Among the macroelements, the N supplies were most decisive for the size and quality of the tuber yield and for the quantity of aboveground biomass. Excessive N supplies caused a considerable increase in the leafy stalk mass, with a reduction in tuber yield and harvest index. Tuber formation was negatively influenced by P and K deficiencies [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .

Tuber formation was negatively influenced by P and K deficiencies.


From the results in Table 1 it can be seen that the fly ashes exhibit different Table 1 . These values are typical of carbon materials with a low level of structural order [23] . The reason why the ratio was similar for all the fly ashes may be due the fact that the predominant unburned particles are those of the anisotropic type ( Table 2) .

These values are typical of carbon materials with a low level of structural order.


All the experiments were performed in vitro, with a test lung and had as sole purpose to test the accuracy of the devices we used for ventilating infants needing support at birth. We are aware that during neonatal resuscitation other issues, such as mask leak and obstruction, will influence the pressures delivered [13] . However, for adequate and effective neonatal resuscitation not only technique but also an accurate device is important.

We are aware that during neonatal resuscitation other issues, such as mask leak and obstruction, will influence the pressures delivered.


Solar energy has become an increasingly important renewable source of electricity in the last decade worldwide, particularly in Spain (Kraas et al. 2013) . It already provides approximately 5% of the electricity consumed in mainland Spain (REE 2015) . Weather greatly affects the performance of solar power plants; therefore, transmission system operators (TSOs) need good meteorological forecasts to be able to predict the electricity supply curve in advance.

Solar energy has become an increasingly important renewable source of electricity in the last decade worldwide, particularly in Spain.

It already provides approximately 5% of the electricity consumed in mainland Spain.


Solar energy can be converted into electricity using different technologies: directly from photovoltaics or indirectly through concentrating solar power (CSP). Photovoltaic plants depend mainly on global horizontal irradiance (GHI) for their operation, while CSP plants depend on direct normal irradiance (DNI). Different methods are used to predict these variables depending on the temporal scale considered. All-sky cameras, satellite images, neural networks, and cloud-tracking image analysis are useful for nowcasting and very short ranges, while numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are the best option for horizons beyond 6 h (Perez et al. 2010) .

All-sky cameras, satellite images, neural networks, and cloud-tracking image analysis are useful for nowcasting and very short ranges, while numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are the best option for horizons beyond 6 h.


The mentioned linearization techniques are mainly one-dimensional functions. Some of them as look-up table method can easily be expanded to achieve calibration of a two-dimensional transducer transfer curve. As the response of some semiconductor sensors and transducers, as piezorezistive pressure sensors, ceramic humidity sensors, silicon photo and magneto-sensors etc., depends on the influence of two or more nonelectrical quantities simultaneously, several two-dimensional or multi-dimensional complex calibration methods are developed [6] . Naturally, memory requirements and the number of calibration measurements will increase rapidly. This will determine the response time and the cost of calibration procedure, respectively.

As the response of some semiconductor sensors and transducers, as piezorezistive pressure sensors, ceramic humidity sensors, silicon photo and magneto-sensors etc., depends on the influence of two or more nonelectrical quantities simultaneously, several two-dimensional or multi-dimensional complex calibration methods are developed.


Energy poverty remains a challenge in developing countries, impacting on the environment, health, security and well-being of an estimated 3 billion people. Around 2.64 billion people, or 40% of the world's population, lack modern fuels for cooking and heating while 1.6 billion have no access to electricity, three-quarters of them living in rural areas (Litovsky, 2007) . In practical terms, energy poverty means poor households do not have access to adequate and appropriate energy sources to service their most basic energy needs. These households meet most of their energy needs through biomass energy sources while small amounts of commercial energy is used mainly when it is accessible and affordable.

Around 2.64 billion people, or 40% of the world's population, lack modern fuels for cooking and heating while 1.6 billion have no access to electricity, three-quarters of them living in rural areas.


Traditionally, appliances used by low-income groups are inefficient, unsafe and non-durable. For example, in a 2003 investigation by the Paraffin Safety Association in South Africa, the 9 best selling paraffin stoves were tested and none were found to pass basic safety regulations (Kruger, 2006) . Designers and developers attempting to provide better quality products are faced with the challenge of producing improved appliances at an affordable price for a poor target market. Improved appliances also have to compete with existing, bad quality but more affordable appliances already in the market. Caught between the demands in terms of performance, aesthetics and functionality of the target market, the high material and production costs, the lack of supply and distribution chains, inadequate marketing and awareness raising budgets and the unwillingness to invest in the technology and/or inability of the target market to afford the product, designers have had little success in penetrating the market and delivering products that sell like the proverbial 'hot cakes'.

For example, in a 2003 investigation by the Paraffin Safety Association in South Africa, the 9 best selling paraffin stoves were tested and none were found to pass basic safety regulations.


Presently several biometric modalities such as voice, face, ear, fingerprint etc. are in vogue for the task of verification of a person (Woodward, 1997) . The biometric based verification systems are also useful in forensic (where the task is to identify a suspect from the given biometric sample), and law enforcement applications apart from security applications (e.g., access control). We are concentrating on ear biometric for verification because of its unique and stable structure. It needs no high resolution camera for its acquisition and is noninvasive and unaltered under facial expressions, mental situations and anxiety. In view of ever increasing criminal activities and terror threats there is a need to create secure environment.

Presently several biometric modalities such as voice, face, ear, fingerprint etc. are in vogue for the task of verification of a person.


Diagnostic radiology typically uses X-rays beams between 25 and 150 kVp [5] . Studies of scintillator properties in this range have been done in recent years [6, 2] . These works have shown that PSDs are good candidates for real-time dosimetry in limited energy ranges. Based on this concept a PSD with photomultiplier (PMT) readout was developed for radiology application. In particularly this device was tested on a beam delivered by a Tomosynthesis machine. The PSD consists of a plastic scintillator coupled to a clear PMMA optical fiber read by a photomultiplier. The signal produced by the photomultiplier is fed to a charge amplifier.

Diagnostic radiology typically uses X-rays beams between 25 and 150 kVp.

Studies of scintillator properties in this range have been done in recent years.


In recent years there has been increasing interest in the use of plastic scintillation detectors (PSD) due to its favorable characteristics compared with other systems [2] . In spite of this, there are no commercial systems in use for radiology application. Plastic scintillator-based dosimeters exhibit a linear relation between absorbed dose and produced signal, have good sensitivity and dose rate independence, possibility of direct readout and can be made quite small [3, 4] .

In recent years there has been increasing interest in the use of plastic scintillation detectors (PSD) due to its favorable characteristics compared with other systems.

Plastic scintillator-based dosimeters exhibit a linear relation between absorbed dose and produced signal, have good sensitivity and dose rate independence, possibility of direct readout and can be made quite small.


The adequacy of plastic scintillators to low energy dosimetry has been discussed in the literature [6, [9] [10] . A dosimetry system based on plastic scintillator has been successfully tested for 26 and 35 kVp on a tomosynthesis system. The PSD energy dependence of the sensitivity is small in the measured range making it suitable for dose measurements with phantom in this radiological application. PSDs provide a low cost alternative for dose monitoring, and may be manufactured in a wide quality of shapes and dimensions.

The adequacy of plastic scintillators to low energy dosimetry has been discussed in the literature.


Exoplanets are known to cause a variety of photometric effects, which collectively can be used for both exoplanet detection and characterization. The Kepler Space Telescope (Kepler) has reached a level of photometric precision and temporal coverage that allows for the detection of such effects (Jenkins and Doyle 2003) . A portion of the observed flux variation originates directly from the exoplanet itself as both a reflected light component and thermal emission. Additional effects originate from the influence of the exoplanet on its host star. These include Doppler boosting, or beaming, caused by the radial velocity variations due to the stellar wobble, as well as variations in flux caused by the ellipsoidal distortion of the star, which is induced by the planetary tidal forces. These effects make it possible to detect non-transiting planets, which are expected to account for a large subset of the extant exoplanet population. Using Bayesian inference one can estimate the values of the physical parameters on which these effects depend. In addition, by computing the Bayesian evidence a variety of models can be tested, some of which may either allow for, or neglect, these effects.

The Kepler Space Telescope (Kepler) has reached a level of photometric precision and temporal coverage that allows for the detection of such effects.


Multiterminal HVDC transmission based on MMC (MMC-MTDC) is defined as the flexible HVDC transmission system which has three or more voltage source converters (VSCs) under the same DC grid [16] . Its prominent feature lies in providing multiple power supplies, power receiving in multiple places. As a more flexible and efficient power transmission mode, MMC-MTDC shows great potential in renewable energy connection, urban DC distribution network, and so on. In the world, there are only two MMC-MTDC projects and they are all in China [17] . One of which is Nanao threeterminal MMC-MTDC project constructed in Dec. 2013 which is the world's first MMC-MTDC project; the other one is Zhoushan five-terminal MMC-MTDC project constructed in Jul. 2014 which is the world's largest number of terminals in MMC-MTDC projects.

Multiterminal HVDC transmission based on MMC (MMC-MTDC) is defined as the flexible HVDC transmission system which has three or more voltage source converters (VSCs) under the same DC grid.

In the world, there are only two MMC-MTDC projects and they are all in China.


Ecology and environment is beneficial for green roofs as air quality improvement and reduction of air pollution, increase biodiversity, reduction of heat island effect in urban areas. This is due to the lower amount of heat emitted by the presence of greened and humidity affected by evapotranspiration caused by plants and indirect benefits as energy savings for buildings (Ottelé et al., 2010) . In fact, both the growing medium and the plants themselves provide insulation and shade which can reduce, especially in Mediterranean area, energy for cooling and improve the indoor and outdoor comfort (Wong et al., 2010b) . Beside these benefits social and economical values are involved, with respect to the real estate market, the improvement of durability and better psychological feelings of citizens.

This is due to the lower amount of heat emitted by the presence of greened and humidity affected by evapotranspiration caused by plants and indirect benefits as energy savings for buildings.

In fact, both the growing medium and the plants themselves provide insulation and shade which can reduce, especially in Mediterranean area, energy for cooling and improve the indoor and outdoor comfort.


To penetrate the barrier of the epithelium and cause plasmid DNA to reach the skin-associated lymphoid tissue or other viable skin cell to express antigen, several methods have been developed. Gene gun with gold microparticles has been used to physically deliver genes into the cytoplasm of skin cells [1, 8] . Intradermal injection of gene immunization could trigger a humoral and cellular immune response [5] . Adenovirus vectors applied onto bare skin can elicit an immune response against the protein encoded by the vector [9] . Our laboratory has found that plasmid DNA can induce higher immunology response by epidermal scratch inoculation than intramuscular and intraparenteral (i.p.) injection routes in mice [10] .

Gene gun with gold microparticles has been used to physically deliver genes into the cytoplasm of skin cells.

Intradermal injection of gene immunization could trigger a humoral and cellular immune response.

Adenovirus vectors applied onto bare skin can elicit an immune response against the protein encoded by the vector.

Our laboratory has found that plasmid DNA can induce higher immunology response by epidermal scratch inoculation than intramuscular and intraparenteral (i.p.) injection routes in mice.


Plasmid DNA encapsulated in liposome was used as a DNA delivery system to induce immune responses by intranasal, intramuscular and intraperitoneal immunization [11] [12] [13] . In these experiments we found that applying DNA-liposome complexes on bare skin with transdermal delivery enhancer can induce humoral immunization response. And even 1 µg plasmid DNA in liposome can induce HBsAg-specific antibody. The frequency of positive response by skin inoculation is up to 71%. Skin inoculation of DNA-liposome complexes could provide a new potent, painless, and economical rout of DNA immunization.

Plasmid DNA encapsulated in liposome was used as a DNA delivery system to induce immune responses by intranasal, intramuscular and intraperitoneal immunization.


The first use of data diversity of which we are aware was by British Astronomer Royal, Nevil Maskelyne, who employed data diversity techniques using human computers to improve the reliability of astronomical tables published in the 1767 Nautical Almanac [17] [23] . For the lunar tables, Maskelyne would assign one (human) computer the task of calculating the moon's position at noon for each day of the month, and another computer (known as the anticomputer) the task of calculating the moon's position at midnight. A third person known as a comparer was responsible for merging and checking the computers' results.

The first use of data diversity of which we are aware was by British Astronomer Royal, Nevil Maskelyne, who employed data diversity techniques using human computers to improve the reliability of astronomical tables published in the 1767 Nautical Almanac.


Studies on thyroid hormones in patients with type C HE had been reported. T3 and T4 levels were lower in cirrhotic patients with type C HE compared with cirrhosis patients without HE [5, 6] . However, there is no report on alteration of thyroid hormones in patients with type A HE. The pathogenesis and manifestation of type A and type C HE are different [7, 8] . It is not clear whether type A HE has any effect on thyroid function. Type A HE is a lifethreatening critical illness with high mortality. To explore alteration of thyroid hormones in type A HE patients will widened our knowledge of type A HE and help to find the clue of new therapy.

T3 and T4 levels were lower in cirrhotic patients with type C HE compared with cirrhosis patients without HE.

The pathogenesis and manifestation of type A and type C HE are different.


Many studies have shown the importance of expressive gestures in communicating messages as well as in expressing emotions. They are necessary for the speaker to formulate his thoughts [10] . They can convey complementary, supplementary or even contradictory information to the one indicated by speech [11] .

They are necessary for the speaker to formulate his thoughts.

They can convey complementary, supplementary or even contradictory information to the one indicated by speech.


Numerous techniques have been employed to fabricate scaffolds, such as solvent casting-particulate leaching, gas foaming, phase separation and electrostatic spinning [6] [7] [8] [9] . Solvent castingparticulate leaching (SC-PL) method was most commonly used owing to simple operation, and the pore size and the porosity of scaffolds could be well controlled by the particle size and the amount of the incorporated salt particles. However, the traditional SC-PL method tended to cause the isolated and heterogeneously distributed pores, resulting from the high viscosity of polymer solution and the poor contact degree of salt particles in polymer solution, as well as the different apparent densities between salt particles and polymer solution [10] .

Numerous techniques have been employed to fabricate scaffolds, such as solvent casting-particulate leaching, gas foaming, phase separation and electrostatic spinning.

However, the traditional SC-PL method tended to cause the isolated and heterogeneously distributed pores, resulting from the high viscosity of polymer solution and the poor contact degree of salt particles in polymer solution, as well as the different apparent densities between salt particles and polymer solution.


Ammonia is one of the nitrogenous wastes especially in water. It is generated from the catabolism of amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines (Ruyet et al. 1995) . In an aquatic environment, ammonia exists as two main forms such as unionized ammonia (NH 3 ) and ionized ammonium (NH 4 + ) (Randall and Tsui 2002) . The toxicity of ammonia is significantly affected by the levels of pH; the increase in pH induces the concentration of NH 3 increase (Richardson 1997) . The toxic effects of ammonia exposure to aquatic animals strongly occur by the high concentration of unionized ammonium (NH 3 ) because it can readily diffuse through the gill membranes (Sinha et al. 2012) . Excessive ammonia can cause the growth performance decrease, tissue erosion and degeneration, immune suppression, and high mortality in aquatic animals, which acts as toxicity by increasing ammonia levels in blood and tissues (Lemarie et al. 2004; Li et al. 2014) . In addition, the ammonia exposure also induces the neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and oxygen delivery impairment as well as hyperactivity, convulsions, and coma (Wilkie 1997) .

It is generated from the catabolism of amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines.

In an aquatic environment, ammonia exists as two main forms such as unionized ammonia (NH 3 ) and ionized ammonium (NH 4 + ).

The toxicity of ammonia is significantly affected by the levels of pH; the increase in pH induces the concentration of NH 3 increase.

The toxic effects of ammonia exposure to aquatic animals strongly occur by the high concentration of unionized ammonium (NH 3 ) because it can readily diffuse through the gill membranes.

Excessive ammonia can cause the growth performance decrease, tissue erosion and degeneration, immune suppression, and high mortality in aquatic animals, which acts as toxicity by increasing ammonia levels in blood and tissues.

In addition, the ammonia exposure also induces the neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and oxygen delivery impairment as well as hyperactivity, convulsions, and coma.


This study involved a small sample and investigated teachers' beliefs and perceptions. It is not clear how generalisable this snapshot is. The interview questions were deliberately open-ended, a large-scale survey approach may have produced a different result. Another possible focus for the future is how all early years practitioners can be supported to use educational technology more effectively. Developing networks and collaborating with colleagues one of the best ways of showing how technology can be successfully integrated into the curriculum, but teachers often find it difficult to find time to do this (Shields and Behrman 2000) .

Developing networks and collaborating with colleagues one of the best ways of showing how technology can be successfully integrated into the curriculum, but teachers often find it difficult to find time to do this.


It was previously reported that PEG decreased the frequency of aspiration pneumonia in patients with dementia [8] . However, in that study, dementia severity was not estimated in detail. In this study, we first showed that TF decreased the frequency of pneumonia even in patients with severe dementia. On the other hand, in patients without TF, a decrease in the frequency of pneumonia and use of antibiotics was not observed after the decision not to use TF compared to the frequency before the decision not to use TF.

It was previously reported that PEG decreased the frequency of aspiration pneumonia in patients with dementia.


In this paper, we propose a new structure of silicon waveguides that employs silica-filled vertical-dual slots. In our structure, the field is mainly confined in the silicon core, rather than in the slot as the single-slot structures [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] 33] . Although an ultra-small effective mode area A eff can be achieved when the optical field is mainly confined in the single slot, such a small A eff does not always enable an ultra-high nonlinear coefficient γ, given by γ = ωn 2 /cA eff . Therefore, by using a slot material with smaller intensity-dependent nonlinear refractive index n 2 than silicon, such as silica, may result in a lower nonlinear coefficient. Moreover, the refractive index contrast along the horizontal direction between the center core and the equivalent cladding, silicon side strips included for the proposed structure, is smaller than that for the corresponding silica-cladded strip structure. The reduction in refractive index difference enables a larger degree of control over the anomalous waveguide dispersion, which can be tailored to carefully compensate the normal material dispersion of silicon. This stands in contrast to the case of the strip structure, in which the waveguide dispersion typically over-compensates the silicon dispersion. Here, we demonstrate GVD tailoring by varying the width of the core (W c ), the slots (S) and the side strips (W s ), and put forward a method to obtain spectrally-flattened near-zero anomalous GVD in the telecom wavelength range, including S-, C-and L-band (1460 nm-1625 nm), by shifting the zero-dispersion wavelengths. We take the silica filling ratio of the slots into account, and discuss its impact on GVD. Moreover, by using standard SOI technology, we fabricate a sample and demonstrate a wavelength conversion experiment, which to our best knowledge is the first explicit proof of the proposed structure.

In our structure, the field is mainly confined in the silicon core, rather than in the slot as the single-slot structures.


Combinatorial relaxation theory combines matrix, matroid, graph and combinatorial optimization [11] . It uses simple graph theory to solve complex mathematical problems. As the nonzero entries of the structural matrix A str are algebraically independent, it converts computing the degree of the subdeterminant of structural matrix to the weighted matching problem of bipartite graph [12] . Specifically, it describes the n ¥ n structure matrix A str as a bipartite graph G = (X, Y, E). Where the vertex set X corresponds to the row set of A str , the vertex set Y corresponds to the column set of A str , the edge set E = {(i, j)|i OE X, j OE Y, (A str ) ij ≠ 0} corresponds to the set of nonzero entries of A str . And each edge (i, j) OE E is given a weight w ij = deg s (A str ) ij . Assuming M is a k-matching of G, then the weight w(M) = S (i,j)OEM w ij = S (i,j)OEM deg s (A str ) ij of M is the degree of a k ¥ k minor of structural matrix A str .

Combinatorial relaxation theory combines matrix, matroid, graph and combinatorial optimization.

As the nonzero entries of the structural matrix A str are algebraically independent, it converts computing the degree of the subdeterminant of structural matrix to the weighted matching problem of bipartite graph.


Using computer to build and simulate mathematical models is a good way to determine and optimize properties of products without building costly physical prototypes. This approach is widely used in industrial product design and development, such as spaceships, cars, medicines, etc [1] . With the development of industry, the products are more and more complex, and they are often from several different domains, such as biological, electrical, mechanical and thermodynamic, etc. The traditional single-domain modeling and simulation approach cannot meet the requirement of the complex product. So it is necessary to find a better approach to solve this problem. Multi-domain modeling and simulation is one of popular approaches at present [2] .

This approach is widely used in industrial product design and development, such as spaceships, cars, medicines, etc.

Multi-domain modeling and simulation is one of popular approaches at present.


Primary school children are constantly encouraged to produce images and illustrate their written work. Whereas texts produced for early years of schooling are richly illustrated [9] . The existence of illustrative images in textbooks will be more meaningful and valuable when placed in the primary school level of the early grades [10] . This is due to the limited quality of individual psychic development in terms of abstract thinking ability. The children in primary school demand the simplest, practical, easy-to-make colourful image of visual message [11] . A number of recent studies have consistently showed that primary school children prefer colourful images to black and white, choosing photos rather than pictures, and selecting realism images.

Whereas texts produced for early years of schooling are richly illustrated.

The existence of illustrative images in textbooks will be more meaningful and valuable when placed in the primary school level of the early grades.

The children in primary school demand the simplest, practical, easy-to-make colourful image of visual message.


Illustration images provide clues that show verbal information to be more concretely accepted. When images are included in textbooks, they can help students to learn to organize information and clarify complex concepts. If the image is integrated with the words, images help students' understanding ability. The images make the words that appear in the text become more meaningful to the learners. In order to improve the effectiveness of learners' quality, the use of illustration in textbooks should consider several factors, among them is the purpose of learning in the applied level [10] .

In order to improve the effectiveness of learners' quality, the use of illustration in textbooks should consider several factors, among them is the purpose of learning in the applied level.


One of the implementations of the National Education Act is the school curriculum. In preparing the curriculum, learning resources and media that are needed and available should be taken into consideration so that the so that students are able to gain a real, meaningful, extensive and profound learning experience. Learning resources are materials that can be used and needed to help teachers and students in the learning process. Learning resources can be textbooks, printed media, electronic media, resource persons, natural environment, and so forth that can increase the level of activity in the learning process. Learning resources are selected based on competence, learning materials, learning activities and indicators of achievement of basic competencies. The use of appropriate learning resources will support the effectiveness of the learning process [13] .

The use of appropriate learning resources will support the effectiveness of the learning process.


The understanding of the complex interactions between turbulence and chemical reactions is of fundamental importance to the design of efficient practical combustion devices. One way of configurations to study turbulence-chemistry interactions [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . The TCF configuration has several features, which prove to be advantageous for experimentalists and modelers, such as: the stabilization of the flame and the achievement of high Reynolds number without pilot flames; the realization of a variety of combustion regimes from stable to local extinction/re-ignition; the compactness of the combustion region; and, the practical relevance of the configuration to industrial combustion devices, e.g., internal combustion engines and gas turbines [5] . Many collaborative works involving experimental and numerical investigations of turbulent counterflow flames have been performed (e.g., in Darmstadt, Imperial College and Yale burners) to test models for mixing, turbulence and chemical reactions [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . High-fidelity large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled with mixture-fraction based formulations are commonly used for the computational studies [7, 11, 12, 14] .

One way of configurations to study turbulence-chemistry interactions.

The TCF configuration has several features, which prove to be advantageous for experimentalists and modelers, such as: the stabilization of the flame and the achievement of high Reynolds number without pilot flames; the realization of a variety of combustion regimes from stable to local extinction/re-ignition; the compactness of the combustion region; and, the practical relevance of the configuration to industrial combustion devices, e.g., internal combustion engines and gas turbines.

Many collaborative works involving experimental and numerical investigations of turbulent counterflow flames have been performed (e.g., in Darmstadt, Imperial College and Yale burners) to test models for mixing, turbulence and chemical reactions.

High-fidelity large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled with mixture-fraction based formulations are commonly used for the computational studies.


The first author was partially supported by National Science Foundation Grants DMS-1301665 and DMS-1901753. Theorem 1.1 (Henle, Mathias, and Woodin, [19] ). Let M be a transitive model of ZF + ω → (ω) ω and N be its extension via ( [ω] ω , ⊆ * ). Then M and N have the same sets of ordinals; moreover every sequence in N of elements of M lies in M .

Theorem 1.1 (Henle, Mathias, and Woodin,).


The high degree of stability recorded in the biochemical quality such as protein, lipids, ash and available carbohydrates in the SB treated garri samples may be associated with the seemingly lack of microbial activities (Table 1) recorded and the benefits of the use of combined treatment in securing the total quality of foods (Leistner, 1996; Ogiehor et al., 1998; Ogiehor et al., 1999) . The slight increase in pH observed in the hygienically handled and SB treated samples may be related to the presence of sodium benzoate which is slightly basic while slight decrease recorded in the conventional and hygienically handled samples may due to the microbial activities and its multiplier effects. Overall acceptability scores indicates that SB treated garri were highly acceptable even though freshly prepared garri was most preferred.

The high degree of stability recorded in the biochemical quality such as protein, lipids, ash and available carbohydrates in the SB treated garri samples may be associated with the seemingly lack of microbial activities (Table 1) recorded and the benefits of the use of combined treatment in securing the total quality of foods.


Microbial deterioration of garri is of major economic concern. The main agents that contaminate and spoil garri are moulds, insects, and mites (Igbeka, 1987) . Moulds such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Cladosporium and Mucor have been associated with garri during storage and distribution (Adeniyi, 1976; Oyeniran, 1978; Ekundayo, 1984) . Growth of moulds in garri results in changes in the organoleptic, microbiological and nutritive quality which lead to spoilage. Deliberate efforts to control and prevent spoilage and quality changes especially during storage have received very little attention.

The main agents that contaminate and spoil garri are moulds, insects, and mites.

Moulds such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Cladosporium and Mucor have been associated with garri during storage and distribution.


Owing to the environmental and economic pressures, electric power system becomes more heavily loaded and system oscillations are increased. Inadequate damping of these oscillations will restrict the power transfer capability. The conventional PSS (CPSS) is widely utilized to enhance the system damping. In some cases, if the utilization of PSS cannot provide sufficient damping for inter-area power swing, Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices are substitute effectual solutions. The principle of these FACTS devices is to regulate the reactance and voltage. SVC is the most popular FACTs device utilized to improve the reliability of power systems [1] . It has different capability to improve the operation of power systems by mitigating network loss, providing voltage regulation, compensating active power, improving transient stability, limiting short circuit currents and damping the power system oscillation [2] . The system damping can be enhanced by incorporating supplemental damping controller.

SVC is the most popular FACTs device utilized to improve the reliability of power systems.

It has different capability to improve the operation of power systems by mitigating network loss, providing voltage regulation, compensating active power, improving transient stability, limiting short circuit currents and damping the power system oscillation.


The farm size is very different in the European Union. There were 12.2 million farms across the EU-27 in 2010, working 174.1 million hectares of land (the utilised agricultural area) or two fifths (40.0%) of the total land area of the EU-27. The average size of each agricultural holding (farm) in the EU-27 was 14.2 hectares (Coyette and Schenk 2013) .

The average size of each agricultural holding (farm) in the EU-27 was 14.2 hectares.


One tool of increasing the performance is to provide the proper level of financial resources, which is important for all business establishments including the agricultural one for the continuous running. Increasing supplying loans for the agricultural sector at the appropriate level of capital and credit within the essential conditions can ensure a more competitive and market oriented agriculture. Those factors, which determine the agricultural financing, have specific characteristics. Most of the capital and financial resources required in the agriculture is locked for a long run and used not only during a short period of time (Széles 2006) .

Most of the capital and financial resources required in the agriculture is locked for a long run and used not only during a short period of time.


Boosting, e.g., AdaBoost, is a popular ensemble learning technique, which combines many "weak" classifiers and has been demonstrated to yield better generalization performance in AU recognition [13] . Boosting can be integrated into the CNN such that discriminative neurons are selected and activated in each iteration of CNN learning. However, the boosting CNN (B-CNN) can overfit due Outputs of the FC layer are employed as input features and a subset of features (the blue nodes) are selected by boosting. The selected features in the current iteration are combined with those selected previously (the red nodes) to form an incremental strong classifier. A loss is calculated based on the incremental classifier and propagated backward to fine-tune the CNN parameters. The gray nodes are inactive and thus, not selected by the incremental strong classifier. Given a testing image, features are calculated via the CNN and fed to the boosted classifier to predict the AU label. Best viewed in color.

Boosting, e.g., AdaBoost, is a popular ensemble learning technique, which combines many "weak" classifiers and has been demonstrated to yield better generalization performance in AU recognition.

Best viewed in color.


Earlier studies of wake recovery at long distances behind whole wind farms have been done with different wake models and mesoscale simulations [1] [13] . LES simulations using the ACD method extended to include the farm wake for Horns Rev wind farm were done by Eriksson [14] . The simulations showed a faster wake recovery at long distances compared to measurements.

Earlier studies of wake recovery at long distances behind whole wind farms have been done with different wake models and mesoscale simulations.

LES simulations using the ACD method extended to include the farm wake for Horns Rev wind farm were done by Eriksson.


In a comparison with experimental data one also needs to consider the impact of atmospheric stability as well as the size and uncertainty of wind direction sectors. The simulations are here done for a fixed wind direction and for neutral conditions. In the work performed in the UpWind project it can be seen that, for the case with 270 degree inflow angle, the relative production is reasonably constant for the downstream rows with neutral/unstable conditions. For a smaller section this is even more the case. A slight increase in production can also be seen in the last rows [24] . The same trend with increasing relative power production in the downstream part of the row can be seen for neutral conditions in meso scale simulations of Horns Rev [25] . Evaluation of the wind direction uncertainty and its impact on wake modeling at the Horns Rev wind farm has been performed [26] . One of the parameters is the variation of incoming wind direction that will cause meandering of the wake [27] . Also earlier work has shown a clear dependency on the inflow angle of the wind [28] [24] .

A slight increase in production can also be seen in the last rows.

The same trend with increasing relative power production in the downstream part of the row can be seen for neutral conditions in meso scale simulations of Horns Rev.

Evaluation of the wind direction uncertainty and its impact on wake modeling at the Horns Rev wind farm has been performed.

One of the parameters is the variation of incoming wind direction that will cause meandering of the wake.

Also earlier work has shown a clear dependency on the inflow angle of the wind.


The background to the paper is the interest in simulations of farm wakes with LES. An earlier study of the wake recovery on Horns Rev showed a higher wake recovery compared to measurements [14] . The aim here was to study the sensitivity and trends in results with different parameter settings for simulations of long distance wakes.

An earlier study of the wake recovery on Horns Rev showed a higher wake recovery compared to measurements.


In RCC the amount of cement is usually between 100 and 200 kg/m 3 , the water content varies from 100 kg/m 3 to 150 kg/m 3 and the air content is around 1-3%. However, in RCC larger coarse aggregate particles are used compared to conventional concrete. In RCC the maximum aggregate size ranges from 50 mm to 75 mm. As transport, laying and compaction of RCC are very simple and practical it is much more economical than conventional concrete in terms of time and cost. RCC can also be used in composite systems as base material [4] . RCC pavements are strong, dense, and durable. These characteristics, combined with construction speed and economy, make RCC pavements an excellent alternative for parking and storage areas; port, intermodal, and military facilities; highway shoulders; streets; and highways.

RCC can also be used in composite systems as base material.


RCC pavements are constructed without forms, dowels, or reinforcing steel. Joint sawing is not required, but when sawing is specified, transverse joints are spaced farther apart than with conventional concrete pavements [5] . Figure 1 . shows conctruction of road made of RCC.

Joint sawing is not required, but when sawing is specified, transverse joints are spaced farther apart than with conventional concrete pavements.


The principal advantages of RCC pavements are derived from the construction process used to create them. Construction costs are lower because there is less labor involved in placing the concrete (no formwork or finishing is required), and no reinforcing steel or dowels are used. With the low water-cement ratio there is less paste in the concrete matrix, so there is no bleed water and less shrinkage than in conventional PCC. The dominant role of aggregate in the concrete provides load transfer across control joints and cracks by using aggregate interlock, which eliminates the need for load transfer devices [18] . Additional research and development is needed to: 1.) improve surface texture, skid resistance, and joint construction methods in pavements; 2.) establish standardized joint design spacing; 3.) establish standardized mixture design methods; 4.) develop representative freeze -thaw durability test procedures; 5.) determine methods -for air-entrainment, 6.) improve mixing efficiency using conventional concrete mixing equipment; and 7.) expand the use of admixtures including retarders and water reducers to extend working time and enhance performance [5] .

The dominant role of aggregate in the concrete provides load transfer across control joints and cracks by using aggregate interlock, which eliminates the need for load transfer devices.

Additional research and development is needed to: 1.) improve surface texture, skid resistance, and joint construction methods in pavements; 2.) establish standardized joint design spacing; 3.) establish standardized mixture design methods; 4.) develop representative freeze -thaw durability test procedures; 5.) determine methods -for air-entrainment, 6.) improve mixing efficiency using conventional concrete mixing equipment; and 7.) expand the use of admixtures including retarders and water reducers to extend working time and enhance performance.


Roller compacted concrete (RCC) is a stiff, zero-slump mixture. The material prepared as a dry concrete is transported by dump trucks to the manufacturing laid in layers by grader or similar construction equipment and the compaction process is carried out by vibratory rollers. RCC can be manufactured with various types of aggregates (natural gravel, crushed, recycled),cementitious materials (cements, fly ash, slag, etc.) using relatively lower water and binder contents [1] . Low porosity concrete leads to high strength and long term durability and thus it is important to optimise compaction procedures so that the compacted material is adequately packed.

RCC can be manufactured with various types of aggregates (natural gravel, crushed, recycled),cementitious materials (cements, fly ash, slag, etc.) using relatively lower water and binder contents.


Onchocerciasis control in West Region began in 1996 with Carter Center and Lions Clubs International Foundation (LCIF) assistance through a single annual dose of ivermectin as recommended by World Health Organisation. Later in 1998, the region began receiving additional funds from APOC for a period of five years for the implementation of community directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) for onchocerciasis control that was later to be sustained by the government of Cameroon. The five years of funding were followed by support for advocacy and replacement of capital equipment for three more years. The government of Cameroon did not bridge the financial gap and take over the project as expected [10] . Therefore Carter Center continued its technical and financial assistance to the CDTI activities to the West Region. APOC continued to provide limited funds for specific activities, but only when they were deemed critical for sustainability of CDTI activities.

The government of Cameroon did not bridge the financial gap and take over the project as expected.


The automotive industry faces its most significant changes in its history: electrification and digitalisation are the new challenges. For a long time each new function in an automobile was implemented as a stand-alone electronic control unit (ECU). This approach quickly proved to be insufficient with the need for functions to be distributed over several ECUs and the need for information exchanges among functions. Today, premier cars have up to 70 ECUs, connected by several system buses [1] .

Today, premier cars have up to 70 ECUs, connected by several system buses.


These new technologies merge with classical automotive engineering. Focusing on automated driving among these technologies, it is mandatory, to demonstrate the reliability, safety and robustness in all conceivable situations. Additionally, a goal is to outperform a human driver in steering an automobile and, thus, reducing the number of accidents involving personal injury. Based on the 'Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club' statistic 2010-2012 a distance of 12 million kilometres between two accidents on German roads was estimated for human drivers [2] . For a risk limited introduction of automated driving a confidence range of the supposed expected values for the accident rate can be derived. After defining an absolute tolerable risk a minimum safety qualification distance of 1-10 million kilometres turned out to be necessary [2, 3] . This can be achieved with a fleet of vehicles, but various factors such as safety, economic feasibility, and ease of reproducibility are of concern. Taking further into account the high number of vehicle variants and software versions, it becomes obvious that new techniques are required for test and validation of these automotive solutions.

Based on the 'Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club' statistic 2010-2012 a distance of 12 million kilometres between two accidents on German roads was estimated for human drivers.

After defining an absolute tolerable risk a minimum safety qualification distance of 1-10 million kilometres turned out to be necessary.


However, there are many problems during the process of rural transformation, including weakening farmers, environmental pollution, village hollowing and the occupation of cultivated land in China [9] [10] [11] . To pursue higher wages and better employment opportunities offered by cities, young rural laborers have moved to work in the cities, leaving the aged at home in agriculture roles, or whole families have moved to the cities, leaving empty houses in the countryside. With the development of industrialization, a large number of polluting substances have also been discharged into the village, which has brought about serious impacts on the rural environment [12] . The uncoordinated phenomenon in rural development has become increasingly obvious. Thus, coordination has been an important part of the rural transformation and an important criterion to measure whether rural development has been sustainable or not. Meanwhile the research of rural transformation and coordination development has gradually attracted the attention of scholars over recent years [13, 14] .

However, there are many problems during the process of rural transformation, including weakening farmers, environmental pollution, village hollowing and the occupation of cultivated land in China.

With the development of industrialization, a large number of polluting substances have also been discharged into the village, which has brought about serious impacts on the rural environment.

Meanwhile the research of rural transformation and coordination development has gradually attracted the attention of scholars over recent years.


Since reform and opening up, China has experienced a rapid urbanization process with rapid socioeconomic development. Great changes have also taken place in the countryside at the same time, including changes to the peasant living standard and rural living environment [1] [2] [3] . Rural transformation has been the main form of rural development driven by rapid industrialization and urbanization, and the government has taken many reforms and policies to promote rural economic development and improve the infrastructure [4, 5] . The rural transformation has included the spatial organization structure of villages and towns, developmental patterns of rural industry, employment ways, consumption structure, land-use patterns and urban-rural relations [6] [7] [8] . Thus, rural transformation is an important link to promote urban and rural integration in the process of rapid urbanization.

Great changes have also taken place in the countryside at the same time, including changes to the peasant living standard and rural living environment.

Rural transformation has been the main form of rural development driven by rapid industrialization and urbanization, and the government has taken many reforms and policies to promote rural economic development and improve the infrastructure.

The rural transformation has included the spatial organization structure of villages and towns, developmental patterns of rural industry, employment ways, consumption structure, land-use patterns and urban-rural relations.


Medicinal plants are of important therapeutic aid for various ailments including the diarrhoeal diseases. It is estimated that over 20,000 species from several families are useful for these purposes (Kuete et al., 2008) . Furthermore, about 80 % of the world population is dependent (wholly or partially) on plant-based drugs (Kuete et al., 2008) . Scientific experiments on the antimicrobial properties of plant components were first documented in the late 19th century (Zaika, 1975) . The shortcomings of the drugs available today propel the discovery of new pharmacotherapeutic agents in medicinal plants (Kuete et al., 2008) . Thus, continuous research should look for antimicrobials that cause fewer negative side effects.

It is estimated that over 20,000 species from several families are useful for these purposes.

Furthermore, about 80 % of the world population is dependent (wholly or partially) on plant-based drugs.

Scientific experiments on the antimicrobial properties of plant components were first documented in the late 19th century.

The shortcomings of the drugs available today propel the discovery of new pharmacotherapeutic agents in medicinal plants.


A fourth argument for limiting uncontrolled development can be found in the idea that residents of compact cities are able to keep their ecological footprint a lot smaller than people living in peripheral suburban areas. The reason is that residents of dense cities tend to cause less car traffic and live in smaller dwellings, so they are expected to consume less energy (and thus cause fewer emissions) for their transport needs and the heating of their homes (Burby et al., 2001) . Besides the fact that residents of a compact city get by with less energy, also the potential to further reduce a resident's footprint is greater in the city than in a suburban area (Boussauw et al., 2011) .

The reason is that residents of dense cities tend to cause less car traffic and live in smaller dwellings, so they are expected to consume less energy (and thus cause fewer emissions) for their transport needs and the heating of their homes.

Besides the fact that residents of a compact city get by with less energy, also the potential to further reduce a resident's footprint is greater in the city than in a suburban area.


Modeling the dynamics of humans in a probabilistic framework is a common perspective of many multi-camera human tracking methods [5, 14, 6] . For each camera, a likelihood function is defined in terms of the observations obtained from its field of view. In centralized tracking, the likelihood functions are computed after collecting the image data at the central unit. For a decentralized approach, since each camera node extracts local features, these likelihood functions can be evaluated at the camera nodes and they can be sent to the fusion node. Then, in the fusion node the likelihoods can be combined and tracking can be performed in the probabilistic framework. A flow diagram of the decentralized approach is illustrated in Figure 1 .

Modeling the dynamics of humans in a probabilistic framework is a common perspective of many multi-camera human tracking methods.


More precisely, we give some equivalence characterizations of heat kernel upper bounds both in (1.3) for any β > 0 and in (1.2) for any β > 1, see Theorem 1.5 below, by applying the Davies method in a unified way. These characterization are stable under bounded perturbation of Dirichlet forms. We mention that one of our starting point here is from the cutoff inequality on balls to be stated below, labelled by condition (CIB), which is subtly distinct from the similar conditions in previous papers [1] , [23] , [32, 31] , [12] , [16] . Also the metric space considered in this paper is allowed to be bounded or unbounded, unlike the most previous ones in which the metric space is always assumed to be unbounded.

We mention that one of our starting point here is from the cutoff inequality on balls to be stated below, labelled by condition (CIB), which is subtly distinct from the similar conditions in previous papers.


Increased levels of oxidative stress exerted deleterious effect on beta-cell function, impaired glucose tolerance and ultimately leading to T2DM. Beta cells are particularly sensitive to ROS because there are relatively low levels of antioxidant enzymes, then oxidative stress should damage mitochondria and markedly blunt insulin secretion, specifically for early phase of insulin secretion [29, 30] . Oxidative stress impaired insulin action through an increase in intracellular calcium concentration or a reduction in nitric oxide availability [31, 32] .

Beta cells are particularly sensitive to ROS because there are relatively low levels of antioxidant enzymes, then oxidative stress should damage mitochondria and markedly blunt insulin secretion, specifically for early phase of insulin secretion.

Oxidative stress impaired insulin action through an increase in intracellular calcium concentration or a reduction in nitric oxide availability.


In recent years the use of bioformulations as biocontrol product of bacterial origin is gaining great interest in crop protection, and the product may be supplemented as an alternative to chemical control (Fravel, 1988) . Dual culture test using bacterial isolates showed the formulation containing B. firmus E65 (A2) B. cereus II.14 (A3) and consortium of B. firmus E65, B. cereus II.14, and P. aeruginosa C32b (A6) had the highest inhibitory effect compared to other bacterial isolates. Control treatment using chemical fungicide (Nordox 56WP with 56% copper-sulfate active ingredient) showed maximum inhibition of P. oryzae. Further inhibition test using bacterial cells cultures filtrate showed that A2 and A6 consortium could effectively suppress P. oryzae with the percentage inhibition of 79.05% and 69.92%, respectively.

In recent years the use of bioformulations as biocontrol product of bacterial origin is gaining great interest in crop protection, and the product may be supplemented as an alternative to chemical control.


Development of biocontrol formulation can be successful if microbial agents could survive during storage, as well as competitive and aggressiveness after inoculation process (Beatty and Jensen, 2002; Selim et al., 2005) . In this study, although the potential suspension-based formulation showed good effect in blast suppression, but for large scale this formulation is less efficient in terms of packaging and use. Talc and bentonite based formulations should be further developed because of their efficiency and further research needs to be done to increase the suppression of blast disease.

Development of biocontrol formulation can be successful if microbial agents could survive during storage, as well as competitive and aggressiveness after inoculation process.


In this paper, I propose and demonstrate the fabrication of replica molds for UV-NIL by injection compression molding (ICM), which is a proven technique for molding optical disks such as compact disks (CDs), digital versatile disks (DVDs), and Blu-ray disks (BDs) with low cost and high throughput [7] [8] [9] . ICM is one of the lowest cost and highest throughput processes among hot-embossing processes [10] [11] [12] . Figure 1 shows a schematic of the ICM and UV-NIL processes. The details of the ICM process itself have been described in our previous work [7] . Because ICM has advantages such as low cost, short cycle time, and large area, each replica mold can be used only once, i.e., the replica molds can be disposed of immediately after use for UV-NIL. ICM has another advantage in that melted polymer is injected into the cavity, so the damage due to partial touching is not so critical. Because of this advantage, even though the issue of the Ni-electroplated stamper being used for every replication process still remains, the durability in this case is higher than when the stamper is directly used for NIL.

In this paper, I propose and demonstrate the fabrication of replica molds for UV-NIL by injection compression molding (ICM), which is a proven technique for molding optical disks such as compact disks (CDs), digital versatile disks (DVDs), and Blu-ray disks (BDs) with low cost and high throughput.

ICM is one of the lowest cost and highest throughput processes among hot-embossing processes.

The details of the ICM process itself have been described in our previous work.


In addition to the physical diffusion barrier formed by the liquid silicate phase in the reduced ore, if relatively more slag phase is present more MnO from the monoxide would dissolve in the slag phase resulting in decreased MnO activity in the reduced ore. The activity of MnO in the reduced ore particle is critical as it drives the overall carbothermic reduction reaction. It is well established that the MnO reduction rate remains high if MnO remains in the solid state as monoxide (Tangstad and Olsen, 1997) . The calculated activity of MnO in the system at 1400 and 1500uC, using pure MnO as reference state, are shown in Fig. 6a and b.

It is well established that the MnO reduction rate remains high if MnO remains in the solid state as monoxide.


Studies on the reduction behaviour of manganese ores have identified two to three distinctive reduction stages (Eric and Burucu, 1992; Ostrovski and Webb, 1995; Ostrovski et al., 2004) . In the second and third reduction stages manganese is reduced from the liquid slag phase and from the monoxide solid-solution phase, if the latter is present. In ore of negligible MgO content the monoxide phase contains mostly MnO and the MnO activity in the monoxide is close to unity. Once manganese reduction has proceeded to the extent that the monoxide is consumed, and only dissolved MnO in the liquid slag phase remains, the reduction reaction slows dramatically as the MnO activity decreases, (Tangstad and Olsen, 1997) . Therefore, the slag-forming behaviour of the ore would determine the temperature and reduction range within which MnO reduction would be fast. It is expected that fast reduction would cease once high MnO containing monoxide has disappeared.

Studies on the reduction behaviour of manganese ores have identified two to three distinctive reduction stages.

Once manganese reduction has proceeded to the extent that the monoxide is consumed, and only dissolved MnO in the liquid slag phase remains, the reduction reaction slows dramatically as the MnO activity decreases.


Relative damage from the different components is shown in Figure 12 . For the HAWT, damage mostly comes from the AC frequency time periods, as the generator torque is kept almost constant when the turbine is operating at rated power, where most of the damage occurs. For the VAWTs, strong speed control generally results in the highest contribution from wind variation and to a lesser extent rotational ripple, as the torque is controlled aggressively to maintain a constant speed. Torque-limiting operation also results in a high contribution from rotational ripple, but much lower from wind variation. All the VAWT control methods feature a much higher damage from wind variation than the HAWT, which is due to the use of stall regulation to limit the turbine power. Attributing damage to the different cycle time ranges in this manner is not entirely accurate. This is because lower frequency cycles will cause the higher frequency cycles to occur at different average temperatures, affecting the damage caused. Due to the exponential relationship between damage rate and average temperature, this will increase the damage from the high frequency cycles compared with having a constant average temperature. This result is important, as one method which has been proposed to reduce the impact of thermal cycles is to deliberately alter the semiconductor switching to increase losses at times when the converter power is lower, to keep the temperature at a more constant but higher level [28] . The results of this study suggest that this would increase the damage from the AC frequency ripple, leading to a lower overall lifetime. However, this depends on the accuracy of the lifetime model, with other lifetime models having a reduced influence from low-amplitude high-frequency cycles [6] . In any case, it is the diode component of the rectifier IPM which limits the lifetime, for which losses are more difficult to deliberately control.

This result is important, as one method which has been proposed to reduce the impact of thermal cycles is to deliberately alter the semiconductor switching to increase losses at times when the converter power is lower, to keep the temperature at a more constant but higher level.

However, this depends on the accuracy of the lifetime model, with other lifetime models having a reduced influence from low-amplitude high-frequency cycles.


Stepwise approach has been extensively used; however, it is relatively time consuming and difficult to estimate the optimized conditions as some of the reaction conditions simultaneously affect the photocatalytic degradation. Taguchi analysis is a powerful, cost effective, and relatively time saving optimization approach which consists of orthogonal array experimental design and range analysis [25] [26] [27] [28] . The relationship between photocatalytic activity and the reaction conditions including catalyst loading, temperature, light distance, initial pH, and irradiation time was being evaluated in this present study. The photocatalytic durability of the Fedoped ZnO nanostars catalyst was also examined.

Taguchi analysis is a powerful, cost effective, and relatively time saving optimization approach which consists of orthogonal array experimental design and range analysis.


In the present paper, we report on a transcript of classroom activity where inquiry-based methods of teaching and learning were employed. As part of a larger project, we have already coded a number of transcripts of classroom activity for imagery indicators [9, 10] . We coded additional transcripts for the presence of depictive hand motions, only. These hand motions appear to depict an image in the air, and are taken as one indication that mental imagery is being used [11] . Here, we analyze one particular class for the presence of the four expert reasoning processes and for their co-occurrence with depictive hand motions, which will be the main form of imagery indicator considered in this paper. We are still using the coding process as a way to refine definitions of categories for these processes, so in all cases, coding for processes was done jointly by the two authors and disputes were used as a mechanism for refining and clarifying the coding criteria. The four thinking processes-running an explanatory model, using extreme cases, using analogies, and using evaluative Gedanken experiments-as defined here, are not intended as mutually exclusive categories. In some circumstances, more than one can apply to the same case.

As part of a larger project, we have already coded a number of transcripts of classroom activity for imagery indicators.

These hand motions appear to depict an image in the air, and are taken as one indication that mental imagery is being used.


Portable point-of-care (POC) clinical diagnostic devices are important for implementing effective treatment of diseases in the developing world and for enabling personalized healthcare [1] . A POC diagnostic device is ideally low cost and small sized, and contains a sensor for detecting analytes. The inclusion of a microfluidics system to prepare the sample and present it to the sensor enables wider use of the system, because integrated sample preparation reduces the laboratory requirements and user education necessary for sensor use [1] . Simple lateral flow assays, e.g., the simple dipstick test, are not able to handle complex immunoassays, such as those involving DNA detection and analysis from whole blood. Thus, a more sophisticated microfluidics platform is necessary for more complex assays. In such systems, a very low-cost disposable component is typically envisioned to handle the clinical samples and perform the sensing [1] , [2] . For direct interrogation of a sample, the sensor must be in contact with the sample and, to avoid biofouling issues, is ideally disposable and thus low cost. Optical microresonator sensors are low in material cost, simple to fabricate if they are photoimageable, and are high performance sensors that have been demonstrated for applications such as DNA and protein detection [3] - [5] . In this paper, the integration of a polymer microresonator sensor with a digital electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWD) fluidic platform is reported.

Portable point-of-care (POC) clinical diagnostic devices are important for implementing effective treatment of diseases in the developing world and for enabling personalized healthcare.

The inclusion of a microfluidics system to prepare the sample and present it to the sensor enables wider use of the system, because integrated sample preparation reduces the laboratory requirements and user education necessary for sensor use.

In such systems, a very low-cost disposable component is typically envisioned to handle the clinical samples and perform the sensing.

Optical microresonator sensors are low in material cost, simple to fabricate if they are photoimageable, and are high performance sensors that have been demonstrated for applications such as DNA and protein detection.


Planar microresonator sensors are a promising type of optical surface sensor, because they are compact, label-free, and can be fabricated with low-cost polymer materials. Previous work on polymer microresonators attached to the top plate of EWD systems demonstrated the functionality of a microresonator sensor in a silicone oil medium [10] , [11] . However, the sensor was addressed through a hole in the EWD system top plate, which precluded the motion of droplets off the sensor and required a relatively large volume of solution (many droplets) to make contact with the sensor. In this paper, we report on the development of a new integrated microresonator/EWD structure in which the sensor is embedded in the top plate of the EWD microfluidic system. This approach to sensor integration led to improved EWD functionality by enabling addressing of the sensor with a single droplet and by maintaining the ability to move droplets of fluid off the sensor. This paper also reports on the highest figure of merit [FOM; the product of quality (Q) factor and sensitivity (S)] reported to date for SU-8 polymer microresonator sensors probed at a wavelength of 1550 nm, as well as the design optimization and implementation of the highest FOM resonator reported to date for microresonators integrated into EWD systems.

Previous work on polymer microresonators attached to the top plate of EWD systems demonstrated the functionality of a microresonator sensor in a silicone oil medium.


The field of image recognition has shown a rapid development in recent years. The capability to recognize entities is becoming crucial for many applications in different fields, such as surveillance, automation and control. Many recent studies are devoted to algorithms aiming at detection and recognition of objects, iris, or faces (Dalal et al., 2006; Lowe, 2004; Ma et al., 2003) . However, the literature for automatic recognition or detection of insects, animals, or plants is quite rare. This study mainly concerns automatic recognition of African clawed frogs in a laboratory environment. However, the techniques and discussions reported here will be valuable for their detection, or localization, and identification in the wild. Moreover, it is as important for recognition of other skin-or fur-textured species since our models can be generalized.

Many recent studies are devoted to algorithms aiming at detection and recognition of objects, iris, or faces.


The rapid development of Information technology and Internet presents the retailers with the opportunities for expansion to new online segments. According to the recent report of China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), the number of online shopping users reached 242 million and utilization ratio of online shopping rose to 42.9% by the end of December 2012 [1] . The increase of users' purchase power and the combination of online consumption habit and the forms of mobile and social online shopping promote the growth of online retail market.

According to the recent report of China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), the number of online shopping users reached 242 million and utilization ratio of online shopping rose to 42.9% by the end of December 2012.


E-commerce has given rise to a new breed of intermediaries, the so-called information intermediaries or infomediaries [5, 6] . An infomediary plays an expanded role in brokering prospect information in product categories, such as automobiles, insurance, and real estate, where the purchase decisions that consumers face are complex and frequently require direct interactions with salespeople [7] . The lowering of search costs with the advent of the Internet has changed the shopping way of consumers. With the help of online infomediary, consumers can get the information they need to make more informed choices [8] . For example, Shopping.com collects the consumers' comments and offers online comparison shopping, and is currently one of the fastest growing shopping destinations for a comprehensive set of products. It recommends interested customers to some trusted online stores, such as Ebay.com, Amazon.com and Buy.com.

E-commerce has given rise to a new breed of intermediaries, the so-called information intermediaries or infomediaries.

An infomediary plays an expanded role in brokering prospect information in product categories, such as automobiles, insurance, and real estate, where the purchase decisions that consumers face are complex and frequently require direct interactions with salespeople.

With the help of online infomediary, consumers can get the information they need to make more informed choices.


The Internet market structure is in a rapid optimization stage while the online shopping users rapidly increase in number. Firms are increasingly embracing integrated Internet-based supply chains because such chains are believed to enhance efficiency and competitiveness [2, 3] . The Internet has opened up opportunities for firms to share information and efficiently collaborate their activities with other entities in the supply chain [4] .

Firms are increasingly embracing integrated Internet-based supply chains because such chains are believed to enhance efficiency and competitiveness.

The Internet has opened up opportunities for firms to share information and efficiently collaborate their activities with other entities in the supply chain.


It is difficult to design a controller for TRMS due to its nonlinear behavior between two axes [2, 3] . TRMS consists of a beam with two rotors connected at its ends which are driven by separate DC motors and the beam is counterbalanced by an arm having weight at its end [4] . It has two degrees of freedom, which facilitate movements in both horizontal and vertical direction. TRMS is basically a prototype model of a helicopter; however, there is significant difference in control of helicopter and its prototype. In order to control TRMS in a desired way, the speed of rotors is altered, while in helicopter it is done by changing the angles of rotors. There is no cylindrical control in TRMS while in helicopter it is used in directional control [5] .

It is difficult to design a controller for TRMS due to its nonlinear behavior between two axes.

TRMS consists of a beam with two rotors connected at its ends which are driven by separate DC motors and the beam is counterbalanced by an arm having weight at its end.

There is no cylindrical control in TRMS while in helicopter it is used in directional control.


Recent times have witnessed the evolution of various approaches for proper flight of air vehicles such as helicopter. Modeling of air vehicles dynamics is difficult owing to the significant coupling effect among rotors and the unavailability of some system states. The laboratory setup, twin rotor MIMO system (TRMS), is readily utilized, which resembles the flight of a helicopter [1] . It has gained much importance among the control community by serving as a tool for different experiments and providing real time environment of an air vehicle.

The laboratory setup, twin rotor MIMO system (TRMS), is readily utilized, which resembles the flight of a helicopter.


Cymbidium, a terrestrial orchid species, is commonly grown as a commercial potted or cut plant because of long postharvest life. Low temperatures are required for flower bud initiation regardless of daylength in Cymbidium (Rotor, 1952) . The temperature tolerance of Cymbidium, which is a native of the Himalayas to tropical regions in Asia, varies depending on its origin. The growth of Cymbidium originating in China is accelerated at daytime and nighttime temperatures of 30°C and 25°C, respectively. However, a positive diurnal fluctuation of 10-14°C is required for flower initiation in a large-flowered Cymbidium species from the Himalayas and China (Lopez and Runkle, 2005) . Daytime and nighttime temperatures appeared to have an effect on flower induction in some Cymbidium species (Pridgeon, 1992; Rotor, 1952; Went, 1957) .

Low temperatures are required for flower bud initiation regardless of daylength in Cymbidium.

However, a positive diurnal fluctuation of 10-14°C is required for flower initiation in a large-flowered Cymbidium species from the Himalayas and China.

Daytime and nighttime temperatures appeared to have an effect on flower induction in some Cymbidium species.


Single Event Transients (SETs) are phenomena that occur in analog electronic devices after the pass of a flying charged particle [1] . The origin of this particle is usually associated with cosmic rays (E.g., military or aerospace applications), nuclear facilities, radioactive impurities (Thorium or uranium inside the silicon bulk), etc. If the particle goes through an integrated charged capacitor (typically, a reverse-biased PN junction), it is created a cloud of free charged carriers along the path of this ionizing particle. This plasma of free particles is drained by the electric field behaving like a current pulse that induces a short transient. Eventually, it manages to reach the device output leading to a temporary anomalous output value.

Single Event Transients (SETs) are phenomena that occur in analog electronic devices after the pass of a flying charged particle.


The experiment used two objects (a target and a pedestrian). A Critical or standard target (20cm × 20cm target) was selected because it is considered to be geometrically small and difficult to perceive in a normal-sized vehicle (Bacelar, 2005; Ekrias et al, 2008; Mayeur, 2010) . The reflectance of the target was 50%. In addition, a pedestrian was selected, as this is a familiar object for road users. The 185-cm tall pedestrian was dressed in navy-blue clothing with a reflectance of 3.3%.

A Critical or standard target (20cm × 20cm target) was selected because it is considered to be geometrically small and difficult to perceive in a normal-sized vehicle.

The reflectance of the target was 50%.


The results permit the identification of the different aerodynamic behavior of upper and lower wings in actual forward flight conditions, as well as the generation of streamwise vortices by the wings and possibly the tail as well. From this we can conclude that the lower wings are the most aerodynamically active in generating lift in the outstroke phase, and the upper wings during the instroke (see Section 3.3). Conversely, as regards the generation of thrust, the role of the wings is opposite to that of the lift generation: the upper wings are the most aerodynamically active in the outstroke phase, and the lower wings during the instroke (see Section 3.1). The measurement results were further used to estimate the flow conditions near the MAV tail (Section 3.2.1), which is of relevance for the flight performance in terms of control and stability. Although a full exposure of the design implications of these results is beyond the scope of the present paper, information on the flow conditions near the tail is expected to be supportive to the modeling of wake/tail interactions and the interpretation of "black-box" flight control data [21, 22] .

Although a full exposure of the design implications of these results is beyond the scope of the present paper, information on the flow conditions near the tail is expected to be supportive to the modeling of wake/tail interactions and the interpretation of "black-box" flight control data.


The wine sector is increasingly becoming an export-oriented industry. Half of world production is concentrated in three countries, which account for less than a third of global consumption, while the declining consumption in their domestic markets is pushing the industry to export to distant markets. The rapid and dynamic growth of the world wine trade and the rise of new exporters and importers have largely contributed to rendering wine one of the most global drinks consumed worldwide (Anderson and Nelgen, 2011) .

The rapid and dynamic growth of the world wine trade and the rise of new exporters and importers have largely contributed to rendering wine one of the most global drinks consumed worldwide.


LST retrieval via remote-sensing (RS) methods can greatly improve the range of measurement and reduce the amount of work otherwise involved. Indeed, LST retrieval is a popular focus in current RS research. Spaceborne RS instruments that obtain high-precision LST data have been used in the field of quantitative RS research since the 1980s [11] . At present, the RS data that are applied to LST retrieval are provided by several instruments including the Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper (TM/ETM+), the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and reflection Radiometer (ASTER), the Moderate-ResOlution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR).

Spaceborne RS instruments that obtain high-precision LST data have been used in the field of quantitative RS research since the 1980s.


Collaborative innovation network is developed by cluster innovation network, which has a series of basic attributes of complex networks [38] . Firstly, it follows the principle of complex adaptation. The response to environmental stimuli is the fundamental driving force of network evolution, and the macrointegration of microindividual's decision-making behavior promotes the characteristics of its evolution. Secondly, the most essential feature of the collaborative innovation network is the heterogeneity of the cooperation agent. Based on the understanding of these two points, this paper takes Tencent's data in the field of Artificial Intelligence as a case and establishes a stage evolutionary model of collaborative innovation network by portraying external stimulus changes and heterogeneous agents' behavior of collaborative innovation network. The MatLab system simulation software is used to explore the dynamic evolutionary characteristics of collaborative innovation network topology structure in the technology incubation stage, the coevolution of technical knowledge and network structure, the degree distribution characteristics of network, and the influence of agent openness on the efficiency of technical knowledge flow. The conclusion is as follows. The process of technology incubation can be divided into two stages. The incubation to the technical bottleneck is the first stage, and the technical bottleneck to the technical maturity is the second stage. The first stage is mainly the exchange and cooperation of technical knowledge among enterprises. The "remote cooperation" of network appears, but the amount of 'remote cooperation' is small and the duration of this kind of cooperation is fleeting. Then, the network is sparse and the technical bottleneck appears. In the second stage, universities begin to actively participate in cooperation. The "remote cooperation" of network emerges in abundance, the links within the cohesive subgroups also increase, the network information is fully exchanged, and the technology level of network continues to improve and mature. On the whole, although the whole process shows two small-world peaks, the degree of change is different, and the changes of network topology structure are not similar.

Collaborative innovation network is developed by cluster innovation network, which has a series of basic attributes of complex networks.

The conclusion is as follows.


The main focus in degree theory, established as one of the core areas in Computability Theory, is to understand a mathematical structure, which arises as a formal way of classifying the computational strength of an object. The most studied examples of such structures are that of the Turing degrees, D T , based on the notion of Turing reducibility, as well as its local substructures, of the Turing degrees reducible to the first jump of the least degree, D T (≤ 0 T ), and of the computably enumerable degrees, R. In investigating such a mathematical structure among the main question that we ask is: how complex is this structure. The complexity of a structure can be inspected from many different aspects: how rich is it algebraically; how complicated is its theory; what sets are definable in it; does it have nontrivial automorphisms. The question about definability, in particular, is interrelated with all of the other questions, and can be seen as a key to understanding the natural concepts that are approximated by the corresponding mathematical formalism. Research of the Turing degrees has been successful in providing a variety of results on definability. For the global theory of the Turing degrees, among the most notable results is the definability of the jump operator by Slaman and Shore [20] . The method used in the proof of this result, as well as many other definability results in D T , leads Slaman and Woodin to conjecture that every definable set in second order arithmetic is definable in D T . This is a consequence of their Biinterpretability conjecture, which is shown to be equivalent to the rigidity of D T [21] .

For the global theory of the Turing degrees, among the most notable results is the definability of the jump operator by Slaman and Shore.

This is a consequence of their Biinterpretability conjecture, which is shown to be equivalent to the rigidity of D T.


The North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO, index can be defined as the difference between the normalized sea level atmospheric pressures at Gibraltar and South-West Iceland. More specifically, pressures at every location are normalised by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation. A standard period , instead of the whole recording period, is considered for estimating the mean and the standard deviation (Jones et al., 1997) . Monthly and annual NAO indices since 1823 are available at the Climate Research Unit of the University of East Anglia, UK (http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk).

A standard period , instead of the whole recording period, is considered for estimating the mean and the standard deviation.


Some comparisons can be made between the present results and those derived for the daily rainfall and dry spell regimes of the Iberian Peninsula (Martínez et al., 2007) . With respect to lacunarity, pairs of exponential laws for L(1), similar to those of Eq. (5) for monthly NAO indices, were also obtained for the rainfall and dry spell regimes. A relevant novelty is that the empirical lacunarity of monthly NAO indices is well modelled by a random Cantor process, whereas it was not possible to fit the empirical lacunarities of the rainfall and dry spell regimes to theoretical curves derived from pure, random or clumped Cantor sets.

Some comparisons can be made between the present results and those derived for the daily rainfall and dry spell regimes of the Iberian Peninsula.


The relation (2) is also very efficient when formulating the generalization of those two schemes for non-linear constitutive behavior. In the case of elasto-plasticity or non-linear viscoplasticity, linearization of response is performed (Hill, 1965; Hutchinson, 1976; Berveiller and Zaoui, 1979; Molinari et al., 1987; Lebensohn and Tomé, 1993; Kiryk and Petryk, 1998; Masson et al., 2000) . Depending on the linearization method, the stiffness tensor L 0 can be interpreted as tangent or secant stiffness.

In the case of elasto-plasticity or non-linear viscoplasticity, linearization of response is performed.


Restricting the soil volume into which fertilizer nutrients are applied would potentially intensify the effect of beneficial or detrimental soil chemical changes. This was supported by observations that lower pH by first year, and lower extractable Mg and K by third year was observed directly beneath drip-emitters. These changes translated into lower leaf K and higher leaf Mn concentrations under drip irrigation. Potassium-deficiency may have contributed to the slower growth of drip-irrigated trees in later years (Neilsen et al., 1995) . The availability of a smaller volume of soil for nutrient absorption could adversely affect the acquisition of immobile, non-fertigated nutrients whose uptake is dependent upon root length. The decrease in leaf Cu observed for dripirrigated trees was attributed to this phenomenon. Use of microjetirrigation appeared to have delayed the negative consequences of soil acidification, and leaching of bases attributed to the nitrification of NH 4 -N in poorly buffered soils over the five-year period of this study. However, that such changes would occur in the larger microjet-irrigated soil volume indicates a need for investigating the consequences of fertigating less acidifying N sources, including NO 3 -N. Fertigation of nutrients such as K and Cu, which have not traditionally been applied as fertilizers in the Pacific Northwest, should also be investigated.

Potassium-deficiency may have contributed to the slower growth of drip-irrigated trees in later years.


Leaf N concentrations were generally adequate and unlikely to have adversely affected growth during the study (British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 199 1). This was documented by observation of greater growth of F1-irrigated trees despite significantly lower leaf N concentrations in the first three growing seasons. The lowest leaf N concentration of 1.77% observed for microjet-irrigated trees in the last year of the study was sufficiently low that we anticipate next year's growth would be affected. Therefore, increasing the rate of N applied per tree may be required to maintain tree growth in maturing microjet-irrigated orchards due to the application of N over a larger soil volume relative to dripirrigated trees. Weed competition for N was a greater problem with microjet irrigation because of increased weed growth at the edges of the herbicide strip associated with improved moisture conditions in this zone. The inverse relationship between leaf N concentration and frequency of irrigation for establishing trees implies a need to balance the growth advantages of frequent irrigation with its adverse effects on the leaching of N. The ready leachability of fertigated N has previously been observed as a depletion of NO,-N from near the emitter (Rolston et al., 1981) .

The inverse relationship between leaf N concentration and frequency of irrigation for establishing trees implies a need to balance the growth advantages of frequent irrigation with its adverse effects on the leaching of N. The ready leachability of fertigated N has previously been observed as a depletion of NO,-N from near the emitter.


Ecological niche theory has a long academic history. Work by Grinell in 1917 referred to the interplay between vegetative cover, habitat, non-biological factors, resources, and prey. He further suggested that two species in the same spatial habitat wouldn't occupy the same econiche (Sun 1980) . In 1957, Hutchinson expanded the ideas and proposed a multi-dimensional hyper-volume model. This model considers space, resource utility as well as other aspects. He argued that multiple resource factors in the environment impact biological success but that each factor must exceed a threshold level before impacting survivability. Species could only survive and multiply in those threshold exceeding areas. The combination of these points forms the multi-dimensional hyper-volume econiche for a species (Zhu 2006) . The concept of multi-dimensional hyper-volume is at the core of modern econiche theory.

He further suggested that two species in the same spatial habitat wouldn't occupy the same econiche.

The combination of these points forms the multi-dimensional hyper-volume econiche for a species.


When species occupy the same space the resulting competition is called coenosis. When resources within the shared hyper-volume are insufficient to support existing species, competition is what results. This competition within an overlapping spatial proximity can lead to some species being driven from those overlapping spaces. However, if the econiche is large enough, there is no resulting competition. The econiche is stable. If such a stable econiche suffers damage or invasion, the species will respond with collaborative cooperation in order to survive and maintain the balance of the whole ecosystem (Li and Lin 2010) .

The econiche is stable.

If such a stable econiche suffers damage or invasion, the species will respond with collaborative cooperation in order to survive and maintain the balance of the whole ecosystem.


A biological econiche refers to the spatial and intertemporal context in which any natural species finds itself (Huang 1994) . Much like natural organisms, a business also occupies a spatial context similar to an ecological environment. Thus, business econiche refers to interconnections a business has formed as it interacts with other businesses, government, and the broader social culture. Just like natural organisms adopt symbiotic and competitive evolutionary strategies so must business.

A biological econiche refers to the spatial and intertemporal context in which any natural species finds itself.


The organization of this paper is as follows. In the section 2 we consider the interpolation between the RR gauge field couplings with the open strings for various brane/anti-brane backgrounds in terms of superconnections acting in appropriate finite dimensional (Z 2 -graded) bundles. The physical interpretation of the construction is through appearance of D-branes of higher codimension in the process of annihilation of D − D-branes with the corresponding nontrivial low-dimensional RR charges. In order to get an arbitrary brane configuration one could use only D-branes of the highest possible dimension. For simplicity we will illustrate these phenomena looking at type IIB theory and D9 − D9 system [2] . It should be noted that the configurations with non equal number of D9 and D9 branes is anomalous in string theory. But in our approach to RR-couplings all D branes are more or less on the equal footing and we will not discriminate the case of D9 branes in the following presentation.

For simplicity we will illustrate these phenomena looking at type IIB theory and D9 − D9 system.


In this note we have proposed a universal description of the couplings of RR gauge fields with open strings in arbitrary backgrounds of the Dp − Dp for p < 9 in terms of the superconnection on some naturally defined infinite-dimensional bundle. This description is given in terms of the differential operators in the auxiliary space (which is a kind of a double of genuine space-time where string theory is defined) depending on the point of space-time. From the mathematical point of view this construction is very close to Beilinson construction of the holomorphic bundles on P n [34] . Let us give in conclusion some comments on the interpretation of this construction within string theory. As was already discussed in the introduction, open strings (with unspecified boundary conditions) lead to the differential operators as the crude approximation of the open string algebra -only end points of the open string are taken into account. The real picture is obviously more difficult and the first correction is that we should represent an open string state not as an interval but as a "slice of pizza" part of a closed string world-sheet [35, 36] . It is defined in the first approximation by three points -two of them are "ends" of the open string and the third one which is at the "apex" of the slice is responsible for the interaction with closed string vertexes. The description we encounter in the last section is very close to this qualitative picture. Curiously enough the very rough approximation of the open string algebra leads to a satisfactory description of the couplings of the open strings to RR gauge fields. Let us note at the end that the considerations of this paper, though inspired by string field theory, were rather formal. This allows us to present the logic behind the construction in the most explicit way. The detailed comparison/derivation of these results in terms of the first quantized string theory will be given elsewhere.

From the mathematical point of view this construction is very close to Beilinson construction of the holomorphic bundles on P n.

The real picture is obviously more difficult and the first correction is that we should represent an open string state not as an interval but as a "slice of pizza" part of a closed string world-sheet.


In this note we discuss very briefly the approximation of the open string algebra by the differential operators. The more systematic exposition will be given elsewhere [19] . Here we describe explicit interpolation of the various RR gauge field couplings using the formalism of superconnections. For simplicity we always consider the case of the flat space-time. The generalizations to curved manifolds are rather obvious. In the process of describing our proposal we will focus on the local properties.

The more systematic exposition will be given elsewhere.


The treatment of produced water applies a primary treatment to separate the floatable oils from the water and emulsified oils. This treatment process usually involves retaining the oily wastewater in a holding tank, while allowing gravity separation of the oily material, which is subsequently skimmed from the wastewater surface. Meanwhile, a secondary treatment phase is then required to break the oil-water emulsion and separate the remaining oil from the water. Emulsions may be broken by chemical, physical, or electrical methods. Chemical meth-ods are the most widely used in this treatment. However, these chemical methods present troublesome filtration processes, providing an incentive to explore other alternatives (Yang, 2007) .

However, these chemical methods present troublesome filtration processes, providing an incentive to explore other alternatives.


To the best of our knowledge, all of the reported methods adopting this formulation have used the same learning algorithm to build the classifiers for different authors [7, 11, 1] . However, using the same learning method for all of the authors does not guarantee that the individual models are the best ones for each author. Also, most of the related works have used the same preprocessing processes and features for all of the authors. The latter leads to obtain consistent outputs across different classifiers, which can be helpful for authorship attribution. Nevertheless, the individual modeling will not be as effective as if we consider specific methods for each author. For that reason, in this work we propose using particular models for each of the authors under consideration.

To the best of our knowledge, all of the reported methods adopting this formulation have used the same learning algorithm to build the classifiers for different authors.