In the past, the need for increasing lift of civil transport aircraft during landing was countered by increasing the complexity of the high-lift system, e.g. by employing multi-slotted instead of single-slotted flaps [4] . Recent research has proven active flow control by means of pulsed blowing through slots to be an alternative to realize the lift requirements. This AFC method forces the flow to stay attached to the trailing edge flap at deflection angles, at which the flow would separate without active intervention. Therefore this technique is promising to enable the design of high-lift systems of reduced mechanical complexity.

In the past, the need for increasing lift of civil transport aircraft during landing was countered by increasing the complexity of the high-lift system, e.g. by employing multi-slotted instead of single-slotted flaps.


Within this framework, a computational study was performed at ONERA and DLR for verifying their standard approaches for AFC with available time-averaged experimental data and for performing a direct comparison of computed flow unsteadiness and its implications. The selected configuration is a 2D high-lift airfoil, known as DLR-F15, and represents the state of the art for transonic turbulent airfoil for modern civil transport aircraft, [16] . A wind tunnel test was performed in 2010 at Airbus' facility in Filton, F-LSWT, within the European project AVERT and with the support of Technical University Berlin and National Institute for Aerospace Research INCAS, Romania.

The selected configuration is a 2D high-lift airfoil, known as DLR-F15, and represents the state of the art for transonic turbulent airfoil for modern civil transport aircraft.


These WZ terms are so called because they include, as a special case, the term of the same name arising in the chiral lagrangian describing low-energy hadronic physics. Many readers will, no doubt, be familiar with the construction of that term given by Witten [8] . Thus, in order to orient the reader, and to motivate the need for the formalism we shall develop, we now briefly review that construction.

Many readers will, no doubt, be familiar with the construction of that term given by Witten.


The outline of the paper is as follows. In the next Section, we seek to familiarize the reader with AB and WZ terms through a series of (mostly well-known) examples of both types of term from quantum mechanics. These examples shall, taken together, draw out all the important features of our classification. In §3, we discuss the technical assumptions required, along with their physical justification. In § §4 and 5 we derive the classification of AB and WZ terms, and describe a number of quantum field theory examples relevant for physics. In §6, we discuss how one may compute the space of topological terms for a given G/H and compare with earlier partial classifications [14, 15] . Section 7 concludes the discussion.

The outline of the paper is as follows.

In §6, we discuss how one may compute the space of topological terms for a given G/H and compare with earlier partial classifications.

Section 7 concludes the discussion.


Admittance and impedance parameters can be obtained from the measured port voltages and currents, while the ports are kept open-or short-circuited. The main problem with this method is that due to the parasitic impedances between the terminals of each port, it is impossible to have truly open-or short-circuit and that leads to erroneous results at higher frequencies. The scattering s-parameters overcome this problem because they are measured with specified port termination impedance (usually 50 Ω). After careful calibration, the systematic errors can be removed and the s-parameter measurements can be accurate even in the GHz-range. Because measurements with VNA are easy, repeatable, and accurate over a wide frequency range, the s-parameters have become the most widely used network parameters. They can be converted to y-or z-parameters if necessary [7] , [11] .

They can be converted to y-or z-parameters if necessary.


Steady increases in crop yields since the green revolution have come at substantial environmental cost (Pingali 2012) . Any further increases in yields must not further erode the natural capital upon which agriculture relies, especially in times of environmental change, and must minimize negative effects on ecosystem sustainability. Increasing reliance on supporting and regulating ecosystem services instead of synthetic inputs, that is ecological intensification, is increasingly seen as one way of achieving food security in an environmentally sustainable way (Jackson et al. 2012; Bommarco, Kleijn & Potts 2013) . Ultimately, this will depend in large part on enhancing below-ground biological interactions that facilitate resource use efficiency (Jackson et al. 2012; Bender, Wagg & van der Heijden 2016) .

Steady increases in crop yields since the green revolution have come at substantial environmental cost.

Increasing reliance on supporting and regulating ecosystem services instead of synthetic inputs, that is ecological intensification, is increasingly seen as one way of achieving food security in an environmentally sustainable way.

Ultimately, this will depend in large part on enhancing below-ground biological interactions that facilitate resource use efficiency.


Among EAs, DE is the most recent algorithm and is efficient in solving many optimization problems. DE has many advantages. For example, it is simple to understand and implement, has a few control parameters, and is robust [8] . There is no doubt that DE is a remarkable optimizer for many optimization problems. But it has few limitations, like stagnation, premature convergence, and loss of population diversity [9, 10] . Being a global optimizer, DE suffers from searching the neighborhood of the approximate solution to the given problem. This makes room for hybridizing DE with other techniques to improve its poor exploitation (exploring the neighborhood of the approximate solutions). On the other hand, the role of LS methods is to stabilize the search especially in the environs of a local optimum. Thus, they can be combined with global search algorithms to enhance their local searching.

DE has many advantages.

For example, it is simple to understand and implement, has a few control parameters, and is robust.

But it has few limitations, like stagnation, premature convergence, and loss of population diversity.


In the recent years, the measurements of total electron content (TEC) have gained importance with the increasing demand for the GPS-based navigation applications in trans-ionospheric communications with space-borne vehicles, such as satellites, aircrafts and surface transportations. The TEC measurements are necessary for making appropriate range delay corrections introduced by the ionosphere, both during quiet and disturbed periods (space weather events), such as scintillations and geomagnetic storm periods. The TEC is one of the most important quantitative parameters of the Earth's ionosphere and plasmasphere, which is defined as the height integral of electron density along the ray path from the receiver to the satellite (Leitinger, 1996) .

The TEC is one of the most important quantitative parameters of the Earth's ionosphere and plasmasphere, which is defined as the height integral of electron density along the ray path from the receiver to the satellite.


Sperm that is separated according to the sex chromosomes (X or Y) can prevent sex-linked genetic diseases, save endangered animals and increase productive efficiency (Seidel and Johnson, 1999) . In cattle, females are essential for calf and dairy production, while males are important for beef production. Thus, sex-sorted semen is of great interest due to its handling and economic advantages (Hamano, 2007) .

Sperm that is separated according to the sex chromosomes (X or Y) can prevent sex-linked genetic diseases, save endangered animals and increase productive efficiency.

Thus, sex-sorted semen is of great interest due to its handling and economic advantages.


The modeling of formation of research competence is a specific way of learning. The model is considered as some kind of a standard, similar to the activity of the teacher and students, aimed at solving common tasks of formation of research competence of future elementary school teachers. According to Babansky, the modeling helps to organize knowledge about the process under study or phenomenon, predicts the ways to describe this knowledge more comprehensively, outlines more complete connection between the components, offers opportunities for the creation of comprehensive classifications (Babansky, 1982) .

According to Babansky, the modeling helps to organize knowledge about the process under study or phenomenon, predicts the ways to describe this knowledge more comprehensively, outlines more complete connection between the components, offers opportunities for the creation of comprehensive classifications.


Moduli spaces are a fruitful way to study a k-linear abelian category C. The McKay correspondence provides one spectacular example. Here, we let G ⊂ SL(2, k) be a finite group and take C to be the category of G-equivariant k[x, y]-modules. There is a natural moduli space of objects in C, corresponding to some natural discrete invariant, which recovers the minimal resolution of A 2 /G. Another highly influential example is the point scheme of ArtinTate-van den Bergh [6] . Here C is the category of graded modules over some noncommutative graded algebra. The point scheme is the rigidified moduli space of "point modules" in C. In the case of the 3-dimensional Sklyanin algebra, this point scheme is an elliptic curve, and the algebra can be fully analysed since it has a codimension one quotient which is a twisted version of a homogeneous co-ordinate ring on the elliptic curve.

There is a natural moduli space of objects in C, corresponding to some natural discrete invariant, which recovers the minimal resolution of A 2 /G. Another highly influential example is the point scheme of ArtinTate-van den Bergh.


We now paraphrase Corollary 8.10. The theorem applies in the case of GL projective spaces and encapsulates when the ad hoc argument in [1] works. Checking the hypothesis that T captures the Cox ring is usually easy for concrete examples, but not necessarily in the abstract. What is striking is how different this approach to stack recovery is to the one using tensor stable moduli stacks. Even the hypotheses for when they work are very different. This raises a host of interesting questions like, is there a relationship between the way the two approaches incorporate the monoidal structure?

We now paraphrase Corollary 8.10.

The theorem applies in the case of GL projective spaces and encapsulates when the ad hoc argument in works.


Much of the ABA in the transpiration stream is taken up and metabolized by the mesophyll cell. During the early stages of water stress, however, the pH of the xylem sap becomes more alkaline, increasing from about pH 6.3 to about pH 7.2 [31] . They suggested that during water stress, the slight alkaline xylem sap favors the dissociation of ABAH to ABA − . Therefore, ABA − does not easily pass through membranes, under condition of water stress, more ABA − reaches guard cells. This anion trap concept seems to be weak as guard cell also has membrane and mesophyll is relatively close to xylem, but guard cells are located at the end of lower epidermis.

During the early stages of water stress, however, the pH of the xylem sap becomes more alkaline, increasing from about pH 6.3 to about pH 7.2.


In some plant's responses to the environmental factors are quite surprising in terms of time as it is very fast as much as an animal neuron system. There are very symbolic plants which are Mimosa (Mimosa pudica L.), Drosera rotundifolia L. and Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) as a showing of thigmotropism and insectivorous plants. Their leaves fold immediately as like as animal neuron signal transduction reaction when they are touched by the hands or the insects. Almost all of stomatal responses about water drought have been performed throughout long-terms and to see the effect of water stress in well watered plants, it will take times. The reduction in stomatal aperture due to ABA is extremely variable and seems to be highly dependent on the method used for analysis of the response [10] . Therefore, in this experiment, to see the very rapid response to water stress, the plants were rooted out from the soil and exposed to the air immediately. Epidermis was taken from the leaf according to the minutes and stomatal apertures were measured.

The reduction in stomatal aperture due to ABA is extremely variable and seems to be highly dependent on the method used for analysis of the response.


In Arabidopsis, numerous genes that respond to dehydration stress have been identified and categorized as responses to dehydration and early response to dehydration genes. There are at least four independent regulatory systems for gene expression in response to water stress. Two of them are ABA-dependent, other are ABA-independent [34] . Both ABA-dependent and independent osmotic stress signaling first modify constitutively expressed transcription factors, leading to expression of early response transcriptional activators, which then activates downstream stress tolerance effector genes [35] . Therefore, it could be suggested that there are many possible adapt pathways how plant react to the water stress.

Two of them are ABA-dependent, other are ABA-independent.

Both ABA-dependent and independent osmotic stress signaling first modify constitutively expressed transcription factors, leading to expression of early response transcriptional activators, which then activates downstream stress tolerance effector genes.


For a better understanding of the regulatory role of ABA as an adaptive signal during drought stress, information about the dynamics of generation and distribution of physiologically active ABA pools is necessary. Generation of active pools of ABA revealed by in vivo imaging of water-stressed Arabidopsis [32] . They found that water stress applied to the root system resulted in the generation of ABA pools in the shoot but not in the root. Hence, water stress recognized by the root system predominantly results in shoot-localized ABA action that culminates in a focused response in guard cells. ABA is transported by both the xylem and the phloem, but it is normally abundant in phloem sap [33] .

Generation of active pools of ABA revealed by in vivo imaging of water-stressed Arabidopsis.

ABA is transported by both the xylem and the phloem, but it is normally abundant in phloem sap.


From results of analysis of variance using the data set III, effects of parity, year of calving and breed group were highly significant on TLP, LL and DMY (p<0.01). Season has significant effect on LL (p<0.05) but highly significant effect (p<0.01) on TLP and DMY. Table 4 shows the least squares means for dairy performance of Bangladeshi Local, Friesian, Holstein and their breed combinations. As for TLP, pure breed Friesian produced the highest TLP (2,325.0 kg) among all breed groups. Generally, an exotic breed produces a high milk yield under seasonally hot climate when the animals are well fed and managed (Mason and Buvanendran, 1982) . Bangladeshi Local breed produced lowest TLP (522.5 kg) among pure breeds.

Generally, an exotic breed produces a high milk yield under seasonally hot climate when the animals are well fed and managed.


Over the past 30 years financial markets have spread broadly across geographic and social space. Stock markets have opened in dozens of new countries, changing the ways businesses are structured and how they operate. In some cases, as in Israel, a new class of entrepreneurs has emerged, enriched by IPOs and changing the culture of business and society (Drori et al 2013) . Public policies have become more accommodating to both domestic and foreign investment. More types of assets have been securitized, from student loans to lawsuit settlements. Domains not normally considered to be "assets" at all were transformed into tradable financial products, such as tax increment financing premised on predicted increases in property tax revenues in the future (Pacewicz 2012) . It seemed that almost any kind of cash flow could be securitized and turned into a financial instrument.

In some cases, as in Israel, a new class of entrepreneurs has emerged, enriched by IPOs and changing the culture of business and society.

Domains not normally considered to be "assets" at all were transformed into tradable financial products, such as tax increment financing premised on predicted increases in property tax revenues in the future.


The classical screening medium for E. coli O157:H7 is sorbitol MacConkey agar. This method exploits the fact that E. coli O157:H7 ,unlike 90% of E. coli isolates did not ferment sorbitol rapidly [ 16] . Other studies reported that sorbitol MacConkey agar medium is a useful, rapid, and reliable screening aid for the detection E. coli O157:H7 ,but it is not generally useful of VTEC strains of serotypes other than E. coli O157:H7 [17] .

This method exploits the fact that E. coli O157:H7 ,unlike 90% of E. coli isolates did not ferment sorbitol rapidly.

Other studies reported that sorbitol MacConkey agar medium is a useful, rapid, and reliable screening aid for the detection E. coli O157:H7 ,but it is not generally useful of VTEC strains of serotypes other than E. coli O157:H7.


Smooth quartic surfaces in P 3 are K3 surfaces. This paper deals with 'mildly' singular quartic surfaces, i.e. with quartic surfaces whose minimal desingularization is a smooth K3 surface; these are precisely the surfaces mentioned in Theorem 1.1. In this paper we call them 'K3 quartic surfaces'; equivalently, K3 quartic surfaces are surfaces in P 3 of degree 4 admitting only isolated ADE singularities. Quartic surfaces with higher singularities are dealt with by González Alonso-Rams [4] .

Quartic surfaces with higher singularities are dealt with by González Alonso-Rams.


Also, a non-stationary time series has a possibility of spurious regression. This means that in regression a time series variable on another time series variable(s), one often obtains a very high R 2 (in excess of 0.9) even though there is no meaningful relationship between the two variables. Sometimes we expect no relationship between two variables, yet a regression of one on the other variable often shows a significant relationship. This situation exemplifies the problem of spurious, or nonsense regression (Gujarati, 2004) . Therefore, we should check whether a series is stationary or not before using it in a model. The formal method of testing the stationary character of a series is the unit root test.

This situation exemplifies the problem of spurious, or nonsense regression.


The term "stationary" is used to define a condition that must be assessed for time series analysis. A time series is said to be stationary if the mean and auto-covariance of the series do not depend on time. This means that the series does not have an upward or downward trend over time. Standard estimation procedures cannot be applied to a model that contains a non-stationary variable (Hamilton, 1994) .

Standard estimation procedures cannot be applied to a model that contains a non-stationary variable.


However, both methods are consistent and efficient (Gujarati, 2004) . Price elasticities of corrugated board supply and demand can be derived from the estimated model. By comparing the result of our model with those of previous studies, this research emphasizes the implication of including delayed (lagged) quantity dependent variables in market modeling.

However, both methods are consistent and efficient.


The clinical approach was to retrospectively analyse patients' data for cases of acute unilateral midbrain strokes involving vestibular function with a focus on the frequency Fig. 2 Schematic anatomic pathways (left) and activation functions of neurons (right) involved in angular spatial orientation. Left: schematic drawing of the bilateral structural organization of the vestibular system from the vestibular nuclei (MVN) to multisensory vestibular cortex areas such as the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC) and the human medial superior temporal area (hMST) of the visual cortex. Vestibular input from the endorgan (red) ascends ipsilaterally and contralaterally mainly via the medial longitudinal fascicle to the midbrain tegmentum with the dorsal tegmental nucleus (DTN) and the lateral mammillary nucleus (LMN), which lie below the ocular motor nuclei complex (III), the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC), and the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle (riMLF). The angular head-velocity cells (red) originate from the semicircular canals and are located within the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), the nucleus praepositus hypoglossi (NPH), the supragenual nucleus, and the paragigantocellular reticularis nucleus dorsalis (both not depicted). The representation of head-velocity cells is proposed to become less in the upper brainstem, such as the DTN and even less in the LMN [43] . A head direction cell system (blue) is distributed in the upper midbrain and the anterior dorsal thalamus (ADN) and various cortex areas, such as the postsubiculum (PoS), and the retrosplenial cortex (not depicted). Place cells (light blue) are located mainly in the hippocampal formation (HPC); grid cells (green) have been found in the PoS. Vestibular structures are depicted in gray including the cerebellar flocculus (CF) and the cerebellar vermis (CV) which is projected onto the level of the medullary brainstem (stippled). Right: each curve represents the schematic response of a single neuron to its stimulus. Lower right: discharge rate plotted over angular velocity for hypothetical primary afferent canal neurons or angular velocity neurons in the vestibular nuclei or brainstem. Neurons on the ipsilateral side respond with increasing firing rate for ipsilateral turns and vice versa. Upper right: discharge rate plotted over head direction for hypothetical head direction cells. Neurons on ipsi-and contralateral sides of the brain respond similarly being tuned to a specific head direction of rotational vertigo, spontaneous nystagmus, and other forms of dizziness and unsteadiness. The retrospective approach was chosen to gather information from a larger number of patients who underwent standardized neurootological work-ups. If the occurrence of rotational vertigo was dependent on a dysfunction of the head-angular velocity cell system, these signs and symptoms should become less frequent with upper mesencephalic lesions, because this particular cell system is topographically located chiefly in the lower brainstem and cerebellum. The clinical study was complemented and further interpreted by an attempt to mathematically model the effects of a unilateral disruption within the head-angular velocity cell system as opposed to a unilateral disruption of the head direction cell system. Computer simulation of the head direction cell network from peripheral vestibular input to cortical levels was based on a previously proposed attractor network approach [37] .

The representation of head-velocity cells is proposed to become less in the upper brainstem, such as the DTN and even less in the LMN.

Computer simulation of the head direction cell network from peripheral vestibular input to cortical levels was based on a previously proposed attractor network approach.


However, when it comes to mobile equipment, the only medium is radio wave. Mobile RF communications is important in mining since it can improve operational efficiency and worker safety [1] . Successful RF communications require an understanding of the RF propagation channel in mine tunnels. A communication system in this environment is a convenience for daily activities. However, in emergencies, it may become vital. In a disaster, such as a fire, the conventional wire communication system may become unreliable, necessitating a wireless radio system. Ultra-wideband is a radio communication technique using signals over an extremely wide frequency bandwidth, typically in the order of 500 MHz to several GHz. This particularity may be exploited to develop communication systems with high-rate and low-rate wireless communications and localization capabilities [2] .

Mobile RF communications is important in mining since it can improve operational efficiency and worker safety.

This particularity may be exploited to develop communication systems with high-rate and low-rate wireless communications and localization capabilities.


One of the most inspiring works in this area has been the probabilistic alert correlation presented by Valdes and Skinner [21] . This work, developed at SRI Internation, proposes a hierarchy of correlations. Security alertsdetected by sensors spread over a network -are fused into meta-alerts at three different processing levels: (1) intrasensor or synthetic threads -alerts from a single sensor are fused together according to a high minimum expectation similarity on the sensor itself, the attack class, and source and target IPs; (2) security incidents -alerts that belong to the same class and target the same IP are fused together http://www.jisajournal.com/content/4/1/7 despite the expectation of similarity on the sensor identifier; (3) correlated attack reports: multistage attacks are possibly detected by relaxing the minimum expectation in similarity on the attack class.

One of the most inspiring works in this area has been the probabilistic alert correlation presented by Valdes and Skinner.


Identical weak FBG based large scale sensing network has attracted great interests in quasidistributed area, such as temperature, strain and structural health monitoring because of its low cost, low crosstalk and strong multiplexity [1] , [2] . On-line grating writing system has been well developed in recent years, through which thousands of identical FBGs can be fabricated along a fiber [3] . Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) method and Time-division multiplexing (TDM) dominate application of the FBG sensing. A method using identical weak FBGs array called OTDR-FBG has been reported, in which different FBGs were distinguished by the reflected signal in time domain [4] , [5] . They used a tunable laser diode (TLD) as light source to scan the whole spectrum of FBGs, and a highspeed data acquisition device was applied. By scanning the main lobe of FBGs with a 0.03 nm increment, the spectrum of all FBGs along the fiber were reconstructed. However, due to the slow wavelength scanning speed of TLD, there was a tradeoff between interrogation time and precision. Several kinds of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) resonant cavity based TDM sensing network was proposed [6] - [8] . The multiplexity capacity was limited by the ratio of SOA's gain and reflectivity of FBGs. The intensity-based interrogation method has attracted great interest, because of its simplicity in TDM sensing system. However, intensity-based interrogation suffers from source power fluctuation and optical loss along the transmission fiber [9] .

Identical weak FBG based large scale sensing network has attracted great interests in quasidistributed area, such as temperature, strain and structural health monitoring because of its low cost, low crosstalk and strong multiplexity.

On-line grating writing system has been well developed in recent years, through which thousands of identical FBGs can be fabricated along a fiber.

A method using identical weak FBGs array called OTDR-FBG has been reported, in which different FBGs were distinguished by the reflected signal in time domain.

Several kinds of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) resonant cavity based TDM sensing network was proposed.

However, intensity-based interrogation suffers from source power fluctuation and optical loss along the transmission fiber.


In sum, the results confirm the findings made in our earlier work (Hardmeier, 2011) . They show that tree kernels can be a valuable tool to boost the initial performance of a Quality Estimation system without spending much effort on feature engineering. Unfortunately, it seems that the gains achieved by tree kernels over simple parse trees and by the additional explicit features used in our systems do not necessarily add up. Nevertheless, comparison with other participating systems shows that either of them is sufficient for state-of-the-art performance.

In sum, the results confirm the findings made in our earlier work.


The simplest way to perform selectivity estimation and count-/sum-based aggregation would be to iterate over every item in the database and ask the crowd to determine its label. Unfortunately, this requires work proportional to the number of items in the database, which could be prohibitive for large databases. A more efficient way to estimate selectivity used in traditional optimizers is to sample a subset of the rows. This concept naturally translates to the crowd: in our example, we can generate HITs on a subset of photos, asking workers to label either the gender or hair color. With enough samples, we could estimate the popularity of males or redheads in our dataset. This approach works, but does not take advantage of humans' natural ability to batch process multiple elements, especially for heavily visual items like images [26] . Our hypothesis is that people can estimate the frequency of objects' properties in a batch without having to explicitly label each item.

This approach works, but does not take advantage of humans' natural ability to batch process multiple elements, especially for heavily visual items like images.


Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the world's population has continued to increase, adding each subsequent billion in a span of fewer years than ever before. The world hit the 4 billion mark in 1974, 5 billion just 13 years later, in 1987, and passed the 6 billion milestone 12 years later in 1999 [1] . The world population is likely to reach 7 billion in the latter half of 2011, again in a span of 12 years [2] . Population growth has led to land use change through intensification of agriculture, and improved contemporaneous increases in average standards of living have substantially increased energy use [1] . Changing land use and increased fossil fuel combustion for meeting the growing energy demand are the primary causes for augmented carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration in the atmosphere [3] . The anthropogenic contribution in global warming is substantial and is evident in the rising global and ocean temperatures, extensive melting of snow and ice, and rise in the global average sea level [3] . The need for quantification of anthropogenic fossil fuel CO 2 emissions in the atmosphere at finer spatial and temporal resolutions has been felt by the scientific and policymaking communities since the last decade [4] . From the policy-making perspective it is necessary to construct emission inventories in order to monitor and agree upon emission reduction targets [5] . Spatial distribution of emissions is also an important input to "atmospheric-inversion" methods, which combine CO 2 concentration measurements with transport and process models to estimate land and ocean CO 2 sources and sinks [6] [7] [8] [9] . Anthropogenic CO 2 emissions disrupt the equilibrium of the carbon cycle and makes it all the more important to monitor the spatial distribution of CO 2 emissions.

The world hit the 4 billion mark in 1974, 5 billion just 13 years later, in 1987, and passed the 6 billion milestone 12 years later in 1999.

The world population is likely to reach 7 billion in the latter half of 2011, again in a span of 12 years.

Population growth has led to land use change through intensification of agriculture, and improved contemporaneous increases in average standards of living have substantially increased energy use.

Changing land use and increased fossil fuel combustion for meeting the growing energy demand are the primary causes for augmented carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration in the atmosphere.

The anthropogenic contribution in global warming is substantial and is evident in the rising global and ocean temperatures, extensive melting of snow and ice, and rise in the global average sea level.

The need for quantification of anthropogenic fossil fuel CO 2 emissions in the atmosphere at finer spatial and temporal resolutions has been felt by the scientific and policymaking communities since the last decade.

From the policy-making perspective it is necessary to construct emission inventories in order to monitor and agree upon emission reduction targets.

Spatial distribution of emissions is also an important input to "atmospheric-inversion" methods, which combine CO 2 concentration measurements with transport and process models to estimate land and ocean CO 2 sources and sinks.


The increase of public awareness, concerning potentially harmful ingredients present in commercial products, put the pressure on manufacturers to apply natural, environmental friendly materials of improved quality. Such requirements are met by algal biomass, the capacity of which, despite long history in daily living products, still remains largely unexplored [1] . Algae, both micro-and macrocellular (seaweeds), are known as a rich source of bioactive compounds, including proteins, minerals, vitamins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, phlorotannins, pigments, unsaturated fatty acids, sterols, and phytohormones [2, 3] . The properties of these compounds were used in various branches of industry, such as chemical, pharmaceutical, human food, and animal feed production and integrated systems of plant cultivation [1, 4] .

Such requirements are met by algal biomass, the capacity of which, despite long history in daily living products, still remains largely unexplored.

Algae, both micro-and macrocellular (seaweeds), are known as a rich source of bioactive compounds, including proteins, minerals, vitamins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, phlorotannins, pigments, unsaturated fatty acids, sterols, and phytohormones.

The properties of these compounds were used in various branches of industry, such as chemical, pharmaceutical, human food, and animal feed production and integrated systems of plant cultivation.


Schools have as a first priority the delivery of instructional content so as to enhance the scholastic ability of each of its students. However, the congregate setting of schools also acts as a training-ground for life, for citizenship and for mutual coexistence (Justicia, Benitez, Pichardo, Fernandez, & Fernandez, 2006) . Schooling develops childrens' knowledge, skills, and abilities and enables each learner to make informed and responsible choices. At school, children learn the life-skills of responsibility, trustworthiness, self-respect, fairness, and caring. The teaching of these social skills, and the responsibility for developing young people balanced in their socioemotional status, has developed as a goal for public education secondary to scholastics, yet still vitally important within the educational realm.

However, the congregate setting of schools also acts as a training-ground for life, for citizenship and for mutual coexistence.


The first step towards quantisation of the PUO is a suitable Hamiltonian definition, which improves the Ostrogradsky's one. The search for proper Hamiltonian is based on the observation that there always exists at least two quadratic in variables integrals of motion [5] . Since the Hamiltonian is also an integral of motion, one can make a general ansatz for it. Consequent requirement of equivalence between the corresponding equations of motion and the initial Lagrange-Euler equations leads to a derivation of Poisson-like structure. Thus the efforts to find the right Hamiltonian resulted in a bunch of alternative Hamiltonian formulations of the PUO [6] [7] [8] . Furthermore, the stability of this system has been studied using both analytical and numerical methods [9] [10] [11] .

The search for proper Hamiltonian is based on the observation that there always exists at least two quadratic in variables integrals of motion.

Thus the efforts to find the right Hamiltonian resulted in a bunch of alternative Hamiltonian formulations of the PUO.

Furthermore, the stability of this system has been studied using both analytical and numerical methods.


A highly significant increase of the AOC values was noted in the treated group compared to the values of the control group. This is a significant difference and it can be assumed that it is again a logical result of the previous supply of a substance with antioxidative effect. One of the reasons of the AOC growth may be attributed to the increased level of the uric acid (Racek et al. 1997) . Uric acid should be considered not only as nitrogenous metabolite of purine substances but it also has significant antioxidative effects. The other authors differ in their views on the influence of the decreasing kidney function on AOC changes (Toborek et al. 1992; Jackson et al. 1995) .

One of the reasons of the AOC growth may be attributed to the increased level of the uric acid.

The other authors differ in their views on the influence of the decreasing kidney function on AOC changes.


The action of this constant force puts the system out of equilibrium, even when the temperatures of the thermostats are equal. As in the rotor chain described above, the exterior force performs positive work on the system, that increases the mechanical energy (concentrated on low frequency modes). The random mechanism transforms the mechanical energy into the thermal one (uniformly distributed in all frequencies, when the system is in a local equilibrium), which is eventually dissipated by the thermostats. This transfer of mechanical into thermal energy happens in the bulk of the system and is already completely predicted by the solution of the macroscopic diffusive system of equations obtained in the hydrodynamic limit [9] .

This transfer of mechanical into thermal energy happens in the bulk of the system and is already completely predicted by the solution of the macroscopic diffusive system of equations obtained in the hydrodynamic limit.


The current study was aimed at studying if the use of hearing aids increase the likelihood of impaction of cerumen. Study results suggest no association between hearing aid use and cerumen impaction. This is contrary to general assumption that wearing hearing aids increase the chances of cerumen impaction [8, 9] .

This is contrary to general assumption that wearing hearing aids increase the chances of cerumen impaction.


Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third-ranked cause of death worldwide, killing more than 120,000 individuals each year. COPD is characterized by a T helper (Th)1 response, depression of natural killer (NK) cell activity, neutrophil-and macrophagedriven inflammation [1] . Neutrophilic inflammation persists in smoking-related COPD despite best current therapies and is particularly resistant to inhaled glucocorticosteroids, leading to progressive and irreversible airflow limitation. Inhibiting excessive inflammation is also challenging in COPD as many pathogen recognition receptors can initiate migration and the targeting of downstream signaling molecules may compromise essential host defense mechanisms [2] .

COPD is characterized by a T helper (Th)1 response, depression of natural killer (NK) cell activity, neutrophil-and macrophagedriven inflammation.

Inhibiting excessive inflammation is also challenging in COPD as many pathogen recognition receptors can initiate migration and the targeting of downstream signaling molecules may compromise essential host defense mechanisms.


Simultaneously multiwavelength near-infrared pulsed lasers with high peak power and short pulse duration have widespread applications in nonlinear spectroscopy, free space optical communication, biomedicine, military, lidar, imaging holography, nonlinear optics, and the terahertz-wave difference frequency process [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . The passively Q-switched solid-state laser is an efficient, reliable, and widely used technique to emit nanosecond level pulses. For such a laser, the saturable absorber (SA) is an element whose properties strongly determine the laser performance.

Simultaneously multiwavelength near-infrared pulsed lasers with high peak power and short pulse duration have widespread applications in nonlinear spectroscopy, free space optical communication, biomedicine, military, lidar, imaging holography, nonlinear optics, and the terahertz-wave difference frequency process.


Laser gain material is the other key element for passively Q-switched lasers. The Yb ion has only two energy levels and weak electron-phonon coupling; therefore the excited state absorption effect, which strongly limits the laser efficiency in Nd 3 lasers, can be avoided in the Yb 3 counterpart. Furthermore, Yb ion's long upper-state lifetime (usually on millisecond order) induces strong energy storage and thus could be beneficial for high-energy pulse generation. The growth, spectroscopic, and Cr 4 :YAG passively Q-switched laser properties of a novel Yb 3 crystal, Yb 3 :GdAl 3 BO 3 4 (Yb:GAB), were reported in our previous works [8, 36, 37] . It exhibits a broad emission band (∼100 nm), which is beneficial for multiwavelength emission under laser optimization. Passive Q-switching of a Yb-doped fiber laser by few-layer TI Bi 2 Se 3 has been successfully realized with yielding 1.95 μs pulses [26] . Recently a Q-switched Yb:KGW solid-state laser with TI Bi 2 Se 3 as a SA was realized with the shortest pulsewidth of 1.6 μs [35] . However, TIs have not been used to Q-switch Yb-doped nanosecond multiwavelength solidstate lasers to our best knowledge.

The growth, spectroscopic, and Cr 4 :YAG passively Q-switched laser properties of a novel Yb 3 crystal, Yb 3 :GdAl 3 BO 3 4 (Yb:GAB), were reported in our previous works.

Passive Q-switching of a Yb-doped fiber laser by few-layer TI Bi 2 Se 3 has been successfully realized with yielding 1.95 μs pulses.

Recently a Q-switched Yb:KGW solid-state laser with TI Bi 2 Se 3 as a SA was realized with the shortest pulsewidth of 1.6 μs.


Using an IMC topology for the dual-drive configuration decreases the disadvantages of the general dual AC-drive systems with two inverters and DC-link elements. The IMC topology with dual outputs is composed of an input stage and two output stages with a pair of conventional three-leg inverters without DC-link energy storage elements [16] [17] [18] . Recently, in order to reduce the total cost and to save the space, a five-leg inverter has been used as a dual output inverters [19, 20] . This paper presents a development of system for the HEV application with three-phase and single-phase outputs using the IMC. IMC without any DC-link capacitor, which is used for power conversion system for the HEV application, is able to control the three-phase traction motor and the single-phase compressor motor simultaneously. This power conversion system guarantees the long lifetime due to absence of the DC-link energy storage elements. Furthermore, through the parallel operation of the three-phase and single-phase outputs, the system for the HEV application has decreased its volume. Additionally, this paper presents an application oriented AC dual output based VSMC where the number of switches is also reduced in comparison with the traditional dual drive systems. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the HEV application. Specifically, the HEV structure is presented, consisting of the traction motor and the compressor motor. Section 3 presents the topology of the dual-output drive system. In addition, the operational principles and the modulation strategies for the topology are introduced in Section 3. Simulation studies and experimental results for the three-phase and single-phase inductive loads are discussed in Sections 4 and 5, respectively. The simulation and experimental results are provided to demonstrate that AC dual outputs are fed independently from the three-phase voltage source and to confirm the feasibility of the proposed methods. Finally, Section 6 discusses the conclusions of this paper.

The IMC topology with dual outputs is composed of an input stage and two output stages with a pair of conventional three-leg inverters without DC-link energy storage elements.

Recently, in order to reduce the total cost and to save the space, a five-leg inverter has been used as a dual output inverters.


In recent years, the problems regarding environmental pollution have become a significant issue. In response, researchers have made an effort to study green technologies for environmental conservation. Green technologies can help mitigate global warming and conserve energy resources. In this regard, interests and demands have increased for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) associated with green technologies [1] . EV and HEV comprise a multidisciplinary research field and have a complex structure because of the integration of mechanical, electrical, control, magnetic, and electrochemical systems. In the mechanical system, a traction motor and a compressor motor are used to drive the EV and HEV [2] .

In this regard, interests and demands have increased for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) associated with green technologies.

In the mechanical system, a traction motor and a compressor motor are used to drive the EV and HEV.


Some industrial systems require several variable-speed drives in a dual-drive configuration. In this regard, two three-phase voltage source inverters with a common DC-link are generally used for the dual-drive configuration; therefore, 12 additional switching devices are necessary. Dual AC-drive systems have been studied for special industrial applications such as electric vehicles, steel processing, and railway traction systems. However, the limitations of general dual AC-drive systems are that they require DC-link components or perhaps a phase shifting transformer. Moreover, the systems require additional switching devices. Among the DC-link components, the capacitor is bulky and has a short lifetime compared to other power electronics components. As a result, general dual AC-drive systems with two inverters and DC-link elements have disadvantages including as low efficiency, high volume and short lifetime [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .

As a result, general dual AC-drive systems with two inverters and DC-link elements have disadvantages including as low efficiency, high volume and short lifetime.


AC/AC power conversion systems are widely used in traditional industry applications such as adjustable-speed motor drives, renewable energy conversion systems, and transmission uninterruptible power supplies [8] [9] [10] . One of the AC/AC power conversion systems, the indirect matrix converter (IMC), is structurally distinct from the direct matrix converter (DMC). However, the specifications of the IMC are very similar to the DMC [11] . The IMC consists of 18-bidirectional switches and includes a rectifier stage and an inverter stage that is connected to a fictitious DC-link, which does not include DC-link energy storage elements. Therefore, this structure of the IMC, similar to that of a back-to-back converter, eliminates the DC-link energy storage elements [12] . The main advantage of the IMC is the absence of bulky and short-lifetime DC-link energy storage elements such as capacitors. As a result, the IMC has reduced weight and volume. Furthermore, the IMC can have a simplified structure by decreasing the number of switches in the rectifier stage without a decline in performance. The resulting converters are designated as sparse matrix converters (SMCs) or very sparse matrix converters (VSMCs), which are composed of only 15 or 12 switches for bidirectional transfer of power in their simple form [13] [14] [15] .

AC/AC power conversion systems are widely used in traditional industry applications such as adjustable-speed motor drives, renewable energy conversion systems, and transmission uninterruptible power supplies.

However, the specifications of the IMC are very similar to the DMC.

Therefore, this structure of the IMC, similar to that of a back-to-back converter, eliminates the DC-link energy storage elements.

The resulting converters are designated as sparse matrix converters (SMCs) or very sparse matrix converters (VSMCs), which are composed of only 15 or 12 switches for bidirectional transfer of power in their simple form.


In the context of a new paradigm of the education development "lifelong education" the most demanded features of the students of higher education are mobility, dynamism, independence, commitment to efficient operation, ability to continuous self-development. These personality traits without doubt can be developed only in conditions of personal activity. To implement the new education strategy it is necessary to apply alternative means of presentation of the educational, research, public and other achievements of the university students (Gilmanshina & Kamasina, 2013) . A portfolio can become one of them.

To implement the new education strategy it is necessary to apply alternative means of presentation of the educational, research, public and other achievements of the university students.

A portfolio can become one of them.


When the carbon microelectrode is positioned in the bulk solution (i.e., h P ≫ 0), a diffusion-limited steady-state current i T,∞ for the electrochemical oxidation of FcMeOH is recorded. While the probe is approaching an insulating glass surface the diffusion of FcMeOH gets physically hindered by the glass substrate and the recorded tip current i T decreases (red curve in Fig. 1a with normalized current i T /i T,∞ ) until the soft probe touches the glass surface (h P = 0). At this point the soft probe starts sliding forward over the glass surface while the working distance d is kept constant resulting in a barely changing current. The remaining current is a result of the diffusion of FcMeOH from the bulk solution around the soft probe tip. When approaching a smooth part of an apple peel with the same soft probe and within the same electrochemical cell (black curve in Fig. 1a) , the measured tip current decreases less strongly and is larger at physical contact with the apple peel compared to the theoretical negative feedback current for a totally inactive substrate such as glass. This is an indication for redox mediator regeneration induced by the apple peel AOs. Indeed, the recorded regeneration current is smaller than the diffusion-controlled oxidation current of FcMeOH in bulk solution demonstrating finite kinetics of the regeneration reaction, a small amount of accessible active AO centers and/or a slow mass transport of FcMeOH through the various layers of the apple peel matrix with likely different porosity. Besides these three effects, the microscopic apple peel topography could influence the measured current signal by influencing the diffusion of the redox mediator (SI-3) . A varying sample tilt shows a limited influence on the recorded current as demonstrated previously [65] . Furthermore, organic compounds, which are electrochemically inactive in the applied electrochemical window, could slowly diffuse out from the apple peel and contaminate the electrode surface. Consequently, the absolute current measured at the electrode goes down (vide infra), whereas electrode fouling was not observed when measuring the glass sample.

A varying sample tilt shows a limited influence on the recorded current as demonstrated previously.


The redox mediator regeneration is most likely caused by the AOs and related AO enzymatic mechanisms, which could be i) embedded inside the cuticle (redox mediator would diffuse in and out the cuticle), ii) fixed in the top layer of the cuticle (easily accessible for the redox mediator) or iii) diffusing out from the cuticle (regeneration of the redox mediator by AO molecules or direct measurement of AOs outside from the apple). The SECM imaging of the apple peel in phosphate buffer solution without redox mediator has not shown any significant current signal (SI-6). This explains that the direct electrochemical oxidation of AOs released from the apple can be excluded, but the amplification by FcMeOH recycling is still possible. The exact underlying processes are not fully understood yet. SECM experiments in pure buffer solution after a prior immersion of FcMeOH in the SECM imaging solution with subsequent apple peel washing step have shown that a significant amount of FcMeOH enters and accumulates in the apple peel due to the peel's permeability and possibly porosity (SI-7). Although red apple peel and lenticel area showed a comparable accumulation, there might still be a different permeability for the redox mediator affecting the reported results. This still needs to be confirmed in the future, but it can be suggested that the present feedback mode approach recognizes in part the global AO activity that is able to reduce FcMeOH + . The pressure that is exerted by the soft probe onto the substrate is rather small as previously demonstrated by melanoma tissues and self-assembled monolayers that were brushed without detectable damage [55, 56] . In this work, we have recorded a video sequence of a soft probe sliding along the vertical cross-section of an apple peel, including a lenticel area, in order to identify a possible deformation and compression of the apple peel (SI-8). In Fig. 3 , three representative snapshots from the video are shown. The soft probe followed the topography of the apple peel and lenticel area while the peel surface seemed to get neither deformed nor compressed. However, when approaching the apple peel surface area, the soft probe slit forwards and the apple peel was slightly compressed . This might cause the release of (electro)-chemically active compounds, however, no indications for this were observed in the experiments performed in this work (for instance, see approach curve plot in Fig. 1b) .

The pressure that is exerted by the soft probe onto the substrate is rather small as previously demonstrated by melanoma tissues and self-assembled monolayers that were brushed without detectable damage.


The presented electrochemical approach could be the basis for further research and development of electrochemically based in-field antioxidant sensors and scanners. Non-invasive monitoring on apple peels of intact apples could be achieved by implementing the soft microelectrode into portable, handhold scanners for in-field measurements. The electrolyte solutions could be inserted into a hydrogel or delivered and aspirated from microfluidic channels [69, 70] . Such scanners would be attractive for the monitoring of the antioxidant defense of apple peels during growing, picking and storing, for the early identification of fruit diseases, such as lenticel breakdown.

The electrolyte solutions could be inserted into a hydrogel or delivered and aspirated from microfluidic channels.


The validity of the feedback mode concept was supported by cyclic voltammetry in solutions containing various concentrations of the AOs quercetin and GSH, which caused a clear amplification of the steadystate current for the oxidation of FcMeOH (SI-4) [66] . In order to demonstrate the stability and reproducibility of approach curves along such rough and delicate surfaces, a series of 31 parallel approach curves on the apple peel was performed and the recorded tip current was plotted as a function of the horizontal and vertical probe position (Fig. 1b) . Once the soft probe got in contact with the sample and started a horizontal probe movement on the apple peel, the recorded approach curve experiments turned into a 2D mapping of the substrate reactivity. Such combined approach curve-imaging experiment demonstrated the stability of the probe sliding as well as a stable electrochemical signal. While sliding over the apple peel surface, regions of higher (yellowred in Fig. 1b) and lower (blue) redox mediator regeneration capabilities were identified.

The validity of the feedback mode concept was supported by cyclic voltammetry in solutions containing various concentrations of the AOs quercetin and GSH, which caused a clear amplification of the steadystate current for the oxidation of FcMeOH (SI-4).


Generally, the reaction of free radicals with AOs is very fast. However, most AOs are embedded inside the apple peel and the exact transport mechanism of FcMeOH into the apple peel compartments is unknown yet. It is known that an intracuticular lipophilic wax is present within a more hydrophilic cutin polymer matrix in the cuticular layer of the apple peel forming a water-in-oil emulsion like structure [61] . This layer contains certain amounts of the hydrophilic and lipophilic AOs (vide supra) [61] . Because FcMeOH shows neither unequivocal hydrophilic nor hydrophobic characteristics, it was chosen as the redox mediator in this study. Furthermore, SECM approach curves, such as the ones shown over the glass and the apple peel, do theoretically not cross each other, because the shape of such curves is mainly dependent on the substrate kinetics. The observed crossing in Fig. 1a is most likely a result of the macroscopic apple topography that affects the diffusion of FcMeOH and influences the tip current as long as the soft probe is not in contact with the substrate.

It is known that an intracuticular lipophilic wax is present within a more hydrophilic cutin polymer matrix in the cuticular layer of the apple peel forming a water-in-oil emulsion like structure.

This layer contains certain amounts of the hydrophilic and lipophilic AOs (vide supra).


Furthermore, the higher content of AOs in the apple peel was confirmed by SECM feedback mode imaging of the cross-section of an apple (Fig. 5a ). After the cutting procedure, the sample was quickly embedded in a flat wax matrix and immersed in solution. Over the wax area, a pure hindered diffusion current was measured (schematic representation of the soft probe movement over the wax-apple peal boarder in SI-10). Over the apple peel, the small current gradient from higher values (lower part of the SECM image) to lower values (upper part of the SECM image) was due to slow and slight electrode fouling, most likely caused by compounds diffusing slowly out of the apple and contaminating the carbon electrode surface. The apple peel of approximately 100 μm thickness (from right to left containing the cuticular, epidermal and hypodermal layers) shows a higher and homogeneous AO activity in respect to the flesh (Fig. 5a ), which is also valid when considering the decaying electrode current and comparing the currents for each y-position. On the contrary, a locally heterogeneous gradient of AO activity from the peel towards the flesh can be seen. The photograph of the apple cross-section after the SECM experiment is shown in Fig. 5b . Please note, that the gap between apple peel and wax in the optical image is larger than it was during the actual experiment due to the water loss in the apple matrix while drying at air. This experiment demonstrates that Soft-Probe-SECM imaging can be used to investigate the distribution of the AO activity in various parts of the apple, even in the fruit part. Imaging on the flesh is more challenging since various biological compounds can diffuse in the electrolyte solution causing serious electrode contamination issues over time (seen as a minor current decrease in positive y-direction). In order to show that the SECM image of the apple cross-section represents the global AO activity a freshly prepared apple cross-section was micro-contact printed onto a PVDF membrane to adsorb the hydrophobic AOs molecules and proteins (Fig. 5c ). PVDF membranes are well known for their extraordinary ability to adsorb proteins and hydrophobic molecules and have previously been used by our group for detecting tyrosinase enzymatic activity in bananas [42] . The left image part (i.e. x = 0-1.2 mm) corresponds to the apple fruit, whereas the area between x = 1.2-1.3 mm shows the enhanced AO activity of the apple peel. This result is in very good agreement with the SECM image performed directly on the apple cross-section. However, the permeability for the redox mediator is expected to be higher in the exposed apple peel cross-section and flesh compared to the top of the peel. Because the AO activity of the peel and flesh was preserved and gave the same result in the printed sample it can be suggested that the permeability of the redox mediator over the entire sample is comparable and/or does not influence this measurement.

PVDF membranes are well known for their extraordinary ability to adsorb proteins and hydrophobic molecules and have previously been used by our group for detecting tyrosinase enzymatic activity in bananas.


The dosing of omalizumab for chronic urticaria is in many cases based on the recommendations for asthma, i.e. based on serum total IgE levels and the weight of the patient [4] . We saw a marked effect in most of our patients of treatment with 150 mg once every two weeks. In comparison, most of the previous cases were treated with a higher dose, predominantly with an initial dose of 300 mg, which was also the dose that produced the most marked clinical response in the experimental trials [30] . On the contrary, earlier published case reports, in general, overestimated the effect of omalizumab compared with the controlled trials, and also did not report side effects or scored them as negligible or absent.

The dosing of omalizumab for chronic urticaria is in many cases based on the recommendations for asthma, i.e. based on serum total IgE levels and the weight of the patient.

In comparison, most of the previous cases were treated with a higher dose, predominantly with an initial dose of 300 mg, which was also the dose that produced the most marked clinical response in the experimental trials.


The contraction of FDI flows into the United States that we observe in early 2009 appears unusual relative to other countries that previously experienced financial crises. In other instances, inward FDI tended to remain stable or even increased (Levchenko and Mauro, 2007) . Such a lack of resiliency depends, in part, on the increases in the cost of funding FDI flows in the economies in which the flows originate, another unusual occurrence relative to other recent experiences.

In other instances, inward FDI tended to remain stable or even increased.


In contrast with B5, the thermal and hydrologic regimes of the B3 reach were relatively stable. Groundwater levels in the reach varied little through time, suggesting the influence of an intermediate to thick aquifer (Hill 2000) . These stable groundwater levels, coupled with low temporal variability in streamflow from the B3 catchment, were likely an important cause of the consistent temperature patterns in the B3 reach.

Groundwater levels in the reach varied little through time, suggesting the influence of an intermediate to thick aquifer.


Topography and proximity to gravel roads were important to selection of den sites by bears in PBS. Compared to availability in both annual home ranges and in the study area, bears selected den sites on relatively steep slopes, at high elevations, and in areas that were relatively far from gravel roads. Although gravel roads are often associated with low elevations and low slopes in some regions, gravel roads in PBS occurred in areas with high elevations and slopes as well as in areas with low elevations and slopes. We found no correlation between distance of dens to gravel roads and elevation or between slope and distance of dens to gravel or paved roads. In a previous study, we found that habitat selection by bears at PBS for areas near gravel and paved roads was not confounded by slope (Reynolds-Hogland and Mitchell 2007) . It was unlikely, therefore, that bears denned in areas away from gravel roads strictly to avoid low elevations and low slopes.

In a previous study, we found that habitat selection by bears at PBS for areas near gravel and paved roads was not confounded by slope.


The mathematical modeling of linear control systems, concerning the controllability of systems consisting of a set of well-defined interconnected objects, is based on the linear systems of divided difference functional equations. The controllability in mathematical control theory studies the concepts such as controllability of the state, controllability of the output, controllability at the origin, and complete controllability. The -difference equations play a key role in the control theory as these equations are always completely controllable and appear in the -optimal control problem [13] . The variational -calculus is known as a generalization of the continuous variational calculus due to the presence of an extra-parameter whose nature may be physical or economical. The study of the -uniform lattice rely on theEuler equations. In other words, it suffices to solve theEuler-Lagrange equation for finding the extremum of the functional involved instead of solving the Euler-Lagrange equation [14] . One can find more details in a series of papers [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] .

The -difference equations play a key role in the control theory as these equations are always completely controllable and appear in the -optimal control problem.

In other words, it suffices to solve theEuler-Lagrange equation for finding the extremum of the functional involved instead of solving the Euler-Lagrange equation.

One can find more details in a series of papers.


These statistics highlight SMEs' crucial contribution to the economy and explain the current interest in related research. These companies' increasing predisposition toward disclosing CSR information is worth noting, especially as, in this area, they are being guided by the Global Reporting Initiative's standards. Given that these firms have to meet certain qualitative and quantitative requirements, SMEs must assess whether their size means they have to report specific non-financial information in accordance with European Directive 95/2014 [22, 63] .

Given that these firms have to meet certain qualitative and quantitative requirements, SMEs must assess whether their size means they have to report specific non-financial information in accordance with European Directive 95/2014.


To achieve the research objectives, this study sought to corroborate whether CSR has a significant influence on innovation in SMEs, producing results aligned with the main theoretical and empirical studies in the literature [48] . The present findings also include that CSR strongly influences SMEs' reputation, which is in alignment with marketing and stakeholder theories [103, 186] . The current research's results also corroborate the conclusions of various empirical studies [65, 104] .

To achieve the research objectives, this study sought to corroborate whether CSR has a significant influence on innovation in SMEs, producing results aligned with the main theoretical and empirical studies in the literature.

The present findings also include that CSR strongly influences SMEs' reputation, which is in alignment with marketing and stakeholder theories.

The current research's results also corroborate the conclusions of various empirical studies.


In addition, the current study's findings support the conclusion that performance exerts a strong influence on SMEs' reputation, which is consistent with the theories and findings presented in key empirical studies in the literature [66, 138] . However, the present research also obtained results without empirical support from previous research on CSR practices' relationship with and influence on SMEs' competitive success and performance. These results do not coincide with stakeholder theory [145] . Some reasons for the present findings could be SME managers' day-to-day approach and focus on various innovation activities that generate value, employee satisfaction, and, to a certain extent, customer satisfaction. Similarly, it is important to highlight that SMEs have strong limitations (financial, technological and administrative) that prevent them from adopting and executing all CSR practices perfectly in most cases. Generally, high costs and ignorance of the benefits of a CSR-centric strategy have prevented SMEs from achieving significant results [187, 188] . In general, the managers of these companies focus on short-term strategies and sometimes this can be named as management myopia [188, 189] . This type of business requires and uses other factors to remain valid in local markets. However, these actions are driving it to achieve zero competitive success and a low-end and sustained profitability in highly competitive markets [189] . In this type of market-with a capitalist system where wealth is what matters-SMEs have been attracted to this dynamic and have neglected social and environmental actions (focus on the benefits towards interest groups), practices that can lead to achieve better organizational and economic results [190, 191] . These goals can cause SMEs to improve their reputation yet sometimes obtain poor financial results [192, 193] .

In addition, the current study's findings support the conclusion that performance exerts a strong influence on SMEs' reputation, which is consistent with the theories and findings presented in key empirical studies in the literature.

These results do not coincide with stakeholder theory.

Generally, high costs and ignorance of the benefits of a CSR-centric strategy have prevented SMEs from achieving significant results.

In general, the managers of these companies focus on short-term strategies and sometimes this can be named as management myopia.

However, these actions are driving it to achieve zero competitive success and a low-end and sustained profitability in highly competitive markets.

In this type of market-with a capitalist system where wealth is what matters-SMEs have been attracted to this dynamic and have neglected social and environmental actions (focus on the benefits towards interest groups), practices that can lead to achieve better organizational and economic results.

These goals can cause SMEs to improve their reputation yet sometimes obtain poor financial results.


The present study also found evidence that competitive success exerts a strong influence on performance. This finding was compared with the main theories and studies of SMEs, confirming a series of similarities to the present analyses' results [113, 120] . That is, when companies reach a certain level of competitive success through their resources and capabilities, such as the deployment of CSR strategies, these firms' productivity and profitability then increase [48] .

This finding was compared with the main theories and studies of SMEs, confirming a series of similarities to the present analyses' results.

That is, when companies reach a certain level of competitive success through their resources and capabilities, such as the deployment of CSR strategies, these firms' productivity and profitability then increase.


First, the public sector needs to acknowledge the above advantages and take them into account when defining regulations. Second, the previously mentioned business sector can obtain great benefits through CSR strategies. Last, society as a whole should experience overall improvements since SMEs are so prominent in the business sector and their success thus has important repercussions for the general public. These strategic efforts and actions will not have positive impacts if the SME continues to operate in isolation, which is why larger companies are working collaboratively (in a network) with other companies, with other public institutions (universities-government), private and with civil society in order to meet the demands of interest groups [194] . This is currently known as the quadruple helix, a strategy that can help improve the results of CSR practices, innovation ecosystems, image, and profitability for companies [195, 196] .

These strategic efforts and actions will not have positive impacts if the SME continues to operate in isolation, which is why larger companies are working collaboratively (in a network) with other companies, with other public institutions (universities-government), private and with civil society in order to meet the demands of interest groups.

This is currently known as the quadruple helix, a strategy that can help improve the results of CSR practices, innovation ecosystems, image, and profitability for companies.


The present international panorama of globalized markets requires businesses to find new ways to generate competitiveness. This trend involves not only large companies but also SMEs, which constitute a high percentage of most business sectors [149, 183, 184] . Extremadura's economy, in specific, is made up of mainly self-employed workers and tertiary sector microenterprises with fewer than 10 workers. Globalization, a recent economic crisis, and the current intense competition are factors in business frameworks that have led companies both to focus on the creation of wealth and to understand and apply new strategies that help these firms to achieve sustainable competitiveness and growth [185] .

This trend involves not only large companies but also SMEs, which constitute a high percentage of most business sectors.

Globalization, a recent economic crisis, and the current intense competition are factors in business frameworks that have led companies both to focus on the creation of wealth and to understand and apply new strategies that help these firms to achieve sustainable competitiveness and growth.


Lifestyle modification interventions that provided continued contact with professional counselors were also found to be effective in achieving long-term weight loss maintenance [39] . Professional counseling for weight loss has been conducted using email. In two separate studies of overweight hospital employees and individuals at risk for type II diabetes, those in Internet education plus email professional counseling group lost significantly more weight than those in an Internet education only group after 6 months [12, 15] . Varying results have been reported in achieving and maintaining weight loss in studies that incorporated weight loss counseling via email involving mostly midlife Caucasian women [13, 15] .

Lifestyle modification interventions that provided continued contact with professional counselors were also found to be effective in achieving long-term weight loss maintenance.

In two separate studies of overweight hospital employees and individuals at risk for type II diabetes, those in Internet education plus email professional counseling group lost significantly more weight than those in an Internet education only group after 6 months.

Varying results have been reported in achieving and maintaining weight loss in studies that incorporated weight loss counseling via email involving mostly midlife Caucasian women.


Nevertheless males do occur, but in the course of our study only 1 male was found, in a n old culture with conditions of food shortage, deterioration of the medium and appearance of fungl and yeast cells. There is only 1 record of a male from a population in nature (Timm, 1963) . We found at least 10 males immediately after startlng a culture with sediment sampled on January 24, 1980 (water temperature 1.5 "C), a n d are confident that these males were collected from nature and not cultivated.

There is only 1 record of a male from a population in nature.


Because accumulated evidence from cardiovascular (CV) trials has suggested that not all patients benefit from intensive glycemic treatment, recent clinical practice guidelines recommend individualized glycemic target goals to avoid SH episodes or weight gain [7] [8] [9] . The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), comprising subjects with recently diagnosed diabe-tes, showed that an improvement in glycemic control reduced microvascular complication and myocardial infarction (MI) [2] . Meanwhile, in the ACCORD study, individuals with older age, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of 7.5% or more, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or additional CV risk factors were recruited and compared with those in UKPDS. These differences suggested that individuals in the ACCORD study receiving intensive therapy had greater risk factors for CV morbidity and mortality compared with those in the UKPDS [2, 5] .

Because accumulated evidence from cardiovascular (CV) trials has suggested that not all patients benefit from intensive glycemic treatment, recent clinical practice guidelines recommend individualized glycemic target goals to avoid SH episodes or weight gain.

The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), comprising subjects with recently diagnosed diabe-tes, showed that an improvement in glycemic control reduced microvascular complication and myocardial infarction (MI).

These differences suggested that individuals in the ACCORD study receiving intensive therapy had greater risk factors for CV morbidity and mortality compared with those in the UKPDS.


This highly organized harvesting system underscores the importance of honeydew in the life history of the western thatching ant. Honeydew has at least 2 principal functions in this ant species. First, it serves as food for workers, larvae, and the queen (Wellenstein 1952) . Second, because the aphids that supply honeydew are widely distributed across the ants' foraging territory, the persistent harvest of honeydew places the workers in an ideal position to defend that territory and provides them with energy for the defense. Taken together, the behavioral components of the harvesting system (temporal polyethism, foraging fidelity, chain transport, and the trunk trail system) provide the colony with a reliable means to collect and deliver honeydew to the primary nest and to maintain a steady supply of widely distributed workers for territorial defense. Yet, although the harvesting system as a whole appears to be highly organized, it is nonetheless built from behavioral components that are common in other ant species that vary considerably in their foraging habits and modes of territorial defense.

First, it serves as food for workers, larvae, and the queen.


To deal with this redundancy, this paper introduces last path caching, which has a simpler procedure than an existing scheme, called Fork Path ORAM [20] . This paper also points out that Fork Path ORAM has an disadvantage on security: the derived access pattern may reflect the original access pattern in a specific condition. Though it can be solved in some ways, the efficiency and simplicity will decrease. Last path caching, on the other hand, is a virtual cache mechanism using an existing cache in Path ORAM called a stash and it can be implemented with a minimal modification to the Path ORAM protocol.

To deal with this redundancy, this paper introduces last path caching, which has a simpler procedure than an existing scheme, called Fork Path ORAM.


In this paper we consider the following coupled flow and transport problem that arise in porous media: 2) is known as the transport equation, and describes advective and diffusive transport of a concentration c. Such transport models are employed in modeling tracers in a porous media [30] . Choosing compatible numerical solvers for the flow and transport equations may be of importance for accuracy, stability and conservation properties [17] . Here we discuss using a continuous Galerkin (CG) finite element method for the flow equation and apply a postprocessing method to compute fluxes on element boundaries to obtain local conservation. A discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element method with upwinding is employed for the transport equation [43, 38] . DG allows for discontinuities in the solution and has the advantages of local mass conservation, less numerical diffusion, favorable h-and p-refinement, handling of discontinuous coefficients, and efficient implementation. CG is a well-developed numerical discretization for partial differential equations. It is numerically efficient for problems requiring dynamic grid adaptivity. It is known that CG requires postprocessing to obtain locally conservative fluxes on element boundaries [3, 25, 23, 29, 27, 39, 16, 10, 31, 18, 5] . This has been the topic also for studies of environmental modeling in bays and estuaries where CG has been employed for shallow water equations [14] . Applying non-conservative flux to the transport equation may result in non-physical concentration solutions [37, 28, 31] .

Such transport models are employed in modeling tracers in a porous media.

Choosing compatible numerical solvers for the flow and transport equations may be of importance for accuracy, stability and conservation properties.

A discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element method with upwinding is employed for the transport equation.

It is known that CG requires postprocessing to obtain locally conservative fluxes on element boundaries.

This has been the topic also for studies of environmental modeling in bays and estuaries where CG has been employed for shallow water equations.

Applying non-conservative flux to the transport equation may result in non-physical concentration solutions.


It is very interesting to know what kind of dynamics we can realize by an appropriate choice of the feedback control. Of course, a smooth or at least Lipschitz feedback is preferable if we want system (2) to correctly define a dynamical system. Unfortunately, we cannot expect too much. In particular, if f 0 = 0, then system (2) with a continuous feedback control cannot have locally asymptotically stable equilibria as it was observed by R. Brockett [2] .

In particular, if f 0 = 0, then system (2) with a continuous feedback control cannot have locally asymptotically stable equilibria as it was observed by R. Brockett.


Phosphorylated SYP-1 localizes to the short arm immediately after COSA-1 focus formation in late pachytene, suggesting that this relocation is one of the earliest events to take place after recombination intermediates are committed to COs. Another SC central component, SYP-3, has been shown to dynamically move onto and off of chromosomes during meiotic prophase. In a process dependent on PLK-2, this exchange becomes less dynamic after COs are made (Pattabiraman et al., 2017) . Thus, the asymmetric relocalization of phosphorylated SYP-1 coincides with a large-scale reduction in the dynamic properties of the SC, raising the possibility that both of these PLK-2-dependent events are mechanistically connected.

In a process dependent on PLK-2, this exchange becomes less dynamic after COs are made.


Derived from asymmetric information problems the POT on the contrary asserts that there is no optimal capital structure, instead firm practices financial hierarchy. When the manager is likely to have a great deal of private information regarding the value of the firm than outside investors or even the creditors, the financing method chosen by the manager can serve as a signal. Thus the information asymmetry which occurs between the two parties drives the manager to practice hierarchical financing where internal financing will be the first choice follows by debt and equity is issued only when firms have no more debt capacity (Myers & Majluf, 1984) .

Thus the information asymmetry which occurs between the two parties drives the manager to practice hierarchical financing where internal financing will be the first choice follows by debt and equity is issued only when firms have no more debt capacity.


The effect of different carbon sources on growth and PHB production by mixed cultures The results presented in Figure 1 indicates that among the three different combinations of mixed cultures checked for PHB production, maximum PHB production was observed with B. firmus NII 0830 and L. delbrueckii NII 0925 followed by B. sphaericus NII 0838 and L. delbrueckii NII 0925. Among the different carbon sources screened for PHB production -glucose, glycerol and fructose gave almost similar type of productivity followed by sucrose, xylose and lactose. In this study glucose was selected as carbon source for further studies. There were several reports on PHB production using mixed cultures (Tohyama et al. 2000; Johnson et al. 2010) . In the present study glucose may be converted into lactate by L. delbrueckii NII 0925 and the lactate was in turn converted to PHB by B. sphaericus NII 0838 as an alternative.

There were several reports on PHB production using mixed cultures.


Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) employed in the present study gives the complex permittivity continuously over a wide frequency domain (I kHz to 20 GHz); therefore, it is easy to extract each relaxation process. In general, clay-water systems under moist conditions have a high dc conductivity. Hence, the contribution of dc conductivity to the complex permittivity must be precisely evaluated, especially in the low-frequency range. This evaluation is possible using a reference TDR method (Cole et al., 1980; Mashimo et al., 1987a) . If a standard sample with known permittivity is employed as a reference and the conductivity is adjusted to be approximately the same as that of an unknown sample, the complex permittivity of the unknown sample can be obtained as a function of the ratio of the Fourier transforms of the two reflected waves from the known and the unknown samples, respectively.

This evaluation is possible using a reference TDR method.


PM processing of magnesium is influenced by its high affinity to oxygen, which results in the formation of a thermodynamically-stable layer of corrosion products on the magnesium powder particles' surface. The created layer dramatically inhibits the diffusion processes required for material densification during PM processing [4] . Because of the high affinity of magnesium to oxygen, a protective atmosphere (usually argon or nitrogen) has to be used for handling of magnesium powders and specimens, as well as for subsequent sintering [4] .

The created layer dramatically inhibits the diffusion processes required for material densification during PM processing.

Because of the high affinity of magnesium to oxygen, a protective atmosphere (usually argon or nitrogen) has to be used for handling of magnesium powders and specimens, as well as for subsequent sintering.


Magnesium and its alloys are modern lightweight materials applicable in a wide range of industrial fields from aerospace and automotive to biomedical applications. Its main advantages are a good strength to weight ratio and biocompatibility in combination with biodegradability. However, due to the high reactivity of pure Mg and the mechanical properties, not really sufficient for engineering applications, mainly magnesium alloys are used [1] [2] [3] [4] .

However, due to the high reactivity of pure Mg and the mechanical properties, not really sufficient for engineering applications, mainly magnesium alloys are used.


Electrochemical characterization of PM magnesium materials is commonly carried out either in NaCl solution or in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) or enriched HBSS [21, [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] . Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements provide complex information of the material degradation characteristics during exposure in corrosion medium in time. From the chemical point of view, several specific reactions can occur in HBSS and enriched HBSS medium due to the additional content of several ions when compared to NaCl solution [30] .

Electrochemical characterization of PM magnesium materials is commonly carried out either in NaCl solution or in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) or enriched HBSS.

From the chemical point of view, several specific reactions can occur in HBSS and enriched HBSS medium due to the additional content of several ions when compared to NaCl solution.


The statistical analysis of the ac breakdown results (70 average breakdown voltages for each liquid) performed in the present paper is based the normal distribution. It has been shown that this type of distribution can be used in the analysis of the ac breakdown voltages of mineral oils, natural and synthetic esters, [11, 20] . If the data are distributed normally, the standard deviations for each of these three liquids can be established. Reliable standard deviation in breakdown voltage is important for comparison of the dielectric performance of insulating liquids; it is desirable to use a liquid with minimum spread in its breakdown voltage. This will provide a higher degree of predictability in the dielectric performance, which can affect the design and maintenance of the high-voltage systems. The mean and standard deviation values obtained for the normally-distributed breakdown voltages can be used in the design of power systems for prediction of the dielectric performance of insulating liquids. The mean voltage, U 50% and the withstand voltage, U 1% are used in the insulation design of high-voltage equipment, [30, 35] .

It has been shown that this type of distribution can be used in the analysis of the ac breakdown voltages of mineral oils, natural and synthetic esters.

The mean voltage, U 50% and the withstand voltage, U 1% are used in the insulation design of high-voltage equipment.


During the course of the present study, it was also important to examine additional possibilities, as these could result in climate-efficient developments based on sustainable production and consumption (Fonseca et al., 2010; Kiss, 2013) . The present study aims at reviewing the possibilities for development in both plant production and animal husbandry that would be possible with direct intervention. This was the result of an attempt to sustain those principles that targeted objective developments at the project level, thus avoiding exaggerated numerical data resulting from the multiplier effect and overlaps between the sectors (i.e. agriculture and energy production).

During the course of the present study, it was also important to examine additional possibilities, as these could result in climate-efficient developments based on sustainable production and consumption.


In the radiolabelled human mass balance-metabolism study, a single oxidative metabolite (M9) was identified as present in circulation at <10% of the drug-related species, suggesting that it is a minor circulating metabolite [8] . In the CYP phenotyping study, the relative rate of M9 formation by the 3A4 isoform was~29 times higher than 2C9 and~14 times higher than 2D6, suggesting that 3A4 may be primarily involved in the formation of M9 from canagliflozin. However, the role of CYP3A4 metabolism was considered minimal based on limited contribution in overall disposition of canagliflozin (~7.6% of the administered oral dose).

In the radiolabelled human mass balance-metabolism study, a single oxidative metabolite (M9) was identified as present in circulation at <10% of the drug-related species, suggesting that it is a minor circulating metabolite.


Spontaneous combustion of coal underground takes place mainly in the goaf and occurs through a complex system of thermal, hydraulic, chemical, and mechanical processes [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . The combustion of coal underground is closely related to the concentration and distribution of oxygen in the goaf [7] . Consequently, study of the oxygen concentration and distribution is important to understand coal spontaneous combustion. To date, the oxygen distribution in coal mine goaf has typically been approximated from either a minimal number of actual gas measurements in the goaf or model test results obtained in the laboratory. These two methods have many disadvantages, one of which is the heavy workload required. Although laboratory results are valuable, their extrapolation to the mining environment is not entirely successful because scaling is complicated, and small-scale experiments do not accurately replicate the largescale environment. Scaling issues typically arise when the coal temperature is high enough that radiative heat transfer cannot be neglected. In these cases, there are problems with scaling of the radiative heat transfer from the small-scale 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering spontaneous combustion results to large-scale mining. For small-scale tests when the coal temperature is low, radiative heat transfer can be neglected but the test results have not been validated [7, 8] . Consequently, it is necessary to establish a new method to study coal spontaneous combustion.

Spontaneous combustion of coal underground takes place mainly in the goaf and occurs through a complex system of thermal, hydraulic, chemical, and mechanical processes.

The combustion of coal underground is closely related to the concentration and distribution of oxygen in the goaf.

For small-scale tests when the coal temperature is low, radiative heat transfer can be neglected but the test results have not been validated.


To estimate the expected number of cases up to year 2030 for both scenarios, the corresponding predicted value of incidence for each year was multiplied by the projected population estimate for same year. Population data and projections for the ≥65 year old age cohort up to 2030 were obtained from United Nations World Population Prospects: the 2015 revision [16] . The medium fertility variant population projection was used which takes into account a medium fertility, normal mortality and normal international migration rates.

Population data and projections for the ≥65 year old age cohort up to 2030 were obtained from United Nations World Population Prospects: the 2015 revision.


Previous research has demonstrated the existence of a relationship between trust and individual and organizational outcomes in the workplace such as knowledge sharing, cooperation, job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment, turnover, and job performance (Dirks & Ferrin, 2001 Levin & Cross, 2004; Mayer et al., 1995; Schoorman et al., 2007) . However, as previously argued, the focus has generally been on the trustor and his/her trust, and not on the trustee and his/her feeling of being trusted. Furthermore, most empirical research has Estimates are given in standardized estimates.

Previous research has demonstrated the existence of a relationship between trust and individual and organizational outcomes in the workplace such as knowledge sharing, cooperation, job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment, turnover, and job performance.


See Table 2 for the measures (mean, number of items, scaling, etc.) and their correlation matrix. Inspection of the data shows significant deviation from normality; however, due to the large sample, a significant deviation from normality does not necessitate a meaningful or problematic deviation (Field, 2009) . Exploring the data closer shows a slight negative skew of the trust items (between -1.03 and -1.56 for each item) and a slight positive kurtosis on the mastery items (between 0.97 and 2.53). We use bootstrap confidence intervals. The bootstrap procedure makes no assumptions about the parent population (such as normality) other than random sampling (Hayes, 2013; Kelley, 2005) .

Inspection of the data shows significant deviation from normality; however, due to the large sample, a significant deviation from normality does not necessitate a meaningful or problematic deviation.

We use bootstrap confidence intervals.

The bootstrap procedure makes no assumptions about the parent population (such as normality) other than random sampling.


Compared with the Norwegian population, we find a higher number of respondents among the oldest age groups (50 years and older) and a lower number among the youngest (18-29). We also find some overrepresentation of respondents with higher education. Although not ideal, an underrepresentation of younger employees and employees with lower educations is common in surveys (Tolonen et al., 2006) . Compared with Statistics Norway's statistics, we also have an underrepresentation of employees in temporary position (4% compared with 8%) (SSB, n.d.-b) and in part-time work (16% compared with 25%) (SSB, n.d.-a).

Although not ideal, an underrepresentation of younger employees and employees with lower educations is common in surveys.


It is tantalyzing to ask what 'tangency' of ideal classes might imply for the arithmetic of O K ; at the moment the author has no particularly compelling answer to this. A note on the figures. The images in this paper were produced with Sage Mathematics Software [27] .

A note on the figures.

The images in this paper were produced with Sage Mathematics Software.


Our work is focused on the stability of PECs as a function of the formation procedure and of the hydrophobicity of the used polyelectrolytes, which is connected with the size, shape and structure of the PEC particles formed. The PELs used are strong PELs based on alternating maleic anhydride copolymers, which were modified to be cationic as well as anionic. Because of their uniform structure, the distance between charged groups along the polymer chain is nearly the same for cationic and anionic polymers. Normally, commercially available anionic polyelectrolytes used for complex formation carry weak charged functional groups excepting polystyrenesulfonate (PSS). Apart from these PELs, workers synthesize themselves the strongly charged anionic polyelectrolytes. For instance, the research group of Dragan studied intensively the complex formation with self synthesized poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate) (NaPAMPS) [9] [10] [11] . In our experience, complex formation with polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) often leads to colloidal unstable complex dispersions. This is because of the relatively strong hydrophobicity of this polyelectrolyte. In the present work we prepared PELs with different hydrophobicity of the comonomers like ethylene, isobutylene and styrene. Our goal was to study the colloidal stability of the PECs systematically as a function of the hydrophobicity.

For instance, the research group of Dragan studied intensively the complex formation with self synthesized poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate) (NaPAMPS).