Parametric design has become increasingly prevalent in architectural design in recent years. Previous studies have argued that parametric tools advance design processes in a variety of ways [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . However, there is a lack of empirical evidence supporting an understanding of designers' behavior in parametric design environments (PDE). As a relatively new design tool, the question of whether PDEs can assist the design process is therefore an important topic to explore. The overarching question that drives this research, therefore, asks: are parametric design environments more beneficial for designers' creative processes than traditional geometric modeling environments (GME)?

Previous studies have argued that parametric tools advance design processes in a variety of ways.


A large proportion of rare alleles were observed in both cultivated (55.3 %) and wild sorghum (65.2 %). These results are consistent with previous analysis of the two conspecifics at a national scale in Kenya (Mutegi et al. 2011) . It has been argued that private or rare alleles are of adaptive or evolutionary significance, particularly if representing loci that are associated with adaptation to unusual conditions (Huenneke 1991) . In the case of wild sorghum, such private and/or rare alleles may be linked to genes for novel traits such resistance to pests, diseases, and/or drought.

These results are consistent with previous analysis of the two conspecifics at a national scale in Kenya.

It has been argued that private or rare alleles are of adaptive or evolutionary significance, particularly if representing loci that are associated with adaptation to unusual conditions.


Fiber optic based sensors are rapidly gaining popularity due to their many advantages such as miniaturization, flexibility and immunity to electromagnetic interference and have the capability for remote sensing [1] - [5] . In telecommunication sectors, Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) are commonly used as wavelength selective filters that are created by a periodic modification (grating) of the refractive index at the core resulting in a periodic modulation of the effective index of the waveguide [6] - [8] . The grating period determines the Bragg wavelength, which is the reflected wavelength in the fiber core.

Fiber optic based sensors are rapidly gaining popularity due to their many advantages such as miniaturization, flexibility and immunity to electromagnetic interference and have the capability for remote sensing.

In telecommunication sectors, Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) are commonly used as wavelength selective filters that are created by a periodic modification (grating) of the refractive index at the core resulting in a periodic modulation of the effective index of the waveguide.


The average normalised absorbance results from 400 nm to 425 nm from Figure 6 (a) and 6(b) are plotted in Figure 7 . Lin- Based on these values, the 50 nm gold coated FBG offers the best sensitivity of the three sensors above. This could be attributed to the fact that the penetration length of the evanescent field for gold is optimum at 50 nm thickness, which allows a larger surface for the interaction of the evanescent wave with the surrounding medium [28] .

This could be attributed to the fact that the penetration length of the evanescent field for gold is optimum at 50 nm thickness, which allows a larger surface for the interaction of the evanescent wave with the surrounding medium.


LCOs commonly occur and remain as a problem on high performance fighter aircraft [1] . Typically, LCO behavior consists of antisymmetric motion of the wing and lateral motion of the fuselage. It may be self-induced or initiated through control inputs; however, once started, the motion is self-sustaining and persists until the flight conditions have been sufficiently altered. LCO behavior is considered to be closely related to flutter, except that coupling between the nonlinearities in the structural response and the unsteady aerodynamic forces yields a limited amplitude motion [2] . The major concern with LCO is the impact on the pilot's ability to successfully complete the mission in a safe and effective manner. Specifically, the lateral motion of the fuselage experiencing LCO may cause the pilot to have difficulty reading cockpit instruments and can lead to the termination of the mission or the avoidance of a part of the flight envelope critical to combat survivability. Additionally, the effects of LCO on ordnance are questionable [2] . These questions include the ability of the ordnance to be safely released during LCO, the effects on target acquisition for smart munitions, and the effects on the accuracy of unguided weapons.

LCOs commonly occur and remain as a problem on high performance fighter aircraft.

LCO behavior is considered to be closely related to flutter, except that coupling between the nonlinearities in the structural response and the unsteady aerodynamic forces yields a limited amplitude motion.

Additionally, the effects of LCO on ordnance are questionable.


The doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) has very attractive characteristic as a wind generator because the power processed by the power converter is only a fraction of the total power rating of the DFIG. This is typically 20-30%, and therefore its size, cost, and losses are much smaller compared to a full size power converter used in other variable speed wind generators [5] . DFIG can operate at a wide range of speed depending on the wind speed or other specific operation requirements. Thus, it allows a better capture of wind energy. The dynamic slip control and pitch control are the other salient features which help to augment the system stability. In addition, DFIG has better behavior concerning system stability during short-circuit faults in comparison with IG (Induction Generator), because of its capability of decoupling the control of active and reactive power output. The superior dynamic performance of the DFIG results from the frequency converter which typically operates with sampling and switching frequencies of above 2 kHz [6] . At lower voltages down to 0% the IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) of the DFIG are switched off and the system remains in standby mode [7] . If the voltages are above a certain threshold value during/after fault, the DFIG system can be synchronized very quickly and back to normal operation [8] .

This is typically 20-30%, and therefore its size, cost, and losses are much smaller compared to a full size power converter used in other variable speed wind generators.

The superior dynamic performance of the DFIG results from the frequency converter which typically operates with sampling and switching frequencies of above 2 kHz.

At lower voltages down to 0% the IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) of the DFIG are switched off and the system remains in standby mode.

If the voltages are above a certain threshold value during/after fault, the DFIG system can be synchronized very quickly and back to normal operation.


The limitation of the KCE equation arises from the fact that it is a deterministic equation with no fluctuations or correlations included. Then it describes an inherently stochastic process with a single metric, the mean cluster distribution (Matsoukas, 2015) . Then, in order to model properly the system behavior after the giant cluster is formed, the role of fluctuations should be considered.

Then it describes an inherently stochastic process with a single metric, the mean cluster distribution.


Culture dependent technique may preserve the isolate for further analysis to discover many physiological characters and explore its bioindustry prospect. Thus, the taxonomic identity of the isolate is a compulsory to carry out. In polyphasic identification, taxa position of yeasts are commonly using some criteria based on septal morphology, cell wall composition, chemical characteristic, and conserve genes analysis (Fell et al., 2000; Kurtzman et al., 2011) . Earlier study, identification of yeasts was only used conventional method based on morphological and chemical analyses. Those methods took many time and expensive (Fell et al., 2000; Xu, 2016) . Recently, rapid identification method is carried out on DNA sequence amplification which supported by the emergence of scientific community such GenBank for database comparison. Based on conserve genes database, we are able to mapping the taxonomical position of our isolates. The conserve genes are more stable through mutation factor rather than other genes.

In polyphasic identification, taxa position of yeasts are commonly using some criteria based on septal morphology, cell wall composition, chemical characteristic, and conserve genes analysis.

Those methods took many time and expensive.


Target schema evolution. Assume that the target schema evolves to a new target schema T , and that we model this evolution as a schema mapping M from T to T . Intuitively, M is a new data transformation that converts instances of T to instances of T . Note that generating such M is an instance of the general schema mapping creation problem and can be done manually or with the help of tools such as Clio, described elsewhere (Fagin et al, 2009a) . Based on M and M , we can then obtain a new mapping from S to T by applying the composition operator. Composition operates, in general, on two consecutive schema mappings M and M , where the target schema of M is the source schema of M . The result is a schema mapping M • M that has the same effect as applying first M and then M . For our schema evolution context, M • M combines the original transformation M with the evolution mapping M .

Target schema evolution.

Note that generating such M is an instance of the general schema mapping creation problem and can be done manually or with the help of tools such as Clio, described elsewhere.


Physiological experiments suggest that basic locomotors patterns of most living bodies such as walking, flapping, flying and swimming are generated by central pattern generators (CPGs) which generate rhythmic activities [1] . CPG are neural networks that can endogenously (i.e. without rhythmic sensory or central input) produce rhythmic patterned outputs; these networks underlie the production of most rhythmic motor patterns. The first modern evidence that rhythmic motor patterns are centrally generated was the demonstration that the locust nervous system, when isolated from the animal, could produce rhythmic output resembling that observed during flight [2] .

Physiological experiments suggest that basic locomotors patterns of most living bodies such as walking, flapping, flying and swimming are generated by central pattern generators (CPGs) which generate rhythmic activities.

The first modern evidence that rhythmic motor patterns are centrally generated was the demonstration that the locust nervous system, when isolated from the animal, could produce rhythmic output resembling that observed during flight.


Light electric vehicles are defined as battery, fuel cell, or hybrid-powered 2-or-3-wheel vehicles generally weighing less than 200 lb (100 kg). Examples of light electric vehicles are small electric vehicles (SEV), electric cargo bikes and electric cargo tricycles. These vehicles rely on a more efficient propulsion technology and result in lower local emissions and reduced noise compared to conventional vehicles. In what refers to its operational costs, light electric vehicles are associated with benefits over larger conventional diesel vans and trucks on taxes, insurance, storage and depreciation costs. Additionally, light electric vehicles are also easier to park than vans or trucks and are viewed as less intimidating and safer by the public. Furthermore, they allow the reduction of the total curbside space occupied by vehicles making on-street deliveries, further reducing the impact of unloading operations on traffic congestion [3] . The use of smaller vehicles also results in fewer conflicts with other road users as is easier to overcome those [5] .

Furthermore, they allow the reduction of the total curbside space occupied by vehicles making on-street deliveries, further reducing the impact of unloading operations on traffic congestion.

The use of smaller vehicles also results in fewer conflicts with other road users as is easier to overcome those.


Traffic simulation results show that if the mobility criterion to be used is the ease of movement, then electric cargo bikes are limited to a niche of market up to 10%. Such boundary is also conditioned by the geographical range of movements, already defined in previous research for this area as a maximum of 2 km of linear distance [10] . The fact that electric cargo bikes can replace up to 10% of conventional vans movements within delimited areas in the city suggest that tailor-made solutions for urban logistics can be promoted by specific mobility policies.

Such boundary is also conditioned by the geographical range of movements, already defined in previous research for this area as a maximum of 2 km of linear distance.


The use of light electric vehicles for urban logistics purposes, namely small electric four wheel vehicles, has already been approached by the authors in previous works [3, 10, 11] . Along that research, it was demonstrated that light commercial vehicles are appropriate as a niche of market complimentary to conventional vans. It was identified a limit of up to 5% of conventional vans that could be replaced by those vehicles at the city level, without causing relevant traffic disturbances and operational restrictions. The geographical coverage where light electric commercial vehicles could perform in order to be economically competitive and lead to a sustainable mobility was set to a limit of 12 to 30 blocks corresponding to a maximum linear distance of 2 km (1.2 miles), with a replacement rate of 1 SEV: 1 van. Within this pre-defined spatial limit, light electric commercial vehicles, SEV, could replace up to 30% of the conventional vans operating within that distance range.

The use of light electric vehicles for urban logistics purposes, namely small electric four wheel vehicles, has already been approached by the authors in previous works.


After that, several scenarios related with the introduction of electric cargo bikes replacing conventional vans were assessed and evaluated in order to compare the effects of different market shares in the mobility of the studied area. The last step was to estimate the total transportation cost, which includes transport and emission cost when the vehicle is driving, emission cost while idling and labor cost. The emission cost when driving between nodes was calculated by carbon cost and carbon emission factor per liter of fuel consumed by the vehicle. Labor cost was calculated by multiplying the labor cost per hour with the total time of travelling and idling. Emissions from driving and idling of vehicles were transferred to a cost factor that was added to the total cost. The costs considered in the model, therefore, consisted of transportation cost (resulting from fuel use), labor average cost and emission cost. Driver wage was assumed to be the Portuguese national average wage with values from Eurostat [34] . The fuel costs considered were the average gasoline and diesel price of DGEG [35] . Considering the specific scope of the paper, costs related to purchasing, depreciation, insurance and maintenance of vehicles were not included in the analysis. As the analysis covers a limited area with a maximum linear distance of 2 km, possible consolidation and satellite depots where the transfer would take place are not covered, neither are its costs.

Driver wage was assumed to be the Portuguese national average wage with values from Eurostat.

The fuel costs considered were the average gasoline and diesel price of DGEG.


SPH models have not been suggested for any of the WEC types in the present paper. SPH is an interesting approach that may have some advantages compared to the traditional mesh-based CFD codes, such as the efficient treatment of the large deformation of the free surface handling complex boundary evolution or the natural distinction between different phases. However, the computational cost is still prohibitive, reducing its application range to very specific situations, such as extreme loading and impact events [169, 65, 208, 163, 162] .

However, the computational cost is still prohibitive, reducing its application range to very specific situations, such as extreme loading and impact events.


Following ITU hypotheses, the study demonstrated that PU and PEOU were predictors of behavioural intention. This finding is in agreement with the assumption of TAM and supporting literature that states PU represents the best dominant determinant of ITU (Park, 2009; Shin & Kang, 2015; Tarhini et al., 2015; Teo, 2009) . It is also consistent with other studies that PEOU has a direct significant influence on ITU (Liu et al., 2010; Tarhini et al., 2014; Weng & Tsai, 2015) .

This finding is in agreement with the assumption of TAM and supporting literature that states PU represents the best dominant determinant of ITU.

It is also consistent with other studies that PEOU has a direct significant influence on ITU.


Although using LMS is becoming ubiquitous, it is still in its infancy in developing countries. This is due to the lack of financial support, low internet bandwidth, and inadequate infrastructure (Tarhini, Hassouna, & Abbasi, 2015; Tarus, Gichoya, & Muumbo, 2015) . Moreover, lack of e-learning literacy is another reason that prevents an effective application of such technologies. In Iraq, for example, universities have recently started to apply LMS. Six public universities have registered as using Moodle (Moodle, 2016) . However, many barriers still affect e-learning successful implementation in Iraq (Al-Din & AlRadhi, 2008) . As a consequence, further investigation was conducted to reveal common factors that can influence satisfaction and BELS adoption. This area of research has not been widely explored in the Middle East in comparison to West countries. We adopted TAM as a foundation because it has been extensively used to investigate technology adoption (Bagozzi, 2007; Shin & Kang, 2015; Sun, Tsai, Finger, Chen, & Yeh, 2008; Wixom & Todd, 2005) . Furthermore, the core factors of the model can predict learner satisfaction as well (Liaw, 2008; Sun et al., 2008; Weng & Tsai, 2015) . However, there is a concern regarding the appropriateness of the model across cultures (Tarhini et al., 2015; Teo, 2008; Srite & Karahanna, 2006) .

This is due to the lack of financial support, low internet bandwidth, and inadequate infrastructure.

Six public universities have registered as using Moodle.

However, many barriers still affect e-learning successful implementation in Iraq.

We adopted TAM as a foundation because it has been extensively used to investigate technology adoption.

Furthermore, the core factors of the model can predict learner satisfaction as well.

However, there is a concern regarding the appropriateness of the model across cultures.


Pertaining to PS hypotheses, studies consistently indicated that PEOU and PU are important factors in predicting PS. Although both constructs predicted PS, PU indicated a larger effect than PEOU as in the prior research (Drennan, Kennedy, & Pisarski, 2005; Sun et al., 2008; Weng & Tsai, 2015) . This highlights a rational link between these constructs, suggesting that the beliefs of learners in BELS usefulness have a crucial effect on their satisfaction. With regard to PEOU, learners may search for an alternative learning method if a particular learning technology requires a lot of effort to achieve a task and this, in turn, may affect their satisfaction.

Although both constructs predicted PS, PU indicated a larger effect than PEOU as in the prior research.


The study of gene expression levels may guide to very important findings. One of the basic aims of gene expression data mining is to discover differences between the gene expression profiles of diseased and healthy tissues and use this knowledge to predict the health state of new samples. SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) is a method that provides the quantitative and simultaneous analysis of the whole gene function of a cell [12] . The method works by counting short tags of all the mRNA transcripts of a cell. The set of all tag counts in a single sample is called a SAGE library, and describes the gene expression profile of the sample.

SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) is a method that provides the quantitative and simultaneous analysis of the whole gene function of a cell.


A great deal of research has focused on construction of multi-level secure systems, but, in practice, such systems continue to be plagued with known insecurities. An alternative that has been advocated is to build a multilevel secure system as a distributed system comprised of single-level systems [14, 15] . Multicore processors offer the potential for such architectures for secure systems to be realised on a single chip. However, appropriate controls on features such as transactional memory will be required to realise this possibility. To our knowledge, the literature on transactional memory has not yet turned to consideration of how access control should be managed in such systems.

An alternative that has been advocated is to build a multilevel secure system as a distributed system comprised of single-level systems.


Although Livestock-associated and human-associated strains shared some virulence factors, but distinct virulence factors appeared to be important in host adaptation. Exchange of genes encoding these virulence factors between strains may expand the host range and thereby threaten public health (Fluit, 2012) . More studies should be done to characterized animal isolates of CPS and prevent transferring species to health care settings. In conclusion, S. aureus subspecies aureus isolated from human seems to be different phenotypically and genotypically from livestock isolates.

Exchange of genes encoding these virulence factors between strains may expand the host range and thereby threaten public health.


The potential advantages of Ring-drift design in CdTebased semiconductors have begun to excite interest. It is desirable to replicate the excellent spectroscopic performance of silicon devices in a material with higher quantum efficiency for hard x-and gamma rays. Crystals grown by the Travelling Heater Method (THM) have recently become available and show evidence of superior spectroscopic qualities compared with previous material [12] [13] [14] .

Crystals grown by the Travelling Heater Method (THM) have recently become available and show evidence of superior spectroscopic qualities compared with previous material.


We have modelled the electronic properties of CZT device in 3D and simulated experimental linescans to validate the model. Synopsys Technology CAD (TCAD) is a powerful tool with extensive visualization capabilities that has already proven invaluable for semiconductor detector development [24] . We have varied ring number, width, position and bias conditions in the search for optimum energy registration, active area and sensitivity. Fields and charge trajectories for many interaction positions have been studied to inform the optimization process and aim to identify which physical processes limit predicted performance.

Synopsys Technology CAD (TCAD) is a powerful tool with extensive visualization capabilities that has already proven invaluable for semiconductor detector development.


Command and control interfaces are typically multimodal, consisting of graphical interfaces showing updates and the location of manned and unmanned vehicles. This type of User Interface (UI) is often combined with multiple human-human chat windows enabling the operator to communicate with personnel in the field, who can give situation updates and discuss logistics [35] . As systems Figure 1 : Two AUVs enabled with the Neptune autonomy framework that perform activities deep underwater such as surveying areas around oil and gas platforms. become more autonomous, there is the potential for completely unmanned scenarios. This is desirable in highly hazardous locations, such as in first responder situations or on decommissioned oil and gas rigs [28] . Here, we present such a multimodal command and control (C2) interface, as illustrated in Figure 3 , but with an automated conversational assistant and so eliminating the need for a human to be present in the field.

This type of User Interface (UI) is often combined with multiple human-human chat windows enabling the operator to communicate with personnel in the field, who can give situation updates and discuss logistics.

This is desirable in highly hazardous locations, such as in first responder situations or on decommissioned oil and gas rigs.


The scientific importance of such investigation is obvious, considering the potential hazardous interference human operators could perpetrate on the operation of sensitive equipment. The tremendous potential in science and technology of brain-machine interface devices has already been realised by several applications [3, 4] . The benefits of possible control of a physical process through our thoughts directly, i.e. without the intervention of an interface device, would obviously be far greater.

The tremendous potential in science and technology of brain-machine interface devices has already been realised by several applications.


T HE elasticity and the lack of upfront capital investment offered by cloud computing is appealing to many businesses. There is a lot of discussion on the benefits and costs of the cloud model and on how to move legacy applications onto the cloud platform. Here we study a different problem: how can a cloud service provider best multiplex its virtual resources onto the physical hardware? This is important because much of the touted gains in the cloud model come from such multiplexing. Studies have found that servers in many existing data centers are often severely underutilized due to overprovisioning for the peak demand [1] , [2] . The cloud model is expected to make such practice unnecessary by offering automatic scale up and down in response to load variation. Besides reducing the hardware cost, it also saves on electricity which contributes to a significant portion of the operational expenses in large data centers.

Studies have found that servers in many existing data centers are often severely underutilized due to overprovisioning for the peak demand.


The odd of anxiety was 2.49 times higher among prisoners who reported to have had unhappy life before they were imprisoned. This might be because their imprisonment might have added to their life stress that they have had or their anxiety symptoms may have been there for long. The odd of anxiety was 2.6 times higher among current smokers. The association between substance use and mental illnesses has been supported by several studies [14, 15] .

The association between substance use and mental illnesses has been supported by several studies.


A general consensus about the excessive accumulation of soluble salts in the rhizosphere being a major reason for reduced osmotic potential of soil or nutrient solution and for unbalanced nutrition and specific ion phytotoxicity in salt affected soils. In plants, salinity can induce damages in proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, and alterations in photosynthesis and respiration which affect plant growth and development (Manai et al., 2014) . The extent of growth inhibition caused by salinity on may be influenced by the nutritional status of plants. Constraints to crop productivity in salt affected soils may be overcome by leaching soluble salts from soil profiles by excess irrigation. This practice is no longer acceptable due to higher salinity in the streams and accumulation of salts in the deeper soil profile. The recycling of drainage water for irrigation is being considered as a best management practice.

In plants, salinity can induce damages in proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, and alterations in photosynthesis and respiration which affect plant growth and development.


The product is a surfactant with a hydrophobic carbon chain and a hydrophilic portion represented by a function in the same loaded organic molecule [8] [9] . This property provides a potentially effective antibacterial effect [9] . This article describes the synthesis, characterization and biocidal potential of this new surfactant molecule.

The product is a surfactant with a hydrophobic carbon chain and a hydrophilic portion represented by a function in the same loaded organic molecule.

This property provides a potentially effective antibacterial effect.


Perfluorinated surfactants are classified as biocides [5] . In particular salts with perfluorinated chain with at least eight carbons are effective biocides [6] . The most common way to present these compound is the radical telomerization [7] . The synthesis involves a single step (Figure 1) .

Perfluorinated surfactants are classified as biocides.

In particular salts with perfluorinated chain with at least eight carbons are effective biocides.

The most common way to present these compound is the radical telomerization.


Currently, the main research in this area is in the thrust of network learning and graph mining. Network learning assumes that data for inference are already in the form of a network and exploits the structure of the network to allow the collective inference. Collective inference allows to infer various interrelated values simultaneously. It is used in network learning since it permits to estimate neighboring labels which influence one another [12, 9, 19] . Since exact inference is known to be an NP-hard problem and there is no guarantee that data network satisfy the conditions that make exact inference tractable for collective learning, most of the research in collective learning has been devoted to the development of approximate inference algorithms.

It is used in network learning since it permits to estimate neighboring labels which influence one another.


D-Fructose is the main component of fructans such as the inulin. In the free form this monosaccaride is found in the pulp fruits and in the bee honey. With sweetening power 1.5 to 2 times more than the sucrose, it presents other advantages over the cane sugar such as larger solubility, smaller tooth decay induction and smaller absorption index, without problems for diabetic individuals. Industrially, fructose is produced by a complex system, the Clinton Corn Process (CCP) for high fructose corn syrup, in which the corn starch is submitted to a bulk of amylolitic enzymes, glucose isomerase and chromatographic separation, reaching a maximum final concentration of 90% (Vandame & Derikre, 1983) .

Industrially, fructose is produced by a complex system, the Clinton Corn Process (CCP) for high fructose corn syrup, in which the corn starch is submitted to a bulk of amylolitic enzymes, glucose isomerase and chromatographic separation, reaching a maximum final concentration of 90%.


The nutritional status of crustacean broodstock is known to in£uence signi¢cantly the reproductive performance and egg and larval quality (Kanazawa 1981; Harrison 1990; Browdy 1998) . Moreover, the reliance of the embryo and newly hatched larvae on the egg yolk for nutrition is essential in understanding the nutrient requirements of broodstock. The biochemical changes in the ovaries and in other tissues will help to determine the importance of nutrient reserves and mobilization during maturation and reproduction.

The nutritional status of crustacean broodstock is known to in£uence signi¢cantly the reproductive performance and egg and larval quality.


We chose QFT for this study because it is the only commercially used IGRA in Japan. Although we previously reported results of a pilot study on the use of QFT for diagnosing extrapulmonary TB in dialysis patients, that study included a small number of patients [9] . The present study included more patients and thus has additional clinical relevance.

Although we previously reported results of a pilot study on the use of QFT for diagnosing extrapulmonary TB in dialysis patients, that study included a small number of patients.


Based on the measurement of velocity, the wind power for this prototype is calculated and presented in the Fig. 6 . It is observed that the wind power generation increased linearly with greater wind velocity. The wind power generation for all tests was in the range 132.19-223.80 W. According to the test results, the greater the wind velocity and chord length of the blade showed higher values of wind power generation. The results of the developed fuzzy expert system (FES) were compared with the experimental results. For wind power generation, the mean of measured and predicted values were 171.39 and 198.57 W, respectively. The correlation between measured and predicted values (from FES model) of wind power generation in differen wind velocities was given in Fig. 7 . The relationship was significant for all parameters. The correlation coefficient of relationship was found as 0.88. The mean relative error of measured and predicted values (from FES model) was found as 6.17% for the maximum wind velocity and wind power generation which was found to be less than the acceptable limits (10%) (Taner, 2007) . The goodness of fit of prediction (from FES model) value was found as 0.89 which was found to be close to 1.0.

The mean relative error of measured and predicted values (from FES model) was found as 6.17% for the maximum wind velocity and wind power generation which was found to be less than the acceptable limits (10%).


Consequently, even high efficiency Power Amplifiers (PAs) require significant cooling to maintain high electrical performance and reliability [3, 4] . This is complicated by the unique structure of GaN devices which are fabricated on multimaterial substrates optimized for electrical performance and not necessarily for heat transfer. Moreover, the HEMT structure creates highly localized hot spots in the active area of the device. As a result of these two conditions, the HEMT thermal stack is dominated by heat spreading and interface resistances, creating a challenging situation for thermal management.

Consequently, even high efficiency Power Amplifiers (PAs) require significant cooling to maintain high electrical performance and reliability.


The Department of Defense (DoD) is actively developing Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) technology to enable Radio Frequency (RF) systems with reduced component count and increased power density [1] . Recently, quality improvements in Gallium Nitride (GaN) electronic materials and the development of the High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) device structure have allowed order-ofmagnitude increases in both total power and power density over competing technologies [2] . However, the operating efficiency of these devices is highly dependent on their operating mode and frequency.

The Department of Defense (DoD) is actively developing Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) technology to enable Radio Frequency (RF) systems with reduced component count and increased power density.

Recently, quality improvements in Gallium Nitride (GaN) electronic materials and the development of the High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) device structure have allowed order-ofmagnitude increases in both total power and power density over competing technologies.


From the viewpoint of their industrial importance, LAB are classified as one of the greatest and most important microbial groups due to their significant role in food fermentation and preservation, as a natural microflora or as an inoculum added under controlled process conditions [1] [2] [3] . Among the molecules produced by these micro-organisms which present antimicrobial activity are lactic and acetic acid, ethanol, diacetyl, 2,3-butanediol and bacteriocins [4] [5] [6] . Bacteriocins produced by LAB, are peptides with antimicrobial activity and have great importance to the food industry as they are innocuous, sensitive to digestive proteases of vertebrates, and do not change the organoleptic properties of the food [7, 8] .

From the viewpoint of their industrial importance, LAB are classified as one of the greatest and most important microbial groups due to their significant role in food fermentation and preservation, as a natural microflora or as an inoculum added under controlled process conditions.

Among the molecules produced by these micro-organisms which present antimicrobial activity are lactic and acetic acid, ethanol, diacetyl, 2,3-butanediol and bacteriocins.

Bacteriocins produced by LAB, are peptides with antimicrobial activity and have great importance to the food industry as they are innocuous, sensitive to digestive proteases of vertebrates, and do not change the organoleptic properties of the food.


In the case of funding, evidence suggests that the current trajectory of academia -toward larger grants targeted at 'research leaders', which tend to bring more fixed-term postdocs with them -is not necessarily a productive one. A study of the projects funded by the National Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada found that scientific impact was a decreasing function of funding -bigger projects produced less impact per dollar than smaller ones (Fortin and Currie, 2013) . Similarly, a recent study of 398 project PIs in the UK found that while productivity -number of publications -was positively correlated with funding, the relationship with impact factor and citation number was far weaker, and diminishing returns set in as funding levels rise (Cook et al., 2015) .

A study of the projects funded by the National Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada found that scientific impact was a decreasing function of funding -bigger projects produced less impact per dollar than smaller ones.

Similarly, a recent study of 398 project PIs in the UK found that while productivity -number of publications -was positively correlated with funding, the relationship with impact factor and citation number was far weaker, and diminishing returns set in as funding levels rise.


We previously showed that an adversary can generate OD traffic flow patterns that mislead this network anomography technique and lead it to miss anomalous traffic flows [5, 6] . We demonstrated data poisoning schemes that increase the variance along the links of a target flow during the training phase of the algorithm by strategically injecting additional high variance traffic along the flow; we refer to this adversarial traffic as chaff. The adversary subsequently launches a large-scale Denial of Service (DoS) attack that evades detection along the same flow. The attacker's goal is to increase the false negative rate (FNR; the percentage of anomalies that are undetected) of PCA to evade detection. The chaff is of low average volume, so poisoning is hard to detect.

We previously showed that an adversary can generate OD traffic flow patterns that mislead this network anomography technique and lead it to miss anomalous traffic flows.


There are few reports on teak pruning, mainly because natural pruning has been considered to produce sufficient knot-free volume. Recent studies on teak in India suggest that pruning before the first thinning is not beneficial for teak. Studies have also shown that late pruning is useless; therefore, it is logical to prune between the second and third thinnings (Jha 1999) .

Studies have also shown that late pruning is useless; therefore, it is logical to prune between the second and third thinnings.


One recovers corrections that can be obtained by a perturbative calculation [22] . More generally, the structure of the cascade is that of a peak localized near x = 1, feeding soft modes at small x x c . The main features of the resulting cascade of soft modes are quite similar to those of the general cascade that we have detailed earlier in this section.

One recovers corrections that can be obtained by a perturbative calculation.


In-situ measurements at remote sites are often made using gas chromatographic technique combined with a mercuric oxide detector (HgO) (Novelli, 1999) . This technique has a low detection limit and good precision; however, nonlinearity issues require careful calibration, and drift of standards with ambient CO mole fractions required for the calibration of this technique may further affect the accuracy of such measurements (Novelli et al., 2003) . In addition to this method, several other techniques for the detection of CO with different temporal resolutions and detection limits have become available. The most common techniques currently applied comprise gas chromatographic (GC) techniques in combination with a flame ionization (FID) detector, and photometric methods such as non-dispersive infrared absorption (NDIR), vacuum ultra-violet resonance fluorescence (VURF) and tunable diode lasers spectroscopy (TDLS).

In-situ measurements at remote sites are often made using gas chromatographic technique combined with a mercuric oxide detector (HgO).

This technique has a low detection limit and good precision; however, nonlinearity issues require careful calibration, and drift of standards with ambient CO mole fractions required for the calibration of this technique may further affect the accuracy of such measurements.


The inter-comparison experiment added to the validation of the 12 year long CO time series made by NDIR technique at the JFJ. Results show a clear decrease of the CO burden over Europe during the past decade, which is in agreement with decreasing CO emissions in Europe. Further examination of this time series showed that CO decreased by 21.4% in the period from 1996 to 2007 at JFJ. This trend fits well into the context of decreasing CO emissions in Europe. However, comparisons with emission inventory data showed that a significantly larger decrease would be expected if European emissions alone were driving CO mole fractions at JFJ. Therefore, long-range transport is considered to have a significant influence on the CO levels at JFJ. It was estimated that a least one third of the baseline CO measured at JFJ is of non-European origin after considering the fraction of CO produced by CH 4 and NMHC oxidation. This is in agreement with model studies that attribute a significant fraction of the European CO budget to non-European sources (Pfister et al., 2004) .

This is in agreement with model studies that attribute a significant fraction of the European CO budget to non-European sources.


The explosive growth in the production and everyday use of plastics over the past decades has made plastic waste disposal a serious environmental challenge. In 2015 global plastic production reached 322 million tonnes, a dramatic increase compared to the 279 million tonnes produces in 2011 [1] . The plastics demand in the European Union was 58 million tonnes, of which 29.7% was recycled, 39.5% was recovered in the form of energy (mainly incineration) and 30.8% was sent to landfill [1] . However, plastics contain a significant amount of energy due to the crude oil that is used in their production [2] . Moreover, most of the plastics are not biodegradable, therefore by sending them to landfill not only pollutes the environment, but also throws away a significant amount of energy that could be used to generate electricity and heat [3] .

In 2015 global plastic production reached 322 million tonnes, a dramatic increase compared to the 279 million tonnes produces in 2011.

The plastics demand in the European Union was 58 million tonnes, of which 29.7% was recycled, 39.5% was recovered in the form of energy (mainly incineration) and 30.8% was sent to landfill.

However, plastics contain a significant amount of energy due to the crude oil that is used in their production.

Moreover, most of the plastics are not biodegradable, therefore by sending them to landfill not only pollutes the environment, but also throws away a significant amount of energy that could be used to generate electricity and heat.


The constant count in the even degree case is explained by the existence of a relative orientation for the relevant line bundle on P 1 , which does not exist in the odd degree case (see Example 2.1). Nevertheless, the count in the odd degree case is constrained to a limited number of possible values, that imply, in particular, that any odd degree polynomial has at least one real root. Our basic observation is that even if a vector bundle is not relatively orientable over the entire base, it always is away from a suitable divisor. This gives rise to the notion of "relatively orientable relative to a divisor", which we explore in Section 2. We hope that the techniques developed there will be useful when studying other enumerative problems that lack relative orientations. After discussion with the authors, these ideas have already found application in the forthcoming work of McKean on enriching Bezout's Theorem when intersecting curves in P 2 whose degrees have the same parity [8] .

After discussion with the authors, these ideas have already found application in the forthcoming work of McKean on enriching Bezout's Theorem when intersecting curves in P 2 whose degrees have the same parity.


The detector response to a high energy pion beam has been mapped across a unit pixel cell. Efficiency measurements show a pixel efficiency of 93.0 ± 0.5% at normal incidence. The efficiency loss in the pixel is shown to be due to loss of charge in the region of the electrode columns. The effective inactive column radius is estimated as 7.6±0.6µm, in good agreement with the scanning electron microscope measurement of the junction position [7] . However, charge collection in the regions above and below the electrode columns is still observed, and shown to improve as the bias voltage is increased and this region becomes further depleted.

The effective inactive column radius is estimated as 7.6±0.6µm, in good agreement with the scanning electron microscope measurement of the junction position.


Since poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is a commodity product with a wide applications, ranging from the production of synthetic fibers, films, bottles to engineering plastics, it is of great practical interest to optimize reactor design and enhance PET synthesis. Polycondensation processes are frequently equilibrium limited and thus the condensation by-products should be removed in time to achieve desired molecular weight. Reaction and mass transfer are coupled in PET polycondensation process. As the viscosity of the polymer melt typically increases by orders of magnitude with the reaction proceeding, the removal of the small molecules becomes more and more difficult, and the polycondensation process becomes gradually limited by mass transfer (Rieckmann and Völker, 2001) . For PET melt polycondensation process, the removal of the condensation by-products becomes very important after the degree of polymerization (DP) is beyond 30 (Ravindranath and Mashelkar, 1984) . Therefore, the design and operation of a polycondensation reactor are usually focused on intensifying the mass transfer. A variety of agitator and reactor configurations for the PET melt polycondensation can be found in the patent literature (Kilpatrick, 1966; Ogata et al., 1969; Hachiya et al., 1970; Crawford et al., 1971) . The industrial PET melt polycondensation reactor usually consists of a horizontal cylindrical vessel with a rotating shaft on which circular discs, cages, or shallow flight screws are mounted. A horizontal reactor is partially filled with polymer melt and can pick up the melt spreading in form of a thin film over a large area of the discs. In the use of such reactors for the production of particularly viscous polycondensates, difficulties arise because viscous materials do not drop readily enough from the wall, discs and the shaft, and then some special baffle elements and scraping elements have to be added (Lester and Grifon, 1970; Wilhelm et al., 1991) . For PET melt polycondensation in horizontal cylindrical vessel, a part of melts are at the bottom of reactor with 0.1-0.2 times of reactor diameter level, the hydrostatic head keeps accordingly, which has negative effect on the reversible polycondensation reaction. Around 8-10% dead zone also exists, which would be likely to result in PET degradation. Apart from these particular agitating elements to yield large interfacial area in a horizontal cylindrical vessel, fluid flowing down along special supports to form liquid films, filaments and columns in a vertical vessel can also provide a great lot of sites for devolatilization (Yokoyama and Fujimoto, 2005) .

As the viscosity of the polymer melt typically increases by orders of magnitude with the reaction proceeding, the removal of the small molecules becomes more and more difficult, and the polycondensation process becomes gradually limited by mass transfer.

For PET melt polycondensation process, the removal of the condensation by-products becomes very important after the degree of polymerization (DP) is beyond 30.

A variety of agitator and reactor configurations for the PET melt polycondensation can be found in the patent literature.

In the use of such reactors for the production of particularly viscous polycondensates, difficulties arise because viscous materials do not drop readily enough from the wall, discs and the shaft, and then some special baffle elements and scraping elements have to be added.

Apart from these particular agitating elements to yield large interfacial area in a horizontal cylindrical vessel, fluid flowing down along special supports to form liquid films, filaments and columns in a vertical vessel can also provide a great lot of sites for devolatilization.


This study however has some limitations. Foremost, the analysis draws on cross-sectional data; hence the causal nature of associations should be viewed with a certain caution. A second most important limitation of the study relates to the smaller sample size for individuals over 5 years compared to that of children 6-59 months, limiting the authors' ability to potentially detect important differences and interactions between risk factors and transmission. Furthermore, the low proportion of males for this survey (34 %) may have triggered a gender-response bias, with consequences on the prevalence and associations found. The direction and magnitude of a possible bias remain unknown. Lastly, RDTs are limited in sensitivity to detect low density parasitaemia and their use may have led to an underestimation of the true proportion of people infected with P. falciparum. The underestimation may have differed with acquired immunity affecting the age pattern [30] [31] [32] [33] .

The underestimation may have differed with acquired immunity affecting the age pattern.


One of the main tasks in this processing is that of assigning the documents of a corpus to a set of previously fixed categories, what is known as Text Categorization (TC) [1] . This process involves some understanding of the contents of the documents and/or some previous knowledge of the topics. For this reason, this task has been traditionally performed by human readers. However, this approach is infeasible when a huge number of documents is involved. In the last decade, there has been a great effort in the research of algorithms that automatically label new documents into a set of prefixed categories, perhaps using knowledge acquired from a smaller set of documents already classified [1] .

One of the main tasks in this processing is that of assigning the documents of a corpus to a set of previously fixed categories, what is known as Text Categorization (TC).

In the last decade, there has been a great effort in the research of algorithms that automatically label new documents into a set of prefixed categories, perhaps using knowledge acquired from a smaller set of documents already classified.


The second region with a high proportion of luminal A and ER/PR-positive carcinomas was the Southeast, which was also the region with the second largest white population. The lowest incidence of luminal A was documented in the North, which presented a rate of breast cancer varying from 10 cases/100,000 women in the state of Acre to 26 cases/100,000 women in the state of Rondonia [19] . According to INCA, the only state of the North with a discrepant higher rate of breast cancer is Tocantins, which is located near the Central-West region, with 27 cases/100,000 women [19] .

The lowest incidence of luminal A was documented in the North, which presented a rate of breast cancer varying from 10 cases/100,000 women in the state of Acre to 26 cases/100,000 women in the state of Rondonia.

According to INCA, the only state of the North with a discrepant higher rate of breast cancer is Tocantins, which is located near the Central-West region, with 27 cases/100,000 women.


Applying fuzzy operations to the evaluation of individual fitness in evolutionary algorithms can be beneficial [11, 12] . In one of the implementations of bacterial evolution shown here, fuzzy elements are introduced to the fitness calculations by assigning membership values to every one of the genes. This is done because most of the candidates have redundant genes, which have to be culled in order to the real solution. The paper presents all important components of the algorithm, and demonstrates its efficiency both in the fuzzy and the non-fuzzy (crisp) versions by applying it on benchmark problems.

Applying fuzzy operations to the evaluation of individual fitness in evolutionary algorithms can be beneficial.


In our approach an evolutionary algorithm will be applied. The Bacterial Evolutionary Algorithm (BEA) is a versatile optimization method that imitates phenomena observed in the reproduction of microbial organisms. It is a member of the family of evolutionary algorithms, which means that it uses stochastic mutations and inheritance to produce new candidate solutions to a problem. These candidates are named as individuals, and together they form the population on which the bacterial algorithm operates. The individuals can be broken down to segments known as genes, which, when combined, describe a full solution candidate. The goal of the evolutionary process is to create successive generations, each of them containing better solutions than earlier ones [1, 2] .

The goal of the evolutionary process is to create successive generations, each of them containing better solutions than earlier ones.


The general bin packing problem is difficult to solve efficiently due to the fact that this task is NP-hard [14] . Even in its simplest cases, without any additional restrictions, barring some special cases, only approximate solution methods can be given. It is difficult to propose even a polynomial time approximation scheme (PTAS) to this problem, even though polynomial time asymptotic PTAS algorithms are known [13] . The basic problem may have multiple interpretations, the one presented in this paper is utilizing a certain three dimensional space known as the container, by placing objects inside it, in order to cover as much of the container as possible. The restrictions are that neither overlapping of the objects is allowed, nor can they have parts sticking out of the container [4, 5, 7, 8] .

The general bin packing problem is difficult to solve efficiently due to the fact that this task is NP-hard.

It is difficult to propose even a polynomial time approximation scheme (PTAS) to this problem, even though polynomial time asymptotic PTAS algorithms are known.

The restrictions are that neither overlapping of the objects is allowed, nor can they have parts sticking out of the container.


The aim of this study was to quantify early growth performance of willow as affected by cutting phenology. However, early growth parameters have been shown to be affected by interplay between different factors such as cutting phenology, planting date, and willow clone [9, 16] . Furthermore, weeding regime has been found to be an important predictor of early willow growth [15, 17] . With this in mind, we compared bud burst phenology, aboveground biomass production and the ability of willow to suppress weeds (WSA, weed suppressive ability of willow), and willow ability to tolerate competition from weeds (WT, weed tolerance of willow) of non-dormant and dormant cuttings from three willow clones planted at five planting dates with two levels of weed pressure.

However, early growth parameters have been shown to be affected by interplay between different factors such as cutting phenology, planting date, and willow clone.

Furthermore, weeding regime has been found to be an important predictor of early willow growth.


The number of terrestrial isopod (289) and centipede (250) specimens caught by the 140 traps was similar (χ 2 = 2.82, df = 1, NS) ( Table 1. ). The low number of the decomposer arthropods was due to the infavourable habitat conditions and the low effectiveness of traps. The relatively high number of carnivorous arthropods, on the other hand, could be caused by the fact that these organisms prey also on other species in addition to terrestrial isopods, and therefore can reach higher species and specimen numbers. The number of centiped species (15) was three times higher than that of terrestrial isopod species (5) .

The number of centiped species (15) was three times higher than that of terrestrial isopod species.


Reliability means consistency in scores and the consistency of scores depends upon two factors: raters' grading and test conditions [1] . Further, the raters' grading is of two types: inter-rater reliability and intra-rater reliability. In IELTS speaking module, inter-rater reliability may be affected because the speaking skill of a candidate is assessed by only one rater. Moreover, the rating is done on the basis of a holistic band scale. In matter of test conditions, the IELTS speaking test does not fulfil the condition of partner compatibility because in it the interviewer remains dominant and is responsible for taking all initiatives. Considering the aspect of test procedure, the use of only interview to assess the speaking skills of the candidate may not work well as some candidates may not feel comfortable in formal and somewhat restricted context of the interview. Hughes (2003: 44) rightly suggests that "the addition of further items will make the test more reliable" [1] . In matter of practicality, the IELTS speaking test can be said highly practical because it seems to fulfil the principles of economy, ease of administration, scoring and interpretation of results.

Reliability means consistency in scores and the consistency of scores depends upon two factors: raters' grading and test conditions.

Hughes (2003: 44) rightly suggests that "the addition of further items will make the test more reliable".


Although PH is not generally regarded as an inflammatory disease, there are evidences that inflammation plays a great role in the pathogenesis of at least some of its types [4] . There is a complex association between platelets and this disease. There are sufficient evidences that platelets play a causative role in some situations, while a simple association seems to be the best explanation for the others. However, discrimination between a cause-and-effect role and a mere association is difficult for most cases.

Although PH is not generally regarded as an inflammatory disease, there are evidences that inflammation plays a great role in the pathogenesis of at least some of its types.


The design of this research was the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to justify the correlation in PEPB model. The covariance-based (CB) Structural Equation modeling was conducted using AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structure) software [55] . In CFA, a model that has been developed based on theory or the findings of the past can be tested against empirical data [56] . The correlation proposed in this study was based on six factors: PAS, PEC, AT, SN, PBC, and BI. In the model, BI is a representation as well as target of analysis to understand the characteristics of intention in ecolabel product usage. The questionnaire contained two parts. In the first part, 18 questions were prepared, where three questions were designed for each factor ( Table 2 ). The questions used a five-point Likert scale, ranging from "I strongly disagree" to "I strongly agree". The second part of the questionnaire consisted of background information such as age and gender. Online and paper-based questionnaires were used to collect the data. The questionnaire was distributed over twelve months, from January to December 2016. The sampling methods used was the non-probability sampling, specifically the purposive sampling and the convenience sampling, by determining the specific sample on the basis of relevance (the full right contribute as citizen) and the first to hand respondent during the time span [57] . The citizens of Indonesia, which have a minimum age of 17, were targeted as a respondent. This age is considered by the law and the constitution as citizens who have full rights to aspirate and contribute to legal action. To compare using the same conditions, we also applied this minimum age to respondents in Taiwan. SPSS and AMOS 20 were utilized as the tool for analysis.

The covariance-based (CB) Structural Equation modeling was conducted using AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structure) software.

In CFA, a model that has been developed based on theory or the findings of the past can be tested against empirical data.

The questionnaire contained two parts.

The sampling methods used was the non-probability sampling, specifically the purposive sampling and the convenience sampling, by determining the specific sample on the basis of relevance (the full right contribute as citizen) and the first to hand respondent during the time span.


The growth of cheap and ubiquitous multi-processor systems and concurrent library support are making concurrency programming very attractive. On the other hand, verification of concurrent systems remains a daunting task especially due to complex and unexpected interactions between asynchronous threads, and various architecture-specific memory consistency models [1] . In this work, we focus on concurrency semantics based on sequential consistency [2] . In this semantics, the observer has a view of only the local history of the individual threads where the operations respect the program order. Further, all the memory operations exhibit a common total order that respect the program order and has the read value property, i.e., the read of a variable returns the last write on the same variable in that total order. In the presence of synchronization primitives such as locks/unlocks, the concurrency semantics also respects the mutual exclusion of operations that are guarded by matching locks. Sequential consistency is the most commonly used concurrency semantics for software development due to ease of programming, especially to obtain race-free, i.e, correctly synchronized threads. A data race corresponds to a global state where two different threads access the same shared variable, and at least one of them is a write.

On the other hand, verification of concurrent systems remains a daunting task especially due to complex and unexpected interactions between asynchronous threads, and various architecture-specific memory consistency models.

In this work, we focus on concurrency semantics based on sequential consistency.


A number of models have been developed in the past 15 years that predict the response of a wood-frame assembly to the standard fire resistance test [4] [5] [6] [7] . The main challenge in modelling wood assemblies protected by gypsum board is the lack of robust material property data for wood and gypsum board at elevated temperatures. As a result of this, the models previously developed made simplifications to account for phenomena not easily modelled. For instance, thermal conductivity was typically calibrated in an attempt to account for mass transfer, and the energy associated with evaporation and chemical reactions was included in the specific heat. These simplifications work well in the standard fire-resistance test where the exposure temperature increases monotonically at a specified rate. For scenarios that differ from the standard fire test, such as those with a rapid heating phase followed by a cooling phase, better representation of the thermal degradation of gypsum board and wood are required in order to accurately model the performance of these assemblies.

A number of models have been developed in the past 15 years that predict the response of a wood-frame assembly to the standard fire resistance test.


Treatment of ME is imperative to improve the vision. A study revealed that not a single case of macular edema with central retinal vein occlusion resolved spontaneously within a year. However, approximately 30% of the cases resolved spontaneously over a long interval, often with neuroretinal or pigment epithelial scarring and atrophy [8] . Resolution of ME can be long delayed.

However, approximately 30% of the cases resolved spontaneously over a long interval, often with neuroretinal or pigment epithelial scarring and atrophy.

Resolution of ME can be long delayed.


To obtain reliable data about the effects of weathering, the photocatalytic performance of two-year-old samples taken from a noise barrier located along one of the busiest thoroughfares in Prague was evaluated against that of fresh samples. To obtain as comprehensive set of data as possible, the photocatalytic experiments were carried out at well-defined process conditions in two principally different photocatalytic reactors (laminar-flow and ideally-mixed ones), which provided a much deeper insight into the photocatalytic conversion studied. Further, both coatings were applied to common construction materials, concrete and plaster, which further provides more realistic data. As from the application Fig. 1 . Experimental set-ups using either the laminar (a) or ideally-mixed (b) flow reactors for the photocatalytic oxidation of gas streams containing low concentrations of nitrogen oxides at the specified humidity [28] .

As from the application Fig. 1 .

Experimental set-ups using either the laminar (a) or ideally-mixed (b) flow reactors for the photocatalytic oxidation of gas streams containing low concentrations of nitrogen oxides at the specified humidity.


Adsorption of Cu 2+ from aqueous solution by magnetite-immobilized chitin (MC) was conducted on two conventional absorbents, cation exchange resin (CER) and activated carbon (AC) [4] . The parameters measured in the experiment were pH, concentration of absorbent temperature and initial Cu 2+ concentration. Under the optimized condition, the removal efficiencies of Cu 2+ using MC, CER and AC were found to be 91.67%, 93.36% and 89.16%, respectively, with maximum adsorption capacities based on Langmuir model of 53.19 mg/g, 89.29 mg/g and 5.82 mg/g, respectively [4] .

Adsorption of Cu 2+ from aqueous solution by magnetite-immobilized chitin (MC) was conducted on two conventional absorbents, cation exchange resin (CER) and activated carbon (AC).

Under the optimized condition, the removal efficiencies of Cu 2+ using MC, CER and AC were found to be 91.67%, 93.36% and 89.16%, respectively, with maximum adsorption capacities based on Langmuir model of 53.19 mg/g, 89.29 mg/g and 5.82 mg/g, respectively.


Cotton being one of the first species used for callus induction and somatic embryogenesis studies is one of the most promising plant species regarding the in vitro studies of factors affecting the callus induction, somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. However, the least untouched part of the various experiments related to in vitro studies of cotton is the biochemical characterization of the callus cultures under these factors. The present study was undertaken using sugar alcohols (mannitol and sorbitol) as osmotic agents. Although, they are being used as carbon sources for in vitro growth, however, they may introduce osmotic stress above certain concentrations (Al-Khayri and Al-Bahrany, 2002) . So based on these information, we carried out an experiment using mannitol and sorbitol at higher concentrations.

Although, they are being used as carbon sources for in vitro growth, however, they may introduce osmotic stress above certain concentrations.


But if we develop further the approach for operational use, a careful consideration of cost is necessary. In view of this, using low spatial resolution RS data may be a practical alternative for RS-simulation modeling. Low spatial resolution data have attributes that clearly outweigh the limitations associated with the use of high spatial resolution data for larger scale agricultural monitoring-they have higher temporal resolution and wider spatial coverage, and minimal cost [34] . In fact, there exist public domain standard data products on the Internet e.g. MODIS-LAI, which are available at both daily and composite time scales. Moreover, the scan line correction problem that afflicted Landsat7 in providing high quality RS data has resulted to an increasing interest on the use of moderate or low spatial resolution data for agro-hydrological studies, thus warrants further their exploration in this regard. One big challenge, however, is the problem of mixing inside a pixel (the basic unit in an RS image). Since the spatial resolution is coarser, several agricultural land uses could be embedded in one pixel.

Low spatial resolution data have attributes that clearly outweigh the limitations associated with the use of high spatial resolution data for larger scale agricultural monitoring-they have higher temporal resolution and wider spatial coverage, and minimal cost.


Another remark to make is on the nature of the secondary task used in this study. Previous research on LC and the dual-task paradigm used time-based measurements to measure cognitive load. Participants had to react as soon as possible to a stimulus, hereby disturbing their current cognitive processes. The approach used in this study focused on placing a burden on working memory and on increasing this burden systematically by increasing the number of words to remember at the end of the learning phase. This approach is similar to the one used in the GOSPAN to measure WMC [34] . Although one would expect that this procedure would interfere much more with current cognitive processes, the results of this study invite for other interpretations. It is likely that participants rehearsed the words after completing a set of exercises, thereby temporarily lowering the cognitive load while choosing and completing the exercises. The total number of words to be remembered was eleven, and overall, six words with a standard deviation of two were remembered. This is closely related to the description of Miller's magical number seven, plus or minus two [42] . However, this description is related to short-term memory, and several theories have already acknowledged that working memory and short-term memory are two distinct, although highly correlated constructs [43] . Working memory tasks focus on maintaining and activating information that is relevant for Education Research International 9 the current task to perform, and therefore primarily concern the central executive (e.g., the span tasks). Whereas working memory is seen as a storage and attention component, shortterm memory is seen as a simple storage component [44] . Presumably, the secondary task in this study did not put any significant load on working memory because the task involved simple storage of the words and less attention was required. Future research should search for secondary tasks that involve both attention and storage processes and include these tasks to measure the cognitive load of instructional strategies such as LC.

This approach is similar to the one used in the GOSPAN to measure WMC.

This is closely related to the description of Miller's magical number seven, plus or minus two.

However, this description is related to short-term memory, and several theories have already acknowledged that working memory and short-term memory are two distinct, although highly correlated constructs.

Whereas working memory is seen as a storage and attention component, shortterm memory is seen as a simple storage component.


A second limitation is that the participants chosen for this experiment were all university students. It is very likely that all participants had a rather high WMC and high selfefficacy scores. For the WMC, this was not confirmed in post hoc analyses, as WMC was normally distributed. This was however not the case for the self-efficacy scores which were highly right skewed. This might explain why LC did not affect motivation, learning, and cognitive load. It is highly plausible that even the combined load of learning English tenses, having control, and rehearsal of words for the secondary task did not touch the limitations of a learner's WMC. Moreover, it can be suggested that the intrinsic load of the materials was rather low, because participants were familiar with the domain of English tenses [47] . When measuring cognitive load in a group of advanced learners, secondary tasks are needed which place a greater burden on WMC.

Moreover, it can be suggested that the intrinsic load of the materials was rather low, because participants were familiar with the domain of English tenses.


SimpleClick|BackApproach: STD is faster than UIM (more than 25% faster for normal sized targets). The backward approach sub-task again impedes performance, strong enough to reverse the result observed with SimpleClick|AutoBack on normal sized targets and cancel the benefit on the small ones. Using UIMarks to simply approach a target did not lead to any benefit and was even slower than directly acquiring it. UIMarks is not a general-purpose pointing facilitation system: the costs introduced by its use cannot be compensated unless one takes full advantage of the benefits it offers (e.g. precise pointer warping and programmability). However, real-life situations might be more favorable to it than this "pure pointing" experiment. As an example, a UIMarks approach performs the additional action of raising the window on which the mark was placed, which can be useful if it is fully or even partially overlapped. Note also that the UIM Back task brings the pointer back to the exact location where the user entered the UIMarks mode. We believe the benefit of this might be higher in real-life settings where that precise point might be of importance and difficult to locate. More generally, even in cases where precision does not matter, UIMarks might provide some benefit by simply reducing the number of possible choices for that location [22] .

More generally, even in cases where precision does not matter, UIMarks might provide some benefit by simply reducing the number of possible choices for that location.


Target-agnostic techniques similarly focus on user actions instead of possible targets. The angle mouse, for example, adjusts the control-display gain based on angular deviation [25] . MAGIC uses eye tracking to coarsely define an area of interest in which the pointer is automatically warped [27] .

The angle mouse, for example, adjusts the control-display gain based on angular deviation.

MAGIC uses eye tracking to coarsely define an area of interest in which the pointer is automatically warped.


With regard to level of educational attainment, we found that patients with low or superior education had a tendency to seek less information than patients with an average educational level. From the literature, it appears that patients with a higher educational attainment are more likely to seek greater and more accurate information [23] . A possible explanation for our results could be that patients with a low education have less interest and comprehension of all the details and patients with a high educational level are able to find information for themselves and have a good understanding on their own. Previous research has focused primarily on understanding patients' needs during diagnosis and treatment of cancer or chronic illness, whereas the focus of the present study was solely on patients undergoing GI surgery, and did not take into account their diagnosis and prognosis.

From the literature, it appears that patients with a higher educational attainment are more likely to seek greater and more accurate information.


Thiols are the sulphur analogues of alcohols, but hydrogen atom in the thiol group is more acidic than that in hydroxyl group. These organic compounds commonly occur in nature. Thiols and sulphides perform important biological functions, especially in life processes. There are also known other applications of thiols, e.g., as chain transfer agents in the synthesis of polymers used for optical devices [1] [2] [3] [4] .

There are also known other applications of thiols, e.g., as chain transfer agents in the synthesis of polymers used for optical devices.


No formal taxonomic identiÞcation was performed on wasp specimens retrieved from the windowpane traps. However, with the exception of only a few individuals, all wasps captured were small parasitica, typically only a few millimeters in length. Many of the specimens were members of the Chalcidoidea, Cynipoidea, and Proctotrupoidea superfamilies, which are predominantly parasitic (Borror et al. 1989) . Unlike the windowpane traps, malaise traps seem to sample a very different portion of the overall wasp species assemblage. Based on a more formal identiÞcation, wasps captured in malaise traps ranged from small parasitica (e.g., Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) to larger predatory taxa (e.g., Hymenoptera: Vespidae).

Many of the specimens were members of the Chalcidoidea, Cynipoidea, and Proctotrupoidea superfamilies, which are predominantly parasitic.


Irrigated rotation studies in southern Alberta have generally included sugar beet. The oldest and best-known is 'Irrigated Rotation U' at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Lethbridge Research Centre, which dates to 1911, and is believed to be the oldest continuously irrigated crop rotation in North America (Dubetz 1983) . It began as a 10-yr rotation which included 6 yr of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) followed by 1 yr each of potato, wheat, oat, and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In 1923 sugar beet replaced potato, and was present until 1986 when three new 5-yr rotations were implemented (Ellert 1995) . Manure application has been a part of Irrigated Rotation U since its establishment.

The oldest and best-known is 'Irrigated Rotation U' at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Lethbridge Research Centre, which dates to 1911, and is believed to be the oldest continuously irrigated crop rotation in North America.

In 1923 sugar beet replaced potato, and was present until 1986 when three new 5-yr rotations were implemented.


We have previously documented general differences in elemental stoichiometry between marine and freshwater systems, in which imbalances in N : P between seston and zooplankton were positive (seston N : P > zooplankton N : P) in freshwater systems and negative in marine systems, as well as being of greater magnitude in freshwater systems (Elser and Hassett 1994) . These results indicated that consumerdriven recycling ratios in freshwater systems would be 4-6 times higher than in marine systems. Our present results (ns> point to several other important distinctions in the stoichiometric relationships between marine and freshwater systems, as well as between lake districts (Canadian ELA lakes vs. the NTL of northern Wisconsin and Michigan) and marine habitats (estuarine vs. coastal-oceanic).

We have previously documented general differences in elemental stoichiometry between marine and freshwater systems, in which imbalances in N : P between seston and zooplankton were positive (seston N : P > zooplankton N : P) in freshwater systems and negative in marine systems, as well as being of greater magnitude in freshwater systems.


This paper investigates changes in resultative constructions between two language varieties, namely baseline 1 Ambon Malay (spoken in Indonesia) and heritage Ambon Malay, spoken by Dutch-Ambon Malay bilinguals in the Netherlands. Ambon Malay is spoken as a heritage language by the descendants of the 12.500 Ambon Malay speakers who arrived in the Netherlands in the early 1950s, after the decolonization of Indonesia 2 (Veenman 1994) . In the heritage variety of Ambon Malay, a number of changes have occurred, which are due to the heritage speakers' path of language acquisition and due to the intense contact with Dutch (Tahitu 1989; Huwaë 1992; Lekawael 2011) .

Ambon Malay is spoken as a heritage language by the descendants of the 12.500 Ambon Malay speakers who arrived in the Netherlands in the early 1950s, after the decolonization of Indonesia 2.

In the heritage variety of Ambon Malay, a number of changes have occurred, which are due to the heritage speakers' path of language acquisition and due to the intense contact with Dutch.


REBCO coated conductors experience anisotropic performance when it comes to magnetic field orientation. At 4.2 K, anisotropic pinning in REBCO coated conductors results in the highest critical current I c when the field is applied in-plane and it is lowest when the magnetic field is oriented perpendicular to the tape plane. Because of the partly transposed nature of the helical winding in a CORC ® cable, the strands experience all field directions along their length. As a result, the in-field performance of CORC ® cables is isotropic and is determined by the field orientation at which pinning is weakest [16] . On the other hand, tapes in Roebel cables are stacked in a parallel fashion. This allows for a higher in-field performance, as long as the field is always applied parallel to the tapes in the Roebel cable, an extremely hard situation to arrange in a real magnet. The current density in CORC ® cables is limited primarily by the non-superconducting core on which the tapes are wound, which generally occupies between 25% and 50% of the cable crosssection. Thus a path to raising J E of CORC ® is to reduce the core diameter by using more flexible tapes with thinner substrates.

As a result, the in-field performance of CORC ® cables is isotropic and is determined by the field orientation at which pinning is weakest.


But the growing of urbanization and salinization due to improper agricultural land management decreased maize production per unit area each year [8] [9] . In moisture stress areas of Ethiopia, farmers were adopted harvesting from mono cropping systems only once in a year from a shower of rainfall and cultivating multiple crops in order to harvest best survived crop during the season. Such traditional practices were not potential to harvest adequate amount of food for the family with very small land holding. Improving food production at the national level requires best crop production practices such as intercropping. The maize-legume intercropping has become one of the solutions for food security in small holders farming systems [10] . Intercropping system showed 41% advantages from maize intercropped with common bean and 23% advantage from maize intercropping with mung bean [11] .

But the growing of urbanization and salinization due to improper agricultural land management decreased maize production per unit area each year.

The maize-legume intercropping has become one of the solutions for food security in small holders farming systems.

Intercropping system showed 41% advantages from maize intercropped with common bean and 23% advantage from maize intercropping with mung bean.


Colon cancer is the cancer of the colon with a million new cases reported each year globally [5] . In the United States alone, colon cancer is the third most prevalent form of cancer with 95,000 cases reported each year, and second most leading cause of cancer related deaths. Similar to other types of cancer, survival rates of colon cancer patients depend on the early detection of colon cancer. Therefore, it is important to detect colon cancer at an early stage. However, only 40 % of colon cancers are detected at an early stage. Several studies have shown that early detection of colon cancer is highly curable. The present methods of treatment include independent or a combination of surgical procedures, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and other targeted therapies depending on the stage of cancer. Since the afore-stated procedures are based on the late onset of colon cancer, it is important to develop early stage detection methods that have the potential to complement the aforementioned standard procedures to cure colon cancer or improve the life span of an individual.

Colon cancer is the cancer of the colon with a million new cases reported each year globally.


Expression profiling of miRNAs have been carried out in the last decade in colon cancer cell lines or tissues and these studies have established that aberrant expression of miRNAs is associated with colon or colorectal cancer. One of the studies analyzed the expression of 156 miRNAs in colorectal cancer and found a group of 13 miRNAs with aberrant expression profiles of which miR-31, miR-96, miR-133b, miR-135b, miR-145, and miR-183 were most significantly deregulated [12] . In another study, a total of 95 plasma miRNAs have been analyzed in colorectal cancer patients and 5 miRNAs have been found to be upregulated compared to their corresponding controls [13] .

One of the studies analyzed the expression of 156 miRNAs in colorectal cancer and found a group of 13 miRNAs with aberrant expression profiles of which miR-31, miR-96, miR-133b, miR-135b, miR-145, and miR-183 were most significantly deregulated.

In another study, a total of 95 plasma miRNAs have been analyzed in colorectal cancer patients and 5 miRNAs have been found to be upregulated compared to their corresponding controls.


Traditional herbal medicine practitioners have described the therapeutic effectiveness of many indigenous plants [1] . The plants are the source of synthetic and traditional herbal medicine and hence are useful for healing and curing of human diseases because of the presence of phytochemical constituents [2] [3] [4] . These phytochemicals are naturally present in all parts of medicinal plants viz., leaves, vegetables and roots. The Phytochemicals are synthesized by a plant itself as primary and secondary metabolites. Chlorophyll, proteins and common sugars are included in primary constituents while as terpenoids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds come under secondary compounds [5] . Terpenoids and phenols exhibit various important pharmacological activities viz., anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimalarial, anti-viral, anti-bacterial activities and inhibition of cholesterol synthesis [6] . Alkaloids are known to possess anesthetic properties [7, 8] .

Traditional herbal medicine practitioners have described the therapeutic effectiveness of many indigenous plants.

The plants are the source of synthetic and traditional herbal medicine and hence are useful for healing and curing of human diseases because of the presence of phytochemical constituents.

Chlorophyll, proteins and common sugars are included in primary constituents while as terpenoids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds come under secondary compounds.

Terpenoids and phenols exhibit various important pharmacological activities viz., anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimalarial, anti-viral, anti-bacterial activities and inhibition of cholesterol synthesis.

Alkaloids are known to possess anesthetic properties.


CS-induced airway inflammation is known to be associated with the development of several lung diseases, including asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema [21, 36] . In the present study, we showed that CS exposure induces IL-22 and that exogenous administration of rIL-22 induced slight infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the airways and pulmonary parenchyma, airway epithelial damages, and mild collagen deposition around the airways. Furthermore, we demonstrated that exogenous rIL-22, synergistically with the CS insult, significantly augmented the airway inflammation, epithelial damage, and airway aberrant repair as indicated by the much greater levels of collagen deposition around the airways. These data indicate that IL-22 might be acting in a proinflammatory manner to exacerbate the local airway inflammation induced by an acute CS exposure.

CS-induced airway inflammation is known to be associated with the development of several lung diseases, including asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.


When socially constructed norms (e.g., those prescribed by the family) are incompatible with one's personal desires, intrapersonal (e.g., "feeling torn") or interpersonal conflict may occur (Giguère et al., 2010) . The high level of family conflict described by South and East Asians and how it changed the way parental approval and family allocentrism influence motivation to move out is an example of the bicultural conflict sometimes faced by individuals who have internalized two different cultures. The relation between intrapersonal conflict that occurs within the self and the interpersonal conflict that occurs between parents is worth examining, particularly when the repercussions can involve negative psychological consequences such as stress, depression, and maladjustment among bicultural youth (Kwak, 2003) .

When socially constructed norms (e.g., those prescribed by the family) are incompatible with one's personal desires, intrapersonal (e.g., "feeling torn") or interpersonal conflict may occur.

The relation between intrapersonal conflict that occurs within the self and the interpersonal conflict that occurs between parents is worth examining, particularly when the repercussions can involve negative psychological consequences such as stress, depression, and maladjustment among bicultural youth.


In recent years, there has been a great interest in the design of integrable continuous time filters using transconductance elements and grounded capacitors (TGC). The TGC circuits possess superior high frequency performance and economize the chip area requirements as compared with OTA-C circuits. The TGC circuit provides the attractive implementation of continuous time analog filters in the CMOS technology [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .

The TGC circuit provides the attractive implementation of continuous time analog filters in the CMOS technology.


We must note however that when the number of non-compact space-time dimensions D is 4 or less, the S-matrix suffers from the usual infrared divergences and we have to carry out the usual procedure of summing over final states and averaging over initial states to get a finite result for physical cross section [21] [22] [23] [24] . This has not yet been worked out in superstring field theory. We hope to return to this problem in the future.

We must note however that when the number of non-compact space-time dimensions D is 4 or less, the S-matrix suffers from the usual infrared divergences and we have to carry out the usual procedure of summing over final states and averaging over initial states to get a finite result for physical cross section.


Electrochemical oxidation (EO) is a promising process for pollutants elimination in particular using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode [12] [13] [14] . The use of BDD anode allows the production of electrogenerated hydroxyl radicals from water discharge. Because the action of hydroxyl radicals is located close to the anode, there are transfer limitations in dilute solution. The coupling of EO with the preconcentration step by NF renders its economically viable.

Electrochemical oxidation (EO) is a promising process for pollutants elimination in particular using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode.


It has already been mentioned that the QuickReduct algorithm is not always guaranteed to find a minimal reduct. One potential solution to this problem is to include an N-lookahead step before choosing the next attribute. This and other approaches are being investigated, including the use of distinction tables to determine the choice of attribute. Work is also being carried out that focuses on improving the speed and efficiency of QuickReduct. A promising research area being investigated is that of fuzzifying reducts [19] . This could be achieved by fuzzifying the dependency degree (the γ function), using fuzzy-rough sets.

A promising research area being investigated is that of fuzzifying reducts.


This study confirm previous research showing that schools in England are a key site for mental health promotion and mental illness prevention in England (Ford, et al., 2007) . Schools report using a range of approaches to support the mental health of their students and are particularly positive about the provision provided by specialists within their school. The central perceived barrier to being able to support students' mental health was not attitudes towards mental health problems, but rather the capacity of services. As such it seems particularly important to find ways to increase the availability of provision, both in the local area and within schools themselves, to support the mental health of young people.

This study confirm previous research showing that schools in England are a key site for mental health promotion and mental illness prevention in England.


In attempting to address the problem of rapid and increasing microbial drug resistance, the UK Government's published Antimicrobial Research (AMR) Strategy, and the more recent O'Neill Report make several mentions of 'novel approaches' to the treatment and prevention of infections [5, 6] . One potential approach proposed -for several years now -as a partial replacement/conservation aid for conventional agents is that of light-activated or photoantimicrobials [7] . However, due to broad-spectrum activity, non-specific modes of action and the requirement for light activation, the design of such agents differs considerably from that of conventional, pharma industry-produced antimicrobials.

In attempting to address the problem of rapid and increasing microbial drug resistance, the UK Government's published Antimicrobial Research (AMR) Strategy, and the more recent O'Neill Report make several mentions of 'novel approaches' to the treatment and prevention of infections.

One potential approach proposed -for several years now -as a partial replacement/conservation aid for conventional agents is that of light-activated or photoantimicrobials.


In this model, the FSDP is a pre-peak in the concentration-concentration partial structure factor ( ) ( ) cc S Q in the Bhatia-Thornton formalism [72] . It arises due to the chemical short-range ordering of interstitial voids around cation-centered regions in the structure of glass or liquid [69] . This picture assumes that the structure is composed of aggregate of cation-centered quasi-spherical regions, separated by the average cation-cation distance. Each such region is surrounded by quasi-spherical voids, which in turn forms a density fluctuation among the whole structure. This void-based interpretation of the FSDP is not restricted to a particular type of materials, on the contrary, it has a complete generality.

In this model, the FSDP is a pre-peak in the concentration-concentration partial structure factor ( ) ( ) cc S Q in the Bhatia-Thornton formalism.

It arises due to the chemical short-range ordering of interstitial voids around cation-centered regions in the structure of glass or liquid.


One of the most characteristic features in the diffraction patterns of network-forming glasses and liquids is the so-called first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) or sometimes called the pre-peak [1] [2] . It appears at a scattering 1 2π Q ≈ 4 -6 Å are involved. On the other hand, the correlation length inferred from the width ( 1 Q ∆ ) of the FSDP, 1 2π Q ≈ ∆ , is of the order of 15 -25 Å, which is a remarkably long range in a solid that by definition has no long-range order.

One of the most characteristic features in the diffraction patterns of network-forming glasses and liquids is the so-called first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) or sometimes called the pre-peak.