Next to lines, packings of higher-dimensional subspaces have also been investigated [13, 11] . In this case, even less seems to be known about general construction principles that realize tight bounds [6, 4, 18, 3] . More recently, these packing problems have been studied in the context of frame theory. Apart from geometric optimality criteria, frame design aims at tightness, which implies that the projections onto the subspaces sum to a multiple of the identity. The case of higher-dimensional subspaces corresponds to fusion frames. If the number of subspaces is not too large, then in close similarity to line packings, equi-distant fusion frames present optimal solutions [22] . Examples of such constructions follow similar strategies as in the frame case [19, 11, 2, 5] . For a larger number of subspaces, such equiangular arrangements cannot be realized and one needs to find an alternative bound for the characterization of optimal packings, for example the orthoplex bound for lines or subspaces [13] . In an earlier paper, we constructed optimal line packings when the number of lines goes slightly beyond the threshold beyond which equiangular lines are impossible to realize [7] . In this paper, we study the orthoplex bound for subspace packings and investigate cases in which the bound is achieved while the number of subspaces is maximal.

Next to lines, packings of higher-dimensional subspaces have also been investigated.

In this case, even less seems to be known about general construction principles that realize tight bounds.

If the number of subspaces is not too large, then in close similarity to line packings, equi-distant fusion frames present optimal solutions.

Examples of such constructions follow similar strategies as in the frame case.

For a larger number of subspaces, such equiangular arrangements cannot be realized and one needs to find an alternative bound for the characterization of optimal packings, for example the orthoplex bound for lines or subspaces.

In an earlier paper, we constructed optimal line packings when the number of lines goes slightly beyond the threshold beyond which equiangular lines are impossible to realize.


We repeat the embedding of fusion frames for the special case of coordinate projections. Tight fusion frames of coordinate projections have also been investigated as commutative quantum designs by Zauner [40] . We first focus on the structure of optimal packings of coordinate projections.

Tight fusion frames of coordinate projections have also been investigated as commutative quantum designs by Zauner.


Two types of tools based on nucleic acid probes are currently available to follow specific populations within microbial consortia. One is the detection of specific sequences of ribosomal RNA by hybridization or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing. The other is the detection and quantification of genes encoding specific functions required for the metabolism of a given pollutant. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is present in large amounts in bacterial cells, which makes it readily detectable with a high sensitivity. In addition, rRNA genes being less likely than other genes to be deleted or acquired through horizontal transfer, the method provides important information about the taxonomic status of the microorganisms detected. However, rRNA sequences generally provide little information about the metabolic pathways present in a given organism. The same pathway may be present in microorganisms that are taxonomically very distant, and, conversely, some functions may be present or absent in very closely related strains, owing to gene loss or acquisition due to horizontal transfer. To address this problem, hybridisation or quantitative PCR amplification using appropriate oligonucleotide primers offers an interesting alternative for the quantification of genes encoding specific functions within environmental samples [12] . With a view to developing tools for monitoring bacterial populations that participate in the biodegradation of ether fuels, we set out to clone and sequence the genes involved in the metabolism of ETBE.

To address this problem, hybridisation or quantitative PCR amplification using appropriate oligonucleotide primers offers an interesting alternative for the quantification of genes encoding specific functions within environmental samples.


The surface roughness describes the geometry of the surface to be machined and it is interrelated with surface texture and surface integrity. The formation of surface roughness mechanism is very complicated and mainly depends on machining process [7] . Hence, it is very difficult to determine the surface roughness through analytical equations.

The formation of surface roughness mechanism is very complicated and mainly depends on machining process.


It is common practice in geodetic VLBI analysis to distinguish between the so-called arc parameters and global parameters. This terminology reflects the time epochs for which the parameters are valid. Arc parameters are parameters that are valid only during a particular observation session or parts of it. These are, for example, the clock parameters, zenith wet delay, or tropospheric gradients which customarily vary on a subdaily basis, whereas global parameters are valid for longer time periods and not only for a single observing session. For example, radio source coordinates, relativistic parameters, and station coordinates and velocities can belong to the latter category of parameters. The so-called global analysis uses a large number of VLBI sessions and allows for solving for both arc and global parameters. The computational strategy is based on a separation of the normal equation (NEQ) system into two parts. The first part contains the parameters that are estimated and constitute the relevant output for a certain planned analysis. And the second part corresponds to the remaining parameters, which are "reduced" from the equations. Note that those "reduced" parameters still belong to the functional model of unknown parameters and are estimated implicitly from the session-wise NEQ during the least-squares adjustment. One possible approach is to accumulate reduced NEQ from single sessions that no longer contain arc parameters, and then to solve for the global parameters. Then, the arc parameters for each session can be determined in a second step by substituting the estimated global parameters (Haas 2004) .

Then, the arc parameters for each session can be determined in a second step by substituting the estimated global parameters.


Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the details of the nitrogen budget in rotated paddy fields based on our previous study in the first year of soybean cultivation [8] . The validity of the estimated nitrogen budget was evaluated by comparison with the change in soil nitrogen storage. In addition, to clarify the effects of soil nutrient availability on crop yield and the field nitrogen budget, measurements were made in fields with different histories of compost application.

Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the details of the nitrogen budget in rotated paddy fields based on our previous study in the first year of soybean cultivation.


Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is an analytical method used to determine potential failure modes and their causes, which can be used for risk assessment and management [9] . In order to deal with inherent fuzziness and uncertainty of expert judgment in risk evaluation in traditional FMEA, involving dependent linguistic ordered weighted geometric (DLOWG) operator has become very necessary [10] . The factors of risk priority number (RPN) of failure mode were treated as linguistic variables. Then linguistic judgments of a team of FMEA experts were aggregated by a developed DLOWG operator, in which the influence of unfair linguistic judging the aggregate aggregated result can be relieved by assigning low weights to those 'false' or 'biased' ones.

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is an analytical method used to determine potential failure modes and their causes, which can be used for risk assessment and management.

In order to deal with inherent fuzziness and uncertainty of expert judgment in risk evaluation in traditional FMEA, involving dependent linguistic ordered weighted geometric (DLOWG) operator has become very necessary.


Numerous technologies have been developed to extract and organize causal relations and construct causal networks [1] , [2] , [4] , [5] , [17] , [18] , [19] . These technologies constructed causal networks from documents on the Web. Conventional methods usually construct causal networks in a batch manner and rarely update them. Because new events are reported every day, for causal networks constructed from news articles, causal networks need to be constantly updated. To achieve this, we propose an incremental method for causal network construction.

Numerous technologies have been developed to extract and organize causal relations and construct causal networks.


The enormous data requirement at anytime and anyplace has urged wireless communication systems such as wireless local area networks (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) to be widely studied and implemented. Multipath fading is a serious problem especially in urban and suburban environment which will degrade the system performance. The use of multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) technology is an effective way to improve the date rate and increase the channel capacity without sacrificing additional spectrum or transmitted power in a rich scattering environment [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Low mutual coupling between different ports of the multiple antennas is a pivotal to realize good performance of a MIMO system. Too high mutual coupling will increase the signal correlation between the channels and decrease the antenna radiation efficiency [6] .

The use of multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) technology is an effective way to improve the date rate and increase the channel capacity without sacrificing additional spectrum or transmitted power in a rich scattering environment.

Too high mutual coupling will increase the signal correlation between the channels and decrease the antenna radiation efficiency.


Cell phones present new forms of sociality and new possibilities of encounter for young people across the globe: nowhere is this more evident than in sub-Saharan Africa, where fixed telephone lines (land lines) are few and mostly restricted to privileged elders (Porter et al., 2012) . The scale of cell phone usage among young people in sub-Saharan Africa today is remarkable. Primary school pupils in remote rural locations report calling their peers to consult on homework problems on a daily basis; secret assignations facilitated by pre-meeting calls are a common feature of boy-girl relationships; access to material needs -from school fees to uniform or new shoes -is regularly enabled through 'call-me' to better-resourced family members; if they have access to a smart phone, young people join Facebook and other social networking sites with alacrity. Meanwhile, parents, grandparents, teachers, and others of an older generation in their communities look on at this enthusiastic consumption of technology, sometimes with fascination, even anticipation, but often mixed with palpable unease and apprehension, especially where girls are concerned (Porter et al., 2012) .

Cell phones present new forms of sociality and new possibilities of encounter for young people across the globe: nowhere is this more evident than in sub-Saharan Africa, where fixed telephone lines (land lines) are few and mostly restricted to privileged elders.

Meanwhile, parents, grandparents, teachers, and others of an older generation in their communities look on at this enthusiastic consumption of technology, sometimes with fascination, even anticipation, but often mixed with palpable unease and apprehension, especially where girls are concerned.


We explored the primary sources of variation within the two groups of variables, applying a nonlinear principal component analysis by alternating least squares (PRINCALS in SPSS). The process provides an optimum quantification of the firms and categories of variables in the sense that they are as separate as possible in the dimensions studied and within each category firms are reasonably homogeneous. This analysis differs from classical principal component analysis (PCA) because it admits that the relationships may be non-linear and the variables measured in different scales (De Leeuw, Van Rijckevorsel 1980; Gifi 1985) . Variable principal normalization was used. Data reduction resulted in factors consisting of variables that showed strong associations. These factors would optimally represent the original information in a reduced number of variables that can be End of Table 1 seen as a kind of scale construction. The alternating least squares solution might reveal one or more groups of enterprises that dominate the solution. Such a marked deviation from the remaining population would then be regarded as a distinct group, identified by an indicator variable. To check whether the item set represented a single underlying dimension or two underlying dimensions, we used Categorical Principal Components Analysis (CATPCA). The analysis of the relationships between variables was based on the chi-squared test.

This analysis differs from classical principal component analysis (PCA) because it admits that the relationships may be non-linear and the variables measured in different scales.


Nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables can be manipulated by changes in light and temperature. Higher altitudes reduce temperature and increase visible and UV exposure, which in turn increases plant carotenoid content. This could have been a factor in the lettuce products produced locally in Reno, Nevada at an altitude of 4,500 feet. Vitamin C, carotenoids, anthocyanin, and phenols are strongly affected by light intensity [13] [14] [15] . For changes in plant vitamin C, this bioactive compound is synthesized from sugars. The amount and intensity of light during the growing season affect sugar synthesized via photosynthesis [14] . For other bioactive compounds, sufficient energy of light is important to promote the photosynthetic production of carbohydrates, which in turn are the substrates for flavonoid biosynthesis via the shikimic acid and phenylpropanoid pathways. Temperature has a direct influence on plant metabolism. Low ambient temperatures can result in higher levels synthesis of photochemical synthesis. Vitamin C levels generally decline with increasing temperatures and some levels of bioactive compounds are increased when temperature are optimal, 12˚C to 21˚C.

Vitamin C, carotenoids, anthocyanin, and phenols are strongly affected by light intensity.

The amount and intensity of light during the growing season affect sugar synthesized via photosynthesis.


XRD patterns of the nonporous carbon and the nanoporous carbon are shown in Figure 3 . The diffraction patterns show broad but weak (002) reflection, indicating their disordered nature. The (002) reflection and a weak (100) reflection located at 43 ∘ suggest small islands of coherent and parallel stacked graphene sheets. Further FT-IR spectrum investigation shown in Figure 4 indicates the presence of carboxylic and hydroxyl groups located at 1560 and 3254 cm −1 band, respectively, which are reported to be able to produce extra pseudocapacitance for carbon materials [11, 12] . A high degree of turbostratic stacking of hexagonal graphene layers and the rich carboxylic and hydroxyl groups at the surface make the nanoporous C have excellent supercapacitive properties as in the detailed discussion in the following part.

Further FT-IR spectrum investigation shown in Figure 4 indicates the presence of carboxylic and hydroxyl groups located at 1560 and 3254 cm −1 band, respectively, which are reported to be able to produce extra pseudocapacitance for carbon materials.


The increasing market for portable electronic devices (PED) and hybrid vehicles (HV) leads to demand for high performance electrochemical capacitors [1] . Currently commercially available electrochemical supercapacitors (SC) are of electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) for their longterm cycle life (more than 100,000 cycles) and high power density [2] . Due to the high specific surface area, good conductivity, and low cost, porous carbon materials are widely used as electrode materials for EDLCs [3] . Transformation of low cost renewable biomass into porous carbon provides a green, low cost, and facile method for carbon electrode of EDLCs, which is of significant research and commercial interest. Up to date, some natural biomass materials such as cassava peel waste, chicken eggshell, seed shell, rubber wood sawdust, wood, peanut kernel, and sugar have been exploited as precursors for the production of porous carbons for SC and lithium ion secondary batteries electrodes [4] [5] [6] [7] .

The increasing market for portable electronic devices (PED) and hybrid vehicles (HV) leads to demand for high performance electrochemical capacitors.

Currently commercially available electrochemical supercapacitors (SC) are of electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) for their longterm cycle life (more than 100,000 cycles) and high power density.

Due to the high specific surface area, good conductivity, and low cost, porous carbon materials are widely used as electrode materials for EDLCs.

Up to date, some natural biomass materials such as cassava peel waste, chicken eggshell, seed shell, rubber wood sawdust, wood, peanut kernel, and sugar have been exploited as precursors for the production of porous carbons for SC and lithium ion secondary batteries electrodes.


Equation (A1) is also known as the process level model (how does the climate variable Ct evolve in space and time) and Equation (A2) is denoted as the data level model (how the Ot are created based on the climate variable at time t). The other parameters in Equation (A1) are the mean of the climate variable μ and the persistence term a, which can be interpreted as the year to year memory of the climate variable Ct. The term et is multivariate normal white noise, with (in this case) a covariance structure that is homogenous and exponentially decreasing in all directions with distance: et~N(0, Σ), Σi,j = σ· exp(−φ|xi − xj|), having a variability of σ and a decorrelation distance of 1/φ. The data level model Equation (A2) is just a linear response function with observational noise eO,t and a data selection matrix Ht, which contains a 1 at locations and times where observations are present and a zero otherwise. For full description of the model, please see Tingleey and Huybers [85, 86] .

For full description of the model, please see Tingleey and Huybers.


Nowadays, the QCL is a mature device and is at the verge to be included in full systems or products. The works we presented here, besides the performances themselves, consist of the building of a tool box for MIR QCL technology in general. All these efforts will allow better and cheaper integration in existing system as well as bring new possibilities for extending the use of QCL for novel and even unforeseen applications. For instance QCL frequency comb spectroscopy is a contemporary application of utmost interest since it can reach high performance in terms of spectral coverage in small-footprint systems [61] [62] [63] . All of the studies presented above will help to improve QCL frequency combs through an overall better fabrication, as well as to extend their use to other wavelength ranges or to allow spatial combination of combs.

For instance QCL frequency comb spectroscopy is a contemporary application of utmost interest since it can reach high performance in terms of spectral coverage in small-footprint systems.


Theorem 1 (Corvaja-Zannier [4] ). Let S be a finite set of rational primes and let ǫ > 0. There is a finite set Z = Z(S, ǫ) ⊂ Z 2 so that all α, β ∈ Z * S ∩ Z satisfy one of the following three conditions: (1) (α, β) ∈ Z.

Theorem 1 (Corvaja-Zannier).


Recent years have seen the trend of global business collaboration urgently requiring organisations to dynamically form virtual organisation alliances. The business processes of different organisations need to be integrated seamlessly to adapt the continuously changing business conditions and to stay competitive in the global market [1] . To enable such business collaboration, research efforts have been put on improving current workflow technologies for supporting collaborative business processes [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Web service technology has also emerged partly for this purpose and has been deployed for implementing inter-organisational workflows [7, 8] .

The business processes of different organisations need to be integrated seamlessly to adapt the continuously changing business conditions and to stay competitive in the global market.

To enable such business collaboration, research efforts have been put on improving current workflow technologies for supporting collaborative business processes.

Web service technology has also emerged partly for this purpose and has been deployed for implementing inter-organisational workflows.


In a single crystal, the physical and mechanical properties can often be orientation dependent. When the properties of a material vary with orientation, the material is said to be anisotropic. Alternatively, when the properties of a material are the same in all directions, the material is said to be isotropic. Bi-anisotropic is a general class of linear media which exhibit so-called magnetoelectric coupling between the electric and magnetic fields [7] .

Bi-anisotropic is a general class of linear media which exhibit so-called magnetoelectric coupling between the electric and magnetic fields.


CBIR based on Shape Descriptors such as Fourier descriptor (FD), curvature scale space descriptors (CSSD), Zernike moment descriptors (ZMD), Grid descriptors (GD), patch-based feature, and Generic segments(GSs) have been reported in recent literature [4, 18, 19, 20] . The performance of these shape descriptors are presented in terms of Precision and Recall. On the contrary all the four methods tend to exhibit relatively low Precision with increase in database volume.

CBIR based on Shape Descriptors such as Fourier descriptor (FD), curvature scale space descriptors (CSSD), Zernike moment descriptors (ZMD), Grid descriptors (GD), patch-based feature, and Generic segments(GSs) have been reported in recent literature.


Normally, precision reduces as recall goes up, due to the fact that the system attempts to retrieve all relevant items to a query and in the process, some irrelevant items are also retrieved, thus reducing the precision. Conversely, the higher the precision, the lower the recall as the system filters off much of the shapes and many relevant items remain unretrieved. This can be observed for duck and leaf shapes in the Table 1 . Thus a trade off is needed between these two measures since improving one will sacrifice the other. In practice, a precision-recall (PR) curve as shown in Fig 3 can be used to reflect this trade-off. In this method, precision of some of the shapes remains high as recall increases, which is very much significant and characteristic in our proposed method. This can be observed from Table 1 . Our proposed method outperforms over the recently proposed shape signature methods in literature [20] .

This can be observed from Table 1 .

Our proposed method outperforms over the recently proposed shape signature methods in literature.


Semiclassical methods can be used to describe the procedure [1] , [2] . In this approach the theory is studied in Euclidean space and a classical tunneling solution that matches the appropriate boundary conditions is constructed. Typically this solution describes a bubble, which separates the true vacuum from the false vacuum, and which after its emission starts expanding, asymptotically with the speed of light.

Semiclassical methods can be used to describe the procedure.


There are numerous articles describing glucose biosensors based on GOD. Many of them focus on the construction and preparation of the sensors and their use for the determination of glucose in aqueous solutions. A much smaller number of articles describe the use of sensors in determination of glucose in solutions containing natural sources of glucose, such as beverages, food, and blood. Table 1 shows examples of the use of GOD-based sensors for determination of glucose in natural products. This paper focuses on an optimized procedure for determination of glucose in grape juice and honey which uses novel glucose biosensors. First, two biosensors were prepared based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) modifications. One e l e c t r o d e w a s m o d i f i e d w i t h p o l y ( 3 , 4 -ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) doped with poly(4-lithium styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSLi), while the other consisted of two sublayers: one layer of PEDOT doped with PSSLi and one which consisted of PEDOT and anthranilic acid (AA) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSH) [33] . GOD was immobilized on the surface by means of covalent bonding. The soprepared electrodes functioned as first-generation glucose biosensors. The developed measurement procedure was validated with a full statistical study, and the obtained results were compared with the reference method. Another very important feature of the procedure was the fact that it allowed the determination of glucose in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid.

One e l e c t r o d e w a s m o d i f i e d w i t h p o l y ( 3 , 4 -ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) doped with poly(4-lithium styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSLi), while the other consisted of two sublayers: one layer of PEDOT doped with PSSLi and one which consisted of PEDOT and anthranilic acid (AA) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSH).


The ability for T-cells to recognize various epitopes is of paramount importance to mounting a potent immune response and ultimately protecting the host (Cell, 1994) . The relevance for understanding the 'epitome' for humans to viruses, bacteria, and even various cancers has been vital for advances in vaccine development, understanding how pathogens escape immune recognition, and even predicting how cancer patients will respond to immunotherapy (Ott et al., 2017; Timm et al., 2004; Łuksza et al., 2017) . Despite how much is known about epitope production including processing by the immunoproteasome, transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and binding and presentation via major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules, prediction of presented epitopes to the immune system is still a difficult task (Vyas et al., 2008; Neefjes et al., 2011) .

The ability for T-cells to recognize various epitopes is of paramount importance to mounting a potent immune response and ultimately protecting the host.

The relevance for understanding the 'epitome' for humans to viruses, bacteria, and even various cancers has been vital for advances in vaccine development, understanding how pathogens escape immune recognition, and even predicting how cancer patients will respond to immunotherapy.

Despite how much is known about epitope production including processing by the immunoproteasome, transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and binding and presentation via major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules, prediction of presented epitopes to the immune system is still a difficult task.


Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) grids are expected to play an important role in the development of the future European power system, especially in interconnecting large-scale offshore wind farms and facilitating an integrated European energy market [1] . DC protection system is the one of the key factors in order to build a reliable HVDC grid. Compared to the conventional AC protection system, the DC protection system has particular challenges because of the high rate of rise of the fault current, which results in very stringent time constraints on the DC protection system. In meshed HVDC grids, the total time for the entire fault clearing process using selective protection strategy is considered in the order of several milliseconds which is one order of magnitude below the operating time of AC protection systems [2] .

Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) grids are expected to play an important role in the development of the future European power system, especially in interconnecting large-scale offshore wind farms and facilitating an integrated European energy market.

In meshed HVDC grids, the total time for the entire fault clearing process using selective protection strategy is considered in the order of several milliseconds which is one order of magnitude below the operating time of AC protection systems.


Defatted green-lipped mussel powder is a by-product following the extraction of most of the oil fraction. It still contains some fat, but much less than that in the original powder. However, the addition of mussel powder to various food products has a number of problems associated with the processing and shelf-life of the final products [8] .

However, the addition of mussel powder to various food products has a number of problems associated with the processing and shelf-life of the final products.


Researchers have recently become interested in functional foods containing antioxidants due to the health-promoting activities of these compounds [9] . Antioxidants are mostly used to preserve food products by extending their shelf-life [1] . Purple rice (Oryza sativa L.) is reported to contain higher levels of antioxidants than white rice [10] . Purple rice is an economically important rice species, so it is preferred for the preparation of snacks and desserts. In addition, it has many nutritional benefits as it contains more protein, vitamins, and minerals than white rice [10] .

Researchers have recently become interested in functional foods containing antioxidants due to the health-promoting activities of these compounds.

Antioxidants are mostly used to preserve food products by extending their shelf-life.

Purple rice (Oryza sativa L.) is reported to contain higher levels of antioxidants than white rice.

In addition, it has many nutritional benefits as it contains more protein, vitamins, and minerals than white rice.


When an operator is exactly marginal, one can perturb the CFT without breaking conformal invariance. This perturbation then gives rise to a family of CFTs near the original fixed point. If there are multiple such operators, one can then locally think of the extended family of CFTs as a manifold in the space of couplings. This manifold is conventionally called the "conformal manifold," which we denote by M c . This space has a natural metric derived by the two point function of the marginal operators [1] .

This space has a natural metric derived by the two point function of the marginal operators.


Despite a growing body of scientific and empirical evidence showing that insecticides in tropical rice were a mistaken and counter-productive input, the fact remains that insecticides are still the dominant control tactic today. Worldwide, rice now accounts for more insecticides than any other crop, with =80% of this amount used in Asia (Woodburn 1990) . For this reason we feel it necessary to present a brief history of insecticide use in Indonesian rice.

Worldwide, rice now accounts for more insecticides than any other crop, with =80% of this amount used in Asia.


During the task, participants' EDA was recorded using a BIOPAC MP150 system equipped with a GSR100C amplifier. EDA reflects activity within the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, and it is usually related to emotional arousal, stress, and orienting to novel stimuli (Boucsein, 1992) . Here, it is measured as an indicator of participants' autonomic arousal while they perform the risky choice task. Surface Ag/AgCl electrodes were attached on the medial phalanges of index and middle finger of participants' nondominant hand.

EDA reflects activity within the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, and it is usually related to emotional arousal, stress, and orienting to novel stimuli.


A size-fractionation experiment was performed during the March-April cruise to more accurately define the size distribution of the major picoplankton consumers on that date. Seawater was passed through filters of different pore sizes, and the disappearance of FLP in each filtrate was determined during 24-h incubations (Fig. 6) . The results of these experiments indicate that the primary consumers of picoplankton in these waters were exceedingly small. Removal rates of FLP were virtually unchanged for water samples passed through filters of 2-m pore size or greater. Measurable grazing activity was eliminated, however, by filtration through a 1-m filter. FLP abundance in the Ͻ1-m fraction did not decrease during the incubation period. The minute size of the picoplankton consumers at the study site was confirmed by size measurements of HNAN (Fig. 7) . Representative biovolume distributions of HNAN indicate that most cells were Ͻ5 m in diameter (biovolume Յ 40 m 3 ). This situation was particularly true for the March-April cruise, where Ͼ50% of the HNAN were approximately 2-3 m in diameter. Biovolume estimates were performed on preserved samples, and some shrinkage probably occurred because of preservation with glutaraldehyde (Choi and Stoecker 1989) . Thus, cell volumes in Fig. 7 may underestimate the size of live nanoplankton. It is likely, however, that some of these cells passed through the 2-m filters during the size-fractionation experiment (Fig. 6 ).

Biovolume estimates were performed on preserved samples, and some shrinkage probably occurred because of preservation with glutaraldehyde.


Parameters obtainable at ELI are expected to approach χ ∼ 0.8, at which point quantum effects can no longer be considered to be weak, and it is unclear whether the quasiclassical theory is at all applicable or if a fully-quantum treatment is necessary [18, 19] . As such, we introduce a stochastic model based on differential single-photonemission probabilities calculated from strong-field quantum electrodynamics (QED) [20] [21] [22] . The particle propagates according to the Lorentz force, and at each step the probability of emitting a photon is evaluated and compared to a random number in order to determine whether or not emission occurs. If so, a photon energy is determined and the particle's momentum updated accordingly.

Parameters obtainable at ELI are expected to approach χ ∼ 0.8, at which point quantum effects can no longer be considered to be weak, and it is unclear whether the quasiclassical theory is at all applicable or if a fully-quantum treatment is necessary.

As such, we introduce a stochastic model based on differential single-photonemission probabilities calculated from strong-field quantum electrodynamics (QED).


Since about 2010, there have been some controversies between the MEP principle and the constructal theory about which is essential. However, fruitful results have not been obtained [14] - [16] . We intend to build a bridge and help reconcile these seemingly inconsistent entropic theories, including the more classical MinEP principle.

However, fruitful results have not been obtained.


The MEP principle is one of the optimal theories, which states that open systems interacting with the external environment in non-linear ways are stabilized such that entropy production is maximized [7] [8] . Dissipative structures characterized by low entropy are created under such situations through the mechanism of MEP. As fractal-shaped tree networks are typical examples of dissipative structures, the introduction of the MEP principle is essential for full explanation of their formation. In this article, we compare two conceptual models, the Poisson equation model and the Laplace equation model, in order to certify the effect and the validity of the MEP principle, pursuing the fundamental mechanism of tree network formation.

The MEP principle is one of the optimal theories, which states that open systems interacting with the external environment in non-linear ways are stabilized such that entropy production is maximized.


Several decades ago, Prigogine proposed the MinEP principle that stated that open systems existing in the state near thermodynamic equilibrium are stabilized where entropy production is minimal. The principle holds in the states where the interaction between the system and the external environment is linear [4] - [6] . The MinEP principle has been broadly recognized among natural scientists. Prigogine also stated that the entropic behaviors in the state far from equilibrium, where the interaction is non-linear, remained to be examined. Later, Kleidon insisted that the MEP principle is valid in this situation, that is, open systems existing in the state far from equilibrium are stabilized where entropy production is maximal [7] . Although the MEP principle is not yet confirmed among researchers, it is crucial to explore it for thorough understanding the behaviors of entropy, because it is neither the second law of thermodynamics nor the MinEP principle but the MEP principle that can reveal the creativity of entropy.

The principle holds in the states where the interaction between the system and the external environment is linear.

Later, Kleidon insisted that the MEP principle is valid in this situation, that is, open systems existing in the state far from equilibrium are stabilized where entropy production is maximal.


Many people will associate the scientific term "entropy" with the second law of thermodynamics. The law, which is also called "the law of increasing entropy", insists that entropy in isolated systems continues to increase with time. As the universe is thought to be an ultimate isolated system, entropy in the whole universe keeps on increasing until it reaches the maximum. This scenario predicts a tragic fate of the universe, indicating that its final state is thermodynamic equilibrium, known as "heat death". However, it is also known that entropy production in non-equilibrium open systems, where the continuous input and output of energy and materials are maintained, shows quite different aspects from those in isolated systems. In such systems, spontaneous emergence of dissipative structures can be observed through the mechanism of self-organization. The states far from equilibrium are frequently realized in open systems within the flux of abundant energy and materials. Dissipative structures are characterized by inhomogeneity and low entropy, whose examples range from non-living structures such as the Bénard convection and the Great red spot of the Jupiter to various kinds of living organisms including humans. As insisted by Schrödinger, "a living organism feeds upon negative entropy" [9] . Non-equilibrium physical phenomena such as tree network formation will be performed within dissipative structures, keeping their entropy in low values.

As insisted by Schrödinger, "a living organism feeds upon negative entropy".


Gabapentin has previously been reported not to influence radioligand binding to native GABA B receptors (Taylor, 1995; Taylor et al., 1998) . To verify this, we characterized the effects of the compound on [ 3 H]GABA binding to GABA B receptor sites in rat brain membranes in an assay in which the GABA A receptor sites were blocked by coincubation with 40 M isoguvacine (Fig. 5) . Gabapentin (in concentrations up to 1 mM) did not have any effect on the [ 3 H]GABA binding, whereas the IC 50 for GABA was 90 Ϯ 16 nM (n ϭ 3).

Gabapentin has previously been reported not to influence radioligand binding to native GABA B receptors.


The form of nanocubic structured ZnO/SnO 2 via hydrothermal are crucially dependent on the characteristics, such as solvent composition, temperature, reaction time, pH and ultrasonic treatment (Tang et al. 2006) . The possible formation process of nanocubic structured ZnO/SnO 2 on the ZnO-film-coated glass was simplified into five stages as shown in Fig. 4 . First, precursor (Zn and Sn) is dissolved in DI water to form a transparent solution providing Zn 2?

The form of nanocubic structured ZnO/SnO 2 via hydrothermal are crucially dependent on the characteristics, such as solvent composition, temperature, reaction time, pH and ultrasonic treatment.


Piano performances of the entire melodic contexts were collected from an experienced pianist, who had 30 years of performing experience and 18 years of private instruction. The pianist was instructed to perform the melodies in an exaggerated fashion, "as if playing to a child," to mimic instructions to speakers in infant studies of speech perception (Nazzi et al., 2000) . The performances were recorded to a metronome set to 152 beats per minute (quarternote ϭ beat), or 394 ms/quarter-note, to ensure similar tempi across performances. When asked afterward, the pianist reported not being aware that an identical short sequence was embedded in each melody pair. The MIDI event information (pitch, interonset interval, and hammer velocity values (correlated with intensity) as recorded by the optical sensors in the piano) denoting the short sequences was excised from the melodic contexts, beginning at the onset time of the first tone, up to the offset time of the last tone.

The pianist was instructed to perform the melodies in an exaggerated fashion, "as if playing to a child," to mimic instructions to speakers in infant studies of speech perception.


The placenta is a temporary organ that is present in females during gestation and supplies oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus. The placenta is discharged from the mother's body when the fetus is born. The nutritional substances and vitamins therein, known as the placental extract (PE), can be extracted. The placenta is considered a reservoir of cytokines, hormones, bioactive peptides, enzymes, growth factors, vitamins and minerals (Togashi et al., 2002) . PE also contains many valuable bioactive compounds that have various bio-capabilities, including inhibition of aging, inflammation, sunburn, gene mutation, anaphylacticity and oxidation (Kim et al., 2003) . PE has been used as a biomedicine for wound healing in Korean folk medicine (Hu, 1994a,b) , and the immunomodulatory effects of human PE have been demonstrated in multiple studies.

The placenta is considered a reservoir of cytokines, hormones, bioactive peptides, enzymes, growth factors, vitamins and minerals.

PE also contains many valuable bioactive compounds that have various bio-capabilities, including inhibition of aging, inflammation, sunburn, gene mutation, anaphylacticity and oxidation.


Postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP) is a major women's health problem that increases morbidity, mortality, and cost of healthcare [1] . A revised perspective of the pathogenesis in this disease from estrogen-centric to oxidative stress has highlighted the need to identify reliable markers for reflecting oxidative stress status in this disease [2] . Loss of estrogens decreases defense against oxidative stress in bone, and this accounts for the increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation associated with the acute loss of these hormones, which is the main pathological characteristic of postmenopausal OP [3, 4] . The involvement of oxidative stress in the development of postmenopausal OP has recently been well documented [5] [6] [7] .

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP) is a major women's health problem that increases morbidity, mortality, and cost of healthcare.

A revised perspective of the pathogenesis in this disease from estrogen-centric to oxidative stress has highlighted the need to identify reliable markers for reflecting oxidative stress status in this disease.

Loss of estrogens decreases defense against oxidative stress in bone, and this accounts for the increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation associated with the acute loss of these hormones, which is the main pathological characteristic of postmenopausal OP.

The involvement of oxidative stress in the development of postmenopausal OP has recently been well documented.


In its series of assessment reports, the IPCC noted that drought is the most common natural disaster in the world. According to estimates, global economic losses of $6-8 billion per year are caused by drought. Not only are drought costs much higher than the costs of other meteorological disasters, but drought risk has also shown an increasing trend [1] . To confirm the impact of drought in the future, the governments of various countries have implemented large numbers of engineering-based and non-engineering-based disaster mitigation actions. However, mitigation actions generally involve adjusting huge capital investments or affect a wide range of social systems. Uninformed mitigation actions will inevitably lead to misuse of human, material, and financial resources, which is contrary to the original goal of mitigation. To avoid the blindness that can lead to misuse of resources, it is important to perform scientific and systematic analyses of disaster preparation, occurrence, and development [2, 3] .

Not only are drought costs much higher than the costs of other meteorological disasters, but drought risk has also shown an increasing trend.

To avoid the blindness that can lead to misuse of resources, it is important to perform scientific and systematic analyses of disaster preparation, occurrence, and development.


Lateral frontal brain was involved more or less during all challenges. With respect to memory, for example, frontal and temporal lobe have been assigned as brain regions heavily involved [11] . Predominant changes were observed first line in the delta frequency range, where increases were observed during all scenes. This implicates, that cholinergic transmission is modulated throughout cognitive and emotional processing as for example documented in the right prefrontal lateral cortex within a single epoch together with theta and beta1 increase (Figure  8(a) ). Interestingly, only occasionally other electrode positions were involved at the same time with respect to single frequencies like beta2 at electrode position T 3 as can be seen from the averaged data. Other scenes showed different patterns. The ones shown were selected as representative to be compared to the averaged data. This result questions so-called coherence analysis on averaged data, since single epochs of activity show different combinations of frequency changes. The ultrashort epochs of 364 ms duration show very clearly tremendous transient increases of spectral power confined to local brain regions, very often only within one hemisphere. This questions the interpretation of time-averaged data with respect to local involvement of electric circuits during a cognitive or emotional reaction. Instead of measuring the so-called P300, serial analysis of the ultra-short single epochs of 364 ms especially in combination with eye tracking provides much more insight into electric active brain processes during cognitive or emotional challenges.

With respect to memory, for example, frontal and temporal lobe have been assigned as brain regions heavily involved.

Other scenes showed different patterns.


There is a longstanding debate on anatomical functionality. Experimental studies based on use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Positrons Emission Tomography (PET) suggest that particular anatomical structures are more involved during cognitive (for example frontal lobe) and emotional behavior (for example amygdala) than others. For example, the Anterior Temporal Lobe (ATL) has been implicated in numerous functional domains, including language, semantic memory, social cognition, and facial identification and it was found that the left lateral ATL is interconnected with hubs of the temporo-sylvian language network [1] . On the other hand, there is ample evidence that cognitive and emotional processes relate to electric network activity involving several anatomic regions of the brain. The communication structure between these regions is based on electrochemical processes. Neurotransmitter activity activates ionic channels leading to changes in electric behavior of neurons. Indirect measurements of neuronal activity as achieved by NMR techniques only provide evidence of more or less activation of particular Regions of Interest (ROI). Direct measurement of electric activity provides much more information by use of frequency analysis obtained by Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT), since single frequencies have been related to neurotransmitter activities. For example, slow delta waves seem to be under the control of acetylcholine [2] . Spectral power of theta waves changes in the presence of norepinephrine alpha2 receptor agonists [3] . The question now arises, if single frequencies at ROI's can be related not only to neurotransmitter activity but also to behavior. In order to find experimental evidence for involvement of different cortical regions during cognitive and emotional challenges, two techniques were combined, namely fast quantitative EEG analysis (Neurocode-Tracking) and Eye-Tracking [4] . The Eye-Tracking software served to present different cognitive and emotional challenges in form of tasks, pictures and video clips. Concomitant analysis of regional spectral power within six frequency ranges should not only give new insight into anatomical functionality with respect to cognition and emotion, but also provide information on particular neurotransmitters being involved. This becomes feasible by analysis of ultra-short recording epochs of 364 ms duration in comparison to time-averaged data on longer periods. These short periods of analysis have shown that the brain produces ultrashort explosive focal voltage peaks within one particular frequency range containing up to 10-fold amplitudes [5] . Therefore, it was hoped to get new insight into brain function with respect to neurotransmitters related to behavior.

For example, the Anterior Temporal Lobe (ATL) has been implicated in numerous functional domains, including language, semantic memory, social cognition, and facial identification and it was found that the left lateral ATL is interconnected with hubs of the temporo-sylvian language network.

For example, slow delta waves seem to be under the control of acetylcholine.

Spectral power of theta waves changes in the presence of norepinephrine alpha2 receptor agonists.

In order to find experimental evidence for involvement of different cortical regions during cognitive and emotional challenges, two techniques were combined, namely fast quantitative EEG analysis (Neurocode-Tracking) and Eye-Tracking.

These short periods of analysis have shown that the brain produces ultrashort explosive focal voltage peaks within one particular frequency range containing up to 10-fold amplitudes.


It is already well known, that there are hemispheric differences during mental processing. For example, with respect to retrieval of information from the episodic memory and from the knowledge domain with the first being associated with the right and the second with the left hemisphere [12] [13] . According to a PET study it was found that for encoding of episodic information the left prefrontal cortex was differentially activated, whereas for retrieval the right prefrontal cortex was activated [14] . Thus, the present analysis also showed the involvement of brain regions which had been previously recognized to play a role during cognitive processing.

For example, with respect to retrieval of information from the episodic memory and from the knowledge domain with the first being associated with the right and the second with the left hemisphere.

According to a PET study it was found that for encoding of episodic information the left prefrontal cortex was differentially activated, whereas for retrieval the right prefrontal cortex was activated.


This investigation aimed at the detection of functional changes of electric activity with respect to 17 brain areas during various cognitive and emotional challenges as presented by eye tracking software. This approach not on-ly allowed for collecting average data on single challenges but also allowed for documentation of electric patterns during single scenes, where the position of the eyes was documented for a single epoch. Surprisingly, this kind of concomitant analysis revealed tremendous transient increases of focal spectral power (up to more than 6000%), when calculated as % of median power. This has not been known before, since such short periods of time have been analyzed by us for the first time and are restricted to the length of 364 ms [5] . This epoch length corresponds quite well to the processing time of the brain during presentation of audio-visual information as known from recording of the so-called P300, a wave emerging at about 300 ms after presentation of the stimulus [10] .

This has not been known before, since such short periods of time have been analyzed by us for the first time and are restricted to the length of 364 ms.

This epoch length corresponds quite well to the processing time of the brain during presentation of audio-visual information as known from recording of the so-called P300, a wave emerging at about 300 ms after presentation of the stimulus.


The activated sludge process has long been employed to treat a wide variety of wastewater. However, its main byproduct, excess sludge, is one of the drawbacks of the activated sludge process. The treatment of excess sludge may account for between 25 and 60% of the total cost of wastewater treatment operation [1] . For this reason, reduction of excess sludge in an economic, environmental and practical way is a rising challenge.

The treatment of excess sludge may account for between 25 and 60% of the total cost of wastewater treatment operation.


The hydrogen atom position is difficult to detect with X-ray diffraction even with single-crystal experiments. This aspect is strengthened by proton-like networks. A new method has been very recently demonstrated [8] .

A new method has been very recently demonstrated.


Within the same framework this aspect can be found back in which the electrophile is frozen in a tetrahedral configuration for -BCl 2 (-BF 2 gives the pentavalent state, vide supra). The X-ray data give for the short and long bond distance DFT values of 1.77Å and 2.77Å with a ratio of 1.56. Summarizing, the geometric switch is the consequence of change in electronegativity from -BCl 2 into -BF 2 [12] [19] . Trigonal bipyramids as pentavalent configurations are mostly found for silicon, phosphorus and sulfur with R(d)-values (much) smaller than the critical value of 1.333. In these cases also the influence of the substituents of the central elements has been clearly demonstrated in the energy profile focused on the intermediate structure [19] .

Summarizing, the geometric switch is the consequence of change in electronegativity from -BCl 2 into -BF 2.

In these cases also the influence of the substituents of the central elements has been clearly demonstrated in the energy profile focused on the intermediate structure.


Strain rate effects on the tensile and compressive strengths of concrete-like materials play an important role in the construction of material constitutive models which, in turn, exert a great deal of influences on the numerical simulations of concrete structures subjected to intense dynamic loadings [1] . The dynamic increase factor [DIF] , defined by the ratio of the dynamic strength to the quasistatic strength in uniaxial compression and tension, has been widely accepted as an important parameter to measure the strain-rate effect on the strength of concrete-like materials [2] . A great number of tests have been carried out to find the dependence of DIF on strain-rate by using various test methods, for example, drophammer techniques, servo-hydraulic loading rigs, Split Hopkinson pressure bar [SHPB] , and explosive devices [2] [3] [4] . The obtained test data demonstrates the strain rate sensitivity of concrete dynamic strengths and indicates that the tested DIF increases with strain rate. However, the test data presents large discrepancy, which may come from the following sources: (1) different testing techniques; (2) specimen size effect; (3) materials differences, for example, concrete quality, aggregate grade, curing and moisture condition, and age, and (4) dynamic and boundary effects as well as specimen lateral inertial effect.

Strain rate effects on the tensile and compressive strengths of concrete-like materials play an important role in the construction of material constitutive models which, in turn, exert a great deal of influences on the numerical simulations of concrete structures subjected to intense dynamic loadings.

The dynamic increase factor [DIF] , defined by the ratio of the dynamic strength to the quasistatic strength in uniaxial compression and tension, has been widely accepted as an important parameter to measure the strain-rate effect on the strength of concrete-like materials.

A great number of tests have been carried out to find the dependence of DIF on strain-rate by using various test methods, for example, drophammer techniques, servo-hydraulic loading rigs, Split Hopkinson pressure bar [SHPB] , and explosive devices.


The dissemination of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has brought about considerable cultural changes. ICT users come from ever more diverse cultural backgrounds, and technology continually fosters new cultural exchange [5] . Stimulated by this scenario, the HCI community has set out to investigate design and evaluation methods and techniques that can improve the users' experience when cultural issues are involved. Cultural usability studies propose design strategies centered on both internationalization (to develop sufficiently generic interfaces, suitable for users from different cultures) and localization (to develop customized interfaces for specific cultures) [1, 7, 17] .

ICT users come from ever more diverse cultural backgrounds, and technology continually fosters new cultural exchange.

Cultural usability studies propose design strategies centered on both internationalization (to develop sufficiently generic interfaces, suitable for users from different cultures) and localization (to develop customized interfaces for specific cultures).


This study found that the MAIL Scale was easy and relatively quick for participants to complete, but was unable to effectively categorise the majority of patients into either inflammatory or mechanical LBP. There are many reasons for this including that the sample size was too small to detect a difference (Type II error), the instrument is unable to distinguish between these two notional categories, the concept of mechanical and inflammatory causes in NSLBP is not valid, the population of patients did not have severe enough forms of NSLBP to be detected by the instrument or the majority of patients have mixed patterns of NSLBP. Of those 50 who entered the study, characteristics for age, sex and measures of health status (Table 1) are similar to those recorded in prior studies conducted in chiropractic teaching facilities [18] .

Of those 50 who entered the study, characteristics for age, sex and measures of health status (Table 1) are similar to those recorded in prior studies conducted in chiropractic teaching facilities.


The main purpose of this note is to find an analogous topological characterization of when (C(Y ), C(X)) admits a unique conditional expectation. We are able to do so under the restriction that Y is a compact metric space (equivalently, that C(Y ) is separable). Even though this result appears classical, it is new, to the author's knowledge. Certainly the proof is not classical, since it relies on fairly recent results about regular averaging operators and exact Milutin maps [11, 1] .

Certainly the proof is not classical, since it relies on fairly recent results about regular averaging operators and exact Milutin maps.


There are approaches to data type reduction that have some similarities to the DCC analysis, such as symmetry reduction based on the use of scalarsets [5] . For these type of reductions, it is typically up to the user to manually introduce reducible data types when modeling a given design, which would be very time consuming for industrial size netlists that intermingle control and data information. Moreover, these reductions are generally not straight netlist transformations, so they would be hard to use in a transformation-based verification environment.

There are approaches to data type reduction that have some similarities to the DCC analysis, such as symmetry reduction based on the use of scalarsets.


Our final benchmark is a pipelined high-performance router created at Stanford [8] . The router has four port connections to adjacent routers plus an inject node and an eject node. The router's main crossbar is implemented on the bit level. It has two virtual channels per port, and moves packets broken up into units called flits that it reads from the environment ports each cycle. Each flit contains destination data, type field control information, and data payload packed into 32 bits. We check the partial correctness property that a packet that is injected on a port when the router is in an neutral state appears on the correct output port within a predetermined time. The word-level netlist contains 7516 registers before the abstraction, and is reduced to 4816 registers after the abstraction. The total reduction analysis time is less than one second.

Our final benchmark is a pipelined high-performance router created at Stanford.


As artificial models for DNA, we modified the DNA backbone by methylation of the phosphate groups, indicated as phosphatemethylated DNA. This triester demonstrates a strong hybridization affinity with its complementary natural DNA [2, 3] . Our experimental data are solely based on the base interactions and sugar puckering, controlling in a distinct way the orientation of the backbone. Although phosphatemethylated DNA is an excellent candidate for duplex formation with its natural conjugate, it is unsuitable for duplex formation with RNA [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . It has been shown under biological and physicalchemical conditions that replication is blocked whereas protein synthesis remains essentially unaffected. With the available data, we come to the conclusion that in the triester DNA the sugar puckering is laid down in C(2')-endo ring puckering i.e., a B-DNA conformation. Adaptation to an A-form with C(3')-endo puckering, as is the case in natural DNA (B-and A-form), necessary for genetic transfer from DNA to RNA with an A-conformation, is unlikely for sterical reasons [4, 9] . In the case of the B-Z transition with its alternating C-G sequence, additional factors play an important role as site-specific phosphate shielding and sugar-base conformational changes.

This triester demonstrates a strong hybridization affinity with its complementary natural DNA.

Although phosphatemethylated DNA is an excellent candidate for duplex formation with its natural conjugate, it is unsuitable for duplex formation with RNA.

Adaptation to an A-form with C(3')-endo puckering, as is the case in natural DNA (B-and A-form), necessary for genetic transfer from DNA to RNA with an A-conformation, is unlikely for sterical reasons.


Besides signal strengths, other RF characteristics like the signal's time of arrival (TOA) and time difference of arrival (TDOA), as used within the GPS, or its angle of arrival (AOA) can be used. They are more accurate and mostly invariant to architectural obstacles [16, 17] . Especially signal runtimes are unaffected by walls and thus allow for stable distance estimations, if the used components support measuring time delays down to a few picoseconds. This is why those techniques often need special (measurement) hardware to estimate parameters like signal runtime or signal phase shifts. Those requirements only allow for a limited number of use cases.

They are more accurate and mostly invariant to architectural obstacles.


Although the patient had a positive flow crossmatch early post-transplant, the recent exposure to alemtuzumab may have complicated the result. Alemtuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody to CD52, an antigen very specific to lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and epithelial cells of the epididymis and seminal vesicle [3] . Alemtuzumab can be recognized as an anti-human antibody and has resulted in false positive cross matches by flow cytometric and complement-dependent cytotoxic techniques [4] .

Alemtuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody to CD52, an antigen very specific to lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and epithelial cells of the epididymis and seminal vesicle.

Alemtuzumab can be recognized as an anti-human antibody and has resulted in false positive cross matches by flow cytometric and complement-dependent cytotoxic techniques.


The present paper presents the results of a numerical study on quasi-static indentation and low velocity impact on low density PMI Rohacell 51 WF foams using conical, conical-truncated, spherical and flat indenters/impactors. In this investigation numerical simulations were carried out using the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA [Hallquist (2007)] . A 2D axisymmetric model was generated and implicit time integration was used 3 for quasi-static indentation. A strain-rate dependent material model and r-adaptive remeshing was used for low velocity impact simulations.

In this investigation numerical simulations were carried out using the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA.


We have described an application of quantum computers to control the behavior of materials. Even fairly small computers, involving only a few bits, may be able to produce useful new behaviors that would otherwise be difficult to fabricate directly. The use of such programmable materials could allow for experiments on the behavior of many possible structures before deciding which few to actually attempt to fabricate. In this way, quantum smart matter could be used as a simulator for different quantum structures [38] . It could also serve as an experimental platform for examining a range of macroscopic quantum effects by introducing programmable correlations in the overall quantum state of the material.

In this way, quantum smart matter could be used as a simulator for different quantum structures.


To date, proposals for smart matter focus on controlling classical behaviors of materials [7, 35] . However, small, precisely constructed devices can also exploit quantum behaviors [1, 17, 43, 44] . Thus, an interesting open question is the extent to which the demonstrated abilities to modify quantum behaviors, together with distributed computation, can provide a much finer level of control of the properties of a material. This leads to quantum smart matter, which consists of actuators, sensors and computers integrated to operate on quantum behaviors.

To date, proposals for smart matter focus on controlling classical behaviors of materials.

However, small, precisely constructed devices can also exploit quantum behaviors.


Based on our expectation that the factors derived from this scale would likely be correlated, we chose an oblique rotation strategy to allow for factor correlations to be maintained. The Promax rotation approach generates a rotated solution to the maximum likelihood factor analysis that is intended to explain the variance in responses for each individual scale item with the fewest number of factors. Following conventional guidelines for interpreting the factor structure, we only report factor loadings greater than .32 (Costello & Osborne, 2005; Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001) . Interpretation of the oblique rotation is most conceptually relevant by examining the pattern matrix (see Table 2 ), which reports the contribution of each factor to explaining the variance in the scale items without reporting the shared variance between correlated factors. In essence, the pattern matrix reports factor loadings that represent partial correlations with the factors. The structure matrix (Table 3) reports all correlations among the factors and the items without removing the overlapping variance generated by correlated factors. Finally, the intercorrelations among the factors (Table 4) is reported to confirm the presence of significant relationships among the factors. For the purpose of interpreting the factor structure, only the pattern matrix will be discussed.

Following conventional guidelines for interpreting the factor structure, we only report factor loadings greater than .32.


In Bangladesh, Facebook is the most popular social networking sites. Statistics suggested that 91.93% of SNS users are using Facebook in Bangladesh (State Counter, 2018) . Emerging adults and young adults are a large portion of the active users of Facebook in Bangladesh. University first-year undergraduate students are emerging adults. For better adjustment in the new environment, and better academic performance, it would be necessary to explore the relationship among loneliness, mental health, and associated factors those contribute to the relationship between loneliness and mental health. The present study was aimed to explore the mediating role of timeline browsing, and chatting on Facebook in the relationship between loneliness and mental health among university first-year undergraduate students. From the above discussion about loneliness, mental health, and Facebook timeline browsing and chatting on Facebook, a model hypothesized and tested. The proposed model is presented in Figure 1 . Along with this objective, the present study was intended to explore mean differences in loneliness, Facebook timeline browsing, chatting on Facebook, and mental health by respondents' gender and residence place.

Statistics suggested that 91.93% of SNS users are using Facebook in Bangladesh.


The crown profile model that depicts the outer contour of the exterior edges of the crown has played an essential role in the growth and yield models of individual trees and stands [6, 7, 44, 45] . In this study, we developed a new crown profile model and the effect of stand age and stand density on the crown profile was analyzed. The incorporation of quantile regression into the linear mixed-effect model increased the accuracy of the crown profile model.

The crown profile model that depicts the outer contour of the exterior edges of the crown has played an essential role in the growth and yield models of individual trees and stands.


However, vegetable sources contain numerous anti-nutritive factors (ANF), are lower in protein quality, have a lower digestibility and a lower biological value than animal protein sources (Liener, 1980; Tacon, 1992) . Diets formulated with vegetable proteins may possibly be nutritionally inferior to diets with animal protein (AP), and broilers fed solely on vegetable proteins will respond negatively. This study was undertaken to ascertain the growth responses, excreta quality, nutrient digestibility, leg bone development and meat yield characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets containing either vegetable or animal protein sources.

However, vegetable sources contain numerous anti-nutritive factors (ANF), are lower in protein quality, have a lower digestibility and a lower biological value than animal protein sources.


The word 'lean' in reference to an industrial process means that it is versatile, meaning that the parameters can be modified according to clients' requirements. The concept of 'adjusted production' is outlined, since it aims to reduce the amount of resources employed, unlike mass production [4] . There is an eighth type of waste, which is generated when workers do not use their own imagination to eliminate all these wastes, as they know their workstations better than anyone, and are those who can most contribute to their improvement [14] .

The concept of 'adjusted production' is outlined, since it aims to reduce the amount of resources employed, unlike mass production.

There is an eighth type of waste, which is generated when workers do not use their own imagination to eliminate all these wastes, as they know their workstations better than anyone, and are those who can most contribute to their improvement.


Assure the application of safety regulations (occupational risks) Assure the application of safe machine certification Zero accidents Lean 6S also maintains the original objective of eliminating wastes via the control of muda, muri, and mura. Each of the stages of 5S remains present in this methodology, just with the addition of a sixth phase. However, the process to apply the methodology is altered by reordering the sequence of application of each of the phases [21] .

However, the process to apply the methodology is altered by reordering the sequence of application of each of the phases.


Via a meticulous study of Lean Manufacturing principles and its multiple tools and concepts, we could compile all information necessary and pertinent in this philosophy [1, 5, 9] . Due to the 6S tool being an updated version of the traditional 5S tool, before being able to develop a proposal for application, we had to understand the different concepts, benefits, definitions, and pitfalls that could be found within it. There are different versions of the 5S tool, although the details they provide are limited and for general application, so that accessing sources of information is difficult.

Via a meticulous study of Lean Manufacturing principles and its multiple tools and concepts, we could compile all information necessary and pertinent in this philosophy.


The last reform introduced a new payment mechanism (greening) aiming to favour public goods, including landscapes and their ecological functionality. The weakening of greening practices during negotiations leads to minor changes for farms and in many territories these practices are already respected and serve to maintain the observed conditions. In particular, in inner and hilly territories, the greening maintains the pre-reform characteristics (such as the simultaneous presence of different crops, including pasture, forest and landscape features) and then positive outcomes in many ecological aspects but also aesthetical characters of rural landscapes can be obtained. The greening has been partially financed (30%) from direct payment and the novelty of this approach lies in its attempt to define and fund EU-wide mandatory green standards through Pillar 1 direct payments [9] . In a context of severe pressures to reduce levels of public expenditure, there is considerable scope to allocate funds more cost-effectively in support of the environment, including the diversified and extensive farm landscapes [10] .

The greening has been partially financed (30%) from direct payment and the novelty of this approach lies in its attempt to define and fund EU-wide mandatory green standards through Pillar 1 direct payments.

In a context of severe pressures to reduce levels of public expenditure, there is considerable scope to allocate funds more cost-effectively in support of the environment, including the diversified and extensive farm landscapes.


The conservation of perceived scenery of traditional extensive and diversified landscapes is therefore a valuable aim for reaching sustainable rural development, allowing both socio-cultural values and ecological functionality to be preserved. However, preserving and maintaining landscapes is challenging. Economic, political, and social drivers play a relevant role in affecting the agricultural landscape and land use. In the last decades, agricultural changes were also driven by the EU reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) at farm level and, consequently, at landscape scale [8] .

In the last decades, agricultural changes were also driven by the EU reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) at farm level and, consequently, at landscape scale.


On the other side, some studies have focused on the definition of reliable numerical tools to be used in the assessment of the performances of the strengthened constructions and in the design of the strengthening systems themselves. Among these are the approaches developed within the finite element formulation framework. In particular, many authors have proposed modeling approaches based on the use of nonlinear interface elements interposed between the support and the FRP strengthening and characterized by constitutive laws derived by tests or by theoretical considerations [21, 22] . Other approaches have considered homogenization procedures for including the behavior of the FRP/support interface into the model of the FRP-reinforcement or, directly, in the masonry model [23] [24] [25] . In this context, the approaches based on the schematization of masonry elements strengthened with FRPs by using frame elements are of particular interest since they are in accordance with the equivalent frame approach which is useful in the design and implemented in many commercial computer codes for the structural analysis of masonry structures [26] .

In particular, many authors have proposed modeling approaches based on the use of nonlinear interface elements interposed between the support and the FRP strengthening and characterized by constitutive laws derived by tests or by theoretical considerations.

Other approaches have considered homogenization procedures for including the behavior of the FRP/support interface into the model of the FRP-reinforcement or, directly, in the masonry model.

In this context, the approaches based on the schematization of masonry elements strengthened with FRPs by using frame elements are of particular interest since they are in accordance with the equivalent frame approach which is useful in the design and implemented in many commercial computer codes for the structural analysis of masonry structures.


Nowadays, a great number of publications are devoted to reconstruction methods for three-dimensional structures [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . In particular, an important stage in the study of the atomic structure of the matter is the development of mathematical methods for the reconstruction of the spatial structure of the matter on two-dimensional images obtained by electron microscopy [6, 7] . The development of these methods is crucial in the study of materials with ordered structure, called crystals [8] .

Nowadays, a great number of publications are devoted to reconstruction methods for three-dimensional structures.

In particular, an important stage in the study of the atomic structure of the matter is the development of mathematical methods for the reconstruction of the spatial structure of the matter on two-dimensional images obtained by electron microscopy.

The development of these methods is crucial in the study of materials with ordered structure, called crystals.


Epithelial cell material shed from the gut of the animals with the faeces contains host DNA that can be isolated and analysed. In the last decade, molecular scatology has been applied in a number of studies of mammalian biology and ecology. Hypervariable microsatellites are regions of short-sequence repeats of nuclear DNA that can be highly polymorphic. By assaying several of these a 'genetic fingerprint' can be produced that is unique to individual animals (Palsboll 1999) . For species that are difficult to trap, hard to observe or rare, this can be a powerful technique and diverse information can be collected without ever having to capture, or even see, the animal. For example, population size can be estimated using DNA from faeces in more than one way. Faeces can be collected in a standardized manner, for example along transects, and each genotype established can be considered as a 'capture'. By carrying out repeated, temporally distinct sampling visits, a data set of genotypes can be collated and treated as mark-recapture data (Banks et al . 2002) . Alternatively, by plotting the number of faeces sampled against the cumulative number of new genotypes, a regression curve is produced that asymptotes at the estimated population size, as successfully applied to coyotes in California, USA (Kohn et al . 1999) .

By assaying several of these a 'genetic fingerprint' can be produced that is unique to individual animals.

By carrying out repeated, temporally distinct sampling visits, a data set of genotypes can be collated and treated as mark-recapture data.

Alternatively, by plotting the number of faeces sampled against the cumulative number of new genotypes, a regression curve is produced that asymptotes at the estimated population size, as successfully applied to coyotes in California, USA.


Our study has some shortcomings limiting the strength of the interpretation. First, we did not completely stan-dardize the treatment packages. Therefore, it is inappropriate to attribute the outcome to the panic management group, but the outcome should be attributed to the complete treatment package. Secondly, we did not use a pure control group to compare our results with spontaneous fluctuations. However, as we collected the data over a half-year waiting period and as our patients had high chronicity, it seems improbable that the spontaneous course would be as efficient as our treatment package was. Furthermore, the rate of spontaneous remissions in panic disorder is low [35] . Third, our patients of the panic group without current major depression also reached high scores for depression. This group seemed comparable to many samples of patients treated in published clinical trials. In fact, it showed comparable rates of panic-free patients to other studies. Fourth, as a result of liberal inclusion criteria, additional psychopathological problems were present in our samples. Comorbid problems, such as somatoform disorders, are typical for settings of routine care [36] . Therefore, this aspect underlines our aim to investigate unselected groups.

Furthermore, the rate of spontaneous remissions in panic disorder is low.

Comorbid problems, such as somatoform disorders, are typical for settings of routine care.


Recent studies claimed that comorbidity of panic disorder with depression is not a rare incidence, but seems to be common [14, 15, 33] . A combination of CBT and antidepressant drug therapy for patients with panic disorders and major depression may be one approach worth evaluating. However, comorbidity is a negative predictor also in pharmacological trials [3, 34] . A combined treatment package with CBT for panic attacks and CBT for depressive episodes may be a second perspective. Despite these considerations, it is possible that the best treatment for combined disorders is not a combined therapy but a pure approach.

Recent studies claimed that comorbidity of panic disorder with depression is not a rare incidence, but seems to be common.

However, comorbidity is a negative predictor also in pharmacological trials.


When treating an opponent as part of the stationary (Markovian) environment, it is possible to learn the opponent's dynamics by inducing a MDP [6] . Modeling non-stationary strategies requires the model to be updated frequently (every time a change occurs). One approach that has been successful in identifying sudden strategy switches is MDP-CL [28] . This is a model-based multiagent learning technique designed to handle non-stationary opponents. The approach learns a model of the opponent in the form of a MDP using the interaction history. Then it computes an optimal policy against the opponent and the switch detection process starts. Pairs of opponent models are compared 3 every w roundsif the difference between the two models is greater than a threshold then a switch has occurred and the algorithm restarts the learning phase, discarding the previous model. One weakness of MDP-CL is its parameters that can only be fine tuned after the entire game has been played. Also, the approach does not provide formal guarantees of switch detection.

When treating an opponent as part of the stationary (Markovian) environment, it is possible to learn the opponent's dynamics by inducing a MDP.

One approach that has been successful in identifying sudden strategy switches is MDP-CL.


This manuscript is Part 2 of 3 papers comparing net energy and economic metrics. Each manuscript has similar background and motivation sections. Part 1 includes a fuller background and motivation before analyzing how net energy and power metrics translate to individual energy commodity (and technology) costs and prices, respectively [1] . Part 2 analyzes how net energy metrics relate to expenditures on energy. Part 3 places the calculations of expenditures on energy in historical, current and future contexts [2] .

Part 1 includes a fuller background and motivation before analyzing how net energy and power metrics translate to individual energy commodity (and technology) costs and prices, respectively.

Part 3 places the calculations of expenditures on energy in historical, current and future contexts.


Bangladesh is the 3rd most susceptible country to SLR in the World in terms of the number of people affected (Minar et al., 2013) . Hence, the focus of this study was the relative sea-level rise (RSLR)-induced inundation. The term RSLR here, refers to the sum of mean sea-level rise and the rate of local land subsidence. The study area covers two wetlands: (1) an estuary containing the Sundarbans mangrove forest (SMF) adjacent to the marine area representing mangrove swamps and neritic ecosystems, and (2) the aquaculture lands located mostly in the Northern part of the SMF. The study area choice is also driven by the fact that the Western coastal area of Bangladesh contains the Sundarbans swamps, which is recognized as the richest natural forest and most economically valuable coastal ecosystem in Bangladesh (Mondal and Debnath, 2017) . This region is widely threatened by CC impacts such as increasing the frequency and intensity of cyclones, erosion, SLR, salt water intrusion and inundation (Loucks et al., 2010; Minar et al., 2013; Payo et al., 2016; Dasgupta et al., 2017) . The low-lying geography of the area, combined with high population density, lack of efficient infrastructural and institutional capacity predefines the high vulnerability, therein (Denissen, 2012) .

Bangladesh is the 3rd most susceptible country to SLR in the World in terms of the number of people affected.

The study area choice is also driven by the fact that the Western coastal area of Bangladesh contains the Sundarbans swamps, which is recognized as the richest natural forest and most economically valuable coastal ecosystem in Bangladesh.

This region is widely threatened by CC impacts such as increasing the frequency and intensity of cyclones, erosion, SLR, salt water intrusion and inundation.

The low-lying geography of the area, combined with high population density, lack of efficient infrastructural and institutional capacity predefines the high vulnerability, therein.


Yet, such quantitative estimations are scarce in the literature, especially in developing countries where the primary data both on physical impacts and valuation are limited and difficult to obtain (Mehvar et al., 2018b) . The potential repercussion of any CC driven variation in WES would be particularly high in developing countries due to the inherently low adaptation capacity, and the high dependency of local communities on WES. This study aimed to quantify the potential CC driven variations in the value of WES in the Western coast of Bangladesh as a case study.

Yet, such quantitative estimations are scarce in the literature, especially in developing countries where the primary data both on physical impacts and valuation are limited and difficult to obtain.


The arrival of P. clarkii coincided with the first observations of local extinction of the indigenous species Austropotamobius pallipes in Granada. Aphanomycosis disease in Austropotamobius pallipes has been detected in Granada (Gil Sa´nchez, 1999) . As there are now no sympatric populations of the two species in the whole area, it appears highly likely that the introduced species caused (at least in the past) the regression of the native species, and it is now blocking the recovery of Austropotamobius pallipes. Probably other factors (drought, water extraction, and pollution) have a synergic effect, but these are minor if one considers the wide colonization and distribution area of P. clarkii.

Aphanomycosis disease in Austropotamobius pallipes has been detected in Granada.


We used TraceCompare to analyze performance regressions between multiple versions of the same program. Renamed functions can easily be dealt with by allowing the user to provide a file, mapping old function names to new names. However, the biggest challenge comes from major code refactoring, during which functions can be splitted or merged. Static analysis techniques exist to identify cloned syntactic blocks between multiple source files [33] . Techniques also exist to retrieve a mixed stack of function calls and syntactic blocks for a thread [34] . These techniques could be combined to allow a meaningful comparison between traces recorded on different versions of the same program, even after a major refactoring.

Static analysis techniques exist to identify cloned syntactic blocks between multiple source files.

Techniques also exist to retrieve a mixed stack of function calls and syntactic blocks for a thread.


On the other end of the spectrum, women with a hyperresponse to ovarian stimulation are at risk of increased patient discomfort, cycle cancellation and development of OHSS. This condition may lead to severe illness requiring hospitalisation and intensive care with thromboembolic phenomena or multiple organ failure which are potentially life threatening complications. Mild and moderate forms of OHSS occur in respectively 20-33% and 3-6% of all ovarian stimulation cycles, while the severe form of the syndrome has been reported to occur as frequently as 0.1-2% [5] .

Mild and moderate forms of OHSS occur in respectively 20-33% and 3-6% of all ovarian stimulation cycles, while the severe form of the syndrome has been reported to occur as frequently as 0.1-2%.


Precipitation event size and timing.-Timing and distribution of precipitation also can contribute to complex dynamics of primary producers and consumers (Beatley 1974; Inouye 1991; Sala et al. 1992) . For example, heavy rains early in the winter of 1999 produced many annual plant stems that season, but most annuals did not ultimately produce seeds, likely because of low precipitation throughout the remainder of the season (Brown and Ernest 2002) . In other systems summer annuals are known to require little moisture to germinate, but survival and reproduction depend on precipitation after germination (Guo et al. 2002; Inouye 1991) . In addition to timing, the magnitude of precipitation events affects how available water is partitioned among shrubs, grasses, and herbs in arid systems (Sala et al. 1992) . Possible changes in precipitation regime, in terms of frequency and magnitude of precipitation events, coupled with increasing shrub densities at the site, could complicate the tested relationships.

Precipitation event size and timing.-Timing and distribution of precipitation also can contribute to complex dynamics of primary producers and consumers.

For example, heavy rains early in the winter of 1999 produced many annual plant stems that season, but most annuals did not ultimately produce seeds, likely because of low precipitation throughout the remainder of the season.

In other systems summer annuals are known to require little moisture to germinate, but survival and reproduction depend on precipitation after germination.

In addition to timing, the magnitude of precipitation events affects how available water is partitioned among shrubs, grasses, and herbs in arid systems.


Effective treatment of intra-abdominal infection requires adequate drainage of peritoneal suppuration and optimally, definitive surgical control of infective foci. As adjuncts to operative or percutaneous drainage, the role of antimicrobials is to limit the persistence of remaining infectious microorganisms. Antimicrobial therapy is given empirically, and culture results, even when obtained, rarely influence therapeutic choices or results. To be effective, antimicrobials must have activity against both the aerobic/facultative anaerobic bacteria and strictly anaerobic organisms found with intra-abdominal infections. Antimicrobial regimens that do not target both Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis increase the risk of clinical treatment failure [122] .

Antimicrobial regimens that do not target both Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis increase the risk of clinical treatment failure.


Classically the stringy tetraquark is described by a string that may rotate or not, and with massive endpoints. This is the same as the string that is associated with a meson or a baryon. The rotating classical strings with massive endpoints have states which are members of modified Regge trajectories with the same slope as those of the mesons and baryons. Quantum mechanically there are differences between the original Regge trajectories when there are no massive endpoints and the modified trajectories when the strings end on massive particles [5] . We will argue that in addition there is a difference between the quantum trajectory of a meson or a baryon and that of a tetraquark, following the same reasoning as for the difference between mesons and baryons. In the later case there is a difference between the two intercepts which is in charge of the difference between the masses of a baryon and a meson with the same orbital angular momentum and endpoint masses. We will suggest a scenario for which it is plausible that the difference between the intercept of a tetraquark and a meson will be twice the difference between a baryon and meson.

Quantum mechanically there are differences between the original Regge trajectories when there are no massive endpoints and the modified trajectories when the strings end on massive particles.


A diverse group of smart devices have been developed following the rapid growth of ubiquitous computing processing technologies. This diverse group of devices has created large increases in data usage by devices like digital cameras, smart televisions, smart phones, and tablet PC. Due to increases in atypical data, character data, image data, and position data, the era of big data has begun. To the enhanced performance, miniaturization, and convenient portability of these diverse smart devices, the leisure time of individuals and the work efficiency of businesses have increased [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . The increase in the number of these devices has created a subsequent increase in data creation points. Data are now being rapidly created due to the numerous services provided by smart devices. There are currently many virtualization-based studies in progress regarding the efficient storage and management of big data. This virtualization comes in many forms, including application virtualization, hardware virtualization, desktop virtualization, network virtualization, server virtualization, and storage virtualization. Desktop storage virtualization (DSV) integrates the storage resources of distributed legacy desktops and provides resources in response to other users' requests for storage [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] .

To the enhanced performance, miniaturization, and convenient portability of these diverse smart devices, the leisure time of individuals and the work efficiency of businesses have increased.

Desktop storage virtualization (DSV) integrates the storage resources of distributed legacy desktops and provides resources in response to other users' requests for storage.


In setting the scene for Höber's experiments we note that the scientific origins of electrophysiology go back to Galvani's experiments in the 1790's, followed by the careful advances made by Emil Du Bois-Reymond from 1848 to 1860, which involved the study of the active electrical properties of cells and tissue. By active properties we mean the generation of electrical currents in tissues that are induced by their electrical stimulation or injury, the most well known example being the excitation and propagation of electrical impulses in nerves. Many studies in the field we term electrical bioimpedance are concerned with determining the passive electrical properties of cells and tissue, usually as a function of the frequency of an applied electrical field [7] . Höber's measurements of the passive conductivity of compacted blood corpuscles and of muscle tissue at low and high frequencies therefore mark the beginning of bioimpedance research. They were also an essential element in the development of electrophysiologyparticularly in elucidating nerve pulse propagation.

Many studies in the field we term electrical bioimpedance are concerned with determining the passive electrical properties of cells and tissue, usually as a function of the frequency of an applied electrical field.


In the case of tone and voice quality, it is also not clear why languages would necessarily have to 'pass through' a stage of contrastive voice quality, rather than simply employing both cues simultaneously. Indeed, the frequency with which phonologization of one cue seems to entail the dephonologization of another is actually unexpected from a perceptual point of view, since considerable redundancy is the typical state of a phonetic contrast (Lisker 1978) . If phonologization is the end result of an enhancement of subphonemic cues, what conditions this enhancement, and what governs the selection of one phonetic dimension for enhancement and not another?

Indeed, the frequency with which phonologization of one cue seems to entail the dephonologization of another is actually unexpected from a perceptual point of view, since considerable redundancy is the typical state of a phonetic contrast.