Treatment timing (fall or spring) and dosage varied among lakes (Table 1) . Certified pesticide applicators applied a liquid formulation of fluridone (Sonar ® AS, SePRO Corp. Carmel, IN), to all lakes via subsurface injection booms and weighted drop lines, using a digital flow meter to ensure even chemical distribution. Consultants monitored residual concentrations regularly using SePRO's FasTEST ® immunoassay to maintain concentrations greater than 4 µg/L for 30 days (Fig. 2) , a relationship that has shown inhibition of EWM growth in mesocosm studies (Netherland and Getsinger 1995a) . Treatment duration varied between 45 and 250 days above the 4 µg/L threshold. All 4 lakes received aggressive post-fluridone 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) spot-treatments and/or manual removal of returning EWM to maintain the benefits of fluridone treatment for as long as possible. Vegetation surveys were conducted during peak biomass (late June through August) both pre-and post-treatment. Evenly spaced transects extending from shore toward the center of each lake were selected (Potter, 25; Random, 19; Bughs, 8; Clear, 25) , with sample sites set at depths of 0.5 m, 1.5 m, 2.7 m, and 3.7 m along each transect. Four rake tows were conducted at each site, with presence/absence of macrophytes recorded.

Consultants monitored residual concentrations regularly using SePRO's FasTEST ® immunoassay to maintain concentrations greater than 4 µg/L for 30 days (Fig. 2) , a relationship that has shown inhibition of EWM growth in mesocosm studies.


Compatibility with Dandelion. Dandelion is an alternative transaction relay protocol introduced to improve the anonymity and robustness to adversarial observers in Bitcoin [23] . Dandelion has two phases: stem (propagation across a single link of ten nodes on average), and u (relay using ooding from the last node in the stem link). Erlay is complimentary with Dandelion: Erlay would replace the u phase in Dandelion, while the stem phase of Dandelion would ood through both inbound and outbound links to preserve the privacy of private nodes.

Compatibility with Dandelion.

Dandelion is an alternative transaction relay protocol introduced to improve the anonymity and robustness to adversarial observers in Bitcoin.


When a submarine pipeline is laid upon seafloor and subjected to ocean currents, there exists a complex interaction between current, pipeline and soil. Pipeline spans may exist in some locations due to the unevenness of the seafloor and (or) soil erosion around the pipeline. When exposed to currents or other hydrodynamic loads, such pipeline spans may experience vortex-induced vibration (VIV), which has been widely recognized as one of the main causes for fatigue damage to pipelines [12] . Therefore, it is highly essential to analyze the dynamic responses of a submarine pipeline near the seabed in severe ocean environments for the proper design of submarine pipelines.

When exposed to currents or other hydrodynamic loads, such pipeline spans may experience vortex-induced vibration (VIV), which has been widely recognized as one of the main causes for fatigue damage to pipelines.


Analyzing and simulating large neural networks with complex topology is a very hard problem, due to the nonlinearity of f and the large number of synapses (approx. 10 4 per neuron) and neurons (approx. 10 12 ) in human cortex. Instead of analytically or numerically computing the sum in the right-hand-side of Eq.(1), substituting it by an integral over a continuous neural tissue, often facilitates such examinations. Therefore, continuum approximations of neural networks have been proposed since the 1960ies [6, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] .

Therefore, continuum approximations of neural networks have been proposed since the 1960ies.


This study evaluates D. diastema calling activity in a chronosequence of secondary forests in the Caribbean region of Costa Rica. We used visual and acoustic surveys in 12 secondary forests that varied on their age of recovery, and in three old-growth forests. We hypothesized that calling activity would increase as forest age increases in the chronosequence, as was found in the Pacific region of Costa Rica [10] . Therefore, old-growth forests would have higher calling activity than secondary forests, and older secondary forests would have higher calling activity than younger secondary forests, highlighting the importance of older forests as a suitable habitat for D. diastema.

We hypothesized that calling activity would increase as forest age increases in the chronosequence, as was found in the Pacific region of Costa Rica.


In recent years there has been substantial interest and speculation in the design and operation of smart grids, micro grids, and distributed energy resources (DER). The reason for this interest is that these emerging technologies may contribute to reducing peak demand and network congestion, minimizing disturbances and increasing network reliability [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . As the technology matures, economic benefits may result from reducing capital and maintenance expenditures and deferring network augmentation [2, [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] .

The reason for this interest is that these emerging technologies may contribute to reducing peak demand and network congestion, minimizing disturbances and increasing network reliability.

As the technology matures, economic benefits may result from reducing capital and maintenance expenditures and deferring network augmentation.


The sound operation of these emerging technologies will depend on ensuring that supply of power will meet the demand for power [11] . Similar to the conventional electricity generation and supply system, these technologies will rely on accurate forecasting of future electricity demand [5, [10] [11] [12] . The electricity demand forecasts will need to provide information on how much power is required to be generated at certain times, the scheduling of charging and discharging of energy storage systems, and be able to determine whether or not there are adequate resources to meet future demand with decision points to activate remedial measures such as load shedding, etc.

The sound operation of these emerging technologies will depend on ensuring that supply of power will meet the demand for power.

Similar to the conventional electricity generation and supply system, these technologies will rely on accurate forecasting of future electricity demand.


Current awareness technologies have aimed to support individual users within a local community in obtaining awareness of that community. Awareness interfaces therefore often support awareness within specific, often small, homogeneous communities. Awareness applications also seek to support users' needs by personalizing those applications. Although users gain usable personal interaction with these applications, and are provided with local awareness, they also require more generic information that helps establish an understanding of organizational norms as well as providing particular information. Some awareness applications provide access to information that gives them broader awareness of their organization and its context (e.g. local traffic news, organizational events) [2] . However, in many organizations, there is also a need for a standardized resource that provides all users with a uniform awareness of the organization as a whole to help develop organizationally accepted norms, perceptions and practices. Otherwise, as participants mentioned, certain sections of the organization (e.g. management) are likely to be isolated from the restrictions and limitations that clinicians are dealing with on a daily basis. Although users interviewed for this article may well benefit from a more personalized application for increasing their awareness of their immediate community, they were also found to benefit from an awareness of the larger organization through the applications described (e.g. management understanding why clinicians may be late for a meeting on a 'red' bed alert day).

Some awareness applications provide access to information that gives them broader awareness of their organization and its context (e.g. local traffic news, organizational events).


Recent years have seen growing interest in rotary-wing micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) for applications such as urban search and rescue (USAR) (Park et al., 2005) . Having high manoeuvrability when compared with fixed-wing and flapping-wing MAVs, the rotary-wing MAVs can effectively operate in narrow indoor environments. The application of the rotary-wing MAVs to date is however limited to specific indoor environments. This is largely due to the unavailability of accurate GPS signals in confined spaces, which gives rise to the need for an alternative approach for indoor localisation.

Recent years have seen growing interest in rotary-wing micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) for applications such as urban search and rescue (USAR).


The algorithm of multiscale noise tuning provides an effective control strategy for realizing the SR. However, there are some shortcomings in the method of multiscale noise tuning based on wavelet decomposition, such as the selection of optimal wavelet bases, which makes it have some limitations in processing diverse signals in engineering practice. Adaptive signal decomposition methods provide an effective solution for complicated signal analysis and feature extraction, which can adaptively decompose the signal into different scales according to the oscillation characteristics of signal itself, thus avoiding artificial intervention and optimizing the data analysis flow. As a noise-assisted adaptive signal decomposition method, EEMD can eliminate the mode mixing phenomenon in empirical mode decomposition (EMD) through adding white noise to signal, and it decomposes the complicated signal into a set of simple components named intrinsic mode function (IMF) [23] [24] [25] . The IMFs represent the natural oscillatory mode embedded in the signal, which are determined by the signal itself, instead of predetermined kernels. Therefore, a new adaptive multiscale noise control enhanced SR method based on modified EEMD for bearing fault diagnosis is studied by using the adaptive decomposition capability of EEMD and the unique advantage of SR using noise to enhance weak signal features. EEMD is used for signal multiscale decomposition, and through improving the EEMD algorithm, the decomposition levels are reduced to increase the computation efficiency of the proposed method. The band-pass filters are constructed in terms of the spectrum distribution characteristics of IMFs, so as to eliminate some aliasing components and improve the orthogonality of adjacent IMFs through filter processing, which is conducive to enhancing and extracting of weak information features to some extent. And then, the signal, used as the input of SR system, is reconstructed with the IMFs obtained by the modified EEMD algorithm, and the noise control parameter of different scales is optimized and selected with the help of the genetic algorithm to achieve the extraction of weak features. Therefore, the proposed method can not only adaptively decompose the signal into different scales but also realize the adaptive selection of noise control parameter of different scales, which is well-suited for enhancement of rotating machine weak fault identification. Experiments and application demonstrate that the proposed method is validated to be effective in detecting the weak fault features in bearing fault diagnosis.

As a noise-assisted adaptive signal decomposition method, EEMD can eliminate the mode mixing phenomenon in empirical mode decomposition (EMD) through adding white noise to signal, and it decomposes the complicated signal into a set of simple components named intrinsic mode function (IMF).


In continuous wave and long pulse regimes the dominant process involved is the heating of the target material through the liquid phase to the vapor phase, resulting in expansion and expulsion of the desired target material [20] . This is accompanied by heating and collateral damage to the surrounding area, the degree of which is determined by the rate of energy absorption and the rate of energy loss through thermal conduction in the material [21] . This collateral damage is often detrimental and is a limiting factor when high precision ablation is required or when it may present a hazard, e.g. laser surgery.

In continuous wave and long pulse regimes the dominant process involved is the heating of the target material through the liquid phase to the vapor phase, resulting in expansion and expulsion of the desired target material.

This is accompanied by heating and collateral damage to the surrounding area, the degree of which is determined by the rate of energy absorption and the rate of energy loss through thermal conduction in the material.


There are many interesting questions to ask about the relationship between mechanical stress and tissue topology [22] [23] [24] [25] . When an external stress is applied to an epithelium it may react by selectively increasing its internal tension at the junctions and associated cortex, by up-regulating myosin along the axis of stress [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . Here we show that this up-regulation will lead to the formation of parallel cables only when the initial cell arrangement is favorable. This is easy to see in the cartoons in Fig. 1 where we show two perfectly ordered tissues in the 'cable forming orientation' (CFO) and the 'non-cable forming orientation' (NCFO). These two orientations behave differently under stress. As the stress anisotropy increases, cells in the CFO become brick shaped and cables from along the columns of cells. Because the brick-like packing contains lines of perfectly vertical junctions, cells in the CFO can in principal support any vertical stress without collapsing (provided, of course, that they can upregulate the tension on the cables sufficiently). Cells in the NCFO, in contrast, become highly elongated under an imposed stress anisotropy; they eventually collapse down to zero area as the applied stress increases. These cells are unable to form cables, because their high tension vertical edges cannot align unless the cells shrink to nothing. Previous studies have used the number of neighboring high tension vertical edges to identify cables [26] .

There are many interesting questions to ask about the relationship between mechanical stress and tissue topology.

When an external stress is applied to an epithelium it may react by selectively increasing its internal tension at the junctions and associated cortex, by up-regulating myosin along the axis of stress.

Previous studies have used the number of neighboring high tension vertical edges to identify cables.


The tension based measure T y − T x describes the extent to which forces are spread evenly through the tissue. In disordered tissues that lack cableness only one or a few cables form in the tissue, whereas in tissues with high cableness many parallel cables form when the tissue is stressed. We expect that one could also define cableness measures based on the network properties of the stretched packings along the lines of network measures of force chains, and we hope that this work inspires additional work along these lines [54] [55] [56] .

We expect that one could also define cableness measures based on the network properties of the stretched packings along the lines of network measures of force chains, and we hope that this work inspires additional work along these lines.


The long range organization and patterning of cells in an epithelium helps drive the morphogenesis of tissues [1] [2] [3] [4] . One such pattern is the alignment of the junctions and associated cortex of multiple cells to form a continuous assembly of actomyosin, which Here and throughout we assume that a tensile stress is applied vertically to tissues. A: Cartoon of an epithelium with many cables highlighted in blue. We define a cable as a continuous, approximately straight line of myosin enriched junctions. B: Cartoon of tissues in the cable-forming orientation (CFO) and non-cable-forming orientation (NCFO). Edge color represents the tension on the edge; darker indicates higher tension. Cells in the CFO form brick shapes as they are stressed and reach a point at which their shape does not change further with increasing stress anisotropy. Cells in the NCFO collapse as they are stressed; the high tension edges are not neighbors, and do not form cables. C: Cartoon of epithelia with a range of cableness in the vertical direction. The packings with high cableness form many parallel cables when they are stressed, whereas the packings with low cableness form few to no cables. We define a cably packing to be one with high cableness.

The long range organization and patterning of cells in an epithelium helps drive the morphogenesis of tissues.


Our analysis of the community's perceptions of tourism development in the area revealed the positive effects that development had had-locals felt that tourism development provided unparallelled opportunities for them to enter new economic sectors. Rural tourism provides a new market to small businesses and encouraged the development of such businesses directly and indirectly. The spinoff of this effect was a more general increase in economic multipliers (Campbell, 1999; Wild et al., 1994) . The food and beverage, accommodation, and handicraft industries were among the more popular sectors supporting the development. Many traditional industries can be developed and improved in response to the increased demand following tourism development (Macdonald & Jolliffe, 2003) .

The spinoff of this effect was a more general increase in economic multipliers.

Many traditional industries can be developed and improved in response to the increased demand following tourism development.


Hope in correcting dysfunctional governance is, in our view, to be found in deeper investments in understanding the functioning of the 'nervous system of the super-organism'. Beyond the metaphor, this requires a greater comprehension of the neurobehavioral pathways by which 'we' arrived at a place where the term planetary health was entered into the lexicon by necessity; it means greater understanding of how hope can mitigate the dominance of fear in individuals and groups [231] . It means the study of the system-justifications employed by dominant groups and the endorsement of ideologies that keep the unsustainable status quo in place. Systems justification seeks to understand social dominance orientation, authoritarianism and why individuals and groups are motivated to justify gross socioeconomic inequalities and the political arrangements that keep them in place [232] . The importance of hope in planetary health is as much a study about what facilitates its contagion, as it is what hinders its usefulness in the Anthropocene. Moreover, it is also an exercise in understanding how hope can be manipulated and corrupted for 'gains' which run counter to the very aims of planetary health.

Beyond the metaphor, this requires a greater comprehension of the neurobehavioral pathways by which 'we' arrived at a place where the term planetary health was entered into the lexicon by necessity; it means greater understanding of how hope can mitigate the dominance of fear in individuals and groups.

Systems justification seeks to understand social dominance orientation, authoritarianism and why individuals and groups are motivated to justify gross socioeconomic inequalities and the political arrangements that keep them in place.


Also, in 1991, leading marine biologist Sylvia A. Earle reminded colleagues of the importance of thinking beyond a single glamorous species and, instead, to visualize in terms of planetary health: "To maintain a species, it is necessary to maintain a system, and by maintaining a system, many species are saved-not just the ones in the spotlight. Increasingly, the importance of entire systems is becoming recognized, not just to maintain biological diversity but as a way to help ensure stability and planetary health" [34] . Legal scholars such as Edith Brown Weiss were also far out in front of the planetary health movement, underscoring that planetary health is a matter of basic rights and equality, including the rights bestowed upon the next generation. As stated by Brown Weiss in 1990: "Intergenerational equity calls for equality among generations in the sense that each generation is entitled to inherit a robust planet that on balance is at least as good as that of previous generations. This means that all generations are entitled to at least the planetary health that the first generation had" [35] . Psychologists Judith Green and Robert Shellenberger also underscored that in the context of global biopsychosocial medicine, "planetary health is not separate from our own" [36] .

Increasingly, the importance of entire systems is becoming recognized, not just to maintain biological diversity but as a way to help ensure stability and planetary health".

This means that all generations are entitled to at least the planetary health that the first generation had".

Psychologists Judith Green and Robert Shellenberger also underscored that in the context of global biopsychosocial medicine, "planetary health is not separate from our own".


Neither the injection volume of normal saline used, nor the dwell time, affected the peritoneal distribution of microcapsules. Higher microcapsule number was the only factor associated with the better widespread distribution. This suggests that a larger number of microcapsules will be needed for even coverage of all abdominal quadrants, but a minimal volume of fluid is required. This may be due to the normal function of the lubricated peritoneum, which has an established ability to distribute fluid, particulate, and cells [11, 12] . The findings also suggest that the microcapsules achieve this distribution soon after injection, and maintain it over at least 18 days. This may also be due to the rapid and continual distribution of normal peritoneal fluid.

This may be due to the normal function of the lubricated peritoneum, which has an established ability to distribute fluid, particulate, and cells.


The current study demonstrates that alginate microcapsules, injected into the peritoneal cavity, establish and maintain a wide distribution when introduced in sufficient number. Following from these results, the next step in evaluating the usefulness of this delivery and immunoprotective mechanism is to test the distribution and inflammatory reaction to the microspheres when administered at the time of abdominal surgery. The next study is ongoing and is an important next step, given that alginate microcapsules purposefully implanted into the peritoneum are known to induce a fibrotic reaction [13] . Such an inflammatory response is more likely to occur after abdominal surgery than following transcutaneous injection.

The next study is ongoing and is an important next step, given that alginate microcapsules purposefully implanted into the peritoneum are known to induce a fibrotic reaction.


Capecitabine is a once-daily oral prodrug currently indicated for metastatic CRC. The final step in its conversion to 5-FU requires thymidine phosphorylase (TP), an enzyme present in CRC cells at higher levels than in normal tissues or plasma [6] [7] [8] . However, the number of CRC cells remaining in the peritoneum after CRS is small and the cells are widely distributed. The effective treatment of these residual cells with capecitabine may require adjunctive measures to increase and prolong the amount of TP available in the peritoneum.

The final step in its conversion to 5-FU requires thymidine phosphorylase (TP), an enzyme present in CRC cells at higher levels than in normal tissues or plasma.


Cytoreduction surgery and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS + HIPEC), combined with systemic chemotherapy for residual microscopic disease, are currently used to treat patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer (CRC). This therapeutic approach has a 20% -30% 5-year overall survival, but also has a 30% -35% major morbidity rate and 0% -4% perioperative mortality when conducted at experienced centres [1] [2] [3] [4] . The proportion of this morbidity attributable to the HIPEC component is unknown but is thought to be substantial. Less toxic drug delivery methods are needed.

This therapeutic approach has a 20% -30% 5-year overall survival, but also has a 30% -35% major morbidity rate and 0% -4% perioperative mortality when conducted at experienced centres.


Prolonged higher levels of TP in the peritoneum may be created by implantation of bioengineered TP-producing cells. To avoid immunodestruction, such cells would require protection with a membrane such as alginatebased microcapsules. Alginate microcapsules have been studied in vivo for the delivery of cells producing insulin growth factor for the treatment of diabetes [9, 10] . They function to protect encapsulated cells from the immune system, while allowing protein products to diffuse freely [10] .

Alginate microcapsules have been studied in vivo for the delivery of cells producing insulin growth factor for the treatment of diabetes.

They function to protect encapsulated cells from the immune system, while allowing protein products to diffuse freely.


The analysis is based on qualitative research methods. We analysed the videotaped problem-solving lessons and the students' solutions to the given tasks by using deductive content analysis (Seale, Gobo, Gubrium & Silverman, 2004) . In this study, we specifically researched lessons in which fourth-grade students had to solve a digittime task. In this non-standard task, the aim was to find times on a 12-hour clock for which the sum of the four digits was six (e.g. 03:03).

We analysed the videotaped problem-solving lessons and the students' solutions to the given tasks by using deductive content analysis.


In recent years, there has been a growing interest in so-called functional foods because they can provide physiological benefits additional to nutritional and energetic, as, for instance, antihypertensive, antioxidant or anti-inflammatory (Goldberg, 1996) . A functional food can be defined as a food that produces a beneficial effect in one or more physiological functions, increases the welfare and/or decreases the risk of suffering a particular disease. Furthermore, new types of products, derived from food, called nutraceuticals have recently been developed. These products, usually employed as food supplements, are marketed as tablets and pills, and can provide important health benefits.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in so-called functional foods because they can provide physiological benefits additional to nutritional and energetic, as, for instance, antihypertensive, antioxidant or anti-inflammatory.


So far, many studies have made efforts to design the suitable waveforms for the application of MIMO radar. Based on the target and clutter statistics, covariance matrix of the transmitted waveforms was designed to control the radiated beam pattern [6] , [7] . With power constraints, mutual information between the impulse response of the target and the reflected signal was optimized for waveform selection [8] , [9] . Instead of requiring priori knowledge of the target, using code sequences in phase-coded and frequency-coded waveform design was also investigated [10] - [12] . For better orthogonality and signal-to-noise ratio, some optimization algorithms such as simulated annealing and genetic algorithm were utilized to search the code sequences with minimal cross-correlation peaks and peaks of autocorrelation sidelobe [13] - [15] . The methods mentioned above all incorporate complicated optimization processes, which sacrifices and prolongs the computation time in order to generate the demanded waveforms. Under the time constrain in the practical implementation, only limited number and length of the waveforms can be generated with these optimization-based methods.

Based on the target and clutter statistics, covariance matrix of the transmitted waveforms was designed to control the radiated beam pattern.

With power constraints, mutual information between the impulse response of the target and the reflected signal was optimized for waveform selection.

Instead of requiring priori knowledge of the target, using code sequences in phase-coded and frequency-coded waveform design was also investigated.

For better orthogonality and signal-to-noise ratio, some optimization algorithms such as simulated annealing and genetic algorithm were utilized to search the code sequences with minimal cross-correlation peaks and peaks of autocorrelation sidelobe.


Although the MIMO radar is expected to have the above-mentioned advantages, the essence of MIMO radar is far from being fully implemented. Limited by the slow development in the generation of uncorrelated waveforms, most MIMO radar systems still utilize coherent chirps or short pulses as their transmission waveforms [4] , [5] . When using these identical waveforms for all the transmission channels, interleaved transmission and reception are needed and therefore the performance of the MIMO radars is limited. To fully implement the essence of the MIMO radar, the generation of proper uncorrelated waveforms remains to be one of the most crucial issues.

Limited by the slow development in the generation of uncorrelated waveforms, most MIMO radar systems still utilize coherent chirps or short pulses as their transmission waveforms.


To increase the degree of freedom on uncorrelated waveform design, generating chaos waveforms using nonlinear dynamical systems has been proposed and studied. Various chaos models were adopted to numerically code the frequency or phase of the modulated signals [16] - [19] . Due to the random nature and the aperiodic property of the chaos, their waveforms inherently possess low cross-correlation peaks and low autocorrelation sidelobe peaks. In addition, the chaos systems are deterministic and very sensitive to the initial conditions. Tuning the initial condition slightly can result in a significant change in the chaos attractors, which can therefore generate a large set of uncorrelated waveforms. More importantly, the generation of chaos waveform is relatively easy. With just a simple iterative computation, chaos waveforms with arbitrary lengths can be efficiently generated for a given initial condition. Nevertheless, digital-to-analog conversions (DAC) are still required for these numerically generated waveforms to be used in the practical transmission. As a consequence, the bandwidths of the transmission waveforms are generally limited by the DAC devices used.

Various chaos models were adopted to numerically code the frequency or phase of the modulated signals.


Hospitals may choose from a menu of approaches to improve the responsiveness of hospital staff. An obvious, albeit a costly strategy, is increasing staffing level. Such a strategy may, therefore, not be adopted by hospitals without further external incentives such as mandated minimum staffing levels adjusted for patient case-mix, or benchmarking and financial incentives according to nurse staffing, or public reporting of nursing workforce levels [20] . California in the U.S. is the only state that has set up stringent requirements on how many patients that nursing staff can take care for at a given unit interval [20] . Hospitals may also consider instituting changes in nurse work flows. Evidence has shown that hourly rounding programs improve patients' perceptions of nursing responsiveness [18] . Hourly rounding improves nursing responsiveness, which in turn reduces patients' risk for adverse events, such as falls and complications, and ultimately readmissions [16] .

Such a strategy may, therefore, not be adopted by hospitals without further external incentives such as mandated minimum staffing levels adjusted for patient case-mix, or benchmarking and financial incentives according to nurse staffing, or public reporting of nursing workforce levels.

California in the U.S. is the only state that has set up stringent requirements on how many patients that nursing staff can take care for at a given unit interval.

Evidence has shown that hourly rounding programs improve patients' perceptions of nursing responsiveness.

Hourly rounding improves nursing responsiveness, which in turn reduces patients' risk for adverse events, such as falls and complications, and ultimately readmissions.


In this work we investigate the construction of non-supersymmetric models in string theory. The main motivation for this work is that so far the LHC or any other experiment has not found any hint for the existence of supersymmetry in particle physics. Currently, the bound on the supersymmetry breaking is of the order of 1 TeV [27] . This means that one of the initial motivations for supersymmetry, namely to solve the hierarchy problem, becomes less convincing as one is still left with a sizable hierarchy between the Higgs mass and the supersymmetry breaking scale. Moreover, the MSSM has over 120 free parameters most of which are associated with soft-supersymmetry breaking masses and couplings. The present work originated from the following questions 1 : Suppose that the world is not supersymmetric up to the Planck scale or beyond, can we still use string theory as a framework to study particle physics? If so, how close could we get to the Standard Model? In this scenario, we take the most extreme point of view: We assume that target space supersymmetry does not even exist at the Planck / string scale.

Currently, the bound on the supersymmetry breaking is of the order of 1 TeV.


We have investigated various aspects of orbifold compactifications of the N=0 heterotic theory. First of all, twisted tachyonic scalars may appear at tree level depending on both i) the geometry of the orbifold and ii) the specifics (shifts and Wilson lines) of each model. In Table 4 we indicate for which orbifold geometries tachyonic states may arise and for which this is impossible. In addition, we have checked that the orbifold compactification spectra of this N=0 theory are always free of non-Abelian anomalies and that there is at most one anomalous U(1) satisfying the conventional universality conditions (27) .

In addition, we have checked that the orbifold compactification spectra of this N=0 theory are always free of non-Abelian anomalies and that there is at most one anomalous U(1) satisfying the conventional universality conditions.


The solid state power amplifiers (SSPAs) are ever growing in kW regime for both wireless and accelerator applications [6] - [7] . Their benefits are modularity, scalability, reliability, life-time, reduced maintenance, and cost. The synchrotron SOLEIL was the first to make use of SSPAs for its booster and storage ring by combining a few hundred of 330W elementary modules [8] . Following this development, a number of developments have been carried out for several accelerators [9] - [13] . However, it remains unclear whether such technology could be feasible and reliable to be used for long pulse and high duty cycle SRF cavities as required in high power proton linac [14] .

The solid state power amplifiers (SSPAs) are ever growing in kW regime for both wireless and accelerator applications.

The synchrotron SOLEIL was the first to make use of SSPAs for its booster and storage ring by combining a few hundred of 330W elementary modules.

Following this development, a number of developments have been carried out for several accelerators.

However, it remains unclear whether such technology could be feasible and reliable to be used for long pulse and high duty cycle SRF cavities as required in high power proton linac.


The pulsed SRF cavities need to be charged to nominal voltage prior to beam arrival using a RF power station, as shown in Fig. 1 . The RF power required to charge the SRF cavities is in the order of 400 kW. At the FREIA laboratory, the focus is on developing alternative RF power sources such as SSPAs and evaluating their use in combination with the performance of SRF spoke cavities for high power particle accelerators [15] - [17] . Recall that the ESS will accelerate well-defined proton beam up to 2 GeV. The proton beam is a pulsed beam consisting of bunches of protons, and spreads over 2.86 ms at bunch frequency of 352 MHz. The SRF cavities are required to establish a stable accelerating voltage in order to supply the same energy to all particles, as can be seen in Fig. 1.

The RF power required to charge the SRF cavities is in the order of 400 kW. At the FREIA laboratory, the focus is on developing alternative RF power sources such as SSPAs and evaluating their use in combination with the performance of SRF spoke cavities for high power particle accelerators.


An issue with solid state devices is that they exhibit a pulse droop in which the amplitude of a pulse trails off over time [18] . Such pulse droop can lead to a non-constant cavity field along the flat top of the pulse, and thus causes instabilities. As a consequence, it is vital to extensively characterize the flat-top profile of RF fields during the time of beam injection. Another cause of instabilities is the variations of RF fields from pulse to pulse (P2P). The P2P errors should be addressed to the same extent as the pulse profile characterization. The major 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30  31  32  33  34  35  36  37  38  39  40  41  42  43  44  45  46  47  48  49  50  51  52  53  54  55  56  57  58  59  60   F  o  r  P  e  e  r  R  e  v  i  e  w sources of RF field disturbance are cavity detuning caused by microphonics, Lorenz force, and beam loading effects.

An issue with solid state devices is that they exhibit a pulse droop in which the amplitude of a pulse trails off over time.


In this paper, we present a machine learning-based approach for bacteria biotopes extraction of the BioNLP Shared Task 2011 (Bossy et al. , 2011) . The task consists of extracting bacteria localization events, namely, mentions of given species and the place where it lives. Places related to bacteria localization events range from plant or animal hosts for pathogenic or symbiotic bacteria to natural environments like soil or water 1 . This task also targets specific environments of interest such as medical environments (hospitals, surgery devices, etc.), processed food (dairy) and geographical localizations.

In this paper, we present a machine learning-based approach for bacteria biotopes extraction of the BioNLP Shared Task 2011.


There is a great potential in dry tropical trees to survive in stress condition by acquiring a range of strategies that depend on an organism's ability to store/access water. It can be argued that in > 4-month-deciduous tree species (having low wood density and lower LMA), usually growing on relatively drier sites, both leaf flush and leaf fall are rapid, both completed within short periods, adjusting to short availability of growing conditions (during rainy season). We suggest that these tree species showing short in-leaf period or long deciduousness period are stress-intolerent. The shortcoming of reduced in-leaf period may be compensated by their ability to exploit resources at a rapid rate. On the other hand, leaf-exchanging species (having higher wood density and greater LMA), growing in relatively moist sites, show much longer leaf flush and in-leaf periods (hence almost obliterated deciduousness duration) exploiting resources for much longer period, possibly at a slower rate, the leaf exchanging species appear to stresstolerant. The longevity of leaves is closely associated with environmental resource availability (e.g. light, nutrient, water) and the growth strategy of the species (Seiwa et al., 2005) . In the presently studied species, onset of early leaf fall (with almost constant duration) and delayed leaf flush (closer to the onset of rainy season) with sharp decrease in flush duration as a result of increased annual deciduousness duration may be a reflection of varying resource use rates. Differences in LMA, reported to be associated with variations in leaf phenology, are caused by environmental factors (Prior et al., 2003) . Significant relationships of LMA and wood density with leaf strategy index and with the extent of deciduousness, noticed in our study, suggest their significant role during both growth and deciduousness periods. Species with high LMA tend to have long average leaf life span and slow photosynthetic rates (Field and Mooney, 1986; Niinemets, 1999) . Mass based assimilation decreases with increasing leaf life span (which is reciprocal to deciduousness duration, as in our study) and LMA (Prior et al., 2003; Reich et al., 1992) . Decrease in LMA is associated with increased water content resulting in small fraction of dry matter (Roderick, 2000) . Significant decrease in LMA with increase in deciduousness duration suggests that with increasing deciduousness leaves tend to contain more water content and less dry matter per unit area.

The longevity of leaves is closely associated with environmental resource availability (e.g. light, nutrient, water) and the growth strategy of the species.

Differences in LMA, reported to be associated with variations in leaf phenology, are caused by environmental factors.

Species with high LMA tend to have long average leaf life span and slow photosynthetic rates.

Mass based assimilation decreases with increasing leaf life span (which is reciprocal to deciduousness duration, as in our study) and LMA.

Decrease in LMA is associated with increased water content resulting in small fraction of dry matter.


A spectrum demand is on its rise due to new applications and wireless devices. The federal communication commission (FCC) survey shows that most of the licensed radio frequency spectrum is underutilized, temporally and spatially. Cognitive radio network (CRN) is a way for secondary users (SUs) to exploit the spectrum holes of the primary user (PU) for better utilization [1] . In CRN, SUs utilize the spectral holes in the PU spectrum without causing any disturbances to the PUs and have to vacate the channel for the PU when it is transmitting [2, 3] . The PU status is determined by adopting various detection schemes such as the generalized likelihood ratio test detector, matched filter detector, feature detector, and energy detector. Energy detectors are computationally less complex in comparison with all other detectors, which measure the received signal energy and compare the result with a preselected constant to take decision of the PU spectrum. The low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environment of the fading channel and noise uncertainty drastically reduces the performance of energy detector and it is, therefore, difficult to get reliable spectrum decisions with them [4, 5] .

Cognitive radio network (CRN) is a way for secondary users (SUs) to exploit the spectrum holes of the primary user (PU) for better utilization.

In CRN, SUs utilize the spectral holes in the PU spectrum without causing any disturbances to the PUs and have to vacate the channel for the PU when it is transmitting.

The low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environment of the fading channel and noise uncertainty drastically reduces the performance of energy detector and it is, therefore, difficult to get reliable spectrum decisions with them.


We approach the fair multicommodity flow problem and propose an algorithm that only considers a bounded number of paths between each source-destination pair at a given time. The restriction on the number of paths is important in practice. For instance, connectivity typically changes often in wireless networks, and the amount of state information used for routing should therefore be kept low. We model user satisfaction with a fixed utility function and obtain a resource allocation that achieves proportional fairness as a special case when using a logarithmic utility function [11] .

We model user satisfaction with a fixed utility function and obtain a resource allocation that achieves proportional fairness as a special case when using a logarithmic utility function.


Ribeiro reviewed some of the first works that integrated SOA aspects into MAS [4] . These consisted mostly of adding Web Service interfaces to the available agents and the embedded devices. These initiatives were not very successful, as many of the devices did not have the required processing power to support these technologies. It could be argued that service-oriented architectures are better suited to a higher level of abstraction without these limitations, such as the control of an entire business or manufacturing process.

Ribeiro reviewed some of the first works that integrated SOA aspects into MAS.


This has led researchers to adopt concepts from Service-Oriented Architectures (SOAs). SOAs model the enterprise as a set of reusable software services that provide business-level functions using standard Web technologies. These services are known as Web Services (WS). Some have suggested wrapping machines and agent platforms as services [2, 3] . Others find that SOA and multi-agent systems (MAS) complement each other [4] . However, there are few approaches that combine both approaches: either everything is an agent and only some SOA technologies are used or agents are ignored in favour of services.

Some have suggested wrapping machines and agent platforms as services.

Others find that SOA and multi-agent systems (MAS) complement each other.


The term 'sustainability' has evolved from a 1990s buzzword into a core principle of policy-making in both advanced and emerging democracies. Not only non-governmental organizations (NGOs) active in the field have embraced it, but policy-makers and political parties have done so as well [1] . While public and political attention regarding the question of sustainability declined in the 2000s, the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015 once more placed the issue firmly on the political agenda of countries worldwide [2] . The new global sustainability agenda is more ambitious in its targets, and seeks to reach beyond the achievements of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) [3] . While the SDGs set out goals and targets in seventeen fields of action, SDG 2 concentrates on ending hunger, attaining food security, and improving nutrition. Importantly for the purposes of this article, it also calls for the promotion of sustainable agriculture. Considering the various stresses on agriculture today, the call to make this sector more sustainable is both reasonable and necessary.

Not only non-governmental organizations (NGOs) active in the field have embraced it, but policy-makers and political parties have done so as well.

While public and political attention regarding the question of sustainability declined in the 2000s, the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015 once more placed the issue firmly on the political agenda of countries worldwide.

The new global sustainability agenda is more ambitious in its targets, and seeks to reach beyond the achievements of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).


In this study, we probed whether the high political and social pressures surrounding young Palestinian refugee children living in a densely populated and impoverished Lebanese camp, immersed in prolonged tensions (three generations) and political discourses that pertain to the lost ownership of their land, would promote different ways of reasoning about who should own land and why, compared to that of children growing up in much less contentious circumstances (Habashi, 2009; Peteet, 2005; Sayigh, 1993) . For comparison, we therefore also tested same-age American middle-class preschoolers growing up in a politically more secure, stable, and materially protected environment. We probed the extent to which the sharply contrasted circumstances of these two groups of young children (3-and 5-year-olds) might affect the development of their early reasoning about possession (i.e., land ownership) and their general sense of distributive justice.

In this study, we probed whether the high political and social pressures surrounding young Palestinian refugee children living in a densely populated and impoverished Lebanese camp, immersed in prolonged tensions (three generations) and political discourses that pertain to the lost ownership of their land, would promote different ways of reasoning about who should own land and why, compared to that of children growing up in much less contentious circumstances.


To our knowledge, no research exists on children's developing sense of distributive justice as it specifically relates to land. Therefore the current study is driven and informed by previous crosscultural findings on children's developing sense of fairness and distributive justice for individuated, ''detachable and transportable'' objects with inherent value to the child (Faigenbaum, 2005) . Although not detachable and transportable like other individuated objects of possession, land as a possession can be clearly delineated and identified to children, with borders and other physical characteristics that were carefully highlighted in our experiments and the distributive justice questionnaire we used to test children that implied the detection of such physical delineation cues, in some conditions (i.e., ''river condition'') even with such cues naturally delineating two equal parts (see Method section). Assuming a careful presentation and framing of questions to the child, acknowledging the fact that it is probably a more intangible and abstract object of possession (e.g., because of its size and nontransportability), we considered land as equivalent to any other individuated objects of potential possession. We assumed that young children from age 3 could understand land, like any other detachable object, as an object of possession. From at least 3 years, children are explicit about ''my doll,'' ''my car,'' ''my room'' as identifiable objects of possession. In language development, for example, the use of possessives emerges already by the second year as statements of ownership, not just as requests to obtain this or that object (Tomasello, 1998) .

Therefore the current study is driven and informed by previous crosscultural findings on children's developing sense of fairness and distributive justice for individuated, ''detachable and transportable'' objects with inherent value to the child.

In language development, for example, the use of possessives emerges already by the second year as statements of ownership, not just as requests to obtain this or that object.


A previous study showed that YY-312 has an antiobesity effect in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and that it suppresses adipocyte differentiation in 3 T3-L1 cells [16] . However, it can be ascertained only through human clinical trials whether the individual ingredients in YY-312 have a synergistic effect in the human body, or whether their interactions augment toxicity. Hence, this randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of YY-312 for body fat reduction in overweight Korean adults.

A previous study showed that YY-312 has an antiobesity effect in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and that it suppresses adipocyte differentiation in 3 T3-L1 cells.


Plants are considered good natural sources of bioactive compounds with potential anti-obesity properties [11, 12] . These plant-derived anti-obesity compounds induce weight loss through various mechanisms, including regulating lipid metabolism, suppressing food intake, and stimulating energy expenditure [10, 11] . However, there is still a paucity of data on the efficacy and safety of herbal plant preparations in obesity treatment. In order to provide obese patients with accurate and reliable information about effective and safe natural anti-obesity agents, there is a need for high-quality studies on the efficacy and safety of natural herbal products that claim to exert a weight reducing effect [13, 14] . In Korea, it is possible for a health functional food with body fat reducing effects to be approved for use after review, by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, of results of a clinical trial on the efficacy and safety of the product [15] .

Plants are considered good natural sources of bioactive compounds with potential anti-obesity properties.

These plant-derived anti-obesity compounds induce weight loss through various mechanisms, including regulating lipid metabolism, suppressing food intake, and stimulating energy expenditure.

In order to provide obese patients with accurate and reliable information about effective and safe natural anti-obesity agents, there is a need for high-quality studies on the efficacy and safety of natural herbal products that claim to exert a weight reducing effect.

In Korea, it is possible for a health functional food with body fat reducing effects to be approved for use after review, by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, of results of a clinical trial on the efficacy and safety of the product.


Radiologically, there was a non-significant increase in the segmental kyphosis angle in both groups. The mean decrease in the height of the intervertebral space was significant in both groups. The absolute height of the intervertebral space was significantly higher in the ACDF group, which can be explained by the direct postoperative reconstruction [11] . Generally, comparisons of ventral decompressions with and without fusion in the literature describe higher values for decompression alone as occurred in the FACD group in this study. However, complete discectomy with curettage of the end plate is performed in studies reported in the literature [10, 11] . This probably promotes the described high rates of spontaneous fusions, which did not occur in this study. With additional fusion, too, sintering and kyphosis are described throughout the literature which sometimes lie above the values found in this study in the ACDF and FACD groups [10, 11, 25, 26] .

The absolute height of the intervertebral space was significantly higher in the ACDF group, which can be explained by the direct postoperative reconstruction.

However, complete discectomy with curettage of the end plate is performed in studies reported in the literature.

With additional fusion, too, sintering and kyphosis are described throughout the literature which sometimes lie above the values found in this study in the ACDF and FACD groups.


In this study, an atomic-scale wiredrawing model is constructed for the MD simulation. The new knowledge of atomic mechanism in the wiredrawing which is presented in this study is useful for the future micro-scale or nano-scale wiredrawing process. Ideally, the wiredrawing includes an axisymmetric condition and so a full three-dimensional model would be optimum. But, for the simplification of the MD model, a two-dimensional drawing model using periodic boundary condition is adequate now and here. The realistic crystal rotation and the motion of lattice defects will be precisely captured by upcoming study of a full three-dimensional model [11] .

The realistic crystal rotation and the motion of lattice defects will be precisely captured by upcoming study of a full three-dimensional model.


Understanding cellulose-water interactions has technological as well as fundamental importance. From a technological perspective, water is ubiquitous, and cellulose is the material of many industries, including textile, pharmaceutical (as cellulose fillers), pulp, paper, and, in the foreseeable future, cellulosic biofuels. From a fundamental perspective, there is a rich phenomenology in cellulose-water interactions. In the molecular scale, water forms hydrogen bonds to cellulose hydrophilic sites. In the nanoscale, water fills interfibrillar and interlamellar pores (Stone and Scallan 1968) . And from microscopic to macroscopic scales, there is directional cellulose hygroexpansion (Skaar 1988; Burgert and Fratzl 2009) .

In the nanoscale, water fills interfibrillar and interlamellar pores.

And from microscopic to macroscopic scales, there is directional cellulose hygroexpansion.


Nevertheless, in spite of cellulose importance and devoted research, understanding of cellulose organization in the nanoscale, the so-called ultrastructure, is still very incomplete. For celluloses that retain their native cellulose I crystal structures (which are the focus of this work), cellulose forms aggregates of microfibrils containing highly-ordered (crystalline) and less-ordered structures (Henriksson and Lennholm 2009) . Moreover, cellulose ultrastructure affects hydration, as monolayer water mass depends on cellulose crystallinity indexes; and hydration affects ultrastructure, as water-filled pores collapse upon drying (Mihranyan et al. 2004; Kocherbitov et al. 2008) . Nevertheless, in addition to such general properties, one also needs analytical techniques able to accurately and precisely measure material-specific ultrastructural parameters.

For celluloses that retain their native cellulose I crystal structures (which are the focus of this work), cellulose forms aggregates of microfibrils containing highly-ordered (crystalline) and less-ordered structures.

Moreover, cellulose ultrastructure affects hydration, as monolayer water mass depends on cellulose crystallinity indexes; and hydration affects ultrastructure, as water-filled pores collapse upon drying.


Water sorption analysis is a classical tool to probe the equilibrium moisture contents adsorbed in hydrophilic polymers (Skaar 1988) . The added dynamic capabilities in DVS allow additional investigation of sorption kinetics (Kohler et al. 2006; Xie et al. 2011) . Thermoporometry (also named cryoporometry or thermoporosimetry) is based on the temperature depression of ice-water phase change inside pores (Petrov and Furó 2009) . In the calorimetric version of the technique, TP-DSC, pore volumes are derived from measured heat flows due to phase transitions (Landry 2005) .

Water sorption analysis is a classical tool to probe the equilibrium moisture contents adsorbed in hydrophilic polymers.

The added dynamic capabilities in DVS allow additional investigation of sorption kinetics.

Thermoporometry (also named cryoporometry or thermoporosimetry) is based on the temperature depression of ice-water phase change inside pores.

In the calorimetric version of the technique, TP-DSC, pore volumes are derived from measured heat flows due to phase transitions.


In order to restrain the fluid sloshing a common technique is to place additional sub-structures called baffles or separators within the tank as it was reported by Strandberg [3] . Baffles with orifices can be found in some contemporary road tankers carrying fuel, oils or liquefied natural gas. This kind of baffle can attenuate the impact forces on the baffle.

In order to restrain the fluid sloshing a common technique is to place additional sub-structures called baffles or separators within the tank as it was reported by Strandberg.


Deprivation status was measured using the Carstairs deprivation score which is widely used in healthcare research and is divided into quintiles to show differences between bipolar and non-bipolar patients, as well as for men and women with bipolar disorder [19] . Analysis was restricted to those aged at least 18 years old. The sample was divided into the following age groups for analysis: 18 to 24, 25 to 34, 35 to 44, 45 to 54, 55 to 64, 65 to 75, and 75 and over.

Deprivation status was measured using the Carstairs deprivation score which is widely used in healthcare research and is divided into quintiles to show differences between bipolar and non-bipolar patients, as well as for men and women with bipolar disorder.


The existence of CPDI could also have implications for the effective operation of business card tags. Business card tags are small receivers attached to study animal intended to assess the level of associations (for example, schooling, predator-prey events) between tagged individuals [16] . If an effect of CPDI was present, it could greatly reduce the ability of the business card tag to detect other tagged individuals associating with them in close proximity. To date, the presence of CPDI has not been reported for this technology.

Business card tags are small receivers attached to study animal intended to assess the level of associations (for example, schooling, predator-prey events) between tagged individuals.


Over the course of a study, there are numerous factors that can influence the relative performance of any acoustic telemetry system [5, 6] . These factors include the physical and chemical properties of the water body, sea state/surface conditions, ambient noise, and physical obstruction [4, 7, 8] . Naturally, in all acoustic telemetry systems, the transmission is subject to several types of propagation loss as sound travels from the tag to the receiver [9] . These losses are caused by processes including spreading, reflection, scattering, absorption, and refraction [8] . A combination of the aforementioned factors and the specific power output of the acoustic tag employed define the detection range of the receivers. Additionally, in acoustic telemetry systems that operate on a single frequency, overlapping tag transmissions can inhibit the receiver's ability to decode them, despite both tags being within the detection range [2, 10] . This event is called a tag collision and results in neither tag ID being recorded by the receiver despite the pings being received.

Over the course of a study, there are numerous factors that can influence the relative performance of any acoustic telemetry system.

These factors include the physical and chemical properties of the water body, sea state/surface conditions, ambient noise, and physical obstruction.

Naturally, in all acoustic telemetry systems, the transmission is subject to several types of propagation loss as sound travels from the tag to the receiver.

These losses are caused by processes including spreading, reflection, scattering, absorption, and refraction.

Additionally, in acoustic telemetry systems that operate on a single frequency, overlapping tag transmissions can inhibit the receiver's ability to decode them, despite both tags being within the detection range.


Notably, the existence of these singularities in the envelopes of a moving object are an indication that loss of contact may occur between the moving object and the boundary of its swept set. This is important because the contact boundaries of any object that may move in contact with the moving shape during a prescribed motion must be a subset of the boundary of set swept by the moving object [7] . The traditional methods addressing the loss of contact in higher pairs, also known as undercutting, restrict the shape or motion of the moving object and thus the geometry of the kinematic pair, and often require difficult numerical computations, which, in turn, limits their applicability [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18] . Importantly, undercutting conditions for some classes of mechanisms, such as wormgears, do not seem to be known today. Consider the simple cam-roller follower mechanism illustrated in Figure  1(a) . Regardless of the size of the follower, it is easy to construct motions for which loss of contact occurs as shown in Figure 1(b) . When undercutting is not present, there are two points of contact between the circular follower and the boundary envelopes as seen in Figures 1(a) and (c). The occurrence of undercutting induces a change in the number of contact points, and the evolution of this change for the case shown in Figure 1 (b) is illustrated in Figure 1(d) .

This is important because the contact boundaries of any object that may move in contact with the moving shape during a prescribed motion must be a subset of the boundary of set swept by the moving object.

The traditional methods addressing the loss of contact in higher pairs, also known as undercutting, restrict the shape or motion of the moving object and thus the geometry of the kinematic pair, and often require difficult numerical computations, which, in turn, limits their applicability.


Although the data were cross-sectional, and therefore disallow causal inferences, the results supported the TTM theory, which suggests that proceeding along the motivational stages of change is a result of increased self-efficacy and changes in decisional balance. It is well established that the relationship between intention and actual behavior is asymmetric (Rhodes and de Bruijn, 2013) . Other psychosocial factors (e.g. self-efficacy and decisional balance) and habitual behaviors are also likely to explain this intention-behavior gap (de Bruijn and Rhodes, 2011; Rhodes and de Bruijn, 2013) . The present study showed that self-efficacy was associated with both PA and EB change. Although healthy eating-related self-efficacy was not examined, greater PAself-efficacy may also influence the confidence to make changes in EB. Recent studies suggest that men are becoming increasingly health conscious and motivated to adopt a healthy lifestyle, provided this can be done without loss of masculinity (Pietilä, 2008; Robertson et al., 2013) . Furthermore, several studies have found that self-efficacy has an important role in behavioral change (Ayotte et al., 2010; Rhodes and Nigg, 2011) .

It is well established that the relationship between intention and actual behavior is asymmetric.

Other psychosocial factors (e.g. self-efficacy and decisional balance) and habitual behaviors are also likely to explain this intention-behavior gap.

Recent studies suggest that men are becoming increasingly health conscious and motivated to adopt a healthy lifestyle, provided this can be done without loss of masculinity.

Furthermore, several studies have found that self-efficacy has an important role in behavioral change.


We were funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as a component of the roadmap to help develop a conceptual model for a system that would allow a large number of clinicians to participate in clinical research while they care for patients in their office settings. To accomplish this goal, we conducted a classic formative evaluation [13, 14] . Formative evaluations help develop and improve programs from an early stage by (a) identifying the size and scope of key issues, (b) generating and selecting among potential solutions, and (c) adapting existing interventions to fit cultural and organizational cultures. To this end, we first identified the main problems with and potential solutions to the current research system via a review of the literature and indepth interviews with community and academic clinicians and other key stakeholders in the current research enterprise. For our literature reviews, we relied on both keyword searches as well as suggestions from those people we interviewed, where we focused primarily on clinical trials, PBRNs, and quality improvement collaboratives (e.g., the Institute for Healthcare Improvement) [15] . We began to develop our initial model only after we reached a point where additional interviews and searches were revealing few new ideas. We then refined the model and confirmed its feasibility by interviewing additional clinicians and stakeholders, as well as returning to interview some of those who we had spoken with previously. Details of the methodology are described in companion manuscripts [2, 3] .

To accomplish this goal, we conducted a classic formative evaluation.

For our literature reviews, we relied on both keyword searches as well as suggestions from those people we interviewed, where we focused primarily on clinical trials, PBRNs, and quality improvement collaboratives (e.g., the Institute for Healthcare Improvement).

Details of the methodology are described in companion manuscripts.


Organizations are portrayed financially through audited accounting information. The purpose of this information is to stakeholders about the financial status of the organization, allowing them to make informed decisions regarding the organization. Poor auditing and accounting 1 standards create a situation where there is a lack of accountability to stakeholders, where managers can act in a way that is contrary to the expectations of stakeholders without consequence, and where assets can be misused and misallocated (Jensen and Meckling, 1976) .

Poor auditing and accounting 1 standards create a situation where there is a lack of accountability to stakeholders, where managers can act in a way that is contrary to the expectations of stakeholders without consequence, and where assets can be misused and misallocated.


The internal limiting membrane (ILM) is the first intraretinal surface and is utilized for measuring several structural parameters such as Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW), total retinal thickness and cup volume. For example, the BMO-MRW, which is measured as the minimum Euclidean distance between the BMO and the ILM surface, is being recognized as a more sensitive metric for the diagnosis of glaucoma than traditional 2D metrics [1] . Furthermore, having a precise ILM surface segmentation is crucial as it plays an important role in extracting different features from SD-OCT volumes in approaches that utilize machine learning techniques for segmenting different retinal structures such as retinal blood vessels, optic disc, and optic cup [2] [3] [4] .

For example, the BMO-MRW, which is measured as the minimum Euclidean distance between the BMO and the ILM surface, is being recognized as a more sensitive metric for the diagnosis of glaucoma than traditional 2D metrics.

Furthermore, having a precise ILM surface segmentation is crucial as it plays an important role in extracting different features from SD-OCT volumes in approaches that utilize machine learning techniques for segmenting different retinal structures such as retinal blood vessels, optic disc, and optic cup.


We study the stochastic convected Helmholtz equation with the white noise source in the infinite duct. Let the duct be Ω = {x = (x 1 , x 2 )| x 1 ∈ R, x 2 ∈ (0, d)} ⊂ R 2 , where d is a positive constant. The acoustic pressure field p(x) in the presence of a uniform flow satisfies the convected Helmholtz equation in Ω: We assume that 0 ≤ M < 1. The right-hand side of (1.1) consists of deterministic term f and stochastic termẆ (x). The stochastic termẆ (x) is the formal derivative of the white noise in space [21] . We suppose that the right-hand side of (1.1) has a compact support Ω f in Ω i.e. Ω f = supp(f ) and Ω f ⊂ Ω. Here, f ∈ L 2 (Ω) is assumed. The function 1 Ω f (x) is an indicator function. Convected Helmholtz equation describes the time-harmonic acoustic waves generated by moving media. In the presence of a uniform flow, time-harmonic linearized Euler equations reduce to the convected Helmholtz equation for the pressure. The presence of a mean flow causes the mathematical treatment of the problem much more difficult, since phase and group velocities of the acoustic wave could have opposite signs [6, 14, 17] .

The stochastic termẆ (x) is the formal derivative of the white noise in space.

The presence of a mean flow causes the mathematical treatment of the problem much more difficult, since phase and group velocities of the acoustic wave could have opposite signs.


In PV inverters, the combination of semiconductor switching and PV array source inductance results in an additional AC component injected onto the nominally DC bus. This AC component is known as voltage ripple (V ripple ) and exists throughout the inverter/module circuit. The PV module is hypersensitive to V ripple as voltage ripple dramatically reduces available output power [1] .

The PV module is hypersensitive to V ripple as voltage ripple dramatically reduces available output power.


Because of the rapid increase of traffic flow and frequent crash occurrence, traffic safety has become a severe problem for rural roads and urban expressways in China [1] . Modeling real-time crash risk prediction is an important approach to identifying traffic condition causing crash, which can be used in the active traffic management control to reduce traffic accidents and ensure traffic safety. In China, due to the lack of traffic flow detection devices in rural roadways, it is difficult to collect real-time traffic flow data and predict real-time crash risk for these roads. For most of urban expressways in China, traffic detection devices, such as loop detector, microwave sensor, and video detection system, have been well installed. This makes it easier to detect and extract the traffic flow data. Thus, in this study, we mainly focused on urban expressways in China and established the real-time crash risk prediction model for these roads.

Because of the rapid increase of traffic flow and frequent crash occurrence, traffic safety has become a severe problem for rural roads and urban expressways in China.


With the increasing of mining depth and mining strength in coal mines, the relative gas emission amount of working face increases, therefore the traditional U type ventilation cannot solve the problems that gas often overruns at the upper corner. But the Y type ventilation can solve the problem completely, and it is a key technology to realize coal and gas co-mining (YUAN 2010) . With the improvement of coal mining mechanization and the acceleration of mining speed, contradiction between excavation and maintenance is increasingly aggravating, so it puts forward a higher requirement for excavating velocity of mining gateway in deep mine. Gob-side entry retaining can improve contradiction between excavation and maintenance (YUAN 2008) .

But the Y type ventilation can solve the problem completely, and it is a key technology to realize coal and gas co-mining.

Gob-side entry retaining can improve contradiction between excavation and maintenance.


Faced with the unsustainable damage and losses caused by over-abundant rabbit populations, land managers in nineteenth-century New Zealand searched for more effective and economically feasible means of killing rabbits. At first they hoped to cover the ruinous expenses of employing men to trap and poison rabbits over huge areas of high country by making the rabbits contribute to the costs of their own destruction. Hence the growth of ancilliary industries trading in rabbit skins and later, canned and frozen rabbit meat, but of course those so engaged would always leave a breeding stock for next year (Ritchie 1892) . The problem with any policy of controlling a pest by using men paid for their work in products of the pest is that it guaranteed a workforce with a vested interest in doing profitable work that was ineffective in controlling rabbits. Only a de-commercialisation policy could overcome that unhelpful feedback, and that was not done until 1947 (Gibb and Williams 1994) .

Hence the growth of ancilliary industries trading in rabbit skins and later, canned and frozen rabbit meat, but of course those so engaged would always leave a breeding stock for next year.

Only a de-commercialisation policy could overcome that unhelpful feedback, and that was not done until 1947.


LPGs have several advantaged against FBGs: They are more robust, more sensitive and, the most important characteristic, they are easy to produce. More precisely, they can be inscribed whatever the optical fiber type: they can be realized in poorly UV-sensitive optical fibers such as radiation-hard fibers with pure silica core and F-doped cladding. As a result, it is a promising technology to perform temperature measurements into nuclear structures, such as the envisioned French deep geological repository for long-lived high level and intermediate level wastes (the Cigéo project). In this future outstanding structure, monitoring is planned for a century. It will be implemented in a nuclear environment, in the underground structures, included in some waste package storage cells. It will contribute to assess the reversible management (imposed by law) and the safety analysis in operation and after facility closure. Target temperature accuracy is 1 C, which are fully compatible with the performances of most optical fiber sensor measuring systems, unless they derive under harsh environments. To obtain durable and long-term measurement, intensity-based sensors are rejected. On the opposite, wavelength-encoded principles, such as Bragg gratings and Brillouin scattering, are promoted. Thanks to remote sensing, the optical fiber is the only element of the sensing system subject to hostile conditions. To handle the radioactive environment and the performance requirement, Andra evaluated various optical fibers types including telecom fibers (i.e., Corning SMF28). The LPG used in this study was developed in F-doped fiber from iXFiber. Previous investigations proved high tolerance of this optical fiber at 10 MGy [28] . This is why we evaluated through on-line measurements the performances of this fiber temperature sensor under gamma radiation. The grating was subjected to gamma irradiation. In a first attempt, we irradiated the LPG at a constant dose rate of (4.0 AE 0.4) Gy/h up to a total dose of (311.0 AE 30.5) Gy. As no significant results were noticed we resume the irradiation at the dose rate of (0.2 AE 0.01) kGy/h. In this second investigation, the highest dose achieved in this study was (45 AE 0.8) kGy.

Previous investigations proved high tolerance of this optical fiber at 10 MGy.


Comparing with the above mentioned results proving the radiation hardening of the LPGs under moderate to high total doses, some other studies dealing with specially designed LPGs reports their sensitivity to gamma radiation, with the direct outcome of using them for gamma dosimetry. One such example refers to chiral type LPGs irradiated by gamma-ray up to 100 kGy [26] . The basic SM optical fibers employed for the fabrication of chiral LPGs were from ALCATEL, Corning, FiberLogic, FORC, Fujikura, and Nufern. The grating period varied from 590 m to 2050 m, the diameter from 67 to 114 mm, while the grating length was from 10 to 26 mm. The measurements were done in reflection with an interrogator. During the irradiation the temperature in the irradiation zone was monitored by Pt 100 sensors. After the irradiation the central wavelength shift was 100 to 1000 times bigger (about 10 nm) than in the case of FBGs, suggesting a possible use of such grating as radiation detectors down to a detecting limit of 10 Gy, for a dose rate of 0.1 Gy/s up to a dose of 20 kGy.

One such example refers to chiral type LPGs irradiated by gamma-ray up to 100 kGy.


A more recent approach involved of turn around point (TAP) LPGs produced in B/Ge codoped fiber using the CO 2 writing techniques, for possible application in gamma radiation dosimetry [27] . The gratings' length was about 20 mm, and they were irradiated at gamma source with a dose rate of about 1.3 Gy/h. Off-line measurements of the transmission spectrum were performed after 1/2 to 3 h from the irradiation moment in the spectral interval 1300 to 1600 nm. The operation was run in several steps, the total dose reached being 65 kGy. The wavelength deep shift for 6.5 kGy was AE35 nm and more than AE80 nm was obtained for the highest dose (65 kGy). It is estimated that such LPGs can be used for dose measurements down to the Gy range.

A more recent approach involved of turn around point (TAP) LPGs produced in B/Ge codoped fiber using the CO 2 writing techniques, for possible application in gamma radiation dosimetry.


One of the first reported on-line measurements refer to LPGs produced by the electric arcdischarge technique, in pure-silica-core fibers with F-doped silica cladding from Oxford Electronics and Acreo, and irradiated by a 60 Co gamma source, with a dose rate of 1 kGy/h. The total dose received by the samples was 560 kGy. During the irradiation the irradiation ring temperature was kept constant ð37:4 AE 0:1 CÞ [13] . The gratings characteristics were monitored with an OSA. Some slight modification of the transmission characteristic of the some gratings was observed, but this effect is almost recovered as samples were stored at room temperature for one month. The study indicated also that the temperature sensitivity of the gratings is not affected by the irradiation.

During the irradiation the irradiation ring temperature was kept constant ð37:4 AE 0:1 CÞ.


In this study, a high SoCAB O 3 episode near the San Bernardino Mountains in the eastern part of the basin is investigated with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System (Byun and Schere, 2006) . Instead of examining the horizontal distribution for ground-based concentration, the approach taken here details vertical transects while systematically eliminating precursor emissions from major SoCAB source categories. Ratios of precursor, intermediate and end-product concentrations, which are also calculated by CMAQ, are used to better understand the atmospheric chemistry. Table 2 ; the mean normalized bias (MNB), the mean normalized gross error (MNGE), and the peak accuracy ratio of 9.5, 15.4, and 16.3%, respectively, show reasonably good agreement. Large discrepancies were found at three monitoring sites located near the northwest computational domain near Bakersfield. However, obtained MNB and MNGE result in significantly less than 15 and 30%, respectively, which is the former simulation guideline of U.S. EPS. In addition, correlation between O 3 concentration measured at the San Bernardino-4 th Street site and the Pomona site close to the point shown Fig. 1(b) , were both 0.86, and further discussion with this accuracy is considered to be possible.

In this study, a high SoCAB O 3 episode near the San Bernardino Mountains in the eastern part of the basin is investigated with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System.


By considering the inevitability of waste production in everyday life and their destructive effect on the environment, along with other threats to people health, associate governors and executive managers are required to route vehicles optimally in order to reduce 1) required time for waste collection operations, and 2) traffic. Traffic regulations is one of the limitations that impede vehicle routing for Residential and Commercial waste transportation in the city. One-way streets and prohibited turns are examples of such restrictions. In addition, vehicles cannot use some routes due to vehicle weight and width of the passageway (Sniezek et al., 2006) . Such limitations are also passed for intercity routes which affect transportation activities. Hence, it is necessary to use another type of fleet to transit along restricted paths. Multimodal transportation approach is a good solution for maximizing accessibility and reduction of travel distance. Multimodal transportation is defined as transporting products by two or more modes of transport systems from depot to customers (Lowe, 2005) . Applying a multimodal transportation system leads to take advantage of different transit systems.

In addition, vehicles cannot use some routes due to vehicle weight and width of the passageway.

Multimodal transportation is defined as transporting products by two or more modes of transport systems from depot to customers.


An important aspect of modern metabolomics investigations is the development of diagnostic methodologies and techniques. One of the key challenges is always the identification of unknown compounds and potential biological markers. Metabolomic studies are usually performed using blood, urine or tissue samples (Fiehn 2002) . A quite novel approach in metabolic research is the use of breath as a sample. Breath is a matrix that can sampled non-invasively, has a relatively low level of complexity, and provides information related to the actual health status. Therefore, breath is very interesting for metabolomics studies, especially for the development of diagnostic tests (Buszewski et al. 2007; Kim et al. 2012) .

Metabolomic studies are usually performed using blood, urine or tissue samples.

Therefore, breath is very interesting for metabolomics studies, especially for the development of diagnostic tests.


For the well-motivated scenario we are considering, where the Z 2 is spontaneously broken, it is a priori not clear if a sufficiently strong first-order EWPhT can be in place. First, a large mixing quartic coupling between the singlet pairs and the Higgs pairs is generically disfavored by Higgs precision tests, as this term will generate a sizable singlet-Higgs mixing when the singlet acquires a non-zero VEV. A small mixing quartic, instead, precludes a possible large loop effect from the singlet, which is one of the main mechanisms to enhance the EWPhT. Second, one might expect that the spontaneous Z 2 breaking singlet VEV could add additional trilinear terms and generate the |H † H| n or higher-order operators that could modify the Higgs potential directly via these tree-level couplings. Due to the relations among couplings in the spontaneous Z 2 breaking theory, it turns out that these operators are only generated at loop-level as if the Z 2 symmetry were not broken [31] . Hence this property prevents tree-level modifications to the Higgs potential that would be sizable enough to enhance the firstorder EWPhT strength.

Due to the relations among couplings in the spontaneous Z 2 breaking theory, it turns out that these operators are only generated at loop-level as if the Z 2 symmetry were not broken.


The rotarod was a relatively insensitive test. The latter is surprising since different rota-rod protocols have been used successfully with the SJL/J strain in studies of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and routinely in studies of motor neuron degeneration in the B6SJL-Tg (SOD1G93A) 1Gur/J mouse, but both of these have manipulations that induce much stronger disease phenotypes (E.g., complete paralysis), than observed in SJL/J mice [33, 34] . Thus, it is possible that the rota-rod test is not as sensitive to subtle behavioral defects, as are some of the other measures.

The latter is surprising since different rota-rod protocols have been used successfully with the SJL/J strain in studies of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and routinely in studies of motor neuron degeneration in the B6SJL-Tg (SOD1G93A) 1Gur/J mouse, but both of these have manipulations that induce much stronger disease phenotypes (E.g., complete paralysis), than observed in SJL/J mice.


A second issue was whether it is possible that "new" landscapes, formed by current niche construction (i.e., not only niche construction following from conservation), can be useful for preserving perceived values emanating from the old cultural landscapes. This issue concerns landscape features that are not "authentically" rooted in historical management, but due to their biological properties, may resemble old cultural landscapes. Based on the realization that concepts such as "beauty" and "heritage" to some extent are constructed and negotiated in the context of the modern society, one may hypothesize that similar values that are associated with old cultural landscapes can be transferred to new landscapes. This is admittedly controversial, and there has not been much research useful to examine this hypothesis. Some authors fear that such a "transfer of values" may lead to a "shifting baseline" eventually eroding the biological values originally aimed for protection [106] . There is some evidence that new habitats, such as ex-arable fields, road verges and urban parks, to some extent may harbor species formerly associated with old cultural landscapes. However, whether such habitats over time may be assigned values related to heritage and aesthetics is an open question. However, results from interview studies suggest that people's appreciation of landscapes is much related to the fact that the landscape is inhabited, harbors agriculture and has the capacity to sustain people's living [71, 72, 91] . This indicates that values related to heritage continue to be produced [77] .

Some authors fear that such a "transfer of values" may lead to a "shifting baseline" eventually eroding the biological values originally aimed for protection.

However, results from interview studies suggest that people's appreciation of landscapes is much related to the fact that the landscape is inhabited, harbors agriculture and has the capacity to sustain people's living.

This indicates that values related to heritage continue to be produced.


Scientists have been interested in the water migration within plants for over a century, and various theories were proposed to explain the mechanism. However, researchers start to focus on this interesting phenomenon again recently because of the development of bionic engineering [1] [2] [3] . As we know today, water transports in plants through the vascular system, xylem and phloem, from root to leaf. Xylem and phloem are formed by a brunch of dead-cell rings, in vast number of shapes, through evolution. Xylem is believed to be the conduit that moves water upward from root to leaf, while phloem is the one that moves nutrients, and the study of the relationship between plant and water is called Hydraulic Architecture (HA).

However, researchers start to focus on this interesting phenomenon again recently because of the development of bionic engineering.


The south-andes Cordillera is one of the world regions with intense volcanic and tectonic activity. The last eruption, started on June 4, 2011, was associated with the activity of Puyehue Cordon Caulle Volcanic Complex (PCCVC), Chile, located at 40 ∘ 34 57 S-72 ∘ 06 53 W, emitting more than 5 × 10 6 m 3 of pyroclastic material [1] . The dominance of "westerlies" regional winds was responsible for the dispersion and sedimentation of ash on a large region along eastern South America, particularly Patagonia and Argentine Pampean Plain.

The last eruption, started on June 4, 2011, was associated with the activity of Puyehue Cordon Caulle Volcanic Complex (PCCVC), Chile, located at 40 ∘ 34 57 S-72 ∘ 06 53 W, emitting more than 5 × 10 6 m 3 of pyroclastic material.


In recent decades, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has become increasingly prevalent. Among symptoms other than lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of BPH, patients often present with complaints of painful urination or discomfort in various nonspecific areas. Several reports have shown that approximately 7.7% to 40% of BPH patients suffer from bothersome genitourinary symptoms, such as discomfort or pain (GUDP), related to voiding [1] [2] [3] .

Several reports have shown that approximately 7.7% to 40% of BPH patients suffer from bothersome genitourinary symptoms, such as discomfort or pain (GUDP), related to voiding.


Meanwhile, in many industries, manufacturers are facing growing challenges from retailers; see Inderst and Wey [4] . In more and more industries, it is the retailer, such as 2 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society Wal-Mart, Tesco, and Home Depot, that determines the manufacturing and marketing of products [5] . Retailers in the strong position tend to use their "bargaining power" to take all kinds of unequal trade with suppliers, in order to achieve their aim of delivering the cost and risk, and their actions will cause the whole supply chain to deviate from Pareto optimality [6] . However, enterprises in a supply chain should cooperate while compete. The upstream and the downstream of the supply chain can work together to enhance the product demand, for example, the manufacture focuses on emission reduction while the retailer engages in marketing and promoting related to the products' low-carbon feature. If so, both the manufacturer and the retailer are able to maximize their profits.

Meanwhile, in many industries, manufacturers are facing growing challenges from retailers; see Inderst and Wey.

In more and more industries, it is the retailer, such as 2 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society Wal-Mart, Tesco, and Home Depot, that determines the manufacturing and marketing of products.

Retailers in the strong position tend to use their "bargaining power" to take all kinds of unequal trade with suppliers, in order to achieve their aim of delivering the cost and risk, and their actions will cause the whole supply chain to deviate from Pareto optimality.


From early on, people have begun to discuss the impact of carbon emissions on global warming, but companies pay attention to operation under carbon emissions constraints much later [11] . Under carbon emissions constraints, companies tend to adopt more energy-efficient facilities and equipment or transportation facility to reduce emissions. In fact, the same goal could be gained by adjusting the way of operating, transport, and inventory. Even companies can cut more carbon emission with lower cost by this way [12] . But it did not attract enough attention in the academic and private sectors. The studies of business operations under a low-carbon environmental decision-making which are still tiny at this point include the following aspects.

From early on, people have begun to discuss the impact of carbon emissions on global warming, but companies pay attention to operation under carbon emissions constraints much later.

Even companies can cut more carbon emission with lower cost by this way.


Perturbations and changes in the ionosphere are caused by multiple effects. The most significant and well documented effects are those that occur during periods of global geomagnetic storms (Mendillo and Narvaez, 2010) . Geomagnetic storms are time periods that are characterized by significantly enhanced geomagnetic activity that are driven by disturbances in the solar wind. Previous studies found two kinds of events which can induce geomagnetic storms (e.g. (Denton et al., 2009; Gonzalez et al., 1994; Tsurutani et al., 2006) : 1. Coronal Mass Ejections (CME) and 2. Corotating Interaction Region (CIR)/ High-Speed Solar wind streams (HSS). During the maximum of a solar cycle the CME-related geomagnetic storms are lot more common. The most intense geomagnetic storm of the solar cycle 24 maximum (examined in this study) is also connected to CME.

The most significant and well documented effects are those that occur during periods of global geomagnetic storms.

Previous studies found two kinds of events which can induce geomagnetic storms (e.g.: 1.

Coronal Mass Ejections (CME) and 2.


If information is available about the geographic distribution of the call traffic, it may be possible to design sectors such that maximum capacity gain can be achieved. Recently, fixed wireless systems, Wireless Local Loops (WLL), are posed as an alternative to conventional local wired telephone service [15] . Contrary to mobile macro-cellular systems, for fixed wireless systems (or systems with low mobility), users' whereabouts, and thus their uplink gains to the base station, do not change much with time and the information about the traffic load as a function of the position in the cell can be obtained at the base station. It is then possible to use this information to sectorize the cells such that the maximum coverage is achieved, i.e. the maximum number of subscribers get their required quality of service.

Recently, fixed wireless systems, Wireless Local Loops (WLL), are posed as an alternative to conventional local wired telephone service.


Computational methods bridge experimental and DC data with information systems. Figure 1 presents the main concepts and relationships between the experimental and computational shelf-life dating (CSLD) methodologies. Experimental methodologies include (1) experimental quality and safety characterizations, (2) constant stress level testing, (3) accelerated life testing (ALT), and (4) dynamical tests at the DC (Wells and Singh 1988a) . CSLD methodologies merges (1) logistics, (2) technometrics (monitoring data interpretation and control), and (3) complex systems (CSsimulation of shelf-life), enabling the interpretation of multi-scale scenarios (Martins et al. 2007a) .

Experimental methodologies include (1) experimental quality and safety characterizations, (2) constant stress level testing, (3) accelerated life testing (ALT), and (4) dynamical tests at the DC.

CSLD methodologies merges (1) logistics, (2) technometrics (monitoring data interpretation and control), and (3) complex systems (CSsimulation of shelf-life), enabling the interpretation of multi-scale scenarios.


Quality loss kinetics have been introduced to characterize the influence of storage and distribution. These are categorized into (1) microbiological growth, recovery, and death models (predictive microbiology [PM] ), (2) physical determinations (e.g., texture and color), and (3) chemical/biochemical parameters that affect nutritional and toxicological factors. A first example of this strategy was the time-temperature-tolerance studies (TTT) (Van Arsdel 1957) . TTT aimed at providing specifications, tolerances, and improvements during storage and critical points throughout the DC, providing a comprehensive data compilation on refrigerated foods (Labuza 1982) . Important assessments on quality and safety loss kinetics on several foods are available and compiled in the literature (OTA 1979; Labuza and Szybist 1999; Rahman 1999; Man and Jones 2000; Kilkast and Subramanian 2000; Eskin and Robinson 2001; Steele 2004) .

A first example of this strategy was the time-temperature-tolerance studies (TTT).

TTT aimed at providing specifications, tolerances, and improvements during storage and critical points throughout the DC, providing a comprehensive data compilation on refrigerated foods.

Important assessments on quality and safety loss kinetics on several foods are available and compiled in the literature.


In the process of foreign language learning, CA plays a significant role. In addition, speaking is believed to be at the center of anxiety provoking tasks (Horwitz, Horwitz, & Cope, 1986) . Finding any relationship, therefore, is of great importance. In the study, the researchers found that, except for the level of CA within a meeting context, there exists no considerable relationship between CA, sub-categories of CA, and speaking ability. As it was observed, no significant correlation is perceived between individuals' CA and their speaking ability. Thus, the researchers conclude that if it is said that speaking is among the anxiety provoking activities in foreign language classes, it is not the communication apprehension factor that makes it a painful process, but probably that of test anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, etc.

In addition, speaking is believed to be at the center of anxiety provoking tasks.