The surface water discharges at a maximum temperature of 86˚C, which is the boiling point for an altitude of 4200 m [3] . Deep dilution of a predominant, primary high chloride (5500 mg/l) supply water derived from precipitation some 15 km east of El Tatio and local groundwater produces a secondary chloride water type (4750 mg/l), feeding springs over a limited area [4] . Absorption of this separated steam and carbon dioxide into local ground water and mixing with chloride waters at shallow levels produce a series of intermediate temperature (40˚C -70˚C), low chloride, and high bicarbonate waters [2] . These conditions in chemistry water types from different geothermal microhabitats represent an interest model to be evaluated in relation to diatom richness/composition, dispersal limitation and metapopulation theories.

The surface water discharges at a maximum temperature of 86˚C, which is the boiling point for an altitude of 4200 m.

Deep dilution of a predominant, primary high chloride (5500 mg/l) supply water derived from precipitation some 15 km east of El Tatio and local groundwater produces a secondary chloride water type (4750 mg/l), feeding springs over a limited area.

Absorption of this separated steam and carbon dioxide into local ground water and mixing with chloride waters at shallow levels produce a series of intermediate temperature (40˚C -70˚C), low chloride, and high bicarbonate waters.


Since temperature is a highly important parameter in the mammalian body, temperaturesensitive hydrogels have become the most investigated smart polymers [2] [3] . The majority of thermosensitive hydrogels investigated in the past decades are synthetic polymers based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) [2] [3] [4] . PNIPA hydrogels exhibit a non-linear volume phase transition (VPT) at a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) around 34 °C, which is close to the natural temperature of the human body [3, 5] . On being triggered by stepwise temperature changes PNIPA can exhibit a pulsatile drug release profile [3, [6] [7] .

Since temperature is a highly important parameter in the mammalian body, temperaturesensitive hydrogels have become the most investigated smart polymers.

The majority of thermosensitive hydrogels investigated in the past decades are synthetic polymers based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA).

PNIPA hydrogels exhibit a non-linear volume phase transition (VPT) at a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) around 34 °C, which is close to the natural temperature of the human body.

On being triggered by stepwise temperature changes PNIPA can exhibit a pulsatile drug release profile.


At a certain concentration (critical concentration) an abrupt collapse of PNIPA may occur already at or below room temperature. The temperature shift depends on the concentration and chemical structure of the additive. Several molecules and ions reduce the LCST [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] .

Several molecules and ions reduce the LCST.


Responsive hydrogels are among the most frequently proposed vehicles for targeted and controlled drug delivery. These smart stimuli-sensitive hydrogels change their physical properties in response to external physical (temperature, mechanical effect, electromagnetic radiation, electric or magnetic field) or chemical stimuli (solvent conditions: composition, dissolved species, pH, ionic strength) [1] . Their ability to store and release drugs puts them at the focus of interest as possible drug eluting systems. Furthermore, hydrogels can protect drug molecules from unfavourable conditions, such as the presence of enzymes or low pH [1] .

These smart stimuli-sensitive hydrogels change their physical properties in response to external physical (temperature, mechanical effect, electromagnetic radiation, electric or magnetic field) or chemical stimuli (solvent conditions: composition, dissolved species, pH, ionic strength).

Furthermore, hydrogels can protect drug molecules from unfavourable conditions, such as the presence of enzymes or low pH.


Energy consumption has become a major problem in computer systems; the processor consumes most of the energy, especially in embedded systems, where the excessive energy consumption will cause serious pollution and waste of resources in the natural environment [2, 3] . Therefore, how to reduce processor energy consumption becomes a widespread concern. We need to focus on the problem from reducing the maximum utilization to energy consumption under the premise of meeting the specified task deadlines.

Energy consumption has become a major problem in computer systems; the processor consumes most of the energy, especially in embedded systems, where the excessive energy consumption will cause serious pollution and waste of resources in the natural environment.


In the following, a description of the physics motivation behind GPU enhancement of the HLT is provided. This includes a brief description of the existing High Level Trigger and the tracking algorithm used, and the GPU and CUDA architecture. Additional capabilities would be enabled by a hybrid GPU/CPU computing farm, and the use of GPUs for the HLT systems of both CMS and ATLAS is being studied by several groups [7] , [8] , [9] . These studies have so far, however, principally focused on improving the speed of existing tracking algorithms rather than introducing new tracking techniques. The authors propose a new tracking reconstruction algorithm, show preliminary results, and discuss proposed new triggers that could trigger on events with a highly distinct signature which would be a clear indicator of new physics at the LHC.

Additional capabilities would be enabled by a hybrid GPU/CPU computing farm, and the use of GPUs for the HLT systems of both CMS and ATLAS is being studied by several groups.


Further abiotic factors: Localities in RLP, Atlantic coast and Uruguay River suggest that the species is tightly limited to sites close to water, probably depending upon specific requirements of air humidity. This factor is not directly reflected in the bioclimatic variables used in the models. Large water masses have a direct influence on humidity in coastal localities. This factor might help moderate seasonal variation (a preferred climatic condition for D. prospicuus, as bioclimatic analyses suggest), even though its effective influence may be limited to a few kilometers from the coastline. In some RLP sites, D. prospicuus has demonstrated remarkable surface activity during the "dry" months (winter). In that cold period, in spite of moderate precipitation decrease, fog frequency is high in this area. Presence of fog was argued to be a significant microclimatic factor in the Uruguay riverbanks, allowing subtropical plant species to progress southwards in narrow gallery forests, amongst more mesic regions (Nores et al. 2005) . Also for some yungas areas (like Sierra de San Javier, where D. prospicuus occurs) fog was deemed to compensate for the precipitation decrease in winter, ensuring humidity during the year (Hunzinger 1995) . Winter surface activity was observed for the species in the yungas too, reinforcing the hypothesis of a probable critical requirement for the species: to have humidity available along the entire year. On the other hand, extreme proximity to water might represent a risk of eventual floods. Besides our observations in Córdoba sierras and in Villa Nueva (see above), the main parts of the core range (RLP and Uruguay River) are subject to regular flooding during the rainy season; flooding may also result from other meteorological phenomena, such as the storms known as "sudestada". In either case, water levels may be often raised by several meters (Nores et al. 2005) . In all regions we found evidence that D. prospicuus is facultatively able to climb (e.g., we found it sheltered under bark 1 m high, and climbing on the wall of an abandoned construction, around 2 m high). Collectively, these observations help reinforce the picture of a marginal range.

Presence of fog was argued to be a significant microclimatic factor in the Uruguay riverbanks, allowing subtropical plant species to progress southwards in narrow gallery forests, amongst more mesic regions.

Also for some yungas areas (like Sierra de San Javier, where D. prospicuus occurs) fog was deemed to compensate for the precipitation decrease in winter, ensuring humidity during the year.

In either case, water levels may be often raised by several meters.


The categorization of the case study material (Section 3) follows the theoretical categorization described in Section 1 (product range, organization and institutional factors). In addition, the description of a contextual factor e relative importance of tourism e is provided. Each case is described separately in order to maintain the holistic character of the cases (Ragin, 1987) . The analysis (Section 4) is organized around the theoretical categories. In each category, differences and similarities between the cases are shown and factors with potential to explain differences and similarities are considered. Analysis based on theoretical concepts contributes to relatively parsimonious explanations rather than extensive knowledge (Ragin, 1987) .

Each case is described separately in order to maintain the holistic character of the cases.

Analysis based on theoretical concepts contributes to relatively parsimonious explanations rather than extensive knowledge.


Employing a case study research design often requires the collection and combined use of multiple types of data (data triangulation) (Yin, 2003) . In this way, case studies differ from pure qualitative research. Interviews and document analysis (including online sources), and to some extent participant observation, formed the empirical basis for this study (Bryman, 2004) . The cases reported in Section 3 of this paper all, to varying degrees, build on interviews and documents. The North Tyrolean case is presented first as this case is built on the most extensive data set, including many personal interviews. For the South Tyrolean case (second part of Section 3) participant observation was a secondary source of data. The Norwegian case (third and last part of Section 3) builds more narrowly on analysis of documents and online sources. Variation in data sources for the cases presented here is a result of the coming together of several different projects in this paper. The idea for the paper arose during a meeting between two of the authors in 2007. At this point, the interviews in the Tyrolean cases had already been carried out, aimed at a somewhat different, but related research topic. All the data for the Norwegian case, and most of the documentary data (including online data) for the Tyrolean cases were collected after this meeting, primarily in 2009. In all the cases, the various types of data available were used in combination in order to produce the case descriptions. The three conceptual dimensions (see Section 1.3) were employed to obtain a uniform presentation of the cases. This was all the more important since the cases built on different empirical bases.

Employing a case study research design often requires the collection and combined use of multiple types of data (data triangulation).

Interviews and document analysis (including online sources), and to some extent participant observation, formed the empirical basis for this study.


Austria is considered the leading country in Europe with respect to farm tourism (Nilsson, 2002) . In the Austrian Alps, farmers established the first tourism organizations in the early 1970s. In 1971, regional farmers in Salzkammergut in Austria started to promote farm holidays, and in 1972 the first provincial farm holiday association was established in Styria (Embacher, 1994) . A national organization was founded by the provincial associations in 1991. In Scandinavia, a pilot project in Skåne in 1989 ("Bo på Lantgård"), supported among others by the farmers' union, eventually led to the formation of a national organization for farm tourism in Sweden (Gössling & Mattsson, 2002) . In Norway, a national organization ("Norsk Bygdeturisme") was set up in 1997 with support from the Ministry of agriculture, among others (Statens landbruksbank, 1999) . Development of organizations for farm tourism has taken place in other European countries as well.

Austria is considered the leading country in Europe with respect to farm tourism.

In 1971, regional farmers in Salzkammergut in Austria started to promote farm holidays, and in 1972 the first provincial farm holiday association was established in Styria.

In Scandinavia, a pilot project in Skåne in 1989 ("Bo på Lantgård"), supported among others by the farmers' union, eventually led to the formation of a national organization for farm tourism in Sweden.

In Norway, a national organization ("Norsk Bygdeturisme") was set up in 1997 with support from the Ministry of agriculture, among others.


The main material for the case study of North Tyrol originates from a case study conducted within the 6th framework EU-funded research project "Encouraging Collective Farmers Marketing Initiatives, COFAMI" (Schermer & Rieder, 2007) . Within this case study, the researchers conducted 26 in-depth interviews with various stakeholders concerned with farm holidays in North Tyrol. These included members and functionaries of the branch organization as well as non-member farmers, local politicians and tourism experts. In addition, a number of strategy papers were analyzed.

The main material for the case study of North Tyrol originates from a case study conducted within the 6th framework EU-funded research project "Encouraging Collective Farmers Marketing Initiatives, COFAMI".


Since its launch in 2008, the Large Area Telescope on board the NASA Fermi Gammaray Space Telescope (Fermi-LAT) has been surveying the sky searching for gamma-ray sources [15] . The Fermi-LAT is a pair conversion telescope designed to observe the energy band from 20 MeV to greater than 300 GeV. Several point-source Fermi-LAT catalogs have been released and contain hundreds to thousands of gamma-ray objects, many of them previously unknown [16] [17] [18] . The various catalogs cover different energy ranges and exposure times, and each was constructed with the best available astrophysical diffuse emission model and instrumental response functions (IRFs).

Since its launch in 2008, the Large Area Telescope on board the NASA Fermi Gammaray Space Telescope (Fermi-LAT) has been surveying the sky searching for gamma-ray sources.

The Fermi-LAT is a pair conversion telescope designed to observe the energy band from 20 MeV to greater than 300 GeV. Several point-source Fermi-LAT catalogs have been released and contain hundreds to thousands of gamma-ray objects, many of them previously unknown.


With a precise characterization of these three basic ingredients at hand, we were able to set conservative yet competitive constraints in Figure 12 . We also put our results in context by comparing them with other state-of-the-art constraints coming from H.E.S.S., Planck and LAT in Figure 14 . The obtained DM limits reach the level of the thermal relic cross section for both bb and τ + τ − at the smallest WIMP masses considered, indeed ruling out thermal WIMPs up to 6 GeV in the case of τ + τ − . Our constraints are complementary and independent to the ones obtained by means of other targets such as dSphs [23] .

Our constraints are complementary and independent to the ones obtained by means of other targets such as dSphs.


The Sukuk market is the fastest growing and promising segment of Islamic finance. Indeed, the issuance of Sukuk is increasing considerably worldwide, especially in Malaysia, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia (Fitriya, 2012) . The global value of Sukuk issues exceeds 109 billion dollars in 2012 (Figure 1 ).

Indeed, the issuance of Sukuk is increasing considerably worldwide, especially in Malaysia, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia.


With improved empowerment, a social worker may contribute more to the organization without lobbying for extra compensation. Improving empowerment can help reduce turnover intention and encourage voluntary contributions to improve net organizational performance. This study identifies a helpful connection between social workers' job attitudes and their turnover intention. Therefore, manager or supervisors should establish environments preferable to increasing social workers' empowerment for improving organizational commitment and reducing turnover intention because empowerment is not generalize an enduring personality trait across situations, but rather a set of cognitions shaped and changed by a work environment [24] [36] . By providing training and development programs for managers to adopt new roles as coaches, mentors and facilitators, the level of employees' psychological empowerment can be increased.

Therefore, manager or supervisors should establish environments preferable to increasing social workers' empowerment for improving organizational commitment and reducing turnover intention because empowerment is not generalize an enduring personality trait across situations, but rather a set of cognitions shaped and changed by a work environment.


Social worker exhibited higher organizational commitment and lower turnover intention when they had higher psychological empowerment. Overall 41% and 21% of the variance in organizational commitment were explained by the above-mentioned factors. Among the four dimensions of psychological empowerment, meaning, self-determination and impact showed positive and significant relationships with organizational commitment. This result was consistent with the findings in previous research studies [19] [31] . The results of the current study showed that meaning had the strongest effect on commitment. Social worker perceived higher organizational commitment when the task goal or purpose is met with individual value. This study also found that while the regression coefficient of competence was non-significant. And social workers demonstrated the lower turnover intention when they perceived a higher psychological empowerment.

This result was consistent with the findings in previous research studies.


Despite its contributions, this study has some limitations. First, our study relied on self-reported data, and thus is subject to common method variance [37] . Second, as we used a crosssectional design, we could not arrive at a definitive conclusion about causality. Although we built upon previous studies and argued for the causal precedence of empowerment practice, there was a possibility of reverse causation because we measured only perceived empowerment practices. A third potential limitation is that the sample in this study was taken from a single industrial firm, thereby limiting the generalization of the findings.

First, our study relied on self-reported data, and thus is subject to common method variance.


Deformable anatomical models are powerful tools for recovering the shape of a patient's anatomy when only partial information or sparse image data is available. For example in orthopedic surgery, 3D computer-generated models have assisted specialists in surgical planning and instrument navigation during the intervention [1] . It offers a unique advantage to visualize the anatomy during surgery and localize anatomical regions without segmenting operative images. By fusing these images such as CT, C-arm CT, MR or ultrasound with an accurate preoperative model, the surgeon can see the position and orientation of the instrumentation tools on precise anatomical models. While these emerging technologies were successful for knee or hip replacement applications, corrective spinal surgery is particularly challenging due the complex three-dimensional (3D) deformations of the spine combined with asymmetric deformation of the vertebrae, high variability of the articulated structure and required precision for pedicle screw insertion.

For example in orthopedic surgery, 3D computer-generated models have assisted specialists in surgical planning and instrument navigation during the intervention.


One of the key challenges to the implementation of all-optical routers is the difficulty of realizing optical packet buffering. Contemporary internet routers use very large packet buffers, which store millions of packets, to efficiently utilize expensive long haul links. These large buffers are clearly impractical for implementation using photonic technology. Recent studies have indicated that by sacrificing some of the link utilization, buffer sizes can be reduced dramatically to the capacity of approximately 20 packets [3] .

Recent studies have indicated that by sacrificing some of the link utilization, buffer sizes can be reduced dramatically to the capacity of approximately 20 packets.


According to the polluter-pays principle and the PPW Directive (Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste) "those involved in the production, use, import and distribution of packaging and packaged products" must accept the responsibility for managing packaging waste (Bailey, 1999) . Consumers and public authorities should cooperate with the economic operators (suppliers of packaging material, packaging producers and converters, fillers and users, importers, traders and distributors) in the implementation of measures to manage this waste in an environmentally sound manner, within a spirit of shared responsibility (Coggins, 2001) . Nevertheless, at the heart of the PPW Directive lays the principle that the economic operators that introduce packaging to the market are fully responsible for the fate of this packaging. The concerned economic operators should enter into voluntary agreements with the 2 Where the ratio of all benefits to all costs reaches its maximum.

According to the polluter-pays principle and the PPW Directive (Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste) "those involved in the production, use, import and distribution of packaging and packaged products" must accept the responsibility for managing packaging waste.

Consumers and public authorities should cooperate with the economic operators (suppliers of packaging material, packaging producers and converters, fillers and users, importers, traders and distributors) in the implementation of measures to manage this waste in an environmentally sound manner, within a spirit of shared responsibility.


As an economy grows, productive activities become more specialized and urbanization accelerates due to the rising level of income. In the meantime, as a result of the increasing specialization of production, firms tend to outsource many service activities such as legal, accounting and security services. Some authors call this process the specialization splintering [15] . It is the main source of demand for services from the producers.

Some authors call this process the specialization splintering.


In the probe limit, by numerically solving the coupled non-linear equations of motion for the Maxwell field and scalar field in an AdS soliton background, we show that the Josephson current is proportional to the sine of the phase difference across the SIS junction. In particular, it is found that the maximum current J max decreases when the mass square m 2 of the scalar field becomes large or the width L of the junction increases. In addition, the condensation O dual to the scalar field will also decrease exponentially with respect to L. The coherence length of the junction ξ is found very close to each other from the fittings of the two figures J max ∼ L and O ∼ L. We also analytically study this holographic model by virtue of the Sturm-Liouville (S-L) eigenvalue problems [16] . We find that the critical chemical potentials µ c obtained analytically are in good agreement with the ones from the numerical calculation. Besides, we analytically obtain the critical exponent 1/2 from the relation between the operator condensation and the chemical potential near the critical point, i.e., O ∝ √ µ − µ c ; The charge density ρ is found to be linearly proportional to the chemical potential, i.e., ρ ∝ (µ − µ c ), which is qualitatively consistent with the numerical calculation. This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we set up the gravity dual model of an inhomogeneous superconductor in a four-dimensional Einstein-Maxwellcomplex scalar theory with a negative cosmological constant. The holographic insulator/superconductor phase transition is studied in section 3. In section 4, we numerically solve a set of coupled non-linear equations of motion, and study the characteristics of the holographic SIS Josephson junction. Section 5 is devoted to the conclusions. In appendix A, we briefly describe the Josephson junction, while in appendix B, we give an analytical study on the holographic superconductor/insulator phase transition.

In addition, the condensation O dual to the scalar field will also decrease exponentially with respect to L. The coherence length of the junction ξ is found very close to each other from the fittings of the two figures J max ∼ L and O ∼ L. We also analytically study this holographic model by virtue of the Sturm-Liouville (S-L) eigenvalue problems.

This paper is organized as follows.


Most real-world applications, such as automotive, military, and consumer electronics, require robust yet sensitive gyroscopes with operational frequencies above several kHz in order to suppress the effect of environmental vibrational noise [6] . At the same time, the desired mechanical bandwidth of the sense-mode is typically above 100 Hz, but not more than 400 Hz [2, 3] . In this paper, we introduce an architecture, which extends the design space of the previously reported gyroscopes with 2-DOF sensemodes and overcomes the limitations imposed by the DVA dynamics. The device architecture is not just a minor optimization of previously reported designs, but rather a sharp conceptual deviation that introduces a new design architecture based on a different arrangement of structural components favorably shaping the response characteristics of robust gyroscopes.

Most real-world applications, such as automotive, military, and consumer electronics, require robust yet sensitive gyroscopes with operational frequencies above several kHz in order to suppress the effect of environmental vibrational noise.

At the same time, the desired mechanical bandwidth of the sense-mode is typically above 100 Hz, but not more than 400 Hz.


The operation of micromachined vibratory gyroscopes is based on a transfer of energy between two modes of vibration caused by the Coriolis effect [1] . Conventional implementations often utilize single degree of freedom (DOF) drive-and sensemodes [2, 3] . In mode-matched implementations, the mechanical gain is proportional to the sense-mode quality factor, which allows increasing the sensitivity, theoretically unlimitedly. However, the increase in quality factor of a mode-matched gyroscope is always at the cost of sensor robustness, temperature drift, bandwidth, and limited linear operational range. Also, precise matching of the operational modes over temperature ranges defined by application requirements is practically challenging. Alternatively, the modes of operation can be designed with a certain frequency mismatch [2, 3] . Even though this approach improves the robustness and the bandwidth characteristics, the limitations of the design space (1-DOF drive and 1-DOF sense) dictate a tradeoff between achieved robustness/bandwidth and gain.

The operation of micromachined vibratory gyroscopes is based on a transfer of energy between two modes of vibration caused by the Coriolis effect.

Conventional implementations often utilize single degree of freedom (DOF) drive-and sensemodes.

Alternatively, the modes of operation can be designed with a certain frequency mismatch.


For increasing robustness of vibratory gyroscopes, it is beneficial to design 1-DOF drive-and 2-DOF sense-modes so that the drive-mode resonant frequency is placed between the two resonant peaks of the sense-mode. A design of sense-mode with 2-DOF dynamic vibration absorber (VBA) architecture has been previously proposed and demonstrated to provide robust operation with a 200 Hz bandwidth using a micromachined prototype with a 750 Hz drive-mode operational frequency [4] . For this design concept, increasing the operational frequency would further increase the bandwidth, while also resulting in a decrease of the response gain. Adapting the DVA-based gyroscope design for operational frequencies above 1 kHz while maintaining the sense-mode peaks at a practical spacing is challenging due to the limitation of the design space and involves a stringent tradeoff between the die size and detection capacitance [5] .

A design of sense-mode with 2-DOF dynamic vibration absorber (VBA) architecture has been previously proposed and demonstrated to provide robust operation with a 200 Hz bandwidth using a micromachined prototype with a 750 Hz drive-mode operational frequency.

Adapting the DVA-based gyroscope design for operational frequencies above 1 kHz while maintaining the sense-mode peaks at a practical spacing is challenging due to the limitation of the design space and involves a stringent tradeoff between the die size and detection capacitance.


Recently, the possibility of the RF CMOS power amplifier has been demonstrated successfully in various works [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . The CMOS power amplifier can reduce the overall cost of a mobile system because the CMOS power amplifier can be integrated with other digital and analog circuits. However, the low efficiency of the CMOS power amplifier compared to a power amplifier using a compound semiconductor requires continuous research with the goal of improving the efficiency. Many previous works related to RF CMOS power amplifiers focused on a reduction of the loss induced by passive devices to increase the overall efficiency. In particular, the distributed active transformer is one of the most effective methods for reducing the loss induced by the output matching network [6] [7] [8] . A differential line inductor was introduced to enhance the efficiency in an inter-stage matching network [9] . CMOS power amplifier topologies have also been studied to obtain high efficiency. For example, numerous multi-mode power amplifiers have been introduced [8] .

Recently, the possibility of the RF CMOS power amplifier has been demonstrated successfully in various works.

In particular, the distributed active transformer is one of the most effective methods for reducing the loss induced by the output matching network.

A differential line inductor was introduced to enhance the efficiency in an inter-stage matching network.

For example, numerous multi-mode power amplifiers have been introduced.


The proposed explanation of the given paradox was based on the argument that for zero-range perturbation for any wavelength one can never reach the limit of the classical billiard with a point-perturbation, since the wavelength is finite while the perturbation radius is zero. Therefore the quantum system becomes chaotic while its classical analog is almost integrable. This argument seemingly was justified experimentally [6] .

This argument seemingly was justified experimentally.


Besides showing the five highest ranking features for each model, we also calculate the odds ratio ceteris paribus of the top five features of each model. In logistic regression, the odds ratio of an independent feature describes the multiplicative increase in the odds of the dependent feature given a one-unit increase in that independent feature. It is calculated by exponentiating the logistic model coefficients. In this study, the odds ratio of a feature in one of the models describes the change in the odds of a user being engaged with an article, given a one-unit increase in the feature value. Odds ratios can be used to compare the magnitude of the effect of different independent features. An odds ratio larger than one is associated with higher odds of a user being engaged, while an odds ratio smaller than one is associated with lower odds of engagement occurring (Baesens et al. 2015) . Using odds ratios makes interpretation of effect sizes easy and can be used to communicate with non-technical content creators. However, sometimes we have to be careful when interpreting these odds ratios, because we observe some correlation between the independent features, which makes interpreting the odds ratios ceteris paribus harder. When we present and discuss the most important features in the results, we always mention when a feature is highly correlated with another feature.

An odds ratio larger than one is associated with higher odds of a user being engaged, while an odds ratio smaller than one is associated with lower odds of engagement occurring.


For modern communication systems, such as short-range wireless applications, a high-efficiency power amplifier plays an important role in maintaining the battery life. To increase the efficiency, switching-mode amplifiers, such as class-E and class-F, are widely used [1] [2] [3] [4] . By minimizing the overlap between the drain current and voltage waveforms, the dc power dissipation of the amplifiers can be diminished. The output power of switching-mode amplifiers is also comparable to current-mode ones for the same device peak voltage and current [5] .

To increase the efficiency, switching-mode amplifiers, such as class-E and class-F, are widely used.

The output power of switching-mode amplifiers is also comparable to current-mode ones for the same device peak voltage and current.


In this work, a high-efficiency CMOS PA IC operating at a low supply voltage is proposed using 0.18-µm CMOS technology. To boost the PAE, a dual-switching transistor (DST) was adopted in combination with a third harmonic tuning technique [17] . The class-E PA topology was employed as a basic structure, and 0.5-V positive, back-gate voltage was injected for low-voltage operation. A detailed theoretical and circuit analysis was performed, and the optimum circuit parameters were derived.

To boost the PAE, a dual-switching transistor (DST) was adopted in combination with a third harmonic tuning technique.


Large RCTs comparing TARE with sorafenib are ongoing but no clinical results have been published to date. TARE uptake in clinical practice is growing in Italy and in other countries [50] . Because the diffusion of medical devices generally precedes experimental evidence, decision makers such as physicians and health care organizations are already familiar with the technology before comparative clinical evidence is available. The use of real-world data to support decision making is therefore of great interest [51] . This issue is common across medical devices and has been observed for other technologies [52] .

TARE uptake in clinical practice is growing in Italy and in other countries.

The use of real-world data to support decision making is therefore of great interest.

This issue is common across medical devices and has been observed for other technologies.


Furthermore, investigation on inclusion of commercial fillers like carbon nanotube, carbon black (CB), thermally reduced graphite oxide (TRGO), alumina and TiO2 nanoparticles polymer matrix have been carried out [5, 6] . The reported works suggest that optimum content of filler improved the mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural and shear strength as well as modulus of the matrix. Properties influenced by material surface like fracture resistance, abrasion, micro and macro hardness were also reported to be increased.

Furthermore, investigation on inclusion of commercial fillers like carbon nanotube, carbon black (CB), thermally reduced graphite oxide (TRGO), alumina and TiO2 nanoparticles polymer matrix have been carried out.


This way, there exists data available for a natural public and private firm sample. The UK context further presents advantages in terms of regulatory, accounting and tax regime. In specific, in the UK, public and private firms face an equivalent regulation environment, equal requirements to report audited financial statements, and tax rules (with the exception of very small firms not included in this study) (Ball and Shivakumar, 2005) . This uniform regulatory and tax environment secures that the main difference between the two groups, public and private firms, should be the existence of different options and opportunities with respect to raising capital as a result of a firm's listing status, which is exactly the topic of interest of this study.

In specific, in the UK, public and private firms face an equivalent regulation environment, equal requirements to report audited financial statements, and tax rules (with the exception of very small firms not included in this study).


Nutrition, which was once intended to meet the nutrient needs, it is today directed to a research toward preventing and treating chronic diseases [1] . Constitutes an alternative seeking nutritional bioactive components other than medicinal purposes, which is a challenge to the biomedical sciences [2] . It is in this context that the concept of functional foods emerged [3] . There are, several bioactive compounds that confer functionality to food and are part of the daily diet [4] . Therefore numerous studies direct their efforts to identify these components and evaluate their isolated health benefits or as part of dietary regimens.

Nutrition, which was once intended to meet the nutrient needs, it is today directed to a research toward preventing and treating chronic diseases.

Constitutes an alternative seeking nutritional bioactive components other than medicinal purposes, which is a challenge to the biomedical sciences.

It is in this context that the concept of functional foods emerged.

There are, several bioactive compounds that confer functionality to food and are part of the daily diet.


Another group of phenolic type compounds are the coumarins (benzo-α-pyrones), which have been less investigated. There are few studies evaluating the genetic toxicity of natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives in the literature [29] . Coumarins are a family of phenolic compounds that represent different constituents of the nonenergetic part of the human diet [30] . The simplicity and versatility of the coumarin scaffold make it an interesting starting-point for a wide range of applications [31] [32] [33] . Coumarin derivative molecules (or coumarin metabolites) are naturally generated by the metabolism of coumarin in the cell. These derivatives have been described for their numerous therapeutic applications, such as: antitumor and anti-HIV agents and central nervous system stimulants, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agents, anti-coagulants, among others [34] . Their structural variability and similarity to other phenolic compounds, suggesting the need to identify structural alerts associated with genotoxicity. Some background has been in silico studied and showed clastogenic activity in some of them [20] .

There are few studies evaluating the genetic toxicity of natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives in the literature.

Coumarins are a family of phenolic compounds that represent different constituents of the nonenergetic part of the human diet.

The simplicity and versatility of the coumarin scaffold make it an interesting starting-point for a wide range of applications.

These derivatives have been described for their numerous therapeutic applications, such as: antitumor and anti-HIV agents and central nervous system stimulants, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agents, anti-coagulants, among others.

Some background has been in silico studied and showed clastogenic activity in some of them.


Ionospheric scintillation at GNSS frequencies is a phenomenon that typically occurs after sunset and mainly during premidnight hours. Its occurrence is predominant at the polar and low-latitude regions. The present contribution will focus on scintillation which occurs within the latitude belt of ±20 ∘ centered at the geomagnetic equator. Climatological studies of equatorial and low-latitude ionospheric scintillation have shown combined seasonal and longitudinal dependence. For example, in the Brazilian longitudinal sector, the ionospheric irregularity activity is more intense near December solstice months [1] . This behavior departs from that in the western sector of South America, where the scintillation occurrence peaks during the equinoctial period. These studies also indicated that scintillation is more intense during 2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation solar maximum years (when the ionospheric layer is thicker and denser).

For example, in the Brazilian longitudinal sector, the ionospheric irregularity activity is more intense near December solstice months.


Assessment plays an important role in national development especially in teaching and learning process. The essence of assessment is to ensure quality, to improve teaching methods and students' performance. It is crucial to the educational process both for teachers' advancement, students' promotion, and effective teaching. Assessment of learning (summative) generally occurs at the conclusion of a course, semester or academic year. Assessment for learning is formative in nature and is used by teachers to consider approaches to teaching and next steps for individual learners and the class (Earl, 2003) . Formative assessment provides feedback, which can be used to improve learning while the programme of instruction is still on.

Assessment for learning is formative in nature and is used by teachers to consider approaches to teaching and next steps for individual learners and the class.


For very low barriers, successfully stepping over simply entails taking a higher step than normal. Higher barriers, on the other hand, necessitate a more complicated series of movements and an interplay of strength, flexibility, and balance. For example, now the actor must shift his body weight to one leg, and maintain his balance while raising the other leg up and over the barrier. Once this leg is firmly planted on the other side, he must reshift his weight to bring the lagging leg across. As the height of the barrier continues to increase, so too does the level of difficulty involved. These movement patterns rely, to varying degrees, on the various factors that determine a toddler's skill at walking-as mentioned previously, the interplay of strength, flexibility, balance, and interlimb coordination (Heinrichs, 1994; Schmuckler, 1996) .

These movement patterns rely, to varying degrees, on the various factors that determine a toddler's skill at walking-as mentioned previously, the interplay of strength, flexibility, balance, and interlimb coordination.


Walking experience refers to the length of time (measured in days, weeks, or months) between the onset of walking and any particular temporal landmark (i.e., the occurrence of an experimental test), and thus reflects opportunities for learning about action and the environment (Schmuckler, 1996) . This particular definition, however, does not make clear what activities contribute to or make up such "learning opportunities" (Adolph, 1995) . Nor does it make clear how many learning opportunities a child may have. Although researchers try to match experience levels by holding age constant, this procedure does not guarantee equivalence in actual experience. As such, walking experience is something of a catchall used to define children's general experience of moving independently throughout the world.

Walking experience refers to the length of time (measured in days, weeks, or months) between the onset of walking and any particular temporal landmark (i.e., the occurrence of an experimental test), and thus reflects opportunities for learning about action and the environment.

This particular definition, however, does not make clear what activities contribute to or make up such "learning opportunities".


This issue was examined by investigating the roles of body size, walking skill, and walking experience in determining the action capabilities of 14-to 30-month-old toddlers for crossing a barrier varying in height. Barrier crossing creates an ideal situation for investigating perceptual-motor behavior and its impact on the perception of affordances. Both physical and perceptual constraints determine an individual's ability to successfully cross a barrier. In choosing the best course of action, an actor must be able to accurately perceive the height and width of the barrier and take into account his/her physical capabilities and limitations in executing the movements needed to cross (Schmuckler, 1996) .

In choosing the best course of action, an actor must be able to accurately perceive the height and width of the barrier and take into account his/her physical capabilities and limitations in executing the movements needed to cross.


Minimum wages may be an instrument to reduce income inequality and foster socially inclusive economic growth. They can provide a safety net, since they introduce a wage floor and guarantee a basic standard of living for workers and their families (Lin and Yun, 2014) . During the recent years, the Chinese government implemented various policies to raise income levels at the lower end, such as the provision of social security for rural areas and the minimum wage policy 2 . Since standards of living differ across regions, China does not set one minimum wage for the whole country. Instead, the task of determining minimum wages is delegated to local authorities. Each province or municipality set its own minimum wage in accordance with the individual regional conditions. Higher minimum wages can underpin the transformation towards consumption-led growth, as low income households have a high marginal propensity to consume. At the same time, increasing costs can worsen the attractiveness of regions as potential destination for investment flows. This may constitute a conflict of interest, as officials from areas of strong GDP growth have better chances to be promoted. They are able to manage economic challenges to a higher extent and may have better career opportunities in the communist party. Therefore, local policymakers can have the incentive to keep minimum wages at relatively low levels in order to improve cost competitiveness. On the other hand, how-ever, higher minimum wages can be also seen as an indication of a sound economic performance.

They can provide a safety net, since they introduce a wage floor and guarantee a basic standard of living for workers and their families.


In keeping with the goal to engage contingent faculty in the assessment results, the workshop not only informed teachers about RWU's data analysis, but also included the specific formative objective to help "develop" the faculty's teaching repertoire in supporting the students' ability to integrate critical thinking in their writing (i.e., "develop" the essay) through a focus on Development. Other objectives were to offer a forum for discussion and then to encourage participants to comment on the data and on the presentation. In short, the workshop followed some good training practices, in presenting the theory, demonstrating it, providing practice, and asking for prompt feedback (Showers, Joyce, & Bennett, 1987) . Moreover, the evaluator hoped that the workshop would serve as a forum to "refine, change, or even reject" current beliefs (Guba & Lincoln, 1989, p. 47) .

In short, the workshop followed some good training practices, in presenting the theory, demonstrating it, providing practice, and asking for prompt feedback.


Quantifying phytoplankton growth rate in the ocean is of critical importance to understanding many oceanographic processes, because the growth rates of individual populations control the ultimate composition of the assemblage (Banse, 1991) . This, in turn, controls a large number of ecosystem properties, such as vertical flux of organic matter, nutrient utilization patterns and yield from the food web. However, few detailed studies of growth rates of natural phytoplankton assemblages (especially those from Antarctica) have been completed.

Quantifying phytoplankton growth rate in the ocean is of critical importance to understanding many oceanographic processes, because the growth rates of individual populations control the ultimate composition of the assemblage.


Estimates of growth rates using equation (5), but assuming either exponential biomass increase during the incubation period or a constant, linear uptake of isotope, result in different calculated rates, and those that assume exponential growth during 24 h measurements are generally greater (Table III) . Linear estimates of net growth rates produce much greater variations and often rates which are greater than those predicted from temperature alone (Table IV) . Because exponential growth is biologically realistic in polar systems for intervals of days to weeks as well as for shorter intervals (≤24 h), at the modest growth rates encountered the two estimates should converge (Dugdale and Wilkerson, 1986; Brzezinski and Phillips, 1997) . Similarly, at high growth rates or long time intervals, the two should diverge. It is important when growth rates are calculated that the assumptions made concerning growth be explicitly stated to allow for direct comparison of growth rates.

Because exponential growth is biologically realistic in polar systems for intervals of days to weeks as well as for shorter intervals (≤24 h), at the modest growth rates encountered the two estimates should converge.


Then, the corresponding interpretation for the multivariate extremal index is the reciprocal average cluster size of a univariate sequence that, for each point in time, is given as the maximum of the weighted marginal sequences (Smith and Weissman 1996) . That is, the multivariate extremal index is a function of weights comprising each of the respective univariate extremal indices as a special case. However, the average cluster size for arbitrary weights can, in general, not be determined by knowledge of the univariate extremal indices alone. Given the latter, the behavior of valid multivariate extremal index functions is therefore a matter of interest.

Then, the corresponding interpretation for the multivariate extremal index is the reciprocal average cluster size of a univariate sequence that, for each point in time, is given as the maximum of the weighted marginal sequences.


A strong interest in intense accelerator-driven neutron sources for different applications has grown in the last decades. Although a number of reactions is available for neutron production with accelerated particles (photoneutrons, D-Be. . .), preferred technology for these neutron sources is spallation, because it provides the highest neutron yield per unit of energy of the incident particles. Neutron spallation sources consist of a high-energy proton accelerator coupled to a high Z target. Typically, a 1000 MeV incident proton beam could produce ∼50 nucleons per incident proton, approximately half of them neutrons [1] . In this way, very intense neutron fluxes can be obtained (over 10 15 n/cm 2 s). Although current mode detectors are generally preferred for monitoring such high fluxes, pulse mode detectors are also of interest because of their ability to record information from the individual detector signals. However, if a pulsed mode detector is used to monitor such high fluxes, it can become saturated because of dead time effects.

Typically, a 1000 MeV incident proton beam could produce ∼50 nucleons per incident proton, approximately half of them neutrons.


Turbulent flow is often described using the picturesque definition of "eddies within eddies within eddies" [1] . It is ubiquitous in nature and in engineering applications associated with the most flow. The dissipated energy losses due to turbulent friction are quite large, and this provides enough motivation to find ways to reduce it. As compared to passive drag reduction efforts, which make use of riblets, as well as wavy and micro-bubbles, the active drag reduction (DR) in a turbulent flow has attracted significant interest by the addition of minute amounts of suitable polymers or surfactants [2] [3] [4] . Very dilute polymer solutions undergoing flow in a pipe generally require a lower pressure drop to maintain the same volumetric flow rate. In other words, a higher flow rate will be obtained for the same pressure drop for a turbulent polymeric solution compared to the flow with just a solvent medium. Because this DR OPEN ACCESS phenomenon was first observed by Toms for tiny additions of polymethylmethacrylate to the turbulent pipe flow of monochlorobenzene, it is often referred to as the "Toms effect" [5] . Since then, the study of turbulent DR has been the subject of intensive theoretical and experimental studies owing to its application to engineering and to its scientific interest mainly in terms of pipe flow. However, the phenomenon of DR in external flow and two-dimensional flow has been also investigated.

Turbulent flow is often described using the picturesque definition of "eddies within eddies within eddies".

As compared to passive drag reduction efforts, which make use of riblets, as well as wavy and micro-bubbles, the active drag reduction (DR) in a turbulent flow has attracted significant interest by the addition of minute amounts of suitable polymers or surfactants.

Because this DR OPEN ACCESS phenomenon was first observed by Toms for tiny additions of polymethylmethacrylate to the turbulent pipe flow of monochlorobenzene, it is often referred to as the "Toms effect".


The results regarding Scenario 4 (i.e., responsibility undertaking) showed that more experienced professionals seemed more risk-averse, which can be attributed to their increased exposure to teamwork that develops values that are oriented to the benefit of others, creates a sense of responsibility, and fosters an ethos of mutual support [83] . In addition, it is expected that professionals with more working experience have undertaken supervisory and managerial roles that are typically followed by a sense of accountability [84, 85] . Concerning the educational level, professionals holding a bachelor's degree or lower qualification were more risk averse at Scenario 1 (i.e., trust on others). Trust is earned through exhibitions of competence and character [86] . Based on that premise, respondents holding a post-graduate degree may have developed a questioning and demanding attitude, this possibly leading to a decreased trust in others' judgements. However, individuals with higher education attainment show higher levels of generalised trust due to residual effects of personality traits and non-cognitive skills [87] . Therefore, our interpretation of the particular finding is that professionals with higher education qualifications might not trust everyone in a working environment that dictates high responsibilities and accountabilities but they might confide in colleagues who exhibit similar competencies.

The results regarding Scenario 4 (i.e., responsibility undertaking) showed that more experienced professionals seemed more risk-averse, which can be attributed to their increased exposure to teamwork that develops values that are oriented to the benefit of others, creates a sense of responsibility, and fosters an ethos of mutual support.

In addition, it is expected that professionals with more working experience have undertaken supervisory and managerial roles that are typically followed by a sense of accountability.

Trust is earned through exhibitions of competence and character.

However, individuals with higher education attainment show higher levels of generalised trust due to residual effects of personality traits and non-cognitive skills.


Strong case management is essential as a means of 'treating the sick' to reduce the duration of sickness and prevent the disease progressing to severe malaria. However, beyond this purpose, early termination of infections serves, particularly in areas of unstable malaria with lowto-moderate intensities of transmission, as an important means of curtailing the size of the infectious reservoir [14] [15] [16] . Strengthening malaria case management system through community-based interventions has been tried out in various other countries such as South Africa, Ethiopia, Myanmar and Cambodia though with variations in the approach and outcomes [15, [17] [18] [19] . Within India, because a large part of the population in Odisha lives in areas of low-to-moderate endemicity, it is an ideal setting to implement a comprehensive case management system and explore its impact on transmission.

However, beyond this purpose, early termination of infections serves, particularly in areas of unstable malaria with lowto-moderate intensities of transmission, as an important means of curtailing the size of the infectious reservoir.

Strengthening malaria case management system through community-based interventions has been tried out in various other countries such as South Africa, Ethiopia, Myanmar and Cambodia though with variations in the approach and outcomes.


Data-driven approaches have been proposed to automatically learn the individual modules. One approach first aligns records and sentences and then learns a content selection model (Duboue and McKeown, 2002; Barzilay and Lapata, 2005) . Hierarchical hidden semi-Markov generative models have also been used to first determine which facts to discuss and then to generate words from the predicates and arguments of the chosen facts (Liang et al., 2009) . Sentence planning has been formulated as a supervised set partitioning problem over facts where each partition corresponds to a sentence (Barzilay and Lapata, 2006) . End-to-end approaches have combined sentence planning and surface realization by using explicitly aligned sentence/meaning pairs as training data (Ratnaparkhi, 2002; Wong and Mooney, 2007; Belz, 2008; Lu and Ng, 2011) . More recently, content selection and surface realization have been combined (Angeli et al., 2010; Kim and Mooney, 2010; Konstas and Lapata, 2013) .

One approach first aligns records and sentences and then learns a content selection model.

Hierarchical hidden semi-Markov generative models have also been used to first determine which facts to discuss and then to generate words from the predicates and arguments of the chosen facts.

Sentence planning has been formulated as a supervised set partitioning problem over facts where each partition corresponds to a sentence.

End-to-end approaches have combined sentence planning and surface realization by using explicitly aligned sentence/meaning pairs as training data.

More recently, content selection and surface realization have been combined.


Levels of other markers of cardiovascular risk (CRP, γ-glutamyltransferase {γ-GT} activity and uric acid) were also reduced via these dietary supplementations [12] . Dietary supplementation with NS-7 or NS-6 did not have an effect on total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, or triglyceride levels of adults (~65 years old) with normal cholesterol levels. With hypercholesterolemic subjects, however, combined intervention with dietary supplementations and restriction to the AHA Step-1 diet reduced modestly serum total, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides levels [12] .

Levels of other markers of cardiovascular risk (CRP, γ-glutamyltransferase {γ-GT} activity and uric acid) were also reduced via these dietary supplementations.

With hypercholesterolemic subjects, however, combined intervention with dietary supplementations and restriction to the AHA Step-1 diet reduced modestly serum total, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides levels.


In the present paper, we focus on a different possibility: In addition to the usual MSSM spectrum, we allow for extra chiral supermultiplets in complete vector-like GUT representations. Such states appear in many different contexts and are well-motivated theoretically (e.g. as the "messengers" of gauge mediation). While these extra multiplets do not affect the one-loop prediction for α 3 , the induced two-loop effect is significant. Unfortunately, it further enhances the familiar problems of the MSSM two-loop prediction [6] .

Unfortunately, it further enhances the familiar problems of the MSSM two-loop prediction.


RDF (Resource Description Framework) is recommended by W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) as the language to represent information about web resources in the semantic web. Many web sites publish their data in the RDF format, as RDF has a simple data model, well-defined formal semantics and provable inference [1] . In addition, RDF is known to be useful for integrated query processing because it can easily integrate information from diverse data sources. Therefore, users can find meaningful information using the RDF query language (i.e. SPARQL), irrespective of the data format.

Many web sites publish their data in the RDF format, as RDF has a simple data model, well-defined formal semantics and provable inference.


Throughout this review, the development of microvalves has been surveyed with respect to various operation mechanisms and their applications. The applications of the microvalves include flow regulation, on/off switching, or sealing of biomolecules, micro or nano particles, chemical reagents, oils, water, bubbles, gases, vacuum and many others. The desired characteristics of the microvalves include no leakage flow, reduced dead volume, reduced power consumption, large pressure resistance, normally closed or open mode, insensitivity to particulate contamination, rapid response time, potential for linear operation, ability to operate with both liquids and gases and disposability [29] . To meet these requirements, various approaches have been explored in the development of microvalves. Apparently there is no such microvalve that favors all applications ranging from life sciences to vacuum. Therefore in practice, only a subset of the selected characteristics of a specific microvalve is important in a given application.

The desired characteristics of the microvalves include no leakage flow, reduced dead volume, reduced power consumption, large pressure resistance, normally closed or open mode, insensitivity to particulate contamination, rapid response time, potential for linear operation, ability to operate with both liquids and gases and disposability.


As outlined before, the pioneering work started in the late 1970s and had shifted toward the MEMS-based microvalves in the 1990s. The first explorative microvalve research phase soon revealed the advantages and drawbacks of the various MEMS-based microvalve concepts. A second phase started around 2000 with the study of non-traditional technologies, such as phase change, external pneumatic or passive capillary microvalves. For example, a recent proceeding of the µTAS 2005 conference reflected further expansion of efforts in developing non-traditional microvalves, as shown in figure 16 [243] . The development of microvalves has been progressing rapidly in recent years. As a result the performance of microvalves has been constantly improved and features such as leakage flow, resistible pressure, power consumption, dead volume, response time, biochemical compatibility and disposability have been partially addressed and solved. However, there is an abundance of room for improving the performance of the microvalves and making them cost effective for further commercialization. Breakthrough ideas will make it possible to realize a fully integrated disposable microfluidic lab-on-a-chip for personal diagnostics or wellness applications. In addition to the LOC applications, the microvalves will become building blocks in high throughput microfluidic platforms for stem cell study or drug discovery. Furthermore, the microvalves will be embedded in various microfluidic systems, including space exploration, fuel cell, etc. There is no doubt that in the near future microfluidic platforms embedded with microvalves will be as prevalent as microprocessors are today.

For example, a recent proceeding of the µTAS 2005 conference reflected further expansion of efforts in developing non-traditional microvalves, as shown in figure 16.


Most importantly, C&C communications over the Bitcoin network cannot be shut down simply by confiscating a few servers or poisoning routing tables. Furthermore, disrupting C&C communication would be very hard to do without seriously impacting legitimate Bitcoin users and may break Bitcoin. Any form of regulation would be a fragrant violation of the libertarian ideology Bitcoin is built upon [6] . It would also entail significant protocol modification on the majority of Bitcoin clients scattered all over the world.

Any form of regulation would be a fragrant violation of the libertarian ideology Bitcoin is built upon.


Thus far we have not found any recognition of this threat among the Bitcoin community. We urgently need constructive dialogue regarding the grave risks associated with unregulated networks. Perhaps we also need to shift research focus back to traffic analysis and malware detection techniques. The new paradigm of software-defined networking (SDN) may hold some promise: there is already research suggesting SDN assists significantly in detecting malwarerelated anomalies at the network level [35] .

The new paradigm of software-defined networking (SDN) may hold some promise: there is already research suggesting SDN assists significantly in detecting malwarerelated anomalies at the network level.


Sandwich panels have long been recognized as one of the efficient structural elements. Due to their intrinsic properties like a high bending stiffness at minimum mass, the capability to be tailored for specific uses, high damping properties, and a great potential for energy absorption, they have found applications in diverse kinds of modern industries and structures. Along with advantages that suggest the sandwich concept, the sandwich panels suffer the consequences of their constructive features. The large differences between thicknesses and elastic moduli of the constitutive layers make the sandwich panels susceptible to debonding of the face sheet from the core at their interface. The sources of debonding usually are a result of imperfections in the manufacturing process, the degassing of the foam core under direct sunlight, the ability for water absorption of cellular types of the core followed by repeated cycles of freezing and thawing at the face sheet-to-core interface, low-velocity impacts, stress concentrations due to localized loading, and so forth. The presence of debonding is often invisible, but it affects the dynamics and the strength of sandwich structures as well as it may become a reason of premature failure below the level of design loads [1] . Therefore, a correct use of sandwich panels in different engineering applications requires a better knowledge of their mechanical behaviour, in particularly, their dynamic response. This knowledge can also provide a basis for nondestructive health monitoring techniques.

The presence of debonding is often invisible, but it affects the dynamics and the strength of sandwich structures as well as it may become a reason of premature failure below the level of design loads.


As a general remark, in our analysis we have assumed that just one operator is non-vanishing at a time, which may or may not be the case depending on the underlying theory realized in nature. Nevertheless, our studies can be easily adapted to some specific scenario where the integration of heavy mediators can lead to more than one non-vanishing Wilson coefficient. For instance, a t-channel scalar mediator coupled to fermion DM would generate a (χq)(qχ) effective operator. After a Fierz transformation, this operator can be written as a combination of the fermion operators D1, D4, D5, D8, and D9 [22] . According to Fig. 7 , it is clear that in this case the most stringent bounds would be set by SI searches, so that at least in first approximation the bound on (χq)(qχ) coincides with the bound on D1. Of course, the validity of such a procedure must be analyzed case by case.

After a Fierz transformation, this operator can be written as a combination of the fermion operators D1, D4, D5, D8, and D9.


Author ( biocompatibility and biodegradability. As a result, chitin and its derivatives are extensively used in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, feed additives, agriculture, semipermeable membranes, food and textile industries and waste water treatment (Zeng et al., 2012) . Chitosan is prepared by deacetylation of chitin. During this reaction, the acetamide groups (-NHCOCH 3 ) of chitin are converted into amino groups (-NH 2 ) leading to chitosan formation. Depending on the source from where it is extracted, chitin can be found in three polymorphic conformations (α, β and γ) as shown in the Figure 2 . Chitosan and chitin have become materials of great interest not only as an under-utilized resource but also as a new functional biomaterial of high potential in various fields. Recent progress in chitin chemistry is quite significant. In India chitin, solid waste fraction has ranged from 60,000 to 80,000 tons per year. Chitin and chitosan are now produced commercially in India, Poland, Japan, US, Norway and Australia (Eijsink et al., 2010) .

As a result, chitin and its derivatives are extensively used in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, feed additives, agriculture, semipermeable membranes, food and textile industries and waste water treatment.

Chitin and chitosan are now produced commercially in India, Poland, Japan, US, Norway and Australia.


Most studies on CSR effects have mainly focused on external stakeholders such as consumers while CSR effects on internal stakeholders such as employees have been relatively neglected [10] [11] [12] . Employees are one of the most pivotal stakeholders of an organization because they can be influenced by-and also influence-their organizational activities, thus playing an essential role on organizational effectiveness. Since employees play important roles in an organization as a stakeholder group, studies have recently tried to identify the impact of CSR on employees [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . This research stream has mainly examined the positive influences that CSR activities have on employees on organizational outcomes.

Most studies on CSR effects have mainly focused on external stakeholders such as consumers while CSR effects on internal stakeholders such as employees have been relatively neglected.

Since employees play important roles in an organization as a stakeholder group, studies have recently tried to identify the impact of CSR on employees.


Previous consumer studies have argued the importance of the moderating role of fit for CSR effects as the importance of the connection between organizational and personal values has been emphasized in CSR participation [9, 11, 19] . However, as the role of the relevance between organizational and employee values have yet to be investigated, this study empirically examines the moderating effects of person-CSR fit for the relationships between CSR participation and job satisfaction, organizational identity, and organizational commitment. Therefore, this study extends CSR literature regarding the impact of CSR on employees by exploring the moderating effects of CSR fit for the relationships between CSR participation and job satisfaction, organizational identity, and organizational commitment. Furthermore, the findings of this research could also be applied to the development of potential CSR strategies for organizations that significantly invest in employee CSR activities.

Previous consumer studies have argued the importance of the moderating role of fit for CSR effects as the importance of the connection between organizational and personal values has been emphasized in CSR participation.


Second, the study did not consider individual differences and assumed that all employees' motivations, expectations, and attitudes regarding CSR are homogeneous. However, employee CSR participation can be diverse ranging from detachment to full engagement [72] . In this aspect, many typologies have been developed in regard to employee attitudes and commitment toward CSR [37] . It has also been illustrated that the fulfillment of employees' heterogeneous needs in CSR is related to employee outcomes [47] . Therefore, it would be meaningful to further identify CSR effects in employee participation while considering individual differences.

However, employee CSR participation can be diverse ranging from detachment to full engagement.

In this aspect, many typologies have been developed in regard to employee attitudes and commitment toward CSR.

It has also been illustrated that the fulfillment of employees' heterogeneous needs in CSR is related to employee outcomes.


The solution for this serious problem implies a significant reduction of the current level of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). According to IPCC it is still possible achieve the strategic objective of limiting the global average temperature increase to not more than 2 o C above pre-industrial levels, a rise which scientists say represents the limit of safety, beyond which catastrophic changes will occur. To meet this level, the last report of the IPCC indicates that the peak of global emissions will have to occur at about 2015, after which global emissions must go down substantially, between 50 and 85% in 2050 compared to 1990 (Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC [12] ).

To meet this level, the last report of the IPCC indicates that the peak of global emissions will have to occur at about 2015, after which global emissions must go down substantially, between 50 and 85% in 2050 compared to 1990 (Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC).


Organisations have adopted rapid guideline (RG) processes to shorten development timeframes. RGs can provide useful guidance and be conducted in an evidence-based and transparent manner [5] . One approach to expedite the guideline development process is to increase the resources (human or financial) and perform the standard amount of work in a shorter timeframe; unfortunately, however, increasing resources is not an option in most cases. A simple approach is to reduce the amount of work by narrowing the guideline scope to one or few recommendations, yet not many topics lend themselves to inform users sufficiently with single recommendations [6] . A further approach is to use shortcuts in the development process. The challenge is in identifying the shortcuts that have minimal impact on validity or credibility of the guideline produced rapidly. For example, using unsystematically identified evidence is likely to impact the validity and credibility of the guideline.

RGs can provide useful guidance and be conducted in an evidence-based and transparent manner.

A simple approach is to reduce the amount of work by narrowing the guideline scope to one or few recommendations, yet not many topics lend themselves to inform users sufficiently with single recommendations.


As far as the chemical composition of the blue glaze is concerned, it was an alkali glaze in which cobalt had yielded a dark blue colour (Table 1) . On the other hand, 4.29 wt% and 0.37 wt% of potassium and magnesium respectively showed that the source of alkali in the blue glaze was most probably plant ash. Plant ash has been reported to be the most common fluxing agent used in Persian archaeological vitreous materials [12, 13] . More interestingly, the chemical composition of the blue glaze was interestingly associated with arsenic ( Table 1) . As it is generally well-known, the cobalt ores of Qamsar, near Kashsn in central Iran, have always been noted to be the source of supplying cobalt for achieving deep blue colours in glassy materials. These ores have been reported to be cobaltite (CoAsS) and erythrite (Co 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 ·8H 2 O), which are As-bearing cobalt ores [7, 14] . Thus, the detected arsenic in the composition of the blue glaze can be derived from these sources showing a Persian provenance for the blue colouring agent of the glaze. On the other hand, the absence of bismuth in the composition of the blue glaze can be considered as another evidence of the local provenance as bismuth is reported to be associated with the blue Co-bearing pigments found in Europe and India [15] .

Plant ash has been reported to be the most common fluxing agent used in Persian archaeological vitreous materials.

These ores have been reported to be cobaltite (CoAsS) and erythrite (Co 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 ·8H 2 O), which are As-bearing cobalt ores.

On the other hand, the absence of bismuth in the composition of the blue glaze can be considered as another evidence of the local provenance as bismuth is reported to be associated with the blue Co-bearing pigments found in Europe and India.


Here, g is the U Y (1) gauge coupling [16] . The Abelian anomaly states that the hypercharge fields are coupled to the fermionic number density. This effect also appears as the Chern-Simons term for the corresponding gauge fields.

Here, g is the U Y (1) gauge coupling.


The electroweak plasma in complete thermal equilibrium can be described by n G chemical potentials µ i , i = 1, ..., n G related to n G strictly conserved global charges N i = B/n G − L i . Here, B is the baryon number, L i is the lepton number of the i-th generation and n G is the number of generations. Moreover, another chemical potential µ Y corresponding to weak hypercharge is introduced which will be fixed as a consequence of the hypercharge neutrality of the plasma, Y = 0 [21] .

Moreover, another chemical potential µ Y corresponding to weak hypercharge is introduced which will be fixed as a consequence of the hypercharge neutrality of the plasma, Y = 0.


The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of induced anxiety on the vocabulary learning trials and on the intervening tasks. The following analyses were performed in order to examine the effect of the camera on anxiety levels during the learning task and its subsequent effect on learning task performance and the ability to answer the vocabulary recall questions, as well as the effects of the camera on anxiety during the intervening tasks and subsequent performance on those tasks. Each of these analyses combines between-groups factors with repeated measures; therefore, data analysis was conducted with split plot analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures. Split plot ANOVA is most appropriate when interest is directed toward the repeated measures factor and its interaction with a between-groups factor (Kirk, 1982) .

Split plot ANOVA is most appropriate when interest is directed toward the repeated measures factor and its interaction with a between-groups factor.


Recently, the synthesis of CNTs using waste product has received attention from researchers. In this study, a residue from paddy called rice husk (RH) is used to synthesize CNTs using microwave oven (MO) technique [18] . RH is rich in cellulose and lignin which qualifies it as a good and economic source of carbon precursor [19] .

In this study, a residue from paddy called rice husk (RH) is used to synthesize CNTs using microwave oven (MO) technique.

RH is rich in cellulose and lignin which qualifies it as a good and economic source of carbon precursor.


Nanocarbons including fullerene, graphene, nanodiamonds, nanotubes, and activated carbon have unique physical and chemical properties leading the extensive research interest and exhibit promising applications [1] [2] [3] [4] . Among them, graphene and carbon nanotubes are the most interactive stars in the field of nanotechnology. These carbon structures have proven strong potentials in revolutionizing wide range of applications globally. Basically, they can be classified as zero-dimensional (0D) fullerenes, one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes, two-dimensional (2D) graphene, and three-dimensional (3D) graphite which consist of carbon as the building block [5, 6] . CNTs are made of hexagonal network of sp 2 hybridization of carbon atoms that is similar to graphene [1] . CNTs are the strongest materials due to carboncarbon bonds and can be mainly categorized into singlewall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) [7] . They consist of honeycombed lattice carbon sheets with interlayer spacing of 0.32-0.35 nm and 2 to 50 sheets tubules range of wall thickness [8] .

Nanocarbons including fullerene, graphene, nanodiamonds, nanotubes, and activated carbon have unique physical and chemical properties leading the extensive research interest and exhibit promising applications.

Basically, they can be classified as zero-dimensional (0D) fullerenes, one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes, two-dimensional (2D) graphene, and three-dimensional (3D) graphite which consist of carbon as the building block.

CNTs are made of hexagonal network of sp 2 hybridization of carbon atoms that is similar to graphene.

CNTs are the strongest materials due to carboncarbon bonds and can be mainly categorized into singlewall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).

They consist of honeycombed lattice carbon sheets with interlayer spacing of 0.32-0.35 nm and 2 to 50 sheets tubules range of wall thickness.


Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defined food security as a situation "that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life" (FAO 2002) . Though the world has changed remarkably over the past 25 years, food security still remains an unfulfilled dream for many. FAO mentioned that 795 million people in the world suffered from food security problems during 2014-2016, of which 281 million people are in South Asia (FAO 2015) . Unfortunately, India has the largest share among those. Five decades after advent of the Green Revolution, India's food grain production has increased fivefold making India as one of the largest producers of rice and wheat in the world (Sarkar and vanLoon 2015) . Furthermore, since 1990, India has achieved a consistent rapid economic growth (Narayanan 2015) . Annual GDP growth rate in India averaged 6.08% from 1951 until 2016. Nevertheless, its hunger and malnutrition levels are still extremely high as evinced by the fact that India still remains a land of one-fourth (194.6 million) of world's total undernourished people (Rai et al. 2015) . Such situation raises serious implications under fast changing climatic conditions.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defined food security as a situation "that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life".

FAO mentioned that 795 million people in the world suffered from food security problems during 2014-2016, of which 281 million people are in South Asia.

Five decades after advent of the Green Revolution, India's food grain production has increased fivefold making India as one of the largest producers of rice and wheat in the world.

Furthermore, since 1990, India has achieved a consistent rapid economic growth.

Nevertheless, its hunger and malnutrition levels are still extremely high as evinced by the fact that India still remains a land of one-fourth (194.6 million) of world's total undernourished people.


Moreover, even those enterprises that were favoured by the change of relative prices, faced severe shortages of raw materials, and consequently, their ability to remain profitable became slim. Output in these transition economies fell sharply, with many state-owned enterprises becoming less solvent. These factors placed these firms in a state of inability to cover operating costs and pay up their loan instalments and/or cost of their loan interests (Çeliku and Luçi, 2003; Dittus, 1994) .

These factors placed these firms in a state of inability to cover operating costs and pay up their loan instalments and/or cost of their loan interests.


In this study, we test the relationship between macroeconomic factors and the level of NPLs in 10 transition countries from Central and Eastern Europe, specifically Albania, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Kosova, Macedonia, and Romania, during the period 2006 to 2016. Our objective is to determine for this region, the extent to which macroeconomic factors impact on the level of NPLs. Transitional countries are ones where the country is changing from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. These countries undergo a structural transformations intended to develop market-based institutions. They remove trade barriers and leave prices to be set by market forces (Feige, 1991; 1994) . There is also a push to strengthen the financial sector to facilitate the restructure and privatise previously state-owned organisations and resources and ensure macroeconomic stabilisation.

They remove trade barriers and leave prices to be set by market forces.


In a uniprocessor environment, compiler and hardware transformations must adhere to a simple data dependency constraint: the orders of all pairs of conflicting accesses (accesses to the same memory location, with at least one a write) must be preserved. The execution model for parallel programs is considerably more complicated, since each thread executes its own portion of the program asynchronously, and there is no predetermined ordering among accesses issued by different threads to shared memory locations. A memory consistency model defines the memory semantics and restricts the possible execution orders of memory operations. Of the various memory models that have been proposed, the most intuitive is sequential consistency, which states that a parallel execution must behave as if it is an interleaving of the serial executions by individual threads, with each execution sequence preserving the program order [13] . Sequential consistency is a natural extension of the uniprocessor execution model and is violated when the reordering operations performed by one thread can be observed by another thread, and thus potentially visible to the user. Figure 1 shows a violation of sequential consistency due to reordering of memory operations. Although there are no dependencies between the two write operations in one thread or the two read operations in the other, if either pair is reordered, a surprising behavior may result, which does not satisfy sequential consistency. Despite its advantage in making parallel programs easier to understand, sequential consistency can be expensive to enforce. A naive implementation would forbid any reordering of shared memory operations by both restricting compile-time optimizations and inserting a memory fence between every consecutive pair of shared memory accesses from a given thread. The fence instructions are often expensive, and the optimization restrictions may prevent code motion, prefetching, and pipelining [17] . Rather than restricting reordering between all pairs of accesses, a more practical approach computes a subset that is sufficient to ensure sequential consistency. This set is called a delay set, because the second access will be delayed until the first has completed. Several researchers have proposed algorithms for finding a minimal delay set, which is the set of pairs of memory accesses whose order must be preserved in order to guarantee sequential consistency [20, 11, 15] .

Of the various memory models that have been proposed, the most intuitive is sequential consistency, which states that a parallel execution must behave as if it is an interleaving of the serial executions by individual threads, with each execution sequence preserving the program order.

The fence instructions are often expensive, and the optimization restrictions may prevent code motion, prefetching, and pipelining.

Several researchers have proposed algorithms for finding a minimal delay set, which is the set of pairs of memory accesses whose order must be preserved in order to guarantee sequential consistency.


Other approaches exploit an up-conversion mechanism with a suitable near-infrared (NIR) source excitation with high power above a certain threshold and nano-crystalline powders of a transparent host material doped with lanthanide ions [3] . In several cases, very bright white or yellowish light was observed, corresponding to an intense and broadband emission-band covering almost the whole visible region [4] - [9] . The broadband emission was assigned to blackbody thermal emission in some cases, to charge transfer luminescence in other cases, or to a combination of these two processes. As for the materials used, previously reported WL production stemmed from transparent host materials co-doped with rare earth (RE) ions or including RE ions as stoichiometric components.

Other approaches exploit an up-conversion mechanism with a suitable near-infrared (NIR) source excitation with high power above a certain threshold and nano-crystalline powders of a transparent host material doped with lanthanide ions.

In several cases, very bright white or yellowish light was observed, corresponding to an intense and broadband emission-band covering almost the whole visible region.


The pharmaceutical setting poses a particular challenge in complexity of external innovation adoption and implementation as external processes, methods and technologies from various sources often have to then to be combined internally to be successfully applied. For what is meant by innovation we follow the definition that it resembles a technology or a practice, which is used for the first time by an organization's members, whether or not it has been used in other organizations previously [18, 22] . Concerning type of innovations for the pharmaceutical setting these can be processed, technology and method innovations that are coming in from external into the focal company's R&D functions, with the ultimate goal to facilitate output in terms of new molecular entities (NMEs). This pressure to innovate paired with process complexity to bring in these external innovations make the pharmaceutical industry an extreme case setting to study innovation implementation Therefore, we put our focus on the following two research questions: 1) Which key determinants for innovation implementation can be identified within a pharmaceutical setting?

For what is meant by innovation we follow the definition that it resembles a technology or a practice, which is used for the first time by an organization's members, whether or not it has been used in other organizations previously.


As highlighted in the definition above, adoption is the next step towards the ultimate goal of innovation effectiveness [18] . The existing adoption frameworks can be divided into those that placed an emphasis on improving adoption by creating a strong climate for implementation and those that focused on improving adoption by developing the learning capabilities of the organization. Extant literature largely focuses on the adoption of IT technologies within companies. This work describes the determinants of a process where employees make a conscious decision to use optional technologies to perform their daily job duties.

As highlighted in the definition above, adoption is the next step towards the ultimate goal of innovation effectiveness.


Floods have been linked to different types of factors. Environmental degradation such as deforestation, intensified land use and the increasing population have greatly contributed to the occurrence of floods and other natural disasters in the recent decades (Vincent, 1997) . Rains, although are needed for agriculture, have been identified as being largely responsible for bringing seasonal floods in Malaysia (Chan, 1995) . Increase in urbanization and economic activities into flood plains are also capable of triggering flood disasters. Some other factors have also been linked to occurrence of floods. These factors are human activities such as unplanned rapid settlement development and uncontrolled construction of buildings, topography, geomorphology, drainage, engineering structures and climate (Pradhan, 2009) . However, within the scope of literature review did for this study, it was observed that flood occurrence had not been linked with subsurface conditions of the area being affected by flood disaster.

Environmental degradation such as deforestation, intensified land use and the increasing population have greatly contributed to the occurrence of floods and other natural disasters in the recent decades.

Rains, although are needed for agriculture, have been identified as being largely responsible for bringing seasonal floods in Malaysia.

These factors are human activities such as unplanned rapid settlement development and uncontrolled construction of buildings, topography, geomorphology, drainage, engineering structures and climate.


We rearrange the Pf ′ Ψ n using some fundamental gauge invariant or almost gauge invariant objects. It is either a (modified) trace of linearised field strength ornamented with some σ's or C aa . We view the 4d scattering equations (1.2) as a change of variables: we refer to λ b∈− ′ ,λ p∈+ ′ and t a , σ a as "data" and the 4d scattering equations (1.2) as writing λ b∈− ′ and λ p∈+ ′ in terms of the data. After plugging in this change of variables, the C aa in Ψ n directly reduces to object made up of spinors. What left to do is to deal with all kind of trace. After all, somehow, we find the reduced Pfaffian reduces to the two reduced determinants. This way of reduction is rather general: not only the reduced Pfaffian, but also many other integrands, such as the reduced compactified Pfaffian used in EM, YMS, DBI amplitudes or the new object P n used in F 3 , R 2 , R 3 amplitudes are also related to these two (extended) matrices. It may even be applied at loop level [19] .

It may even be applied at loop level.


Our models provide useful information for the design of effective restoration measures by environmental and water managers. Models at the meso-scale allow the assessment of habitat suitability for fish in response to flow management or other river restoration actions. Accordingly, meso-scale multivariate models with GAM have been used in studies of ecohydraulics to assess environmental flows with excellent results (Jowett and Davey, 2007; Costa et al., 2012) . The exhaustive search for the best subset of environmental predictors was a relevant aspect of the model selection, in contrast with previous studies. Thus, this study provides valuable guidelines in modelling habitat requirements for freshwater fish species as well as a better insight on habitat suitability for brown trout in the Mediterranean context.

Accordingly, meso-scale multivariate models with GAM have been used in studies of ecohydraulics to assess environmental flows with excellent results.


Many investigations of these structures have been conducted to deal with the foldable properties and stiffness in a fully deployed state [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . However, only a few investigations were focused on thermal behaviour of deployable composite structures in a space environment. The basic heat transfer mechanisms for a space vehicle include radiation and conduction, without convection owing to the vacuum condition. Significant temperature difference and gradient occur on the irradiated and shadowed parts of space vehicles under solar direct radiation and infrared radiation from the Earth at nighttime and daytime. This can further lead to thermal deformation or other problems affecting service properties. Therefore, characterizing and understanding thermal behaviour of thin-walled deployable composite structures is important.

Many investigations of these structures have been conducted to deal with the foldable properties and stiffness in a fully deployed state.


Usability is essential for the collaborative Web. Wikis' usability can be studied both by analyzing user navigation throughout pages (looking for the desired information) and by evaluating user interaction with the editing page (inserting/updating new content). In the latter case it was observed that in the initial life of wiki systems, an exponential growth of content starts only after an initial (and sometimes long) linear trend [7] .

In the latter case it was observed that in the initial life of wiki systems, an exponential growth of content starts only after an initial (and sometimes long) linear trend.


The dominant and well-established biological effect due to human exposure to high frequency (HF) electromagnetic radiation is tissue heating [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Thermal effects are often defined in terms of energy deposition higher than the thermoregulatory capacity of the human body [3] . Consequently, adverse effects can occur when the total power absorbed by the body is large enough to cause protective mechanisms for heat control to break down, thus resulting in uncontrolled rise in the body temperature (hyperthermia).

The dominant and well-established biological effect due to human exposure to high frequency (HF) electromagnetic radiation is tissue heating.

Thermal effects are often defined in terms of energy deposition higher than the thermoregulatory capacity of the human body.