We had some problems detected only after the close of submission. Lemmatization did not always work well. In 'last index of polarized term' feature, we noticed a problem that ironically came precisely at the version used to submit, where the last index was counted from the start of text, and it should be counted from the end. We think that the difference in system performance between Task A and Task B has to do with the amount of noise present in the text. Because many of the texts to classify in Task A had a single word or a short phrase, the system was more likely to succeed. Another reason is the fact that our system has not been tuned to maximize the score (F-measure in positive and negative classes). During development we took into account only the overall accuracy seen in NLTK classifier result. Perhaps the overall system performance may have been affected by our decision of merge the training and the development corpus as training set. We used a class balanced set for development-time evaluation, smaller than the given development set, and the final test set had a different class distribution (Wilson et al., 2013) . By reviewing the system, we feel that the classification algorithms in the pipeline system should swap. Now we would use first the Decision Tree classifier, and after, receiving an extra feature, the Naive Bayes classifier, which as mentioned in section 3, suggested slightly better results for positive and negative classes. For the future, we intend to evolve the system in order to become more precise and targetaware. For the first part we need to review and evaluate the actual contribution of the current features. As for the second, we intend to introduce named entity recognition, so that each sentiment can be associated with its target entity.

Lemmatization did not always work well.

We used a class balanced set for development-time evaluation, smaller than the given development set, and the final test set had a different class distribution.


Thrombolysis for ischemic stroke can only be performed after the possibility of a hemorrhage has been excluded by computed tomography (CT) imaging, and a CT scan without contrast is recommended in patients who have a suspected stroke within a 3-4.5 h time period [17, 18] . Since not all hospitals are able to provide CT scans 24 h per day, important time is lost transporting patients to CT-capable centers [17] . The convergence of emergency medical services (EMS), telemedicine, and mobile technology, including transportable CT scanners, has presented a unique opportunity to advance patient stroke care in the prehospital field by circumventing delay to hyperacute stroke treatment with a mobile stroke unit (MSU) [19] .

Thrombolysis for ischemic stroke can only be performed after the possibility of a hemorrhage has been excluded by computed tomography (CT) imaging, and a CT scan without contrast is recommended in patients who have a suspected stroke within a 3-4.5 h time period.

Since not all hospitals are able to provide CT scans 24 h per day, important time is lost transporting patients to CT-capable centers.

The convergence of emergency medical services (EMS), telemedicine, and mobile technology, including transportable CT scanners, has presented a unique opportunity to advance patient stroke care in the prehospital field by circumventing delay to hyperacute stroke treatment with a mobile stroke unit (MSU).


Studies on mating systems have benefited from the development of biochemical markers, such as isozymes, since the 1970s. However, with the development of DNA markers, the establishment of mating systems became more precise. Microsatellite markers present great advantages for determining mating systems since these are co-dominant markers, multi-allele, robust, reliable and simple (Ferreira and Grattapaglia, 1996) . Allele frequencies can be estimated directly without requiring genetic crosses (Hamrick et al., 1979) .

Microsatellite markers present great advantages for determining mating systems since these are co-dominant markers, multi-allele, robust, reliable and simple.

Allele frequencies can be estimated directly without requiring genetic crosses.


Now day information and communication technology (ICT) is used in almost all aspects of life, and its influence is expected to bring a greater impact on the world in the future. This situation allows all countries, including Malaysia, to seize the opportunity to have a source of knowledge in order to keep pace with the modernization of the world. The information age has created a knowledge society, knowledge workers and knowledge economy (Deraman, 2003) . Today, ICT has been developing and growing rapidly and deeply into the various aspects of community life including education. Development of this electronic technology has put an enormous challenge to educators, especially to Islamic Education teachers, as major changes have to be made to their knowledge, attitude and practices (Mahmud, Ismail, Mohd.-Yasin, Mustapha, & Din, 2006) .

The information age has created a knowledge society, knowledge workers and knowledge economy.

Development of this electronic technology has put an enormous challenge to educators, especially to Islamic Education teachers, as major changes have to be made to their knowledge, attitude and practices.


Glass/polyester laminates have been used in boat building industry for over 50 years now due to their advantages such as low density and low manufacturing costs. However, the surface of the glass fibre reinforced composites coated with gel coat layer is in permanent contact with water which causes water absorption and blistering of the laminate surface in longer exposure times [1] [2] [3] . When first blisters are found on the surface of the protective coating the laminate is already affected by water which causes irreversible damage in the structure of the material. Blistering and degradation of the laminates in water is caused mainly by osmosis. This issue was widely discussed in the past [4, 5] . Water molecules keep osmosing through the laminate, and join the chemicals in the bubble, steadily building up hydraulic pressure. Eventually this causes the surface of the moulding to blister. When the surface is full of blisters the stage of degradation is reached when the diffusing water reaches internal layers of the laminate thus causing reduction in the interlaminar adhesion of the material [5] . In the recent years new types of bi-axial and tri-axial glass fibre fabrics were developed to cut down the labour cost in the marine industry. These types of reinforcements were designed in particular for the advanced manufacturing methods such as infusion in which layers of dry fibre fabrics are laid in the mould and are impregnated by the resin by vacuum process. However, nowadays theses textiles are often used by boat builders employing simple hand lay-up method which may lead to poor impregnation of the fibres. Accordingly, the question raised in this study was about the effect of manufacturing technique and the resulting structural quality of the materials with multilayer reinforcement on their water uptake and blistering characteristics.

However, the surface of the glass fibre reinforced composites coated with gel coat layer is in permanent contact with water which causes water absorption and blistering of the laminate surface in longer exposure times.

This issue was widely discussed in the past.

When the surface is full of blisters the stage of degradation is reached when the diffusing water reaches internal layers of the laminate thus causing reduction in the interlaminar adhesion of the material.


This research work is an extension of the preliminary study conducted on contouring thick TiGr laminates [19] . The study aims at quantification of the effects of a wide range of process parameters on surface quality and kerf taper ratio, identification of influential parameters and development of predictive mathematical models to facilitate parametric optimization. The effect of cutting geometry on the machining response is investigated and AWJ process is characterized for the machinability of thick TiGr FML. In addition, a comparison is drawn between AWJ and conventionally trimmed TiGr to foreground the limitations of conventional machining.

This research work is an extension of the preliminary study conducted on contouring thick TiGr laminates.


Here, we examine the cooling limits of a microcooler module that can dissipate heat fluxes exceeding 30 kW/cm 2 at the device footprint. The current microcooler design includes multiple microchannels directly fabricated on a SiC substrate to minimize the thermal resistance from the hotspot to coolant [13] . A U-bend shaped 3D manifold inlet/outlet is adopted for a path for coolant to flow in order to enhance the heat transfer coefficient at the walls of the microchannel while maintaining a low pumping power. To investigate the thermofluid design of the microcooler, two modeling approaches are employed in this work: (1) a conduction model and (2) a single-and two-phase conjugate heat transfer model. A single-and two-phase conjugate simulation heat transfer model for a single channel using ANSYS FLUENT provides insight on the detailed flow pattern, local heat transfer coefficients, and pressure drops in various segments of the flow channel. However, it is impractical to investigate all the possible operating conditions since both single-and two-phase conjugate simulations are computationally expensive compared to a conduction simulation. Therefore, we first develop a solid conduction model for the entire microcooler structure using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS to explore temperature distributions of the microcooler in different heat transfer coefficients. Then, both single-and two-phase conjugate simulations are developed only for selected operating conditions which are obtained from the solid conduction simulation results, which meet the design criteria. Our results provide preliminary supportive evidence for using embedded SiC microchannels with a 3D manifold for cooling of high power density electronics.

The current microcooler design includes multiple microchannels directly fabricated on a SiC substrate to minimize the thermal resistance from the hotspot to coolant.


One of the issue which has attracted a lot of attention of research community is the brake squeal. Due to continuous development of disc brake systems, they have become quieter although squeal problem has not been solved well [3, 119, 132] . The problem of predicting the brake squeal propensity remains a challenging task for brake research community [131] .

Due to continuous development of disc brake systems, they have become quieter although squeal problem has not been solved well.

The problem of predicting the brake squeal propensity remains a challenging task for brake research community.


Here, we develop a mortality analysis method that can incorporate uncertain male records for species with male natal dispersal. In this model, dispersal state (i.e. whether a male with an uncertain fate dispersed or died) is imputed as a latent state jointly with the coefficients of a parametric mortality model in a Bayesian hierarchical framework. The parameters of the mortality model have a distinct biological interpretation (see Data section in Materials and methods), and the mortality model thus decomposes mortality into age-dependent and age-independent mortality (Siler 1979) . Age-independent mortality represents mortality due to external sources that kill regardless of age (Pletcher 1999) . The mortality decomposition therefore allows comparison of mortality between the sexes or populations not only in terms of different levels but also in terms of differences in underlying processes. Furthermore, we extend the basic framework of the model to also account for possible secondary dispersal, where immigrants to the study area out-migrate again after a period of residency.

The parameters of the mortality model have a distinct biological interpretation (see Data section in Materials and methods), and the mortality model thus decomposes mortality into age-dependent and age-independent mortality.

Age-independent mortality represents mortality due to external sources that kill regardless of age.


Selecting Florida and coastal Texas as study areas in which to examine the pattern of wetland alteration provides an ideal basis for comparison. Both states border the Gulf of Mexico and rank among the top five in terms of total wetland area (estimated at 4.5 million ha for Florida and 3 million ha for Texas) comprised largely of palustrine and estuarine wetlands (Dahl 2000) . Florida and Texas are also among the five most populous states-currently estimated at nearly 18 million and 23 million, respectively (U.S. Census Bureau). However, their different geography, policy climates, and development patterns also make for a powerful comparative analysis.

Both states border the Gulf of Mexico and rank among the top five in terms of total wetland area (estimated at 4.5 million ha for Florida and 3 million ha for Texas) comprised largely of palustrine and estuarine wetlands.


Naturally occurring wetlands are a vital component of the United States' ecological infrastructure and provide essential ecosystem services to human communities. Ecosystem services including biodiversity support, water quality improvement, flood attenuation, and carbon sequestration are central landscape functions that are impaired when wetlands are lost or degraded (Zedler and Kercher 2005) . Despite the importance of wetlands (particularly along the coast), the cumulative impact on these natural systems over large areas is poorly understood. There has been a longstanding federal policy framework meant to protect their integrity, yet very little is known concerning policy-related impacts over broad spatial and temporal scales. We address this lack of research by mapping and conducting descriptive spatial analyses of permits issued pursuant to Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (''Clean Water Act'') across Florida and coastal Texas from 1991 to 2003.

Ecosystem services including biodiversity support, water quality improvement, flood attenuation, and carbon sequestration are central landscape functions that are impaired when wetlands are lost or degraded.


The incoming solar radiation also influences the soil temperature fluctuations. If surface soil temperature closely matches surface air temperature during the night, the soil temperature may be significantly warmer during the daylight hours, particularly in summer and autumn (Putnam and Chapman, 1996) . Soil temperature time series are thus typically positively biased when compared to air temperature time series. The sensitivity of the offset caused by the incident solar radiation is largely attributable to the specific surface conditions at the site and may not be a feature of the soil-air tracking at all locations (Bartlett et al., 2006) .

If surface soil temperature closely matches surface air temperature during the night, the soil temperature may be significantly warmer during the daylight hours, particularly in summer and autumn.

The sensitivity of the offset caused by the incident solar radiation is largely attributable to the specific surface conditions at the site and may not be a feature of the soil-air tracking at all locations.


The litter layer (L layer) comprises the uppermost soil layer and plays an important role in the water dynamics of the forest floor. For example, this layer limits the amount of water that can infiltrate into and/or evaporate from the soil [1] [2] [3] . Despite the importance of the L layer in hydrological processes, water dynamics in this layer are often overlooked in studies of forest hydrology, mainly because of the technical difficulties in making accurate measurements.

For example, this layer limits the amount of water that can infiltrate into and/or evaporate from the soil.


This technology has been successfully used in industrialscale power plants since 2001 . In Güssing, Austria, the first power plant started operation with a fuel power of 8 MW th . Further, power plants using the same DFB setup are under operation in Oberwart, Austria (fuel power of 8.5 MW th ), Senden, close to Ulm, Germany (fuel power of 16 MW th ), and Gothenburg, Sweden (fuel power of 30 MW th ). A new generation of DFB gasification is currently being developed at the Vienna University of Technology. A new design of the gasification unit increases the contact between the catalytically active bed material and gas released from the biomass feedstock [11] [12] [13] .

A new design of the gasification unit increases the contact between the catalytically active bed material and gas released from the biomass feedstock.


Gas released from biomass feedstock contains heavier hydrocarbons, which are also referred to as tars. These tars are primarily produced in the pyrolysis stage due to breakage of the three main constituents of biomass: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. As a result, primary tars, such as phenol and creosol, are formed. At temperatures above 500°C, these primary tars recombine into heavier molecules, referred to as secondary tars. A further temperature increase leads to the destruction of primary and secondary tars, resulting in the production of tertiary tars, such as naphthalene or pyrene. These are highly undesirable by-products when they condense in downstream equipment [14] . Therefore, reducing these compounds is necessary to obtain a valuable product gas.

These are highly undesirable by-products when they condense in downstream equipment.


If we transfer the results of this analysis to the representation of amplitudes and cross-sections then we must take into account two types of contributions: a pole singularity (resonance contribution) and the so-called hard sphere scattering contribution. It turns out that the experimental phase-shift δ 0 (E) can be reproduced by patching up two pieces: δ (E) , where U is a neighborhood of the resonance energy. This term represents the approximation of the scattering function S(E), which is appropriate in a domain close to the resonance energy. The function S(E), regarded as a function of E, presents a two-sheeted Riemann surface, corresponding to k = (2E) 1/2 . In the first sheet S(E) is regular, except for possible poles on the negative real axis, which correspond to the bound states energies. On the second (unphysical) sheet, S(E) presents complex poles in the neighborhood of the resonances, which always arise in complex conjugate pairs (corresponding to k and −k * ). One can regard the poles in the fourth quadrant of the complex k-plane as associated with decaying states, and the poles in the third quadrant as corresponding to capture states [2] . The square of the imaginary part of the location of these poles is related to the width of the resonance, and it is inversely proportional to its lifetime, then to the time delay.

One can regard the poles in the fourth quadrant of the complex k-plane as associated with decaying states, and the poles in the third quadrant as corresponding to capture states.


The two core components in developing an expert system (ES) are the inference engine (IE)/mechanism and knowledge base (KB) construction. Where, the inference mechanism was the fundamental technology to improve the total performance of the ES. Therefore, various inference mechanisms were proposed by the researchers after the proposition of the MYCIN [3] .

Therefore, various inference mechanisms were proposed by the researchers after the proposition of the MYCIN.


The study focused on peer reviewed journal articles. Thus, books, book chapters, reviews, discussion papers and conference papers were excluded. This is because peer reviewed journal articles are considered to be more valid (Macdonald and Kam, 2004) . A total of 353 peer reviewed articles were identified, which were then screened manually. After exclusion of non-business related, non-English and unrelated articles, the final sample for the systematic review of literature was 85 articles. Then, relevant information was collected and organized by indicating: the name of the author(s), year of publication, title of the article, journal, subject of study, research questions, methodology used and the key findings of the study for the remaining 85 articles in an excel sheet.

This is because peer reviewed journal articles are considered to be more valid.


This section indicates the research method, data collection, data preparation and data analysis stages. The research approach of this paper is a systematic literature review of secondary reported sources. This method is characterized by a well-documented, replicable and transparent search process. It is driven by a theory based understanding of the phenomena of interest and improves the quality of the review process. This method is common in business management studies (Bouncken et al., 2015; Gast et al., 2015) .

This method is common in business management studies.


Providing teachers access to automatically captured data can enhance their awareness [23] . However, effective ways to show this information in the classroom were still needed. We presented MTFeedback, an approach that exploits students' information captured at a multi-tabletop classroom to alert the teacher about aspects of students' solutions that cannot be easily analysed by the teacher on-the-fly. Whilst our approach can be generalised to other kinds of small group learning activities, this paper focused on the design of a collaborative concept mapping activity as an instance of the application of MTFeedback. The role of the system proved important in enabling class teachers to provide immediate and delayed feedback regarding the emerging misconceptions about the subject matter. In this way, the notifications help enhance teacher awareness of small group work in the classroom. In the words of one the class teachers, the dashboard allowed her "to even skip interventions during the activity and still be aware that some problems existed".

Providing teachers access to automatically captured data can enhance their awareness.


English has been recognized as an international language for decades. Its wide-range function pertains to using it not only to native speakers of English but also to non-native speakers of English and for various purposes [1] . Therefore, due to its long-range evolvement integrating cultural and linguistic elements in various regions, English has weathered nativisation and localization and thus has its varieties [1, 2, 3] .

Its wide-range function pertains to using it not only to native speakers of English but also to non-native speakers of English and for various purposes.

Therefore, due to its long-range evolvement integrating cultural and linguistic elements in various regions, English has weathered nativisation and localization and thus has its varieties.


The present cohort study confirmed that when patients with adult scoliosis progress, Scoliosis Specific Exercises can be effective to obtain stability and in some cases to reduce the Cobb angles in degrees. In highly progressive curves, exercises appear to slow down the progression of the curvature (worsening). In addition, this study gives For what concerns the analysis in the two subgroups PP, and nPP, the two groups were different in terms of curve morphology at start, and this could have affected the results. This may be one of the reasons for the tendency toward better results in the nPP sub-group. Nevertheless, the patients belonging to the nPP group, had more severe curves, usually considered good candidates to fusion independently from proven progression or not [3] . The interpretation of the results for the nPP group and the whole population could be considered as potentially biased, since these patients were stables when they entered the treatment. Moreover the pattern of curves was slightly different from the one described in long term follow up of scoliosis [21] . Nevertheless, since most of the patients improved, we considered this a valuable result.

Nevertheless, the patients belonging to the nPP group, had more severe curves, usually considered good candidates to fusion independently from proven progression or not.

Moreover the pattern of curves was slightly different from the one described in long term follow up of scoliosis.


Plant active principles are chemical compounds present in the entire plant or in specific parts of the plant that confers them therapeutic activity or beneficial effects (Martins et al., 2000) . These substances have low molecular weight and are derived from the plant secondary metabolism, including glucosides, alkaloids (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esthers, and lactones), phenolic and polyphenolic compounds (quinones, flavones, tannins, and coumarins), terpenoids (mono-and sesquiterpenoids, and steroids), saponins, mucilages, flavonoids, and essential oils (Martins et al., 2000; Huyghebaert, 2003) . These compounds are produced by the plants for defense against external factors, such as physiological stress, environmental factors, and protection against predators and pathogens (Huyghebaert, 2003) .

Plant active principles are chemical compounds present in the entire plant or in specific parts of the plant that confers them therapeutic activity or beneficial effects.

These substances have low molecular weight and are derived from the plant secondary metabolism, including glucosides, alkaloids (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esthers, and lactones), phenolic and polyphenolic compounds (quinones, flavones, tannins, and coumarins), terpenoids (mono-and sesquiterpenoids, and steroids), saponins, mucilages, flavonoids, and essential oils.

These compounds are produced by the plants for defense against external factors, such as physiological stress, environmental factors, and protection against predators and pathogens.


Brazilian poultry production has continuously adopted new technologies (genetic improvement, nutrition, management, health control), which ensures its competitiveness in the global meat market. Production indexes of the domestic poultry production are similar or better than those obtained in any other country in the world (Butolo, 2005) . Since the 1950s, antimicrobial feed additives (antibiotic and chemotherapeutic drugs) have been used as growth promoters, with generalized use in animal production, allowing adequate productivity of animals raised under intensive conditions (Menten, 2001) .

Production indexes of the domestic poultry production are similar or better than those obtained in any other country in the world.

Since the 1950s, antimicrobial feed additives (antibiotic and chemotherapeutic drugs) have been used as growth promoters, with generalized use in animal production, allowing adequate productivity of animals raised under intensive conditions.


In this paper, based on the phase pdf of the electromagnetic field, a K estimator is proposed. The proposed estimator is first applied to the phase of the received electromagnetic field within a RC that has been employed for the emulation of both isotropic and non-isotropic environments [27] . It has high performance especially to discriminate small but consistent coherent components. Further, the estimator works well for any time-varying channels and for any AoA of the coherent component, including the angles in which the dominant component is perpendicular to the direction of the transmitting antenna.

The proposed estimator is first applied to the phase of the received electromagnetic field within a RC that has been employed for the emulation of both isotropic and non-isotropic environments.


This field study was undertaken to collect strength and durability data from in-situ concrete pavement 4200 ft (1280 m) long. The existing crushed stone road was used as a base and a 20 ft (6 m) wide, and 8-inch (200 mm) thick concrete pavement was placed over the base, as reported earlier [16] . The pavement was designed to comply with the State of Wisconsin Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Construction.

The existing crushed stone road was used as a base and a 20 ft (6 m) wide, and 8-inch (200 mm) thick concrete pavement was placed over the base, as reported earlier.


The concentration of B, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, As and Pb analyzed in different plant samples of two Digitalis species are presented in Table 3 . The concentration of essential minerals (B, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu) in the studied samples were found to be higher than the toxic ones (As and Pb). It was estimated that the con- perpurea than in D. lanata (Table 3) . Among plant parts it was estimated higher at post flowering stage for D. perpurea. Contrarily, for D. lanata the concentration was higher in pre flowering stage for both plant parts (Table 3) . Cobalt is an important component of vitamin B 12 which participates as a coenzyme in various enzymatic reactions (Berdanier, 1994) .

Cobalt is an important component of vitamin B 12 which participates as a coenzyme in various enzymatic reactions.


Reconfigurable Modular Robot System (RMMS) is comprised by a serious of standardized modules with different dimensions and certain assembling styles, such as link modules, joint modules and gripper modules. Joint modules are all-in-one components which can generate rotary or translational motions and communicate with the upper controller. Manipulators with different DOFs or configurations can be rapidly constructed by choosing proper modules and then connecting them together. The closed-form dynamics model is widely applied in robot design, calibration and motion optimization. However, it's impractical to derive the dynamics manually for every configuration of modular robot, because the number of possible robot geometries is very huge. So this method that can generate the dynamics model of a given configurations automatically is important in module robot's researches and applications [1] [2] [3] [4] .

So this method that can generate the dynamics model of a given configurations automatically is important in module robot's researches and applications.


In this paper, we examine the suitability of the traditional approach of "shrinking" a large software defined network to fit within a restricted resource budget by scaling down link bandwidths [9] . Shrinking is an attractive option, since it enables emulating large networks on a single emulator machine, reducing cost, implementation complexity, and the barrier to entry. We observe, however, that there are fundamental issues specific to SDN emulation that limit this approach. Using experiments representative of real-world application patterns, we show how scaled-down emulation introduces artifacts that cause certain SDN operations to be improperly modeled, and how these artifacts can mislead an operator by providing both false positive and false negative predictions of poor network behavior.

In this paper, we examine the suitability of the traditional approach of "shrinking" a large software defined network to fit within a restricted resource budget by scaling down link bandwidths.


The entire cohort was from a single tertiary cancer hospital with advanced medical care facilities. The parameters of the patients with NSCLC included age, www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget that the survival rates of patients with standard health insurance plans were superior to those with self-finance (i.e., Self) or other types of health insurance. We believe that standard health insurance plans increase survival by reducing the economic burden of healthcare because they provide more advanced treatments at no extra cost. Health authorities should consider this factor when instituting health insurance plan policies. The therapeutic regimen parameter showed a clear correlation with OS. The SC and S regimens positively impacted survival, which concurs with previous studies demonstrating that administering adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II and III cancers was beneficial [20, 21] . The diagnostic method parameter revealed that surgery significantly improved survival, compared to biopsy and cytology. Biopsy is the preferred method to diagnose cancer. However, patients sometimes could not be diagnosed by obtaining available pathological tissues through bronchoscopy because of poor location or visualization of advanced tumor. The physician would then perform surgery or arrange a cytology examination for a diagnosis. On the other hand, cytology is commonly available for patients with advanced lung cancer who are unsuitable for surgery. So probably the diagnostic method way predicts survival rate via correlating therapeutic regimen.

The SC and S regimens positively impacted survival, which concurs with previous studies demonstrating that administering adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II and III cancers was beneficial.


Detailed physiological studies were conducted in the United Kingdom, where the effects of CO 2 stunning of hens on electroencephalogram (EEG) suppression and loss of somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEP) were analyzed [8, 9] . In these studies, several physiological phases were studied, and data were provided for suppression of EEG, loss of SEP, period of convulsing (e.g., onset and duration of clonic and tonic phases), and finally EEG silence. In terms of the period of convulsions, the clonic phase is characterized by episodes of wing-flapping, whereas the tonic phase involved the birds becoming rigid and showing final paddling motions with their legs and wings extended [8] .

Detailed physiological studies were conducted in the United Kingdom, where the effects of CO 2 stunning of hens on electroencephalogram (EEG) suppression and loss of somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEP) were analyzed.

In terms of the period of convulsions, the clonic phase is characterized by episodes of wing-flapping, whereas the tonic phase involved the birds becoming rigid and showing final paddling motions with their legs and wings extended.


Ocean surface gravity waves, as a ubiquitous phenomenon in the world ocean, set a restless boundary between the atmosphere and the ocean. Due to the role of surface gravity waves for various air-sea interaction processes, they are important features of the air-sea interaction for both ocean engineers and atmospheric and ocean scientists [1] . All marine structures and installations in deep and shallow coastal ocean regions require wave climate information as a substantial input for design, installation, and maintenance. In addition to industrial requirements for the understanding of wave forcing effects, wave processes have attracted great attention from oceanographers and meteorologists due to their significant role in the exchange of momentum, heat, energy, gas, and moisture across the air-sea boundary.

Due to the role of surface gravity waves for various air-sea interaction processes, they are important features of the air-sea interaction for both ocean engineers and atmospheric and ocean scientists.


Such MWP systems are typically built using fiber-optic and discrete components, limiting their real-world applications, due to lack of robustness, high cost and large size and weight. Integration of MWP systems on a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) can in principle address these concerns and limitations. PIC technology has now evolved to the level that industry and academia have access to mature technology platforms [6] . This led to the field of integrated MWP, where MWP functions are integrated on a PIC [7] . Recent advances, like the ultra-low waveguide losses, realized in the silicon nitride platform, can further unlock this potential, allowing for the almost fiber-like performance of a PIC-based system, e.g., for low noise microwave generation [8] .

PIC technology has now evolved to the level that industry and academia have access to mature technology platforms.

This led to the field of integrated MWP, where MWP functions are integrated on a PIC.

Recent advances, like the ultra-low waveguide losses, realized in the silicon nitride platform, can further unlock this potential, allowing for the almost fiber-like performance of a PIC-based system, e.g., for low noise microwave generation.


The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we give an overview of the proposed method. In section 3~5, we talk about the method including sentence networks, classification and ordering. In section 6, we present experiments and evaluations. Finally in section 7, we give some conclusions and future work. Fig. 1 gives the overall structure of the proposed method, which includes three modules: construction of sentence networks, sentence classification and sentence ordering. The first step is to build a sentence neighborhood network with weights on edges, which can serve as the basis for a Markov random walk (Tishby et al., 2000) . The neighborhood is based on similarity between sentences, and weights on edges can be seen as transition probabilities for the random walk. From this network, we can derive new representations for sentences.

The first step is to build a sentence neighborhood network with weights on edges, which can serve as the basis for a Markov random walk.


Sentence ordering has been a concern in text planning and concept-to-text generation (Reiter et al., 2000) . Recently, it has also drawn attention in multi-document summarization (Barzilay et al., 2002; Lapata, 2003; Bollegala et al., 2005) . Since summary sentences generally come from different sources in multi-document summarization, an optimal ordering is crucial to make summaries coherent and readable.

Sentence ordering has been a concern in text planning and concept-to-text generation.

Recently, it has also drawn attention in multi-document summarization.


The Power Quality (PQ) in electrical systems is regulated by IEC and EN standards, used as reference by the utilities [1] [2] [3] . In order to comply with these technical standards, the utilities have to guarantee admissible voltage levels established by the standards, also ensuring the supply continuity; the end-users have to guarantee current absorptions with adequate Power Factor (PF) and reduced harmonic current absorptions. Indeed, an inadequate PF and/or insufficient PQ level dramatically OPEN ACCESS increase the power losses in the distribution grid, the voltage drop and the voltage distortion. Power factor correction capacitors are suitable to compensate the reactive power required by linear loads. Non-linear loads, like rectifiers or arc discharge devices such as fluorescent lamp, require filters to reduce their harmonic current injection.

The Power Quality (PQ) in electrical systems is regulated by IEC and EN standards, used as reference by the utilities.


Unfortunately, the available literature data provides contradictory findings in the interrelationship between antioxidant/oxidant activity of semen fluid and human reproductive function. There is no consensus on the reference total antioxidant activity of seminal plasma in healthy fertile men. Data spread is observed in the range from 1.21 ± 0.16 to 2.32 ±033 mmol/L [2] . Our data are positioned in the same range, but it is too wide to do any conclusion. In described here studies the values of semen plasma AOA in the group of men where pathology was found were not significantly different form the control group (2.15 ± 0.29 versus 2.32 ± 0.33 mM-eq, p > 0.05).

Data spread is observed in the range from 1.21 ± 0.16 to 2.32 ±033 mmol/L.


Determination of antioxidant activity as an integral parameter provides more complete and valid information than the determination of individual antioxidants as it takes into account the cumulative effect of all antioxidants in the seminal fluid. The most frequently used methods are chemiluminescent and spectrophotometric ones [21, 24] . The method of activated chemiluminescence is based on the ability of luminol to produce luminescence during its interaction with the radicals generated in the system. When added to the system of the test sample antioxidants contained therein start reacting with radicals and inhibit the chemiluminescence of phosphor.

The most frequently used methods are chemiluminescent and spectrophotometric ones.


In seminal plasma, ascorbate, urates, and thiols are the major antioxidants while only traces of -tocopherol were detected in sperm from any group of males. Neither -carotene, lycopene nor retinol was detected in seminal plasma or sperm from any groups [20] . But ascorbate and -tocopherol cooperate to protect lipid structures against peroxidation. Ascorbate recycles -tocopherol by repairing its tocopheroxyl radical [23] .

Neither -carotene, lycopene nor retinol was detected in seminal plasma or sperm from any groups.

Ascorbate recycles -tocopherol by repairing its tocopheroxyl radical.


The presence of excessive ROS has a toxic effect on sperm cells, both on the quality and functional ability of sperm [3] . Thus, the presence of oxidative stress may lead to idiopathic forms of male sterility. Moreover, excessive ROS can cause induced apoptosis of sperm, and damage their DNA [4] . Breakages in DNA are a key indicator of cell death [4] .

The presence of excessive ROS has a toxic effect on sperm cells, both on the quality and functional ability of sperm.

Moreover, excessive ROS can cause induced apoptosis of sperm, and damage their DNA.

Breakages in DNA are a key indicator of cell death.


In the present study, we examined the pathways that the countries defined as the "EU-28" should follow to bring emissions 80% below their 1990 value by 2050 while at the same time limiting the GHG emission compatible with the Paris treaty goal. This evaluation represents the novelty of our study: we assess a carbon budget for EU 28 and a set of stylized emissions trajectories with the aim to analyze the feasibility of current EU-28 GHG reduction objectives, under the goals of the 2015 Paris treaty. This analysis aims to give orientations on the future policies for GHG emissions mitigation in EU-28 to achieve the Paris treaty goals. Moreover, stylized emission pathways have the advantage of representing a simple and versatile input for the use of techno-energy modelling tools that aim to investigate the optimal European energy mix constrained by a cumulative emissions cap [25] .

Moreover, stylized emission pathways have the advantage of representing a simple and versatile input for the use of techno-energy modelling tools that aim to investigate the optimal European energy mix constrained by a cumulative emissions cap.


Chemical control of leafminers usually lasts only a short period of time, and adult control with contact insecticides is especially unsatisfactory because flies can easily move around, and the treated field is subject to reinfestation from adjacent untreated crops and weeds (LeStrange et al., 1999) . Many studies have shown that leafminers can develop a high degree of resistance to a broad range of insecticides (Keil and Parrella, 1990; Mason et al., 1987; Parrella and Trumble, 1989) . In California, chemical control is often not an option for spinach. Fresh market ''baby leaves'' are harvested at 24 d after planting (at the four-to five-leaf stage) with ''junior leaves'' harvested 4 d later. Many systemic insecticides for larval control have a requirement of 14-d preharvest spray interval (the period with no chemical sprays before harvest). This means that fields have to be sprayed 10 d after planting or earlier when plants are still small and most of the sprays hits the ground and is wasted. Consequently, some growers try to avoid the leafminers by planting spinach in fields where the insect pressure is low, but growers may not have that option and leafminer infestation is often unpredictable. As a result, spinach is often tainted with the stipples of adult feeding or tunnels (mines) from larva feeding and has reduced quality, appearance, and value. Therefore, it is essential to develop alternative management strategies for leafminers.

Chemical control of leafminers usually lasts only a short period of time, and adult control with contact insecticides is especially unsatisfactory because flies can easily move around, and the treated field is subject to reinfestation from adjacent untreated crops and weeds.

Many studies have shown that leafminers can develop a high degree of resistance to a broad range of insecticides.


The kernel density calculates a magnitude per unit area from point or polyline features using a kernel function to fit a smoothly tapered surface to each point or polyline. It is a non-parametric method to estimate a variable's probability density function based upon a finite data sample [41] . This method has recently become a commonly applied spatial analysis tool to draw a density surface in a Geographic Information System (GIS)-a "computer system that stores and links nongraphic attributes or geographically referenced data with graphic map features to allow a wide range of information processing and display operations" [42] -environment.

It is a non-parametric method to estimate a variable's probability density function based upon a finite data sample.

This method has recently become a commonly applied spatial analysis tool to draw a density surface in a Geographic Information System (GIS)-a "computer system that stores and links nongraphic attributes or geographically referenced data with graphic map features to allow a wide range of information processing and display operations"-environment.


This research also makes an important contribution for future research on the BRI in a couple of ways. First, according to a survey conducted by the Center for China and Globalization, an independent think-tank based in Beijing, more than 32% of the enterprises that have invested in BRI projects consider political risks as the most important challenge they face [48] . This research argues that discussion about the BRI should not be limited to its motivations or impacts, and emphasizes the importance of analyzing the risks and challenges along the BRI. We also contend that, in addition to political risks, more efforts should be made to examine the economic risks, cultural risks, and other challenges along the Belt and Road. Second, to date, despite the growing number of scholarly works on various topics related to the BRI, BRI research is still at a preliminary stage, and most studies are conducted at a general and macro level. This article points out the necessity of conducting micro-level research on the BRI, and suggests that this should not be limited to the analysis of political risks along the BRI. Instead, it calls for more micro-level research on the distribution of mineral resources, tourist resources, natural disasters, etc., along the BRI, in order to enrich the existing macro-level studies on these topics [49] [50] [51] .

First, according to a survey conducted by the Center for China and Globalization, an independent think-tank based in Beijing, more than 32% of the enterprises that have invested in BRI projects consider political risks as the most important challenge they face.

Instead, it calls for more micro-level research on the distribution of mineral resources, tourist resources, natural disasters, etc., along the BRI, in order to enrich the existing macro-level studies on these topics.


The measured, normalized, co-polarized, and cross polarized radiation patterns in XZ plane and YZ plane at 750 MHz and 1.15 GHz are shown in Figure 7 . The antenna is polarized along X direction. The efficiency of the proposed antenna is 85.7% at 1.15 GHz as measured by the Wheeler cap method [9] .

The efficiency of the proposed antenna is 85.7% at 1.15 GHz as measured by the Wheeler cap method.


Today a second generation of web-based communities and hosted services are emerging which facilitate collaboration among users and organizations. The term Web 2.0 has been coined to embrace all those new collaborative applications Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. SACMAT'08, June 11-13, 2008 and also to indicate a new "social" approach to share resources, characterized by resource sharing and decentralization of authority. For example, commercial coalitions may implement supply chain arrangements, subcontracting relationships, or joint marketing campaigns [6] . In the public sector, governments have taken various initiatives to increase collaboration among government agencies and nongovernment organizations in order to provide better public service to citizens. Main goals in such collaborations are resource sharing and joint tasks and activities. As such a critical issue is represented by access control systems able to support selective access to sensitive resources.

For example, commercial coalitions may implement supply chain arrangements, subcontracting relationships, or joint marketing campaigns.


Atmospheric aerosols can affect climate directly by scattering and absorbing incoming solar radiation, or indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which form clouds and in turn can reflect light (Twomey, 1977) . The efficiency of particles as CCN also affects both aerosol particle and cloud droplet lifetimes (Albrecht, 1989) . It is well recognised that these effects represent one of the largest uncertainties in assessing the changes in radiative forcing from pre-industrial times to the present (Solomon et al., 2007) . As such, understanding the hygroscopic properties of aerosols and the processes that govern cloud droplet activation are important.

Atmospheric aerosols can affect climate directly by scattering and absorbing incoming solar radiation, or indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which form clouds and in turn can reflect light.

The efficiency of particles as CCN also affects both aerosol particle and cloud droplet lifetimes.

It is well recognised that these effects represent one of the largest uncertainties in assessing the changes in radiative forcing from pre-industrial times to the present.


Extremely high plasma enthalpy and plasma temperature and very low plasma density result in very high efficiency of utilization of plasma enthalpy for heating of material injected into plasma. This is advantageous in all applications where high heat fluxes and high temperatures are needed. Especially high throughputs of treated material and high process rates are characteristic for water plasma torches. In plasma spraying the water-stabilized torches provide almost one order higher spraying rates than gas torches. Therefore water-stabilized systems are used for large-area coatings, for production of self-supporting ceramic parts and for powder processing [20] . Several promising applications of oxygenhydrogen plasma jets appear besides plasma spraying, namely waste treatment and plasma gasification of biomass for syngas production [21] . Besides high level of turbulence, high rate of mixing process and high plasma enthalpy also chemical composition of plasma is advantageous for this application.

Therefore water-stabilized systems are used for large-area coatings, for production of self-supporting ceramic parts and for powder processing.

Several promising applications of oxygenhydrogen plasma jets appear besides plasma spraying, namely waste treatment and plasma gasification of biomass for syngas production.


Thermal plasmas are commonly generated in electric arcs that are stabilized by flowing gas or in inductively coupled discharges. Typically, inductively coupled plasma torches are characterized by plasma temperatures from 5 000 K to 10 000 K [1] . Averaged temperatures in torches with nontransferred electric arcs with gas stabilization are somewhat higher, usually in the range from 8 000 K to 16 000 K [1, 2] . Average plasma enthalpies, determined as a ratio of power of plasma to the flow rate of plasma forming gas, vary from 1 to 100 MJ/kg. Further increase of plasma temperatures and enthalpies is limited, as flowing gas protects the arc chamber walls from thermal overloading and thus a minimum possible gas flow rate exists for given arc power. Higher thermal loading is possible if the walls are created by liquid and an arc is stabilized by wall evaporation. Thus, liquidstabilized arcs can be utilized as sources of thermal plasmas with extremely high temperatures and enthalpies. Besides apparent advantage of liquid-stabilized generators that no gas supply is needed, there are many other differences between gas and liquid generators in plasma processes, plasma properties and especially in performance characteristics in plasma processing.

Typically, inductively coupled plasma torches are characterized by plasma temperatures from 5 000 K to 10 000 K.

Averaged temperatures in torches with nontransferred electric arcs with gas stabilization are somewhat higher, usually in the range from 8 000 K to 16 000 K.


Many studies have examined associations of psychosocial factors and dietary habits related to vegetable consumption [24] [25] . Individual and socio environmental factors during the developmental periods of children may influence adult dietary patterns as well [26] . The lack of information on frequency of the consumption of the 3 tested vegetables by our subjects prior to the study may have limited the capability of the study to detect any changes in cauliflower and spinach with and without spices. In addition, the subjects came from a diverse ethnic background and may have varied in their "typical" uses of spices in cooking.

Many studies have examined associations of psychosocial factors and dietary habits related to vegetable consumption.

Individual and socio environmental factors during the developmental periods of children may influence adult dietary patterns as well.


Sensory-specific satiety (SSS) refers to the decrease of pleasure derived from a food during eating and it is established that the persistence of a taste tends to terminate eating behavior. SSS is specific to a particular food such as broccoli and is not affected by the ad libitum consumption of other foods with different sensory characteristics regardless of the order in which the other foods are presented. Once reached, SSS is thus not subject to dishabituation during a meal [20] . In our study, the duration of eating was increased with added spices, suggest- Plain vegetables without spice; vegetables with spice.

Once reached, SSS is thus not subject to dishabituation during a meal.


For the climate change problem, willingness to pay for climate change mitigation programs constitutes willingness to pay for a substantial public good, and there are few indirect markets that can allow us to infer the needed demand information from revealed preferences. Consequently, stated preference techniques are likely to prove essential to any attempts at comprehensive valuation of climate change mitigation benefits and the benefits from reducing other poorly understood risks. Any stated preference exercise must be shown to pass a "scope test," wherein willingness to pay for the good varies directly with the amount of the good at stake (Arrow et al. 1993) . The amount of the good at stake-"risk reduced"-in many of these cases is subjective and highly uncertain for most consumers. Thus, an understanding of subjective distributions for these risks-both in terms of expectation and the degree of uncertainty-and how these subjective distributions can be influenced, either naturally or strategically, will be critical to the public decision-making process for many challenging public policy problems. This study contributes to such an understanding. . Then the "own-term," "gov-term," and "env-term" variables correspond to the first, second, and third constructed variables in each of the two equations: The "own-term," "gov-term," and "env-term" variables correspond to the first, second, and third variables in the following specifications: respond to information, and (iii.) the value of risk changes, have been fertile areas for research.

Any stated preference exercise must be shown to pass a "scope test," wherein willingness to pay for the good varies directly with the amount of the good at stake.


The noise reduction technology can be divided into two categories including the passive and the active noise control (ANC) technology [1] [2] [3] [4] . For the mechanism of passive noise control technology, the acoustic materials or structures, in general, are used to achieve the sound absorption, sound insulation, muffler, vibration isolation, and damping vibration. This technology is capable of reducing the middle and high-frequency noise. While the ANC technology provides a good solution on the low-frequency noise control. Based on the interference principle, the original wave from the noise source can be weakened by a secondary wave with opposite phase and the same propagating direction. As a result of the development of computer technology and the signal processing technology, the ANC technology has entered a rapid development period. The emergence of the high constant power speaker, secondary sound source, transducer, and related signal processing devices plays an important role in making the ANC technology enter the practice stage [5] . Compared with the passive noise and vibration control, the ANC has a lot of advantages such as the ability to work in the low frequency, pertinence and small in size, flexible, and convenient.

The noise reduction technology can be divided into two categories including the passive and the active noise control (ANC) technology.

The emergence of the high constant power speaker, secondary sound source, transducer, and related signal processing devices plays an important role in making the ANC technology enter the practice stage.


An example of a miniaturized antenna is a meandered antenna where a half wavelength dipole is made compact by meandering the wire [1] . A similar approach can be applied to design a meander-type slot antenna [2] . Meandering the excited patch surface current paths in the microstrip antenna's radiating patch is also an effective method for achieving a lowered fundamental resonant frequency for the microstrip antenna [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . On the other hand, meandered antennas are very hard to match to a 50 Ohm line. This difficulty is due to the fact that the radiation of almost in-phase electric currents flowing in opposite directions on closely spaced wires or patches tends to cancel each other in the far-field region. This cancellation renders a considerable portion of opposing currents ineffective as far as radiation efficiency is concerned and leads to a very low radiation resistance that might have increased using a twostrip meandered line [8] . Consequently, these antennas are difficult to match, and yet require a very low temperature of operation to control material losses [9] .

An example of a miniaturized antenna is a meandered antenna where a half wavelength dipole is made compact by meandering the wire.

A similar approach can be applied to design a meander-type slot antenna.

Meandering the excited patch surface current paths in the microstrip antenna's radiating patch is also an effective method for achieving a lowered fundamental resonant frequency for the microstrip antenna.

This cancellation renders a considerable portion of opposing currents ineffective as far as radiation efficiency is concerned and leads to a very low radiation resistance that might have increased using a twostrip meandered line.

Consequently, these antennas are difficult to match, and yet require a very low temperature of operation to control material losses.


Transformational system design supports the idea of designing at a higher level of abstraction which implies describing the behavior of the required system in high level languages and then transforming this into a description at a lower level, possibly in a hardware description language. Such kind of design methodology can reduce the overall design time and ensure the correctness of the implemented system. A great deal of the pioneering work in transformation systems was undertaken by Burstall and Darlington [6] . Their system transformed applicative recursive programs to imperative ones and their ideas have heavily influenced today's transformation systems.

A great deal of the pioneering work in transformation systems was undertaken by Burstall and Darlington.


Frequent change in tactile sensitivity of the feet in peripheral neuropathy is associated with a risk of falls in 3 to 6% of cases. Individuals with diabetic neuropathy have a higher rate of falls, greater deviations in posture when standing and greater area of oscillation in comparison to individuals without this condition [11, 12] . Stabilometry measures and records the continuous oscillation of the human body through displacement speed and radial displacement [13] . It is likely that there is a relationship between mean peak plantar pressure in the different regions of the feet, displacement speed and radial displacement, as there is an increase in plantar pressure and greater oscillation in diabetic individuals with increase in time since diagnosis. The understanding of this process will certainly improve assessment procedures and physiotherapy treatment as well as provide an early approach to the prevention of falls and the much-dreaded diabetic ulcers.

Individuals with diabetic neuropathy have a higher rate of falls, greater deviations in posture when standing and greater area of oscillation in comparison to individuals without this condition.

Stabilometry measures and records the continuous oscillation of the human body through displacement speed and radial displacement.


As a consequence, the possible faults affecting the system have to be properly identified and treated, before they endanger the correct functioning of the turbines or become failures. Megawatt-sized wind turbines are extremely expensive systems, and therefore their availability and reliability must be high in order to assure the maximisation of the generated power while minimising the operation and maintenance (O & M) services. Alongside the fixed costs of the produced energy (mainly due to the installation and the foundation of the wind turbine), the O & M costs could increase the total energy cost by up to about 30%, particularly considering offshore installation [1] .

Alongside the fixed costs of the produced energy (mainly due to the installation and the foundation of the wind turbine), the O & M costs could increase the total energy cost by up to about 30%, particularly considering offshore installation.


In the context of long-range propagation at low grazing angles, parabolic equation methods remain very widely used both in 2-and 3-dimensional settings. In this regime the form of the Green's function together with the series decomposition provide computational efficiency and the means to extend existing PE methods to include backscatter, in addition to yielding tractable analytical results for statistical moments. These benefits should, nevertheless, be put in context. One-dimensional surface models are frequently used and often directly applicable in narrow angle propagation as well as for corrugated surfaces and inverse problems, but the aim should most often be methods which give theoretical insight or allow computation for the general scattering problem. In particular there remains a need for further theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of enhanced and multiple backscatter. Several computational advantages of the parabolic Green's function (such as its closed form) are lost in full 3-dimensional problems, or those for which wide-angle scatter needs to be taken into account. On the other hand the approach here may be applied in the more general setting, with the PE Green's function replaced by the full 3D Green's function which is relatively tractable. Computationally that method has already proved successful [32] . However, in the interaction between forward-and back-scattered fields in 3D has not yet been examined, and analytical treatment of the 3D statistics via this approach remains a challenge.

Computationally that method has already proved successful.


Under the assumption of purely forward-scattering, a successful approach has been the parabolic integral equation method (PIE) [14] [15] [16] [17] . This makes use of a 'one-way' parabolic equation (PE) Green's function, leading to the replacement of the Helmholtz integral equations by their small-angle analogue. For 2D problems this Green's function takes a particularly tractable form; this, together with the Volterra (one-sided) form of the governing integral operator, affords the key advantage of high numerical efficiency, and in the perturbation regime allows derivation of analytical results [13, [18] [19] [20] . There is also a growing interest in imaging and surface reconstruction, with some successes by methods tailored to the regime including back-propagation and iterative methods for high incident angles, and PE-related approaches at low angles [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . Nevertheless, the PE method yields little information about the field scattered back towards the source.

Under the assumption of purely forward-scattering, a successful approach has been the parabolic integral equation method (PIE).

For 2D problems this Green's function takes a particularly tractable form; this, together with the Volterra (one-sided) form of the governing integral operator, affords the key advantage of high numerical efficiency, and in the perturbation regime allows derivation of analytical results.

There is also a growing interest in imaging and surface reconstruction, with some successes by methods tailored to the regime including back-propagation and iterative methods for high incident angles, and PE-related approaches at low angles.


The last few years have also seen an increased interest in III-V materials and in the integration of III-Vs on silicon which is facilitated by nanowires [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] . Nanoscale electronics, optoelectronics, photonics and photovoltaics would benefit from this integration because nanoscale structures could be eventually engineered on silicon, a mature and less expensive platform and with complementary functionality. III-V nanostructures are promising as they offer an efficient elastic relaxation of the strain thanks to their small footprint and freestanding nature [32] [33] [34] .

The last few years have also seen an increased interest in III-V materials and in the integration of III-Vs on silicon which is facilitated by nanowires.

III-V nanostructures are promising as they offer an efficient elastic relaxation of the strain thanks to their small footprint and freestanding nature.


While to risks of tobacco related diseases are increasing and the consumption of cigarettes increased significantly, the country launched the first implementation of the National Health Insurance (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional or JKN) in January 2014. The insurance mechanism, instead of tax funded system, to establish Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in Indonesia is based on the philosophy that everyone should be responsible for financing health care using solidarity principle. The Government has not been viewed as the sole responsible for financing health care in Indonesia. The JKN is financed from 5% payroll tax and the Government subsidies for the low income. The informal sector who do not have monthly salary pay a nominal amount that they can choose one of three premiums depending on the class of hospitalization they choose . The JKN aims at covering 100% of the population by 2019 (DJSN, 2012) . By April 2016, the JKN already covered 166 million people (65% of the population) under a single database (Idris, 2016) . It is the largest single payer health care in the World, in term of population coverage.

The JKN aims at covering 100% of the population by 2019.

By April 2016, the JKN already covered 166 million people (65% of the population) under a single database.


With growing concerns regarding environmental protection, many businesses have been encouraged to address environmental issues and face many challenges in doing this (Jiang et al., 2011) . Remanufacturing represents a significant End-of-Life (EoL) process, which could potentially generate both environmental and business benefits. It extends product longevity while reducing raw material consumption, energy usage and environmental impact (Subramoniam et al., 2013) . Hence, remanufacturing is considered a key strategy for promoting sustainable development (Matsumoto and Ijomah, 2013) .

With growing concerns regarding environmental protection, many businesses have been encouraged to address environmental issues and face many challenges in doing this.

It extends product longevity while reducing raw material consumption, energy usage and environmental impact.

Hence, remanufacturing is considered a key strategy for promoting sustainable development.


By definition remanufacturing is "the process of returning a used product to at least OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) original performance specification from the customers' perspective and giving the resultant product a warranty that is at least equal to that of a newly manufactured equivalent" (Ijomah, 2002) . In reducing the utilization of raw materials, remanufacturing represents a great opportunity to construct a win-win situation for all relevant players, i.e. customers, businesses, the environment and society at large (Sharma et al., 2014) . Remanufacturing also offers producers a method for avoiding waste limitation penalties by reintroducing waste matter into the manufacturing cycle (Ijomah et al., 2004) .

By definition remanufacturing is "the process of returning a used product to at least OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) original performance specification from the customers' perspective and giving the resultant product a warranty that is at least equal to that of a newly manufactured equivalent".

In reducing the utilization of raw materials, remanufacturing represents a great opportunity to construct a win-win situation for all relevant players, i.e. customers, businesses, the environment and society at large.

Remanufacturing also offers producers a method for avoiding waste limitation penalties by reintroducing waste matter into the manufacturing cycle.


One of the major limitations in assessing spider biodiversity is related to the metrics used (Aubin et al., 2013) . Most studies have used a small number of samples and only a single method for capturing the biodiversity of a given group, not taking environmental variables into account. The considerable number of spider families captured in soil traps would be a good point of departure for understanding the structure of the spider community. However, this method is more associated with families that are less demanding in terms of environmental variables and that inhabit several niches of the environments, whether soil or surface litter.

One of the major limitations in assessing spider biodiversity is related to the metrics used.


Some authors indicate that the plant composition of the site evaluated creates a favorable habitat structure for spider development (D'Alberto et al., 2012; Rodriguez-Artigas et al., 2016) . Spiders are dependent on a well-established trophic chain, and therefore need to actively forage, regardless of their feeding strategy. Thus, it is understood that an environment with diversified plant structure attracts other organisms that will serve as prey for spiders. This confirms the great diversity of spiders in the scale of intensity of human interference between native forest (NF), as the most stable and biodiverse environment, and no-tillage annual crops (NT), as the least stable and with the lowest diversity of spiders.

Some authors indicate that the plant composition of the site evaluated creates a favorable habitat structure for spider development.


To achieve a long-term development of the financial market, one important prerequisite is to facilitate a long-term decision making routine among managers [5] . Long-term decision-making should usually incorporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors within an organization. Therefore, facilitating long-term-oriented thinking overlaps with promoting sustainable development to some extent as well. Moreover, facilitating long-term-oriented thinking has a close relationship with educational background. Higher-educated managers are more likely to appreciate the value of the firm being an environmentally and socially responsible entity. This links long-term development of the financial market with educational investment from the government behavior.

To achieve a long-term development of the financial market, one important prerequisite is to facilitate a long-term decision making routine among managers.


To explain this phenomenon, Miyazaki has advocated a "back to nature" theory [34, 35] . In this theory, he claims that human physiological functions are best adapted to a natural environment, because over 99.99% of the course of human evolution since our ancestors started evolving from a subset of primates into our current form around 6 to 7 million years ago has been spent in a natural environment. Conversely, we have spent less than 0.01% of human history in a modern environment, which only started with the beginning of urbanization in the Industrial Revolution. The highly urbanized and artificial environments that we currently inhabit are the root cause of the "stress state" of modern people. We, therefore, enter a relaxed state when exposed to the natural environment or to nature-derived stimulation, which brings us closer to our original natural state as human beings.

To explain this phenomenon, Miyazaki has advocated a "back to nature" theory.


We can point several reasons for the initial increase in inflation differentials after the launch of the euro. Firstly, inflation divergence may be due to equilibrating mechanisms as long-run relative price levels across countries depend on relative productivity and income levels. Therefore, since economic and monetary integration may lead to convergence of productivity and income, the poor countries will have temporarily higher inflation rates. This is the Balassa-Samuelson effect, which is more important in the long-run. Inflation differentials can also replace nominal exchange rate adjustments since countries with low inflation gain external competitiveness (Lane, 2006) .

Inflation differentials can also replace nominal exchange rate adjustments since countries with low inflation gain external competitiveness.


As stressed by the optimum currency area literature, large inflation differentials can undermine the success of a monetary union (Tavlas, 1994) . Moreover, since the business cycle is one of the main drivers of inflation, there should be a relationship between convergence of inflation rates and convergence of business cycles. The main goal of this paper is to study the association between these two convergence processes, namely we want to examine whether divergence (convergence) in inflation rates after the introduction of the euro can be explained by divergence (convergence) in business cycles.

As stressed by the optimum currency area literature, large inflation differentials can undermine the success of a monetary union.


Nowadays significant contamination of surface water and groundwater with various organic compounds coming from both industry and agriculture is observed. A number of the contaminants are resistant to biological degradation, and they are not susceptible to removal in conventional water treatment processes such as coagulation, flocculation, and filtration [1] . Therefore, in many cases, novel, efficient and cost-effective methods of water treatment should be applied. The processes should assure complete mineralization of all the toxic species present in the raw water without leaving behind any hazardous residues [2, 3] .

A number of the contaminants are resistant to biological degradation, and they are not susceptible to removal in conventional water treatment processes such as coagulation, flocculation, and filtration.

The processes should assure complete mineralization of all the toxic species present in the raw water without leaving behind any hazardous residues.


The presented studies were focused on application of immobilized TiO 2 for removal of phenol from water in a pilot-scale photocatalytic reactor. Phenol was chosen as a model contaminant since it is one of the serious pollutants present in water. This compound exhibits high toxicity for human beings and causes severe environmental problems. Due to its hazardous properties, numerous investigations are focused on phenol removal from water and wastewater [7, [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . The aim of the presented research was evaluation of possibility of application of TiO 2 immobilized on steel mesh, fiberglass cloth, and microspheres (Photospheres-40, Microspheres Technology) in a pilot plant photocatalytic reactor. On a basis of the obtained results, the most beneficial and efficient configuration of the system was proposed.

Due to its hazardous properties, numerous investigations are focused on phenol removal from water and wastewater.


Trees and shrubs growing in the cerrado, or the Brazilian savanna, which is characterized by wet (October-March) and dry (April-September) seasons, have to adjust their morphophysiological traits seasonally to successfully cope with the soil water availability. The cerrado vegetation is a vertically structured mosaic of grassland, scrubland, and dense woodland physiognomies (Haridasan, 2008) . The soils of these areas are deep, acidic, sandy, contain low levels of organic matter and phosphorus, and are rich in aluminum (Haridasan, 2008) .

The cerrado vegetation is a vertically structured mosaic of grassland, scrubland, and dense woodland physiognomies.

The soils of these areas are deep, acidic, sandy, contain low levels of organic matter and phosphorus, and are rich in aluminum.


In the sixth section, we show that the algebraR(n) = F [O n ] G is an epimorphic image of F [O n+1 ] Spin (7) . Therefore, it is sufficient to find generators of the algebra of spinor invariants. In solving of this problem, the key role is played by Proposition 6.2 which is interesting on its own. Indeed, this proposition gives a sufficient condition when a decription of vector invariants of arbitrary reductive group can be reduced to a description of its multilinear invariants. It is likely that this proposition will be useful later, say in a description of generators of vector invariants of other exceptional simple groups.

In the sixth section, we show that the algebraR(n) = F [O n ] G is an epimorphic image of F [O n+1 ] Spin.


Several terms have been used, but not necessarily accurately, in literature to refer to the same concept, i.e. "rigidity", "stiffness" or "elasticity". We use "rigidity" because it implies that a material is resistant to mechanical deformation everywhere (homogenous) and in every direction (isotropic). In contrast, "stiffness" can be directional and is sometimes defined for only a single loading direction (e.g. a material can be stiff in tension but not in torsion or flexure). Also, "elasticity" relates to a specific mode of deformation that is reversible and allows a solid to recover its original shape when load is removed. From an engineering point of view, variable rigidity can be achieved mechanically in macroscopic structures (or variable stiffness in this case). However, there is a trend to use materials whose intrinsic rigidity can be controlled in a reversible manner through electrical stimulation [1] [2] [3] . This allows for compatibility with miniaturizable electronics for control and power, and eliminates dependency on bulky external hardware for pneumatic, hydraulic, thermal, or magnetic stimulation.

However, there is a trend to use materials whose intrinsic rigidity can be controlled in a reversible manner through electrical stimulation.


As is usual in the theory of Fourier algebras, we will work in the category of operator spaces. This allows us to use D. Blecher's completely isomorphic characterization of operator algebras requiring the algebra multiplication map to be completely bounded on the Haagerup tensor product [3] . Note that there is no such characterization of operator algebras in the category of Banach spaces [7] .

This allows us to use D. Blecher's completely isomorphic characterization of operator algebras requiring the algebra multiplication map to be completely bounded on the Haagerup tensor product.

Note that there is no such characterization of operator algebras in the category of Banach spaces.


Furthermore, we showed that silencing of SNCG by siRNA in LNCaP cells reduced tumor growth when the cells were injected into nude mice. These in vivo studies were consistent with the previously investigated functions of SNCG in prostate cancer cells in vitro. Our results indicate that aberrantly high expression of SNCG is partly responsible for tumor growth and invasion. Since SNCG expression of prostate cancer cells was regulated by androgen in vitro, we investigated stable SNCG-overexpressing LNCaP tumor growth in the castrated host mice. However, there was no significant difference between two groups with different expression [47] [48] [49] . A previous study claimed that exposure to reduced androgens may promote prostate tumorigenesis by activating special molecular events that drive more aggressive hormone-refractory tumors [50] . However, our data suggest that ADT therapy regimen in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer patients might effectively reduce some androgen-induced risk factors such as SNCG.

However, there was no significant difference between two groups with different expression.

A previous study claimed that exposure to reduced androgens may promote prostate tumorigenesis by activating special molecular events that drive more aggressive hormone-refractory tumors.


And while extrinsic rewards have their place in the classroom, teachers would be well-served to examine how they are employed. The public use of rewards can make students' ability salient; but when made contingent on students' effort and goal accomplishments, rewards can enhance achievement-related behaviors (Ames, 1992) . Teachers should consider using tangible rewards infrequently, only when necessary to encourage student engagement, and make them contingent on the quality of work (Stipek, 1998) . Teachers might even consider recognition for a student's exemplary individual improvement or the achievement of their own 'personal best' rather than just rewarding the best score or project.

The public use of rewards can make students' ability salient; but when made contingent on students' effort and goal accomplishments, rewards can enhance achievement-related behaviors.

Teachers should consider using tangible rewards infrequently, only when necessary to encourage student engagement, and make them contingent on the quality of work.


Teachers should use evaluation opportunities to highlight a student's individual progress rather than how they scored relative to the rest of their classmates. Teachers might emphasize the information conveyed in the grade whether it is attainment of a personal goal or the need for improvement. In this context, what is highlighted is the opportunity for students to receive informative feedback showing how far their understanding and skills have progressed or where greater effort may be warranted. Teachers will want to de-emphasize using social comparison in their evaluation and assessment of students in other ways as well (including use of public charts of students' progress, displays of selected papers and achievements, or ability grouping), because when teachers highlight grading and public evaluation students becomes focused on their ability and the range of ability demonstrated by their peers in the classroom (Ames, 1992) . Student evaluation should be private, emphasize an individual's progress in learning, and be accompanied with opportunities to improve.

Teachers will want to de-emphasize using social comparison in their evaluation and assessment of students in other ways as well (including use of public charts of students' progress, displays of selected papers and achievements, or ability grouping), because when teachers highlight grading and public evaluation students becomes focused on their ability and the range of ability demonstrated by their peers in the classroom.


In order to collect information concerning farmers' characteristics and their actual adaptation strategies, a pre-tested structured questionnaire was used. We asked each farmer the following three contingent questions to ensure that their production adjustments were actual responses to climate change not due to other pressures [12] . In order to collect information concerning farmers' characteristics and their actual adaptation strategies, a pre-tested structured questionnaire was used. We asked each farmer the following three contingent questions to ensure that their production adjustments were actual responses to climate change not due to other pressures [12] .

We asked each farmer the following three contingent questions to ensure that their production adjustments were actual responses to climate change not due to other pressures.


Previous research has indicated that climate change, especially the increase of extreme weather phenomena, has a profoundly adverse effect on agriculture production [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . A recent study shows that depending on the severity of climate change conditions, the average yield of barley wheat could fall from 3% to 17% worldwide [8] . How to overcome the risks of climate change on agriculture has gained extensive attention from researchers all over the world [2] . There are two main adaption categories, which are actors-private adaptation and public adaptation [9] . Private adaptations are autonomous adaptation-practices made by households, and public adaptations are planned adaptation-decisions made by governments [10] .

Previous research has indicated that climate change, especially the increase of extreme weather phenomena, has a profoundly adverse effect on agriculture production.

A recent study shows that depending on the severity of climate change conditions, the average yield of barley wheat could fall from 3% to 17% worldwide.

How to overcome the risks of climate change on agriculture has gained extensive attention from researchers all over the world.

There are two main adaption categories, which are actors-private adaptation and public adaptation.

Private adaptations are autonomous adaptation-practices made by households, and public adaptations are planned adaptation-decisions made by governments.


This study focuses on Henan province due to its significance in China's cereal production. Located in central China, Henan Province is one of the thirteen major grain cultivating areas. Based on relevant statistics, Henan Province's cultivated land area and grain yield are both ranked second in the country [22] . Henan Province is located in the junction area of the subtropical and warm temperate zone, with clear climate transitional characteristics [21] .

Based on relevant statistics, Henan Province's cultivated land area and grain yield are both ranked second in the country.

Henan Province is located in the junction area of the subtropical and warm temperate zone, with clear climate transitional characteristics.


Harmonic in power system caused by highly non-linear devices degrades its performance. Forced commutated VSCs are the main building block for low and medium power application. Due to recent development in the semiconductor technology and availability of high power switches e.g. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) and Gate Turn Transistor (GTO) have widespread acceptance in for high power VSC's, which are used for FACTS controllers. The power system harmonic analysis is the process of calculating the magnitude and phase of fundamental and higher order harmonic of system signals. The generation of harmonics in modern power system is due to large size of power converter. To reduce the harmonics in the system filter, modern switching patterns are used. The increasing prevalence of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices makes these accurate model devices essential. One attracting method for modeling the steady state performance of these devices is frequency domain analysis [1] . Harmonic phasor contains both positive and negative frequency terms for phase dependence. FACTS devices are characterized by their switching nature. One of the important FACTS devices is SSSC. SSSC is a series connected device that is able to provide active or reactive power support at the network location [2] . To understand the harmonics interaction between the SSSC based on VSC and utility system, there is a need of appropriate model. VSC based SSSC acts as source of harmonic current injection into the system and also interacts with harmonic distortions present within the system. Various modulation techniques and topologies are used for SSSC to effectively reduce generated harmonics including PWM techniques, multi-module PWM techniques, selective harmonic elimination, and multi-level topology.

One attracting method for modeling the steady state performance of these devices is frequency domain analysis.

SSSC is a series connected device that is able to provide active or reactive power support at the network location.


There are two methods of DHD modeling. The first one is that direct mathematical mapping of all system equations and input is in frequency domain; and the other method that does not mapped all equations and input is in frequency domain gives more accurate result during transients. In second method, transient occurs due to change in circuit parameters. Second method is more suitable for calculation of instantaneous power quality indices, protection analysis and real time application all through it is violating causality and spurious dynamics result provided enough harmonic consideration [3] .

There are two methods of DHD modeling.

Second method is more suitable for calculation of instantaneous power quality indices, protection analysis and real time application all through it is violating causality and spurious dynamics result provided enough harmonic consideration.


The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical backgrounds, outcomes and potential prognostic factors of improved clinical outcomes in patients requiring PPMV. We hypothesized that patients who continued to be intubated on mechanical ventilation following thoracotomy for pneumonectomy were different in backgrounds and outcomes from those who were reintubated for cardiopulmonary compromise or other reasons within 30 days of pneumonectomy. Therefore, we divided patients requiring PPMV into two patient groups, continued PPMV and reintubated PPMV, as reported and analysed separately in previous articles [6, 10, 11] .

Therefore, we divided patients requiring PPMV into two patient groups, continued PPMV and reintubated PPMV, as reported and analysed separately in previous articles.


CIE exposure had no effect on motivation for food under baseline conditions or in response to acute EtOH challenges. In contrast, age affected food-motivated responding after an acute EtOH challenge, independent of CIE exposure. The older rats, which were exposed to either CIE or saline as adults, required more sessions to meet advancement criteria during training on FR schedules and earned fewer food rewards during the acute EtOH challenges compared to the younger rats that were exposed to either CIE or saline during adolescence. This effects was attributable to age, but not to the differences in EtOH pharmacokinetics because BECs were similar across all experimental groups. Together these findings indicate that older rats were slower to learn the operant task compared to younger rats and that older rats were more susceptible to response disruption by ethanol, but that CIE exposure had no effect learning a simple operant response, or on performance of the response after ethanol administration. In addition, the acute EtOH challenges decreased food-maintained responding in all rats independent of CIE exposure. These findings are consistent with previous findings that demonstrate reduced response rates after acute EtOH or its metabolites in ethanol-naïve rats [74, 75] . These findings also demonstrate that CIE exposure (in adolescence or adulthood) has no long-term effects on food-motivated responding. This finding suggests that the long-term changes in RAM performance produced by CIE exposure are unlikely to be due to altered sensitivity to food reward or to altered motivation to respond for food reward. Clearly, the findings described above indicate that CIE during adolescence affects certain aspects of RAM performance in adulthood. However, the bulk of this work did not support our primary hypotheses, which focused on the interaction between age at pre-treatment (adolescent versus adult) and chronic intermittent ethanol exposure (ethanol versus saline) on traditional measures of spatial learning and working memory using the radial arm maze. For example, we found no interaction effects of Age and CIE pretreatment on standard measures of reference memory (win-shift phase) or measures of working memory (DNMTP acquisition and random delay phases). These findings are generally consistent with other reports that show no long-term effect of adolescent CIE exposure on learning and memory [67] .

These findings are consistent with previous findings that demonstrate reduced response rates after acute EtOH or its metabolites in ethanol-naïve rats.

These findings are generally consistent with other reports that show no long-term effect of adolescent CIE exposure on learning and memory.


The genetic diversity of giant taro accessions from Central Java (Indonesia) is poorly documented. In order to ascertain the level of genetic variation among and within species, populations or accessions, a variety of morphological, anatomical, biochemical and molecular markers are used. Morphological markers are routinely used for estimating genetic diversity of plants since they are inexpensive, simple and fast (Jingura and Kamusoko 2015) . Anatomical characters are also valuable in taxonomy and identification of groups of plant (Rahayu et al. 2012; Chikmawati 2013) .

Morphological markers are routinely used for estimating genetic diversity of plants since they are inexpensive, simple and fast.

Anatomical characters are also valuable in taxonomy and identification of groups of plant.


Isozyme as the classical biochemical marker can be used to determine genetic variation of cultivars, natural populations and accessions in germplasm collections, if the morphological characters appear to overlap due to strong influence of environment (Suranto 2001; Fernandez de Souza and Primo 2001; Padmanaban et al 2013) . Isozymes have several advantages over traditional markers such as morphological or anatomical traits to study polymorphism because they are not influenced by environmental factors making identification possible in early stages of development (Torres 1990) . A range of enzyme loci also can be studied easily using a small quantity of material with minimum preparation and cost (Johnson et al. 2010; Kovacevic et al 2010) . Information on genetic diversity and relationship among and between individuals, accessions, populations, varieties, and species of plant are also important for plant breeders in guiding the improvement of plants (Dharmar and De Britto 2011) . This information can provide predictive estimation of genetic variation within species thus facilitating breeding material selection (Qi et al. 2008) .

Isozyme as the classical biochemical marker can be used to determine genetic variation of cultivars, natural populations and accessions in germplasm collections, if the morphological characters appear to overlap due to strong influence of environment.

Isozymes have several advantages over traditional markers such as morphological or anatomical traits to study polymorphism because they are not influenced by environmental factors making identification possible in early stages of development.

A range of enzyme loci also can be studied easily using a small quantity of material with minimum preparation and cost.

Information on genetic diversity and relationship among and between individuals, accessions, populations, varieties, and species of plant are also important for plant breeders in guiding the improvement of plants.

This information can provide predictive estimation of genetic variation within species thus facilitating breeding material selection.


The results are consistent with, but significantly extend, past findings. McNay & Sherwin showed, using an identical short-term RH model, that both, performance on a hippocampally-mediated spatial task and hippocampal metabolism were enhanced following RH when tested at euglycemia but impaired when measured during subsequent hypoglycemia [14] . Importantly, the effects of RH were identical in diabetic and control animals at behavioral, neural, and metabolic levels, as well as with subsequent long-term studies of RH in rodents, strongly supporting the use (as here) of non-diabetic animals in the study of RH in order to avoid any potentially confounding comorbidities of diabetes such as neuropathy, vision impairment, and so on [15] . The present results from Day 1 are highly consistent with the euglycemic portion of those findings; the key finding from the present experiment is that when the task demands are altered to require cognitive shifts and inhibition of prior learning, antecedent RH impairs, rather than enhances, performance, even at euglycemia. Thus, it appears that the impact of RH on subsequent cognitive and neural performance varies by brain region and the details of cognitive demand.

McNay & Sherwin showed, using an identical short-term RH model, that both, performance on a hippocampally-mediated spatial task and hippocampal metabolism were enhanced following RH when tested at euglycemia but impaired when measured during subsequent hypoglycemia.

Importantly, the effects of RH were identical in diabetic and control animals at behavioral, neural, and metabolic levels, as well as with subsequent long-term studies of RH in rodents, strongly supporting the use (as here) of non-diabetic animals in the study of RH in order to avoid any potentially confounding comorbidities of diabetes such as neuropathy, vision impairment, and so on.