The production of second generation bioethanol from lignocellulosic can be carried out by three major step, i.e: pretreatment of raw material, enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars, and biological conversion of sugars to ethanol [9] . Pretreatment process is crucial for achieving effective hydrolysis of substrates. Mechanical pretreatments or fractionation of lignocellulosic in aqueous alkali and acid to improve the enzymatic accessibility [10] . Hydrolysis and fermentation process can be achieved by several process strategies. They include separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), and prehydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) [11] . SHF involves two sequential step, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation that allows working at optimal operating conditions for enzyme and microorganisms. However, the products formed during the hydrolysis step in SHF, such as cellobiose and glucose, can inhibit the cellulase enzyme as well as the fermenting microorganisms. Whereas in SSF, glucose produced from hydrolysis is simultaneously metabolized by microorganism, thereby alleviating problems caused by product inhibition [12] . Moreover, the SSF process has other advantages such as reduced operation all costs, lower enzyme requirement and increased productivity [13] .

The production of second generation bioethanol from lignocellulosic can be carried out by three major step, i.e: pretreatment of raw material, enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to sugars, and biological conversion of sugars to ethanol.

Mechanical pretreatments or fractionation of lignocellulosic in aqueous alkali and acid to improve the enzymatic accessibility.

They include separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), and prehydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF).

Whereas in SSF, glucose produced from hydrolysis is simultaneously metabolized by microorganism, thereby alleviating problems caused by product inhibition.

Moreover, the SSF process has other advantages such as reduced operation all costs, lower enzyme requirement and increased productivity.


Cell lines with MDR1-mediated drug resistance are sensitive to EL102. A classic method of chemotherapeutic drug resistance involves the overexpression of drug resistance pump Pgp. We tested EL102 in a poorly differentiated squamous lung carcinoma cell line pair: DLKP and its doxorubicin-selected variant DLKPA (Clynes et al, 1992) . Table 2 shows that DLKPA is cross-resistant to the taxanes, docetaxel (253-fold) and paclitaxel (258-fold). Its mechanism of resistance is primarily through overexpression of Pgp as previously described (Keenan et al, 2009; Collins et al, 2010; Dunne et al, 2011) . While DLKPA overexpresses Pgp, it does not express the MRP1 or BCRP drug resistance pumps (Collins et al, 2010) . Figure 1D and Table 2 shows that while the DLKPA variant is resistant to docetaxel, both parent cell line DLKP and its drugresistant variant DLKPA are equally sensitive to EL102 ( Figure 1E ).

We tested EL102 in a poorly differentiated squamous lung carcinoma cell line pair: DLKP and its doxorubicin-selected variant DLKPA.

Its mechanism of resistance is primarily through overexpression of Pgp as previously described.

While DLKPA overexpresses Pgp, it does not express the MRP1 or BCRP drug resistance pumps.


Here we consider data from the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium, specifically the genome-wide association study for BMI (Locke et al., 2015) . The GIANT consortium performed a meta-analysis of 329,224 individuals measuring 2,555,510 SNPs and tested each for association with BMI. Here we will consider using a regression model to estimate a prior probability for association for each SNP conditional on the SNP-specific sample size and allele frequency.

Here we consider data from the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium, specifically the genome-wide association study for BMI.


The notion of singularities of mappings into 2-manifolds can be generalized in the following way. Let T M and T N denote the tangent bundles of the manifolds M and N respectively. For a smooth mapping f : M → N, the differential df : T M → T N is a mapping linear on every fiber of T M. The dimension of the kernel of df at a point x ∈ M is called the kernel rank of f at x and is denoted by kr x f . Let S i = S i (f ) denote the set of the points x ∈ M with kr x f = i. Suppose that dim M = m ≥ n = dim N. Then the points of the set S m−n are called regular. The other points of the manifold M are called singular. Though the union of all singular sets S i may be not a manifold, it is remarkable that if f satisfies some general position conditions (see section 5, then every set S i is a submanifold of M [4] . Suppose that f satisfies general position conditions. We consider the restriction f | S i 1 of f on the submanifold S i 1 and define S i 1 ,i 2 as the subset S i 2 (f | S i 1 ) of S i 1 . Again, for a general position mapping f , that is for a mapping which satisfies general position conditions, every set S i 1 ,i 2 is a submanifold of M and the definition may be iterated. Thus, the set S i 1 ,...,i k is defined by induction as S i k (f | S i 1 ,...,i k−1 ). The index I = (i 1 , ..., i k ) is called the symbol of the singularity. We will write S I for S i 1 ,...,i k . If x is a singular point of a type S I , then we say that x is an S I -point or I-singular point.

Though the union of all singular sets S i may be not a manifold, it is remarkable that if f satisfies some general position conditions (see section 5, then every set S i is a submanifold of M.

We will write S I for S i 1 ,...,i k .


Research showed that one of the potential hindrances for the use of foliar application as a tool to improve nutrient use efficiency is the lack of a good formulation that can be easily absorbed by cereal leaves [9] . Several products including powdered forms of diammonium phosphate (DAP), triple superphosphate (TSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and potassium phosphate monobasic salt have been evaluated with limited success [15] . Some of these products were not small enough for entry through the leaf, while others, like potassium phosphate monobasic, dried quickly resulting in poor entry into the leaf [10] . Phosphite (PO 3 ) based formulations such as Nutri-phite are proposed as alternatives to overcome problems associated with absorption of P through leaf tissue and to thereby improve nutrient use efficiency, boost crop yield, and increase grain quality [29, 30] . Nutriphite contains phosphite (PO 3 ) and a blend of organic acids that stabilize and safens the phosphite molecule that is taken up by leaves of plants. It is composed of 3% N, 8.7% P, and 5.8% K. The compound is designed to improve nutrient use efficiency by plants including major nutrients such as N and P. Phosphite based formulations have been used in many horticultural crops; however, they have not been tested in major cereals like corn (Zea mays L.) and wheat. In this study, Nutri-phite was used as model phosphite formulation for foliar application in wheat. The goal of most agricultural producers is to obtain optimal crop yields with minimum input from fertilizers and to minimize negative environmental impacts of agricultural operations [30] . It is imperative to evaluate methods to reduce the cost and loss of P fertilizer critical for wheat producers so that they can achieve their goal.

Research showed that one of the potential hindrances for the use of foliar application as a tool to improve nutrient use efficiency is the lack of a good formulation that can be easily absorbed by cereal leaves.

Several products including powdered forms of diammonium phosphate (DAP), triple superphosphate (TSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and potassium phosphate monobasic salt have been evaluated with limited success.

Some of these products were not small enough for entry through the leaf, while others, like potassium phosphate monobasic, dried quickly resulting in poor entry into the leaf.

Phosphite (PO 3 ) based formulations such as Nutri-phite are proposed as alternatives to overcome problems associated with absorption of P through leaf tissue and to thereby improve nutrient use efficiency, boost crop yield, and increase grain quality.

The goal of most agricultural producers is to obtain optimal crop yields with minimum input from fertilizers and to minimize negative environmental impacts of agricultural operations.


Naturally occurring substances of plant origin have been reported to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Plants extracts are being used in folk and even modern medical practices for the treatment of different ailments, most of which are due to microbial infections [24] . The development of resistance to antibiotics is an almost inevitable consequence of their application [25] . The rate of antibiotic resistance development depends on the respective group of antibiotics and their products. The use of plant extracts or phytochemicals with known antimicrobial properties can be of great importance for therapeutic purposes. Our data suggest that the plants which have been found to have antimicrobial properties in vitro also have in vivo antimicrobial activity and contains a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids. In this study, the antibacterial property of the ethanolic extracts of both the wild type and cultivated P. emblica have been investigated against a gram-negative (i.e., B. subtilis) and two gram-negative (i.e., E. coli and S. typhi) bacterial strains. The ethanolic extracts of P. emblica showed antibacterial activity against both the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (Figures 3(a)-(c) ). Our data indicated that inhibitory action of different extracts is dependent on their concentrations. The higher the concentration, the greater the inhibitory action of the plant extracts to the test organisms. The results support the application of P.

Plants extracts are being used in folk and even modern medical practices for the treatment of different ailments, most of which are due to microbial infections.

The development of resistance to antibiotics is an almost inevitable consequence of their application.


Jet mixing into a crosst1ow has been studied extensively because of its wide range of applicability to such diverse fields as gas turbine cooling and staging, fuel-air premixing, VSTOL aircraft, and pollutant discharge from stacks or pipes. In a confined crosst1ow problem such as that encountered in the quick-mixing region of the RQL combustor, flow properties such as the jet-to-mainstream density and momentum-flux ratios as well as the geometries constraining the jet and crossflow influence the degree of mixing that occurs. In a confined subsonic crossflow system the most important flow variable is the jet-to-mainstream momentum-flux ratio, J (Holdeman, 1993) . The momentum-flux ratio must be determined before a configuration (e.g., orifice number, shape, and placement) can be designed.

In a confined subsonic crossflow system the most important flow variable is the jet-to-mainstream momentum-flux ratio, J.


PVDF is a semi-crystalline polymer and exhibits five distinct crystalline phases: α, β, δ, γ and ε. The β-phase (figure 1) is the one with the largest interest for technological applications due to its electroactive properties: piezoelectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric. This phase is obtained with a porous microstructure directly by solution casting with solvent evaporation and crystallization temperatures below 70 ºC. Two of the most relevant co-polymers of PVDF are Poly(vinylidene fluoride-cotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) and Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (P(VDF-HFP)) (figure 1) [14] . P(VDF-TrFE) shows a Curie temperature (Tc) below melting temperature (Tm) and crystallizes in the ferroelectric β-phase regardless processing technique, melt or solution casting, for VDF contents between 50 and 80%. P(VDF-HFP) (figure 1) is also a semi-crystalline polymer with lower degree crystallinity than PVDF and with strong ferroelectric properties when samples are prepared by solvent casting [14] .

This phase is obtained with a porous microstructure directly by solution casting with solvent evaporation and crystallization temperatures below 70 ºC. Two of the most relevant co-polymers of PVDF are Poly(vinylidene fluoride-cotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) and Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (P(VDF-HFP)) (figure 1).

P(VDF-HFP) (figure 1) is also a semi-crystalline polymer with lower degree crystallinity than PVDF and with strong ferroelectric properties when samples are prepared by solvent casting.


Tissue engineering (TE) is continuously evolving as an exciting and multidisciplinary field aiming to develop biological substitutes to restore, replace or regenerate defective tissues [1] . Successful tissue engineering generally relays upon two essential elements: cells and scaffolds, scaffold design being therefore a key aspect of TE. Scaffolds are primarily designed to support cell colonization and formation of tissue, mimetizing the tissue extracellular matrix [2] . Scaffolds for TE should meet several design criteria with respect to geometry, microstructure and physicochemical properties. The scaffold should be designed according to the structure of the tissue into which it is to be implanted [3] .

Tissue engineering (TE) is continuously evolving as an exciting and multidisciplinary field aiming to develop biological substitutes to restore, replace or regenerate defective tissues.

Scaffolds are primarily designed to support cell colonization and formation of tissue, mimetizing the tissue extracellular matrix.

The scaffold should be designed according to the structure of the tissue into which it is to be implanted.


Study on reproductive strategies is vital for artificial propagation as a result of conservation of diverse accessions. Propagation from seed is, efficiently, economical and common; but germination demands for native species are, in many cases, mysterious, particularly, for thinly distributed or endemic species of which material is additionally difficult to acquire. For these cases, we should use ex situ experiments for conservation purposes. For salvia accessions, propagation by seed is a preferred method for preserving their genetic diversity. In addition, in the majority of accessions, in vitro methods are not indispensable. For some accessions, these methods are not essential for ideal seed germination and would waste resources if used. Therefore proper methods must be chosen based on the demands of each accession (Benson et al., 2000) . Hormonal treatments can effectively be used to increase the rate and the germination percentages. Many salvia species are similar to seeds of some other plant species, demand a stimulus to trigger germination and fail to germinate in the absence of gibberellins treatment (Hashemi and Estilai, 1994) . Four separate clusters respond differently, to GA3 due to high diversity in germination of accessions.

Therefore proper methods must be chosen based on the demands of each accession.

Many salvia species are similar to seeds of some other plant species, demand a stimulus to trigger germination and fail to germinate in the absence of gibberellins treatment.


The datasets we consider are in vivo calcium-imaging movies recorded from the antennal lobe (AL). Here, information from the odor receptors on the antennae is integrated, processed and then relayed to higher-order brain regions. In the AL, each odor smelled by the fly is represented as a spatio-temporal pattern of brain activity (see schematic in Figure 1 ). The coding units of the AL are the so-called glomeruli that exhibit differential responses to odorants. The combined response of all the 43 glomeruli in a single fruitfly AL forms an odor-specific pattern [21] . Patterns recorded so far are available in the DoOR database [5] .

The combined response of all the 43 glomeruli in a single fruitfly AL forms an odor-specific pattern.

Patterns recorded so far are available in the DoOR database.


With the exception of the service recovery paradox, the research hypotheses, largely based on theory from traditional services, were broadly supported. This further extends the generalizeability of research in traditional services into the context of online service. Thus, the article provides general support in defense of theories that draw parallels between online and offline services, answering calls for research examining the applicability of tradi tional notions of service management in e-service settings (Roth and Menor, 2003) .

Thus, the article provides general support in defense of theories that draw parallels between online and offline services, answering calls for research examining the applicability of tradi tional notions of service management in e-service settings.


Up to now, 281 mutations have been identified in the MEFV gene and 81 of these were identified in exon 10 [6] . Among these mutations, M694V, M680I, M694I and V726A were reported to be the most common, accounting for nearly 80.0% of all abnormal alleles in patients. In the present study, we aimed to determine the frequencies of the common MEFV gene mutations (M694V, M680I, M694I, V726A) in healthy individuals in Adıyaman, Southeast Anatolia, Turkey, and the carrier rate and mutation frequency of FMF according to these mutations.

Up to now, 281 mutations have been identified in the MEFV gene and 81 of these were identified in exon 10.


For each model, we randomly pick values of the parameters over the following ranges: T = 500-2900 K, X H2O = 10 −13 -1, X HCN = 10 −13 -1, X NH3 = 10 −13 -1, κ 0 = 10 −13 -10 2 cm 2 g −1 . The surface gravity of WASP-12b is taken to be 977 cm s −2 [40] . The spectroscopic database used to construct the NH 3 opacities does not exist for temperatures above 1600 K [35] . For computational reasons, we set the NH 3 opacity to be zero and the volume mixing ratio to be small (10 −13 ) if the temperature exceeds this threshold. Fortunately, ammonia is expected to be a minor species at high temperatures, where the dominant nitrogen carrier is instead expected to be molecular nitrogen [41, 42] .

The surface gravity of WASP-12b is taken to be 977 cm s −2.

The spectroscopic database used to construct the NH 3 opacities does not exist for temperatures above 1600 K.

Fortunately, ammonia is expected to be a minor species at high temperatures, where the dominant nitrogen carrier is instead expected to be molecular nitrogen.


In general, a certain amount of nutrients is enough for a crop to attain its potential yield under specific climate and farming management. When crop demand for nutrients remains constant, an increase in soil nutrient supply from SOM mineralization would decrease the yield increase from fertilization, while reduced amounts of SOM mineralization would cause a decrease of indigenous soil nutrient supply and necessitate fertilization for optimal crop production. For example, data from 13 European long-term experiments showed that 43 kg/ha more mineral N fertilizer was necessary to reach the highest yield, but optimal N declined from 147 kg/ha at low SOM to 108 kg/ha at high SOM in the treatments without farmyard manure while the optimal mineral N ranged from 96 kg/ha at low SOM to 67 kg/ha at high SOM in the farmyard manure plots [27] . Therefore, soils with higher SOM could supply more nutrients to support high inherent soil productivity but could rely less on external fertilizer input compared with soils with lower SOM, and over application of fertilizer inputs would not significantly increase the nutrient uptake by crops for both growth and yield but increase the potential of environmental risks. So, agricultural practices for SOM accumulation should be considered as an effective tool to improve the inherent soil productivity and decrease the consumption of chemical fertilizers while maintaining or increasing crop production; correspondingly, nutrient input should be adjusted in accordance with the temporal and spatial changes in SOM levels in order to optimize the fertilization recommendation [32, 33] .

For example, data from 13 European long-term experiments showed that 43 kg/ha more mineral N fertilizer was necessary to reach the highest yield, but optimal N declined from 147 kg/ha at low SOM to 108 kg/ha at high SOM in the treatments without farmyard manure while the optimal mineral N ranged from 96 kg/ha at low SOM to 67 kg/ha at high SOM in the farmyard manure plots.

So, agricultural practices for SOM accumulation should be considered as an effective tool to improve the inherent soil productivity and decrease the consumption of chemical fertilizers while maintaining or increasing crop production; correspondingly, nutrient input should be adjusted in accordance with the temporal and spatial changes in SOM levels in order to optimize the fertilization recommendation.


Numerical simulations with the Herschel-Bulkley model have been carried out with a parametric study by an analysis of the flow with a temperature dependent fluid viscosity and negligible viscous dissipation. The second part consists of the study of the effect of viscous dissipation on both hydrodynamic and thermal properties of the flow when considering both constant and temperature dependent consistency. The following set of conditions are selected in the computation: HB = 2, Pr = 50, and Re = 20, i. e. Pe = 1000 which corresponds to a moderate value (Pe > 100 in order to neglect axial diffusion [26] ).

The following set of conditions are selected in the computation: HB = 2, Pr = 50, and Re = 20, i. e. Pe = 1000 which corresponds to a moderate value (Pe > 100 in order to neglect axial diffusion).


The Herschel-Bulkley model describes the rheological behaviour of viscoplastic non-Newtonian fluids which are encountered in many industrial applications. These fluids are characterized by a yield stress which represents a finite stress required to achieve flow. The relation between the shear rate and the shear stress is non-linear once the latter exceed the value of the yield stress. However, below the yield stress, the material exhibits solid like characteristics. This characteristic is very important in process design and quality assessment for materials [1] .

This characteristic is very important in process design and quality assessment for materials.


During the past several decades, many IMPs (e.g. straw return, reduced or no tillage, organic manure application and organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer application) have been widely used and promoted, and many long-term field experiments related to SOC sequestration affected by IMPs in wheat-maize double cropping system were also conducted in north China (Wang & Kang, 2009; Niu et al., 2009; Kong, Zhang, Sun, Huang, & Chen, 2010; Han, Kong, Zhang, & Chen, 2010) . It is a good opportunity to estimate the effect size and duration of IMPs on SOC sequestration using those research data from previous long-term experiments. Due to the discrepancies of the climate and soil conditions, the IMPs types and the treatment levels among these field experiments, it is still difficult to directly compare the effect size and duration of each IMP on SOC sequestration. Meta analysis refers to a statistical method used to analyze and summarize the collected research data among many individual experiments with an attempt to provide the quantitative average effect to answer the research question. Its advantage is to increase the reliability of conclusions by increasing the sample size, so as to address the research inconsistency of the results (Hechtel & Juliano, 1997) . Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: (1) use meta analysis to quantitatively estimate the effect size and duration of each IMP (e.g. straw return, reduced or no tillage, manure application and fertilizer combined with manure application) on SOC sequestration in wheat-maize double cropping system in north China, (2) determine a most effective practice benefiting for SOC sequestration in wheat-maize double cropping system in north China.

During the past several decades, many IMPs (e.g. straw return, reduced or no tillage, organic manure application and organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer application) have been widely used and promoted, and many long-term field experiments related to SOC sequestration affected by IMPs in wheat-maize double cropping system were also conducted in north China.

Its advantage is to increase the reliability of conclusions by increasing the sample size, so as to address the research inconsistency of the results.


There are many ways in which our work could be extended. One possibility would be to examine how results might change under competition. If more competition tends to result in decreased prices and increased quality, then the impact of signaling on passthrough could be mitigated. It could also be interesting to examine the robustness of our conclusions to the functional form used for the demand curve. We think that our proposed functional form is a reasonable starting point because it is based on the logit demand model, which is standard in empirical work. Finally, another step would be to take our model to the data and to determine the prevalence of signaling in actual markets. This question has received attention in the marketing literature (Erdem, Keane, and Sun 2000) .

This question has received attention in the marketing literature.


Relative to a full information model, where a bit more than 50% of either a cost increase or a cost decrease is passed on to prices, we find a signaling model implies that only 43% of a cost increase and only 42% of a cost decrease is passed on. We solve our model at parameter values that are calibrated to match aggregate margins by U.S. firms. However, our finding that price signaling results in dampened pass-through is robust to perturbations of these parameters. We also find evidence of asymmetric pass-through. If the cost of adjusting quality is sufficiently high, a firm will pass on more of a cost increase than a decrease, which is consistent with empirical findings (Peltzman 2000) .

If the cost of adjusting quality is sufficiently high, a firm will pass on more of a cost increase than a decrease, which is consistent with empirical findings.


Since the requirement for hyperlinks arises from the needs and interests of users, it follows that an investigation of hyperlink generation in multimedia data collections should be user-driven. Workers engaged by crowdsourcing platforms represent a good example of real potential users of multimedia browsing applications because they fit the profile of experienced Internet users, and they are able to perform relevance assessment [1] . Thus, investigation into multimedia search and hyperlinking can be based on available research video collections, whilst workers from a crowdsourcing platform can play the role of the users that help us to define which multimedia features can contribute to effective hyperlink construction.

Workers engaged by crowdsourcing platforms represent a good example of real potential users of multimedia browsing applications because they fit the profile of experienced Internet users, and they are able to perform relevance assessment.


George Henri Rivière, the Director of the ICOM Secretariat from 1948 to 1965, before the tenure of Hugues de Varine, was one of the most important promoters of the ecomuseum movement. He offered the third definition of the ecomuseum in January 1980. In his opinion, "an ecomuseum is an instrument conceived, fashioned and operated jointly by a public authority and a local population"; "the public authority's involvement is through the experts, facilities and resources it provides; the local population's involvement depends on its aspirations, knowledge and individual approach" [4] (pp. 182-183). Owing to the former position of George Henri Rivière, this definition is widely known and has had a great influence on the development of ecomuseums. According to Darko Babić, however, ecomuseums "change and adapt depending on time, space, and most of all, population, the community in which they operate and its developmental needs, so the definitions are also always evolutive" [5] (p. 245).

In his opinion, "an ecomuseum is an instrument conceived, fashioned and operated jointly by a public authority and a local population"; "the public authority's involvement is through the experts, facilities and resources it provides; the local population's involvement depends on its aspirations, knowledge and individual approach"(pp. 182-183).

According to Darko Babić, however, ecomuseums "change and adapt depending on time, space, and most of all, population, the community in which they operate and its developmental needs, so the definitions are also always evolutive"(p. 245).


According to the above definitions and discussions of various issues around ecomuseums, the ecomuseum concept can make an important contribution to the Western/Eastern world, developed/ developing/underdeveloped countries, urban/rural regions and tangible/intangible heritage, and can help to preserve both cultural and natural resources. Most relevant studies emphasize public participation, and especially the involvement of the community or local population. Unlike traditional museums, which focus on the contents of the museum, ecomuseums are concerned with preserving cultural/natural heritage and the local landscape in situ and commonly depend on community participation and are aligned with the developmental needs of the community. Therefore, an ecomuseum can be an institution, instrument, or mechanism for achieving these purposes. Studies of Japanese ecomuseums have demonstrated that community participation is more important than tangibility, and some ecomuseums in Japan have used a decentralized structural model to replace the widely spread "core and satellite" system [20] . The most important task is to develop a sustainable mechanism for implementing the exciting and revolutionary ideas that challenge the limitations and problems of conventional museums.

Studies of Japanese ecomuseums have demonstrated that community participation is more important than tangibility, and some ecomuseums in Japan have used a decentralized structural model to replace the widely spread "core and satellite" system.


One Asian country that is highly committed to the ecomuseum movement is Japan. On 26 March 1995, ecomuseum promoters and participants in Japan established the Japan Ecomuseological Society (JECOMS). The JECOMS published the "2009 Ecomuseum Charter" on 24 May 2009. This charter was based on the evolutionary definition of the ecomuseum that was provided by George Henri Rivière and outlined the definition, goals, activities and mechanism of ecomuseums in Japan. As in the French model, the Japanese ecomuseum consisted of a school, a laboratory and a conservation organization. However, JECOMS defined the ecomuseum as "a mechanism for exploring the relationship among human activities, the participation of residents and the environment for the purpose of sustainably contributing to the community-endogenous development" [9] .

However, JECOMS defined the ecomuseum as "a mechanism for exploring the relationship among human activities, the participation of residents and the environment for the purpose of sustainably contributing to the community-endogenous development".


This study examines sustainable development in the Houtong Coal Mine Ecological Park, its current state, and the mechanism by the community responds to the establishment of ecomuseums. Community participation and in-situ preservation have made the redevelopment of this post-mining region a positive economic opportunity but have had a negative effect on quality of life and the mining heritage preservation. To solve these problems, three strategies-establishing a public-private platform for collaboration, initiating tourism community empowerment and defining "cultural landscape" in law-are proposed. These strategies can help the Houtong Coal Mine Ecological Park to contribute to sustainable regional development (Figure 3) . As a representative ecomuseum of the second period of ecomuseums in Taiwan, the Houtong Coal Mine Ecological Park incorporates various improvements over the Gold Museum, especially with respect to the principle of "Encompassing a 'geographical' territory that can be determined by different shared characteristics" in the 21 Ecomuseum Principles [7] (pp. 92-93). However, the initial neglect of community participation, inadequate public-private partnership, and insufficient preparation for the local development in the following stage, all raised many problems, which had to be solved by the mechanism that is presented in Figure 3 . Fortunately, in the 2010s, the Daxi Wood Art Ecomuseum and the Togo Art Museum established new paradigms for the establishment of ecomuseums by local authorities and community organizations, providing a basis for general ecomuseum development in Taiwan.

As a representative ecomuseum of the second period of ecomuseums in Taiwan, the Houtong Coal Mine Ecological Park incorporates various improvements over the Gold Museum, especially with respect to the principle of "Encompassing a 'geographical' territory that can be determined by different shared characteristics" in the 21 Ecomuseum Principles(pp. 92-93).


In reality, enclosures in buildings come with various shapes and a wide range of sizes. Many enclosures have lengths (L) and widths (W) that are much greater than their height (H), like corridors, tunnels or open plan areas in a commercial building (e.g. an office). These are known as deep enclosures [1] . A typical layout of a deep enclosure is presented in Figure 1 , where the symbols W = Width (horizontal dimension parallel to the plane of the ventilation opening), D = Depth (horizontal dimension perpendicular to the plane of the ventilation opening), and H = Height (vertical dimension from the bottom surface to the top surface). The oxygen flow rate through an opening will determine the extent of the combustion process and heat release rate (HRR) from the fire in the enclosure [4] . Many previous studies show that the combustion process in deep enclosures is strongly affected by the flow of air coming across the opening (vents) as well as the geometry of the enclosure. For example, the comparison of HRR and fire behaviour in a deep enclosure and a wide enclosure with different opening sizes and shapes are described in a study by Thomas and Bennetts [5] . In their study, they found that the behaviour of fire in two enclosures with different opening sizes (full opening, w=W and partial opening, w<W) vary substantially and that the behaviour of fire in a deep enclosure will differ from that in a wide enclosure with the same opening geometry. To be specific, the average mass loss rate in a deep compartment fire is less than that in a wide enclosure even when the openings are the same size.

These are known as deep enclosures.

The oxygen flow rate through an opening will determine the extent of the combustion process and heat release rate (HRR) from the fire in the enclosure.

For example, the comparison of HRR and fire behaviour in a deep enclosure and a wide enclosure with different opening sizes and shapes are described in a study by Thomas and Bennetts.


However, in this study the validation is limited to prescribed HRR [12] only. In this approach, when the fire size is prescribed in HRR, FDS calculates volatile (gaseous form of the fuel) production rate (mass loss rate of the fuel) by dividing the prescribed fire size by heat of combustion (Hc) of the fuel. The fuel bed created in FDS then acts as a pump which pumps volatiles at that production rate. Then the reaction between oxygen and volatiles are modelled by FDS' combustion model and HRR is re-calculated (in other word the prescribed HRR is readjusted based on oxygen availability) and the resulting transport of heat and combustion products is also simulated. It is aimed to see firstly, whether the combustion model can reproduce the prescribed HRR which is obtained from experiment with the same oxygen availability and secondly, with reasonable reproduction of the HRR, how well FDS can calculate solid surface temperature, flame temperature and radiation flux.

However, in this study the validation is limited to prescribed HRR only.


In a modern integrated power system, stability is of increasing importance for secure operation of large and complex systems. The high current semiconductor device based FACTS devices with proper control strategy can improve the transient stability of multimachine system. Many researchers present work on various nonlinear VSC based FACTS devices for stability improvement of the power system under various system conditions. Among these, the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is the most versatile FACTS device for improvement of transient stability and damping of oscillations [1] - [3] . Amongst the other developed VSC based nonlinear FACTS devices, Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is most versatile FACTS device, it consists of number of SSSC and is connected in each line which is connected via common dc bus, solving the problem of compensating transmission lines. IPFC device performs independently controllable reactive series compensation of each individual line and also to transfer real power between the compensated lines. This capability of IPFC makes it possible to: equalize both real and reactive power flow between the lines; reduce the burden of overloaded lines by real power transfer; compensate against resistive line voltage drops and the corresponding reactive power demand and increase the effectiveness of the overall compensating system [4] - [9] .

Among these, the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is the most versatile FACTS device for improvement of transient stability and damping of oscillations.

This capability of IPFC makes it possible to: equalize both real and reactive power flow between the lines; reduce the burden of overloaded lines by real power transfer; compensate against resistive line voltage drops and the corresponding reactive power demand and increase the effectiveness of the overall compensating system.


Pediatric oncology, as one of the life threatening and most serious health problems, disrupts cognitive and social functioning of children with cancer and cause their families to suffer from its consequences [1] . Chemotherapy-only -treatment has increasingly become the standard of treatment for children with ALL. On the other hand, researchers found that neurocognitive problems in pediatric ALL are very common after chemotherapy [2] . Chemotherapy causes central nervous system injury by oxidative stress as a potential mechanism and this leads to neurocognitive damages such as attention, memory and speed of information processing problems [3] . Studies indicate that children with cancer, especially those with ALL, suffer from psychosocial deficits. Social functions impairment appears in frequency of friendship and also maturation of relationship of these children [4] .

Pediatric oncology, as one of the life threatening and most serious health problems, disrupts cognitive and social functioning of children with cancer and cause their families to suffer from its consequences.

On the other hand, researchers found that neurocognitive problems in pediatric ALL are very common after chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy causes central nervous system injury by oxidative stress as a potential mechanism and this leads to neurocognitive damages such as attention, memory and speed of information processing problems.

Social functions impairment appears in frequency of friendship and also maturation of relationship of these children.


The arguably most popular stochastic modeling approach to chemical kinetics is based on a description in terms of continuous time Markov chains (CTMC) [10] . In this case, the exact time evolution of the entire probability distribution is given by the chemical master equation (CME). Although, this description is exact up to the numerical precision of the integration scheme, its solution is only feasible for simple systems with small molecular populations [22] . Therefore, the applicability of inference approaches based on a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is limited to this class of networks since they require an approximation of the probability distribution, i.e., a solution of the CME [2, 3] . An alternative to ease the computational burden is to use stochastic simulation to estimate the likelihood function or to learn parameters in a Bayesian setting, e.g. by ABC methods [33] . However, the total number of simulations to be performed is huge, still resulting in a computationally intensive approach.

The arguably most popular stochastic modeling approach to chemical kinetics is based on a description in terms of continuous time Markov chains (CTMC).

Although, this description is exact up to the numerical precision of the integration scheme, its solution is only feasible for simple systems with small molecular populations.

Therefore, the applicability of inference approaches based on a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is limited to this class of networks since they require an approximation of the probability distribution, i.e., a solution of the CME.

An alternative to ease the computational burden is to use stochastic simulation to estimate the likelihood function or to learn parameters in a Bayesian setting, e.g. by ABC methods.


Today, there have been huge developments in technology. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been successfully adopted in a variety of ways in teaching and learning (Kerr, 2005) . And they too are called educational technology or instructional technologies. Educational technology is concerned with technology in education. It is involved in the use of technology as a "tool" to enhance the teaching and learning process across all subject areas (Petrina, 2003) . Many teacher educators and teacher education programs have been experimenting with the use of technology over the years. Despite their efforts, there are still challenges and concerns regarding teacher's ability to integrate technology into teaching and learning activities and their comfort in doing so. Many suggestions and recommendation have been made to improve teacher education programs. Effective teaching strategies, sound pedagogy, appropriate curriculum, faculty development and updating equipment are typically the most important considerations in teacher education. Although teacher education institutions have tried their best to provide quality education to their students for many years, many concerns are voiced. Those concerns now include debate and controversy about the best means of integrating technology into teacher preparation and preparing teachers to do the same in their classrooms (Oh and French, 2007) .

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been successfully adopted in a variety of ways in teaching and learning.

It is involved in the use of technology as a "tool" to enhance the teaching and learning process across all subject areas.

Those concerns now include debate and controversy about the best means of integrating technology into teacher preparation and preparing teachers to do the same in their classrooms.


A relevant question that needs to be asked is if people who are dieting can realistically achieve adequate nutrient intakes purely via food? Diet optimization research does not support the feasibility of achieving recommended nutrient levels via food only while following diet plans. Diet optimization was performed on four diet plans (Atkins for Life, South Beach, DASH, Best Life) to calculate the required calories in order to provide 100% RDIs for 21 and 27 essential micronutrients [14] . Original macronutrient composition (ratios) in each diet plan was kept unchanged during the analysis for 100% sufficiency [14] . In order to reach 100% RDI sufficiency for 21 essential micronutrients, the required daily calories were calculated to be 2425 kcal, 3175 kcal, 3300 kcal and 5000 kcal for the South Beach, Atkins, Best Life and DASH diets, respectively [14] . In order to meet 100% RDI for 27 micronutrients, these diets would need to provide unrealistically high calories ranging from 18,800 to 37,500 kcal daily [14] . In the present analysis, we calculated micronutrient content of each diet at a daily energy intake of 2000 kcal (nutrient density per 2000 calories). At a daily 2000-kcal intake, the three diets failed to provide sufficient amounts of at least two micronutrients (<90% DRI) and vitamin D was consistently below 90% DRI (600 IU) in all three plans (51-169 IU per 2000 calories). These data collectively suggest current diet plans have failed to provide sufficient amounts of essential micronutrients at realistic calorie intake, which can increase the risk of micronutrient deficiency in dieters.

Diet optimization was performed on four diet plans (Atkins for Life, South Beach, DASH, Best Life) to calculate the required calories in order to provide 100% RDIs for 21 and 27 essential micronutrients.

Original macronutrient composition (ratios) in each diet plan was kept unchanged during the analysis for 100% sufficiency.

In order to reach 100% RDI sufficiency for 21 essential micronutrients, the required daily calories were calculated to be 2425 kcal, 3175 kcal, 3300 kcal and 5000 kcal for the South Beach, Atkins, Best Life and DASH diets, respectively.

In order to meet 100% RDI for 27 micronutrients, these diets would need to provide unrealistically high calories ranging from 18,800 to 37,500 kcal daily.


In this article, we identify the impact of demand, innovation and the international fragmentation of production (offshoring) on capital and labour remuneration. Moreover, we discuss their possible heterogeneous impact with respect to different skill levels. Within our theoretical framework, wage setting is affected by total employment, capital installed and total production, as we see in a standard labour-demand framework; however, our framework is enhanced by the inclusion of the international organisation of production and technical change. Once bargained, wage represents a constraint on capital, and the market but not low-skilled ones. Secondly, high-skilled wages have experienced more growth in 'offshoring intensive' industries, whereas medium-and low-skilled wages tend to decrease in the same sectors. Indeed, this finding supports the hypothesis of offshoring's 'threat effect' on low-skilled workers' bargaining power but not that of medium-skilled workers, which clashes with the main prediction made in skill-biased technical change (SBTC) and routine-biased technical change (RBTC) literature (Acemoglu and Autor 2011) . Thirdly, the basic macroconflict between capital and labour does not preclude a difference in bargaining across skills: high-skilled wages tend to move as profits do, whereas medium-and low-skilled wages tend to move in the opposite direction of profits.

Indeed, this finding supports the hypothesis of offshoring's 'threat effect' on low-skilled workers' bargaining power but not that of medium-skilled workers, which clashes with the main prediction made in skill-biased technical change (SBTC) and routine-biased technical change (RBTC) literature.


The method we present in this paper is divided into three main phases that are presented in Fig. 1 . Phase 1 is the identification of problems encountered by travellers in a train station. An experiment was performed under real conditions with recruited travellers, according to ergonomic methods presented in previous work [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . This phase is presented in Section 2. The second phase (presented in Section 3) is the creation of sound signals in order to resolve the problems identified previously. This phase is composed of three steps: (1) definition of functional specifications for the sounds, (2) creation of several proposals by a sound designer on the basis of these specifications, and (3) selection of the best proposal with a panel of listeners in the laboratory. The last phase of our method is an ergonomic evaluation of the sound signals in the real context of the train station. A sound signalling system was installed in the station and an experiment was performed using the same procedure as in Phase 1. This last phase is presented in Section 4, and conclusions are drawn in Section 5.

An experiment was performed under real conditions with recruited travellers, according to ergonomic methods presented in previous work.

This phase is presented in Section 2.


The results further confirmed the reliability of sensory evaluation, although differences between meats of good and acceptable grades were not recognized. In this context, in the case of bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis), the protein band of about 50 kDa, which is considered to be creatine kinase, decreased in low quality meat or burnt meat (Ochiai, 2010) . In the case of yellowfin tuna, band Y could be a parameter of meat quality. Creatine kinase has already been characterized as an indicator of physical stress and muscle damage in livestock animal production (Daroit and Brandelli, 2008) .

In this context, in the case of bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis), the protein band of about 50 kDa, which is considered to be creatine kinase, decreased in low quality meat or burnt meat.

Creatine kinase has already been characterized as an indicator of physical stress and muscle damage in livestock animal production.


Spam filtering has become a very important issue in the last few years as unsolicited bulk e-mail imposes large problems in terms of both the amount of time spent on and the resources needed to automatically filter those messages [2] . Email communication has come up as the most effective and popular way of communication today. People are sending and receiving many messages per day, communicating with partners and friends, or exchanging files and information. E-mail datas are now becoming the dominant form of inter and intra-organizational written communication for many companies and government departments. Emails are the essential part of life now just likes mobile phones & i-pods [2] .

Spam filtering has become a very important issue in the last few years as unsolicited bulk e-mail imposes large problems in terms of both the amount of time spent on and the resources needed to automatically filter those messages.

Emails are the essential part of life now just likes mobile phones & i-pods.


The NCI grading system identify three grades in LMS [30, 31] . Grade 1 tumors lack necrosis, had <6 mitoses/ 10 HPF, and have only occasional pleomorphic nuclei. Grade 2 tumors have focal necrosis (<15%) and/or mitotic activity >6 mitotic figures/10 HPF or prominent nuclear pleomorphism. The key feature of grade 3 tumors is >15% necrosis, regardless of mitotic counts or numbers of pleomorphic nuclei. Various studies indicate the prognostic importance of grading LMSs in this site because whereas most examples are low grade and behave indolently, high-grade lesions are aggressive [6] . High-grade LMSs with pleomorphic nuclei can resemble dedifferentiated liposarcoma. This can be either identified by the presence of adjacent foci, which are sometimes very small, of well-differentiated liposarcoma, or excluded by finding more typical architectural or cytologic features of LMS with further sampling [6, 2] .

The NCI grading system identify three grades in LMS.

Various studies indicate the prognostic importance of grading LMSs in this site because whereas most examples are low grade and behave indolently, high-grade lesions are aggressive.

This can be either identified by the presence of adjacent foci, which are sometimes very small, of well-differentiated liposarcoma, or excluded by finding more typical architectural or cytologic features of LMS with further sampling.


Low, warm stratocumulus clouds top the marine boundary layers in eastern subtropical oceans and exert a net radiative cooling effect on the climate (Hartmann et al., 1992) . Because the simulated climatological structure of cloud-topped boundary layers is currently far from perfect in most atmospheric general circulation models, the radiative response of stratocumulus to changing climate conditions is a major source of uncertainty in climate simulations (Bony and Dufresne, 2005; Bony et al., 2006; Cronin et al., 2006; Wyant et al., 2006) . Cloud cover and optical thickness are the key parameters that must be predicted in these models in order to correctly represent low cloud radiative properties.

Low, warm stratocumulus clouds top the marine boundary layers in eastern subtropical oceans and exert a net radiative cooling effect on the climate.

Because the simulated climatological structure of cloud-topped boundary layers is currently far from perfect in most atmospheric general circulation models, the radiative response of stratocumulus to changing climate conditions is a major source of uncertainty in climate simulations.


The strength of our study lies in the fact that we used data from a routine programme setting in an established programme, which provides a useful compliment to data derived from more controlled and better resourced research settings. However, the use of operational data comes at a cost of missing data and a limited number of covariates for analysis. Our study was further limited by the lack of consensus regarding which formula to use to calculate the CrCl (Cockcroft Gault vs MDRD) and compare with the gold standard [17] [18] . Further research is needed to resolve this issue.

Our study was further limited by the lack of consensus regarding which formula to use to calculate the CrCl (Cockcroft Gault vs MDRD) and compare with the gold standard.


The less energetic accretive sequences (Ac_2) produce lower re-suspension events and a smaller intensity (fraction) for the wave breaking over the bar. At the same time these accretive waves present lower undertow and therefore lower offshore directed suspended sediment fluxes that explain why the bar can be destroyed and then reconstructed. The characterization of "accretiveness", however, remains a difficult subject when based on a limited number of parameters as it happens in field or laboratory experiments. This can be illustrated by the dependence of landward transport on relative fall velocity, which presents a bell shape and, thus, does not allow a bijective relationship between fall velocity and accretive transport (Baldock, Alsina, Cáceres, Vicinanza, Power, & Sanchez-Arcilla 2011; Atkinson, Shimamoto, Wu, Birrien, & Baldock, 2015) . In spite of these differences the net bar shoreward displacement is similar under both accretive tested conditions, as it should be expected from the similar values of the skewness and asymmetry for Ac_1 and Ac_2 around the bar.

This can be illustrated by the dependence of landward transport on relative fall velocity, which presents a bell shape and, thus, does not allow a bijective relationship between fall velocity and accretive transport.


The fact that SBF creates apatite crystals that resemble human bone on titanium and other surfaces is testified by various literatures [12] [13] [14] [15] . The ability of forming this apatite layer often determines the bonding ability of an implant material to adjacent living bone [16] . This bioactive deposition can stimulate bone apposition and the healing process. Hence, early osseointegration of titanium implants can be established [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . When SBF is used to coat titanium surfaces, a wide range of therapeutic or biomimetic agents can be incorporated into the layer that forms on the titanium surface. This opens new doors into medicinally or biomimetically enhancing the implant surface ensuring a steady and controlled release of the surface constituents [4, 22, 23] .

The fact that SBF creates apatite crystals that resemble human bone on titanium and other surfaces is testified by various literatures.

The ability of forming this apatite layer often determines the bonding ability of an implant material to adjacent living bone.

Hence, early osseointegration of titanium implants can be established.

This opens new doors into medicinally or biomimetically enhancing the implant surface ensuring a steady and controlled release of the surface constituents.


There has been extensive research on titanium surface modifications in order to improve the time and quality of implant therapy. It has been found that the surface roughness of implants directly influences the speed of healing and the quality of the bone-implant interface [1] . An ideal surface roughness of 1-2 m is deemed optimal if desirable results are to be accomplished [2] . In recent times, the commonest technique used to achieve surface roughness in dental implants is a combination of grit-blasting and acid etching. This combination produces both microroughness and waviness which significantly increase early endosseous integration, peri-implant bone healing, and the stability of the implant [3] .

It has been found that the surface roughness of implants directly influences the speed of healing and the quality of the bone-implant interface.

An ideal surface roughness of 1-2 m is deemed optimal if desirable results are to be accomplished.

This combination produces both microroughness and waviness which significantly increase early endosseous integration, peri-implant bone healing, and the stability of the implant.


The human bone inherently embodies hydroxyapatite (HA) [4] . A significant mineral portion of the bone is composed of these nanometre sized calcium phosphate crystals that measure up to about 5-20 nm in width and 60 nm in length. A cycle of osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity ensures that a certain haemostatic level of HA is maintained at all times in living bone [5] . HA is a bioactive and biocompatible material and has been used rigorously in research and clinical settings in various shapes and forms [6] . HA could influence protein interactions and consequently lead to favourable healing and greater osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation [7, 8] .

The human bone inherently embodies hydroxyapatite (HA).

A cycle of osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity ensures that a certain haemostatic level of HA is maintained at all times in living bone.

HA is a bioactive and biocompatible material and has been used rigorously in research and clinical settings in various shapes and forms.

HA could influence protein interactions and consequently lead to favourable healing and greater osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.


In a particular instance of the holographic correspondence, one can make headway via the existence of an infinite number of local charges. Indeed AdS 3 × S 3 bulk superstring theory is dual to a conformal field theory in two dimensions. It therefore has the exceptional property of having an infinite number of local charges which extend the finite dimensional isometry group [7] . We believe it is important to construct the symmetry algebra in the bulk string theory explicitly and to exploit it maximally in classifying the spectrum. It will moreover be interesting to see how the local infinite dimensional symmetry algebra intertwines with the integrability of the model.

It therefore has the exceptional property of having an infinite number of local charges which extend the finite dimensional isometry group.


Thirdly, many domestic shareholders in listed Japanese firms have an internal orientation. Many invest primarily to maintain business relations with the investee company, and see financial returns as a secondary consideration. Foreign shareholders, by contrast, tend to invest for returns, and the growth in the size of their holdings is, in general, associated with increased sensitivity of management to financial criteria, as well as with greater recourse to downsizing and asset disposals (Ahmadjian, 2007) . However, in the activist hedge fund interventions we studied, foreign shareholders were not sufficiently influential or numerous to bring about a change in corporate strategy of the kind favoured by the activist hedge funds. In the J-Power case (where AGM voting results suggest that at least some foreign investors supported the board), a formal cap on the extent of any individual foreign holdings further helped management to resist pressure from hedge fund activists.

Foreign shareholders, by contrast, tend to invest for returns, and the growth in the size of their holdings is, in general, associated with increased sensitivity of management to financial criteria, as well as with greater recourse to downsizing and asset disposals.


To achieve this, a design of experiments based on the Taguchi method is adopted. This method is advocated by Taguchi and Konishi [11] . Taguchi's technique uses special design of orthogonal arrays to study the entire parameter space with only a small number of experiments. Taguchi's technique also helps in optimizing the critical parameters [12] .

This method is advocated by Taguchi and Konishi.

Taguchi's technique also helps in optimizing the critical parameters.


In fact, we are able to prove this with an error term of q −1/4 , as opposed to the q −1/10 error term in the work of Conrey, Iwaniec and Soundararajan [5] . The reason behind this superior error term is explained in the outline in Section 1.1. In future work, we hope to extend our attention to the eighth momment. The assumption that k is odd implies that all f ∈ H χ are newforms. This is for convenience only and is not difficult to remove. Indeed, when k is even, all f ∈ H χ are newforms except possibly when χ is the principal character and f is induced by a cusp form of full level. We avoid this case for the sake of brevity. Similarly, the assumption that k ≥ 5 simplifies parts of the calculation; it is possible to prove Theorem 1.2 for smaller k.

In fact, we are able to prove this with an error term of q −1/4 , as opposed to the q −1/10 error term in the work of Conrey, Iwaniec and Soundararajan.


After the conductor drop, we apply Voronoi summation to the sum over m and n in §6. We need a version of Voronoi summation including shifts. The proof of this is essentially the same as the proof of the standard Voronoi summation formula for σ 3 (n) by Ivic [11] . We state the result required in Appendix B.

The proof of this is essentially the same as the proof of the standard Voronoi summation formula for σ 3 (n) by Ivic.


The distribution of soil pressure under a footing is a function of the type of soil, the relative rigidity of the soil and the footing, and the depth of foundation at the level of contact between the footing and the soil. A concrete footing on sand under concentric loading will have a pressure distribution similar to Fig. 1a . When a rigid footing is resting on sandy soil, the sand near the edges of the footing tends to displace laterally when the footing is loaded. This tends to decrease in soil pressure near the edges, whereas soil at a distance from Source: [9] [10] [11] [12] .

This tends to decrease in soil pressure near the edges, whereas soil at a distance from Source.


Mathematical models for the design of isolated footings of rectangular and circular shape using a new model were presented [7, 9] . This paper presents a comparative study for the design of reinforced concrete isolated footings that are rectangular or circular in shape and that support a rectangular column subjected to axial load and moments in two directions to obtain the most economical footing. The new models take into account the real soil pressure acting on contact surface of the footing and this pressure is different in all of the contact area, with a linear variation, this pressure is presented in terms of the axial load, the larger moment around the "X" axis and the smaller moment around the "Y" axis, where the centroidal axes are "X" and "Y" of the footing. The comparison is presented between the two new models in terms of: 1) Moment around a a'-a' axis that is parallel to the "X-X" axis and moment around a b'-b' axis that is parallel to the "Y-Y" axis; 2) Bending shear (unidirectional shear force) is localized on a c'-c' axis that is parallel to the "X-X"; 3) Punching shear (bidirectional shear force); 4) Materials used (reinforcement steel and concrete). This study shows the differences between the two models to propose the most economical footing.

Mathematical models for the design of isolated footings of rectangular and circular shape using a new model were presented.


To carry out estimation, the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) has been heavily used, justified by its simplicity and good large sample properties such as consistency and asymptotic normality. However, as mentioned above, the MLE is a biased estimator, quite heavily for some values of p (Gibbs and Gower, 1960; Thompson, 1962; Swallow, 1985) . This issue arises frequently in applications, where the number of pools sampled is often too small to rely on the above properties.

However, as mentioned above, the MLE is a biased estimator, quite heavily for some values of p.


The pre-post-exams, processed for each LBD approach, were scored per question and for all questions by the mean relative number of correct answers. These scores were used to calculate the gain-index 〈g〉: the ratio of the actual average gain (%post -%pre) to the maximum possible average gain (100 -%pre) (Hake, 1998) . A paired samples t test was used to investigate preand post-score differences within each group. The internal consistency was tested by calculating Cronbach's alpha.

These scores were used to calculate the gain-index 〈g〉: the ratio of the actual average gain (%post -%pre) to the maximum possible average gain (100 -%pre).


That is not to say price discounts would not work in other areas. Beverage cost at games was a highly-rated constraint for roughly a third of respondents in each passion grouping. Knowing this percentage of fans is strongly affected by a given constraint provides marketers with a starting point for helping students negotiate that barrier. Perhaps beverages at games could be priced lower for those with valid student identification (and valid age identification for alcoholic purchases). Aside from apathy toward the game and prior commitments, alcohol consumption was the top response given in the qualitative data, suggesting students want to drink, but do not see the game as an avenue to do that, likely due to price or unavailability. Marketers may want to consider the impact alcohol sales could have on student attendance, something schools are exploring more frequently (Dodd, 2016) .

Marketers may want to consider the impact alcohol sales could have on student attendance, something schools are exploring more frequently.


The significant difference between highly-and moderately-passionate fans on ticket cost as a constraint is also telling. Moderately-passionate fans represent the best target for marketers to consider, as highly-passionate student fans are already attending when they can. The data bore this out as high-passion respondents intended to attend significantly more games than less-passionate fans. Marketers may rely too frequently on ticket price discounts to attract fans, but the data presented in this study suggests that for moderately-passionate student fans, ticket cost is not a barrier. In fact, for this group, ticket cost was the second lowest-rated constraint behind perceptions that football is too violent. In most cases, student tickets are already greatly discounted; however, there is some research suggesting paying for tickets makes one more likely to attend (Arkes & Blumer, 1985) . Marketers may consider charging a nominal fee for student tickets in cases where tickets are free.

In most cases, student tickets are already greatly discounted; however, there is some research suggesting paying for tickets makes one more likely to attend.


Fan passion appears to be a useful segmentation tool for analyzing constraints. Although fan passion is a "separate and distinct" (Wakefield, 2016, p. 231) construct from identification, it is well established that fans with varying levels of identification with a team attend games for different reasons (Trail et al., 2003) . The same can be said for fan passion and reasons why people do not attend sport. Statistically significant differences on constraints affecting attendance were found in the current study based on passion for the home team. Scholars would be wise to include a passion measure in future studies along these lines.

Although fan passion is a "separate and distinct" (Wakefield, 2016, p. 231) construct from identification, it is well established that fans with varying levels of identification with a team attend games for different reasons.


One interesting direction for further work is to relax the asymptotically AdS boundary conditions and allow the falloff coefficients in (2) to be functions of the coordinates x α on the Lorentzian planes. The construction here shows that the sum M + L i T i will no longer be zero, but will receive a contribution from the geometry on the Lorentzian planes. This can be seen explicitly from equation (6) . Such relaxed boundary conditions would also necessitate generalizing the definition of the ADM charges, as they would also now depend on the x α . A second generalization would be to study black holes with horizons that extend to infinity, such as those studied in references [14, 15, 16] . In this case, our usual structure for defining e.g. the mass of the spacetime does not apply, because the black hole horizon extends all the way to infinity. A final area for further work would be to investigate how the constraint on stress-energy sources generalizes when the system is time dependent.

This can be seen explicitly from equation.

A second generalization would be to study black holes with horizons that extend to infinity, such as those studied in references.


Percolation theory deals with forming of connected objects inside disordered media. One of the possible kinds of percolation problems and at the same time more often used and simplest is site percolation. In general, site percolation is defined on a lattice (graph) in d-dimensional space where each site (node) can be either occupied with the probability p or empty with the probability 1 − p. Neighboring occupied sites form a cluster. If a cluster is so large that it reaches the two opposite edges of the lattice, the cluster is called percolating (spanning or connecting). The lowest concentration of occupied sites for which there is a percolating cluster is called the percolation threshold p c for a particular lattice [1] .

The lowest concentration of occupied sites for which there is a percolating cluster is called the percolation threshold p c for a particular lattice.


Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) have received considerable attention in recent years, since they are seen as a promising solution to mitigate traffic congestion, a source of enormous loss to the economy and society. One concept entails CAVs traveling in very close distance to substantially increase roadway capacity (Ioannou, 1997) . To realize that, Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) is often employed, which enables CAVs to maintain a constant time gap with the predecessor automatically. Thanks to the use of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, CACC vehicles are able to anticipate traffic further downstream and respond faster and earlier so that disturbances can be damped out even when a small time gap is used .

One concept entails CAVs traveling in very close distance to substantially increase roadway capacity.


To get zero-mode chiral fermions as in SM, one needs to orbifold the extra dimension by imposing a discrete Z 2 symmetry : y ↔ −y. The fields having zero modes are even under this Z 2 symmetry. The n = 0 mode in this theory is identified as SM particles. Fields which are odd under Z 2 transformation have only higher mode KK-excitations. The resulting manifold is called S 1 /Z 2 orbifold with effective domain of y being from 0 to πR. These two boundary points are called the fixed points of orbifold. Orbifolding breaks the translational invariance along y. Consequently the momentum p 5 in the fifth direction is no longer conserved. Thus KK-number is violated. There remains an additional discrete symmetry (y → y + πR) called KK-parity, which for nth KK-mode is (−1) n . The conserved KK-parity ensures the stability of the lightest Kaluza-Klein particle (LKP) resulting in a good dark matter candidate [5] [6] [7] [8] 12] . The model (UED) generates a highly degenerate KK-mass spectrum. Radiative corrections to KK-masses remove this degeneracy [13] . The mass corrections are composed of two types: (i) correction from the compactification, which is called bulk correction and (ii) boundary correction which arises due to orbifolding. The mass shift coming from boundary corrections are not finite as bulk corrections, but are logarithmically divergent having a dependence on the unknown cut-off scale Λ. The counterterms are localized at boundary points. In minimal UED (mUED) scenario boundary terms are assumed to be vanishing at the cut-off scale Λ, whereas in nonminimal UED (nmUED) this approximation is relaxed [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . In this article, a particular non-minimal scenario will be considered in which kinetic and Yukawa terms as well as the mass and potential terms of scalar fields are added to their respective five dimensional actions at the boundary points. Coefficients of the boundary-localized terms (BLTs) are the free parameters of this model.

Thus KK-number is violated.

The conserved KK-parity ensures the stability of the lightest Kaluza-Klein particle (LKP) resulting in a good dark matter candidate.

Radiative corrections to KK-masses remove this degeneracy.

In minimal UED (mUED) scenario boundary terms are assumed to be vanishing at the cut-off scale Λ, whereas in nonminimal UED (nmUED) this approximation is relaxed.


This project started with a pilot study of the local government in Växjö Municipality, which is claimed to be the greenest city in Europe [17] . Växjö is located in the southern part of Sweden and has been known for decades for its environmental work and reporting. The pilot study was conducted to gain additional understanding for the field of interest and to develop the questions for the survey which was used for this study. Interviewees confirmed the validity of the questions and that they could answer them in its current design. The pilot study built on results reported in Alpenberg and Wnuk-Pel [17] .

This project started with a pilot study of the local government in Växjö Municipality, which is claimed to be the greenest city in Europe.

The pilot study built on results reported in Alpenberg and Wnuk-Pel.


The potential role of specific environmental performance indicators and their connected control system in supporting environmental initiatives are addressed more frequently in the general management control literature (i.e., [41, 42] ). The aim with environmental indicators is to translate the environmental aspirations into improved environmental performance for the organization [43, 44] . Studies indicate that environmental performance control systems play an important role in, for example, identifying emerging threats and opportunities, facilitate environmental decision-making and coordination within the organization and facilitate learning (i.e., [43, [45] [46] [47] ).

The potential role of specific environmental performance indicators and their connected control system in supporting environmental initiatives are addressed more frequently in the general management control literature (i.e.,).

The aim with environmental indicators is to translate the environmental aspirations into improved environmental performance for the organization.

Studies indicate that environmental performance control systems play an important role in, for example, identifying emerging threats and opportunities, facilitate environmental decision-making and coordination within the organization and facilitate learning (i.e.,).


Statistical analyses were performed on the two sub-groups, using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to test the responses received for relevant connections and patterns. We used both univariate and bivariate analyses. Univariate analysis involves the analysis of one variable, and is made to provide frequency tables to get some measures of location (mean value and median) and some measures of dispersion (coefficient of variation for standard deviation and coefficient of variation for semi-interquartile range). These analyses provide an overview of the collected data. The bivariate analyses are done also with multiple variables from the suggested hypothesis to see how the dependent variables relate to an independent variable. The strength of the correlation can be tested in different ways depending on what kind of variables are to be tested [69] . In this study, nominal, ordinal, ratio, interval and dichotomous variables were used.

The strength of the correlation can be tested in different ways depending on what kind of variables are to be tested.


This project started with a pilot study of the local government in Växjö Municipality, which is claimed to be the greenest city in Europe [17] . Växjö is located in the southern part of Sweden and has been known for decades for its environmental work and reporting. The pilot study was conducted to gain additional understanding for the field of interest and to develop the questions for the survey which was used for this study. Interviewees confirmed the validity of the questions and that they could answer them in its current design. The pilot study built on results reported in Alpenberg and Wnuk-Pel [17] .


During a construction project, data collection is critical to the evaluation and control of ongoing project performances. The complexity of construction environments and the dynamics of moving equipment and human resources, however, often pose a challenge in undertaking such tasks on a jobsite. Particularly, the timeconsuming tasks required for worker monitoring can give rise to the issue of implementing field observation in a daily management practice (Johnson and Sackett 1998) . For efficient field data acquisition, research efforts have thus been made to investigate and propose available sensing devices-such as cameras, laser scanners, and the combination of sensors (e.g., ultra wideband and physiological status monitoring devices)-for the tracking of human movements and the analysis of construction activities (Cheng et al. 2013; Gong and Caldas 2011; Peddi et al. 2009; Gonsalves and Teizer 2009) . The previous studies provide valuable insight into the analysis of human postures and actions, but further research is still needed for the capture of an articulated motion and the modeling of its kinematics.

Particularly, the timeconsuming tasks required for worker monitoring can give rise to the issue of implementing field observation in a daily management practice.

For efficient field data acquisition, research efforts have thus been made to investigate and propose available sensing devices-such as cameras, laser scanners, and the combination of sensors (e.g., ultra wideband and physiological status monitoring devices)-for the tracking of human movements and the analysis of construction activities.


Although this study underlines the importance of the twotier test strategy, the analysis of the third strategy, SE + C6/IB, was also of interest, as this strategy resulted in the highest number of sera for which Borrelia-specific serum antibodies were detected. A disadvantage was the high number of immunoblot tests that were needed to get the final results. The strategy could be simplified by not confirming concordant positive ELISA results with immunoblot. This simplified SE + C6/IB would substantially decrease the number of immunoblots needed from 99 to 45 (−54.5%), which is also less compared to the C6/IB strategy (45 vs. 75 (−40.0%)) or the SE/IB strategy alone (45 vs. 84 (−46.4%)). The final results would almost be similar, as only one treated neuroborreliosis patient would be recorded differently (both ELISAs positive/immunoblot negative). Since the immunoblot is more labour-intensive, expensive and the interpretation more subjective compared to an ELISA, this simplified SE + C6/IB strategy is interesting, as other studies also underline the potential of a two-ELISA strategy for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis [24, 25] .

Since the immunoblot is more labour-intensive, expensive and the interpretation more subjective compared to an ELISA, this simplified SE + C6/IB strategy is interesting, as other studies also underline the potential of a two-ELISA strategy for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis.


Termites are important bioreactors on the planet as they efficiently convert cellulose into glucose, the omnipresent source of energy [1] . They have always intrigued the scientific community, especially for their ability to thrive on lignocellulosic material. Lignocellulose is a complex association of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. These compounds are closely linked and recalcitrant to the break-up into bio-convertible substrates, making their commercial utilization as a biomass resource difficult [2] . Termites have an efficient strategy to convert lignocellulose, with the aid of their associated microbial symbionts. A broad range of microorganisms are present in termites, including bacteria, archaea, protists (only present in some families of termites, called the group of "lower termites") and fungi [3, 4] . These make termites a very interesting source of enzymes, although the isolation and cultivation of the symbionts remain a difficult step [5] . The majority of termite gut microbiota has still escaped proper cultivation, probably because termites offer a very specific internal environment, both oxic and anoxic with microenvironments and substrate gradients [6] . Such conditions are difficult to reproduce in batch culture, which limit the possibility of material amplification for identification and characterization.

Termites are important bioreactors on the planet as they efficiently convert cellulose into glucose, the omnipresent source of energy.

These compounds are closely linked and recalcitrant to the break-up into bio-convertible substrates, making their commercial utilization as a biomass resource difficult.

A broad range of microorganisms are present in termites, including bacteria, archaea, protists (only present in some families of termites, called the group of "lower termites") and fungi.

These make termites a very interesting source of enzymes, although the isolation and cultivation of the symbionts remain a difficult step.

The majority of termite gut microbiota has still escaped proper cultivation, probably because termites offer a very specific internal environment, both oxic and anoxic with microenvironments and substrate gradients.


For the implementation of an efficient GCˆGC-TOFMS method, different column sets were tested, in order to obtain the best separation of the compounds and specifically provide more resolution for the polar compounds. The different phase combinations included low-polar, mid-polar and highly polar columns. The highly polar column was one of the recently introduced ionic liquid (IL) capillary GC columns. These IL columns present an attractive alternative to polysiloxane phases and offer unique selectivity for polar compounds. They are of high potential for metabolomics studies but have not yet been tested much [21] .

They are of high potential for metabolomics studies but have not yet been tested much.


The moisture content of the xylem in the living tree is high, in the range of 100-200% (mass of water in relation to dry mass) in sapwood depending on wood species [2] . After a tree is felled, the wood, therefore, needs to be dried before it can be used as a construction material. If the wood is kept in a relatively dry environment, e.g., indoors, it will not return to as high moisture levels as in the living tree.

The moisture content of the xylem in the living tree is high, in the range of 100-200% (mass of water in relation to dry mass) in sapwood depending on wood species.


In the living tree, water and nutrients are transported from the roots to the transpiring leaves in the canopy through the xylem in the wood stem, a transport mechanism which requires that a continuous path of water [1] . The structure of the xylem differs between softwoods and hardwoods, but they both have in common that water travels from cell lumen to cell lumen through openings (pits or perforation plates) that connect lumina of adjacent cells. The structure of the xylem is, thus, specialized in conducting and holding water, something that needs to be considered when using wood as a construction material.

In the living tree, water and nutrients are transported from the roots to the transpiring leaves in the canopy through the xylem in the wood stem, a transport mechanism which requires that a continuous path of water.


First, the selection criteria for participation to the MSI should be clearly predefined and ensure the representativeness of the participants. Stakeholders should be identified together with a mapping of potential conflicts, expectations and their power resources [13] . These should then be taken into account by a neutral facilitator, for example an impartial secretariat, who can support the participation of a contested stakeholder category.

Stakeholders should be identified together with a mapping of potential conflicts, expectations and their power resources.


Studies have demonstrated that certain procedures and mechanisms of MSIs can allow for more equal participation of all actors, in particular those that are traditionally less powerful [7, 13, 14] . For example, an impartial facilitator who keeps dominant participants in check, encourages less vocal actors to share their opinion and maintains positive group dynamics [15] . Other participatory procedures include setting clear goals and rules, providing access to information, working in small groups to build trust, using adequate materials adapted to the educational level and cultural background of (illiterate) participants, developing the technical capability of participants to meaningfully engage in the process, covering costs of participation and conducting stakeholder analysis to identify those relevant to the decision making process concerned.

Studies have demonstrated that certain procedures and mechanisms of MSIs can allow for more equal participation of all actors, in particular those that are traditionally less powerful.

For example, an impartial facilitator who keeps dominant participants in check, encourages less vocal actors to share their opinion and maintains positive group dynamics.


The changes in paste G'' were observed with all three wall materials as stress increased gradually from 1 Pa to 1000 Pa ( Figure 4B ). G'' for Gel-Suc was the highest, followed by Gel-PG-Suc and HI-CAP 100. When stress acted on the wall material pastes and attempted at making them strain change, it needed to overcome the internal friction. The resistance in rigid molecular chains exceeded that in flexible molecular chains (Tan et al. 2007b) . That flexible chains tended to orientate and arrange into patterns, but the rigid molecular chains did not, which was attributed to the highest G'' value of Gel-Suc value.

The resistance in rigid molecular chains exceeded that in flexible molecular chains.


Optimum microencapsulation efficiency (ME) for all wall matrices is shown in Table 1 . The ME values reflected the presence of oil on powder particle surfaces and the degree to which the matrices inhibited the extraction of internal oil by leaching. The core/wall ratio, total solids concentration, and wall material exerted a significant influence on ME (P < 0.05). The decrease in ME may have resulted from the wall material being insufficient to produce a sufficiently strong structural matrix, and from insufficiently thick layers of the wall material between the encapsulated oil droplets (Hogan et al. 2001) . ME improved with increasing total solids concentration, which confirms the findings of the colleagues (Sheu & Rosenberg 1998) . However, an increase of total solids concentration in the wall materials led to a higher viscosity of the emulsion, causing spray-drying to fail.

The decrease in ME may have resulted from the wall material being insufficient to produce a sufficiently strong structural matrix, and from insufficiently thick layers of the wall material between the encapsulated oil droplets.

ME improved with increasing total solids concentration, which confirms the findings of the colleagues.


The use of in-feed antibiotics (IFA) in the poultry industry has been under scrutiny for the past decade due to growing concerns about the development of microbial resistance and the potential harmful effects on animal and human health. More recently, IFA were banned in the European Union. Around the world, there is a continuing search for suitable alternative(s) to IFA. Prebiotics are feed ingredients that can potentially affect the host's nutrition and health by selectively stimulating the activity of a number of beneficial gut microflora (Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995) . Prebiotics may also affect mucosal morphometry, probably because of their fermentation properties, which may strengthen mucosal protection and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases (Kleessen et al., 2003; Koutsos and Arias, 2006) . However, information about how prebiotic and bioactive compounds affect gut morphology, digestibility of nutrients and performance of broilers is far from complete.

Prebiotics are feed ingredients that can potentially affect the host's nutrition and health by selectively stimulating the activity of a number of beneficial gut microflora.

Prebiotics may also affect mucosal morphometry, probably because of their fermentation properties, which may strengthen mucosal protection and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases.


Over the years, only a few studies have been done in evaluating the specific bioactivities of cultured dinoflagellates (Camacho et al., 2007; Nakagawa et al., 1998) . They have been recognized as potential sources bearing novel compounds for appraisal as pharmaceuticals (Camacho et al., 2007; Dragunow et al., 2005) . Moreover, bioactive components are gaining the interest of researchers because of their potential usefulness in many applications. Toxic metabolites have been reported from cultured dinoflagellates and are considered as valuable laboratory tools in the case of drug discovery (Elbrächter and Faust, 2002; Nakajima et al., 1981) . Hence, bioactive components can be isolated from benthic dinoflagellates and rendered in a range of biological activities, including cytotoxic, antitumor, antibiotic, antifungal, immunosuppressant and neurotoxic (Camacho et al., 2007; Wright and Cembella, 1998) .

Over the years, only a few studies have been done in evaluating the specific bioactivities of cultured dinoflagellates.

They have been recognized as potential sources bearing novel compounds for appraisal as pharmaceuticals.

Toxic metabolites have been reported from cultured dinoflagellates and are considered as valuable laboratory tools in the case of drug discovery.

Hence, bioactive components can be isolated from benthic dinoflagellates and rendered in a range of biological activities, including cytotoxic, antitumor, antibiotic, antifungal, immunosuppressant and neurotoxic.


To certify the authenticity of photos, one of the traditional and useful detection methods is watermarking, which is widely used in copyright protection and digital image authentication [1] . Watermark method detects the tampered images by checking the embedded information which is inserted at the time of imaging [2] . However, most digital cameras do not have that function owing to cost or imaging quality consideration, which makes the approach not universal in application. What is more, all active detecting methods need prior information, which is not available for the third party, and so they are not adapted to many practical applications. In contrast, passive or named blind approaches for image splicing detection have no demand of prior information and only exploit the knowledge of the image itself, which make them more popular and make them gain more attention. In this paper, we focus on passive image splicing detection approach.

To certify the authenticity of photos, one of the traditional and useful detection methods is watermarking, which is widely used in copyright protection and digital image authentication.

Watermark method detects the tampered images by checking the embedded information which is inserted at the time of imaging.


Second, there has been a remarkable transformation in the composition of the unionised workforce. In a number of countries unions are now majorityfemale membership organisations serving predominantly white-collar workers, often in the public sector (Schnabel and Wagner, 2007) . For example, in Britain and Norway -the two countries examined in this study -union density has been greater among women than men since the early 1990s and 2000s, respectively (Figures 1a and 1b) . Women now make up the majority of union members in the UK (Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 2015, Figures 1 and 2) . This feminisation of the union sector has outstripped underlying compositional change in the workforce at large, though the union sector has also become increasingly educated, older, and more white collar in both countries (Figure 2a and 2b ).

In a number of countries unions are now majorityfemale membership organisations serving predominantly white-collar workers, often in the public sector.


There is a countervailing view in which unions are characterised as hierarchical, bureaucratic organisations run by apparatchiks maximising the utility of the organisation, rather than its membership. Under this model there is a separation between the interests of union functionaries -the union representatives -and the rank-and-file membership (Pemberton, 1988; Dunlop, 1944) . This results in a failure of the union to represent adequately its members' interests. This issue is particularly acute in the case of women for two reasons.

Under this model there is a separation between the interests of union functionaries -the union representatives -and the rank-and-file membership.


For cotton dyeing, reactive dyes have been used very often and they are, by consumption, the most important textile dyes [1] . High popularity of reactive dyes is based on producing brilliant and fast colors with a wide range of shades using various environmentally friendly procedures. Reactive dyes stand out from other dyes by their ability to make covalent bonds between carbon atoms of dye reactive group and oxygen atoms of cotton hydroxyl groups under alkaline conditions [2] . Reactive dyes are divided, according to the structure of reactive group, in haloheterocycle and vinyl sulfone based dyes, which react with cellulose through nucleophilic substitution and addition mechanisms, respectively. Commercially, the widest used systems are: vinyl sulfone (VS), monochlorotriazine (MCT), bifunctional dyes, difluoro chloropyridine (DFCP), monofluorotriazine (MFT) and dichlorotriazine (DCT). In addition to reacting with fiber, reactive dyes also react with water (dye hydrolysis) in a form which cannot bond to cotton, but behaves as a substantive dye and affects color fastness on fabric. The most important parameters affecting exhaustion and "fixation" of reactive dyes are temperature, salt concentration, alkali concentration, and liquid ratio [3] . The main drawback of reactive dyes is low equilibrium exhaustion, due to low dye affinity for cotton, requiring high amounts of salt and alkali in the dyeing bath, which, when released into the water streams, produce disturbances in delicate biochemistry of water organisms.

For cotton dyeing, reactive dyes have been used very often and they are, by consumption, the most important textile dyes.

Reactive dyes stand out from other dyes by their ability to make covalent bonds between carbon atoms of dye reactive group and oxygen atoms of cotton hydroxyl groups under alkaline conditions.

The most important parameters affecting exhaustion and "fixation" of reactive dyes are temperature, salt concentration, alkali concentration, and liquid ratio.


Our study highlights factors that could aid the identification of patients who may benefit from salvage intervention. Relapse characteristics were the most important of these factors. Relapses occurring earlier than 6 months after allo-HSCT and those associated with a high tumor burden (ie, circulating blasts and a high percentage of marrow blasts) were strongly associated with poor survival. A high tumor burden at relapse and the development of acute GVHD before relapse are reportedly risk factors for poor OS in patients relapsing after allo-HSCT for AML or acute lymphoblastic leukemia [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] .

A high tumor burden at relapse and the development of acute GVHD before relapse are reportedly risk factors for poor OS in patients relapsing after allo-HSCT for AML or acute lymphoblastic leukemia.


Delay in presentation at the hospital and late initiation of medical treatment are common in patients with TDHS [8] . Such delays occur because of the low socioeconomic status, limited access to medical care or unawareness of the potential risks involved in hand infections amongst patients with diabetes [8, 9] . Our patient did not benefit from early and complete broad spectrum antibiotics partly because she presented late to the hospital and because of her poor socioeconomic status as she could not purchase drugs on time. Previous reports show that these patients often underestimate the gravity of TDHS as the initiating trauma is often minor [8] [9] [10] . Due to ignorance and poverty, they first tend to home treatment or seek initial help from traditional healers [6, 8, 9] .

Delay in presentation at the hospital and late initiation of medical treatment are common in patients with TDHS.

Such delays occur because of the low socioeconomic status, limited access to medical care or unawareness of the potential risks involved in hand infections amongst patients with diabetes.

Previous reports show that these patients often underestimate the gravity of TDHS as the initiating trauma is often minor.

Due to ignorance and poverty, they first tend to home treatment or seek initial help from traditional healers.