The main limitation of the CSCPP is its low efficiency which is lower than 1%. Normally the efficiency is directly proportional with the square root of the chimney height [1] . The chimney height, therefore, must be as high as possible. Consequently, a substantial capital cost has to be incurred for constructing the chimney. The chimney height is also restricted by the technological constraints and restrictions on the construction materials. There are also the possibility of natural hazards such as earthquakes, which can easily destroy super high solar chimneys. Based on these facts, many researchers developed novel designs for the CSCPP to reduce capital cost and improve efficiency [1, 2] .

Normally the efficiency is directly proportional with the square root of the chimney height.

Based on these facts, many researchers developed novel designs for the CSCPP to reduce capital cost and improve efficiency.


For these reasons, alternative approach has been taken to produce novel coagulants with comparable coagulation capability from natural materials that are renewable, abundantly available and relatively cost effective. Natural polymer coagulants such as chitosan, Moringa oleifera seeds, cactus mucilage and plant tannins are mainly composed of polysaccharides and proteins. These biopolymers shows promising potential to be a good choice of water coagulant not only due to their chemical composition but also they are usually available locally at low price and biodegradable [1, 3] .

These biopolymers shows promising potential to be a good choice of water coagulant not only due to their chemical composition but also they are usually available locally at low price and biodegradable.


Aluminium salts, ferric salts and synthetic polymers are the most common coagulant used in water treatment worldwide. These coagulants are often expensive and many developing countries can hardly afford the costs of imported chemicals for water and waste water treatment. Besides, many researches have raised concern regarding the health effect related to Alzheimer disease caused by residual aluminium ions in the treated waters [2] . Meanwhile, some synthetic organic polymers such as acrylamide are regarded to neurotoxicity and strong carcinogenic effect [1] .

Besides, many researches have raised concern regarding the health effect related to Alzheimer disease caused by residual aluminium ions in the treated waters.

Meanwhile, some synthetic organic polymers such as acrylamide are regarded to neurotoxicity and strong carcinogenic effect.


Another important problem of Korean education due to its heavy dependence on multiple choices is that even people with great potential in other areas focus only on developing cognitive skills. Horizontal differentiation, which allows people to develop different skills, becomes severely weakened, while the problem of vertical differentiation, with everyone focused solely on multiple choices becomes worse. Such stricter vertical differentiation of education leads to the problem of the education bubble, where increased expenditure in education, such as private education, fails to increase human capital (Lee, Jeong, and Hong, 2014) .

Such stricter vertical differentiation of education leads to the problem of the education bubble, where increased expenditure in education, such as private education, fails to increase human capital.


In previous studies, genetic diversity of some natural populations of Medicago ciliaris and Medicago intertexta (2n=16) originating from Tunisia has been analyzed based on biometrical and isozyme characters. The results have revealed that these species are genetically distinct and easily recognized by the number of flowers per inflorescence and pod dimensions 11]. However, morphological traits and isozyme patterns intermediacy between these two species has been demonstrated in one population originating from Sedjnane region [11] . This population was regarded as being a potential natural interspecific hybrid between the two species.

However, morphological traits and isozyme patterns intermediacy between these two species has been demonstrated in one population originating from Sedjnane region.


Especially in a country where a collectivist culture predominates such as Turkey, it is predictable that the students with external control experience more difficulty. In vital crucial decisions, such as choosing spouses or choosing a career in Turkey, the family and the immediate environment are culturally very involved in the decisions of the individual [22] . If the person focuses on external locus of control, the external attribution of responsibility in this decision process will prevent the acquisition of necessary knowledge and skills for the decision. In case of decision making process, lack of information about the self or occupations may lead to indecisiveness [6] . However, individuals with internal locus of control are those who are more resistant to adverse effects when compared to individuals with external locus of control, who see themselves as effective and safe people, highly self-confident, and able to cope with environmentally responsible behaviors [48] . Adolescents with an internal locus of control will experience less difficulty by developing their professional knowledge and skills, taking their own responsibilities despite the pressures of the family and their environment. As a matter of fact, indecision is reduced in individuals who have improved their level of information about self and their occupations and have improved decision-making skills. Similarly, individuals with external locus of control who are in the direction of social reality are expected to experience different inconsistencies from different environments. Internalizing this information and passing it through their own filter will reduce the inconsistency of information and therefore the decision-making difficulty.

In vital crucial decisions, such as choosing spouses or choosing a career in Turkey, the family and the immediate environment are culturally very involved in the decisions of the individual.

In case of decision making process, lack of information about the self or occupations may lead to indecisiveness.

However, individuals with internal locus of control are those who are more resistant to adverse effects when compared to individuals with external locus of control, who see themselves as effective and safe people, highly self-confident, and able to cope with environmentally responsible behaviors.


Adolescence spanning high school years is a critical period in the course of life. During this period, important decisions are taken for life and adolescents are expected to gain an occupational identity. Choice of profession is one of the basic developmental tasks for adolescents. Adolescents question which profession they will be heading to and strive to obtain an occupational identity. However, since rapid changes at the present time and technological developments affect individuals' perceptions regarding career and occupation, these factors can cause difficulties while making career decisions. Mounting evidence has revealed that adolescents and college students have difficulty in career decision-making [1, 2, 5, 13, 29, 32, 37, 45, and 47] . Individuals experiencing career decision-making difficulties may make an inappropriate decision or impede the decision-making process [17] .

Individuals experiencing career decision-making difficulties may make an inappropriate decision or impede the decision-making process.


Indeed, while the position of housing in policy was undeveloped in EspingAndersen's original theory, and incidental in Holliday's conceptualization, researchers have increasingly considered state approaches to housing as a welfare regime pillar (Barlow and Duncan 1994; Castles and Ferrera 1996; Groves, Murie, and Watson 2007; Harloe 1995; Hoekstra 2003; Hulse 2003; Kemeny 2001; Ronald and Kyung 2013) . This paper thus takes housing as a focus for understanding broader shifts in Chinese welfare capitalism. Through applying a framework which links housing systems to welfare regimes, we assert that China is not so unique, with the Communist Party adopting an approach to both market and social policy reforms reminiscent of other capitalist welfare regimes. A specific objective then is to advance regime classification as a basis for understanding China's emerging housing system.

Indeed, while the position of housing in policy was undeveloped in EspingAndersen's original theory, and incidental in Holliday's conceptualization, researchers have increasingly considered state approaches to housing as a welfare regime pillar.


Different semantic annotation tools and systems have been developed during years after advent of semantic web technology. These tools and systems which are called semantic annotation platforms can be classified based on the type of annotation method used in them [12] . There are two primary categories, Pattern-based and Machine Learning-based, as shown in Figure 2 . In addition, platforms can use methods from both types of categories, called Multistrategy, in order to take advantage of the strengths, and compensate for the weaknesses, of the methods in each category.

These tools and systems which are called semantic annotation platforms can be classified based on the type of annotation method used in them.


The starting point in kernel analyses is to construct a bivariate kernel estimate of a probability density function around each data point (animal location). A standard normal distribution is often used, although kernels can take on other shapes such as triangular, rectangular, or parabolic [4] . The functional shape and width of the kernel is determined by the smoothing parameter or bandwidth, denoted by h. Once probability density functions are in place, a grid structure is placed over the entire field, and volumes under the functions are summed over individual locations.

A standard normal distribution is often used, although kernels can take on other shapes such as triangular, rectangular, or parabolic.


An assumption of both kernel analyses and parametric approaches is that data points are independent. However, animal locations are collected sequentially, and the extent to which the assumption of independence is violated is a function of sampling rate [8] . Sampling rates are rapidly increasing with newer telemetry technologies, such as those based on global positioning systems [9] . Little information is currently available on how autocorrelation interacts with estimation choices in kernel analyses to bias resulting estimates. Moreover, the ability to assess bias and hence performance of different kernel techniques is ultimately dependent on defining the true home range of an animal, an issue that has not received much attention.

However, animal locations are collected sequentially, and the extent to which the assumption of independence is violated is a function of sampling rate.

Sampling rates are rapidly increasing with newer telemetry technologies, such as those based on global positioning systems.


Kernel techniques for estimating the density of a utilization distribution (UD) of a random sample of locations for an individual animal were first proposed by Worton [3] . Kernel analyses are commonly used in statistical density estimation and have the advantage of being non-parametric [4] . They are used not only with single variables, but in bivariate space as well, with the distributions of the x and y coordinates representing animal locations [3] .

Kernel techniques for estimating the density of a utilization distribution (UD) of a random sample of locations for an individual animal were first proposed by Worton.

Kernel analyses are commonly used in statistical density estimation and have the advantage of being non-parametric.

They are used not only with single variables, but in bivariate space as well, with the distributions of the x and y coordinates representing animal locations.


A further smoothing issue is whether to use the same h for all points (global bandwidth), resulting in a fixedkernel analysis, or to allow h to vary as a function of local point densities (local bandwidths), yielding an adaptive-kernel analysis. The local-bandwidth approach allows for larger kernels (greater smoothing) associated with locations, often at the edge of the animal's distribution, where location-point densities are lower. This approach assigns more uncertainty to sparsely distributed locations near the edge of the home range [3] .

This approach assigns more uncertainty to sparsely distributed locations near the edge of the home range.


Along with the thermodynamic constrains of activation, these channels behave as allosteric proteins in which several activating stimuli are coupled to their opening. In particular, allosteric activation of TRPV1 channels is indicated by the presence of multiple open and closed states (Liu et al., 2003) . This allosterism, is also observable as a coupling 3 between distinct activation pathways when channels are activated by more than one stimulus (Ahern et al., 2005) . This has led to the adoption of quantitative allosteric formalisms as the preferred way of explaining gating in TRPV1 (Brauchi et al., 2004; Cao et al., 2013b; Jara-Oseguera and Islas, 2013; Jara-Oseguera et al., 2016) .

In particular, allosteric activation of TRPV1 channels is indicated by the presence of multiple open and closed states.

This allosterism, is also observable as a coupling 3 between distinct activation pathways when channels are activated by more than one stimulus.

This has led to the adoption of quantitative allosteric formalisms as the preferred way of explaining gating in TRPV1.


DQ, a 4-hydroxyquinoline, is highly lipophilic and its water solubility is exceptionally low [9] . Water insoluble drugs which exhibit excellent in vitro potency may be converted to useful therapeutic agents if sufficient improvement of bioavailability can be achieved. Drug microparticles and nanoparticles have been shown to significantly improve drug permeability, bioavailability and enhance drug exposure for oral and parenteral dosage forms. This is based on previous data showing that reduction of drug crystals in size from 10 microns to 100 nm particles generates a 100-fold increase in surface area to volume ratio [10] . This increase in surface area has a profound impact on the dissolution rate and absorption of the molecule. The increased dissolution rate can significantly improve the performance of poorly watersoluble compounds.

DQ, a 4-hydroxyquinoline, is highly lipophilic and its water solubility is exceptionally low.

This is based on previous data showing that reduction of drug crystals in size from 10 microns to 100 nm particles generates a 100-fold increase in surface area to volume ratio.


The clinicians' goal of personalizing the insulin dosage for Type 1 diabetes patients under their care would require the construction of individual patient models. To enable this, the patients will undergo Modified Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (MOGTT) wherein they ingest a stipulated meal (e.g. 75g CHO) after a bolus insulin dose at t=0; thereafter, for the duration of the experiment, basal insulin is administered to the subject to bring his/her glucose level within permissible limits. During this period, 10 blood samples are collected and glucose concentration is measured from the samples. These measurements are used for identifying the parameters in the patient model. Hence, developing the individual patient model with minimum resources and least discomfort to the patient demands proper experimental planning; this effort should culminate in a good patient model (parameters as precise as possible). In this direction, two MBOED criteria: D-optimal design and its proposed counterpart DMOO design are simulated and compared. D-optimal design criterion is chosen for illustration here because it ensures improvement in precision of all parameters, and is widely advocated in MBOED literature. The modified minimal model used shows symmetric response for ±15% insulin step change and thus possesses open-loop linearity for its nominal parameter values (Balakrishnan et al., 2011) . This suggests that the system is suitable for linear FIM based MBOED applications.

The modified minimal model used shows symmetric response for ±15% insulin step change and thus possesses open-loop linearity for its nominal parameter values.


Drug expenditures in oncology have risen more dramatically than in any other area of health care [1] . Publically funded health care systems now face unprecedented challenges in their mission to maximize population health with limited health care funds [2] [3] [4] . There is concern among policy makers and health care providers that the health benefits gained from new oncology drugs are diminishing and that cost trends may not be sustainable for drug budgets [5] . To protect drug budgets, most health care systems now apply some form of health technology assessment (HTA) to inform decisions about which new drugs to fund with limited public resources [6] .

Drug expenditures in oncology have risen more dramatically than in any other area of health care.

Publically funded health care systems now face unprecedented challenges in their mission to maximize population health with limited health care funds.

There is concern among policy makers and health care providers that the health benefits gained from new oncology drugs are diminishing and that cost trends may not be sustainable for drug budgets.

To protect drug budgets, most health care systems now apply some form of health technology assessment (HTA) to inform decisions about which new drugs to fund with limited public resources.


Climate change poses major threats to biodiversity [1] [2] [3] . Although a certain variation of climate is compatible with the ecosystem survival and its function, the very rapid shift is detrimental to the variety of life. Climate change is expected to exacerbate biodiversity loss in the future [4] . Many species might simply be unable to adapt to the rapidly changing, probably unsuitable conditions and thus will be threatened by extinction [5] . As atmospheric CO 2 upsurges over the next century, it is predicted to become one of the major drivers of global biodiversity loss [6] . Global average temperatures increased by 0.2 °C per decade since the 1970s, global average precipitation increased by 2% in the last 100 years [7] . Moreover, climate alterations are spatially assorted. Tropical forest ecosystems for example experience much greater changes than global means, while other ecosystems and regions of the world are exposed to secondary effects. In addition to changes in averages of temperature, precipitation or sea level, anthropogenic climate change is also linked to changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme events, which can also affect biodiversity [8, 9] .

Climate change poses major threats to biodiversity.

Climate change is expected to exacerbate biodiversity loss in the future.

Many species might simply be unable to adapt to the rapidly changing, probably unsuitable conditions and thus will be threatened by extinction.

As atmospheric CO 2 upsurges over the next century, it is predicted to become one of the major drivers of global biodiversity loss.

Global average temperatures increased by 0.2 °C per decade since the 1970s, global average precipitation increased by 2% in the last 100 years.

In addition to changes in averages of temperature, precipitation or sea level, anthropogenic climate change is also linked to changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme events, which can also affect biodiversity.


With the magnitude of climate change expected in the current century and in combination with other human activities (i.e., transformation of forest into agricultural land, expanding or creating settlements) biodiversity will be pressured far beyond the changes caused by natural global climate change [2] . Projected rates of climate change are also faster than they were in the past. Thus, in situ genetic adaptation of most populations to new climate conditions is not likely nor is migration likely to be fast enough for many species [1, 9] .

With the magnitude of climate change expected in the current century and in combination with other human activities (i.e., transformation of forest into agricultural land, expanding or creating settlements) biodiversity will be pressured far beyond the changes caused by natural global climate change.

Thus, in situ genetic adaptation of most populations to new climate conditions is not likely nor is migration likely to be fast enough for many species.


Neogobius fluviatilis is distinguished from other species of Neogobius entering the freshwater in the Black Sea basin in that the first branched ray of the second dorsal fin is about twice as long as the penultimate ray; the nape is completely scaled; there is no black spot on posterior part of first dorsal. It mostly inhabits brackish-and freshwater-lagoons and lakes, large-to-medium sized rivers and streams, on sand or mud beds. It is one of the most abundant fish species in lowland rivers (Kottelat and Freyhof, 2007) .

It is one of the most abundant fish species in lowland rivers.


The same pattern of IRs (stable until the age of 50 years and a strong rise thereafter) was visible for any fracture, as compared to the results of a study investigating the IRs of different fracture sites in the UK, between 1988 and 1998 [21] . Both studies investigated different fracture sites and those were comparable as well, except for patella and clinical symptomatic vertebral fractures, which showed a different pattern in people aged 80 and over. The IR was about 1.5-2 times higher in Denmark than in the UK, except for rib fracture which showed an equal IR. This may be explained by various reasons, such as differences in the definition of incident fracture between the studies, differences in the studied time period and differences in the used data source. Additionally, it is known from literature that IRs in Scandinavia are about 1.5-2 times higher than those in the rest of Europe [4, 22, 23] .

The same pattern of IRs (stable until the age of 50 years and a strong rise thereafter) was visible for any fracture, as compared to the results of a study investigating the IRs of different fracture sites in the UK, between 1988 and 1998.

Additionally, it is known from literature that IRs in Scandinavia are about 1.5-2 times higher than those in the rest of Europe.


Basically, highway alignment is a three-dimensional optimization problem subject to nonlinear design constraints and multivariate objective function. The complex behavior of three-dimensional highway alignment requires the solution of a multistage optimization problem. However, considering the variation of design alternatives and the number of design parameters, it is difficult to solve this problem in threedimensional manner. For this reason, highway alignment studies are generally considered in two parts, in which horizontal alignment is first determined and vertical alignment is adjusted by changing design controls [1] .

For this reason, highway alignment studies are generally considered in two parts, in which horizontal alignment is first determined and vertical alignment is adjusted by changing design controls.


Previously implemented dynamic programming based vertical alignment algorithms used an objective function, in which earthwork amount is considered in terms of elevational differences at two points of each road segments [8, 11] . In this study, least-square based objective function was utilized in dynamic programming based optimization algorithm, in which relative differences between grade and ground elevations were calculated at multiple locations to obtain precise alignments. Furthermore, comprehensive geometric design constraints were also adapted into implemented algorithm with accordance to AASHTO-2001 specifications [15] . In order to evaluate the success of implemented algorithm, it was supported by a numerical example. Outcomes of the numerical study indicated that introduced algorithm is precise and successful for the solution of the optimization problem.

Previously implemented dynamic programming based vertical alignment algorithms used an objective function, in which earthwork amount is considered in terms of elevational differences at two points of each road segments.

Furthermore, comprehensive geometric design constraints were also adapted into implemented algorithm with accordance to AASHTO-2001 specifications.


The differences in iodine content in the blood plasma, milk and urine of lambing ewes and in the blood plasma of lambs between group G1 and G2 on the one hand and group G3 on the other are caused by the higher iodine supplementation in group G3. The differences in iodine content between group G1 and G2 with the identical supply of iodine but with different supply of selenium (G1 0.2 mg Se/kg DM and G2 0.4 mg Se/kg DM) can be explained by the participation of selenoenzymes deiodases in iodine metabolism. The deiodase enzymes act to release iodine from a molecule to iodine of a richer thyroxin hormone thus forming the active triiodinethyronine hormone (Bratter, 1996; Köhrle, 2005) . Lower urinary output of iodine, higher output of iodine in milk and iodine increase in the plasma of G2 lambing ewes in the later phase of lactation document the higher retention and utilisation of iodine in the organism of lambing ewes with a higher intake of selenium.

The deiodase enzymes act to release iodine from a molecule to iodine of a richer thyroxin hormone thus forming the active triiodinethyronine hormone.


The protein sequences are first represented numerically using EIIP values, and normalized for zero mean. Then a 3 level DWT decomposition using Bior3.3 wavelet is performed giving 4 set of coefficient sequences, detail D 1 , D 2 , D 3 and approximation A 3 . Bior3.3 decomposition wavelet function and scaling function are very rugged and have many abrupt changes and are shown suitable for the analysis of protein sequence which is also very rugged in nature [17] . The 4 coefficient sequences thus obtained from the two different proteins are subjected to correlation analysis, giving 4 correlation values corresponding to R max as mentioned above, representing the measure of sequence similarity. The sequence similarity thus obtained can be used for functional classification of proteins for which two conditions are to be satisfied. The first condition is that protein sequences belonging to same functional class should show very strong sequence similarity. The second condition is that sequences from different classes that belong to the same organism should not show any significant sequence similarity.

Bior3.3 decomposition wavelet function and scaling function are very rugged and have many abrupt changes and are shown suitable for the analysis of protein sequence which is also very rugged in nature.


Investigations of van der Waals interactions involving excited states have attracted considerable attention [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . In the retarded regime, the phase of an oscillation of a virtual transition changes appreciably over the time it takes light to cover the interatomic distance. For excited reference states, one may obtain oscillatory long-range tails from the energetically lower, virtual states, which can give rise to interesting effects [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . We here analyze such interactions, with a particular emphasis on the evaluation of the pressure shift in the recent 2S-4P experiment carried out in Garching [13] .

Investigations of van der Waals interactions involving excited states have attracted considerable attention.

For excited reference states, one may obtain oscillatory long-range tails from the energetically lower, virtual states, which can give rise to interesting effects.

We here analyze such interactions, with a particular emphasis on the evaluation of the pressure shift in the recent 2S-4P experiment carried out in Garching.


In a previous work, the present authors proposed a natural improvement of the CSR [11] . The model assumes that necking should be controlled by the development of damage in a material volume located at the inner side of the sheet. The study concludes that the critical size of this volume (represented by a certain critical distance from the sheet surface) should be related to the material microstructure.

In a previous work, the present authors proposed a natural improvement of the CSR.


Feedback linearization technique is known to be effective in designing controller for nonlinear systems. In standard form, it is based on the cancellation of known nonlinearities (Slotine, 1991) . In order to handle uncertainty, robust feedback linearization schemes have been developed (Kanellakopoulos et al., 1991) . However a drawback with the given schemes is that uncertainties are assumed to be bounded with known or partially known bounds. Uncertainty with known or partially known bounds is a restrictive constraint which may not be satisfied for all practical systems, therefore relaxing this condition makes control of the system challenging.

In standard form, it is based on the cancellation of known nonlinearities.

In order to handle uncertainty, robust feedback linearization schemes have been developed.


Currently, SPECweb96 performance on high end systems is limited by the latencies and resource locking within the TCP/IP stack. In view of this, efforts are currently underway to move much of the TCP/IP processing from the main processor down to either the NIC or to an I/O processor (I2O style) [5] . Such a change could easily give a 25 percent performance boost if only the I/O-memory subsystem can provide the needed bandwidth. This points to the need for a larger headroom in I/O subsystem design than in the design of the processor-bus subsystem. The large performance boost achievable for SPECweb96 using web accelerators points to a similar conclusion. It is clear from the analysis here that Web workloads are very I/O intensive in terms of both byte-count and I/O-count. This may put a severe squeeze on available connectivity since the current 66 MHz PCI can support only a few adapters. This may be an impetus for higher connectivity I/O solutions such as those based on System Area Network (SAN) [13] .

In view of this, efforts are currently underway to move much of the TCP/IP processing from the main processor down to either the NIC or to an I/O processor (I2O style).

This may be an impetus for higher connectivity I/O solutions such as those based on System Area Network (SAN).


In a large scale bioreactor, it is difficult to prepare high initial cell concentrations up to 1 x 10 8 cell ml -1 (except using in the form of active dried yeast or pressed yeast) (Siqueira et al. 2008) . Therefore, in this study the initial cell concentration in the 50-litre bioreactor was only 2.25 x 10 7 cell ml -1 . However, the yeast cell numbers increased to (2 to 3) x 10 8 cells ml -1 in 12 hrs regardless of the presence of yeast extract. Lower ethanol concentration was observed in the 50-litre bioreactor. This might be because the amount of sugar utilized in the 50-litre bioreactor (233 g l -1 ) was less than that in the 5-litre bioreactor (282 g l -1 ) and some carbon sources in the 50-litre bioreactor were utilized for microbial growth in the first 12 hrs as previously discussed.

In a large scale bioreactor, it is difficult to prepare high initial cell concentrations up to 1 x 10 8 cell ml -1 (except using in the form of active dried yeast or pressed yeast).


In the literature, there are many methods to tackle the curve fitting problem, which remains challenging and elusive. In this study, the goal is to build a compact representation of the curve that corresponds to the best estimate of the unknown relationship between two variables from a set of data points. Curve fitting is a fundamental tool in scientific and engineering applications such as system identification, data analysis and visualization, geometric modeling, CAD/CAM systems, medical imaging, and reverse engineering [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .

Curve fitting is a fundamental tool in scientific and engineering applications such as system identification, data analysis and visualization, geometric modeling, CAD/CAM systems, medical imaging, and reverse engineering.


Typical decision support systems require feature extraction and classification as two distinct phases. The feature extraction phase of such systems involves implementation of signal processing techniques for preprocessing of data in both training and real-time fault classification parts. The need to extract features from raw data for fault classification phase places additional computational burden on such systems when commonly used algorithms such as fast Fourier and wavelet decomposition are implemented. In this paper, an adaptive implementation of 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is proposed for bearing health monitoring. The proposed system fuses the feature extraction and classification blocks of a commonly employed fault detection approach into a single learning body. Here, the convolutional layers of proposed 1D CNN learns to extract optimized features from raw data with BP training as the classification is performed by MLP layers. Since the raw bearing vibration data is directly fed into the proposed system, the computational burden due to feature extraction is eliminated in fault detection phase. The proposed system is tested with real bearing vibration data. The fault detection accuracy of over 97% was achieved in experimental results. The performance comparison of the proposed system with three commonly used classifiers in the literature (MLP, RBFN, and SVM) with similar complexity indicates that the proposed system has no compromise on detection accuracy. The future direction of the research would be twofold: hardware implementation of the algorithm and classifying stages of the fault. FPGA or ASIC implementations of the proposed system would also be cost effective since only scalar multiplications and additions are required for 1D CNNs with 1D convolutions [38] . Therefore, hardware implementation of the proposed algorithm would be useful. Second, the test bearings were run to failure providing data at different fault stages. The proposed algorithm can be modified to classify the stages of the fault as initial and advanced stages.

FPGA or ASIC implementations of the proposed system would also be cost effective since only scalar multiplications and additions are required for 1D CNNs with 1D convolutions.


The feature extraction and feature-based classification are the two unique and distinct phases of decision support systems. The proposed method does not require any form of transformation, feature extraction, and postprocessing. The feature extraction and feature-based classification phases of the bearing fault detection could be combined into a single learning body with 1D CNNs [32, 33] . It can directly work over the raw data, that is, the motor current signal, to detect the anomalies. Here, the time-domain vibration data is fed directly into the 1D CNN which is previously trained with test data using back-propagation (BP). The only preprocessing involved in the process is resampling to get raw data in the desired input format for the CNN. The overview of the proposed 1D Convolutional Neural Network with offline training and fault detection phases is illustrated in Figure 1 . A brief introduction on bearing faults is provided in the next section. Adaptive 1D CNN structure is introduced in Section 3. The bearing vibration dataset and the preprocessing of the raw data are then covered in Section 4. The results from analysis of bearing vibration data analyzed by the proposed 1D CNN for bearing fault detection are discussed using the standard performance metrics in Section 5. Finally, the conclusion and the future direction of the research are presented in Section 6.

The feature extraction and feature-based classification phases of the bearing fault detection could be combined into a single learning body with 1D CNNs.


In the present study, the effect of the multiblock index (expressed as "n" in (PLA-PEG)n) of PLA-PEG multiblock copolymers on their micelle size was investigated. PLA-PEG multiblock copolymers with different multiblock indexes were synthesized by changing the reaction temperature and reaction time in direct polycondensation, using tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl2) and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (TSA) as a binary catalyst system. This binary catalyst system does not require a chain extender and was developed in our group to synthesize higher molecular weight PLLA (poly(L-lactide)) with low racemization and less coloring [14] [15] [16] .

This binary catalyst system does not require a chain extender and was developed in our group to synthesize higher molecular weight PLLA (poly(L-lactide)) with low racemization and less coloring.


However, it is not easy to change PLA-PEG copolymer characteristics in a wide range. Generally, the molecular weight of PEG used for block copolymers is less than 50,000 Da, because higher molecular weight PEGs are not excreted from the kidney and may accumulate in the body [7] . If the molecular weight of PEG in PLA-PEG diblock or PLA-PEG-PLA triblock copolymers is fixed, the PLA/PEG composition determines not only the amphiphilicity, but also the total molecular weight of the copolymers.

Generally, the molecular weight of PEG used for block copolymers is less than 50,000 Da, because higher molecular weight PEGs are not excreted from the kidney and may accumulate in the body.


Park's conjecture remains open to this day. Baker's theorem establishes the conjecture for congruence distributive varieties. R. McKenzie gave a significant generalization of Baker's theorem in 1987 when he verified Park's conjecture for congruence modular varieties [19] . R. Willard, in 2000, extended Baker's theorem in a different direction by confirming Park's conjecture for congruence meet-semidistributive varieties [22] .

R. McKenzie gave a significant generalization of Baker's theorem in 1987 when he verified Park's conjecture for congruence modular varieties.

R. Willard, in 2000, extended Baker's theorem in a different direction by confirming Park's conjecture for congruence meet-semidistributive varieties.


Consider first the case where P{W = 0} = 1. In this case, explosion is equivalent to the event that the Galton-Watson tree is infinite, i.e., the survival of the Galton-Watson process. In that case, if E{Z} ≤ 1, there is no survival, and if E{Z} > 1, there is a positive probability of survival [4] . From now on we will assume that P{W = 0} < 1 and assume that the GaltonWatson process is supercritical.

In that case, if E{Z} ≤ 1, there is no survival, and if E{Z} > 1, there is a positive probability of survival.


Although MOOC platforms are not designed to encourage retrieval practice, prior work suggests that MOOC learners with high Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) skills tend to engage in retrieval practice of their own volition (Kizilcec, Pérez-Sanagustín, & Maldonado, 2017) . These learners strategically seek out previous course materials to hone and maintain their new skills and knowledge. However, these learners are the exception, not the norm. The vast majority of MOOC learners are not self-directed autodidacts who engage in such effective learning behavior without additional support. This motivated us to create the Adaptive Retrieval Practice System (ARPS for short), a tool that encourages retrieval practice by automatically delivering quiz questions from previously studied course units, personalized to each learner. The system is automatic in that the questions appear without any required action from the learner and personalized in that questions are selected based on a learner's current progress in the course. We designed ARPS in accordance with the best practices in encouraging retrieval practice based on prior studies finding it to be effective (Adesope et al., 2017) . We deployed ARPS in an edX MOOC (GeoscienceX) in a randomized controlled trial with more than 500 learners assigned to either a treatment (ARPS) or a control group (no ARPS but static retrieval practice recommendations).

Although MOOC platforms are not designed to encourage retrieval practice, prior work suggests that MOOC learners with high Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) skills tend to engage in retrieval practice of their own volition.

We designed ARPS in accordance with the best practices in encouraging retrieval practice based on prior studies finding it to be effective.


During the in vivo study of two months, change in melanin was observed by base and formulation. Change in melanin was not prominent in the base but formulation enormously decreased the melanin of skin in 8th weeks. The results of applied statistics showed the insignificant results of change in melanin by base and significant results of formulation. Insignificant effects were shown when base and formulation were tested with paired sample t-test except in the 8th week, The results of formulation were significant due to presence of strong antioxidants in it. Antioxidant activity is mainly exhibited by monoterpenoids, crocin, quercetin, kaempferol, and by other phenolic components of Crocus sativus. The mode of action of these compounds to reduce skin melanin is by inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase [15] .

The mode of action of these compounds to reduce skin melanin is by inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase.


Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions offer a series of significant benefits compared to traditional oil-inwater (O/W) emulsions. By forming an occlusive layer on the skin, they are efficient in reducing water loss from the skin by evaporation. For this reason they are widely used in formulations targeting the needs of consumers with dry skin. Their excellent water repellency makes them a very attractive formulation basis for sun care and color cosmetics formulations. Despite these attractive benefits, the use of w/o emulsions has been limited due to issues associated with stability and a heavy skin feel resulting from high oil content [1] . Nowadays, water in oil emulsions are employed more widely in the treatment of dry skin and for emollient application.

Despite these attractive benefits, the use of w/o emulsions has been limited due to issues associated with stability and a heavy skin feel resulting from high oil content.


The use of different classes of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins is also very promising. For example, the PR-5 family of proteins (thaumatin-like proteins) may produce transmembrane pores on fungal plasma membranes, thus promoting osmotic rupture (Roberts and Selitrennikoff 1990) . Chitinases belonging to the PR-3 family of proteins hydrolyze the b-1,4 glycosidic bonds that link the N-acetylglucosamine residues of chitin and play a direct role in plant defence by hydrolyzing chitin (Veluthakkal and Dasgupta 2010) . Four proteins with a chitin-binding domain have been purified from European chestnut plantlets grown in vitro, and three of these proteins inhibit hyphal growth of the C. parasitica fungus in culture (Vannini et al. 1999) . In addition, a thaumatin-like protein (CsTL1) and the most abundant cotyledon endochitinase (CsCh3) have been isolated from seeds of European chestnut, and their antifungal activity has also been demonstrated under in vitro conditions (Collada et al. 1992; Allona et al. 1996; García-Casado et al. 2000) . Genetic transformation of somatic embryogenic lines of European chestnut with the native CsTL1 gene has been reported (Corredoira et al. 2012) . We have also performed experiments to determine whether or not overexpression of the gene increased the resistance of regenerated transgenic plants to the ink disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rand, although data are not yet available. Similarly, in American chestnut a Castanea mollissima thaumatin-like protein gene was also transformed into somatic embryos (Kong et al. 2014) .

For example, the PR-5 family of proteins (thaumatin-like proteins) may produce transmembrane pores on fungal plasma membranes, thus promoting osmotic rupture.

Chitinases belonging to the PR-3 family of proteins hydrolyze the b-1,4 glycosidic bonds that link the N-acetylglucosamine residues of chitin and play a direct role in plant defence by hydrolyzing chitin.

Four proteins with a chitin-binding domain have been purified from European chestnut plantlets grown in vitro, and three of these proteins inhibit hyphal growth of the C. parasitica fungus in culture.

In addition, a thaumatin-like protein (CsTL1) and the most abundant cotyledon endochitinase (CsCh3) have been isolated from seeds of European chestnut, and their antifungal activity has also been demonstrated under in vitro conditions.

Genetic transformation of somatic embryogenic lines of European chestnut with the native CsTL1 gene has been reported.

Similarly, in American chestnut a Castanea mollissima thaumatin-like protein gene was also transformed into somatic embryos.


There is a growing body of research that indicates that a strong sense of teacher efficacy is an important attribute that provides teachers with continuing motivation and dynamism that helps to nurture and develop a positive school climate and psycho-social environment that enhance student learning, especially for low-achieving students (Coladarci, 1992; Guskey, 1998) . Additional studies have further emphasized the importance of both novice and experienced teachers' interaction with students as they provide guidance through observation of classroom lessons, team teaching, coaching and reflective practice (Onafowora, 2004) . These skills contribute to the development of a strong sense of social and emotional relational base that support students' commitment to learning.

There is a growing body of research that indicates that a strong sense of teacher efficacy is an important attribute that provides teachers with continuing motivation and dynamism that helps to nurture and develop a positive school climate and psycho-social environment that enhance student learning, especially for low-achieving students.

Additional studies have further emphasized the importance of both novice and experienced teachers' interaction with students as they provide guidance through observation of classroom lessons, team teaching, coaching and reflective practice.


Drawing from extant research, and noting conflicting results in previous studies, we chose to examine associations between iSECURE subscales and Big Five personality traits. Interestingly, and contrary to our hypothesis, neuroticism was negatively correlated with secure cyber behaviours. We anticipated that individuals high in neuroticism would be more attuned to cyber risk and thus more likely to engage in secure behaviour. Logically, this follows from neuroticism's general association with worrisome, anxious thoughts, and evidence suggesting that neurotic individuals tend to be more cognizant of threatening cues [29] . However, our results suggest the opposite. That is, neurotic individuals are less likely to practise secure cyber behaviours, though no more likely to engage in insecure behaviours. Potentially, the anxiety and worry common among individuals high in neuroticism may limit the mental resources that can be devoted to maintaining cyber security. Relatedly, individuals high in conscientiousness were less likely to engage in insecure cyber behaviours. Such an association makes theoretical sense, given that conscientious individuals are characterised by a tendency to obey rules, act responsibly and behave in an ethical manner [30] . A conscientious person would therefore be less likely to engage in potentially harmful or unjust cyber behaviour. We further identified that aggression, depression and trait anxiety are positively and significantly correlated (each accounting for about 3-5% of variance) with the insecure behaviour scale, suggesting that those with anxiety, depression and high aggression are more likely to engage in insecure cyber behaviours. We have also found that the secure behaviour scale is significantly negatively correlated with neuroticism and existential concerns about the meaning of life, suggesting that the more you have a positive sense of your place in the world and are generally happy the more likely you are to engage in secure cyber behaviour. Further testing of these associations is needed.

Logically, this follows from neuroticism's general association with worrisome, anxious thoughts, and evidence suggesting that neurotic individuals tend to be more cognizant of threatening cues.

Such an association makes theoretical sense, given that conscientious individuals are characterised by a tendency to obey rules, act responsibly and behave in an ethical manner.


Increasingly, the academic, government and business communities are calling for improved understanding of personality, behavioural and cognitive factors in cyber security [1] [2] [3] . Development of a conceptual definition (i.e. construct domain) of cyber secure\insecure behaviour is a critical first step in designing measurement and requires careful conceptual and theoretical consideration. Secure\insecure computer behaviour falls under the overarching concept of cyber security. Scholars continue to debate the criteria and behaviours necessary to define a 'cyber secure' state [4] . The federal Committee on National Security Systems provides the following brief definition of cyber secure: 'The ability to protect or defend the use of cyberspace from cyber-attacks' [5, p.22] . Cyber secure or insecure behaviour would therefore constitute actions that promote or disrupt this ability, respectively. An important next step in actualising the benefits of psychological research on cyber security is to empirically establish the ability to measure the dependent variable of secure and insecure behaviour.

Increasingly, the academic, government and business communities are calling for improved understanding of personality, behavioural and cognitive factors in cyber security.

Scholars continue to debate the criteria and behaviours necessary to define a 'cyber secure' state.


Although several studies investigated the association between ICAM-1 gene K469E polymorphism and DMI, their results remain inconsistent [23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29] . Considering a single study may lack the power to provide dependable conclusion, we carried out a meta-analysis to evaluate the precise effect of K469E polymorphism in ICAM-1 gene on risk of DMI including DN and DR. This was, to our knowledge, the first meta-analysis of the association between ICAM-1 gene K469E polymorphism and DMI susceptibility.

Although several studies investigated the association between ICAM-1 gene K469E polymorphism and DMI, their results remain inconsistent.


As the publication of findings often depends on the expectation of researchers, false-negative results may be suppressed or false positive results magnified [41] . Although the results of this study did not show significant publication bias, the number of studies included in this meta-analysis was small and large inter-study heterogeneity was observed. Significant heterogeneity existed in overall comparisons in each genetic model. The observed heterogeneity could be attributed to differences in several factors such as microvascular complication type, diabetes duration, ethnic variations, environmental factors and methodological factors in design and conduct of the studies. In addition, DMI is a complex etiology generated by combined effect of genetic and environmental risk factors. Due to different racial or ethnic populations with different frequencies of alleles, different genetic backgrounds may affect DMI susceptibilities. It has been reported that the K allele was risk factor for DR in Asian, whereas the E allele was risk factor for DR in Caucasian. This may reflect the genetic heterogeneity between different ethnicities.

As the publication of findings often depends on the expectation of researchers, false-negative results may be suppressed or false positive results magnified.


Once user sessions are discovered, this sessionized data can be used as the input for a variety of data mining tasks such as clustering, association rule mining, sequence mining etc. If the data mining task at hand is clustering, the session files are filtered to remove very small sessions in order to eliminate the noise from the data. But direct removal of these small sized sessions may result in loss of a significant amount of information especially when the number of small sessions is large. We propose a "Fuzzy Set Theoretic" approach to deal with this problem. Instead of directly removing all the small sessions below a specified threshold, we assign weights to all the sessions using a "Fuzzy Membership Function" based on the number of URLs accessed by the sessions. After assigning the weights we apply a "Fuzzy c-Mean Clustering" algorithm to discover the clusters of user profiles. Fuzzy clustering techniques perform non-unique partitioning of the data items where each data point is assigned a membership value for each of the clusters. This allows the clusters to grow into their natural shapes [15] . A membership value of zero indicates that the data point is not a member of that cluster. A non-zero membership value shows the degree to which the data point represents a cluster. Rest of the paper is organized as follows: in section-II, we describe the techniques to preprocess the web log data including data cleaning, user and session identification. In Section III, we describe our methodology for feature selection (or dimensionality reduction) and session weight assignment. In this section we also discuss our work to apply Fuzzy cMean Clustering algorithms to weighted user sessions. Section IV provides the experimental results of our methodology applied to a real Web site access logs. Finally section V discusses the conclusion and future work.

This allows the clusters to grow into their natural shapes.


Dental caries is still a major oral health problem in most industrialized countries, affecting 60-90% of schoolchildren and the vast majority of adults [1] . The first permanent molars are the teeth most susceptible to occlusal caries, which is mainly due to the complex occlusal morphology characterized by numerous pits and fissures [3, 6] . In this research, samples were obtained from nonerupted third molars that had not been exposed to the oral environment and the associated variations in pH, demineralization, and remineralization cycles. They were assigned consecutively to the groups in order to guarantee not having more than one sample from the same tooth for each group; this step was required to avoid bias among the changes produced by each treatment protocol.

Dental caries is still a major oral health problem in most industrialized countries, affecting 60-90% of schoolchildren and the vast majority of adults.

The first permanent molars are the teeth most susceptible to occlusal caries, which is mainly due to the complex occlusal morphology characterized by numerous pits and fissures.


It has been reported that neutral NaF solutions with fluoride concentrations of 100 ppm or less primarily resulted in the formation of fluorapatite, whereas higher fluoride concentrations resulted in the formation of calcium fluoride on the enamel surface [31] . The applied NaF product has a pH of 6.5 according to the manufacturer, which is close to neutral pH. Coupled with the high ppm (more than 5000), this could explain why increases in F at% occurred in only this study group. Additional studies are recommended to determine what fluoride-based compound forms under these conditions.

It has been reported that neutral NaF solutions with fluoride concentrations of 100 ppm or less primarily resulted in the formation of fluorapatite, whereas higher fluoride concentrations resulted in the formation of calcium fluoride on the enamel surface.


Reports indicate that the structural composition in enamel after irradiation with an Er:YAG laser can favor acid resistance due to the loss of carbonate [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . A combination of fluoride and laser treatments can also make the enamel more resistant to acid than either treatment alone [19, 20, [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] . Unlike fluoride, there are few studies that combine the use of lasers and remineralizing agents. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the chemical changes produced by sodium fluoride (NaF), hydroxyapatite-NaF-xylitol (HA-NaF-X), Er:YAG laser irradiation (L), and combined treatments on the occlusal surface of permanent unerupted third molars.

Reports indicate that the structural composition in enamel after irradiation with an Er:YAG laser can favor acid resistance due to the loss of carbonate.

A combination of fluoride and laser treatments can also make the enamel more resistant to acid than either treatment alone.


Fluoride has been studied for decades and has shown to be effective in preventing tooth decay by inhibiting demineralization, enhancing remineralization, and reducing the metabolic activity of bacteria [7, 8] . Fluorides are highly effective in reducing carious lesions that occur on the smooth surfaces of enamel. However, fluorides are not equally effective in protecting the occlusal pits and fissures, where the majority of carious lesions occur [6, 9] . Therefore, it is necessary to study new strategies for the prevention of occlusal caries.

Fluoride has been studied for decades and has shown to be effective in preventing tooth decay by inhibiting demineralization, enhancing remineralization, and reducing the metabolic activity of bacteria.

However, fluorides are not equally effective in protecting the occlusal pits and fissures, where the majority of carious lesions occur.


Alternative remineralizing agents are now available, such as hydroxyapatite (HA). Several studies report that such agents have anticariogenic properties that are explained by the contribution of minerals to the dental structure, which promote remineralization and inhibit demineralization. However, the use of such agents remains controversial [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .

However, the use of such agents remains controversial.


This research work is utilize ISO type vehicle with nonlinear two-track yaw plane vehicle body model, and come with individual wheel dynamics. The vehicle model contain 7 Degrees of Freedom (DOF) where velocity, side slip, yaw rate, and wheel slips of vehicle, are considered as independent state vectors. The Pacejka Model that famously known as Magic Formula is used for tyre model. In order to design a controller using CNF, linearization is essential. The linear model or so called bicycle model is obtained and use in this research as in previous work [7] .

The linear model or so called bicycle model is obtained and use in this research as in previous work.


Where ∈ ℝ, ∈ ℝ , ∈ ℝ , ℎ ∈ ℝ, and ∈ ℝ are the control input, state vector as controlled output, measured output, and disturbance vector respectively. The controller is design based on state feedback case where state vector is consider as controlled output and it is measurable. In this Robust CNF, vector is bounded and consider as unknown constant disturbance. The matrix A and B are sterilisable, the matrix A and C are detectable, and all the matrixes should be invertible and there are no invariant zero at s=0 [18] .

The matrix A and B are sterilisable, the matrix A and C are detectable, and all the matrixes should be invertible and there are no invariant zero at s=0.


The vehicle yaw stability via AFS method is suitable for the vehicle handling during low and moderate level of cornering. In this level, tyre reaction behaviour is in a linear region. The control objective is to track desired yaw rate generated from reference model as closed and fast as possible. When the objective is fulfilled, vehicle respond will follow linearly to steer input and remain unchanged until reach it limitation. To produce desired yaw rate reference, reference model is created. The reference model is created based on 2 DOF bicycle model as in previous work [7] .

The reference model is created based on 2 DOF bicycle model as in previous work.


Indium is a highly demanded material for optoelectronic applications, such as for displays, photodiode detectors and solar cells. It is a constituent of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGSe), which is an excellent absorber material for highly-efficient thin film solar cells [1] . To further enhance the efficiency of CIGSe solar cells and to save expensive raw materials, a new device concept of CIGSe micro concentrator solar cells has been proposed. When a solar cell operates under concentrated illumination, its efficiency can be enhanced since the voltage output increases logarithmically with the concentration factor [2] . Compared to the well-established macroscopic concentrator photovoltaic devices, these micro cells allow a better heat dissipation and thus reduced thermal losses as well as a more compact module design. In the case of CIGSe, proof-ofconcept studies have already demonstrated the potential of this approach [3] [4] [5] . A technologically applicable bottom-up process, however, is missing so far.

It is a constituent of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGSe), which is an excellent absorber material for highly-efficient thin film solar cells.

When a solar cell operates under concentrated illumination, its efficiency can be enhanced since the voltage output increases logarithmically with the concentration factor.

In the case of CIGSe, proof-ofconcept studies have already demonstrated the potential of this approach.


Remifentanil is a synthetic and esterase metabolized opioid. It has a rapid onset and an ultra-short duration of action with a stable, short context-sensitive half time [6] . It was reported to effectively reduce rocuronium injection pain and withdrawal movements [7] .

It has a rapid onset and an ultra-short duration of action with a stable, short context-sensitive half time.

It was reported to effectively reduce rocuronium injection pain and withdrawal movements.


Depression is one of the most common medical conditions among older people and is a major public health concern in both high-and low-income countries. Depression and depressive symptoms among older adults are predictive of functional impairment, poor quality of life, increased use of health services, and increased mortality [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . Common risk factors for depression among older adults include: low socioeconomic status, lack of social support, poor health, and being female [16] . There has been limited research in African settings on the determinants of depression or depressive symptoms among older adults. One of the only community-based studies, the Ibadan Study of Ageing in Nigeria, found a 12-month prevalence of major depressive disorder of 7.1% (95% CI: 5.9-8.3%) among people aged 65 and older [17] . In this study, women and individuals residing in urban areas had higher odds of depression. Depressed older people also had impaired quality of life and greater difficulty functioning at home and in social roles.

Depression and depressive symptoms among older adults are predictive of functional impairment, poor quality of life, increased use of health services, and increased mortality.

Common risk factors for depression among older adults include: low socioeconomic status, lack of social support, poor health, and being female.

One of the only community-based studies, the Ibadan Study of Ageing in Nigeria, found a 12-month prevalence of major depressive disorder of 7.1% (95% CI: 5.9-8.3%) among people aged 65 and older.


Low infrared emissivity coatings are usually composed of a polymer binder and functional particles, which are widely applied for both energy savings and infrared camouflage due to their low emissivity, cheap cost, and simple construction technology [1] [2] [3] [4] . Coating the low emissivity material onto an aircraft's exterior surface can greatly decrease the infrared radiation intensity of the aircraft surface. This method is one of the main means for infrared stealth technology in various aircrafts. However, as aircrafts achieve higher velocity flights, their exterior surface temperatures also rapidly increase. This necessitates broader temperature requirements for low infrared emissivity coating [5] [6] [7] .

Low infrared emissivity coatings are usually composed of a polymer binder and functional particles, which are widely applied for both energy savings and infrared camouflage due to their low emissivity, cheap cost, and simple construction technology.

This necessitates broader temperature requirements for low infrared emissivity coating.


The price sensitivity between popular songs and new artists' songs is an important result because it is not easy to highlight with field data. Indeed, in the digital and the physical music markets, prices are uniform (Peitz and Waelbroeck, 2003) . In the concert market, prices are differentiated but difficulties can be encountered when analyzing the relation between prices and demand. Indeed, some determining data can be unavailable: the prices of resale tickets, some characteristics of the concert hall like the geographic distance from consumers etc. Moreover, with an experiment, we can really isolate the effect of prices from the effect of word-of-mouth.

Indeed, in the digital and the physical music markets, prices are uniform.


In terms of public policies, it is crucial to promote creative innovation. A deterioration of cultural diversity may lead to a decrease in the demand (Benhamou, 2002) . In France, radio channels have the obligation of broadcasting 40% of its songs in French, half of which has to be new in order to compensate for the stardom structure of the music industry. Exposure to new entrants can facilitate the demand for novelty since it eliminates uncertainty about its quality.

A deterioration of cultural diversity may lead to a decrease in the demand.


While the development of wind energy in Ontario has been successful in terms of increasing capacity, an intense debate has resulted-which is reinforced by rural/urban spatial imbalances [6] [7] [8] . Though 86% of the Ontario population lives in urban areas, wind turbines are almost entirely (> 99%) placed in rural communities [2, 9] . Under Ontario's current policy, prescribed setback distances are at least 550 metres, up from 350 metres prior to 2009 due to intense complaints by concerned citizen groups such Ontario Wind Resistance. They maintain that this 550 metre minimum is arbitrary and have called for it to be increased to 2 km [10] .

While the development of wind energy in Ontario has been successful in terms of increasing capacity, an intense debate has resulted-which is reinforced by rural/urban spatial imbalances.

Though 86% of the Ontario population lives in urban areas, wind turbines are almost entirely (> 99%) placed in rural communities.

They maintain that this 550 metre minimum is arbitrary and have called for it to be increased to 2 km.


We were somewhat surprised to find that while visual aesthetics predicted property values, noise problems from wind turbines were not associated with perceived property value loss. Usually coupled alongside visual disturbances, the two factors have long been prominent in the wind turbine literature as the driving forces behind opposition [77, 93, 94, 96] . Noise is nevertheless implied in the perceived health impacts variable and it may be that interaction effects need to be teased out.

Usually coupled alongside visual disturbances, the two factors have long been prominent in the wind turbine literature as the driving forces behind opposition.


Qualitative results also provided important insight into the issue of turbines and property values. A minority of Port Burwell residents expressed that it was the act of complaining itself that was causing local real estate value losses. This finding has some resemblance to work in Australia, where researchers found that levels of activism were associated with negative health outcomes [91, 92] . Their key idea is that disease (i.e. reported sickness) from turbines is 'communicated' through growing opposition and "florid allegations" [91] . In our work, participants seem to share this sentiment-suggesting that if people would only keep quiet, everything would be fine. We worry that interpreting such findings in this way both inappropriately blames the victim while simultaneously suggesting that turbine concerns should be summarily silenced for the good of all.

This finding has some resemblance to work in Australia, where researchers found that levels of activism were associated with negative health outcomes.

Their key idea is that disease (i.e. reported sickness) from turbines is 'communicated' through growing opposition and "florid allegations".


Ontological security may be a force that pulls simultaneously in opposite directions as far as selling the home is concerned. It may motivate willingness to sell at a loss to regain the feelings of control over family safety and the protective aspects of home or; if the security is perceived to be mainly financial, it may cause owners to refuse to sell in the hopes of outlasting the turbines and thus regaining perceived value loss and other aspects of community security (re: community conflict) threated by the turbines [52, 53] . Future research might explore such distinctions, but in both cases homeowners may also experience threats to psychosocial health as well-being along the way [16] . As in many cases, a home is the largest financial investment a person or family can make so it is not difficult to imagine anxiety or other psychosocial stresses when that value is compromised. This can particularly be the case when families are of lower income where a higher proportion of wealth is tied to the home/property [64] . Renters too may experience the negative stressors brought forth by wind energy development. In comparing means using t-tests, our findings suggests that renters are more likely to perceive property value loss than those who own their homes, but this variable's significance was not seen through the bivariate correlation models. There is some literature that indicates that those who rent are typically more prone to feelings of insecurity and a lack of control in their local community [61, 62, 63] . With relatively low numbers of renters in rural areas where turbines are found, future larger studies might be able to tease out such effects.

It may motivate willingness to sell at a loss to regain the feelings of control over family safety and the protective aspects of home or; if the security is perceived to be mainly financial, it may cause owners to refuse to sell in the hopes of outlasting the turbines and thus regaining perceived value loss and other aspects of community security (re: community conflict) threated by the turbines.

Future research might explore such distinctions, but in both cases homeowners may also experience threats to psychosocial health as well-being along the way.

This can particularly be the case when families are of lower income where a higher proportion of wealth is tied to the home/property.

There is some literature that indicates that those who rent are typically more prone to feelings of insecurity and a lack of control in their local community.


In the traditional ICE propulsion system, the vehicle speed and engine power are directly controlled by the mechanical throttle control system (MTCS). However, the hybrid powertrain request does not go directly to the engine in HEVs; instead, the MTCS is replaced by an electronic throttle control system (ETCS) [9] [10] [11] . The ETCS system is a complex engine mechanism that utilizes a DC servo motor to regulate the throttle position. With ETCS, the desired torque and a wide range of vehicle speeds can be achieved in HEVs [12] . In addition, HEV speed control must combine ETCS with nonlinear vehicle dynamics. Because of factors such as the uncertainty parameters of nonlinear elements and instability from environmental disturbances, designing an algorithm for HEV speed control is challenging [13] .

However, the hybrid powertrain request does not go directly to the engine in HEVs; instead, the MTCS is replaced by an electronic throttle control system (ETCS).

With ETCS, the desired torque and a wide range of vehicle speeds can be achieved in HEVs.

Because of factors such as the uncertainty parameters of nonlinear elements and instability from environmental disturbances, designing an algorithm for HEV speed control is challenging.


Since 1989, the population of Slovakia has passed a dynamic and extensive transformation of the whole society with implications for its present and future functioning. One of the most significant changes is a shift in the nature of the reproductive behavior where mortality plays an important role . In terms of death causes, it is clear that greater approximation to demographically developed European populations is being slowed down particularly by unfavorable mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases and cancers (Pleško et al., 2005) .

In terms of death causes, it is clear that greater approximation to demographically developed European populations is being slowed down particularly by unfavorable mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases and cancers.


A man who lives his life in good health has usually better conditions to achieve his goals than an individual that is afflicted with physical and psychological difficulties. For many people health is the most valuable possession, but it can be quickly lost due to various negative phenomena. Moreover, internal and external factors play an important role. The health status affects almost all aspects of life. It affects social status as well as economic activity and vice versa -these factors affect human health (Džambazovič and Gerbery, 2015) . A systematic surveillance of mortality, morbidity, priority risk factors as well as spatial disparities in the population is necessary for a long-term strategy of improving population health status with the use of targeted health-intervention and social measures . Targeted surveillance of socially serious non-infectious diseases has lagged behind in Slovakia compared to infectious diseases with a long tradition of surveillance . After the stabilization of mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases, thanks to the implementation of the National Cardiovascular and Oncology Program in the 1980s , the circulatory system diseases and cancers have become a forefront social interest (Baráková et al., 2004) .

It affects social status as well as economic activity and vice versa -these factors affect human health.

After the stabilization of mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases, thanks to the implementation of the National Cardiovascular and Oncology Program in the 1980s , the circulatory system diseases and cancers have become a forefront social interest.


Worldwide, many school-based health interventions have been evaluated [14] . Over 80 % of these interventions reported at least one positive effect on risk factors for non-communicable diseases (e.g. obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, inadequate or poor nutrition) [15] . Despite the relatively high costs of school-based interventions, existing programmes have been found to be cost-effective in terms of body mass index (BMI) improvements and HR-QoL gains [16, 17] . Normalized BMI distributions, gathered across the entire school population, provide an informative outcome measure for the evaluation of such interventions. Newly learned healthy lifestyle habits are likely to lead to favourable weight changes among overweight and obese children, as well as underweight children, but are also likely to stimulate children with a healthy weight to maintain their weight. Admittedly, the potential of school-based interventions to normalize BMI is found to be modest [14, 15, 18] . The most frequently reported reasons for this modest effectiveness are low parental involvement, a short duration of the intervention, and a lack of a whole-school approach [14, 15, [18] [19] [20] [21] . It is often considered difficult to acquire the necessary support and deal with the high costs and efforts that need to be made to implement multicomponent interventions. As a result, schools often choose less intense single-component interventions. Physical education seems to be one of the most viable components to effectively decrease obesity rates in schools [20, 22] . Despite the implementation benefits of single-component interventions, however, a whole-school approach should always be preferred, as newly acquired lifestyle habits are more likely to last if embedded within an integrated approach.

Worldwide, many school-based health interventions have been evaluated.

Over 80 % of these interventions reported at least one positive effect on risk factors for non-communicable diseases (e.g. obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, inadequate or poor nutrition).

Despite the relatively high costs of school-based interventions, existing programmes have been found to be cost-effective in terms of body mass index (BMI) improvements and HR-QoL gains.

Admittedly, the potential of school-based interventions to normalize BMI is found to be modest.

The most frequently reported reasons for this modest effectiveness are low parental involvement, a short duration of the intervention, and a lack of a whole-school approach.

Physical education seems to be one of the most viable components to effectively decrease obesity rates in schools.


The use of fat or oil for frying still remains one of the most popular methods for food preparation. The necessity of using a good quality frying medium becomes obvious when one considered that some of the fat is absorbed by every piece of food fried in it. The choice of frying fat depends on many factors such as price, frying performance, flavor and stability of product during storage. Before switching from oil to another, it is necessary to examine some of the major changes which occur in the oils during deep frying [1] . As deep fat frying is normally carried out at high temperatures (between 160°C and 180°C) and in the presence of air and moisture, the frying oils will undergo physicochemical deterioration which affect their frying performance and the storage stability of the fried products [2] .

Before switching from oil to another, it is necessary to examine some of the major changes which occur in the oils during deep frying.

As deep fat frying is normally carried out at high temperatures (between 160°C and 180°C) and in the presence of air and moisture, the frying oils will undergo physicochemical deterioration which affect their frying performance and the storage stability of the fried products.


One type of abnormal event detection methods is designed based on object detection and tracking [6] . These methods first focus on the moving objects in visual scenes, and then track the object trajectory. Generally, the trajectories of moving objects are different from each other. However, there are general rules to track the motion of different objects. When abnormal events occur, almost all the trajectories of moving objects would be influenced, by which we can identify abnormal events. During this process, the challenging task is how to locate and track the objects. And there are various factors leading to failure or performance of abnormal event detection. For example, in crowded scenes, human tracking is difficult to implement and the computational complexity is high.

One type of abnormal event detection methods is designed based on object detection and tracking.


For this purpose, covert behavioural observations were performed under the Concourse Bridge, an open public space at the University of Sheffield (UK), mainly used for connection between different buildings within the University campus. Three different music excerpts and a control condition (no music) were cyclically reproduced over a term week at different times, and video-recording data were gathered and processed for behavioural observations [10] . To the knowledge of the authors, this is one of the first attempts in soundscape studies to manipulate an actual acoustic environment in an open public space, collecting data in a systematic way through a covert observational protocol.

Three different music excerpts and a control condition (no music) were cyclically reproduced over a term week at different times, and video-recording data were gathered and processed for behavioural observations.


Fixation of pistils was done four days (96 h) after pollination. Fixation was carried out in a 5:5:90 (v/v/v) mix of 40% (v/v) formaldehyde, glacial acetic acid, and 70% (v/v) ethanol (Burgos et al. 1997) . Fixed material was kept at +4°C (in the refrigerator) until staining.

Fixation was carried out in a 5:5:90 (v/v/v) mix of 40% (v/v) formaldehyde, glacial acetic acid, and 70% (v/v) ethanol.


In the present study, the Au-MUA-PLL sensor performance for the detection of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) as a model system for small molecule was explored [23] [24] [25] [26] . The prepared sensor chip is characterized by means of Atomic Force Microscopy, Surface Plasmon Resonance, and Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. This work investigates the ability of the aforementioned layer to decrease the nonspecific antibody binding in comparison with surfaces covered with single 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) and mixed thiol monolayers formed by MUA and DL-dithiothreitol (DTT). MUA-PLL coating proved to have negligible amount of nonspecific binding. The improvement of competitive inhibition immunoassays performed of SPR sensor chips coated with MUA-PLL is also demonstrated.

In the present study, the Au-MUA-PLL sensor performance for the detection of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) as a model system for small molecule was explored.


Our study aimed to identify regions where a further increase of RD relative probability of occurrence can be expected and in particular focuses on alpine surroundings. We further highlight where monitoring and management actions should focus; we have compared the predictors of the RDs distribution in Austria to results of previous studies in other regions and environments. Therefore, our predictive distribution model contributes to a better recognition of potential RD occurrence, thereby enhancing detection probabilities and supporting further modeling and management steps [18] .

Therefore, our predictive distribution model contributes to a better recognition of potential RD occurrence, thereby enhancing detection probabilities and supporting further modeling and management steps.


In the 15 th UNFCCC 1 conference of parties held in 2009 in Copenhagen participating countries made different pledges to reduce their Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 2020. The emission reductions implied by these pledges are not enough to stabilize emission concentrations at safe 2 levels. Failure to reach a wide international agreement to reduce GHG emissions globally, eventually leads to asymmetric climate policies which not only increase the cost of reducing emissions but also decrease the effectiveness of the climate policy, because of carbon leakage [1] .

Failure to reach a wide international agreement to reduce GHG emissions globally, eventually leads to asymmetric climate policies which not only increase the cost of reducing emissions but also decrease the effectiveness of the climate policy, because of carbon leakage.


The allocation scheme and the market regime of carbon permits: A common finding is that full trade of permits (within the carbon reducing coalition) reduces the leakage rate. Permit trading reduces the leakage rate by half [22] . The inclusion of a permit rebate mechanism decreases the leakage rate considerably [23] , [1] .

Permit trading reduces the leakage rate by half.

The inclusion of a permit rebate mechanism decreases the leakage rate considerably.


The development of novel processing techniques to obtain healthier and safer food products is one of the major challenges facing the food industry in the new century (Barros 2011) . Thus, the effective incorporation of natural bioactive compounds, such as olive leaf polyphenols, into food matrices would be an interesting achievement. For that purpose, it is necessary to evaluate the different processing steps accurately. Thus, the goal of this work was to assess the influence of the drying method on the retention of olive leaf polyphenols impregnated into previously dried apple. Both the initial drying of the raw apple and the further drying of the impregnated apple with polyphenols were addressed.

The development of novel processing techniques to obtain healthier and safer food products is one of the major challenges facing the food industry in the new century.


The activated protein kinase C may phosphorylate gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor channels, inhibit transient and sustained inhibitory Clcurrents, and directly phosphorylate N-methyl-D aspartate receptors. As a result, the Mg 2+ block of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels is eliminated, allowing these channels to open under low electric potential, thereby increasing ion flow. This in turn increases the release of intracellular Ca 2+ and diacylglycerol, enhancing protein kinase C activation [29] .

This in turn increases the release of intracellular Ca 2+ and diacylglycerol, enhancing protein kinase C activation.


It is well known that superstrings are not consistent on any background field. In the simplest case of a closed bosonic string coupled to a curved background, the quantum preservation of the Weyl symmetry implies that the background metric satisfies the Einstein equations plus α ′ -corrections. The Weyl symmetry preservation can be seen as the absence of ultra-violet (UV) divergences in the quantum effective action [1] .

The Weyl symmetry preservation can be seen as the absence of ultra-violet (UV) divergences in the quantum effective action.


Distributed energy generation (DEG) systems are the opposite of centralized generation systems, such as large power plants. DEG systems can be, for example, small-sized wind turbines or micro-CHP plants installed at, or near, a multi-dwelling building. The most common DEG systems for multi-dwelling building owners are solar photovoltaic (PV) systems [22] .

The most common DEG systems for multi-dwelling building owners are solar photovoltaic (PV) systems.


The market share for DH in buildings within the EU is 13%. The heat market for buildings is dominated by onsite boilers using fossil fuels [16] . This presents an opportunity to increase the use of DH in urban areas with high heat density. If biofuels or other heat sources/fuels with low CO 2 emissions are used, DH has a potential to be a technology for a cost-effective de-carbonization of the energy system in the EU [18] .

The heat market for buildings is dominated by onsite boilers using fossil fuels.

If biofuels or other heat sources/fuels with low CO 2 emissions are used, DH has a potential to be a technology for a cost-effective de-carbonization of the energy system in the EU.


The realization of speech acts of pesantren students in rejecting their teachers is non-literal and indirect. Acting this language illustrates that students in the pesantren environment have very high adherence to the teaching of their teacher. Teachers in the pesantren environment become the models for the students behavior. This condition differs from the way students communicate with their friends which tends to be literal and direct. The culture in pesantren environment also helped shape the santri's religious personality and religious journey. School culture reflects its academic culture [29, 30] . This is in line with the formulation that children's academic intelligence in school is parallel with the social politeness instilled by teachers in their school environment [31, 32] .

School culture reflects its academic culture.

This is in line with the formulation that children's academic intelligence in school is parallel with the social politeness instilled by teachers in their school environment.


Politeness is the most fundamental component to establish the students" identity and character in the boarding school environment. One form of politeness is closely related to a linguistic field such as expressing a refusal speech act (RSA). Such an act can be realized through various strategies [14, 15] . The results of the research show that to establish and internalize the students" character building, several actions can be taken such as: (a) example (role model), (b) enculturation, (c) supervision, (d) suggestion, (e) admonition, and (f) sanctions. These are a central key to build the students" character and identity.

Such an act can be realized through various strategies.


Notwithstanding the description of numerous species of the Curimatidae as new in the last quarter century, ichthyological explorations across the range of the family continue to regularly reveal previously unknown species of the family (Vari & Blackledge, 1996; Pavanelli & Britski, 1999; Vari & Chang, 2006; Lucinda & Vari, 2009; Netto-Ferreira & Vari, 2011; Vari et al., 2010 Vari et al., , 2012 Wosiacki & Miranda, 2013) . A recent expedition to the region of São Gabriel da Cachoeira in the blackwater upper rio Negro of northern Amazonian Brazil yielded a previously unknown species of Cyphocharax with a distinctive pigmentation pattern on the caudal peduncle. We herein describe that species as new.

Notwithstanding the description of numerous species of the Curimatidae as new in the last quarter century, ichthyological explorations across the range of the family continue to regularly reveal previously unknown species of the family.

We herein describe that species as new.


In the case of forest fires, not only the total emitted mass is of importance but also high amounts of energy are released into the atmosphere. Thus, the buoyancy of the plume becomes important for the injection height. Due to the heat released by the fires and the temperature difference between the plume and the environment, an updraft is initiated that transports the emitted gases and aerosols to higher altitudes. The height at which the emissions are effectively released is critical for a reliable simulation of the transport of the emitted chemical species. In the free atmosphere, aerosol has a considerably longer lifetime. Moreover, the aerosol is quickly transported out of the source region by the prevailing wind. The effective source height defines the height below which the emitted material is released in a model system to represent the real plume. The effective source height depends on the heat released by the fire and on the environmental conditions: temperature, stability, humidity, and wind speed (Penner et al., 1986) . Additional buoyancy can be gained through the release of latent heat by condensation, whereas a strong horizontal wind prevents the air parcel from reaching the condensation level (Freitas et al., 2007) . The release of latent heat from large fires can make an important contribution to the formation of pyrocumulus and pyrocumulonimbus clouds (Fromm et al., 2010) .

The effective source height depends on the heat released by the fire and on the environmental conditions: temperature, stability, humidity, and wind speed.

Additional buoyancy can be gained through the release of latent heat by condensation, whereas a strong horizontal wind prevents the air parcel from reaching the condensation level.

The release of latent heat from large fires can make an important contribution to the formation of pyrocumulus and pyrocumulonimbus clouds.


Although the induction of direct shoot regeneration was achieved on nodal and internodal explants cultured on MS medium without growth regulators, the number of shoots per explant was limited. It was also observed that the number of these shoots did not increase during the shoot multiplication phase. The induction of shoots on MS basal medium without growth regulators could be presumably due to endogenous hormone levels, especially cytokinin, of the nodal and internodal explants. There are a number of reports indicating that endogenous hormone levels in explants play an important role in shoot induction, initiation and differentiation [34] [35] [36] . On the other hand, we also observed that the supplementation of PGRs to MS medium promoted callus induction and indirect shoot regeneration. These shoots propagated in a large number in the propagation stage. Similarly, it has been reported on various Silene species that PGRs supplemented to the culture medium improve the number of shoots and shoot length [23] [24] [25] .

There are a number of reports indicating that endogenous hormone levels in explants play an important role in shoot induction, initiation and differentiation.

Similarly, it has been reported on various Silene species that PGRs supplemented to the culture medium improve the number of shoots and shoot length.


In this study, we carried out the propagation of S. bolanthoides via indirect shoot organogenesis. When unorganized cell mass growth occurs in culture, somaclonal variation may occur in these cells, and plants regenerated from the callus can be genetically different from the donor plant [37] [38] [39] [40] . In this study, the callus stage was not prolonged, and this type of callus stage duration in culture could provide genetic stability of regenerated plants of S. bolanthoides. Additionally, a high rate of propagation of S. bolanthoides was achieved in relatively shorter periods with more frequent subculturing.

When unorganized cell mass growth occurs in culture, somaclonal variation may occur in these cells, and plants regenerated from the callus can be genetically different from the donor plant.


Association rules are required to satisfy both a minimum support and a minimum confidence constraint at the same time. At medium to low support values, often a great number of frequent itemsets are found in a database. However, since the definition of support enforces that all subsets of a frequent itemset have to be also frequent, it is sufficient to only mine all maximal frequent itemsets, defined as frequent itemsets which are not proper subsets of any other frequent itemset (Zaki, Parthasarathy, Ogihara, and Li 1997b) . Another approach to reduce the number of mined itemsets is to only mine frequent closed itemsets. An itemset is closed if no proper superset of the itemset is contained in each transaction in which the itemset is contained (Pasquier, Bastide, Taouil, and Lakhal 1999; Zaki 2004) . Frequent closed itemsets are a superset of the maximal frequent itemsets. Their advantage over maximal frequent itemsets is that in addition to yielding all frequent itemsets, they also preserve the support information for all frequent itemsets which can be important for computing additional interest measures after the mining process is finished (e.g., confidence for rules generated from the found itemsets, or all-confidence (Omiecinski 2003) ).

However, since the definition of support enforces that all subsets of a frequent itemset have to be also frequent, it is sufficient to only mine all maximal frequent itemsets, defined as frequent itemsets which are not proper subsets of any other frequent itemset.

An itemset is closed if no proper superset of the itemset is contained in each transaction in which the itemset is contained.

Their advantage over maximal frequent itemsets is that in addition to yielding all frequent itemsets, they also preserve the support information for all frequent itemsets which can be important for computing additional interest measures after the mining process is finished (e.g., confidence for rules generated from the found itemsets, or all-confidence).


Among all renewable resources, wind energy has been proven to be a relatively matured technology and has tremendous potential in commercialization and mass production. Today the major application of wind power is electricity generation from large grid-connected wind farms. With the expansion of power grid and the reduction of electricity scarce areas, small-scale wind turbine has now been applied in fields such as city road lighting, mobile communication base stations, offshore aquaculture and sea water desalination in several countries [1] .

With the expansion of power grid and the reduction of electricity scarce areas, small-scale wind turbine has now been applied in fields such as city road lighting, mobile communication base stations, offshore aquaculture and sea water desalination in several countries.


LSA takes as input a training Corpus formed by a collection of documents. Then a word by document co-occurrence matrix is constructed, which contains the distribution of occurrence of the different words along the documents. Then, usually, a mathematical transformation is applied to reduce the weight of uninformative high frequency words in the words-documents matrix (Dumais, 1991) . Finally, a linear dimensionality reduction is implemented by a truncated Singular Value Decomposition, SVD, which projects every word in a subspace of a predefined number of dimensions, k. The success of LSA in capturing the latent meaning of words comes from this low-dimensional mapping. This representation improvement can be explained as a consequence of the elimination of the most noisy dimensions (Turney & Pantel, 2010) .

Then, usually, a mathematical transformation is applied to reduce the weight of uninformative high frequency words in the words-documents matrix.

This representation improvement can be explained as a consequence of the elimination of the most noisy dimensions.


Minimal response to tolbutamide occurs in about 20% of insulinomas [31] . We observed minimal tolbutamide response (40 ~U/ml peak), relatively high insulin levels in vivo, and high release rates in culture. These data, combined with the insulin content of the tumor, are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary defect was in a "disturbed [insulin] storage and release mechanism, and not pathological biosynthesis of the hormone" [27] .

Minimal response to tolbutamide occurs in about 20% of insulinomas.

These data, combined with the insulin content of the tumor, are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary defect was in a "disturbed [insulin] storage and release mechanism, and not pathological biosynthesis of the hormone".