In this paper, I pursue an account of phonologization that is based around the conception of the learner as an ideal observer (Green and Swets 1966; Geisler and Diehl 2002; Clayards 2008; Kirby 2013a) . On this account, the catalyst of subphonemic reorganization is a loss of contrast precision at the level of sublexical categorization, driven by a sufficiently actuated phonetic bias. Shifts in the magnitude of the cue realizations are then predicted to result from the application of an optimal or near-optimal categorization strategy. On this approach, it is straightforward to represent the multivariate richness of the acoustic signal and to reason about the categorization behavior of learners under different scenarios using empirical production data of the sort just reviewed. In what follows, I outline the fundamentals of this approach and then illustrate its application to the case of incipient tonogenesis in PP Khmer.

In this paper, I pursue an account of phonologization that is based around the conception of the learner as an ideal observer.


Phonologization often involves multiple phonetic features. An example is provided by the case of incipient tonogenesis in Phnom Penh Khmer, an Austroasiatic language of Cambodia. As shown in Table 2 , Standard Khmer contrasts plain with aspirated stops in onsets; it also allows a large number of onset clusters, of which one in particular, /Cr/, will be of interest here. It has long been noted that in the colloquial speech of the capital Phnom Penh (hereafter PP), words such as ្រ ក� /kruː/ 'teacher', realized as [kruː] in Standard Khmer, are produced in PP as something like [kùː] , [k h ǔː], or [kṳː] : that is, realized with a falling or falling-rising pitch contour along with increased post-release aspiration and/ or breathy phonation in place of the trill (Noss 1966; Huffman 1967; Wayland and Guion 2005; Filippi and Vicheth 2009) . Thus the contrast between colloquial forms of words such as ្រ ក� /kruː/ 'teacher' and កូ /kuː/ 'pair', or តា /taː/ 'grandfather' and ្រ តា /traː/ 'seal, stamp', is presumably being maintained primarily by differences in the phonetic realization of the nucleus.

It has long been noted that in the colloquial speech of the capital Phnom Penh (hereafter PP), words such as ្រ ក� /kruː/ 'teacher', realized as [kruː] in Standard Khmer, are produced in PP as something like [kùː] , [k h ǔː], or [kṳː] : that is, realized with a falling or falling-rising pitch contour along with increased post-release aspiration and/ or breathy phonation in place of the trill.


The current study has failed to find any significant genetic distance between Icterine and Liberian Greenbuls, whilst demonstrating large and diagnostic genetic distances between other species of greenbul in the genus Phyllastrephus. Previous molecular studies of bulbuls, including greenbuls, showed typically high levels of genetic divergence between different species (5-10% uncorrected at mitochondrial loci) (Moyle and Marks 2006; Shakya and Sheldon 2017) . The data are limited by the fact that only one specimen of Liberian Greenbul has ever been obtained, and the fact that sampling of other greenbul species is very incompletemuch more work would be required to produce a robust, complete greenbul phylogeny. However, the clearest result from the data reported here is that the Liberian Greenbul falls within the range of genetic variation observed among Icterine Greenbuls in Liberia and elsewhere. Although a hybrid hypothesis seemed inherently highly improbable, and intergeneric hybridisation is unknown in greenbuls, we have also excluded the possibility that the Liberian Greenbul is a hybrid between Icterine and Spotted Greenbuls.

Previous molecular studies of bulbuls, including greenbuls, showed typically high levels of genetic divergence between different species (5-10% uncorrected at mitochondrial loci).


Intelligent agents have entered the realm of popular use. Over 50,000,000 Alexa agents are in use today (Sterling, 2019) . As agents of all kinds become part of the household, the AI community must respect the individuals who use them. With close public scrutiny, the possibility of failure is high. If we are not attentive, our agents may cause us to lose public confidence. This can have serious consequences for research, such as drastically reduced funding, as we have seen in the case of automatic speech recognition (ASR) in the 1990s. Intelligent agents must live up to the users' expectations. Consequently, the research community should not set those expectations above what we can reasonably deliver. We should be especially concerned about the tendency of the community to concentrate on the agent and disregard the effect of the dialog on the end user. The two interlocutors are equals in this endeavor. The agent should be serving the myriad needs of the user in the same way that a car serves its user for travel, a pen for writing.

Over 50,000,000 Alexa agents are in use today.


In order to attain tight voltage regulation, robustness, fast switching transient and improved transient characteristic, Discrete PID controller is introduced. Digital controller offers many advantages than analog controller. Digital controller has low component ageing, low cost, zero drift characteristic, high reliability and controllability than other controllers. Many literatures are developing a digital controller for DC-DC converter [1] - [6] . Few of them are discussed now.

Many literatures are developing a digital controller for DC-DC converter.

Few of them are discussed now.


The design of PID controller is usually supported by simulation tools Matlab Simulink and LabVIEW control design. In this paper, a simulation study of a PID controller for Buck converter is conducted and the hardware of a buck discrete PID controller is constructed using Lab-VIEW. It is possible to speed up programming considerably in LabVIEW, it is easy to implement through the use of sub virtual instruments Vis [7] - [9] . This LabVIEW has built-in ADC and DAC. The output of the controller is compared with triangular wave carriers and is adopted as a PWM switching signal generating part. The switching frequency is set at 400 KHz.

It is possible to speed up programming considerably in LabVIEW, it is easy to implement through the use of sub virtual instruments Vis.

This LabVIEW has built-in ADC and DAC.


In response to this ecological devastation, a breeding program was initiated by the U.S. Forest Service and the Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station and carried forward more recently by The American Chestnut Foundation (TACF). Chinese chestnuts (Castanea mollissima Blume), which coevolved with the pathogen and have high levels of resistance, were crossed with remnant mature American chestnuts (not resprouts) that escaped the blight or exhibited some level of resistance [3] [4] [5] . Subsequent generations demonstrating blight resistance were backcrossed with American chestnut to conserve as much of the original American chestnut phenotype as possible while still conferring blight resistance from Chinese chestnut [3] [4] [5] .

Chinese chestnuts (Castanea mollissima Blume), which coevolved with the pathogen and have high levels of resistance, were crossed with remnant mature American chestnuts (not resprouts) that escaped the blight or exhibited some level of resistance.

Subsequent generations demonstrating blight resistance were backcrossed with American chestnut to conserve as much of the original American chestnut phenotype as possible while still conferring blight resistance from Chinese chestnut.


Transition-based Parsing As the term implies, transition-based parsers conceptualize the process of transforming a sentence into a dependency tree as a sequence of transitions. A transition system typically includes a stack for storing partially processed tokens, a buffer containing the remaining input, and a set of arcs containing all dependencies between tokens that have been added so far (Nivre, 2003; Nivre et al., 2006b) . A dependency tree is constructed by manipulating the stack and buffer, and appending arcs with predetermined operations.

A transition system typically includes a stack for storing partially processed tokens, a buffer containing the remaining input, and a set of arcs containing all dependencies between tokens that have been added so far.


In this paper, we propose a new versioning scheme for network models that utilizes the dirty areas/objects of the connectivity rebuild algorithm (a similar mechanism has also been applied to our topological data model [13] ). Versioning of network models is different from version control over simple spatial data ("simple" meaning data that is geometrically unrelated to other data -i.e., no topological structuring). While the same basic principles are still in operation, resolving conflicts between features that are related to other features, as with network models, is different. This is because of the specific internal behavior of the network and the requirement that the connectivity information (or index) in the model should be kept consistent all the time.

In this paper, we propose a new versioning scheme for network models that utilizes the dirty areas/objects of the connectivity rebuild algorithm (a similar mechanism has also been applied to our topological data model).


At the same time, the development of the coal chemical industry is important to the adjustment of the industrial structure, product structure of coal-producing regions, the enhancement of core competence of enterprises and the realization of sustainable development [4] . Therefore, the coal chemical industry in China is developing vigorously with the encouragement of national policies, the guidance of the government and the active participation of enterprises. Large-scale and purposeful development of the coal chemical industry can make good use of limited coal resources to solve many energy crises. The coal chemical industry faces new market demands and development opportunities in China.

At the same time, the development of the coal chemical industry is important to the adjustment of the industrial structure, product structure of coal-producing regions, the enhancement of core competence of enterprises and the realization of sustainable development.


Within the research community, the ad-hoc nature of connectivity leading to frequent and unpredictable disconnections is usually regarded as problematic and there is a lot of work on providing distributed persistence and synchronicity despite the dynamics of mobile environments [5, 6, 7, 8] . However, a few researchers have investigated ways in which ad-hoc connectivity can be exploited as a means of detecting the proximity of users to locations, devices or other users. For example, several projects have developed location-based services that use short-range connection technologies such as WiFi or Bluetooth to provide mobile users with access to information about a location based on their proximity to that location [9, 3, 10, 11, 4] . When a user moves into the vicinity of the server fixed at that location, a connection is established and information relevant to the location can be viewed on the user's mobile device. When the user moves out of the connection range, typically that information is no longer accessible.

Within the research community, the ad-hoc nature of connectivity leading to frequent and unpredictable disconnections is usually regarded as problematic and there is a lot of work on providing distributed persistence and synchronicity despite the dynamics of mobile environments.

For example, several projects have developed location-based services that use short-range connection technologies such as WiFi or Bluetooth to provide mobile users with access to information about a location based on their proximity to that location.


Based on the seven multi-feature sets and the three feature projection methods in the first group, MS5 produced the highest classification accuracy and much lower computational time than MS6 [45] . MS5 was therefore clearly the optimal multi-feature set, and is recommended to be used in future MCS studies. Based on the results of multi-feature sets MS5 and MS6, the main finding from this experiment is that OFNDA is competitive with ULDA and OLDA in terms of class separability and is much more efficient than both ULDA and OLDA in terms of time complexity during the offline training phase [17] .

Based on the seven multi-feature sets and the three feature projection methods in the first group, MS5 produced the highest classification accuracy and much lower computational time than MS6.

Based on the results of multi-feature sets MS5 and MS6, the main finding from this experiment is that OFNDA is competitive with ULDA and OLDA in terms of class separability and is much more efficient than both ULDA and OLDA in terms of time complexity during the offline training phase.


Optical thin films play an important technological role in today's society. They can be used for antireflection coatings, spatial filters, LEDs and photovoltaics among others [1] [2] [3] [4] . The complex refractive index, , of thin films can vary greatly from their bulk counterparts. There can also be a large variation in the refractive index for the same material deposited with different techniques, meaning that literature values are inapplicable to specific samples. Additionally, when investigating new materials, where literature values are unavailable, it is very useful to be able to quickly determine the refractive index of a sample for physical insight and as an input to further simulations.

They can be used for antireflection coatings, spatial filters, LEDs and photovoltaics among others.


Since it is not possible to directly measure the refractive index of a material, it must be determined via an indirect model based process. The typical model used for thin film optical multilayers is the transfer matrix (TM) method [5] . The TM method can be used to calculate the reflection and transmission from a thin film layer stack. By varying the refractive index input for the calculation, we obtain different values of e.g. reflection and transmission. When these values are in good agreement with experiment, the corresponding refractive index is assumed to be correct. More rigorous methods can also compute the reflection and transmission. However the computational effort and time invested is much greater than for the TM method. The standard implementation of the TM method deals with homogeneous films. Thus it is desirable to have a description of light propagation inside inhomogeneous thin films compatible with the TM method.

The typical model used for thin film optical multilayers is the transfer matrix (TM) method.


When working with chemicals and cells in nanoliter quantities, the norms of macroscopic fluid flow give way to phenomena such as laminar flow, flow focusing, and mixing only by diffusion. The study of fluids at this scale is called microfluidics and has been in existence for quite a long time, but recently the name has also come to be synonymous with lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology because nearly all LOC devices incorporate small (micron-sized) channels to move around cells and solutions. A microfluidic device may be as simple as a Y-junction channel to mix solutions gradually by diffusion or a massively integrated device with thousands of switches to control the fluid flow of dozens of input and output solutions [5] .

A microfluidic device may be as simple as a Y-junction channel to mix solutions gradually by diffusion or a massively integrated device with thousands of switches to control the fluid flow of dozens of input and output solutions.


Furthermore, it is worth noting that the difference between the Csal response displayed in both sessions significantly correlated to the volume of training, albeit positively in opposition to our initial hypothesis. It is probable that more training volume and/or intensity would be necessary to provoke a reduced response, which has been described in overtrained subjects compared well-adapted runners (Barron et al., 1985) . As the POMS scores indicated, subjects were not overtrained and had a positive mood in both periodical sessions, in accordance with the range proposed for professional athletes (Morgan et al., 1988) . All subjects improved their mood after the training period, which could be related to the fact that habitual practice of physical activity produces a reduction of negative mood and depression (Petruzzello et al., 1997) . Profiles of the POMS did not show important changes in either session, especially in Team 1 which displayed a smoother profile.

It is probable that more training volume and/or intensity would be necessary to provoke a reduced response, which has been described in overtrained subjects compared well-adapted runners.

As the POMS scores indicated, subjects were not overtrained and had a positive mood in both periodical sessions, in accordance with the range proposed for professional athletes.

All subjects improved their mood after the training period, which could be related to the fact that habitual practice of physical activity produces a reduction of negative mood and depression.


Self-monitoring may also be related to mating strategies (Snyder and Gangestad, 1986) . High self-monitors regulate their self-presentation in the hope of radiating the desired social appearance, low self-monitors express inner states at the expense of presentation. Individuals with high self-monitoring tend to not establish committed relationships and maintain an unrestrictive sexual orientation (Snyder and Simpson, 1984; Snyder, Simpson, and Gangestad, 1986) . Those with low self-monitoring tend to establish committed relationships and maintain a restrictive sexual orientation.

Self-monitoring may also be related to mating strategies.

Individuals with high self-monitoring tend to not establish committed relationships and maintain an unrestrictive sexual orientation.


Women may also use short-term sexual relationships to assess and demonstrate their competitiveness in the mating marketplace (Townsend, 1999) . Although ancestral women did not benefit as much as men did from a high quantity of partners, they may compete with each other for high quality partners. This competition may be especially important in a nominally monogamous society, from which the respondent sample derives.

Women may also use short-term sexual relationships to assess and demonstrate their competitiveness in the mating marketplace.


One may be puzzled by the results concerning longer term relationships with cads. If cads are valuable for their genetic investment, why would women with riskier life history strategies seek them for long-term relationships? The psychological mechanism promoting an adaptive strategy could vary, as long as it reliably leads to the adaptive behaviors. Women may fully intend to have long-term committed relationships with cads, whether or not this actually happens. Modern day mass-market romance novels feature cad like characters who are ultimately tamed into long-term relationships by the female protagonist (Barash and Barash, 2005; Salmon and Symons, 2003) . It is not surprising that this "best of both worlds" outcome makes for such popular reading.

Modern day mass-market romance novels feature cad like characters who are ultimately tamed into long-term relationships by the female protagonist.


Women may also have short-term sexual relations with men in exchange for resource provisioning, especially when they are caring for children and in need of investment (Lancaster, 1989; Wyatt, Forge, and Guthrie, 1998) . In the Ache and Barí societies of South America, women have sex with men who are not their social partners, especially after they become pregnant. This may serve to confuse paternity, as these men become secondary fathers who are socially obligated to protect and invest in the woman's children. As a result, their contributions raise the children's survival rate (Beckerman et al., 1998; Hill and Hurtado, 1996) .

Women may also have short-term sexual relations with men in exchange for resource provisioning, especially when they are caring for children and in need of investment.

As a result, their contributions raise the children's survival rate.


Additional psychological constructs may be related to life history. Sociosexuality is defined as an individual's perception of the requirements in terms of time, attachment, and commitment for having a sexual relationship (Gangestad and Simpson, 1990) . Females with restrictive sociosexuality have higher requirements than unrestricted females, and are more likely to enhance their reproductive success by obtaining paternal investment.

Sociosexuality is defined as an individual's perception of the requirements in terms of time, attachment, and commitment for having a sexual relationship.


Moreover, wind farms cover large areas of land. The land area covered by a 3.6 MW turbine can be almost 0.37 km 2 ; such that 54 turbines would cover about 20 km 2 of land area. Table 1 summarizes the land covered by some offshore wind farms [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . Offshore wind farms save land rental expense which is equivalent to 10-18% of the total operating and maintenance costs of a wind farm. Therefore, offshore based wind farms have attracted significant attention in recent years. According to statistical data, the cumulative installed capacity of offshore wind farms in 2008, 2010 and 2012 was 1.50, 3.08 and 5.41 GW respectively. The capacity therefore doubled in every two years [20] . Table 2 summarizes the global annually installed capacity of offshore wind farms. It is expected that the global offshore installed capacity will increase to approximately 20 GW by 2015 and rise sharply to 104 GW by 2025. According to the Global Wind Energy Council and Green Peace International estimations it is possible to mitigate 20% of global electricity demand with wind power [21] .

Table 1 summarizes the land covered by some offshore wind farms.

The capacity therefore doubled in every two years.

According to the Global Wind Energy Council and Green Peace International estimations it is possible to mitigate 20% of global electricity demand with wind power.


The emission and production costs depend on the feedstock, location, plant sizes, conversion technologies, biomass logistics, and coproduct allocation [14, [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . The viability of ethanol is also dependent on the supply of feedstock (agricultural residues) and the possibility of integration with external heat sinks [26] . Several authors noted that the methodology integration (MILP: mixed integer linear programming; Dynamic LCA (life cycle assessment); GIS: geographic information system, and LCA or GCAM: global change assessment model) helps in implementing the local bioenergy energy systems from energy crops and improve their environmental performances [18, [28] [29] [30] . The economic and environmental performances of the bioenergy system (SNG: synthetic natural gas from wood) were also dependent on the availability of feedstock, plant sizes, and locations [27] . The economic and environmental optima were obtained at a plant capacity of 100-200 MW and 5-40 MW, respectively, while the minimum trade-off observed at a plant size of 25 MW. Consequently, four scenarios have been established based on the land classes in different locations considering the effect of crop rotation to evaluate the LC of ethanol. This study attempts to identify the potential location for the Miscanthus-based ethanol industry (20,000 kL/year) in Ontario, Canada to abate GHG emissions and minimize the production cost of ethanol.

The emission and production costs depend on the feedstock, location, plant sizes, conversion technologies, biomass logistics, and coproduct allocation.

The viability of ethanol is also dependent on the supply of feedstock (agricultural residues) and the possibility of integration with external heat sinks.

Several authors noted that the methodology integration (MILP: mixed integer linear programming; Dynamic LCA (life cycle assessment); GIS: geographic information system, and LCA or GCAM: global change assessment model) helps in implementing the local bioenergy energy systems from energy crops and improve their environmental performances.

The economic and environmental performances of the bioenergy system (SNG: synthetic natural gas from wood) were also dependent on the availability of feedstock, plant sizes, and locations.


Recommendations regarding the use of BIM, created at EU level, convince organisations interested in this technology to start modernising their software, improve the processes and bear the cost of introducing BIM. Currently a trend can be noticed in global construction industry to use BIM at design and construction stages, as well as building maintenance. A lot of companies implements BIM to achieve competitive advantage and increase efficiency. Numerous studies confirm rapid implementation of BIM in construction projects worldwide [4] .

Numerous studies confirm rapid implementation of BIM in construction projects worldwide.


Dopamine is oxidized to form dopaminequinone with the liberation of two electrons (Figure 2) . It is generally believed that direct redox reactions of these species at bare electrodes are irreversible and therefore require high overpotentials. Moreover the direct redox reactions of these species at the bare electrodes take place at very similar potentials and often suffer from a pronounced fouling effect, which results in rather poor selectively and reproducibility. Thus the simultaneous determination of DA and AA is of critical importance in the field of biochemistry and medical treatment [12] .

Thus the simultaneous determination of DA and AA is of critical importance in the field of biochemistry and medical treatment.


The use of chemically modified electrodes greatly increases the selectivity and sensitivity toward these analytes. The development of voltammetric sensors for the detection of neurotransmitters in the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system has received much interest in the past few decades. So, many different strategies have been employed for the modification of the electrode surface [13] . A simple method for preparing electrochemical modified electrodes (CME) is based on doping carbon paste with the biocatalyst [14] [15] [16] . The most important advantage of the "mixed catalyst-carbon paste electrode" is the substantial reduction of response time owing to the absence of a layer that hinders mass transport. The catalyst is an integral part of the sensing element, and hence the electrode responds rapidly to changes in the level of the substrate.

So, many different strategies have been employed for the modification of the electrode surface.

A simple method for preparing electrochemical modified electrodes (CME) is based on doping carbon paste with the biocatalyst.


In this study, most of the respondents were of the 20-49 years age group constituting 87.1% of the studied population. Majority of the patients in this study belonged to the active working population in the prime of their lives. Most persons between the ages of 15 and 49 years are sexually active. The age group findings in this study were in good agreement with the UNAIDS/WHO report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic update of 2008 [12] .

The age group findings in this study were in good agreement with the UNAIDS/WHO report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic update of 2008.


Finally, besides the individual component level, the approach has been conceived to simplify the development of systems composed by multiple agents that work together, coordinating their activities by exploiting suitable coordination artifacts [13] . More generally, the problems that are typically considered in the context of concurrent programming involving the interaction and coordination of multiple processes-examples are producer-consumer, readers-andwriters, dining-philosophers-can be naturally modelled in terms of agents and artifacts, providing solutions that in our opinion are more clear and "high-level" with respect to those mixing object-oriented abstractions-threads and low-level synchronisation mechanism-as in the case of Java. For instance, producersconsumers problems are naturally modelled in terms of producer and consumer agents sharing and exploiting a bounded buffer artifact; readers-and-writers problems in terms of reader and writer agents that use a suitably designed rw-lock coordination artifact to coordinate their access to a shared resource; dining-philosophers, in terms of a set of philosopher agents sharing and using a table, which encapsulates and enforces those coordination rules that make it possible to handle mutual exclusion in using chopsticks and to avoid deadlock situations. For the interested readers, these and other problems are included among the examples provided in simpA distribution, not reported here for lack of space.

Finally, besides the individual component level, the approach has been conceived to simplify the development of systems composed by multiple agents that work together, coordinating their activities by exploiting suitable coordination artifacts.


Fresh-cut products satisfy consumers as they are freshly prepared, convenient, and beneficial for human health. However, fresh-cut produce deteriorates faster than corresponding intact produce, which leads to a reduction in quality and shelf life. The key points in fresh-cut produce deterioration are discoloration and excessive microorganism growth during storage and transportation [24] .

The key points in fresh-cut produce deterioration are discoloration and excessive microorganism growth during storage and transportation.


Fresh-cut vegetables, or minimally processed vegetables, are convenient for consumers while maintaining a high level of nutrients and a good taste [1] . However, these kinds of produces are easily suffering from browning, excessive microbe, and tissue softening due to the exposed surface. With an increasing share of the fresh-cut market during the last two decades, protecting the quality of produce has become particularly important [2, 3] .

Fresh-cut vegetables, or minimally processed vegetables, are convenient for consumers while maintaining a high level of nutrients and a good taste.

With an increasing share of the fresh-cut market during the last two decades, protecting the quality of produce has become particularly important.


SAS has been reported to be an effective treatment for antibrowning of fresh-cut produce compared with other single or combined acidulants. Our results also suggested that 2.5% SAS significantly decreased the extent of browning in potato slices after 25 d storage, which confirmed the results of previous reports [21, 25, 26] . PPO, a key regulation factor in the process of browning, catalyzed the oxidation reaction with oxygen and phenolic compounds and promoted accumulation of quinones, which react with other substances continually leading to the polymerization of quinones [27, 28] . Previous studies produced the low browning potato by silencing the PPO genes, and they confirmed four PPO gene members were closely related to browning of potatoes [29, 30] . The maximum PPO activity in potato occurred at pH 6.8, while it was nearly inactive when pH was below 4.0 [31] . Previous research has demonstrated that SAS is a stronger acidulant (pKa = 2.0) when compared with ascorbic acid (pKa = 4.1) and citric acid (pKa = 3.1) [26] . There is a possibility that SAS treatment can decrease the pH level and PPO activity of the potato tissues, thus, leading to alleviated surface browning.

Our results also suggested that 2.5% SAS significantly decreased the extent of browning in potato slices after 25 d storage, which confirmed the results of previous reports.

PPO, a key regulation factor in the process of browning, catalyzed the oxidation reaction with oxygen and phenolic compounds and promoted accumulation of quinones, which react with other substances continually leading to the polymerization of quinones.

Previous studies produced the low browning potato by silencing the PPO genes, and they confirmed four PPO gene members were closely related to browning of potatoes.

The maximum PPO activity in potato occurred at pH 6.8, while it was nearly inactive when pH was below 4.0.

Previous research has demonstrated that SAS is a stronger acidulant (pKa = 2.0) when compared with ascorbic acid (pKa = 4.1) and citric acid (pKa = 3.1).


In the western North Pacific, on average 15 typhoons transform into extratropical storms every year. Although these storms do not have the intense inner-core winds of typhoons, the large extent of asymmetrically distributed gale force winds and precipitation, variability in intensity, and the rapid forward motion of these storms make them a significant forecast challenge (Foley and Hanstrum 1994) . Improved understanding of the physical processes associated with extratropical transition is essential to better predict their future impacts.

Although these storms do not have the intense inner-core winds of typhoons, the large extent of asymmetrically distributed gale force winds and precipitation, variability in intensity, and the rapid forward motion of these storms make them a significant forecast challenge.


It could be the case that the processing route employed in a given context might depend on cross-linguistic differences in morphology. Importantly, in Swedish, there is no default plural suffix for nouns, and imaging evidence points towards full-form access, since no hemodynamic increase in Broca's area has been found for inflected medium-to-high frequency words, in stark contrast to the processing of nouns in morphologically richer Finnish (Lehtonen et al., 2009) . Pointing in the same direction, an ERP study showed an N400 increase for incorrectly inflected nouns in Swedish (Roll et al., 2010) . However, increased processing load has been found for inflection in low frequency nouns in a response time study (Lehtonen, Niska, Wande, Niemi, & Laine, 2006) . Likewise, cortical thickness of Broca's area has been observed to correlate with speed of processing inflection in pseudo words (Schremm et al., 2018) . The increased morphological processing in low frequency and pseudo words suggests that decomposition can be used even for Swedish nouns if full forms are not readily available.

Importantly, in Swedish, there is no default plural suffix for nouns, and imaging evidence points towards full-form access, since no hemodynamic increase in Broca's area has been found for inflected medium-to-high frequency words, in stark contrast to the processing of nouns in morphologically richer Finnish.

Pointing in the same direction, an ERP study showed an N400 increase for incorrectly inflected nouns in Swedish.

However, increased processing load has been found for inflection in low frequency nouns in a response time study.

Likewise, cortical thickness of Broca's area has been observed to correlate with speed of processing inflection in pseudo words.


No effect was obtained for irregularized verbs relative to correct regular items in the early time window (Fig. 2) , possibly indicating that misapplication of the irregular stem formation pattern to a regular verb was not processed as a morphological rule violation. This interpretation would suggest that the vowel alternations characterizing the irregular past tense verbs in Swedish, even if these are largely predictable, might not be treated as productive morphological regularities, and that existing irregular forms are rather accessed as whole words. In this vein, irregularized verbs were quickly and accurately discarded, speaking in favour of their treatment as whole word forms. Finally, as expected, incorrect verbs elicited a late positivity between 600 and 1000 ms, a P600 ( Figs. 1 and 2) , possibly reflecting reanalysis of sentence structure or increased processing efforts during integration of the incorrect verb forms (Friederici, 2002; Kaan et al., 2000) . The anterior negativity observed in the P600 time window for incorrect irregular items, but not for incorrect regular ones, might potentially represent the continuation of the LAN obtained in the irregular condition, concentrated on more frontal electrodes due to the simultaneous P600 effect, or alternatively, the dipole inversion of the posterior P600 effect.

Finally, as expected, incorrect verbs elicited a late positivity between 600 and 1000 ms, a P600 ( Figs. 1 and 2) , possibly reflecting reanalysis of sentence structure or increased processing efforts during integration of the incorrect verb forms.


Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by seizures and is associated with sudden changes in electrical activity of the brain. These changes generate movement, as well as alterations of behavior, emotion, and perception. Naturally accrued epileptic activities have been witnessed and recorded for millennia [5] .

Naturally accrued epileptic activities have been witnessed and recorded for millennia.


We extend previous accumulator models of decision making to the case of multiple, discrete choices with asymmetric, unknown transition rates between them. We assume that the observer is primarily interested in the current state of the environment, often referred to as the correct choice in decision-making models (Bogacz et al, 2006) . Therefore, we show how an ideal observer can use sensory evidence to infer the rates at which the environment transitions between states, and simultaneously use these inferred rates to discount old evidence and determine the present environmental state.

We assume that the observer is primarily interested in the current state of the environment, often referred to as the correct choice in decision-making models.


Turkey as one of the economically promising and developing countries has well operated waste management applications with over 2,000 scattered open dump areas. At the end of 2014, the manufacturers were responsible for collecting and recycling at least 60% of solid waste [1] . However, every year the amount of waste and its consequent disposal problems increased due to the increase in the standards of living, industrialization, and thus population. Moreover, among 25 million tonnes, about 17.5 million tonnes was disposed without any control [2] . Hence, waste recycling is deemed as the most suitable solution because it decreases the pollution of the nature and also helps to reuse energy production procedure. Glass waste is undesirable to disposal because it is nonbiodegradable which makes it environmentally less friendly; besides that the landfill capacity is being exhausted [3] .

At the end of 2014, the manufacturers were responsible for collecting and recycling at least 60% of solid waste.

Moreover, among 25 million tonnes, about 17.5 million tonnes was disposed without any control.

Glass waste is undesirable to disposal because it is nonbiodegradable which makes it environmentally less friendly; besides that the landfill capacity is being exhausted.


In spite the fact that several previous literatures investigated the effect of WG cullet (as fine and/or coarse grade) on the properties of concrete, but the fracture parameters of WG concrete have not been examined yet. Moreover, most of conducted studies not only avoid using extreme replacement levels of WG cullet but also tested only one grade of WG aggregate (fine or coarse) [5, 7, 8, 19] . In the present study, fracture properties of SCC as well as strength properties were inquired for multiple replacement levels of WG aggregate (as fine and/or coarse grade). Aside from control mix (CTR), three SCC series were designed with WG replacement levels of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% by weight of NA. Constant w/b ratio of 0.35 and total binder content of 570 kg/m 3 were applied to produce 16 SCC mixtures. Moreover, FA was utilized in these concretes at 20% of total binder content to suppress the ASR reaction. In this study, the strength characteristics of concrete were conducted in the term of compressive, splitting tensile, net flexural strengths, and static modulus of elasticity. Moreover, fracture parameters tested in this study were fracture energy ( ) and characteristic length ( ch ). All aforementioned tests had been performed at 28 days and the results were evaluated and compared statistically.

Moreover, most of conducted studies not only avoid using extreme replacement levels of WG cullet but also tested only one grade of WG aggregate (fine or coarse).


The second category emphasizes on congestion issue on the Internet around the neutrality debate [2] , [3] , [6] . These works examine both short-run and long-run effects of deviation from neutrality. These works differ from ours in two points: First, we do not explicitly employ the congestion issue, but we wanted to assign a similar effect through specifying different CAPs for their quality of connection needs. Second, we concentrate on the short-run effects of deviation from neutrality by imposing fixed network capacity.

The second category emphasizes on congestion issue on the Internet around the neutrality debate.


In fact, the network neutrality debate contains basically two distinct issues: discrimination and quality of service (QoS) [7] . Network neutrality is a non-discriminatory regime, and any deviation from it should be considered as a discriminatory action. Discrimination may contain a large scale of actions, from blocking to charging different prices for the same service. Although the economic theory addresses some welfare enhancing results of certain types of price discrimination, practices like blocking reduce competition and economic welfare.

In fact, the network neutrality debate contains basically two distinct issues: discrimination and quality of service (QoS).


Silica gel-water is widely used as an adsorbent-adsorbate pair in adsorption refrigeration systems. Compared to other adsorbents, silica gel can be regenerated at a relatively low temperature that is below 100 ºC [1] [2] [3] [4] . Silica gel also has a large capacity for the adsorption of water, which is up to 35%-40% of its dry mass [5] . In a cycle of adsorption refrigeration, the cooling power can be increased by increasing the driving heat source temperature. Another method to increase the capacity of the cooling power is to apply a mass recovery cycle.

Compared to other adsorbents, silica gel can be regenerated at a relatively low temperature that is below 100 ºC.

Silica gel also has a large capacity for the adsorption of water, which is up to 35%-40% of its dry mass.


Significant differences between the virulence of clinical strains and foods depending on the serotypes have been reported (Norrung and Andersen, 2000) . Currently 13 serotypes of L. monocytogenes have been described; however, three of them (½a, ½b and 4b) have been isolated in more than 90% of the cases from human and animal listerioses (Low et al., 1993; Torres et al., 2004; Orsi et al., 2011) . Serotypes such as ½c have been frequently found contaminating food (Espaze et al., 1991; Orsi et al., 2011) .

Significant differences between the virulence of clinical strains and foods depending on the serotypes have been reported.

Currently 13 serotypes of L. monocytogenes have been described; however, three of them (½a, ½b and 4b) have been isolated in more than 90% of the cases from human and animal listerioses.

Serotypes such as ½c have been frequently found contaminating food.


Poor machinability of titanium alloys poses considerable problems in fabrication of components from them. Their low thermal conductivity leads to high cutting temperatures, and their high chemical reactivity with many tool materials leads to strong adhesion between the tool and work material. These two factors lead to rapid tool wear during machining of titanium alloys, which in turn increases the manufacturing cost (Yang and Liu, 1999) .

These two factors lead to rapid tool wear during machining of titanium alloys, which in turn increases the manufacturing cost.


To understand reasons that caused the 'weekend effect', previous studies mostly focused on the problems in health system and quality of healthcare. It is widely accepted that the excess risk of death during off-hour admission may be attributed to a lower rate of invasive cardiac procedures and longer door to balloon time due to reduced staff resources, both number of staff and their expertise on site [7] [8] [9] [10] . However, it is still largely unknown whether or to what extent the difference in patients' clinical features at admission such as disease severity and the history and risk factors of cardiovascular disease could account for the higher mortality of offhour admission.

It is widely accepted that the excess risk of death during off-hour admission may be attributed to a lower rate of invasive cardiac procedures and longer door to balloon time due to reduced staff resources, both number of staff and their expertise on site.


As usual, the orientifold projection introduces Op-planes whose RR charges have to be cancelled by adding appropriate Dp-branes [10, 11] . Since we are breaking supersymmetry, we might as well add anti Dp-branes (Dp), just as in toroidal orientifolds in which Z N preserves supersymmetry [12] . In general, there is a further sign freedom in the Möbius strip amplitude, or equivalently in the charge and tension of the Op-planes, that allows either an orthogonal or a symplectic projection on the gauge Chan-Paton factors [11, 13] .

As usual, the orientifold projection introduces Op-planes whose RR charges have to be cancelled by adding appropriate Dp-branes.

Since we are breaking supersymmetry, we might as well add anti Dp-branes (Dp), just as in toroidal orientifolds in which Z N preserves supersymmetry.

In general, there is a further sign freedom in the Möbius strip amplitude, or equivalently in the charge and tension of the Op-planes, that allows either an orthogonal or a symplectic projection on the gauge Chan-Paton factors.


The threat of disaster brought on by global climate change has captured the attention of most of the world's nations. Solutions to these threats fall primarily into two categories: mitigation and adaptation. The former emphasizes removing the causes of climate change to reduce the effects of the problems it poses. One result of this effect includes reducing the source of greenhouse gas emissions (or strengthening the sequestration of greenhouse gases), and thereby treating the root of the problem [1] . Current mitigation strategies target the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in specific sectors (such as energy, industry, transportation, residential, commercial, etc.). The latter solution-adaptation-emphasizes responding and adjusting to the results of climate change, while reducing the damage it causes, possibly turning it to an advantage [2] . The current strategies of adaptation include comprehensively adjusting on a socio-economic level (such as strategies for land use, water resource management, public health and public construction, etc.). However, solutions of mitigation and adaptation compete with each other and conflict with regard to policy implementation and limited administrative resources [3, 4] . These solutions can share benefits in a few special cases, such as in planting trees, developing and managing of green space, etc. In this paper, we will discuss the green space issues.

One result of this effect includes reducing the source of greenhouse gas emissions (or strengthening the sequestration of greenhouse gases), and thereby treating the root of the problem.

The latter solution-adaptation-emphasizes responding and adjusting to the results of climate change, while reducing the damage it causes, possibly turning it to an advantage.

However, solutions of mitigation and adaptation compete with each other and conflict with regard to policy implementation and limited administrative resources.


Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has also been reported as a substrate for soft-lithography [11, 35] . By using highly accurate CNC micromills and precise toolbits, a PMMA workpiece can have a positive relief microchannel cut into its surface. This process can result in higher resolution that a 3D printer, but it still has an expensive overhead cost.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has also been reported as a substrate for soft-lithography.


Study 1 was also based on cross-sectional data which raises the risk of common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003) . Furthermore, third variables such as personality or social identity dynamics may affect the evaluations of leadership and health and result in an overestimation of the effects. However, as the findings across the studies were comparable with regard to means and correlations, it seems that common method bias did not substantially affect the results in Study 1. Moreover, the test of a method factor revealed that there was only a small amount of common method bias in our data. Nevertheless, future studies should consider control variables beyond gender, age, and transformational leadership. At the same time, it is debatable whether the single source problem can be solved with leaders self-rating of their StaffCare instead of relying on followers' reports, because leaders' self-reports may be positively biased by social desirability and of less relevance for followers' experience and reaction. In any case, it would be interesting to examine further the predictive validity of HoL by means of objective health data (e.g., physiological measures, absenteeism records) or spouse ratings of work-family conflict or SelfCare (i.e. the partner evaluating followers' SelfCare).

Study 1 was also based on cross-sectional data which raises the risk of common method bias.


Due to the cross-sectional design of the study, it is not possible to provide a causal interpretation of these findings. As we used self-reports for all variables, correlations may also be affected by common method bias (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee, & Podsakoff, 2003) . In Study 2 we address these issues and assess the independent variables (StaffCare and SelfCare) at Time 1 and the dependent variables (health outcomes) at Time 2, four months later. This procedure reduces the risk of third factors (e.g., mood) affecting the relationships between these variables. Nevertheless, despite these limitations, Study 1 provided initial support for the construct validity of the HoL measure.

As we used self-reports for all variables, correlations may also be affected by common method bias.


It has to be noted that SelfCare, StaffCare, and health outcomes are single source by nature and the relationships between these variables have not been examined in a comprehensive longitudinal design (e.g., cross-lagged panel). Thus, an examination of causality postulated by the HoL concept was not possible. Consequently, reversed effects or the impact of third factors are also possible (van Dierendonck et al., 2004) . For example, followers may evaluate their leaders as more health-oriented when they feel healthy. Alternatively, followers may evaluate their leader more positively because of their or their leaders' identification with the team or other positive attributes (Haslam, Reicher, & Platow, 2011) . However, leadership and health ratings in Study 2 were assessed at separate measuring points with a time lag of four months. Although this design does not allow for testing reverse effects, this explanation is less likely than in cross-sectional designs. Nevertheless, future studies should test the relationship be-tween leadership and health over the long term and examine lagged, synchronous, and reverse effects simultaneously.

Consequently, reversed effects or the impact of third factors are also possible.

Alternatively, followers may evaluate their leader more positively because of their or their leaders' identification with the team or other positive attributes.


Developing passive drag-reduction techniques has been a priority for many years. It was a classical belief that smooth surfaces are likely to generate less skin friction than rough surfaces until the recent studies have shown the opposite for some cases [1] [2] [3] . Indeed, the right sort of roughness on surfaces could lead to dragreducing effects [2] [3] [4] .

It was a classical belief that smooth surfaces are likely to generate less skin friction than rough surfaces until the recent studies have shown the opposite for some cases.

Indeed, the right sort of roughness on surfaces could lead to dragreducing effects.


Many Ophidiiformes use their swimbladder and associated bones to produce sounds (Courtenay & McKittrick 1970; Parmentier et al. 2002; Fine et al. 2007; Parmentier et al. 2010) . Previous anatomical studies showed all the carapids have sound-producing muscles and therefore are able to produce sounds (Parmentier et al. 2002) . It is noteworthy that all the characters separating adult Echiodon from Eurypleuron are related to the sound-producing mechanism (Parmentier & Diogo 2006) . This system could play an important role in the speciation process of the group.

Many Ophidiiformes use their swimbladder and associated bones to produce sounds.

Previous anatomical studies showed all the carapids have sound-producing muscles and therefore are able to produce sounds.

It is noteworthy that all the characters separating adult Echiodon from Eurypleuron are related to the sound-producing mechanism.


In signal processing, sparsity is a very interesting property which becomes more and more popular. Usually, it is used as a criterion in a transformed domain for compression, compress sensing, denoising, etc [1] . As we will then consider, sparsity can also be used as a feature extraction method, to make emerge from data elements containing relevant information. In our application, we extract motion primitives of the handwriting.

Usually, it is used as a criterion in a transformed domain for compression, compress sensing, denoising, etc.


To cope with the problem of information overload incurred by Web 2.0 and its eHealth 2.0 counterpart, recommender systems are used as an effective information filter and at the same time as a tool for providing personal advice through suggestions [8, 41] . The gathered health data can be used as input for such a lifestyle recommender that encourages users to adopt a more healthy way of life. Suggestions for a specific fitness activity or a running trail out of the many available alternatives, have to be tailored to the physical capabilities of each individual.

To cope with the problem of information overload incurred by Web 2.0 and its eHealth 2.0 counterpart, recommender systems are used as an effective information filter and at the same time as a tool for providing personal advice through suggestions.


For walk-regular graphs, we showed that the eigenvalue bound (6) is equal to the improved eigenvalue bound (9) . For strongly regular graphs, we derived a closed form bound that dominates the previously mentioned eigenvalue bounds. Finally, under some assumption on the behavior of the Kravchuk polynomials (which we tested extensively, see Conjecture 8), we showed that for j ≥ d − d−1 q , the optimal value of the max-q-cut equals the eigenvalue bound (6) for the graphs H(d, q, j) in the Hamming association scheme. This extends a similar result for the binary Hamming graphs and the max-cut problem by Alon and Sudakov [1] . Under the same assumption, we also proved that for the max-k-cut problem for H(d, q, j), with j ≥ d − d−1 q and k ≤ q, the eigenvalue bound (6) and the SDP bound (1) are equal.

For walk-regular graphs, we showed that the eigenvalue bound (6) is equal to the improved eigenvalue bound.

This extends a similar result for the binary Hamming graphs and the max-cut problem by Alon and Sudakov.


Complex networks display heterogeneous structures that result from different mechanisms of evolution [38] . Some are created through multiplicative processes (such as preferential attachment) while others seem to be well described in terms of optimization mechanisms [9] . Our study indicates that the possible universe of complex networks is actually rather constrained. Networks display scale-free architecture but also small assortativeness. The search algorithm, instead of assuming the presence of a given predefined mechanism of network growth, simply searches for candidate solutions to an optimization algorithm trying to approach simultaneously some amount of network heterogeneity and correlations. The result is that indeed networks are scale-free and involve low degree of correlations, but such situation is constrained to a well-defined domain. This domain is remarkably similar to the one inhabited by real graphs. Outside this domain, it is not feasible to find graphs simultaneously satisfying the two requirements.

Complex networks display heterogeneous structures that result from different mechanisms of evolution.

Some are created through multiplicative processes (such as preferential attachment) while others seem to be well described in terms of optimization mechanisms.


The impact of SF architecture on biological and artificial networks is clearly different. Although the first can take advantage of the high homeostasis provided by scaling laws the second are completely dependent on the correct functioning of all units. Failure of a single diode in a circuit or of a single component in a software system leads to system collapse. Thus, homeostasis can not be a general explanation for scaling. We have conjectured that the leading force here is an optimization process where reliable communication at low cost shapes network architecture in first place [38] . The need of a sparse graph can be a consequence of different requirements. In an electronic circuit, saving wire is a strong constraint. In metabolic or genetic networks, it might be important in order to reduce the impact of unstable positive feedbacks. This can be satisfied by means of sparse graphs displaying scale-free architecture. What is the role of correlations? For the systems analysed here correlations don't seem to be of relevance to network performance. But what is more important: the lack of networks outside the densely populated domain is not due to some relevant, perhaps adaptive trait. It is actually a consequence of higher-level limitations imposed to network architecture.

We have conjectured that the leading force here is an optimization process where reliable communication at low cost shapes network architecture in first place.

What is the role of correlations?


BN nanotubes also grow in solid-state process that involves neither deposition from the vapor phase nor chemical reactions [13] . The nanotubes were produced by first ball-milling of the layered h-BN powder to generate highly disordered or amorphous nanostructures and followed by the product annealing at temperatures up to 1300℃. The annealing leads to the nucleation and growth of hexagonal BN nanotubes both of cylindrical and bamboo-like morphologies.

BN nanotubes also grow in solid-state process that involves neither deposition from the vapor phase nor chemical reactions.


Other opportunities of application of the BN nanotubes are connected with the features of their phonon spectrum [25] . Such dielectric tubes without inversion center can be used as a phonon laser in GHz − THz range or hypersound quantum generator. Because of the presence of special nanotubular oscillatory modes, there is a strong enhancement of electron-phonon interaction in comparison with a bulk material. It is not excluded that closepacked one-dimensional BN nanotubes will serve as high-temperature superconductors. The GHz oscillatory behavior of double-walled BN nanotubes was also predicted [26, 27] . This system can also be employed for making good shock absorbers because application of low pressure leads to its significant compression.

Other opportunities of application of the BN nanotubes are connected with the features of their phonon spectrum.

The GHz oscillatory behavior of double-walled BN nanotubes was also predicted.


The arc discharge in a molecular nitrogen atmosphere between electrodes made of graphite and refractory boron compounds, e.g., hafnium diboride HfB 2 , forms BN-C nanotubes with strong phase separation between BN and C layers along the radial direction [4, 5] . If both electrodes are made of HfB 2 rods, single-or double-walled chemically pure BN nanotubes are formed with a structure close to stoichiometric B/N ~1 [6] . Most obtained tube ends are closed by flat layers perpendicular to the tube axis. A closure by a triangular facet resulting from three 120  -disclinations was proposed to account for this specific shape. For the most part, the multi-walled BN nanotubes are formed with electrodes made of zirconium diboride ZrB 2 [7, 8] . In this case most of the nanotubes have diameters from 3 to 40 nm and lengths on the order of 100 nm. Single-layer tubes with diameters of 2 to 5 nm are also formed rarely. The morphology of the tube tips suggests the presence of pentagons and heptagons which are energetically less favorable compared with squares.

The arc discharge in a molecular nitrogen atmosphere between electrodes made of graphite and refractory boron compounds, e.g., hafnium diboride HfB 2 , forms BN-C nanotubes with strong phase separation between BN and C layers along the radial direction.

If both electrodes are made of HfB 2 rods, single-or double-walled chemically pure BN nanotubes are formed with a structure close to stoichiometric B/N ~1.

For the most part, the multi-walled BN nanotubes are formed with electrodes made of zirconium diboride ZrB 2.


Recently the development of a new method for producing long, small-diameter, single-and few-walled, BN nanotubes in macroscopic quantities has been reported [22] . The pressurized vapor/condenser (PVC) method produces highly crystalline, very long, small-diameter nanotubes without catalysts. Their palm-sized, cottonlike masses of raw material were grown by this technique and spun directly into centimeters-long yarn. Nanotube lengths were observed to be ~100 times that of those grown by the most closely related method.

Recently the development of a new method for producing long, small-diameter, single-and few-walled, BN nanotubes in macroscopic quantities has been reported.


High growth temperatures (above 1100℃), a low production yield, and impurities have prevented progress in applications of BN nanotubes in the past decade. Rather recently, it has been shown that these tubes can be grown on substrates at lower temperatures (of about 600℃) [18] . High-order tubular structures were constructed, which can be used without further purification.

Rather recently, it has been shown that these tubes can be grown on substrates at lower temperatures (of about 600℃).


A systematic review evaluated the effects of the combination of LABA and inhaled corticosteroids versus a higher dose of inhaled corticosteroids on the risk of asthma exacerbations [17] . The authors concluded that combination of LABA and ICS was more effective in reducing the risk of exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids than a higher dose of ICS in adolescents and adults; in children there was no significant reduction, but rather a trend towards an increased risk of oral steroid-treated exacerbations and hospital admissions was observed [17] . Hence, the issue of safety in children on long term use is yet to be resolved.

A systematic review evaluated the effects of the combination of LABA and inhaled corticosteroids versus a higher dose of inhaled corticosteroids on the risk of asthma exacerbations.

The authors concluded that combination of LABA and ICS was more effective in reducing the risk of exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids than a higher dose of ICS in adolescents and adults; in children there was no significant reduction, but rather a trend towards an increased risk of oral steroid-treated exacerbations and hospital admissions was observed.


To exhibit the difference of lithium reaction distributions between 0.2C and 1C rates, we subtracted the lithium reaction distribution obtained at the 1C rate from that obtained at the 0.2C rate. Here, the separator position in the lithium reaction distribution obtained at the 0.2C rate was corrected to agree with the separator position obtained at the 1C rate following the same procedure as previously reported [4] . Figure 3a ,b correspond to the change of the distributions in the SOC100 Figure 2b,c correspond to SOC0 and SOC100 of lithium reaction distributions at the 0.2C rate, and Figure 2d ,e correspond to SOC0 and SOC100 of lithium reaction distributions at the 1C rate. In Figure 2b ,d, the regions of high S-parameters are manifested at the region of the positive electrode; on the other hand, the regions of high S-parameters are manifested at the surface of the negative electrode in Figure 2c ,e. It is observed that the separator position moves toward the positive electrode when the battery is charged. Although this trend is the same at the 0.2C and 1C rates, the amount of movement of the separator at the 1C rate is larger than that at the 0.2C rate. On the other hand, by discharging the battery, the separator position returns to the initial position. This movement of the separator position corresponds to the volume expansion or contraction of the electrode materials with moving lithium ions.

Here, the separator position in the lithium reaction distribution obtained at the 0.2C rate was corrected to agree with the separator position obtained at the 1C rate following the same procedure as previously reported.


Although lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are already widely used in our daily life, demand for them is rapidly increasing, since the development of electric vehicles is attracting much attention all over the world. To further expand the use of electric vehicles, batteries require not only high capacities, but also high safety and long lifetimes. Moreover, people expect fast-charging batteries at a similar refueling speed as in the gasoline car. However, in a previous neutron diffraction study, it was reported that inhomogeneous reactions occur in the graphite-negative electrode at a high-speed charge-discharge rate [1] . These inhomogeneous reactions are related to the degradation of the battery performance; furthermore, they carry some great risks. Therefore, it is important to monitor lithium reactions directly in the batteries under in situ or in operando conditions. Although the neutron diffraction technique is a powerful tool for in operando measurement, it reveals the reaction mechanism through the change of the lattice parameter in the electrode materials.

However, in a previous neutron diffraction study, it was reported that inhomogeneous reactions occur in the graphite-negative electrode at a high-speed charge-discharge rate.


To estimate energy efficiency levels, it is possible to use both parametric and non-parametric frontier approaches [6] [7] [8] [9] . The parametric approach, such as SFA, is based on an econometric model. In the non-parametric approach, such as DEA, the frontier function is a decision function of several variables.

To estimate energy efficiency levels, it is possible to use both parametric and non-parametric frontier approaches.


In conclusion, promoting living in urban areas by forming urbanised cities in each region would seem to be an effective strategy for increasing electricity energy efficiency. This policy is known to increase the productivity of regional economies through agglomeration economies, as well as environmental efficiency [2, 37] . The results of our analysis show that, to achieve both higher productivity and energy efficiency, promoting residence in areas where the population has agglomerated and forming multi-polarisation-type national spatial developments is vital. In Japan, a policy on constructing compact cities within local areas to increase population concentration is being discussed. Consequently, the impact of such a policy on the relationship between household dwelling types and energy consumption should be investigated in further studies.

This policy is known to increase the productivity of regional economies through agglomeration economies, as well as environmental efficiency.


Treating complications associated with diabetes may also increase caregiver burden. As data regarding specific diabetes-related complications were not collected in the GERAS study, we were also unable to assess whether such complications influenced our results. Increased emotional burden has previously been shown in caregivers of diabetes patients with foot ulcers [42] .

Increased emotional burden has previously been shown in caregivers of diabetes patients with foot ulcers.


Heifers submitted to stocking rates of 0.6 and 0.8 AU/ha, with average forage allowances between June and August of 1183 and 801 kg DM/ha, respectively, suffered significant weight loss, which considerably affected their body weight as measured on Sept 1 st , 2008 (Tables 1 and 2 ). In the beginning of the experiments, heifers managed at 0.6 AU/ha had an allowance of 4.07 kg of DM/100-kg body weight (BW), whereas the stocking rate of 0.8 AU/ha provided an allowance of only 2.52-kg DM/100-kg BW. On Aug 1 st , 2008, forage allowances were 4.55 and 2.80-kg DM/100-kg BW, which were virtually the same as 60 days before due to weight loss: on Sept 1 st , heifers accumulated BW losses of -12.7 and -32.7 kg, grazing at stocking rates of 0.6 and 0.8 AU/ha, respectively. On average, during this period, heifers grazing at 0.6 AU/ha were supplied 4.32-kg DM/100-kg BW, whereas those grazing at 0.8AU/ha received 2.62kg DM/100 kg BW. These allowances were low, particularly for the season, and, associated to the forage quality (Table 1) , they determined the observed BW losses. High stocking rates resulted in low forage allowance and pasture height (Neves et al., 2009) .

High stocking rates resulted in low forage allowance and pasture height.


Observing road-users is of great interest in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and an important tool in city planning. Detecting and counting bicyclists on roads are one of the many important aspects in this context. Cycling is often seen as an important part of a sustainable transport system, because cyclists do not pollute, are quite, take little space and cycling have very positive health effects (Pucher et al., 2010) . Bicycle counting has usually been a difficult, expensive and labor-intensive task for road authorities. Hence, reliable and cost effective daily report of cyclist flow and frequencies at locations in a city, enables well argued decision making by municipalities to initiate new, or improve existing, infrastructure.

Cycling is often seen as an important part of a sustainable transport system, because cyclists do not pollute, are quite, take little space and cycling have very positive health effects.


At longer wavelengths this schema of heat extraction is not equally efficient. The long wavelength emitting lasers require the active regions to be grown on InP or GaSb. For the DBR consisting of AIII-BV alloys lattice matched to those substrates the thermal resistance is much higher. This has one of two reasons: either the low refraction index contrast of the alloys or the enlarged thickness of the quarter-wavelength layers. For those structures the transparent intracavity heat-spreader has to be used (Calvez et al. 2010) . The diamond plates are most suitable because of the highest thermal conductivity of this material equal to 2000 W/mK and the high optical quality (low absorption and low birefringence) (Loon et al. 2006) . Small distance of the diamond plate from the active region permits to dissipate the heat from the excitation/emission spot outside i.e. towards the holder. Since the thermal resistivity of the diamond heat-spreader is much lower than that of the DBR, most of the heat is extracted this way.

For those structures the transparent intracavity heat-spreader has to be used.

The diamond plates are most suitable because of the highest thermal conductivity of this material equal to 2000 W/mK and the high optical quality (low absorption and low birefringence).


For high power emission of the VECSEL, efficient heat extraction has to be provided. Otherwise, when temperature of the active region increases during the laser operation, the shrinkage of the bandgap and the separation of the Fermi levels change both the emission wavelength and the gain amplitude resulting in a thermal roll-over. In case of the heterostructures emitting in the 1 lm range which are grown on GaAs substrates the DBR consists of binary layers of GaAs and AlAs or of low-GaAs content AlGaAs. The thermal resistivity of such DBR is relatively low and heat can be extracted through it. Such structures can be mounted directly, or with a highly heat conductive heat-spreader, on a copper heat-sink. This requires the inverted growth of the heterostructure where the active region is placed directly on the substrate followed by a DBR. After the growth, the structure is first soldered to heat-sink or heat-spreader with epitaxial side down and later the substrate is removed by lapping and etching which gives optical access to the active region. This schema of heat extraction permitted over 100 W emission at 1016 nm (Heinen et al. 2012) . In that case the thermal resistance was 0.68 K/W for the 1100 lm spot diameter. An attempt to further decrease the thermal resistance of the DBR was undertaken when a hybrid mirror was used. A hybrid DBR consisted of reduced to 14 AlAs/AlGaAs layer pairs and a gold layer deposited on the top. Reduction in DBR thickness and the use of the AlGaAs transparent for the pump beam resulted in resistance of 2.16 K/W for 270 lm of beam diameter (Gbele et al. 2016) .

This schema of heat extraction permitted over 100 W emission at 1016 nm.

Reduction in DBR thickness and the use of the AlGaAs transparent for the pump beam resulted in resistance of 2.16 K/W for 270 lm of beam diameter.


Field measurements in tidal bores are rare, despite their relevance. Several studies experienced some damage to the scientific equipment, including in the Rio Mearim (Brazil), in the Daly River (Australia), in the River Dee (UK), and in the Sélune River (France) [10] [11] [12] [13] . The field works further showed some massive sedimentary processes in Alaska, China, and France [14] [15] [16] . For example, the author saw the Sélune River in the Bay of Mont Saint Michel ( Fig. 1 ) cutting a new river channel during a single * Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 7 33653516; fax: +61 7 33 65 45 99.

Several studies experienced some damage to the scientific equipment, including in the Rio Mearim (Brazil), in the Daly River (Australia), in the River Dee (UK), and in the Sélune River (France).

The field works further showed some massive sedimentary processes in Alaska, China, and France.


Recently, optical compensation was proposed in the PM-IFOG [16] . PN errors were suppressed in it by utilizing two orthogonal polarizations simultaneously. In this configuration which was referred to as the Bdual-polarized IFOG[, two orthogonal polarizations of polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) were input incoherently, balanced by a power controller, and then detected independently. PN errors in two polarizations had opposite polarities, so that we could cancel the errors by adding them up. As a result, PN errors were suppressed. This mechanism of optical compensation reduced the IFOG's bias drift effectively. However, it also increased structural complexity as more polarization selective elements were used.

Recently, optical compensation was proposed in the PM-IFOG.

As a result, PN errors were suppressed.


The textile industry uses large volumes of water in dyeing and finishing processes, and the resultant wastewater generally has a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity. Wastewater from dyeing and finishing processes, with a COD concentration which may exceed 1,600 mg/L and a strong dark color, is categorized as a highly contaminated wastewater [1] [2] [3] . It is a significant source of environmental pollution. Textile wastewater is known to exhibit a strong color, a large amount of suspended solids, highly fluctuating pH, high temperature, and a high COD concentration [4] . Different combinations of treatment methods have been proposed for the treatment of wastewater arising from the textile industry. Techniques for the removal for coloring substances, including adsorption, precipitation, coagulation, filtration, and chemical oxidation, have been studied by many researchers [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .

Wastewater from dyeing and finishing processes, with a COD concentration which may exceed 1,600 mg/L and a strong dark color, is categorized as a highly contaminated wastewater.

Textile wastewater is known to exhibit a strong color, a large amount of suspended solids, highly fluctuating pH, high temperature, and a high COD concentration.

Techniques for the removal for coloring substances, including adsorption, precipitation, coagulation, filtration, and chemical oxidation, have been studied by many researchers.


The characteristics of wastewater in both the equalization tank and the outlet of the effluent treatment plant (ETP) are shown in Table 1 . Wastewater was collected from Intramex Textile Limited on August, 2011. All the data presented in the tables and figures in this experiment are the mean values of eight test samples. The experiment was carried out at room temperature. Color, pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, COD were analyzed using the United States Environmental Protection Agency methods [18] .

Color, pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, COD were analyzed using the United States Environmental Protection Agency methods.


Even in these latter class of less obviously decomposable patterns, it is important to determine the local anisotropy, for instance in nuclear magnetic resonance images (MRI) of brain [4] . For fractures patterns, tools exist to characterize their structure, heterogeneity, topology and correlations [5] . However, in addition, preferential directions are clearly visible by eye: they depend on both scale and position (Figure 1) . It is important to make this observation quantitative, especially since mechanical descriptions often require to take into account directions, for instance of principal stresses and strains. Several good methods already exist to quantitatively reveal and characterize the local anisotropy. Our goal is to complement them by providing a method which: (i) cumulates analysis in terms of position, direction and scale; (ii) applies to a set of patterns as general as possible; (iii) is simple and fast to understand, implement, execute and exploit.

Even in these latter class of less obviously decomposable patterns, it is important to determine the local anisotropy, for instance in nuclear magnetic resonance images (MRI) of brain.

For fractures patterns, tools exist to characterize their structure, heterogeneity, topology and correlations.


The large anisotropy obtained at the image scale (60 km) is clearly the signature of the large faulting system crossing the left part of the image, with fragmented material inside. This is confirmed by the corresponding ellipse inclined at about 60 • ( Figure 4D) . Large values obtained below ∼2 km probably correspond to the strong anisotropy of the narrow fractures observed on both sides of this system. These small scales fractures may have different orientations, thus explaining that the anisotropy of the averaged tensor is small below 10 km: in other words, the correlation length associated to the orientation of this secondary fracturing network is small; L = 10 km appears as a transition scale between two fracturing systems, at least in terms of anisotropy. Figure 4D shows the ellipses constructed at this scale, which eccentricity is indeed, in average, much reduced compared to the ellipse corresponding to the global scale. Such transition scale was not observed in terms of fracture density, which is characterized by multifractal, i.e., scale invariant, properties [7] . Obviously, a much more comprehensive analysis of sea ice fracturing networks from various images covering a wide range of spatial scales would be needed to conclude on the ubiquitous (or not) character of such transition scale for sea ice fracturing anisotropy. The present analysis simply demonstrates the ability of our methodology to reveal the anisotropy of fracture patterns at different scales, with minimal pre-processing of the raw image (simple binarization). Figure 1B shows fractures in compressed granite [10] . The rock is compressed in laboratory, enough for allowing cracks to develop. At the onset of damage, their direction of propagation is parallel to the direction of major stress which induces a strong damage anisotropy. Beyond a given threshold of crack density, the damage becomes localized along shear bands characterized by a concentration of cracks which produces a granular material which geometry is conditioned by the orientation of cracks and the amount of deformation. At this stage a strong anisotropy of the grain shape is expected. Deformation then develops mainly within the granular material; grains fragment, becoming more and more isotropic.

Such transition scale was not observed in terms of fracture density, which is characterized by multifractal, i.e., scale invariant, properties.

Figure 1B shows fractures in compressed granite.


Inhomogeneous systems require specific tools for their quantification, whether for data analysis, or comparison with numerical and analytical modeling. Analysis of patterns to extract relevant physical information is a fruitful approach in a wide range of systems [1] . It strongly depends on the type of pattern. Patterns made of well-defined individual units such as biological tissues, grains in polycrystals, foams and emulsions, display immediately accessible information; they can be described by specific tools which take into account their topology (e.g., connections between individual objects) [2] . Patterns in which identifiable individual objects are present at several different scales, such as transport or telecommunication networks, fiber bundles or polymer gels, may reveal more information under a multiscale analysis. Finally, patterns which involve several scales and objects too intricated to be separately identified, ranging from stars and galaxies to colloidal materials, diphasic systems and porous media, can rather be statistically characterized, for instance by their texture [3] .

Analysis of patterns to extract relevant physical information is a fruitful approach in a wide range of systems.

Patterns made of well-defined individual units such as biological tissues, grains in polycrystals, foams and emulsions, display immediately accessible information; they can be described by specific tools which take into account their topology (e.g., connections between individual objects).

Finally, patterns which involve several scales and objects too intricated to be separately identified, ranging from stars and galaxies to colloidal materials, diphasic systems and porous media, can rather be statistically characterized, for instance by their texture.


A major obstacle in regional economic analysis and empirical economic geography is the lack of consistent, reliable regional data, especially data on interregional trade and interindustry transactions. Despite decades of efforts by regional economists, data analogous to national inputoutput accounts and international trade accounts, which have become increasingly available to the public today, still are generally not available even for well defined sub-national regions in many developed countries. Therefore, economists have had to develop various non-survey and semisurvey methods to estimate such data. In earlier years, quotient based, gravity based and regional purchase coefficient based non-survey methods were popular but lacked logical and theoretical structures, and so have been deemed as 'deficiency methods' (Jensen, 1990) .

In earlier years, quotient based, gravity based and regional purchase coefficient based non-survey methods were popular but lacked logical and theoretical structures, and so have been deemed as 'deficiency methods'.


In large epidemiological studies, childhood abuse has been associated with greater odds of developing agerelated physical diseases in adulthood [1] . The biological embedding hypothesis suggests that childhood abuse may lead to sustained physiological changes that put the individuals at increased risk for poor health outcomes later in life [2] . The emergence of a proinflammatory immune phenotype might account for the greater prevalence of chronic diseases among abused individuals [3] .

In large epidemiological studies, childhood abuse has been associated with greater odds of developing agerelated physical diseases in adulthood.

The biological embedding hypothesis suggests that childhood abuse may lead to sustained physiological changes that put the individuals at increased risk for poor health outcomes later in life.

The emergence of a proinflammatory immune phenotype might account for the greater prevalence of chronic diseases among abused individuals.


A fleet of some 17 920 vessels operates in Greek seas (based on 2007 data), representing some 45% of the total number of EU fishing vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. Of these, 14 347 (of which 10 882 are registered in Aegean ports and 3465 in the Ionian Sea) are licensed to fish with set longlines. Most of these vessels (97.1%) are ,12 m, and most of them (85.1%) are also licensed to fish with trammelnets or gillnets. Vessels operating as longliners have an average length of 6.8 m, a gross registered tonnage of 2.3, an engine power of 20.1 kW, and a mean age of 24.6 years (IMAS-FISH, 2008) . In many areas, especially on the smaller islands, small-scale fisheries (which include the longline fisheries) have significant socio-economic value, because they offer job opportunities and vital support to local economies. Their catches represent 47% of Greek fisheries production and 54% of the market income (Tzanatos et al., 2005) .

Vessels operating as longliners have an average length of 6.8 m, a gross registered tonnage of 2.3, an engine power of 20.1 kW, and a mean age of 24.6 years.

Their catches represent 47% of Greek fisheries production and 54% of the market income.


In 2011, Seligman proposed a revision of his Authentic Happiness Theory. He argues that well-being (or flourishing) should be assessed as a multidimensional ASSESSMENT OF POSITIVE RELATIONSHIPS AND ACCOMPLISHMENT 4 construct and not as a unidimensional one, as in the assessment of life satisfaction or happiness. Based upon theoretical reasoning, he was interested in expanding the theory to cover well-being more broadly. Therefore, Seligman defined criteria that an element of well-being should meet: It should contribute to well-being, should be pursued for its own sake (not for the pursuit of another element), and the definition and measurement should be independent of the other elements (Seligman, 2011) .

Therefore, Seligman defined criteria that an element of well-being should meet: It should contribute to well-being, should be pursued for its own sake (not for the pursuit of another element), and the definition and measurement should be independent of the other elements.


For more than one hundred years, Lyapunov's direct (second) method has been very effectively used to investigate the stability problems in ordinary and functional differential equations. This method is one of the highly effective methods to determine the stability properties of solutions of ordinary and functional differential equations of higher order in the literature. However, till now, constructing or defining Lyapunov functions or functionals which give a meaningful discussion remains a general problem in the literature. In recent years, many researchers discussed that the fixed point theory has an important advantage over Lyapunov's direct method. While Lyapunov's direct method usually requires pointwise conditions, fixed point theory needs average conditions; see Burton [1] .

While Lyapunov's direct method usually requires pointwise conditions, fixed point theory needs average conditions; see Burton.


There have been previous attempts to use dimensional regularization [9] . Our results are in disagreement with the cited paper. The origin of it might depend on the use of different γ 5 extension, i.e. 't Hooft-Veltman's and anticommuting γ 5 . We insist that our approach has many nice properties as cyclicity of the gamma's trace and Lorentz covariance.

There have been previous attempts to use dimensional regularization.


We have analyzed the different limits m 2 = 0 and p 2 = 0. For m 2 = 0 the CPT-violating action-term can be removed by a simple chiral transformation. The anomaly in the axial current is the only relic of the perturbative expansion in powers of b µ . The result is in agreement with the approach based on Pauli-Villars regularization. However we understand that other regularization procedures might yield different results [4] .

However we understand that other regularization procedures might yield different results.


Laser sources emitting in the 2 micron region is of particular interest for applications in medicine and remote sensing. In addition, they are also desirable pump sources for efficient optical parametric oscillators operating in the 3-5 µm band as both the signal and the idler generated from 2 micron pump light can fall within the band [1] . This is not the case with 1 micron pump sources. Additionally; while solid-state laser sources in the 1 micron region (Neodymium based lasers) are well established, sources in the 2 micron region are still maturing.

In addition, they are also desirable pump sources for efficient optical parametric oscillators operating in the 3-5 µm band as both the signal and the idler generated from 2 micron pump light can fall within the band.


Structural materials in fission and fusion reactor environments are subject to intense bombardment by high energy neutrons. Given that commercial viability demands long plant lifetimes, it is likely that future reactor materials will have to cope with lifetime dose rates of over 100 displacements per atom (dpa) [1] . Such high levels of atomic disturbance within an often carefully designed and finescaled microstructure can significantly influence the choice of material. The damage caused by irradiation can promote large long-term changes in bulk material properties, some of which, such as embrittlement, can threaten dangerous failure.

Given that commercial viability demands long plant lifetimes, it is likely that future reactor materials will have to cope with lifetime dose rates of over 100 displacements per atom (dpa).


In one particular study that looked at outdoor free time among preschoolers, children were noted to be more active in the first 10-15 min of playtime compared to the last 10-15 min of playtime. The 3 year-old participants had a more significant difference between first and last minutes of playtime compared to their 4 and 5 year-old counterparts [48] . Our current study found that among preschoolers, each additional year of age was associated with less time in spurt-like activity and more time in sustained activity. This finding aligns with our a priori hypothesis about the relationship between age and sustained and spurt-like activity, and it also supports the suggestion that older preschool-aged children are active for longer periods of time compared to younger preschoolaged children. If we take these results to illustrate the child development and associated PA behaviors of preschoolaged children, it follows that short duration PA activities (< 15 min) offered at several times throughout the day might help children maximize their MVPA. The novel findings reported in this study could allow us to examine new hypotheses to influence PA practices and policies for young children.

The 3 year-old participants had a more significant difference between first and last minutes of playtime compared to their 4 and 5 year-old counterparts.


In particular, boys and girls differed in the average duration of a single MVPA pattern, specifically in the clustered spurt and clustered sustained activity categories. A clustered spurt event for boys averaged an additional 22 s in duration (17 of which were MVPA) when compared to girls. This seemingly small time difference, when accumulated throughout the day, translated to about 10 more minutes of MVPA for boys from this MVPA pattern alone. Additionally, a clustered sustained activity event for boys averaged an additional 61 s in duration (50 of which were MVPA) when compared to girls; this translates to an additional 7 min of MVPA for boys on average. These findings are promising since research among preschool-aged children have found an inverse relationship between physical activity and BMI [36] . Furthermore, children that demonstrated high-intensity physical activity were less likely to be overweight and exhibit body fatness during the adiposity rebound period of childhood growth [37, 38] . Additionally, these findings could give us insight into the gender gap that emerges in older children [39] .

These findings are promising since research among preschool-aged children have found an inverse relationship between physical activity and BMI.

Furthermore, children that demonstrated high-intensity physical activity were less likely to be overweight and exhibit body fatness during the adiposity rebound period of childhood growth.

Additionally, these findings could give us insight into the gender gap that emerges in older children.


The method of multiple Lyapunov functions is also a useful tool for stability analysis of switched systems. In comparison with common Lyapunov function, it allows each switching mode to have its own Lyapunov function (Branicky (1998) ). However, as a compensation, some additional conditions are necessary to assure the value of each Lyapunov function on its corresponding mode will decrease.

In comparison with common Lyapunov function, it allows each switching mode to have its own Lyapunov function).


Attribute evaluation. The value of a derived attribute is computed automatically, on demand, when it is accessed the first time. The value can be cached to speed up subsequent accesses, thus enabling incremental evaluation. If a part of the tree is changed (called an "edit"), caches of attributes that depend on those parts are cleared. These attributes are then re-evaluated the next time they are accessed. Technically, the containment relation is represented by implicit intrinsic parent and child attributes, and a dependency graph over attribute instances (both intrinsic and cached derived) is computed dynamically, during attribute evaluation. Each edit corresponds to a number of changes to intrinsic attributes and the dependent derived attributes are found by traversing the dependency graph starting from the changed intrinsic attributes [35] . For the purpose of this paper, we are primarily taking advantage of simple synthesized and inherited attributes as well as their incremental evaluation to provide automatic support for continuous model validation.

Attribute evaluation.

Each edit corresponds to a number of changes to intrinsic attributes and the dependent derived attributes are found by traversing the dependency graph starting from the changed intrinsic attributes.


Biyouyanagins are sesquiterpene spiro-lactones isolated from the plant Hypericum chinense with selective anti-virus and anti-inflammatory properties [23] [24] [25] [26] . Our recent research around the molecular space of biyouyanagins structure revealed a new promising lead molecule; the post-photocycloaddition modified analogue 53 (Fig. 1a) [26] . Specifically, in THP-1 human macrophage cells, KC-53 inhibited the production and secretion of cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα without affecting the production of cytokines IL-1α no 1β and IL-8 [26] .

Biyouyanagins are sesquiterpene spiro-lactones isolated from the plant Hypericum chinense with selective anti-virus and anti-inflammatory properties.

Our recent research around the molecular space of biyouyanagins structure revealed a new promising lead molecule; the post-photocycloaddition modified analogue 53 (Fig. 1a).

Specifically, in THP-1 human macrophage cells, KC-53 inhibited the production and secretion of cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα without affecting the production of cytokines IL-1α no 1β and IL-8.


Ever since the invention of lasers, advances in photonics have brought significant breakthroughs in many branches of science and engineering. The latest example is the generation of frequency comb sources which finds applications in metrology, optical atomic clocks, high precision spectroscopy, etc [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Optical frequency comb generation was cited in the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics. Stable, low-cost and high-quality frequency comb sources are expected to bring in revolutionary changes in others fields such as high-speed optical data transmission and ultrafast signal processing.

The latest example is the generation of frequency comb sources which finds applications in metrology, optical atomic clocks, high precision spectroscopy, etc.