Definition of social network varies from the point of view of different authors. It is possible to define it as an inter connected group of people who affect each other. According to James Clyde Mitchel social network is understood as a "specific relation in defined group of people. The nature of relations in social networks can be used for interpretation of these relations" (Clyde 1969) . Social network is a web ser vice allowing an individual to create public or semipublic profile within limited system interconnected with other us ers who they share content with, and it allows them to look through and list the connections with other users within this system (Boyd 2008) . One of the possible approaches to social networks is as follows -"Social network is a structure composed of a set of persons involved, some members are interconnected by a set of one or more relations" (Knoke, Yang 2008) . The Dictionary of Sociology defines social net work as a "set of social subjects interconnected with nominal relations. Subjects are nodal points of network; relations are presented by points that are aligned" (Jandourek 2007) .

The nature of relations in social networks can be used for interpretation of these relations".

Social network is a web ser vice allowing an individual to create public or semipublic profile within limited system interconnected with other us ers who they share content with, and it allows them to look through and list the connections with other users within this system.

One of the possible approaches to social networks is as follows -"Social network is a structure composed of a set of persons involved, some members are interconnected by a set of one or more relations".

Subjects are nodal points of network; relations are presented by points that are aligned".


In fiddler crabs, defence coalitions increase the likelihood of retaining smaller neighbors. Previous studies show that coalitions are beneficial because they remove the costs of renegotiating territorial boundaries with stronger individuals (Backwell and Jennions 2004; Detto et al. 2010) . Our current study suggests that there is an addition potential mating benefit of defence coalitions. Male U. mjoebergi mainly compete with their immediate neighbors when courting (Callander et al. 2011) . Defence coalitions affect the identity of neighbors, hence the identity of a male's immediate competitors. Our findings differ from those for "hotshot" models of lek formation, where subordinate males might choose to display near superior competitors who attract more females and thereby increase their likelihood of mating success simply by attracting more females into their vicinity (Beehler and Foster 1988) . Interestingly, a recent observational study of house finches, Carpodacus mexicanus, found that less attractive males improve their pairing success by shifting into new social groupings (Oh and Badyaev 2010) . Future studies might well reveal that this is a widespread pattern, but a key challenge will be to explain stability in social structure when all males benefit from having less attractive competitors. In fiddler crabs, stability might be maintained by the inability of small males to evict large neighbors and by the high movement costs to small males of relinquishing a burrow in search of a better territory (burrowless males that lack a refuge are far more susceptible to predators). We thank Tim Maricic, Tegan Dolstra, and Andrew Kahn for their assistance in the field. We would also like to thank Mark Briffa and 2 anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.

Previous studies show that coalitions are beneficial because they remove the costs of renegotiating territorial boundaries with stronger individuals.

Male U. mjoebergi mainly compete with their immediate neighbors when courting.

Our findings differ from those for "hotshot" models of lek formation, where subordinate males might choose to display near superior competitors who attract more females and thereby increase their likelihood of mating success simply by attracting more females into their vicinity.

Interestingly, a recent observational study of house finches, Carpodacus mexicanus, found that less attractive males improve their pairing success by shifting into new social groupings.


We wanted to compare the effects of different solvents on the relative propensity of particular ions to appear in the spectrum. Aggregate ions are a common feature of ESI mass spectra, and are even exploited for calibration purposes. , but most markedly in water > methanol > acetone > acetonitrile [18] . However, there are no competitive experiments that we know of that have compared the relative propensity of aggregate ions to appear depending on their nature, nor have such experiments been conducted in different solvents.

Aggregate ions are a common feature of ESI mass spectra, and are even exploited for calibration purposes. , but most markedly in water > methanol > acetone > acetonitrile.


Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal Xlinked disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 newborn human males. It is caused by mutations in a large gene located at Xp21 that encodes the muscle protein dystrophin [1] . One third of DMD cases result from new mutations, whereas the remaining are maternally inherited. Affected boys are confined to a wheelchair around age 10 to 12 and later develop respiratory and cardiac problems that lead to death usually in the third or fourth decade.

It is caused by mutations in a large gene located at Xp21 that encodes the muscle protein dystrophin.


We are currently unable to handle relative equilibriam problem when Γ = 0 but one or more of the mass sums Γ i + Γ j , Γ i + Γ j + Γ k vanishes. Thus, it is possible that such vorticities lead to a continuum of equivalence classes of relative equilibria. This seems unlikely but it is worth noting that in the case of five vortices this phenomenon does indeed occur for certain choices of the vorticities. Namely, four vortices of strength Γ 1 arranged in a rhombus with a fifth vortex of strength −Γ 1 /2 at the center always form a relative equilibrium, no matter the shape of the rhombus [28] . Recently, O'Neill has developed a different proof of finiteness for relative equilibria which works for generic vorticities [27] . His genericity assumptions include the nonvanishing mass sum conditions we use.

Namely, four vortices of strength Γ 1 arranged in a rhombus with a fifth vortex of strength −Γ 1 /2 at the center always form a relative equilibrium, no matter the shape of the rhombus.

Recently, O'Neill has developed a different proof of finiteness for relative equilibria which works for generic vorticities.


The results indicate that there is a large yield gap to close given the yield potential that can be achieved by researchers or farmers. This is because of relatively poor adoption concerning CRIG's technologies by the cocoa farmers. This study has shown that although farmers controlled weeds, pests and diseases, and applied fertilizer to the farms, farm maintenance was inadequate leading to yields below the potential. Farmers attributed the inadequate farm maintenance to poor access to the production resources such as access to cash/credit, labour, spraying machines and so on (Aneani et al., 2007; MASDAR, 1998) . The regression analysis indicated that the frequency of spraying fungicides against black pod disease, frequency of spraying insecticides against capsids, frequency of weeding cocoa farms, cocoa variety planted by the farmer, area of cocoa farm and total cocoa production variables had a significant impact on cocoa yield.

Farmers attributed the inadequate farm maintenance to poor access to the production resources such as access to cash/credit, labour, spraying machines and so on.


Research on computational morphology has been predominantly on concatenative morphology and on finite-state models of morphotactics [2] . Although attempts were made to handle non-concatenative phenomena, it has been on a limited capacity only [3] . Optimality Theory is a phonological approach that is proven effective in handling non-concatenative morphology [4] . It has been applied for the generation process and never been used in morphological analysis.

Research on computational morphology has been predominantly on concatenative morphology and on finite-state models of morphotactics.

Although attempts were made to handle non-concatenative phenomena, it has been on a limited capacity only.

Optimality Theory is a phonological approach that is proven effective in handling non-concatenative morphology.


In practice, additional variants are required, e.g., satisfying specific constraints of the respective vehicle project or development phase. In existing approaches such process variants have to be defined and maintained in separate process models similar to those of Figure 1 . This results in a large amount of redundant model data as the variant models are identical or similar for the most part. Considering the large number of variants required in practice, this drawback increases modeling and maintenance efforts significantly. This is both time-consuming and error-prone. Unfortunately, current business process management tools do not allow for the context-based definition and configuration of a process variant that captures a given situation best. This paper introduces the Provop (PROcess Variants by OPtions) approach. In particular, it provides an advanced solution for modeling process variants starting with a common process model and using an operational modeling approach. Provop allows for the context-based configuration of process variants, as discussed in detail in this paper, and enables full life cycle support [8] . The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: In Section 2 we introduce basic concepts of the Provop approach. Section 3 presents the configuration of process variants using context rules. Section 4 discusses related work. The paper concludes with a summary and an outlook in Section 5.

Provop allows for the context-based configuration of process variants, as discussed in detail in this paper, and enables full life cycle support.

Section 4 discusses related work.


Unexpectedly, this study showed a statistically significant decrease in total periprosthetic BMD only during the first 12 months. At 24 months, only Gruen zone 7 showed statistically significant bone loss. Low systemic BMD (osteopenia or osteoporosis) predicted this local adverse remodeling process. Interestingly, both the local preoperative BMD of the operated hip and the baseline BMD of Gruen zone 7 failed to act as independent predictors of the process, most likely due to the secondary changes in BMD in the femoral neck and trochanteric region caused by the underlying OA of the hip (Mäkinen et al. 2007) . Probably due to the same process, fragility fracture of an OA hip is extremely rare and DXA of the affected hip may give falsely high BMD values for evaluation of systemic osteoporosis, resembling artefacts caused by lumbar spine degeneration.

Interestingly, both the local preoperative BMD of the operated hip and the baseline BMD of Gruen zone 7 failed to act as independent predictors of the process, most likely due to the secondary changes in BMD in the femoral neck and trochanteric region caused by the underlying OA of the hip.


With the obvious increasing prevalence and mortality rate, cancer has become one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality [1] . The underlying mechanisms of the tumorigenesis are obscure because of the involvement of multiple risk factors containing complicated gene-gene and gene-environment interactions [2] . Many studies have demonstrated that the occurrence of cancers may be related to inflammation, and that cytokines are associated with individual susceptibility to cancers [3] .

With the obvious increasing prevalence and mortality rate, cancer has become one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality.

The underlying mechanisms of the tumorigenesis are obscure because of the involvement of multiple risk factors containing complicated gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.

Many studies have demonstrated that the occurrence of cancers may be related to inflammation, and that cytokines are associated with individual susceptibility to cancers.


Structural elements subjected to in-plane periodic forces may lead to dynamic stability, due to certain combinations of the values of load parameters. The instability may occur below the critical load of the structure under compressive loads over a range or ranges of excitation frequencies. Several means of combating resonance such as damping and vibration isolation may be inadequate and sometimes dangerous with reverse results [1] .

Several means of combating resonance such as damping and vibration isolation may be inadequate and sometimes dangerous with reverse results.


In addition to the traditional bottom-up mid-edge transverse fatigue cracking, environmental effects together with built-in temperature curling result in other failure modes [Hiller and Roesler 2005] . Temperature fluctuation has different effects on concrete pavements. Nonuniform temperature distribution within concrete slab depth results in upward (nighttime) or downward (daytime) curling. Curling induced tensile stress occurs at the top surface layer of the concrete slab during nighttime and at the bottom surface layer of the concrete slab during daytime [Ongel and Harvey 2004] .

In addition to the traditional bottom-up mid-edge transverse fatigue cracking, environmental effects together with built-in temperature curling result in other failure modes.

Curling induced tensile stress occurs at the top surface layer of the concrete slab during nighttime and at the bottom surface layer of the concrete slab during daytime.


When a single concrete slab is freely curled due to a differential temperature gradient and in the absence of the restraining factors such as subgrade and base resistant, vehicular loads and friction force at the interface of the concrete slab and base, a bending stress (flexural stress) is induced at the top or bottom surface layer of it due to its residual stiffness [Mohamed and Hansen 1997] . In this case, maximum induced tensile stress occurs at the centre of the slab and at the top surface layer during the day and at the bottom surface layer during the night. On the other hand, in the presence of the restraining factors another tensile stress will occur in the opposite sides of the residual tensile stress. In this condition, curling induced tensile stress occurs at the top surface layer of the concrete slab during nighttime and at the bottom surface layer of the concrete slab during daytime [Ongel and Harvey 2004] .

When a single concrete slab is freely curled due to a differential temperature gradient and in the absence of the restraining factors such as subgrade and base resistant, vehicular loads and friction force at the interface of the concrete slab and base, a bending stress (flexural stress) is induced at the top or bottom surface layer of it due to its residual stiffness.

In this condition, curling induced tensile stress occurs at the top surface layer of the concrete slab during nighttime and at the bottom surface layer of the concrete slab during daytime.


In general, the aborigines tend to encounter social and cultural challenges and subsequent maladjustment in the urban setting. Consequently, aborigines developed addictions to smoking and alcohol in order to diminish their stress (Boyle et al., 2009) . Smoking and alcohol are harmful to one's health. It was critical for the health educator to apply a health education theory to help those urban aborigines increase self-efficacy, have a better tobacco smoking perception, to eventually terminate smoking behavior, and thereby promote healthy behavior. Although both the local health bureau and the public health clinic play a role in providing health education, success is limited due to the limitation of time, manpower, and financial support (Rudatsikira1 et al., 2008) . The purpose of this study was to enhance the recognition in hazard of smoking, antismoking self-efficacy, and then reduce smoking behavior and promote healthier behavior for those urban aborigines through a proper intervention program to prevent lung cancer.

Consequently, aborigines developed addictions to smoking and alcohol in order to diminish their stress.

Although both the local health bureau and the public health clinic play a role in providing health education, success is limited due to the limitation of time, manpower, and financial support.


Despite the intensive efforts within the last 50 years, it has only been possible to slightly, but not substantially, lower the mortality of cancer. On the other hand, considerable advances have been achieved for the other medical conditions, including the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and pneumonia [1] . At the present time, there are three basic approaches for treating cancer: surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, all of these procedures have considerable side effects and often are not sufficient for the curative treatment of metastatic cancer. The tumor-specific drugs, such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, have now been in use for several years with good results in certain types of cancer (e.g., Imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia) [2] . The antibodies are also increasingly being used in oncology, although the antibody therapy sometimes has adverse systemic effects and often is expensive. For a subgroup of breast cancer patients, for example, the Her2-targeting antibodies are used successfully in treatment [3] . However, the approval of some previous indications for the antibody therapy has even been withdrawn recently (the British National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence refused Avastin ® (Bevacizumab) in colorectal carcinomas) [4] . There has not yet been a real breakthrough in cancer therapy, in general.

On the other hand, considerable advances have been achieved for the other medical conditions, including the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and pneumonia.

The tumor-specific drugs, such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, have now been in use for several years with good results in certain types of cancer (e.g., Imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia).

For a subgroup of breast cancer patients, for example, the Her2-targeting antibodies are used successfully in treatment.

However, the approval of some previous indications for the antibody therapy has even been withdrawn recently (the British National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence refused Avastin ® (Bevacizumab) in colorectal carcinomas).


First, the perceived usefulness and user satisfaction were determined to be the antecedents of the intention to use the URC personal robot service (Bhattacherjee, 2001; Konradta et al., 2006; AL-Gahtani & King, 1999) . For the adoption of the URC personal robot service, the perceived usefulness was identified as the most critical factor that profoundly influences the intention to use the service. This means that users will have the intention to use the commercial URC personal robot service as soon as they perceive its usefulness, and will tend to expect that the URC personal robot will drastically improve job productivity and quality of life through intelligent and human-friendly interaction. Moreover, perceived usefulness has high relevance in user satisfaction, which means that the usefulness of the URC personal robot service will be the central concern in adopting the robot service. Therefore, ways to enhance usefulness and methods by which services can be differentiated should be the overriding consideration when the URC personal robot service is being commercially launched.

First, the perceived usefulness and user satisfaction were determined to be the antecedents of the intention to use the URC personal robot service.


The technology of digital convergence has enabled many countries to provide their consumers with a variety of ubiquitous services including home networking and telematics. The Korean government implemented the IT839 strategy, in 2004, which aims to introduce world's first services and products: introducing and promoting eight services, building three infrastructures, and developing nine ICT (information and communication technology) new growth engines (Chung, 2004) . The URC (ubiquitous robot companion), one of the nine specified growth engines, is an IT-based service robot project with the vision involving the use of personal robot services anywhere, anytime. This project focuses on offering robot services that allow users to access intelligent Internet/Web services and perform certain tasks conducted by humans.

The Korean government implemented the IT839 strategy, in 2004, which aims to introduce world's first services and products: introducing and promoting eight services, building three infrastructures, and developing nine ICT (information and communication technology) new growth engines.


We present quantitative results on the Berkeley Motion Segmentation Dataset (BMS) [6] . BMS has 26 challenging video sequences with varying contrast and illumination and significant motion. For quantitative analysis we have evaluated our output against the ground truth at frame 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50. The evaluation is done by measuring the percentage of pixels that are assigned a different label than the ground truth. This pixel error is calculated for only those classes which were present in the annotated first frame, i.e., new objects that appear later in the video are not taken into consideration. We have kept the parameters fixed for all the sequences with α = 0.6. Our method takes approximately 75 seconds to segment each frame on a standard computer. The running time includes the optical flow and superpixel computation as well as the SOR solver (which occupies a major percentage of the running time). Fig. 6 shows the average pixel error across all sequences in BMS. A comparison to the baseline, which uses only optical flow to propagate the labels and fills the unknown areas with the smoothness prior (i.e., setting E LC = 0), reveals the importance of adding a classifier that deals with disocclusion areas. In particular when labels are propagated over many frames, a classifier improves results considerably.

We present quantitative results on the Berkeley Motion Segmentation Dataset (BMS).


Under mirror symmetry, the mirrors of Calabi-Yau manifolds with nodes are usually also Calabi-Yaus with nodes, and the smoothing and resolution processes get swapped [27] . So there should be a criterion mirror to that of Friedman-Tian giving necessary and sufficient conditions for the resolution of a symplectic manifold with nodes to admit a symplectic structure. We give such a result here (Theorem 2.9), giving a new way to produce symplectic manifolds via the surgery of replacing Lagrangian S 3 s with symplectic P 1 s (and preserving c 1 in the process).

Under mirror symmetry, the mirrors of Calabi-Yau manifolds with nodes are usually also Calabi-Yaus with nodes, and the smoothing and resolution processes get swapped.


To account for unexplained variance in the attitude-behavior relationship, we examined the impact of several potential moderator variables. We focused on two such factors: social pressure to enact a behavior and the behavior's perceived difficulty. Both constituted external constraints that were predicted to dampen dispositional influences (Snyder & Ickes, 1985) .

Both constituted external constraints that were predicted to dampen dispositional influences.


Although only a small uncontrolled study, observed reductions in sitting time justify further development and testing of our intervention. Qualitative data pointed to potential reasons for declines in sitting. Device-based feedback raised awareness of sitting, in turn leading people to adopt a 'sit less, move more' mindset both in the workplace and elsewhere (e.g., when commuting; [25] ). This testifies to the lack of attention people pay to sitting and suggests an 'audit and feedback' approach may motivate sitting reduction.

Device-based feedback raised awareness of sitting, in turn leading people to adopt a 'sit less, move more' mindset both in the workplace and elsewhere (e.g., when commuting;).


According to "Crime and Fear on Campus," a court ruling in the 1866 case of People v. Wheaton College, in which the courts upheld a postsecondary institution's prohibition of student membership in secret societies, resulted in a doctrine called "in loco parentis," literally meaning "in the place of parents" (Fisher, 1995) . Additionally, this doctrine made it possible for universities to self-govern in providing care to students who have been entrusted to them and to provide safety for students in the absence of their parents. This doctrine also placed additional responsibility in the hands of the college or university and, as a result, made the institution liable for criminal victimizations. In subsequent cases, the courts imposed a duty on colleges and universities in two areas directly related to victimization: (a) a duty to warn students about known risks and (b) a duty to provide students with adequate security protection (Fisher, 1995) .

According to "Crime and Fear on Campus," a court ruling in the 1866 case of People v. Wheaton College, in which the courts upheld a postsecondary institution's prohibition of student membership in secret societies, resulted in a doctrine called "in loco parentis," literally meaning "in the place of parents".

In subsequent cases, the courts imposed a duty on colleges and universities in two areas directly related to victimization: (a) a duty to warn students about known risks and (b) a duty to provide students with adequate security protection.


Social networks provide individuals with the chance to present themselves positively and make their moods more positive. The desire to maintain this positive mood or make it constant leads to the addictive behavior for social media [2] . As a result, individuals can experience problems that seriously affect their lives. Social media addiction can be handled as a psychological problem which develops in three processes that are cognitive, affective and behavioral and disrupts individual's functionality in his/her private life, working life and social life through problems like mood dysregulation and conflict [4] . There is no clear definition of social media addiction, which makes it difficult for studies to be conducted in the related field [5] .

The desire to maintain this positive mood or make it constant leads to the addictive behavior for social media.

Social media addiction can be handled as a psychological problem which develops in three processes that are cognitive, affective and behavioral and disrupts individual's functionality in his/her private life, working life and social life through problems like mood dysregulation and conflict.

There is no clear definition of social media addiction, which makes it difficult for studies to be conducted in the related field.


Social support resources include family and relatives, friends, opposite sex, teachers, colleagues, neighbors, and ideological and religious groups or ethnic groups [18] . Besides social supports' direct relationship with being healthy and feeling good, it is effective in reducing the impact of stressful life events [19] . People who are social entities call people to support them when they have psychological problems. As natural supportive resources, social support resources play a role in facilitating the solution of psychological problems [20] .

Social support resources include family and relatives, friends, opposite sex, teachers, colleagues, neighbors, and ideological and religious groups or ethnic groups.

Besides social supports' direct relationship with being healthy and feeling good, it is effective in reducing the impact of stressful life events.

As natural supportive resources, social support resources play a role in facilitating the solution of psychological problems.


Individual-centered structure of social networking sites is a quite effective feature that attracts people to social networks [2] . Used very commonly for this feature, social networking websites present risk more than most of the people think. Some of the risks include peer-to-peer risks, risks regarding inappropriate contents, and risks of breaching the online confidentiality [3] .

Individual-centered structure of social networking sites is a quite effective feature that attracts people to social networks.

Some of the risks include peer-to-peer risks, risks regarding inappropriate contents, and risks of breaching the online confidentiality.


There are several factors that affect psychological resilience. Personality traits of openness, extraversion, adaptability; locus of internal control, resourcefulness, self-efficacy, optimism; positive and cognitive interpretation of events; and social support from family and friends are some of the elements that affect psychological resilience [32] . Psychological resilience, which is influenced by many factors, provides advantages for individuals without coping with the difficulties of individuals' lives. From this point it is important to know the concepts related to psychological resilience.

Personality traits of openness, extraversion, adaptability; locus of internal control, resourcefulness, self-efficacy, optimism; positive and cognitive interpretation of events; and social support from family and friends are some of the elements that affect psychological resilience.


Parasitic nematodes of the genus Trichinella have a wide host range, including the man, and geographical distribution from tropic to arctic areas. In nature Trichinella parasites are maintained in sylvatic and in domestic life cycles. The sylvatic cycle occurs mainly in carnivorous animals with cannibalistic or scavenger behavior and the domestic cycle mainly through domestic pigs and synanthropic rats (Pozio, 2000) .

The sylvatic cycle occurs mainly in carnivorous animals with cannibalistic or scavenger behavior and the domestic cycle mainly through domestic pigs and synanthropic rats.


In addition, the implementation of the Industry 4.0 concept necessitates involvement from top management promoting comprehensive change management activities and processes for arranging organizational and production structures according to the needs of the connected value creation. A collaborative, explorative, and entrepreneurial mind-set is a success factor that is necessary to establish among a company's most important resource: the employees. Managers should have willingness to convince employees of the beneficial nature of Industry 4.0 and to address their concerns actively. With concern to this fact, employees' training and development should be directed towards Industry 4.0's specific competencies and skills, such as data analytics, IT, software, and human-machine interaction know-how. Finally, Industry 4.0 provides economic, environmental, as well as social benefits and opportunities (Dubkevics & Barbars, 2010) .

Finally, Industry 4.0 provides economic, environmental, as well as social benefits and opportunities.


In the present study, an increase in the number of leaves in all B. humidicola accessions was an indication that plants kept growing under waterlogging, even if some accessions showed reductions of shoot dry mass under this condition when compared with the drained treatment (Fig. 1) . It was noteworthy that one accession, CIAT 6013, was very productive under both drained and waterlogged soil conditions (Fig. 1) . The high production of leaves from the start of the experiment together with the higher production of shoot dry mass of CIAT 6013 suggest a faster growth rate than the rest of the tested accessions. From an agronomic point of view, CIAT 6013 shows promise for use in zones with a risk of waterlogging events. However, the inherent high productivity of CIAT 6013 may not be in itself causally related to waterlogging tolerance since it has been shown in other grasses (e.g. wheat, barley and oats) that vigour and tolerance are not necessarily positively linked (Setter and Waters 2003; Pang et al. 2004) . The reduction in growth of root mass in water-saturated soils is common in flood-tolerant grasses (Naidoo and Naidoo 1992; Baruch 1994; Loreti and Oesterheld 1996) . Waterlogging-induced new root formation is a welldocumented response that presumably allows the plant to compensate for the decay of the original root system brought about by a lack of oxygen (Jackson and Drew 1984; Vartapetian and Jackson 1997) . Therefore, increasing the number of nodal roots is considered of high importance for survival under waterlogged conditions (Visser et al. 1996) . In the present study, six accessions showed an increase in the number of nodal roots under waterlogged conditions (Table 2 ). However, none of the remaining accessions showed a reduction in the number of nodal roots under waterlogged conditions when compared with plants grown under drained soil (Table 2) . Therefore, it is likely that a reduction of root dry mass in all accessions was mainly a reflection of the restriction of root penetration below 30 cm soil depth.

However, the inherent high productivity of CIAT 6013 may not be in itself causally related to waterlogging tolerance since it has been shown in other grasses (e.g. wheat, barley and oats) that vigour and tolerance are not necessarily positively linked.

The reduction in growth of root mass in water-saturated soils is common in flood-tolerant grasses.

Waterlogging-induced new root formation is a welldocumented response that presumably allows the plant to compensate for the decay of the original root system brought about by a lack of oxygen.

Therefore, increasing the number of nodal roots is considered of high importance for survival under waterlogged conditions.


Here, we report a similar form of injury in a pediatric population that results from the use of self-balanced battery-powered scooters. The mechanism of injury of injury, however, is similar: the child's weight on the hoverboard propels the device forward, and the fingers are trapped between the wheel parts. Hyper-flexion of the digit is caused by entrapment between the wheel and the wheel rim. The middle finger was the most involved digit, injured in 46.2% of reported patients; this finding was similar to previously reported fracture statistics [20] .

The middle finger was the most involved digit, injured in 46.2% of reported patients; this finding was similar to previously reported fracture statistics.


The AdS/CFT correspondence relates string theories on anti de Sitter backgrounds to conformal gauge theories on the boundary of these spaces [1] . The energies of string states correspond to the scaling dimensions of local gauge invariant operators which determine the space time dependence of the conformal 2-and 3-point functions completely. In order to build all higher point correlation functions of the CFT one needs to determine the 3-point couplings, which is in the focus of recent research.

The AdS/CFT correspondence relates string theories on anti de Sitter backgrounds to conformal gauge theories on the boundary of these spaces.


Students may decide to study abroad for various reasons, but most think of ensuring a better future for themselves through higher education and higher-paid jobs. Studying away from home, however, has been linked with negative outcomes, such as depression, stress and feeling lonely during particular stages of transition. These outcomes vary across people. The literature on international students shows that some factors, such as cultural distance and English language fluency, affect the experience of studying abroad. For example, when students come from similar cultures, they tend to find the experience less stressful, and students with high English ability are generally better at academic work and communication with hostsociety members. Mixed and inconsistent results have been found for some factors, such as age and gender, in studies on international students (Alharbi & Smith, 2018) .

These outcomes vary across people.

Mixed and inconsistent results have been found for some factors, such as age and gender, in studies on international students.


Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States and Europe whereas is uncommon in Asia. The causes of skin cancer are from genetic mutation and also from environmental factors such as long time exposure to sunlight or UV light. Melanoma is less common cancer but is the most dangerous form of skin cancer because it can spread to other parts of the body. Melanoma is originated from the transformation of melanocyte, which produces the melanin pigment in the skin. Melanoma can occur anywhere on your body where there is melanin, even though it has not been exposed to sunlight [1] . However, the mechanism of melanoma is unknown. There are different types of currently used treatment for patients depend on the stage of melanoma. Mostly, surgery or wide excision is the major treatment and also combined with chemotherapy, radiation therapy or immunotherapy [2] . At present, herbal medicine, which is an alternative medicine, is becoming a new way for cancer treatment. Many clinical studies have shown a spectrum of anticancer activities of herbal medicine and used as a combination to improve the efficacy and decrease side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy [3] .

Melanoma can occur anywhere on your body where there is melanin, even though it has not been exposed to sunlight.

Mostly, surgery or wide excision is the major treatment and also combined with chemotherapy, radiation therapy or immunotherapy.

Many clinical studies have shown a spectrum of anticancer activities of herbal medicine and used as a combination to improve the efficacy and decrease side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.


Scramjet has become one of the first choices for hypersonic air-breathing propulsion systems because of its superior performance at high Mach numbers (Murthy and Curran, 1991) . Scramjet operates on the Brayton cycle, which has a much lower thermodynamic efficiency than that of detonation (Kailasanath, 2000) . If a full or even a local detonation is realized in supersonic combustible mixtures in scramjet combustors, it is expected that the performance of scramjet engines might be greatly improved.

Scramjet has become one of the first choices for hypersonic air-breathing propulsion systems because of its superior performance at high Mach numbers.

Scramjet operates on the Brayton cycle, which has a much lower thermodynamic efficiency than that of detonation.


Physical systems do not give rise to a global regular lattice of quantum states. There are always some singularities present. Even the harmonic oscillator with one degree of freedom has a singularity at the origin, where Bohr's orbit reduces to a fixed point. For hamiltonian systems with monodromy the lattice of quantum states is only local [4] .

For hamiltonian systems with monodromy the lattice of quantum states is only local.


Transport appraisal in many countries is primarily based on Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), where the advantages and disadvantages of particular investment alternatives are assessed in terms of their relative importance for society (Haezendonck, 2007) . Traditionally in terms of the handling of uncertainties the CBA will undergo national standardized sensitivity tests, where e.g. individual impacts and/or input criteria such as the discount ratio or growth in GDP (Gross Domestic Product) are treated in order to determine how much the output might vary before the project is rejected. However, there is a growing concern about the inadequacy of such a traditional approach and an increasing recognition that the scope of project evaluation should be extended even further to account for the overestimation of benefits and underestimation of investment costs (Salling & Banister 2009; Ševcíková et al., 2011; Herder et al., 2011; Beukers et al., 2012) . As noted already, the variability relating to the construction costs and the transport demand, which are two central impacts in any transport infrastructure assessment, will dominate and have high importance as regards the long-term socio-economic return or feasibility of the investment. Thus, better estimation of costs and benefits, the latter highly correlated with the transport demand, is of major importance to the usefulness of CBA in terms of robust decision making.

Transport appraisal in many countries is primarily based on Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), where the advantages and disadvantages of particular investment alternatives are assessed in terms of their relative importance for society.

However, there is a growing concern about the inadequacy of such a traditional approach and an increasing recognition that the scope of project evaluation should be extended even further to account for the overestimation of benefits and underestimation of investment costs.


Based on our study results, we conclude that the external nutrient load is closely linked with precipitation, indicating that the current catchment measures are not sufficiently able to reduce the nutrient load peaks derived from an increased water flow. More detailed studies and new practical tools, in particular better buffering of the system to hydrological extremes, are needed to compensate for the climate change-induced higher nutrient loading, as highlighted also in other studies (Trolle et al., 2011; Jeppesen et al., 2014) . Controlling the nutrient load during very rainy periods and extreme weather events may turn out to be a strongly demanding and almost impossible task.

More detailed studies and new practical tools, in particular better buffering of the system to hydrological extremes, are needed to compensate for the climate change-induced higher nutrient loading, as highlighted also in other studies.


Even though the effects of extended SSD on the electron beam depth dose curves have been studied by several investigators, the results are not conclusive [1, 2, 6, 7] . This study shows that the extended SSD does not cause a dramatic change on the depth dose curves. The study also shows that the extended SSD effect on the rapid dose fall of region depends on the cone size used. For clinical situations at extended treatment distance, the field size should be enlarged for adequate lateral coverage. In general electron beam characteristics at extended distances are dependant on the machine design and type of collimation. Dosimerty has to be performed before the treating the patients at extended SSDs.

Even though the effects of extended SSD on the electron beam depth dose curves have been studied by several investigators, the results are not conclusive.


Generally, most of the microalgae is converted into and released as useful energy products during pyrolysis process. As a consequence, products such as pyrolysis gas (composed of CO 2 , H 2 , CO, and CH 4 ), bio-oil (mostly oxygenic organic compounds) and bio-char can be obtained, while pollutants such as nitrogen compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are released during pyrolysis process [3] [4] [5] [6] . It is reported that approximately 80% of the unprocessed biomass can be converted into useful pyrolysis products under optimized reaction circumstances [7] . It is also suggested that many other kinds of energy products can be synthesized using the products obtained from the pyrolysis process [8, 9] .

As a consequence, products such as pyrolysis gas (composed of CO 2 , H 2 , CO, and CH 4 ), bio-oil (mostly oxygenic organic compounds) and bio-char can be obtained, while pollutants such as nitrogen compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are released during pyrolysis process.

It is reported that approximately 80% of the unprocessed biomass can be converted into useful pyrolysis products under optimized reaction circumstances.

It is also suggested that many other kinds of energy products can be synthesized using the products obtained from the pyrolysis process.


Gaseous products obtained after pyrolysis of biomass can be analyzed by means of thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR), which provides a real-time weight (mass) loss data [13] [14] [15] [16] . Both soluble organic compounds in liquid and solid pyrolysis products can be conveniently determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas chromatography (GC). By collecting a number of products over different stages of pyrolysis, retention times and the peak area percentages characteristic to each product can be automatically calculated and recorded by GC-MS [17] [18] [19] [20] . Further data or profiles such as the absolute intensity and concentration level can also be automatically calculated by integration and by comparing against standard material databases, such as the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) library.

Gaseous products obtained after pyrolysis of biomass can be analyzed by means of thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR), which provides a real-time weight (mass) loss data.

By collecting a number of products over different stages of pyrolysis, retention times and the peak area percentages characteristic to each product can be automatically calculated and recorded by GC-MS.


The objective of this paper is to investigate the mechanical properties of DMD generated high strength steel alloy parts and ascertain their characteristics in the yielding zone through quasi static testing and under high strain rate compressive loading using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus. This effort provides a useful insight into the quality of DMD generated specimen and also helps in diagnosing the abnormalities in their stress strain relationship which is expected for a novel method of production. The materials investigated are 316L stainless steel (SS) and H13 tool steel (TS). Mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels from commercially available grades 304 and 316L have been investigated by many researchers covering diversified applications [17] [18] . But there is a significant gap in the research on properties of these materials developed by laser cladding. Mechanical properties under focus are stress strain behaviour over elastic and plastic regions and determination of yield strengths and moduli of elasticity. Another important aspect of this investigation is the comparison of fully solid parts with those having cavities or macro-pores. Reason for this approach is that if porous parts developed on DMD prove themselves to be amply strong and tough particularly under impact loads then a whole new vista of opportunities for developing honeycombs and sandwiched structures of customized shapes and configurations will be opened. The research extends the investigation into mathematical modelling of deformation characteristics of laser generated parts in the light of established models already derived for commercially available stainless steels. Subsequent comparison with experimental results indicates close similarities between theoretical and experimental curves in the yielding region but significant deviation in the plastic region.

Mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels from commercially available grades 304 and 316L have been investigated by many researchers covering diversified applications.


High strength stainless steel alloys demonstrate some peculiar characteristics that forbid a straightforward transition towards ascertaining their design performance based on the characteristics and behaviour of carbon steels. The noticeable deviating instances are non-linear stress strain relationship in the elastic region, no sharply defined yield point and substantial strain hardening in the plastic region of deformation [15] . That's why the ensuing research on stainless steel alloys encompasses every possible investigation aspect which includes numerical modelling, finite element prediction and formulation of constitutive stress strain relationships [16] .

The noticeable deviating instances are non-linear stress strain relationship in the elastic region, no sharply defined yield point and substantial strain hardening in the plastic region of deformation.

That's why the ensuing research on stainless steel alloys encompasses every possible investigation aspect which includes numerical modelling, finite element prediction and formulation of constitutive stress strain relationships.


Solar cells for space applications have to be highly efficient and capable of standing thousands of thermal cycles in orbit where the temperature, according to the mission profile, may vary from -150 °C to more than 120 °C. Cell materials have to show a limited degradation over time due to cosmic radiation and be capable of resisting mechanical solicitations, mainly linear accelerations and vibrations, during launch and orbital manoeuvres. In the past, silicon cells were the most common photovoltaic technology in space; the reachable bulk efflciency was not higher than 14%. The advent of GaAs solar cells in the last decade of the 20th century improved efflciency up to 19%, whereas triple junction solar cells reach about 30% efflciency levéis [1] .

The advent of GaAs solar cells in the last decade of the 20th century improved efflciency up to 19%, whereas triple junction solar cells reach about 30% efflciency levéis.


Low-cost methods for solar panel assembling, and the development of a flexible and simple array to be mounted on generic small satellite platforms, are still open research topics. Usually, for small size satellites, solar panels are manufactured using commercial solar cells or modules, connecting them in series or in parallel depending on the system requirements. After assembly operations, the performance of the solar panels must be evaluated by functional testing to identify any malfunction that may occur, as most of the failure issues regarding spacecraft power subsystems are related to the solar arrays [3, 4] . These tests should include solutions with high flexibility and reduced cost, avoiding the need for dedicated and expensive technologies and facilities.

After assembly operations, the performance of the solar panels must be evaluated by functional testing to identify any malfunction that may occur, as most of the failure issues regarding spacecraft power subsystems are related to the solar arrays.


In 2009, 585 million people had no access to electricity in sub-Saharan Africa. This figure is expected to rise to 652 million in 2030. This year is launched as the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All, by the United Nations' Secretary General, which has set the ambitious goal of assuring universal access to modern energy by 2030 [1] . To meet this goal the region needs to develop an extensive electrical infrastructure as can be concluded from Fig. 1 . Therefore governments, private sectors and civil societies are called to expand access, improve efficiency and increase the use of renewables. In the recent years access to energy has become an important constituent, if not an essential means, of achieving the Millennium Development Goals [2] . There are several development links to creating access to (electrical) energy [2] . Rural and (sub-) urban electrification benefits the poor, it improves economic and social well-being, and it assists in reducing rural-urban migration and thus in the alleviation of urban congestion and its associated social consequences such as poverty and crime [2] - [3] . Furthermore, better lighting and refrigeration, generates social benefits such as improved health, enhancement of literacy, general education and social cohesion, and development in communities [3] . Concluding, access to (electrical) energy is considered as a necessary catalyst for development, and therefore a key factor in poverty reduction. Taking into account the costs related to distance, difficulty of landscape and the low kWh consumption of households in rural areas, investments and payback times for connections to the national electricity system of remote areas in sub-Saharan areas are too high or even impossible [2] . As a consequence, if the classical model is followed, rural areas are not likely to be connected to the national grid in the near future. Therefore local micro-grids are expected to play an important role in electrification strategies in developing countries. Studies already show that autonomous micro-grids are economically feasible and provide a good business opportunity [1] - [4] - [5] . Furthermore micro-grids in developing areas offer additional benefits compared to connecting to the main grid, such as the ability to provide independent electricity supply, reduced transmission losses, the possibility to establish the grid with smart features and facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources [5] .

This year is launched as the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All, by the United Nations' Secretary General, which has set the ambitious goal of assuring universal access to modern energy by 2030.

In the recent years access to energy has become an important constituent, if not an essential means, of achieving the Millennium Development Goals.

There are several development links to creating access to (electrical) energy.

Rural and (sub-) urban electrification benefits the poor, it improves economic and social well-being, and it assists in reducing rural-urban migration and thus in the alleviation of urban congestion and its associated social consequences such as poverty and crime.

Furthermore, better lighting and refrigeration, generates social benefits such as improved health, enhancement of literacy, general education and social cohesion, and development in communities.

Taking into account the costs related to distance, difficulty of landscape and the low kWh consumption of households in rural areas, investments and payback times for connections to the national electricity system of remote areas in sub-Saharan areas are too high or even impossible.

Studies already show that autonomous micro-grids are economically feasible and provide a good business opportunity.

Furthermore micro-grids in developing areas offer additional benefits compared to connecting to the main grid, such as the ability to provide independent electricity supply, reduced transmission losses, the possibility to establish the grid with smart features and facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources.


A worsening of our relations with nature has been observed over the past 30 years. Let us emphasise the main idea: natural disasters, weather anomalies, ecological crises, technical catastrophes, and military conflicts have a common factor, namely disorder increase, i.e. growth in environment entropy. In modern science, numerous above disaster types are studied separately, because no fundamental theory unites them in a general trend. In this paper, we show that it is possible to determine the fundamental reasons for this trend using a new approach to explore the self-organization of open systems [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . We understand the reasons determined by the first principles as the fundamental reasons. In case of our paper, we refer the law of increase of entropy to first principles.

In this paper, we show that it is possible to determine the fundamental reasons for this trend using a new approach to explore the self-organization of open systems.


For g = 2 the prefactors of B, v × E change and also a term proportional to v(v · B) appears. We refer to the textbook by Jackson, Section 11.11, for details [3] . The same physical situation can be described by the relativistic oneparticle Dirac equation in the semiclassical limit. This means that the potentials φ, A are slowly varying on the scale set by the typical extension of the electron/positron wave function. On a formal level it is convenient to introduce the dimensionless scale parameter ε, ε ≪ 1, and to take the potentials to be of the form φ(εx) , A(εx) .

We refer to the textbook by Jackson, Section 11.11, for details.


According to the scientific literature, the cases of deterioration of the concrete due to the oxidation of sulphide minerals were reported for porous and mechanically weak rocks such as black shale [11] [12] [13] [14] . In the present case, the aggregate is an anorthosic gabbro with low porosity and despite its good mechanical performances, major damages were noticed only two to four years after construction. As mentioned before, the presence of oxygen and water is necessary for the oxidation reaction. Conditions were favourable for sulphide oxidation and it is possible that presence of other sulphide minerals (pyrite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite) can have played a role of catalyst increasing the kinetic of pyrrhotite reaction. The role or synergy of other sulphide minerals should be investigated.

According to the scientific literature, the cases of deterioration of the concrete due to the oxidation of sulphide minerals were reported for porous and mechanically weak rocks such as black shale.


The physico-chemical changes of farm-raised untreated Pacific white shrimp as influenced by iced storage were investigated. The results indicated that the iced storage contributed significantly to the physico-chemical changes of farm-raised shrimp. Across the three farms investigated, the proximal composition, pH, colour and texture parameters of freshly harvested shrimp between the three farms showed marginal differences. With ice storage however, pH appreciably increased with slight differences in fat and protein contents. In addition, the moisture, a w and WRI values showed inconsequential changes. The peak L* and b* colour as well as the hardness and adhesiveness values respectively obtained at days 10 and 11 and might suggest the shrimp less marketable at later stages of iced storage, which can possibly serve as quick signal for retailers/sellers regarding the possible decline of the quality condition of shrimp. In addition to this work, a recent baseline investigation showed that biometrics and physicochemical attributes of freshly harvested L. vannamei shrimp do not correlate, but could do so independently [58] . Overall, the physicochemical differences in farm-raised shrimp during iced storage provide valuable information for the shrimp industry. Importantly, the data provided at this study can serve as baseline for useful comparison and evaluation of preservative treatments applied to shrimp.

In addition to this work, a recent baseline investigation showed that biometrics and physicochemical attributes of freshly harvested L. vannamei shrimp do not correlate, but could do so independently.


In addition to primary prevention by intervening known risk factors, secondary prevention by utilizing mass screening has also been applied in Korea. As a part of a comprehensive "10-year plan for cancer control", the National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP) was launched in 1999 [6] . Since then, the NCPS has provided free cancer screening for common cancers, including gastric cancer, to low-income individuals. The NCPS has expanded the target population of the free screening program recently by covering individuals within the lower 50% income bracket of national health insurance and recipients of medical aid [6] . The participation rate of gastric cancer screening has been increasing and, according to the data of the "Korea National Cancer Screening Survey", the lifetime screening rate of gastric cancer was 77.9%, and the screening rate with recommendation was 70.9% in 2012 [7] .

As a part of a comprehensive "10-year plan for cancer control", the National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP) was launched in 1999.

The NCPS has expanded the target population of the free screening program recently by covering individuals within the lower 50% income bracket of national health insurance and recipients of medical aid.

The participation rate of gastric cancer screening has been increasing and, according to the data of the "Korea National Cancer Screening Survey", the lifetime screening rate of gastric cancer was 77.9%, and the screening rate with recommendation was 70.9% in 2012.


Loss aversion is not the only type of reference-dependent preferences which is discussed in the economic as well as psychological literature. Another important type of reference-dependent preferences is regret aversion (Bell, 1982) . Here, the newsgirl is not disappointed about the realized demand, but regrets that she has not ordered a quantity closer to actual demand. In her ex-ante ordering decision, the regret averse newsgirl takes her anticipated regret into account. We show that regret aversion cannot explain departures from profit-maximizing orders (Proposition 3).

Another important type of reference-dependent preferences is regret aversion.


Gastrointestinal parasite infections are natural occurring components of pastoral grazing systems and many internal parasite species have developed resistance to anthelmintic drugs [1] . Gastrointestinal parasites infection cause major production losses in grazing cattle with the greatest reduction occurring in young growing cattle, which normally have limited immunity to nematode parasites [2] - [4] . Choosing yearling stocker cattle as an internal parasites infestation model allows the extension of our model to broad range of stocker cattle production systems in Southern US. Alternative anthelmintic chemistries are needed even in conventional systems because of increasing parasite resistance to contemporary synthetic anthelmintics [1] [5] .

Gastrointestinal parasite infections are natural occurring components of pastoral grazing systems and many internal parasite species have developed resistance to anthelmintic drugs.

Gastrointestinal parasites infection cause major production losses in grazing cattle with the greatest reduction occurring in young growing cattle, which normally have limited immunity to nematode parasites.

Alternative anthelmintic chemistries are needed even in conventional systems because of increasing parasite resistance to contemporary synthetic anthelmintics.


In general, users can access EIR from a library, student IT centre, internet cafe, work place, and home. University teachers and students therefore are able to access up-to-date international literature as soon as it is published on the Internet. This usage has made changes in the role of traditional library services and influenced the way the academicians and researchers work. Further, electronic information in Sri Lankan University libraries is evolved from print materials to electronic information materials and services in the form of CD-ROMS, e-books, e-databases, electronic journals, electronic current awareness service and information subject gateways, accessed through the internet (Gakibayo et al., 2013) . Electronic information resources are considered as an indispensable tool for scholarly work. These provide high quality information services in support of teaching and research for academic staff members as well as acquisition of knowledge of the students. In this way, Mission statement of the University of Jaffna is viewed to be a leading center of academic excellence in producing intellectual, professionally competent and capable graduates by providing quality teaching, learning, and carrying out research to meet the emerging needs of the national and international community with special emphasis on the social, economical and cultural needs of northern Sri Lanka. In this context, these resources are an integral part of universities and have a critical role to play in supporting the core mission of the university that is teaching, learning, and research. Therefore, the study on Demographic Variables of University Teachers and Usage of Electronic Information Resources (EIR) can provide the support to the strategic decision making in intellectual and human capital development.

Further, electronic information in Sri Lankan University libraries is evolved from print materials to electronic information materials and services in the form of CD-ROMS, e-books, e-databases, electronic journals, electronic current awareness service and information subject gateways, accessed through the internet.


Research design is a conceptual structure within which the research has to be conducted. A well-planned research design will facilitate the collection of relevant evidence and information for the research, efficiently (Kothari, 1990) . This study was conducted during March to April 2013 in the University of Jaffna and the participants invited to participate in the research were the academicians. The population consisted of two hundred and ninety four (294) university teachers as per the database given by the Academic Establishment Branch, University of Jaffna on 5 th April 2013 and stratified into five groups, which is given in table 1.

A well-planned research design will facilitate the collection of relevant evidence and information for the research, efficiently.


Installing a muffler into a pipe was an effective method for reducing the upstream noise of exhaust system. Evaluation on the performance of the pipe muffler mainly adopted three indexes, namely acoustic performance, aerodynamic performance and structural performance [1] . Aerodynamic performance which reflected the airflow resistance of the muffler was usually represented by the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the muffler. The acoustic performance of the muffler is often represented by transmission loss. The structural performance of the muffler refers to the structural characteristics of the muffler like installation dimension and mechanical strength. Transmission loss which was only related to the structure is not affected by source characteristics and the radiation characteristics of tail pipe [2] .

Evaluation on the performance of the pipe muffler mainly adopted three indexes, namely acoustic performance, aerodynamic performance and structural performance.

Transmission loss which was only related to the structure is not affected by source characteristics and the radiation characteristics of tail pipe.


Suppose M has n states. Let the set of deterministic FSMs with the same input and output alphabets as M and no more than n states be denoted ÈðMÞ. A finite set of input sequences is a checking experiment for M if, between them, they distinguish M from every element of ÈðMÞ which is not equivalent to M. Given FSM M, there is some checking experiment [20] . A checking sequence is an input sequence that forms a checking experiment.

Suppose M has n states.

A finite set of input sequences is a checking experiment for M if, between them, they distinguish M from every element of ÈðMÞ which is not equivalent to M. Given FSM M, there is some checking experiment.


The ability of legumes to establish symbiosis with rhizobia is variable, with different degrees of efficiency (Carvalho et al., 2008) . Furthermore, symbiosis can lose effectiveness after transplanting of seedlings due to adaptation to local conditions and competition with the indigenous rhizobium population (Geetha and Joshi, 2013) . Nevertheless, studies have shown the potential of N-fixing bacteria for the recovery of degraded areas (Melloni et al., 2004) . However, there are no studies with the purpose of selecting native rhizobia from coal mining areas to be used in reclamation programs.

The ability of legumes to establish symbiosis with rhizobia is variable, with different degrees of efficiency.

Furthermore, symbiosis can lose effectiveness after transplanting of seedlings due to adaptation to local conditions and competition with the indigenous rhizobium population.

Nevertheless, studies have shown the potential of N-fixing bacteria for the recovery of degraded areas.


The cluster head or CH acts as a bridge between other sensor nodes and base station and sometimes between one cluster head and other cluster head in multi-hop cases [5] . Cluster heads have responsibility of locality preserving, adding or leaving of nodes, scheduling time slots for each node, data aggregation and management of messages between nodes and base station [4, 6, 7] . Sensors deployed in different regions collaborate to gather data and sends to cluster head which is further transferred to base station or another cluster head after processing LEACH is one of the established clustering based routing protocols in WSN [8] . The selection of cluster head in LEACH is done randomly and the data that transmit between the cluster head and the base station is done directly which tend to exhaust the sensor battery quickly [9, 10] .

The cluster head or CH acts as a bridge between other sensor nodes and base station and sometimes between one cluster head and other cluster head in multi-hop cases.

Cluster heads have responsibility of locality preserving, adding or leaving of nodes, scheduling time slots for each node, data aggregation and management of messages between nodes and base station.

Sensors deployed in different regions collaborate to gather data and sends to cluster head which is further transferred to base station or another cluster head after processing LEACH is one of the established clustering based routing protocols in WSN.

The selection of cluster head in LEACH is done randomly and the data that transmit between the cluster head and the base station is done directly which tend to exhaust the sensor battery quickly.


Over the past decade, the major impetus to the rapid growth of China' film industry comes from the external environment. Thanks to the expansion of factors of production, the strong support of state policy, the huge population base, the urbanization development and the size of China's economy [1] [3] . The endogenous impetus (especially the content and quality) to film industry has had no desirable improvement [4] . Mainstream films, which are "filled with dry and stiff preaching", mainly rely on official documents with no respect to the laws of the market. As a result, it is difficult for mainstream films to win the viewers and the market, and achieve the anticipated propagation effects and external benefits in terms of artistic appreciation and ideological education [5] . Under such circumstances, mainstream filmmakers should understand and cater to the viewers' demands rather than immerse in their own fantasies [6] . Commercial films are relatively prosperous compared with mainstream films. However, excessive pursuit of commercial gains has resulted in the "natural phenomenon" of hypercorrection during the transition [7] . The over-emphasis on entertainment has diluted the artistic composition of commercial films and hindered the development of Chinese films.

Thanks to the expansion of factors of production, the strong support of state policy, the huge population base, the urbanization development and the size of China's economy.

The endogenous impetus (especially the content and quality) to film industry has had no desirable improvement.

As a result, it is difficult for mainstream films to win the viewers and the market, and achieve the anticipated propagation effects and external benefits in terms of artistic appreciation and ideological education.

Under such circumstances, mainstream filmmakers should understand and cater to the viewers' demands rather than immerse in their own fantasies.

However, excessive pursuit of commercial gains has resulted in the "natural phenomenon" of hypercorrection during the transition.


Film is an important vehicle for the spread of a nation's ideology, a means to demonstrate the soft power of a country's culture and the pillar of a country's cultural and creative industry. In 2013, 638 feature films were produced in China, among which 305 were released in the Mainland. While unfortunately, around 200 of the 305 released feature films in the Mainland were on show for only one day due to poor box office performance. Such occurrence is also referred to as "one-day show on the cinema screen". In 2013, box office returns in the Mainland totaled 21.769 billion yuan, among which 9.002 billion yuan came from imports, accounting for 41.35% of the total returns [1] . Statistics show that Chinese people go to the cinema once every five years, whereas the Americans go to the cinema for 5.7 times every year and South Koreans 2.27 times a year [2] .

In 2013, box office returns in the Mainland totaled 21.769 billion yuan, among which 9.002 billion yuan came from imports, accounting for 41.35% of the total returns.

Statistics show that Chinese people go to the cinema once every five years, whereas the Americans go to the cinema for 5.7 times every year and South Koreans 2.27 times a year.


Mode regularization, i.e., the simple prescription that one subtracts vacuum energies for the same number of modes with and without some background, differs from many other regularization schemes in that the cutoff parameter need not be averaged over some continuous weight function which goes from unity at low energies to zero at high energies, as is necessary in particular for energy or momentum cutoff [4] . This attractive feature gives a strong incentive to investigate whether the scheme is universally applicable. Here we have studied mode regularization for the case of the kink in (1+1) dimensions, including Majorana fermions. There is a well-known subtlety in counting boson zero modes, that zero-frequency modes must be expressed as collective coordinates, so that for each coordinate there is a conjugate momentum, giving rise to raising and lowering operators just like those for nonzero frequencies. Thus the two bosonic zero modes of a widely separated kink-antikink system become two collective coordinates, and they correspond to two pairs of (P, X) variables, counting as two degrees of freedom. This makes sense because it keeps the total number of modes constant as the corresponding squared frequency ω 2 goes to or through zero. For fermions the situation is less familiar. By studying the problem in three closely related systems, kink-antikink, sphaleron (i.e., kink and antikink symmetrically placed on a circle), and isolated kink, we find a very different behavior from that for bosons, namely, the number of ω ∼ 0 degrees of freedom (one) in theKK system is half the number (two) of fermionic ω ∼ 0 solutions: The two zero modes in the Dirac equation for the fermions together give one annihilation and one creation operator in the expansion of the fermion field, hence one degree of freedom.

Mode regularization, i.e., the simple prescription that one subtracts vacuum energies for the same number of modes with and without some background, differs from many other regularization schemes in that the cutoff parameter need not be averaged over some continuous weight function which goes from unity at low energies to zero at high energies, as is necessary in particular for energy or momentum cutoff.


The problem to be solved is thus how to obtain these results with the other regularization schemes and other boundary conditions. The most commonly used schemes are energy cutoff (= momentum cut-off) and mode regularization. Although each has been in use for decades, we claim that each needs modifications. For energy cut-off regularization ( in which one first computes each of the sums up to the same given energy Λ, and then takes the limit Λ → ∞) it was found that a simple modification makes the sum well defined, and reproduces (1): instead of an abrupt cut-off at Λ one needs a smooth cut-off which interpolates between the zero-point energies in the topological and trivial sectors [4] .

For energy cut-off regularization ( in which one first computes each of the sums up to the same given energy Λ, and then takes the limit Λ → ∞) it was found that a simple modification makes the sum well defined, and reproduces (1): instead of an abrupt cut-off at Λ one needs a smooth cut-off which interpolates between the zero-point energies in the topological and trivial sectors.


Unlike uranyl acetate, PTA does not have affixation effect and may favor the dissociation of the quaternary protein structure into smaller units [2] . It lacks a stabilizing effect on membranes and mitochondria and may damage them. It shows relatively low negative contrast compared with that generated by uranyl acetate [11] . However, observation of bacteria does not take a long time and is not fixed by PTA. As there is no denaturation of bacterial cells, there is an advantage that it can be observed as it is.

Unlike uranyl acetate, PTA does not have affixation effect and may favor the dissociation of the quaternary protein structure into smaller units.

It shows relatively low negative contrast compared with that generated by uranyl acetate.


Uranyl acetate acts as a fixative at the pH it is used for negative staining [10] . It stabilizes lipids and minimizes the deleterious effect of drying on cells organelles [11] . Effects of various negative staining on cell wall morphology of gram-negative bacteria indicate that in 2% uranyl acetate, the cell surface is mostly smooth and there is little stain penetration into the cell wall [5] . Thus we also conducted this experiment under these previous conditions.

Uranyl acetate acts as a fixative at the pH it is used for negative staining.

It stabilizes lipids and minimizes the deleterious effect of drying on cells organelles.

Effects of various negative staining on cell wall morphology of gram-negative bacteria indicate that in 2% uranyl acetate, the cell surface is mostly smooth and there is little stain penetration into the cell wall.


The renewable electricity equation results suggest that an increase in unemployment reduces the renewable electricity price. This may be explained in terms of lack of affordability created by unemployment, which affects the demand for renewable electricity and consequently impacts the renewable electricity price. However, this effect is expected to be small, since the consumers' response to electricity price is generally limited (Eskeland and Mideksa, 2010; Blazquez et al., 2013) . Whereas the negative effect of economic growth (SDG 8G) on renewable electricity price, we argue is due to the ability of rich countries to offer significant subsidies during high growth period to support renewable energy deployment, which reduces the cost of renewable electricity generation as done in countries such as Germany, Spain, Netherland etc.

However, this effect is expected to be small, since the consumers' response to electricity price is generally limited.


The model stability test requires that the moduli of the companion matrix of the eigenvalues are strictly less than 1 (Hamilton, 1994; Lütkepohl, 2005) . These are reported in Table A2 in the Appendix. They indicate that the model is stable as the eigenvalue are all less than 1. Our estimated model therefore satisfies both the model fit test and the model stability test.

The model stability test requires that the moduli of the companion matrix of the eigenvalues are strictly less than 1.


Descriptive statistics and correlations between the adjustment outcomes (only at FU) and predictor variables are in Table 1 . Students, on average, had low levels of depressive symptoms (M = 0.64, SD = 0.53) and social anxiety (M = 0.94, SD = 0.76), moderate levels of school well-being (M = 2.10, SD = 0.57), and relatively high levels of selfesteem (M = 3.07, SD = 0.83). Victimization decreased strongly between BL and FU. As shown in the correlation part of Table 1 , victimization was related to all adjustment variables at both the baseline and at the 1-year follow-up. The intervention was unrelated to victimization at BL, but it was related to less victimization at FU, consistent with past RCT data on KiVa (Veenstra 2015) . After 1 year of intervention, children in the intervention condition had, on average, lower levels of depressive symptoms and higher levels of school well-being. Boys had, on average, better psychosocial outcomes than girls (i.e., lower levels of depressive symptoms and social anxiety, better selfesteem,), but they had lower levels of school well-being. Children in higher grades (i.e., grade 4 compared with grade 3) had lower levels of victimization and depressive symptoms. Finally, all the indicators of adjustment were moderately related with each other.

The intervention was unrelated to victimization at BL, but it was related to less victimization at FU, consistent with past RCT data on KiVa.


Although the victimization × intervention effects on all adjustment outcomes were in the expected direction, we only found that individual × environment interactions had significant effects on depressive symptoms and self-esteem, and not on social anxiety and school well-being. These findings might be explained by students' self-evaluations. Students experiencing high levels of depressive symptoms are more likely to exhibit a negative cognitive regulation style, characterized by a perceived lack of control, and youth with low self-esteem may similarly make internal attributions and feel that they deserve the bad things that happen to them. These feelings of personal deservingness and lack of control may be particularly likely to arise when students are victimized in schools with salient anti-bullying norms (Schacter and Juvonen 2015) . Social anxiety and school well-being, however, may be less directly related to negative self-evaluation styles, and may have more to do with overestimating external social threats (Garnefski and Kraaij 2016) . They both measure feelings of unsafety which captures, to a certain extent, something about the context and not (only) about the child.

These feelings of personal deservingness and lack of control may be particularly likely to arise when students are victimized in schools with salient anti-bullying norms.

Social anxiety and school well-being, however, may be less directly related to negative self-evaluation styles, and may have more to do with overestimating external social threats.


In order to better quantify this generated instability, a more accurate model describing the injection of charge must be developed and used in order to implement more accurate boundary conditions. Such a model would be based on the wide range of experimental data available in the literature [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] 28] . Finally, for a more accurate analysis of the space charge distribution far downstream of the charge injection location, a less dissipative scheme should be employed.

Such a model would be based on the wide range of experimental data available in the literature.


Polyarylate and poly(arylate-styrene) have been widely used in coatings, paints and adhesives so forth by virtue of excellent film-forming property, cohesiveness, gloss retention, and drying capacity. However, disadvantages in water resistance, mechanical property and weather resistance limit their applications [1] [2] [3] . In contrast, polysiloxane is endowed with excellent thermal stability, low surface energy, weather resistance, high flexibility and good biological compatibility owing to its unique structure [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . In the past decades, research on silicone (or polysiloxane) modified polyarylate and poly(arylate-styrene), especially the product of core-shell structure, has attracted special attention of many researchers [9] [10] [11] [12] .

However, disadvantages in water resistance, mechanical property and weather resistance limit their applications.

In contrast, polysiloxane is endowed with excellent thermal stability, low surface energy, weather resistance, high flexibility and good biological compatibility owing to its unique structure.

In the past decades, research on silicone (or polysiloxane) modified polyarylate and poly(arylate-styrene), especially the product of core-shell structure, has attracted special attention of many researchers.


Recently, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have gained great attention and showed multiple potential in tissue regeneration, drug screening, and biomaterial cytotoxicity test [10, 11] . With the development of methodologies for obtaining cells derived from human ESCs (hESCs), several advantages of the differentiated progenies from hESCs have been reported. Unlike immortalized cell lines, which are usually of cancerous origin, containing chromosomal and genetic aberrations that produce immortality, and highly accustomed to in vitro culture conditions after countless passages, hESCs have been demonstrated to be genetically and karyotypically normal, which would make them more representative of how a normal cell should behave in vivo. Nowadays, several established hESC lines are readily available, from which an almost limitless supply of differentiated somatic progenies can be obtained. Furthermore, differentiated somatic progenies are expected to show little inter-batch variability, provided in vitro culture and differentiation protocols are well standardized [12] . Therefore, we proposed the hypothesis that differentiated somatic progenies derived from hESCs may be advantageous in the evaluation of Ag-NPs toxicity and may be used as a novel option in nanocytotoxicity studies.

Recently, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have gained great attention and showed multiple potential in tissue regeneration, drug screening, and biomaterial cytotoxicity test.

Furthermore, differentiated somatic progenies are expected to show little inter-batch variability, provided in vitro culture and differentiation protocols are well standardized.


Usually, the server parameters (Q i , T i ) are statically defined during design time. However, in a system with various applications, there can be events at which processor time needs to be redistributed between the tasks during runtime. Indeed, the need of dynamically adjusting scheduling parameters, due to external sensory data or low-level architecture features has been recently pointed out [3] . In particular, reconfigurable systems can be structured as having different modes of operations. Several examples can be given. In a surveillance system, if it is detected motion in a monitored room, it might be needed to shift computing power to the video recording system to capture better images of a possible intruder. By zooming-in a movie screen in a multimedia player, the user is indicating a different mode of operation, where certain tasks change the relative importance in the system. The computer vision subsystem of a robot may experience different operational modes due to environment changes. Light conditions, obstacles, vision angle, modifications in the robot goals during its lifetime, and other unpredictable environmental characteristics may be modeled by different operation modes. In this context, support for switching from one operation mode to another is needed at the scheduling level.

Indeed, the need of dynamically adjusting scheduling parameters, due to external sensory data or low-level architecture features has been recently pointed out.

Several examples can be given.


We are motivated by such a reality and ask the following question: How much abstraction of group interactions is sufficient in solving a given graph task, and how different such results become across datasets that vary in scale, entities, and pattern of interactions? The answers to this question would give us useful engineering guidelines on how to appropriately trade off between complexity in representation of higher-order group interactions and accuracy of solving the task. In seeking to answer this question, we may find a new method that outperforms existing algorithms in literature while maintaining computational tractability. In this paper, we consider the hyperedge prediction task, which is a hypergraph extension of link prediction. Link prediction is a widely accepted means of assessing the validity of graph models [17, 18, 31, 33, 40, 51, 54] .

Link prediction is a widely accepted means of assessing the validity of graph models.


Oleosin genes are mainly expressed in seeds, where they help determine the oil content [23] . The promoters of these genes have key cis-regulatory elements including the ABA-responsive element, 1egeumin box, and ACGT motif, which are responsive to stress and plant hormones, such as abscisic acid and jasmonic acid [24, 25] . Interestingly, four oleosin genes (c29774_g1, c28303_g1, c33419_g1, and c30836_g1) in our research were significantly up-regulated in S1 leaves and could also be involved in stress resistance in peanut.

Oleosin genes are mainly expressed in seeds, where they help determine the oil content.

The promoters of these genes have key cis-regulatory elements including the ABA-responsive element, 1egeumin box, and ACGT motif, which are responsive to stress and plant hormones, such as abscisic acid and jasmonic acid.


AtCIPK24/AtSOS2 is also involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and scavenging [22] . Some genes that were differentially expressed in S1 vs. S3 were screened to be responsive to salinity stress. These included genes that encoded LEAs (c27965_g1, c44015_g1, c32599_g1, and c28981_g1), LTPs (c45293_g1 and c23310_g1), MIPs (c25645_g1 and c35628_g1), CIPKs (c32118_g1), MTs (c17889_g1 and c66314_g1), lectins (c33018_g1 and c33018_g2), a Cys peroxiredoxin (c28163_g1), and a key enzyme in ABA biosynthesis, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED, c38237_g1). Among these genes, three of the LEA genes were significantly up-regulated in S1 relative to S3 at 24 h (the log2 (fold change) N 2). Genes encoding MT (c17889_g1) and Cys peroxiredoxin (c28163_g1) were greatly up-regulated in S1 relative to S3 genotype at 24 h (the Log2 (fold change) N 6).

AtCIPK24/AtSOS2 is also involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and scavenging.


Over the past few decades, there has been a dramatic increase in the salinization of arable land. As the land available for conventional agriculture becomes increasingly limited, plants grown on marginal soils will be exposed to higher levels of soil salinity. Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress responsible for reduced growth and yield of many crops [1] . Consequently, a better understanding of salt tolerance in crops is needed.

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress responsible for reduced growth and yield of many crops.


Vector analysis was performed by means of hourly averages, a common method in climatological or sea breeze studies (Simpson, 1994; Furberg et al., 2002) . Both anti-cyclonic and cyclonic evolutions have been described in the literature, the former associated with the Earth's rotation and the rest with orographic effects, differential heating and resulting synoptic-scale motions. In this kind of analysis, the sodar has the exclusive advantage of observing the vertical extension of this vector evolution. An empirical model is then proposed with the purpose of explaining wind behaviour in the lower atmosphere.

Vector analysis was performed by means of hourly averages, a common method in climatological or sea breeze studies.


The pathophysiological characteristics of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) include direct or indirect injury to the alveolar epithelial and capillary endothelial cells, increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and release of inflammatory mediators, which in turn lead to interstitial and alveolar pulmonary edema, oxygenation damage, progressive hypoxemia, and dyspnea. Owing to the severe clinical manifestations, ALI and ARDS have considerably high mortality rates. ALI and ARDS can be induced by a variety of conditions, including sepsis, pancreatitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and inhalation injury [1] [2] [3] [4] . However, the exact mechanisms underlying the onset of ALI and ARDS remain unclear. MMPs are closely related to the pathogenesis of lung injury. Among the different types of lung injuries, ALI is known to be closely related to the production of inflammatory mediators from neutrophils and the release of cytotoxic molecules. In particular, the accumulation of neutrophils in the microvasculature of the lung is considered critical to the pathogenesis of ALI.

ALI and ARDS can be induced by a variety of conditions, including sepsis, pancreatitis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and inhalation injury.


Our results show that the observed lower rainfall in the 1975-2004 period relative to the 1945-1974 period did not result in a reduction of the simulated yield but has potentially a large impact on the hydrology of these farming systems through a large reduction in deep drainage and reduced waterlogging. Rainfall records showed that at all sites except Southern Cross there was a significant reduction in June to July rainfall. On average across sites, the seasonal rainfall was 11% lower in the last 30 years; yet average yield was not reduced and for a number of sites and soil types there was even a marginal increase in yields. Drainage and nitrate leaching however, have sharply decreased due to the lower rainfall in the last 30 years. It can be expected that this reduction in drainage will reduce the rate at which dryland salinity spreads in the region due to the close correlation between deep drainage and dryland salinity (George et al. 1997; McFarlane and Ruprecht 2005) . This is a positive outcome in terms of sustainable production: the lower rainfall resulted in similar production with a reduced negative impact on the environment. Both the lack of a decline in yield and the sharp reduction in drainage can be attributed to the pattern of the reduction in rainfall that occurred. The reduction in rainfall after 1975 occurred predominantly in June and July. In this environment, these are the months with the highest average rainfall (Figs. 2 and 3 ). In addition, at this time of the year, the evaporative demand is low due to low radiation, low temperatures, and high humidity (Ward and Dunin 2001) . During June and July, the crop is also still relatively small. The combination of a small plant and the cool environment results in low plant water demand and uptake. Hence the risk that a reduction in water supply is likely to limit growth is small. The high water supply and low water use also means significant excess water in June and July, which enters the soil. After the soil profile has reached saturation, further rainfall will result in drainage or runoff. This explains why the reduction in rainfall has resulted in such a dramatic decrease in drainage. The lower drainage was matched by lower leaching. The lower N loss is likely to have contributed to those situations where simulated yield was seen to be higher in the post-1975 period.

It can be expected that this reduction in drainage will reduce the rate at which dryland salinity spreads in the region due to the close correlation between deep drainage and dryland salinity.

In addition, at this time of the year, the evaporative demand is low due to low radiation, low temperatures, and high humidity.


Numerous studies have been conducted to explore alternative renewable fuel resources and how to use the energy in the most efficient way [1] . One of the principal ways to overcome the dependency on fossil fuel is to use biodiesel in CI engines [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . It has the higher flash point, lubricity, cetane number and oxygen content, although it has the higher viscosity, pour point, lower calorific value and volatility, lower oxidation stability in comparison to diesel. Also, it has good ignition ability due to its high cetane number in comparison to diesel [11] . It is generally accepted that biodiesel-diesel blends up to B20 could be used in existing diesel engines. In terms of engine performance, most of the studies showed that biodiesel-diesel blends decrease in BP and increase in fuel consumption compared to diesel [12] . Several researchers showed that increase in the percentage of biodiesel in the blend resulted in a decrease in power [13] . Overall, biodiesel-diesel blends could be considered as a prospective future transportation fuel. Although many studies have been conducted on engine performance and emission characteristics using different feedstocks, but no or very few studies have been conducted using binary mixture of poppy and waste cooking (PWC) biodiesel. The purpose of this chapter is to analyse the performance characteristics using PWC biodiesel-diesel blends. The use of biodiesel-diesel blends in CI engines leads to the reduction in CO, HC and PM emissions during the combustion process [14] . These results could be explained by low aromatic content and presence of high oxygen content [15] . Researcher showed that biodiesel-diesel blends in CI engines decreases CO, HC and PM emission significantly in comparison to diesel [16] . Most of the studies from the available literature reported that biodiesel-diesel blends increase NOx emission in comparison to diesel [13, 17] . Researcher showed that EGT is higher in biodiesel-diesel blend compared to diesel [18] . Researcher showed that CO2 emission is higher in biodiesel blends in comparison to diesel [12] .

Numerous studies have been conducted to explore alternative renewable fuel resources and how to use the energy in the most efficient way.

One of the principal ways to overcome the dependency on fossil fuel is to use biodiesel in CI engines.

Also, it has good ignition ability due to its high cetane number in comparison to diesel.

In terms of engine performance, most of the studies showed that biodiesel-diesel blends decrease in BP and increase in fuel consumption compared to diesel.

Several researchers showed that increase in the percentage of biodiesel in the blend resulted in a decrease in power.

The use of biodiesel-diesel blends in CI engines leads to the reduction in CO, HC and PM emissions during the combustion process.

These results could be explained by low aromatic content and presence of high oxygen content.

Researcher showed that biodiesel-diesel blends in CI engines decreases CO, HC and PM emission significantly in comparison to diesel.

Most of the studies from the available literature reported that biodiesel-diesel blends increase NOx emission in comparison to diesel.

Researcher showed that EGT is higher in biodiesel-diesel blend compared to diesel.

Researcher showed that CO2 emission is higher in biodiesel blends in comparison to diesel.