For contact angles other than 90 degrees, the free surface is no longer an isothermal surface, and non-zero shear stresses exist along the free surface, arising due to the temperaturedependent nature of the surface tension. There is no conducting solution that satisfies both the equilibrium and boundary conditions. The effect of non-horizontal free surfaces on the qualitative nature of the bifurcation structure has previously been recognized by Davis [2] . His discussion concerns Marangoni convection in cylindrical geometries. On general grounds he argues that convecting O(2)-symmetric flows will arise continuously, but nonaxisymmetric flows must develop at a symmetry-breaking bifurcation point. Analogous behaviour will be demonstrated for two-dimensional flows.

The effect of non-horizontal free surfaces on the qualitative nature of the bifurcation structure has previously been recognized by Davis.


There are C = 8 PRI GSM channels in use within the cell, one of them fixed for the ASN control traffic and the remaining seven channels for data traffic. Each PRI voice call occupies one time slot of every frame on the allocated uplink and the downlink. Calls arrive according to a Poisson process with aggregate rate γ, and call holding times are exponentially distributed with mean 1/µ. Typical values of 1/µ are on the order of minutes [10] . Each new call is allocated randomly to an available slot. We vary the call arrival rate to generate GSM loads, or percentages of utilized slots, across all PRI channels, which we denote PRI utilization or PRI U , with average values of 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 87.5 percent over the simulation duration (600 s).

Calls arrive according to a Poisson process with aggregate rate γ, and call holding times are exponentially distributed with mean 1/µ. Typical values of 1/µ are on the order of minutes.


We found that increases in snacking opportunities, specifically snacks offered for non-nutritive purposes, may reduce adherence to dietary recommendations which reduce the risk of childhood obesity, including limiting consumption of caloric beverages (e.g., soda, juice drinks, juice) and fast food, and consuming fruits and non-starchy vegetables. Perhaps parents who offer children snacks for non-nutritive reasons are more likely to use appealing foods that have more currency with respect to behavior modification (e.g., cake versus fruit), or that increased eating opportunities are paired with caloric beverages. To combat the rising rates of childhood obesity, parents of children of all ages should be encouraged to consider snack times as important opportunities to nourish children and limit "empty" calorie foods which are nutrient poor. Snacks with higher glycemic loads, such as sugary drinks, potato chips or candy, may contribute to increased cravings for more food and reduced satiety, with a possible consequence of overeating at future eating occasions [36] [37] [38] . A study of 115 elementary-school girls found that when snacks were offered ad libitum, girls offered lower glycemic snacks of cheese and vegetables consumed 72% fewer calories than girls offered potato chips [39] . Food insecure families may also be more likely to allow children unrestricted access to such snack foods when they are available, thus contributing to the observation of the "food insecurity-obesity paradox" [30, 40, 41] .

Snacks with higher glycemic loads, such as sugary drinks, potato chips or candy, may contribute to increased cravings for more food and reduced satiety, with a possible consequence of overeating at future eating occasions.

A study of 115 elementary-school girls found that when snacks were offered ad libitum, girls offered lower glycemic snacks of cheese and vegetables consumed 72% fewer calories than girls offered potato chips.

Food insecure families may also be more likely to allow children unrestricted access to such snack foods when they are available, thus contributing to the observation of the "food insecurity-obesity paradox".


Sporopollenin is a recalcitrant biopolymer with resistance to all but the harshest chemical, physical, and biological attacks (Ariizumi and Toriyama, 2011) . This highly resistant organic network is the primary constituent of the outer walls (exine) of spores and pollen. Recent research into the composition of sporopollenin has revealed measurable changes in response to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation that occur during the process of spore generation (Lomax et al., 2008; Fraser et al., 2011) . The chemical sensitivity of sporopollenin to UV exposure raises the exciting prospect of reconstructing past UV radiation flux using fossil sporomorphs (preserved pollen and spores) (Rozema et al., 1997 (Rozema et al., , 1999 (Rozema et al., , 2001 Watson et al., 2007 Watson et al., , 2012 Fraser et al., 2012) . Calibration of natural UV-stimulated chemical responses in sporopollenin during growth provides the possibility to use fossil palynomorphs as passive monitors of past UV conditions. Thus the opportunity exists to generate data on UV flux beyond the instrument-monitoring era (beginning in 1924 (beginning in Farman, 1977 and back into geological time.

Sporopollenin is a recalcitrant biopolymer with resistance to all but the harshest chemical, physical, and biological attacks.

Recent research into the composition of sporopollenin has revealed measurable changes in response to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation that occur during the process of spore generation.

The chemical sensitivity of sporopollenin to UV exposure raises the exciting prospect of reconstructing past UV radiation flux using fossil sporomorphs (preserved pollen and spores).


Most of developments for incremental sheet forming have utilized a conventional forming limit in the strain space. Necking limit in the strain space is dependent on anisotropic yield functions and their material parameters (Dasappa et al., 2012) . In addition, several theoretical studies showed that the strain-based forming limit using MK (Marciniak-Kuczynski) necking theory is also strongly dependent on the strain path (Stoughton, 2000; Stoughton and Yoon, 2005; Stoughton and Zhu, 2004) . Although a deformation history mainly depends on tool path in ISF, the path-dependent forming limit has been being used to estimate necking.

Necking limit in the strain space is dependent on anisotropic yield functions and their material parameters.

In addition, several theoretical studies showed that the strain-based forming limit using MK (Marciniak-Kuczynski) necking theory is also strongly dependent on the strain path.


How ICT is transforming higher education? Universities show utilizing an advance ICT to revolutionize the way to deliver the knowledge and contents. For example, online degree program is a niche channel of expending revenue opportunities to enable to those who cannot attend a degree through brick and mortal mode. A study at one university in USA that there is a strong relationship between a student's performance and time spent on e-learning (Whitmer, 2012) . The result showed that the more the students spent on e-learning, the higher their final grades.

A study at one university in USA that there is a strong relationship between a student's performance and time spent on e-learning.


Based on DGGE fingerprinting of the whole microbial diversity, the number of electrophoretic bands, strength and mobility varied among different treatments (Figure 1) . However, several studies have shown that microbial genes with less than 1% of the total DNA are not amplified sufficiently to visualize as the bands on a DGGE gel (Marzorati et al. 2008) . Therefore, the bands evaluated from a DGGE gel in this study have their intrinsic limitation to elucidate only the dominant members in the microbial communities in the studied soils.

However, several studies have shown that microbial genes with less than 1% of the total DNA are not amplified sufficiently to visualize as the bands on a DGGE gel.


The best routes can be selected which comprises of nodes that do not have history of avoiding forwarding packets along established routes. The path as a whole which includes the genuine nodes will be discarded in the SMT path selection mechanism [3] . In this proposed scheme instead of avoiding the whole path only the links that are incident on the adversary nodes will be excluded. Upon detection of a misbehaving node, a report is generated and nodes update the rating of the reported misbehaving nodes. The ratings of the nodes along a well behaved route are periodically incremented while reception of a misbehavior node dramatically decreases node rating. When a new route is required the source node calculates the average of the ratings of the nodes in each of the route replies and selects the route with highest metric. In this system the routes will be categorized according to attributes such as length and whether the routes include any additional trusted nodes other than the destination.

The path as a whole which includes the genuine nodes will be discarded in the SMT path selection mechanism.


Abandonment of farmlands on the poorest soils is one of the symptoms of socio-ecological changes taking place in the Polish countryside at present. Formerly cultivated fields have usually been artificially afforested with Scots pine (GORZELAK 1999) . Land use history, as well as habitat conditions and the intensity of forest management can have a large effect on the species composition of secondary forest communities (GRASHOF-BOKDAM, GEERTSEMA 1998; DZWONKO, LOSTER 2001; ZERBE et al. 2007) . The conversion of anthropogenic forests into natural ones has Diversity of forest communities in Glinno Ługi 150 become a major task of European forestry (ZERBE 2002) . The recognition as well as maintenance and enhancement of biological diversity in anthropogenic forests are one of the prerequisites for sustainable forest management.

Formerly cultivated fields have usually been artificially afforested with Scots pine.

Land use history, as well as habitat conditions and the intensity of forest management can have a large effect on the species composition of secondary forest communities.

The conversion of anthropogenic forests into natural ones has Diversity of forest communities in Glinno Ługi 150 become a major task of European forestry.


Considering the profound changes currently occurring in the water sector in industrialized countries, this research focuses on the governance of water services in the Western European context. In contrast to other utility sectors, the water sector has been less affected by liberalization reforms. There is, however, a general shift away from a statist paradigm and towards diverse governance modes in the water sector (Palaniappan, Cooley, Gleick, & Wolff, 2007) .

There is, however, a general shift away from a statist paradigm and towards diverse governance modes in the water sector.


We select the wastewater utility managed by the WDR in the city of Zurich (in the canton of Zurich) as the unit of analysis because it can be considered a regional governance form as it is a communal consortium. In the Swiss water sector, a consortium typically involves binding contractual relationships under public law between two or more municipalities, where one municipality is dominant as its infrastructure and facilities are shared with the (typically) neighboring municipality (for a fee) (Herlyn & Maurer, 2007) . Moreover, Zurich is an interesting case because the WDR has gone through an autonomization process, becoming a semi-autonomous public enterprise, which may serve as a stepping stone for it to expand its size and become a form of regional governance with institutionalized competencies and authority. Furthermore, the WDR has started to align its water management tasks with the river basin, hence focusing on an environmental region. While we are not claiming that this utility is representative of organizational forms in the Swiss wastewater sector (e.g., the treatment facility is the largest in the country), we deem it valuable to analyze this utility in the city of Zurich because it plays a central role in Switzerland as it is one of the country's five metropolitan areas and the nation's largest city. Focusing on an urban region is also pertinent as they are increasingly relevant to water governance research to the extent that urbanization is one of the most central phenomena affecting the provision of such public services like water. The limitation of this sampling is that it does not engage in a full comparative case-study analysis because it focuses on a single, indepth case-study of the utility in Zurich and only makes reference to contrasting cases (e.g., the wastewater utility in Berne) in the discussion as points of comparison. Moreover, while the focus is on the wastewater sub-sector, some comparisons with the water supply sub-sector are made insofar as is relevant for discussing integrated approaches.

In the Swiss water sector, a consortium typically involves binding contractual relationships under public law between two or more municipalities, where one municipality is dominant as its infrastructure and facilities are shared with the (typically) neighboring municipality (for a fee).


Despite the widespread criticism that the traditional politics of the state are inadequate to handle today's complex challenges, governmental oversight in the governance of public services remains essential (Theys, 2002) . Specifically, reforms such as autonomization typically entail increased regulation (Rothenberger, 2002) . Hence, an attempt to offset the trade-offs between efficiency/output-oriented effectiveness and legitimacy in Switzerland, without coming full-circle, may be to have increased hierarchical authority that is decoupled from the political system, e.g., an independent regulator. For instance, this research found that the WWEA's regulatory competence seems to be restricted by the cantonal council. Perhaps a decoupling of the WWEA from the political system to become a more independent regulator would enable it to be a more effective regulatory player. While cantons prefer to encourage best practices through positive incentives (e.g., subsidies) than enforce strict mandates, having increased regulatory competence, in the form of more independent regulatory roles, could complement regionalization reforms as the cantons would have the competency to more effectively regulate (semi) autonomous entities at the regional level, which would strengthen legitimacy in terms of accountability. This then raises the question whether such decoupling of the cantonal water agencies would also be problematic as their legitimacy (in terms of democratic influence) would be decreased? What counter mechanisms would such decoupling necessitate (e.g., judicial review, independent expertise and public debate) in order to find a balance between efficiency, effectiveness and legitimacy? These questions merit further research.

Despite the widespread criticism that the traditional politics of the state are inadequate to handle today's complex challenges, governmental oversight in the governance of public services remains essential.

Specifically, reforms such as autonomization typically entail increased regulation.

These questions merit further research.


The electrospinning is a simple method that uses electrical forces for obtaining polymer fibers with nanometer scale diameters, leading to high specific surface area and highly porous structures for myriad applications [17] . This method permits obtaining nanofibers straightforwardly, continuously, and cost-effectively [18] . Electrospinning is based on the application of a high voltage across a conductive needle attached to a syringe containing the polymer solution and a conductive collector. The majority of scientific papers related to electrospinning of biodegradable polymers have been focused on synthetic materials, mostly on polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and polycaprolactone and their copolymers [19] . In comparison with synthetic counterparts, biopolymers generally present improved biocompatibility and are ecofriendly [20] [21] [22] .

The electrospinning is a simple method that uses electrical forces for obtaining polymer fibers with nanometer scale diameters, leading to high specific surface area and highly porous structures for myriad applications.

This method permits obtaining nanofibers straightforwardly, continuously, and cost-effectively.

The majority of scientific papers related to electrospinning of biodegradable polymers have been focused on synthetic materials, mostly on polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and polycaprolactone and their copolymers.

In comparison with synthetic counterparts, biopolymers generally present improved biocompatibility and are ecofriendly.


An examination of the squared correlation between original variables and canonical variates provides useful information. If individual within-set squared correlations are examined, we can assess the proportion of the total variance of a single variable that is directly associated with its canonical variate. If we compute an average r2 for the domain, we can estimate the proportion of the total variance of a set of variables associated with their canonical variate (extracted variance). Individual interset correlations are very similar to multiple correlations; the square of an interset correlation specifies the proportion of the variance of a variable that is accounted for by a canonical variate of the other domain. Finally, redundancy is the proportion of the total variance of a set of variables predictable from a linear combination of the variables in the other set (Gittins 1979) .

Finally, redundancy is the proportion of the total variance of a set of variables predictable from a linear combination of the variables in the other set.


Instability in the canonical weights (coefficients) arises from factors such as multicollinearity between variables within one of the domains, measurement error, and inadequate sample size. The problem of multicollinearity, a high degree of correlation between independent variables within one (or both) of the measurement domains, is most intense when the determinant of the within-set correlation matrix approaches zero. In the presence of multicollinearity, the canonical weights are unstable and depend to a great extent on the observations used in the analysis; addition or deletion of a few observations greatly changes the values of the canonical weights, possibly even reversing the sign. Although multicollinearity can be eliminated by an orthogonal transformation of the variables before analysis, the results of the subsequent canonical analysis are often difficult to interpret. Alternatively, an increase in sample size can alleviate multicollinearity problems (although rather inefficiently), as can the elimination of one or more of the variables causing the problem (Gittins 1979) . As nitrate was found to be correlated with several other environmental variables, it was removed from the analysis.

Alternatively, an increase in sample size can alleviate multicollinearity problems (although rather inefficiently), as can the elimination of one or more of the variables causing the problem.


Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), also known as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), is a rheumatic disease of childhood, and includes a heterogeneous group of patients with differing characteristics, clinical manifestations, serological parameters and genetic background. Although the aetiology of JRA remains unknown, it appears to be a combined action of environmental, hormonal and genetic factors [1] [2] [3] . It is generally believed that infections play an important role in the pathogenesis of JRA [4] . ANA = antinuclear antibody; CHAQ = Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire; CRP = C-reactive protein; IQR = interquartile range; MBL = mannose-binding lectin; JIA = juvenile idiopathic arthritis; JRA = juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; PGA = physician's global assessment; RA = rheumatoid arthritis; RF = rheumatoid factor; SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism.

Although the aetiology of JRA remains unknown, it appears to be a combined action of environmental, hormonal and genetic factors.

It is generally believed that infections play an important role in the pathogenesis of JRA.


In the case of NBCCS it is of great importance to make an early diagnosis since the severity of complications, such as malignant skin and brain tumors can be reduced, and maxillofacial deformities related to the jaw cysts can be avoided [8] . The treatment of NBCCS involves a therapeutic approach to its clinical findings. The present report describes a patient with some typical features of NBCCS, which were diagnosed for the first time by preliminary orthodontic radiographic exams. Furthermore, the case emphasizes the importance of the dentist in recognizing these features in order to offer early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach to treatment of the syndromic patient.

In the case of NBCCS it is of great importance to make an early diagnosis since the severity of complications, such as malignant skin and brain tumors can be reduced, and maxillofacial deformities related to the jaw cysts can be avoided.


One of the features found in this syndrome and emphatically mentioned in literature is the development of multiple basal cell carcinomas, especially in the head and neck region [1] . In this case it has not been possible to identify the presence of basal cell carcinomas. This fact can be explained by the patient's age (ten years old). Possibly, these carcinomas may develop in the future (second and third decade of life).

One of the features found in this syndrome and emphatically mentioned in literature is the development of multiple basal cell carcinomas, especially in the head and neck region.


CRC than mutations in the RAS-RAF-MAPK branch. It is also noteworthy that the majority of PIK3CA mutations in this study were found in exon 9, while previous studies have suggested that PIK3CA exon 20, but not PIK3CA exon 9, mutations are associated with cetuximab resistance in CRC [22] . Although the association between PIK3CA mutations and treatment resistance was not statistically significant, individual PIK3CA mutations tended to be associated with poorer clinical outcomes as indicated by increased SD or marginal PR. In contrast, tumors with concomitant mutations in PIK3CA and KRAS or in PIK3CA and BRAF were more resistant to cetuximab therapy as indicated by increased PD.

It is also noteworthy that the majority of PIK3CA mutations in this study were found in exon 9, while previous studies have suggested that PIK3CA exon 20, but not PIK3CA exon 9, mutations are associated with cetuximab resistance in CRC.


Our study is also a large-scale cross-cultural replication of the gender gap in competitiveness as measured by tournament entry (Niederle and Vesterlund 2007) . Participants in our experiments choose between competitive and non-competitive payment schemes for their performance in realeffort tasks. We look at three diverse groups on three different continents: villagers in India, highschool students in Norway and high-school students in Tanzania for a total of 3683 participants. We find a large and significant gender gap in each location. The raw gap in choices ranges from 14 percentage points in India to 21 percentage points in Norway.

Our study is also a large-scale cross-cultural replication of the gender gap in competitiveness as measured by tournament entry.


A crown-root fracture involving the biologic width needs to be approached carefully, as placing the margins within the biologic width frequently leads to gingival inflammation, clinical attachment loss, and bone loss [12] . However, in the case of tooth fractures where a juxtaposition of the fragment with the tooth shows that the margins of each fit well against one another and no interfragmentary space is present, an adhesive technique may be considered as an alternative approach [13] . The aim of this paper was to report and discuss the management of complicated crown fractures in three clinical situations.

A crown-root fracture involving the biologic width needs to be approached carefully, as placing the margins within the biologic width frequently leads to gingival inflammation, clinical attachment loss, and bone loss.

However, in the case of tooth fractures where a juxtaposition of the fragment with the tooth shows that the margins of each fit well against one another and no interfragmentary space is present, an adhesive technique may be considered as an alternative approach.


Technological innovations and changes in business environments affect both firms' short-term performance and long-term sustainability. When future directions and options in technology are obscure and uncertain, firms need to formulate an appropriate technology strategy to support their planning for interacting with upcoming future technological developments such as Industry 4.0 (Ivanov et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2013) . From both strategic and technologic perspectives, the transitioning toward Industry 4.0 requires a comprehensive strategic roadmap that visualizes every further step on the route toward an entirely digital manufacturing enterprise (Sarvari et al., 2018) . Contemporary firms use technology roadmappping extensively as a framework for supporting research and development of future technologies that could sustain a competitive advantage (Lee et al., 2013) . Roadmapping is an important method that has become integral to creating and delivering strategy and innovation in many organizations. It is, therefore, obvious that an accurate technological and strategic roadmap is indispensable for securing success in the digital transformation process needed by Industry 4.0 (Vogel-Heuser and Hess, 2016) .

When future directions and options in technology are obscure and uncertain, firms need to formulate an appropriate technology strategy to support their planning for interacting with upcoming future technological developments such as Industry 4.0.

From both strategic and technologic perspectives, the transitioning toward Industry 4.0 requires a comprehensive strategic roadmap that visualizes every further step on the route toward an entirely digital manufacturing enterprise.

Contemporary firms use technology roadmappping extensively as a framework for supporting research and development of future technologies that could sustain a competitive advantage.

It is, therefore, obvious that an accurate technological and strategic roadmap is indispensable for securing success in the digital transformation process needed by Industry 4.0.


BMGCs with various concentrations of Nb doping. Without addition of Nb, both Al 2 Zr and B2-CuZr crystalline phases were detected, which is consistent with the previous report [23] . For the alloy containing 1% Nb, the XRD spectrum shows one broad diffuse peak around the diffraction angle of 38 o without any apparent crystallization peaks, indicating full glassy structure.

Without addition of Nb, both Al 2 Zr and B2-CuZr crystalline phases were detected, which is consistent with the previous report.


The larger mixing degree of CuZrAl ternary system induced by the small amounts addition of Nb is responsible for the increase of glass-forming ability (GFA). Similar results were reported previously [28] [29] . Further increasing the Nb content from 3% to 5%, an extra peak that corresponds to the B2-CuZr phase appears on the top of the diffuse peak, suggesting that the addition of 3-5% Nb promoted the formation of the B2-CuZr phase in the glassy matrix. With increase in Nb content, the intensity of the B2-CuZr peak increases, indicating higher volume fraction of the B2-CuZr crystalline phase at higher Nb content. In addition, higher Nb content also suppressed the formation of the Al 2 Zr phase as a result of the competitive formation mechanism of Al 3 Nb phase during solidification [23, 26] . It is not contradictive that the different amounts of Nb promote the GFA and the precipitation of B2 CuZr. Minor addition of Nb promotes the GFA due to increasing mixing degree of CuZrAl system, while the large amount of addition of Nb acts as the nucleus of B2 CuZr, resulting in the precipitation of B2 CuZr.

Similar results were reported previously.

In addition, higher Nb content also suppressed the formation of the Al 2 Zr phase as a result of the competitive formation mechanism of Al 3 Nb phase during solidification.


To date, a number of rate-and state-dependent friction laws have been successfully proposed to physically simulate fault slip that pertains to natural earthquakes. However, the instability essence of fault with different-sized particles of granular layers still remains a matter of much interest characterized by moment release rates much lower than those in other earthquakes [35] . In addition, there are relatively few detailed laboratory studies of acoustic emission (AE) characteristics during the complete slip process of different-sized granular gouge layers, and therefore, we attempted to shed light on the corresponding AE characteristics associated with fault slip by performing conventional double-direct shear tests.

However, the instability essence of fault with different-sized particles of granular layers still remains a matter of much interest characterized by moment release rates much lower than those in other earthquakes.


Lattice matched AlInN/GaN HEMTs are competing with conventional AlGaN/GaN HEMTs for RF, microwave frequency and high power amplifier applications [1] [2] . One of the advantages of AlInN based HEMTs is the growth of stress free lattice matched structures which can improve device reliability by reducing mechanical strain in the structure. Additionally, high spontaneous polarization charge present in AlInN HEMTs favors high 2DEG density and the thin AlInN barrier offers high transconductance.

Lattice matched AlInN/GaN HEMTs are competing with conventional AlGaN/GaN HEMTs for RF, microwave frequency and high power amplifier applications.


In educational institutions at tertiary levels, the adoption of a learning management system has drastically transformed the teaching and learning practices. Learning Management Systems, such as Moodle, Blackboard or WebCT, have been recognized as online monitoring systems that have the potential to offer an effective and convenient online support to the traditional classroom teaching techniques (Black, 2008) . Thus, it offers itself as a significant component of a mixed mode of interaction. In the context of this study, it is quite clear that despite the resistance to new web-based technologies and online learning systems, Blackboard has managed to offer greater pedagogical benefits to the instructor as well as to the learners. One of the advantages of adopting Blackboard-based instruction is its ubiquitous accessibility to both parties, that is, to the instructor and to the learner.

Learning Management Systems, such as Moodle, Blackboard or WebCT, have been recognized as online monitoring systems that have the potential to offer an effective and convenient online support to the traditional classroom teaching techniques.


A large number (48%) of students recorded their skill level as 4 or above. This revealed that the current sample possessed high computer skills and familiarity with Blackboard application. This result was supported by findings of the second and the third sections in which students were found to be proficient users of several types of internet tools and resources, which they regularly utilized to carry out their learning tasks. An interesting point about this study is that the mean score of students' attitudes towards the use of Blackboard is in the positive range, which is consistent with the results of a prior study on the same topic (Lukow & Ross, 2003) .

An interesting point about this study is that the mean score of students' attitudes towards the use of Blackboard is in the positive range, which is consistent with the results of a prior study on the same topic.


Overwhelmed by the desire to exploit the potentials of Blackboard to help EFL learners to master language skills and to achieve language proficiency, the university has supported the growing tendency to integrate such interactive computer-mediated learning environment in language instruction and to investigate its effect on developing English majors' language skills and proficiency. In this regard, developing writing proficiency represents a real challenge to English majors who struggle to produce quality writing. There is a general consensus that writing proficiency is multi-componential in nature and its main core can be captured in terms of three dimensions: accuracy, fluency, and complexity (Fellner & Apple, 2006) .

There is a general consensus that writing proficiency is multi-componential in nature and its main core can be captured in terms of three dimensions: accuracy, fluency, and complexity.


We analyzed the temperature change of the first decade of the 21 st century for Alaska, both for annual and seasonal values. For this study we used all first order meteorological stations in Alaska, which are operated by professional meteorologist of the National Weather Service (NOAA). There are 20 such stations, fairly well distributed over the different climatic zones of Alaska [1] . We limited our investigation to these stations, as all of these have similar or identical in instrumentation and operational procedures. In Fig. (1) the location of these stations is given.

There are 20 such stations, fairly well distributed over the different climatic zones of Alaska.


Due to ever increasing consumption of edible oil, however facing a severe shortage of edible oil in Pakistan. The local oil production is raised up to 0.612 million tons, which accounts for 23% of domestic necessity while the remaining 77% is met through imports. The sunflower has been recognized as a crop with high potentials that can successfully meet future oil requirements. Sunflower oil is a quite edible because it has soluble vitamins A, D, E and K and contains 60% poly unsaturated fatty acids as well as 16.25% oleic acid and 75.5% linoleic acid, having a positive effect on human health (Saleem et al., 2003) . Although, this crop can be suitable in the existing cropping system of Pakistan but average yield is much lower than world's average due to poor soil fertility, lack of proper production technology, high costs of inputs, and marketing problems.

Sunflower oil is a quite edible because it has soluble vitamins A, D, E and K and contains 60% poly unsaturated fatty acids as well as 16.25% oleic acid and 75.5% linoleic acid, having a positive effect on human health.


Fuel shutoff has been practiced for many years for enhancing fuel economy by 2%-4%. This operational mode is implemented when the vehicle is coasting down hill, usually lasting a short period (no more than a few seconds or few minutes). During this operational mode, fuel injection is discontinued and air flows into the TWC converter, exposing catalyst to high surface temperatures (up to 1050 °C), resulting in severe catalyst deactivation [14] [15] [16] .

During this operational mode, fuel injection is discontinued and air flows into the TWC converter, exposing catalyst to high surface temperatures (up to 1050 °C), resulting in severe catalyst deactivation.


At slightly fuel rich conditions, the O2 concentration is very low while considerable amounts of HCs and CO, along with excess steam and CO2, are present in the exhaust. The oxidized catalytic components can be reduced by H2 generated mainly through catalytic steam reforming (SR). The SR reaction, with propane as a model compound for the exhaust HC being reformed, is shown in Reaction (4) [46, 47] . Fuel rich regeneration allows Rh 3+ to be reduced to active Rh 0 , and released from the interaction with the support. Reaction (5) represents the reverse of Rh-Al2O3 interaction by H2. It is also possible for some dry reforming to occur where H2O is replaced with CO2.

The SR reaction, with propane as a model compound for the exhaust HC being reformed, is shown in Reaction (4).


In our research, quite surprisingly, even though transport and logistics are rather relevant sectors in global growth and trade, literature on future scenarios of logistics systems, identifying potential agents of change and forecasting new trends in global patterns of medium/long term logistics flows, turns out to be quite limited. Specifically, there is an incredible lack of studies employing a qualitative and strategic approach to these issues. While purely quantitative forecasts of logistics parameters and variables are easily available from a variety of sources, we found that studies using qualitative and strategic approaches building future scenarios are mostly developed for sectors other than logistics and transportation (e.g., manufacturing) [41] .

While purely quantitative forecasts of logistics parameters and variables are easily available from a variety of sources, we found that studies using qualitative and strategic approaches building future scenarios are mostly developed for sectors other than logistics and transportation (e.g., manufacturing).


The training process analysed in the present paper results in the evaluation of the coefficients of a mathematical model for multiclass pattern recognition [34] [35] [36] [37] . The classification accuracy and cross-validation error were then used for comparing the results. The resulting mathematical model can be further updated using expanded databases of individuals and visual sleep scoring as well as the experience of a neurologist in the associated interactive process.

The training process analysed in the present paper results in the evaluation of the coefficients of a mathematical model for multiclass pattern recognition.


T cell and NK cell-related signatures in the peripheral blood were attenuated across all disease groups with reduced expression of genes involved in antigen presentation through MHC Class II, T cell signaling, and protein synthesis. In contrast to the signature noted for H1N1-infected children in the dataset used in the present study, the signature of decreased protein synthesis for KD subjects was driven by reduced expression of ribosomal proteins without increased expression of genes known to inhibit protein synthesis (for example, EIFAK2) [13] . Both the KD and the H1N1-infected subjects had marked suppression of the EIF2 pathway contributing to the suppression of protein synthesis. Whether the suppression of host protein synthesis in KD subjects is an adaptive response to reduce pathogen-directed protein synthesis or whether this represents a pathogenic suppression of host protein synthesis by the ? KD agent? is unknown. What is clear is that transcript abundance of genes critical for protein synthesis is markedly reduced in acute KD subjects.

In contrast to the signature noted for H1N1-infected children in the dataset used in the present study, the signature of decreased protein synthesis for KD subjects was driven by reduced expression of ribosomal proteins without increased expression of genes known to inhibit protein synthesis (for example, EIFAK2).

KD agent? is unknown.


Although personal income in Bhutan is one of the lowest in the world, life expectancy increased around 20 years from 1984 to 1998, from 43 to 66 years; the literacy rate jumped from 10% in 1982 to 60% today, and the infant mortality rate fell from 163 deaths per one thousand inhabitants to 43 [8] . This change in approach to development has been reinforced by the country's strong commitment to environment conservation. Bhutan's legislation defines 70% of the country as "green areas", including 60% as forests. Although this small country faces high unemployment, the perception of its inhabitants concerning their quality of life as "good" has been significant enough for the indicator GDH to be considered seriously in many other countries.

Although personal income in Bhutan is one of the lowest in the world, life expectancy increased around 20 years from 1984 to 1998, from 43 to 66 years; the literacy rate jumped from 10% in 1982 to 60% today, and the infant mortality rate fell from 163 deaths per one thousand inhabitants to 43.


The dominant epistemological framework in the social sciences, shaped by the neoclassical paradigm of economics, responds to the question "What is progress?" with statistical indicators based on market valuations of advances in material well-being, modified by other quantitative measures of the quality of life [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . The definitions of the concept are conditioned by the political contexts in which we operate, or, in some cases, by the proposals of new strategies that we would like to use in order to (re)build the world. In this short essay we focus on the latter: those proposals that can guide us in moving forward to overcome the growing socio-political, economical, and environmental obstacles that prevent current societies from advancing towards good living or "buen vivir". We focus on the underlying factors that define the way in which we can advance towards an improvement in the quality of life.

The dominant epistemological framework in the social sciences, shaped by the neoclassical paradigm of economics, responds to the question "What is progress?" with statistical indicators based on market valuations of advances in material well-being, modified by other quantitative measures of the quality of life.


In recent past, tissue engineering emerges as an alternative to the conventional treatment of skin burns, which have a lot of associated problems and limited efficacy. Skin tissue engineering involves the replacement of damaged or injured tissues to restore the normal anatomy and physiology of the skin tissues [1] . It involves the development of threedimensional scaffold consisting of any biomaterials, nanoparticles, or chemical transducers loaded with cells which mimic the native tissues to be repaired. Skin tissue engineering is used to treat skin injuries including extensive burns and deep wounds. The traditional treatments are unable to cure such cases; therefore, clinical practices are heading to utilize the skin tissue engineering platform to treat severe burn and deep wound by speeding up epithelialization and collagen formation [2] .

Skin tissue engineering involves the replacement of damaged or injured tissues to restore the normal anatomy and physiology of the skin tissues.

The traditional treatments are unable to cure such cases; therefore, clinical practices are heading to utilize the skin tissue engineering platform to treat severe burn and deep wound by speeding up epithelialization and collagen formation.


Chitosan is the second most abundant natural polymer after cellulose. It possesses physical properties like high surface area, tensile strength, porous structure, and conductivity. It can also be easily designed into various forms such as membranes, films, fibres, sponges, beads, powder, gel, and solutions. Chitosan has a wide range of bioactivities and biocompatibility along with nontoxic, biodegradable, and nonallergic nature. Due to these properties, chitosan and its derivatives find many potential applications in the biomedical field. Chitosan-based biomaterials are used in tissue engineering as they offer structural and mechanical properties to the damaged tissue. It is used as an excipient for the delivery of active biomolecules or ingredients, while chitosan microspheres are used for the control release of drug. Chitosan acts as a dietary supplement for lowering the serum cholesterol which results in controlling obesity. Similarly, chitosan is used in the treatment of cardiovascular and age-related diseases. Moreover, it also finds applications in the water purification and food industry [3] .

Moreover, it also finds applications in the water purification and food industry.


Vitamins are organic substances, which are important for various body functions and are used as cofactors for certain enzymes [4] . Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is water-soluble. It acts as a cofactor for collagen synthesis and other organic constituents of the intracellular matrix of skin, bone, and other connective tissues [5] . Ascorbic acid is essential in hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues, which results in collagen formation. Hydroxyproline maintains the triple-helix structure of collagen [6] . It is involved in all phases of wound healing; in the inflammatory phase, it assists in neutrophil clearance while in the proliferative phase it helps in synthesis and maturation of collagen [7] .

Vitamins are organic substances, which are important for various body functions and are used as cofactors for certain enzymes.

It acts as a cofactor for collagen synthesis and other organic constituents of the intracellular matrix of skin, bone, and other connective tissues.

Hydroxyproline maintains the triple-helix structure of collagen.

It is involved in all phases of wound healing; in the inflammatory phase, it assists in neutrophil clearance while in the proliferative phase it helps in synthesis and maturation of collagen.


Glycerol or glycerin is a polyol compound, which is a colourless, viscous, and odourless liquid. It is nontoxic and sweet in taste. It possesses three hydroxyl groups which makes it soluble in water. Glycerol is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries [12] . Glycerol is used as a vehicle for drug delivery and exhibits limited antimicrobial activities [13] . Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a water-soluble polymer. It exists in different molecular weights, namely, PEG 40, PEG 1000, PEG 10000, and PEG 20000. PEG is widely used in drug delivery and can play a useful role in the medical field because of its biocompatibility, minimum toxicity, and solubility in water. It can be copolymerized with a linear aliphatic compound such as polylactic acid to improve the biocompatibility of the polymer. The resultant polymer can be used in tissue engineering and in drug delivery systems. Moreover, PEGs improve protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and proliferation [14, 15] .

It is nontoxic and sweet in taste.

Glycerol is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Glycerol is used as a vehicle for drug delivery and exhibits limited antimicrobial activities.

Moreover, PEGs improve protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and proliferation.


Glass was widely used to embellish churches and cathedrals with colourful window panels but it is often subjected to degradation due to its interaction with the ambient atmosphere, especially in the last few centuries. As a result of several complex processes, the glass may be not transparent anymore, may assume a hazy appearance, and a flaking phenomenon can occur, influencing the appearance of the objects and influencing its cultural and artistic value. Glass produced in Europe north of the Alps between the 11th and 15th centuries shows a different chemical composition from ancient soda-limesilica glass probably because of the lack of raw materials or changes in trade routes; the typical glass composition of this time has an increased amount of potassium and calcium and a lower amount of silica which results in a lower chemical stability compared to glass from other periods such as soda-lime-silica glass [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . It is therefore necessary to individuate the risk parameters which could influence negatively the conservation of medieval stained glass artworks and to investigate the best conditions for preserving such objects and test new methods of protection [6] [7] [8] .

Glass produced in Europe north of the Alps between the 11th and 15th centuries shows a different chemical composition from ancient soda-limesilica glass probably because of the lack of raw materials or changes in trade routes; the typical glass composition of this time has an increased amount of potassium and calcium and a lower amount of silica which results in a lower chemical stability compared to glass from other periods such as soda-lime-silica glass.

It is therefore necessary to individuate the risk parameters which could influence negatively the conservation of medieval stained glass artworks and to investigate the best conditions for preserving such objects and test new methods of protection.


Comparing the depth distribution of the alkali (K, Na) and alkali earths ions (Ca, Mg) in the untreated and coated glass sample (Figure 5a ) with the depth distribution of the coated glass specimen exposed for 1 week at 10 ppm SO 2 and 80% RH (Figure 5b) , it can be seen that the ion intensities of K and Na are increased close to the surface (50-100 nm), whereas Ca and Mg show no substantial differences. Additionally, no intensity changes of K, Na as well as Ca and Mg could be detected in the domains deeper than 100 nm in the coating and in the bulk glass. Even after 4 weeks of exposure the intensity did not change in the coating of the glass (Figure 5c ). The signals at the interface between coating and bulk glass results in an anomalous signal due to the change of chemical and physical properties between the two layers, as already discussed [34, 48] . Nevertheless, after a short time, the signal reaches a stable value indicating that the bulk has been reached.

The signals at the interface between coating and bulk glass results in an anomalous signal due to the change of chemical and physical properties between the two layers, as already discussed.


Optimal power flow (OPF) is a main concern in the power systems. This problem can be divided into problems, real power and reactive power dispatch is a sub problem of OPF [1] . Optimal Reactive power dispatch is a crucial task for both planning and operations of power systems [2] .

This problem can be divided into problems, real power and reactive power dispatch is a sub problem of OPF.

Optimal Reactive power dispatch is a crucial task for both planning and operations of power systems.


To quantify pathogen development by another method, an isolate of P. brassicae was used that constitutively expressed GFP as a quantitative marker (Si-Ammour et al., 2003) . This fluorescent isolate allowed to quantify the pathogen biomass by measuring GFP fluorescence. Figure 3 shows that uninfected leaves (black area) had a baseline fluorescence because of chlorophyll autofluorescence of 467 relative units (ru) for the control plants and 317 ru for the S-starved plants. The fluorescence level was only slightly increased to 644 ru in control plants inoculated with P. brassicae expressing GFP indicating that the pathogen did hardly colonize these plants. In contrast, in inoculated S-starved plants the fluorescence increased to 1172 ru. After subtraction of the background fluorescence there was a 4.8 fold increase in GFP fluorescence levels between normally fertilized and S-starved plants. Thus, the pathogen development measured by the GFP fluorescence showed increased biomass in plants grown under sulphur starvation conditions.

To quantify pathogen development by another method, an isolate of P. brassicae was used that constitutively expressed GFP as a quantitative marker.


The method starts from the identification of candidate projects, proceeds to conducting analysis of the relevant data, populating the risk mitigation tool. This is followed by a meeting discussing the initial analysis, and a training session for expert developers based on a focused analysis that is geared to the specific needs of the project and based on feedback from the initial meeting. The projects are identified by working with executives as part of communication about the state of software in Avaya [4] . Once a project is identified we conduct the relevant analysis.

The projects are identified by working with executives as part of communication about the state of software in Avaya.


During the last few years, the environment has been largely polluted by industrial effluents containing dyes. There are almost hundred thousand of commercially available dyes and more than 7 x 10 5 tons dyes are produced annually [1] . Large quantities of dyes are used as well as emitted into effluents from various industries like textile, food, paper and plastic industries [2] . The colored dye effluents are considered to be highly toxic to the aquatic biota and as a result, the colorization of water affects the symbiotic process by disturbing the natural equilibrium by reducing photosynthetic activity and primary production [3] . The dyes are also biologically non-degradable because of their synthetic origins and their mainly aromatic structures [4] . Therefore, it is desirable to remove coloring dye material from wastewater due to their possible toxicity, carcinogenicity and resistant to environmental conditions like, light, pH and microbial attack.

There are almost hundred thousand of commercially available dyes and more than 7 x 10 5 tons dyes are produced annually.

Large quantities of dyes are used as well as emitted into effluents from various industries like textile, food, paper and plastic industries.

The colored dye effluents are considered to be highly toxic to the aquatic biota and as a result, the colorization of water affects the symbiotic process by disturbing the natural equilibrium by reducing photosynthetic activity and primary production.

The dyes are also biologically non-degradable because of their synthetic origins and their mainly aromatic structures.


This paper analysed the technical potential to install solar photovoltaic electricity generation system in the 42 EU CRiT. The available area is sufficient to generate the same amount of electricity that all the coal and lignite-fired power stations currently generate in the European Union. The aim was to show the technical potential, not to sketch a roadmap for how to achieve this. Possible pathways to achieving power systems with very PV penetration have been addressed in several studies, notably the 100% renewable plan from the Energy Watch Group and LTU University. However, that study did not elaborate on the area requirements, which are addressed in this paper. It is recognised that the energy transitions may vary substantially across regions and different transition pathways are expected in different regions [35] . Again by analysing at regional level, differences among CRiT areas are highlighted in the present study.

It is recognised that the energy transitions may vary substantially across regions and different transition pathways are expected in different regions.


According to the USA Solar Census, about 0.17 full time work equivalents (FTE) per MW and year of installed PV systems were needed for operation and maintenance (O&M) in 2018 [38] . However, this number will decrease over the next decade due to increased automation and digitalisation of O&M activities. The installation of larger PV systems requires about 3.5 FTE per MW. If the retirement of coal and lignite mines as well as the coal fired power stations goes hand in hand with the installation of larger PV systems over the next 15 years, the installation of 580 GW of PV power capacity could provide about 135,000 construction jobs per year. If the O&M FTE were to halve over the next 15 years, this sector could provide about 50,000 jobs by then. Additional jobs could come from the installation and services for rooftop systems. However, quantification is more difficult as these jobs are more dependent on local regulations and building codes.

According to the USA Solar Census, about 0.17 full time work equivalents (FTE) per MW and year of installed PV systems were needed for operation and maintenance (O&M) in 2018.


Rooftop installations have higher capital costs, which vary considerably in the European Union between USD 1000/kWp (EUR 890/kWp) and 3000/kWp (EUR 2680/kWp). The variation is due to different market conditions, building codes and local regulations. In addition, the value added tax (VAT) can vary between 0% and 27%. However, electricity generated by rooftop PV systems can be consumed either fully or in part on-site. Therefore, the competitiveness of PV power is correlated to the local industrial or residential retail prices. Rooftop PVs also provide a better geographical match between supply and demand. This fact is becoming more relevant due to increasing electrification rates in heating and cooling as well as the transport sectors. Besides the self-consumption of PV generated electricity in commercial buildings and single family homes, self-consumption for tenants in multi-apartment buildings is gaining more and more attention, despite the existing regulatory challenges [32] .

Besides the self-consumption of PV generated electricity in commercial buildings and single family homes, self-consumption for tenants in multi-apartment buildings is gaining more and more attention, despite the existing regulatory challenges.


The rapid decarbonisation of our power supply is mandatory to stay on track towards a 1.5 • scenario outlined in the special report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [33] . Due to the rapid and massive increase of variable RES power capacity including multi GW PV systems a new focus of attention now are the issues of integrating these RES power capacities into the different power systems. Scientists have characterised the rapid upscale of renewables as the shift from take-off phase-1 to a break-through phase-2 [34] . Phase-1 mainly relates to creating the framework for emerging technologies to reach market maturity as well as creating the institutional and regulatory frameworks. Solar PV technology has achieved that and reached phase-2, where the focus shifts away from supporting the new technology towards enabling systems. In order to achieve a (very) high share of PV in the power mix, more attention needs to be given to the pace of the transition [35] . This is due to the additional required actions to balance the system as well as the impacts on the operation of conventional thermal stations [36] . It is safe to assume that integration will be less challenging where sufficient flexible and storage capacities are already in place, and the complementarity of technologies is utilised [37] . A recent study by the Energy Watch Group and LTU University, which was presented at COP24 in Katowice in December 2018, simulated how a 100% RES-based energy transition could be realised by 2050 in Europe across the power, heat, transport, and desalination sectors [17] .

The rapid decarbonisation of our power supply is mandatory to stay on track towards a 1.5 • scenario outlined in the special report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Scientists have characterised the rapid upscale of renewables as the shift from take-off phase-1 to a break-through phase-2.

In order to achieve a (very) high share of PV in the power mix, more attention needs to be given to the pace of the transition.

This is due to the additional required actions to balance the system as well as the impacts on the operation of conventional thermal stations.

It is safe to assume that integration will be less challenging where sufficient flexible and storage capacities are already in place, and the complementarity of technologies is utilised.

A recent study by the Energy Watch Group and LTU University, which was presented at COP24 in Katowice in December 2018, simulated how a 100% RES-based energy transition could be realised by 2050 in Europe across the power, heat, transport, and desalination sectors.


In many parts of Europe, a large proportion of the bovine's diet consists of grazed grass (Lantinga et al., 1996) . The quality of the grass intake affects both animal production and nitrogen (N) utilization (Rearte, 2005) . The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) mass fractions are important parameters of herbage quality as they affect dry matter intake and digestibility. Protein is an essential nutrient, but the N mass fraction of temperate pasture grazed at an immature stage is usually in excess of animal requirements. The water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) are relevant as the main source of energy. However, the WSC mass fraction is generally too low to balance the high mass fraction of highly degradable protein. This imbalance results in large losses of N from the rumen and in a low N utilization by the grazing cow (Rearte, 2005) .

In many parts of Europe, a large proportion of the bovine's diet consists of grazed grass.

The quality of the grass intake affects both animal production and nitrogen (N) utilization.

This imbalance results in large losses of N from the rumen and in a low N utilization by the grazing cow.


The studies above demonstrated that there are inconsistencies among different studies, and there are still unanswered questions in the relationship between walkability and real estate value. Several reasons can be postulated, such as socio-economic conditions of the study area, car-dependent level of study area, urban morphology, etc. It thus remains largely unknown that if the positive correlation between walkability and housing value also holds in rapidly urbanizing cities in China. Few studies have been conducted in China to examine the economic impact of walkable neighborhoods, especially in Shenzhen as a typical rapidly urbanizing city where land use, transportation network, and facilities experienced huge changes since 1980s. Unlike some cities in Europe and U.S. with fine-grained pedestrian network, Futian District as the central part of Shenzhen was urbanized rapidly from a small fishing village to a big city in 30 years, from the early 1980s to the late 2000s [47] [48] [49] . During this period, a large number of main roads with large scales were constructed rapidly to meet the demand of economic increase, which constituted the major components of road system in Shenzhen, with little consideration given to the smaller scale pedestrian design or high-density urban design for creating walkable urban spaces [48, 49] . As a result, the planning and urban form of Shenzhen is more car-oriented, rather than pedestrian-oriented. The scale of neighborhood and city is also large and not intimate enough for pedestrians. In this context, this study is essential and would shed light on whether Futian District as a rapidly urbanizing area is walkable for pedestrians, and whether there exists positive correlation between walkability level and residential estate value in this area.

Unlike some cities in Europe and U.S. with fine-grained pedestrian network, Futian District as the central part of Shenzhen was urbanized rapidly from a small fishing village to a big city in 30 years, from the early 1980s to the late 2000s.

During this period, a large number of main roads with large scales were constructed rapidly to meet the demand of economic increase, which constituted the major components of road system in Shenzhen, with little consideration given to the smaller scale pedestrian design or high-density urban design for creating walkable urban spaces.


It is critical to note here that we performed our interviews between 2012 and 2014, when there was excess supply of global shipping capacity, and freight rates in all shipping segments were very low (Asariotis et al., 2013) . In an industry that is characteristically highly cyclical, the conditions at this time constituted a 'buyer's market' whereby cargoowners had a relative upper hand in freight negotiations. This provided an opportune window for our research: if cargo-owners were to exert environmental demands, we would be more likely observe it at this time.

It is critical to note here that we performed our interviews between 2012 and 2014, when there was excess supply of global shipping capacity, and freight rates in all shipping segments were very low.


To see the effect of different forms of violence on HIV transmission and prevalence, a logistic regression model was fitted with background variables and risky behavior variables. After controlling for selected variables (which have significant association in crude odds ratio) in the last 12 months partner violence and violence by any perpetrator remain significantly associated with HIV status. In this study, the risk of HIV infection is 2.45 times higher among those who have a history of partner violence during the last 12 months. This is comparable with a study conducted in Tanzania, which revealed that HIV-positive women were over 2.5 times more likely to have experienced violence by their partner than other women [21] .

This is comparable with a study conducted in Tanzania, which revealed that HIV-positive women were over 2.5 times more likely to have experienced violence by their partner than other women.


The relationship between O2 consumption (VO2, l-min" 1 ) and heart rate (HR, beats-mirr 1 ) was determined for each caribou at several times during the annual cycle using an open-circuit respirometry system (Fancy, 1986) . VO2 and HR were measured concurrently once the caribou reached a steady state of O2 consumption (i.e., when the rate of O2 consumption was relatively constant) while walking or standing on a treadmdl, or while standing in a respiration chamber. Caribou were taken directly from the enclosure prior to measurements.

The relationship between O2 consumption (VO2, l-min" 1 ) and heart rate (HR, beats-mirr 1 ) was determined for each caribou at several times during the annual cycle using an open-circuit respirometry system.


Unlike previous studies, the current study failed to replicate the gender difference in verbal intelligence (Estimation by males was only 1 point higher than females, and was not significant) (Szymanowicz & Furnham, 2013) . Although it is less common nowadays, there has been a social norm that "quiet men" are more desirable in Korea. This could have led participants to believe that males are less expressive and articulate than females in other cultures.

Unlike previous studies, the current study failed to replicate the gender difference in verbal intelligence (Estimation by males was only 1 point higher than females, and was not significant).


Over the past decade there has been a great interest in Self-Estimated Intelligence (SEI) (Freund & Kasten, 2012) . There are at least three reasons for this. First, to help people with poor insight into their performance whose self-estimates are very different from their objective scores (Schlösser, Dunning, Johnson, & Kruger, 2013) . Second, to look at the individual differences and processes (like social desirability, hubris, and ability test experience) that lead to good and poor insight about abilities (Paulhus, 1986) . Third, to assist ability selfawareness as it relates to career choice (Ackerman & Wolman, 2007) .

Over the past decade there has been a great interest in Self-Estimated Intelligence (SEI).

First, to help people with poor insight into their performance whose self-estimates are very different from their objective scores.

Second, to look at the individual differences and processes (like social desirability, hubris, and ability test experience) that lead to good and poor insight about abilities.

Third, to assist ability selfawareness as it relates to career choice.


Accepting the inverse relationship between k c c and t and assuming the parameters describing canopy and environment used in this study are representative, our simulations revealed that a decrease, not an increase in t will increase A c ¢ at current [CO 2 ]. However naturally occurring forms of Rubisco might not strictly follow this assumed inverse relationship. For example, Rubiscos from some non-green algae have been reported with a significantly greater t than that of C 3 crops, yet with a similar or higher k c c and C 4 forms of Rubisco generally appear to have adapted to the high CO 2 environment by increasing k c c at the expense of K c m with little change in t (Sage 2002) . If it were possible to substitute some of these forms into C 3 crops, much larger increases in canopy photosynthesis could be achieved for the same quantity of Rubisco (Table 2) .

For example, Rubiscos from some non-green algae have been reported with a significantly greater t than that of C 3 crops, yet with a similar or higher k c c and C 4 forms of Rubisco generally appear to have adapted to the high CO 2 environment by increasing k c c at the expense of K c m with little change in t.


In this work, we use spatial channel covariance matrices for the analog beamforming design. We also consider the users to RF beam mapping. This mapping requires channel state information and a search over all possible beam combinations at the base-station. This search is exponential in the number of users [23] . Due to this exponential increase in complexity, we use DFT-based eigenmode beams with RF switches.

This search is exponential in the number of users.


A drop-down in tensile stiffness of some 5% might also have been expected, based on simple 'dilution' effect of the presence of the Z-direction reinforcement [18] . This has not been detected within experimental error. As shown in Figure 6 , after the initial coincidence with the control sample data, the stress-strain curve for the tufted composite becomes non-linear at a tensile stress of about 150MPa. This effect is not found with the control material. It is interesting to note that this non-linear behaviour has also been observed at about the same stress level in the tensile stress-strain curves for 3D woven composites with through-the-thickness reinforcement. The deflection of the curve is attributed to plastic straightening of load-bearing tows that have been crimped by the through-thickness reinforcement [19, 20] .

A drop-down in tensile stiffness of some 5% might also have been expected, based on simple 'dilution' effect of the presence of the Z-direction reinforcement.

The deflection of the curve is attributed to plastic straightening of load-bearing tows that have been crimped by the through-thickness reinforcement.


There is currently no published database relating to the mechanical performance of tufted composites. In contrast to this, much work has been done in the past on more conventional forms of stitching of fabrics for structural composites and significant amount of information has been generated and published [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . Some problem have been encountered in terms of manufacturing complexity, especially in large composite structures and the crimping effect of the locked stitches appears to result in an unacceptable reduction of the in-plane properties of stitched composites.

In contrast to this, much work has been done in the past on more conventional forms of stitching of fabrics for structural composites and significant amount of information has been generated and published.


The early investigation presented here indicates an attractive balance of mechanical performance in the tufted composite samples which is comparable to, and possibly superior to, the performance achievable by Z-Fibre® pinning of prepreg laminates [5, 7, 17] . It remains to be clarified what damage resisting mechanisms are responsible for the significant delamination suppression in the tufted specimens, especially noting the apparent absence of tuft pull-out from the laminates. In Z-pinned composites the frictional pull-out of the Z-pins is a major energy absorbing mechanism, accounting for their crack bridging action under crack opening displacement.

The early investigation presented here indicates an attractive balance of mechanical performance in the tufted composite samples which is comparable to, and possibly superior to, the performance achievable by Z-Fibre® pinning of prepreg laminates.


The question of how to deal with the external loops of thread produced by the tufting process is unique to this technology. If, as in this work, the loops are left and subsequently impregnated by resin, then any mechanical properties measured necessarily become sample specific. As with other forms of Z-direction reinforcement, it is important to realise that the absolute value of the change in any given mechanical property, as a result of tufting, will be a function of the specimen geometry as well as of the tufting parameters. Future parametric studies, such as effects of tuft type, size, spacing, overall sample geometry and even eventual structural response, will probably best be carried out via carefully validated modelling. To this end work has started on the development of suitable models, along the same principles as modelling methods previously applied successfully to Z-pinned composites [21, 22] .

To this end work has started on the development of suitable models, along the same principles as modelling methods previously applied successfully to Z-pinned composites.


The goal of this paper is to find optimal, conflict and deadlock free schedules in MCTS by an algorithm which combines the search method of GA with PN structural analysis procedure as a criterion to make the job scheduling optimal and deadlock free. Modelling marine traffic system is the first task to achieve this. The class of MRF1PN, subclass of flowline system PN (FPN) is used in this paper. FPN is a class of Petri net which is basically designed for analyzing finite buffer multi class re-entrant flowline systems (MRF) large class of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) [3, 10] . MRF1PN contains some specific properties, which will be discussed in the next subsection.

FPN is a class of Petri net which is basically designed for analyzing finite buffer multi class re-entrant flowline systems (MRF) large class of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS).


From the health system and the household perspective, cases of severe malarial anemia incurred higher costs than cases of cerebral malaria with no severe anemia. These higher costs were due to blood transfusions. Among other costs, the administration of blood transfusions increases personnel costs. Personnel costs are also higher for cases of cerebral malaria that result in neurological sequelae, due to the rehabilitation/follow up of the children. From the household perspective, the cost of an episode of cerebral malaria with neurological complications represented 30% of the GDP per capita in Kenya [55] . For each of the three countries, direct household costs depend on whether households incur the cost of drug treatment. One paradox with drug treatment is that these costs are greater for uncomplicated malaria than for severe malaria because ACT, which is used for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, is more expensive than quinine, which was the first-line treatment for severe cases at the time of the study.

From the household perspective, the cost of an episode of cerebral malaria with neurological complications represented 30% of the GDP per capita in Kenya.


The rising field of wireless sensor network (WSN) has potential benefits for real-time monitoring of a physical phenomenon. The Wireless sensors continuously monitor the physical process and transmit information to the base station [1] . Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are intelligent network application systems which collect the real time data, integrate and transmit it to the sink node [2] . It is an information technology which integrates latest technological achievements in the network, micro-electronics and communications. Widespread net-work of low-cost wireless sensor devices offers a significant opportunity to observe more precisely the surrounding physical phenomena when compared to traditional sensing methods [3] . Wireless sensor network has it own design and limited resources [4] . The energy of nodes, communication computing and storage capability are limited in Wireless Sensor Networks. Many applications based on wireless sensor networks usually require real-time multimedia data [5] .

The Wireless sensors continuously monitor the physical process and transmit information to the base station.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are intelligent network application systems which collect the real time data, integrate and transmit it to the sink node.

Widespread net-work of low-cost wireless sensor devices offers a significant opportunity to observe more precisely the surrounding physical phenomena when compared to traditional sensing methods.

Wireless sensor network has it own design and limited resources.

Many applications based on wireless sensor networks usually require real-time multimedia data.


Since there are numerous gaps in knowledge about deleterious consequences for the fetus, prescription drug use by pregnant women should be viewed as a public health issue [4] . Pharmacoepidemiological studies can measure the extent of prescription and teratogenic drug use in pregnant women. The studies conducted in developed countries where drug-prescribing practices are considered to be superior, have identified need for interventional measures aimed at rational prescription during the prenatal period [5, 6] . Similar type of pharmacoepidemiological studies auditing the use of drugs during pregnancy have not been conducted in Pakistan. Hence the aim of this study was to examine the patterns of drug prescription during pregnancy in the tertiary care hospitals of Pakistan. With this information, we intend to provide feedback and recommendations for the health care providers.

Since there are numerous gaps in knowledge about deleterious consequences for the fetus, prescription drug use by pregnant women should be viewed as a public health issue.

The studies conducted in developed countries where drug-prescribing practices are considered to be superior, have identified need for interventional measures aimed at rational prescription during the prenatal period.


In this study, coagulase typing indicated the prevalence of coagulase type III at considerably higher frequency. Furthermore, most of the virulence factors including TSST-1 and SE-C belonged to coagulase types III. Thus, coagulase type III along with TSST-1 and SE-C could also be correlated with staphylococcosis in rabbits. The involvement of coagulase type III in the staphylococcal infections can further be substantiated with the fact that coagulase III serotype was found associated with the epizootics of staphylococcosis on several occasions in most rabbitries in central India (Tirpude et al., 2007) .

The involvement of coagulase type III in the staphylococcal infections can further be substantiated with the fact that coagulase III serotype was found associated with the epizootics of staphylococcosis on several occasions in most rabbitries in central India.


It is well known that when reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is excessive, the intrinsic antioxidant scavenging capacity is overwhelmed resulting in the development of oxidative stress which can induce tissue injury and may activate apoptosis processes (Todorova et al., 2004) . The hippocampus is particularly susceptible to lipid peroxidation due to the simultaneous presence of high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1989) . In addition, the hippocampus presents a low number of antioxidant systems (de Freitas, 2010) .

It is well known that when reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is excessive, the intrinsic antioxidant scavenging capacity is overwhelmed resulting in the development of oxidative stress which can induce tissue injury and may activate apoptosis processes.

The hippocampus is particularly susceptible to lipid peroxidation due to the simultaneous presence of high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron.

In addition, the hippocampus presents a low number of antioxidant systems.


GSH is a nonenzymatic cellular antioxidant defense system (Galleano and Puntarulo, 1995) . In addition, it may act as a substrate in various enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms (Dringen, 2000) . The significant decrease in GSH level may be due to its exhaustion to mitigate the state of oxidative stress that evolved during SE. The present decrease in GST activity could be due to the decrease in its substrate GSH as GST catalyzes the addition of the tripeptide GSH to endogenous and xenobiotic substances (Yousef, 2004) .

GSH is a nonenzymatic cellular antioxidant defense system.

In addition, it may act as a substrate in various enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms.

The present decrease in GST activity could be due to the decrease in its substrate GSH as GST catalyzes the addition of the tripeptide GSH to endogenous and xenobiotic substances.


Thus, the structure of the catechins present in green tea extract may be responsible for its efficient prevention of lipid peroxidation in rats subjected to SE induced by pilocarpine. The chelation of ions by green tea catechins may also lead to a decrease in Fenton reaction and increase in hydrogen peroxide in the brain (Skrzydlewska et al., 2002) . This may explain the inability of green tea extract to raise the decreased levels of GSH after SE to control levels since GSH may be consumed in scavenging the excessive hydrogen peroxide generated during SE. It follows that pretreatment with green tea extract failed to maintain GST activity in SE-induced rats due to the reduced concentration of its substrate GSH.

The chelation of ions by green tea catechins may also lead to a decrease in Fenton reaction and increase in hydrogen peroxide in the brain.


Status epilepticus (SE) is a severe clinical manifestation of epilepsy and has functional and structural consequences resulting in brain damage (Matzen et al., 2008) . In this condition, a single seizure or a series of seizures lasts for 30 min or more without restoration of consciousness, and is associated with a significant morbidity and mortality, including neuronal damage and dysfunction (Fountain, 2000) . SE is the first phase that occurs during the evolution of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). SE is followed by a silent phase and spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) (Cavalheiro et al., 1994) .

Status epilepticus (SE) is a severe clinical manifestation of epilepsy and has functional and structural consequences resulting in brain damage.

In this condition, a single seizure or a series of seizures lasts for 30 min or more without restoration of consciousness, and is associated with a significant morbidity and mortality, including neuronal damage and dysfunction.

SE is followed by a silent phase and spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS).


Thus, it may be concluded that taurine may have an anticonvulsant effect which is mediated by its ability to prevent the excessive cholinergic and glutamatergic activity by maintaining AChE activity and NO levels. However, this study rules out an antioxidant effect of taurine since taurine was unable to prevent lipid peroxidation or increase antioxidant levels. In line with the present findings, it has been found that taurine was relatively ineffective in scavenging peroxynitrite in cultured neurons treated with NO donors (Mehta and Dawson, 2001) . Similarly, in cultured cerebellar neurons, taurine prevented the kainate-induced cell death without reducing the free radical levels (Boldyrev et al., 1999) .

In line with the present findings, it has been found that taurine was relatively ineffective in scavenging peroxynitrite in cultured neurons treated with NO donors.

Similarly, in cultured cerebellar neurons, taurine prevented the kainate-induced cell death without reducing the free radical levels.


Oxidative stress can dramatically alter neuronal function and has been associated with neurochemical changes observed during SE and SRS induced by pilocarpine (Barros et al., 2007) . Moreover, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction could be acute consequences of SE that are related to the mechanism of seizure-induced neuronal cell death and subsequent epileptogenesis (Patel, 2004) . Therefore, antioxidant compounds have been of great interest as potential therapies for treatment of epilepsy (Golden and Patel, 2009) .

Oxidative stress can dramatically alter neuronal function and has been associated with neurochemical changes observed during SE and SRS induced by pilocarpine.

Moreover, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction could be acute consequences of SE that are related to the mechanism of seizure-induced neuronal cell death and subsequent epileptogenesis.

Therefore, antioxidant compounds have been of great interest as potential therapies for treatment of epilepsy.


The hybrid high voltage direct current (Hybrid-HVDC) system formed with VSC and LCC combines the advantages of LCC-HVDC and VSC-HVDC. This paper focuses on the Hybrid-HVDC system that adopts voltage source converter (VSC) on the rectifier side and line commutated converter (LCC) on the inverter side. Compared with LCC-HVDC, the Hybrid-HVDC system can provide reactive power support for the AC grid at the sending end. Compared with VSC-HVDC, the Hybrid-HVDC system has lower switching losses, more mature technology, and lower capital costs. With the increasing demand of new energy grid-connection, the hybrid multi-terminal HVDC (Hybrid-MTDC) system has become the inevitable development trend of the HVDC transmission system [5] [6] [7] [8] .

With the increasing demand of new energy grid-connection, the hybrid multi-terminal HVDC (Hybrid-MTDC) system has become the inevitable development trend of the HVDC transmission system.


Exceptional points in moduli space are unique surface classes whose full group of conformal automorphisms acts with a triangular signature. Such points are of interest for many reasons, one being that their defining equations (as algebraic curves) have coefficients in a number field [1] . Determining the exceptional points in M g (the moduli space in genus g) is not a simple matter. Although there are just finitely many possible triangular signatures satisfying the Riemann-Hurwitz relation in genus g, not all of them correspond to a group action. Furthermore, several distinct groups may act with the same signature, and isomorphic groups acting with the same signature may have topologically distinct actions, thus determining many distinct exceptional points. The problem can be attacked piecemeal by restricting attention to certain subloci in M g .

Such points are of interest for many reasons, one being that their defining equations (as algebraic curves) have coefficients in a number field.


Ablative hyperthermal tumor treatment is based on hightemperature regimens applying temperatures of 50 -80 °C or more. The aim is to induce tissue coagulation and acute necrosis through processes such as protein coagulation. To achieve this, the entire target tumor volume must be exposed to an adequate temperature for a certain period of time [7, 8] . At the same time destruction of healthy surrounding tissue needs to be minimized and harm to sensitive neighboring structures avoided. Heat distribution depends on the type of energy applied -laser, radiofrequency, microwave or noninvasive high-focused ultrasound (HIFU) -as well as the structure and architecture of the target tissue [9, 10] . Thermal conductivity of the target tissue may alter during therapy when inducing protein denaturation. Neighboring vasculature may diminish heat-induced therapy effects through mechanisms such as perfusion and diffusion. Effective heat distribution is partly non-predictable and needs online monitoring. As with other local cancer treatments including surgery, monitoring of success at the time of treatment requires independent parameters to define a treatment end point and to identify therapy-related adverse events [11] .

To achieve this, the entire target tumor volume must be exposed to an adequate temperature for a certain period of time.

Heat distribution depends on the type of energy applied -laser, radiofrequency, microwave or noninvasive high-focused ultrasound (HIFU) -as well as the structure and architecture of the target tissue.

As with other local cancer treatments including surgery, monitoring of success at the time of treatment requires independent parameters to define a treatment end point and to identify therapy-related adverse events.


What is the likely effect of the number of clients on the probability of rollback? First, we note that for linear predicates (e.g., conjunctive predicates), when the number of clients increases, the number of violations decreases as it is less likely to find a consistent snapshot where the local predicate at every client is true [33] . As a result, if we increase the concurrency level, the probability of rollback decreases. Hence, in the following discussion, we limit the context to semi-linear predicates (e.g., mutual exclusion).

First, we note that for linear predicates (e.g., conjunctive predicates), when the number of clients increases, the number of violations decreases as it is less likely to find a consistent snapshot where the local predicate at every client is true.


The review of green awareness becomes more interesting so it needs to be known the factor that can improve green awareness. It is known that customer's behavior for green awareness needed in improving customer's buying interest which customer trust for environmental products (Rahmi, Rozalia, Chan, Anira, & Lita, 2017) . Buying interest is the expected behavior by company that comes when offering for more expensive products (Syarifuddin, 2017) . It is the same with customer trust, because through customer trust company is easier in offering its product .

It is known that customer's behavior for green awareness needed in improving customer's buying interest which customer trust for environmental products.

Buying interest is the expected behavior by company that comes when offering for more expensive products.


Today, green awareness not only becomes customer's behavior for environmentally friendly products. It also gives the influence on human behavior in many ways, such as reducing consumption, changing wasteful or harmful consumption patterns and raising preference for environmentally friendly products, selective waste collection, or different forms of protest that may represent ecological sensibility (Suki, 2013) . In Indonesia customer's behavior on environmentally friendly products is not as good as in developing country, it seems from customer's attention to choose organic product in Supermarket that has not been significant yet . It is probably green attribute not attractive or it is not known by customer. In fact it is known that green brand attribute is one of customer's behavior that can grow customer green awareness (Purnama & Nurhadi, 2014) . The accurate information of green brand attribute can improve customer's view for product, especially for environmentally friendly products (Lassoued & Hobbs, 2015) . Remember the phenomenon currently is still low of customer's knowledge for green attribute in Indonesia. Reviewing from the phenomenon of green awareness's problems on organic products, the study focuses on the influence of green perceived value and green brand attribute on the improvement of customer green awareness for environmentally friendly products. Indonesia is country that consists of some provinces, even tribes and different location (urban and sub urban) (Syarifuddin, 2016) . So the study also reviews supporting from moderation of customer's biography, to know more detail about the correlation between variables from customer's characteristic. The study review of green perceived value, green brand attribute and green awareness become interesting; remember it has not been reviewed simultaneously with the study of customer's biography in Indonesia.

It also gives the influence on human behavior in many ways, such as reducing consumption, changing wasteful or harmful consumption patterns and raising preference for environmentally friendly products, selective waste collection, or different forms of protest that may represent ecological sensibility.

In fact it is known that green brand attribute is one of customer's behavior that can grow customer green awareness.

The accurate information of green brand attribute can improve customer's view for product, especially for environmentally friendly products.

Indonesia is country that consists of some provinces, even tribes and different location (urban and sub urban).


One of the most profitable ways of handling Szlenk derivations is to consider tree-maps with values in a Banach space. Here, we shall adopt the approach of Godefroy, Kalton and Lancien [7] . Their two renorming theorems (in a slightly modified form) will be of particular importance for us.

Here, we shall adopt the approach of Godefroy, Kalton and Lancien.


Rather than structural, there are some renorming properties which accurately reflect the nature of Banach spaces whose Szlenk index is summable or has a prescribed power type. The problems here considered thus require combining standard techniques, employed when dealing with finite dimensional decompositions, with certain geometric tools. Regarding this latter aspect, we heavily rely on the seminal paper by G. Godefroy, N.J. Kalton and G. Lancien [7] .

Regarding this latter aspect, we heavily rely on the seminal paper by G. Godefroy, N.J. Kalton and G. Lancien.


Obtaining negative (cancer free) margins in breast conservation surgery (BCS) is critical for local control of cancer in the affected breast and reducing re-excision rates [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . A study of 994 women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) showed that long-term ipsilateral disease-free survival strongly correlated with margin status, and that positive or close margins following the last surgical treatment significantly reduced 5-year and 10-year ipsilateral event-free survival independent of treatment strategy [6] . Negative margins are particularly difficult to achieve for invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), with six studies reporting 49-63% positive or close margins following the initial surgery, and one study reporting 39% positive or close margins with the use of full thickness excision and oncoplastic surgery [7] .

Obtaining negative (cancer free) margins in breast conservation surgery (BCS) is critical for local control of cancer in the affected breast and reducing re-excision rates.

A study of 994 women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) showed that long-term ipsilateral disease-free survival strongly correlated with margin status, and that positive or close margins following the last surgical treatment significantly reduced 5-year and 10-year ipsilateral event-free survival independent of treatment strategy.

Negative margins are particularly difficult to achieve for invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), with six studies reporting 49-63% positive or close margins following the initial surgery, and one study reporting 39% positive or close margins with the use of full thickness excision and oncoplastic surgery.


To test this hypothesis, gelatin-based phantoms were made with polyethylene microspheres and nylon fibers to simulate breast tissue with a range of heterogeneous microstructures. The solid microspheres and fibers were chosen to simulate lobular and ductal architectures with hyperplastic or malignant pathologies. The phantoms were tested with HF ultrasound following procedures developed for resected margins [27] . Numerical simulations were additionally performed to test the hypothesis with a model of tumor progression in lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Breast tissue was simulated at the cellular level with spherical cells and nuclei, and various stages of malignant cell proliferation in lobular structures were modeled.

The phantoms were tested with HF ultrasound following procedures developed for resected margins.


The spectra of the heterogeneous phantom specimens displayed first-order peak densities that were significantly greater than those of the homogeneous control samples [ Fig. 4(b) ]. This trend was similar to the trend observed for breast tissue specimens [ Fig. 4(a) ] [27] . Phantoms with large fibers (250 Pm diameter) showed the highest peak densities with values greater than 3x those of the controls. The peak densities for the 390-Pm microspheres, however, did not follow this trend. This discrepancy, plus the high MAD values for the phantom specimens, are believed to be due to non-uniform mixing of the inclusions in the phantom gel plus entrainment of air bubbles. The spectra of heterogeneous phantom specimens also displayed second-order spectral gradients that were significantly lower than homogeneous control samples [ Fig. 5(b) ]. Again, the spectral gradient trend of the homogeneous (control) vs. heterogeneous (with inclusions) phantom samples was similar to the trend for breast tissue specimens [ Fig. 5(a) ] [27] . Although homogeneous breast pathologies (adenomas and fat necrosis) and phantom specimens can be differentiated from the more heterogeneous microstructures, differentiation between the individual heterogeneous classifications is more difficult, particularly for the phantom specimens. Again it is believed that this is due to non-uniform mixing and air-bubble entrainment. The LCIS computer simulations produced spectra [ Fig. 6(a) ] with peak densities that were proportional to the degree of malignant cell proliferation within the lobular cavities [ Fig. 6(b) ]. The peak density trend for the LCIS model in Fig. 6(b) is very similar to that for breast tissue specimens as shown in Fig. 4(a) . The models were additionally highly reproducible for simulated tissues with varying lobule and cell positions, yielding peak densities with very low MAD values except for the 57% proliferation level. The results from Figs. 4, 5, and 6 indicate that the first-order peak density and second-order spectral gradient in HF ultrasonic spectra are linked to microstructural heterogeneity. In the phantom studies, the presence of inclusions increased the peak density and decreased the spectral gradient. These inclusions mimic the histopathology of the most common breast cancers, including those that fill the mammary ducts and lobules with malignant cells as in DCIS and LCIS, respectively, and those that form microtumors as in ILC and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The breast tissue specimens showed trends that indicated that peak density increases [ Fig. 4(a) ] and spectral gradient decreases [ Fig. 5(a) ] with the level of tissue heterogeneity. These trends were observed to some extent for the phantom peak densities [ Fig. 4(b) ] but mostly not observed for the phantom spectral gradients [ Fig. 5(b) ]. The large median absolute deviations in the phantom peak densities and the lack of a trend for most of the phantom spectral gradients are probably due to the specimen mixing problems.

This trend was similar to the trend observed for breast tissue specimens [ Fig. 4(a) ].

Again, the spectral gradient trend of the homogeneous (control) vs. heterogeneous (with inclusions) phantom samples was similar to the trend for breast tissue specimens [ Fig. 5(a) ].