (50 and 750 ms), side of presentation of the prime and targets (LVF-LVF, RVF-RVF, LVF-RVF, and RVF-LVF), and association strength of the prime (high, low, or no association to the target). The between subjects factor was age group (old vs. young). An a priori decision was made to describe p < 0.05 and/or >2% of variance explained as a statistically significant effect (Murphy & Myors, 1998) .

An a priori decision was made to describe p < 0.05 and/or >2% of variance explained as a statistically significant effect.


These analyses were followed by a principal components analysis (PCA) without rotation of the eight neuropsychological variables to determine if the scores on the executive functioning battery all loaded on a single component (factor). These variables included T scores for Trail Making Test Parts A and B, Verbal Fluency, Design Fluency free and fixed conditions, Stroop interference, perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and raw number of categories completed on the WCST. Only variables with loadings of 0.32 and above were interpreted (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001) . The scores on the executive functioning battery were converted to Z scores and a new variable was computed from the sum of these z-scores. This new "frontal lobe index" served as a covariate in the remaining analyses. Given the significantly higher reading level of the older adult group, WRAT standard scores were also included as a covariate.

Only variables with loadings of 0.32 and above were interpreted.


In terms of semantic priming effects in general, however, executive ability appears to play an important role in the successful navigation of semantic memory across age groups. Under standard circumstances, high, low, and neutral associates were identified with equal accuracy in the semantic priming paradigm. After controlling for executive functioning, however, an accuracy gradient emerged such that high associates were identified more accurately than low associates, which in turn were identified more accurately then unrelated concepts. Semantic network theory suggests that concepts that are highly related to a prime word will incur greater relative activation than those with weaker relationships (Collins & Loftus, 1975) . It might be argued that the frontal executive system would face greatest conflict under the neutral target condition because it would be required to suppress a response to highly activated words in order to process the neutral word (Broen & For low associates the RVF-LVF condition had worse accuracy than the LVF-RVF and RVF-RVF.

Semantic network theory suggests that concepts that are highly related to a prime word will incur greater relative activation than those with weaker relationships.


The first mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were discovered in the 1980's and increasingly investigated in recent years [1] . They consist of an organic (polymeric) and an inorganic phase, with the latter being dispersed as a filler within the polymer matrix. Research interest has grown because MMMs are a promising approach to improve membrane separation properties above the so-called Robeson upper bound limit [2] . This is because they can combine the advantages of inorganic and polymeric membrane materials. The most prominent characteristics of inorganic membranes are their superior separation characteristics whereas polymeric membranes are easy to produce at low cost.

The first mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were discovered in the 1980's and increasingly investigated in recent years.

Research interest has grown because MMMs are a promising approach to improve membrane separation properties above the so-called Robeson upper bound limit.


The first of these two domains is 'concept theory'. Since the work of Eleanor Rosch, cognitive scientists know that concepts are 'graded', or 'fuzzy' notions, that is, humans estimate an item such as Robin as more typical of Bird than Stork. In other words, concepts exhibit 'graded typicality' [1] . A problem arises when one tries to mathematically represent this typicality (or also the 'membership weight'), of the combination of two concepts in terms of the typicality (membership weight) of the component concepts. One is intuitively led to think that the rules of classical (fuzzy set) logic and probability theory apply in such combinations. However, Osherson and Smith discovered in 1981 the 'Guppy effect' in concept conjunction (also known as the 'Pet-Fish problem') [2] . Humans score the typicality of an item such as Guppy with respect to the conjunction Pet-Fish as higher than the typicality of Guppy with respect to both Pet and Fish separately. One realizes at once that typicality violates rules of classical (fuzzy set) logic. A second set of human experiments on concept combinations were performed by James Hampton. He measured the membership weight, i.e. normalized membership estimation, of several items, e.g., Apple, Broccoli, Almond, etc., with respect to pairs of concepts, e.g., Fruits, Vegetables, and their conjunction, e.g., Fruits and Vegetables, or disjunction, e.g., Fruits or Vegetables. These membership weights again showed systematic deviations from classical (fuzzy set) rules for conjunction and disjunction of two concepts [3, 4] . The conclusion is simple: if one accepts conceptual gradeness as an empirical fact, then one cannot express such gradeness in a classical (fuzzy) set-theoretic model.

In other words, concepts exhibit 'graded typicality'.

However, Osherson and Smith discovered in 1981 the 'Guppy effect' in concept conjunction (also known as the 'Pet-Fish problem').

These membership weights again showed systematic deviations from classical (fuzzy set) rules for conjunction and disjunction of two concepts.


Several factors such as haphazard nutrient mining, water limitation, accumulation of noxious xenobiotic compounds in the soil, soil corrosion and climate change have deteriorated the quality and fertility of agricultural land (Singh, 2014) . Additionally, soil salinity is a well-known stressor which affects the plant growth and crop production globally (Upadhyay et al., 2011) . The social and economic activities have resulted in reduction of the cultivable area, and hence, in addition to conservation of fertile land, enhancement of the coverage of cultivable land should be one of the focused areas to feed the human population (Singh et al., 2016; Pathak et al., 2017) . Modern green technologies such as biofertilizers consisting of cyanobacteria, fungi (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF) and bacteria (plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR) could improve and restore the soil fertility and ensure the sustainable agricultural production. Moreover, these microorganisms can reduce the energy demand in the form of synthetic fertilizers, and have the capability to mitigate stressed agroecosystems and wastelands.

Several factors such as haphazard nutrient mining, water limitation, accumulation of noxious xenobiotic compounds in the soil, soil corrosion and climate change have deteriorated the quality and fertility of agricultural land.

Additionally, soil salinity is a well-known stressor which affects the plant growth and crop production globally.

The social and economic activities have resulted in reduction of the cultivable area, and hence, in addition to conservation of fertile land, enhancement of the coverage of cultivable land should be one of the focused areas to feed the human population.


CRW description of the Charney branch. For r < 1, surface temperature dominates the integrated effect of interior PV in a layer closest to the ground, giving eastward propagation there and a steering level above ground, resulting in instability (Bretherton 1966a) . The unstable Charney branch 0 < r < 1 can be described using CRW pairs obtained (for each r) from the growing normal mode and its decaying conjugate. By construction, using the home-base method, each upper CRW has no surface temperature (or PV) signature and an interior PV peak at level z 2 (its home-base). The lower CRW contains the signature of the normal mode at the surface (its home-base) and, by construction, zero PV at z 2 . The lower CRW possesses low-level PV that partially opposes surface temperature in inversion. The CRW equations (4) and (5) are obtained from the PV equation at the two home-bases. Phase diagrams for CRW evolution (e.g. Fig. 3 of Part I) describe the evolution of the discrete spectrum from any initial conditions composed from a growing normal mode and its decaying complex conjugate. The phase diagram for the Charney modes is very similar to that obtained from the Eady model or barotropic Rayleigh model, highlighting the similarity in growth mechanism for all these basic states.

CRW description of the Charney branch.

For r < 1, surface temperature dominates the integrated effect of interior PV in a layer closest to the ground, giving eastward propagation there and a steering level above ground, resulting in instability.


It is important to note that IRT analyses suggest the item reduction and indicate limiting 37-item WAST to the 10 items. This short-version of WAST has the acceptable reliability and is significantly related to other teacher measures. Specifically, teachers with more positive writing attitudes are likely to spend larger amounts of time on writing instruction, choose more innovative teaching methods, and continually strive to improve instruction (Bandura & Schunk, 1981; Street, 2003) .

Specifically, teachers with more positive writing attitudes are likely to spend larger amounts of time on writing instruction, choose more innovative teaching methods, and continually strive to improve instruction.


In this paper, we recall the definition of pseudo knots and links. Then, a modification of the bracket polynomial is defined for pseudo links. Finally, the pseudo bracket is applied to produce an obstruction to cosmetic crossings. A classical crossing x in a knot diagram D is said to be cosmetic if D is equivalent to the knot diagram D where D is obtained by switching the crossing x from a positively signed crossing to a negatively signed crossing (or vice versa). X. S. Lin conjectured that cosmetic crossings do not exist (with limited exceptions such as Reidemeister I twists and nugatory crossings). This is problem 1.58 on Kirby's problem list [7] .

This is problem 1.58 on Kirby's problem list.


One alternative to search engines for link data is a personal web crawler. This is a program that is fed with one or more URLs and uses them to start a crawl of an area of the web or a specified set of web sites. Personal web crawlers cannot cover a significant proportion of the web for Webometric data because of the computing resources needed but can gather link data from a defined small area of the web, such as a collection of web sites (Ackland & Gibson, 2004; Rogers, 2010) . This means that certain types of link analysis, such as those covering large web sites or many web sites, may be impractical with personal web crawlers. Moreover, co-inlink data (defined below) needs to be gathered from the whole web, if possible, to be more complete. As a result, search engine data seems to be more suitable than personal crawler data for co-inlinks.

Personal web crawlers cannot cover a significant proportion of the web for Webometric data because of the computing resources needed but can gather link data from a defined small area of the web, such as a collection of web sites.


We begin with a review of path coalgebras and embeddings of pointed coalgebras into the path coalgebra of their quivers. Next we turn to the theory of Galois coverings of quivers in Section 3. In this context, coverings and smash coproducts are known in graph theory as derived graphs [12] . A covering of a quiver is specified by an arrow weighting (also known as a voltage assignment), where group elements are assigned to edges. Coverings are obtained from a smash coproduct construction (i.e. the derived graph with respect to a voltage assignment) on the base quiver. For the associated path coalgebras, the covering path coalgebra becomes a smash coproduct coalgebra with a canonical homomorphism onto the base path coalgebra (Theorem 4.2). We wish to restrict to subcoalgebras of the path coalgebras and we provide conditions on the covering that characterize when this is possible in Theorem 4.5, using a designated normal subgroup of the fundamental group of the base quiver. The conditions guarantee that the covering coalgebra is a smash coproduct over the homogeneous base coalgebra, which is graded by the automorphism group of the covering. Thus the covering quiver has a subcoalgebra whose comodule category is equivalent to the category of graded comodules over the base coalgebra. Moreover, the methods here provide a construction of universal covering coalgebra which provides a way of constructing all connected gradings of a pointed subcoalgebra of a path coalgebra. As a converse to these results, in Theorem 5.1 we show that any connected grading of a pointed coalgebra gives rise to a smash coproduct that serves as a covering coalgebra.

In this context, coverings and smash coproducts are known in graph theory as derived graphs.


In a manner dual to the phenomenon for quivers with relations and finitedimensional algebras, a pointed coalgebra B can be embedded in kQ in more than one way (see Section 2) . However, for many presentations of algebras by quivers with relations, there is a canonical presentation which results in universal fundamental group [15] . It would be interesting to extend this sort of result to coalgebras.

However, for many presentations of algebras by quivers with relations, there is a canonical presentation which results in universal fundamental group.


We have recently reported on a first comparative study of carrier lifetime in MOCVD-grown zinc-and carbondoped InGaAs [6] . Room temperature PL measurements were used to investigate and characterize carrier lifetime of zinc-and carbon-doped layers with a wide range of doping concentrations. It was found that the carrier lifetime of carbon-doped InGaAs is almost one magnitude lower than that of zinc-doped InGaAs samples. In this paper we provide further details on material properties such as Hall mobility, background doping concentration, as well as source incorporation efficiency, affected by MOCVD growth conditions such as low growth temperature. We also report on the PL properties of heavily strained carbondoped InGaAs, the minority carrier lifetime dependence in measurement temperature and the Auger coefficients of zincand carbon-doped InGaAs. The current gains of HBTs employing zinc-and carbon-doped base layers have been estimated using the measured carrier lifetime results combined with mobility/diffusion constant characteristics. InP/InGaAs HBTs utilizing both zinc-and carbon-doped InGaAs as base regions have been grown and fabricated. It is shown that the measured current gain values agree well with those evaluated from carrier lifetime measurements.

We have recently reported on a first comparative study of carrier lifetime in MOCVD-grown zinc-and carbondoped InGaAs.


The GLONASS PCV calibration differs compared to GPS as a result of the different frequencies of individual GLONASSS satellites. The satellite constellation was not initially sufficient to perform a PCV calibration. In the beginning of the absolute field calibration, the robot adopted for GLONASS signals was stopped after three complete days without sufficient coverage of the antenna hemisphere. Actually, calibrations for different GNSS antenna types are quite possible. Although the absolute robot calibration estimated PCV from the mixture of observed GLONASS frequencies -the calibration are satellite constellation-dependent and are not expected to be as accurate as for GPS (Dach et al., 2010; Wubbena et al., 2006) .

Although the absolute robot calibration estimated PCV from the mixture of observed GLONASS frequencies -the calibration are satellite constellation-dependent and are not expected to be as accurate as for GPS.


On 17 April, 2011 the IGS introduced a new set of antenna calibrations (igs08.atx). This new set takes into account the new robot calibrations that have been measured since the release of the igs05.atx (Baire et al., 2011) . However, in igs08.atx there are still models from different calibrations procedures as well as a large number of antennas without the corrections for GLONASS signals.

This new set takes into account the new robot calibrations that have been measured since the release of the igs05.atx.


Population exposure to radon can be lowered in existing residences by reducing the influx of radon from the ground or by removing radon-emitting building materials. Preventive measures can also be taken during the cityplanning process when new residences are built. Preventive measures may be expensive, however, at least for existing buildings, and would require estimates of the number of lung cancer cases prevented. The single previous study we found that report such estimates was conducted in Ontario, Canada [12] . The aim of the present study was to estimate the number of lung cancer cases that would be prevented by reducing radon exposure in different scenarios in dwellings in Sweden.

The single previous study we found that report such estimates was conducted in Ontario, Canada.


Recently, methods have been developed to estimate the spectral content of sunlight using data from geostationary satellites [13, 14] . These data have uniform coverage over large geographical areas; for instance, the Meteosat class of satellites cover Europe, Africa and nearly all of Asia. The spatial resolution is generally a few kilometers. The satellite data record covers up to 30 years in some regions, and the time resolution is typically hourly or better.

Recently, methods have been developed to estimate the spectral content of sunlight using data from geostationary satellites.


In the present work, the intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to the macroscopic piezoelectric response are investigated in KNL-NTS in order to gain insights on the mechanisms related to these responses, and enable the enhancement of the piezoelectric properties of lead-free piezoceramics in the future. In order to avoid complexity of the mixture of phases, a single phase tetragonal (K0.44Na0.52Li0.04)(Nb0.86Ta0.10Sb0.04)O3 sample is used for the performed study. The contribution of non-180° domain wall motion to macroscopic strain of KNL-NTS is calculated using in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD is a versatile technique to study the average structural and crystallographic response to applied electric fields in piezoelectric materials. The ferroelastic domains reorientation can be quantify from the integrated intensities of degenerate reflections, such as the 002 and 200 in a tetragonal material, obtained from line profile analysis [6, 7] . The XRD data processing enables the quantification of the lattice strain and the extrinsic strain exerted by the sample and gives insight into the correlation between the microstructure and the macroscopic strain. By using the calculated strain arising from non-180° domain wall motion and comparing the results to the macroscopic strain measurements, the main contribution to the macroscopic strain can be elucidated. The results of this work can help further advance the ferroelectric properties of lead-free piezoceramics, which are more environmentally and biologically friendly.

The ferroelastic domains reorientation can be quantify from the integrated intensities of degenerate reflections, such as the 002 and 200 in a tetragonal material, obtained from line profile analysis.


An enhancement of the piezoelectric response as large as 55% was found at relatively low applied electric field (0.75 KV/mm). Besides, increases of 300% in the real component of the dielectric permittivity under applied electric field (0.3 kV/mm) at temperatures of 400 K have been measured in PNZT [22] . That increase, mostly related to extrinsic contribution, shows the predominance of the extrinsic contribution in lead-based compositions. The results of the present work illustrate that extrinsic contribution in the form of non-180° domain wall motion is the primary contributor to the properties of lead-free KNN systems.

Besides, increases of 300% in the real component of the dielectric permittivity under applied electric field (0.3 kV/mm) at temperatures of 400 K have been measured in PNZT.


The intrinsic contribution, related to the field induced lattice distortion, is associated with the change in the polarization of the unit cell either through polarization extension or polarization rotation [4] . The extrinsic contribution, on the other hand, is mainly associated with the domain wall configuration and motion. Domain walls can be categorized as either 180° or non-180° domain walls. The types of non-180° domain walls depend on the crystal structure of the material, for instance 90º domain walls are found in tetragonal perovskite ferroelectrics. The extrinsic contribution is known to be the most significant contribution to the macroscopic piezoelectric properties at room temperature in the PZT system [5] .

The intrinsic contribution, related to the field induced lattice distortion, is associated with the change in the polarization of the unit cell either through polarization extension or polarization rotation.

The extrinsic contribution is known to be the most significant contribution to the macroscopic piezoelectric properties at room temperature in the PZT system.


For many underwater scientific studies, scuba diving is used to directly observe and quantify marine systems or to deploy and recover instrumentation. Accurate underwater navigation can be the limiting step, particularly in low-visibility environments or in areas without obvious underwater landmarks. Even under optimal diving conditions, accurate and repeatable underwater diver navigation may be required. Traditionally, divers have used simple methods for navigation, such as hand-held compasses, to determine direction and counting kick cycles to estimate distances (Joiner 2001) . Benthic mapping has typically been done with manual transect tapes combined with underwater notes (Merifield and Rosencrantz 1966; Joiner 2001) . For many tasks traditional methods are sufficient, but for more complex work such as bathymetric mapping, benthic biota surveys, and the positioning of sensor arrays they can be prohibitively time consuming or inaccurate.

Traditionally, divers have used simple methods for navigation, such as hand-held compasses, to determine direction and counting kick cycles to estimate distances.

Benthic mapping has typically been done with manual transect tapes combined with underwater notes.


PVPI -for aqueous solutions, the determined minimum inhibitory concentration was of 6250 -12500 mg/L; for alcoholic solutions, the MIC was of 1560 mg/L for E. coli to 12500 mg/L for A. calcoaceticus and B. stearothermophilus. The higher MIC found was for B. subtilis in both the solutions (2.5 -5.0%). The addition of 10% iodine to PVPI solution increases the antibacterial efficacy and decreases the cutaneous irritations; such solution is recommended for topical asepsis when added with non-ionic detergent (sodium lauryl ether sulfate). The alcoholic solution is utilized for delimitation of surgical field (Brasil, 1988) .

The alcoholic solution is utilized for delimitation of surgical field.


The commercial mariculture of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty and Eucheuma denticulatum (Burman) Collins et Hervey (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in Zanzibar, Tanzania started in December 1989. At the experimental stage, both local Tanzanian and Philippines strains of K. alvarezii, K. striatum Schmitz and E. denticulatum were used (Mtolera et al., 1995a) . The Tanzanian strains had lower growth rate than the Philippine strains and among the Philippines strains, E. denticulatum had a better growth rate than K. alvarezii and K. striatum, and therefore farmers preferred to cultivate the Philippines strain of E. denticulatum. Due to better world market prices for kappa carrageenan-producing seaweeds, a Philippines strain of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty) was introduced into Paje villages in June, 1994. Nevertheless, three months after its introduction, K. alvarezii was attacked by the epiphytic red algal genus Polysiphonia and most farmers had to return to cultivating E. denticulatum. It is unclear whether the Polysiphonia sp. was imported together with the K. alvarezii.

At the experimental stage, both local Tanzanian and Philippines strains of K. alvarezii, K. striatum Schmitz and E. denticulatum were used.


The results of this study show that the productivity of Eucheuma and related seaweeds is compromised if farms are established in areas with low manganese, iron, copper and zinc contents. The role of seagrasses in mineral mobilisation warrants further studies to establish optimum density, diversity and uptake route. Aerobic bacteria may be crucial in the mobilisation of some nutrients (Craven & Hayasaka, 1982) .

Aerobic bacteria may be crucial in the mobilisation of some nutrients.


In this study, Thalassia hemprichii samples from Paje had lower Fe, Cu and Zn content but higher Mn content compared to those from Uroa. The seagrass rhizomes from both study sites were richer in Fe, Cu and Zn than the leaves and the converse was true for Mn. Phosphorous (P) and sulphur (S) content was also higher in the rhizomes (data not shown). Nevertheless, neither the uptake route for the minerals, nor concentrations in the water column and sediments was established. In Zostera marina phosphorous and ammonia are taken up through both the roots and leaves (Thursby & Harlin, 1982; Short & McRoy, 1984; Brix & Lyngby, 1985; Moriarty & Boon, 1989; Davis & Fourqurean, 2001) .

In Zostera marina phosphorous and ammonia are taken up through both the roots and leaves.


The rapid evolution in wireless communication demands new wireless services in both the used and unused parts of the radio spectrum [1] . The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) exclusively assigns spectrum bands to various services [2, 3] . Cognitive radio (CR) is a smart technique that gains knowledge from the environment and adjusts its parameters accordingly [4] . The incumbent primary users (PUs) are free to transmit any time with no restrictions, while the secondary users (SUs) can get the benefit of the spectrum only when the licensee declares it free [5] .

The rapid evolution in wireless communication demands new wireless services in both the used and unused parts of the radio spectrum.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) exclusively assigns spectrum bands to various services.

Cognitive radio (CR) is a smart technique that gains knowledge from the environment and adjusts its parameters accordingly.

The incumbent primary users (PUs) are free to transmit any time with no restrictions, while the secondary users (SUs) can get the benefit of the spectrum only when the licensee declares it free.


Measurements of the emanating particles can be projected onto a cylindrical detector and then unwrapped and considered as two-dimensional images, enabling the natural application of computer vision techniques. Recent work demonstrates encouraging results with shallow classification models trained on jet images [25] [26] [27] . Deep networks have shown additional promise in particle-level studies [28] . However, deep learning has not yet been applied to more realistic scenarios which include simulation of the detector response and resolution, and most importantly, the effect of unrelated simultaneous pp interactions, known as pileup which contributes significant energy depositions unrelated to the particles of interest.

Recent work demonstrates encouraging results with shallow classification models trained on jet images.

Deep networks have shown additional promise in particle-level studies.


Second, we conclude that the current set of expert features when used in combination (via BDT or other shallow multi-variate approach) appear to capture nearly all of the relevant information in the high-dimensional lowlevel features describe by the jet image. The power of the networks described here is limited by the accuracy of these models, and expert features may be more robust to variation among the several existing simulation models [46] . In experimental applications, this reliance on simulation can be mitigated by using training samples from real collision data, where the labels are derived using orthogonal information.

The power of the networks described here is limited by the accuracy of these models, and expert features may be more robust to variation among the several existing simulation models.


Collisions at the LHC occur at such high energies that even massive particles are produced at large enough velocities that their decay products become collimated. In the case of a hadronic decay of a boosted W boson (W → qq ), the two jets produced from these two quarks then overlap in the detector, creating a single merged jet. The substructure of the jet's energy deposition can distinguish between jets which are due to a single hadronic particle or due to the decay of a massive object into multiple hadronic particles; this classification is known as jet "tagging" and is critical for understanding the nature of the particles produced in the collision [1] .

The substructure of the jet's energy deposition can distinguish between jets which are due to a single hadronic particle or due to the decay of a massive object into multiple hadronic particles; this classification is known as jet "tagging" and is critical for understanding the nature of the particles produced in the collision.


The red-legged partridge is the most important small game bird in southwestern Europe (Blanco-Aguiar et al. 2003; Martínez-Fresno et al. 2008) . Its natural distribution range encompasses the Iberian Peninsula, France, North Western and Central Italy, including the Mediterranean islands of Corsica, the Balearics, and the Tuscan Archipelago. A. rufa has successfully been introduced to the UK in the eighteenth century (Potts 1989) . The rock partridge (A. graeca) is distributed in the Apennines and the Alps at altitudes ranging from 400 to 3,000 m, and between 50 and 2,500 m in Albania, Greece, and Sicily. The wider distribution of A. chukar extends from Eastern Balkans, including Greek islands and Turkey, to central Asia up to Northern China.

The red-legged partridge is the most important small game bird in southwestern Europe.

A. rufa has successfully been introduced to the UK in the eighteenth century.