The TFL statement requires a clear understanding of the meaning of "near". Accordingly, the concept of distance gives a quantitative or qualitative description of the nearness or similarity between any pair of objects or entities. In discussions on how it impacts on "related" objects, distance is generally recognised as an enervating factor that attenuates spatial interaction [7] . For GWR, the concern is to model a hypothetical 'bump of influence' that surrounds each regression point, where nearer observations are given more influence in estimating a set of local regression coefficients than observations farther away. In particular, a spatial weighting function is incorporated into its calibration to represent the influence of "near" observations in each "related" location-specific regression estimation. In practice, Euclidean distance (ED) is used to calculate the weighting matrix for GWR, although great circle measurements for un-projected geographical coordinates are also used [8] . However, the scope of possible distance metrics in spatial analysis is far larger than simple Euclidean ones. Due to our incomplete knowledge of geographical space, it is a complex system rather than an intuitive "table-top space" [9] . Its complexity determines that there can be no globally imposed distance metric for spatial analysis.

In discussions on how it impacts on "related" objects, distance is generally recognised as an enervating factor that attenuates spatial interaction.

In practice, Euclidean distance (ED) is used to calculate the weighting matrix for GWR, although great circle measurements for un-projected geographical coordinates are also used.

Due to our incomplete knowledge of geographical space, it is a complex system rather than an intuitive "table-top space".


In the early development of spatial analytical techniques in quantitative geography, invariably the techniques were applied at a 'global' level, where relationships were assumed to be constant across the study region [1] . However, the existence of spatial non-stationarity that appears in reality as uncontrolled spatial variability, challenges these global methods. This concept can be considered to be a particular form of the second law of Geography in the principle of spatial heterogeneity or nonstationarity [2] . In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in local multivariate methods for spatial data analysis that produce local results instead of 'one-size-fits-all' results from traditional global methods [1, 3] . This evolution is well reflected in the development of a particular class of spatial regression methods, where a number of local regression techniques have been introduced which estimate relationships that vary across space [4] . In Tobler's first law (TFL) [5, p236] , he indicated that "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things". Inherited from TFL, Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) has been developed as an important local technique to investigate spatial nonstationarity in data relationships [6] .

In the early development of spatial analytical techniques in quantitative geography, invariably the techniques were applied at a 'global' level, where relationships were assumed to be constant across the study region.

This concept can be considered to be a particular form of the second law of Geography in the principle of spatial heterogeneity or nonstationarity.

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in local multivariate methods for spatial data analysis that produce local results instead of 'one-size-fits-all' results from traditional global methods.

This evolution is well reflected in the development of a particular class of spatial regression methods, where a number of local regression techniques have been introduced which estimate relationships that vary across space.

Inherited from TFL, Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) has been developed as an important local technique to investigate spatial nonstationarity in data relationships.


The information on neutrino masses and mixings gleaned from most oscillation experiments can be conveniently analysed considering two neutrino situation or quasi-twoneutrino-situation (for example, the one mass scale dominant approximation) [5] . So, we focus only on two flavor case in the present work which provides a clean visualization of physical effects via rotations and reflections on the Poincaré sphere. This paper is organized as follows. In Sec. 2, we describe the general Hamiltonian for two flavor neutrinos, including the CPV term. We also discuss possible sources of such a CPV term. Then in Sec. 3, we obtain the neutrino oscillation formulae in presence of CPV term and establish connection of the cross terms appearing in the probability with the Pancharatnam's geometric phase. We explicitly demonstrate (pictorially) the geometric differences between the case of constant density and adiabatically changing matter background, both for CPC and CPV situations which is the central result of this article. In this context, we also comment on the action of CP and its connection with Wigner's theorem in Sec. 4. We end with concluding remarks in Sec. 5.

The information on neutrino masses and mixings gleaned from most oscillation experiments can be conveniently analysed considering two neutrino situation or quasi-twoneutrino-situation (for example, the one mass scale dominant approximation).

This paper is organized as follows.


The second case discussed in Sec. 2 was that of dense neutrino backgrounds where CPV can appear even when SI are taken into consideration and this was solely due to the fact that background neutrinos in mixed state can induce CPV terms in the Hamiltonian. Neutrinos traversing dense supernova cores in a region outside the neutrinosphere pass through varying electron and neutrino number densities [6] . This could actually correspond to case B of Sec. 3 if the CPV phase was also varying with distance where the Pancharatnam prescription predicts a geometric phase. In case of neutrinos coming from Supernovae it is impossible to detect the effects due to CPV induced geometric phases since the oscillations would get averaged out by the time the neutrinos reach the detectors on the Earth and the cross term will not be accessible to measurements.

Neutrinos traversing dense supernova cores in a region outside the neutrinosphere pass through varying electron and neutrino number densities.


On the other hand, the complexity of the kinetic scheme of FRP and the large number of reactions involved often make it difficult to achieve a nice regulation of molecular weight distribution and polymer morphology. Basically, FRP is a network of reaction steps that involve a large number of different species, including very reactive radicals, which may vary in nature within the same system. An indefinite number of reaction pathways is therefore possible. The knowledge of the corresponding kinetics is very valuable for the prediction of certain final polymer features, from the chain microstructure to the macroscopic properties [3] .

The knowledge of the corresponding kinetics is very valuable for the prediction of certain final polymer features, from the chain microstructure to the macroscopic properties.


One of the most common and versatile polymerization processes for the production of macromolecular materials is the free radical polymerization (FRP). High molecular weight polymers can be easily produced even under mild polymerization conditions using only monomer and a radical initiator. Since the 1980s, half of the production of synthetic polymers has been carried out through FRP processes [1] . Nowadays, still 45% of the manufactured plastic materials and 40% of synthetic rubber are obtained by FRP processes [2] . Such processes can exploit the large variety of vinyl compounds available on the market.

Since the 1980s, half of the production of synthetic polymers has been carried out through FRP processes.

Nowadays, still 45% of the manufactured plastic materials and 40% of synthetic rubber are obtained by FRP processes.


In this paper, we present a generic framework to model the memory behavior of Spark applications. As a departure from prior work that uses a fixed utility function to model the resource requirement, we use multiple linear and non-linear functions to model the memory requirements of various applications. We then build a machine learning classifier to select which function should be used for a given application and dataset at runtime. As the program implementation, workload and underlying hardware changes, different models will be dynamically selected at runtime. Such an approach is known as mixture-of-experts [25] . The central idea is that instead of using a single monolithic model, we use multiple models (experts) where each expert is specialized for modeling a subset of applications. Using this approach, each memory model is used only for the applications for which its predictions are effective. One of the advantages of our approach is that new functions can easily be added and are selected only when appropriate. This means that the system can evolve over time to target a wider range of applications, by simply inserting new functions. The result is a new way of using machine learning for system optimization, with a generalized framework for a diverse set of applications.

Such an approach is known as mixture-of-experts.


Moreover, voltage stability can be classified into two categories, according to the type of disturbance, or according to the time span over which instability may occur. Regarding to the type of disturbance, small-disturbance voltage stability can be seen as the ability of the power system to maintain voltage control after a small disturbance such as a load change, whilst large-disturbance voltage stability can be defined as the ability of the power system to maintain voltage control after a large disturbance such as big generation tripping. Regarding to time, short-term voltage stability considers the dynamics of the fast acting loads, whereas long-term voltage stability takes into consideration slower acting equipment. Generally, closeness to voltage collapse can be used to measure voltage stability of a power system. By definition, a voltage collapse is a sequence of events following voltage instability that leads to a blackout or severe low voltage condition in a network. Voltage collapse can be seen as a static phenomenon which is associated with reactive power imbalance [4] . In other words, transmission lines, transformers and loads are sinks of reactive power. Accordingly, if a sufficient reactive power compensator is not available in the power system, voltage instability may occur. Since voltage stability problem is seen as a static phenomenon, it can be addressed by off-line study through the initial design or during network improvement process.

Voltage collapse can be seen as a static phenomenon which is associated with reactive power imbalance.


At the present time, in order to improve the voltage profile, power electronics based devices called Flexible AC Transmission Systems, or FACTS, are being used. FACTS is a family of power electronics devices that is involved in the control of bulk flow of both active and reactive powers [5] . FACTS devices can provide both series and shunt compensation to improve the system's voltage profile and increase loadability of the transmission systems.

FACTS is a family of power electronics devices that is involved in the control of bulk flow of both active and reactive powers.


A majority of Kianjavato's landscape is classified as degraded humid secondary lowland rainforest, savoka, that is, the result of slash and burn agricultural practices [20] . After several repetitions of slashing and burning, savoka is transformed into roranga or grassland [21] . Roranga is defined as short vegetation (0.4-1.5 m) dominated by grasses with scattered small trees or shrubs. Forests that are not targeted for agriculture are left fragmented and marooned in a landscape dominated by cropland with a periphery of abandoned roranga or savoka. This abandoned land provides an opportunity for the regrowth of a few fast-growing pioneer species but is often colonized by invasive plants such as Lantana sp. [22, 23] . This interrupts normal migration and foraging behaviors of resident fauna, which can be devastating for local populations of threatened species [24] .

A majority of Kianjavato's landscape is classified as degraded humid secondary lowland rainforest, savoka, that is, the result of slash and burn agricultural practices.

After several repetitions of slashing and burning, savoka is transformed into roranga or grassland.

This abandoned land provides an opportunity for the regrowth of a few fast-growing pioneer species but is often colonized by invasive plants such as Lantana sp..

This interrupts normal migration and foraging behaviors of resident fauna, which can be devastating for local populations of threatened species.


This study concentrates on a pilot project conducted in Kianjavato, Madagascar, that combines native species and fast growing pioneer trees in a large-scale communitybased reforestation and agroforestry initiative. Within this commune is the Foibe Fihofanana momba ny Fambolena (FOFIFA) Kianjavato Coffee Reserve on Sangasanga mountain where substantial degradation was noted by Emberton [19] . Sangasanga and nearby isolated forest parcels are significant as they support two Critically Endangered lemurs, the greater bamboo lemur (Prolemur simus) and the black and white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata).

Within this commune is the Foibe Fihofanana momba ny Fambolena (FOFIFA) Kianjavato Coffee Reserve on Sangasanga mountain where substantial degradation was noted by Emberton.


Although the conversion of forest to agricultural lands theoretically provides greater access to food, there is no mechanism in Kianjavato, Madagascar, to replace the ecological services provided by the razed forest. The EPRP model aims to restore ecosystem services by approximating a native forest using gut passed seeds and a modified framework species method [11] . To address the socioeconomic factors that led to the initial deforestation, the EPRP will provide supplemental income through the growth of timber and nontimber products to provide benefits to area residents greater than those extracted from slash and burn farming. With these objectives the present study was undertaken.

The EPRP model aims to restore ecosystem services by approximating a native forest using gut passed seeds and a modified framework species method.


Seedling predation was clearly a factor influencing seedling establishment as some trees were subject to high levels of herbivory. It is widely recognized that high tree mortality can result from the effects of insect herbivores [50] . However, the average survival rate of 56.1% for secondary species in this study is comparable to that of the restoration of Ambatotsirongorongo, a newly defined protected area in the coastal forest of southern Madagascar, which utilized native species with a survival rate of 51% [24] . This study also exceeds the mean survival rate of 42.1% after one year for seedlings planted in the perimeter of a forest on Madagascar's central high plateau [60] . This may be due to the use of herbaceous plant material removed in the process of planting the trees as mulch around the seedlings and manual weeding after one year.

It is widely recognized that high tree mortality can result from the effects of insect herbivores.

However, the average survival rate of 56.1% for secondary species in this study is comparable to that of the restoration of Ambatotsirongorongo, a newly defined protected area in the coastal forest of southern Madagascar, which utilized native species with a survival rate of 51%.

This study also exceeds the mean survival rate of 42.1% after one year for seedlings planted in the perimeter of a forest on Madagascar's central high plateau.


Forest trees growing in open areas often fruit years earlier than when in a closed forest as reproductive maturity for many canopy tree species may be triggered by exposure to full sun, inducing fruiting as early as three years after germination [57, 58] . In this study, Albizia chinensis and Syzygium bernieri had fruit after 12 and three months, respectively. Establishment of a second generation of Malagasy native trees will be the first indication that the EPRP yielded a reproductive population of a target species. The growth and reproduction of these two fast-growing trees will result in stands stocked at 625 individuals/ha using the design of the pilot project and will facilitate natural regeneration by native woody plants in their understories [59] .

Forest trees growing in open areas often fruit years earlier than when in a closed forest as reproductive maturity for many canopy tree species may be triggered by exposure to full sun, inducing fruiting as early as three years after germination.

The growth and reproduction of these two fast-growing trees will result in stands stocked at 625 individuals/ha using the design of the pilot project and will facilitate natural regeneration by native woody plants in their understories.


In this study, the plant available water (PAW) is important to justify the difference in water content between field capacity and permanent wilting point in treatment and soil. In addition, by determine the quality and quantity of the plant available water and effectiveness of nutrient uptake in the soil that suitable for plant (Karlen et al., 1994) . This also response for yield and phenology is closely related to plant available water capacity (Yang et al., 2014) .

In addition, by determine the quality and quantity of the plant available water and effectiveness of nutrient uptake in the soil that suitable for plant.

This also response for yield and phenology is closely related to plant available water capacity.


We extended Transaction Logic and made it suitable for reasoning about partially defined actions. We illustrated the power of the language for complex reasoning tasks involving actions and gave a sound and complete proof theory for that formalism. We also showed that, when all partially defined actions are definite, such reasoning can be done by a reduction to ordinary logic programming. This last contribution provides an easy way to implement and experiment with the formalism, although a better implementation should be using the proof theory directly, similarly to the implementation of the serial-Horn subset of TR in FLORA-2 [24] .

This last contribution provides an easy way to implement and experiment with the formalism, although a better implementation should be using the proof theory directly, similarly to the implementation of the serial-Horn subset of TR in FLORA-2.


This indicates a release of heat (an exotherm) occurring when water in the specimen forms ice. However, DTA cannot detect the location at which ice is nucleated or the path of the initial spread of freezing. Infrared video thermography (IRVT) also detects exotherms, but in addition gives a real-time image of the temperature of the plant surface, thus revealing the location at which ice ®rst forms and showing the route and rate of initial growth of ice through the plant (Wisniewski et al., 1997) .

Infrared video thermography (IRVT) also detects exotherms, but in addition gives a real-time image of the temperature of the plant surface, thus revealing the location at which ice ®rst forms and showing the route and rate of initial growth of ice through the plant.


In order to better understand the dose distribution in a cone-beam CT system dedicated to breast imaging, in this paper we make use of MC simulations performed with GEANT4. We made simulations of the same experimental prototype developed by our group [15, 16] . We estimated the dose deposited within a Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) breast phantom irradiated with four different beams from an X-ray tube. The different energies of the four beams are expected to provide a different spatial distribution of absorbed dose in tissue, considering the difference in tissue attenuation coefficients at those energies. We report on the results of the dose distribution at various kilovoltages and a comparison with experimental measurements and published data, using PMMA phantoms simulating the average-size uncompressed during a bCT exam. Our main interest is to illustrate the differences in the relative dose distribution, not to give absolute dosimetric values.

We made simulations of the same experimental prototype developed by our group.


Transformational adaptations represent a fundamental system change where a different set of factors, processes and triggers influence it [13] . The capacity to respond to a broad range of climate risks is likely to be reflected in the extent to which each of the four dimensions listed here exist within individuals. This capacity might be able to be influenced, depending on the nature of the change event. Planning for transformations in which all system elements cross their respective thresholds concurrently, however, will be challenging. Cross-scale surprises may occur when variables that operate at different scales and at different speeds interact [5] . Attachments to occupational identity and place are examples of slow changing variables that may influence the pace at which planned transformations progress. They are also descriptors of the thresholds that exist at the individual scale; our results suggest that these thresholds will be different for different individuals. Identifying thresholds and measuring the proximity of social systems to them is important for the successful design and implementation of climate adaptation strategies.

Transformational adaptations represent a fundamental system change where a different set of factors, processes and triggers influence it.

Cross-scale surprises may occur when variables that operate at different scales and at different speeds interact.


Similarly, occupational identity appeared to be important for change events that affect identity. Resource users can become especially attached to their occupation. People that build their lives around their work, have friends that are from the same occupation and have leisure interests and activities that are work-oriented are likely to develop a strong attachment to their occupation [51] . People form occupational communities if they are members of the same occupation, have some sort of common life together and are, to some extent, separate from the rest of society [48] . The identity that is created and reinforced around a person's occupation is based on a set of attitudes, beliefs and opinions held about themselves and they depend on the support, encouragement, recognition and acceptance of others (usually from the same occupation) for their psychological stability [51] . When a person with a strong occupational attachment is faced with the prospect that they are no longer able to continue in their current occupation, they not only lose a means of earning an income, they may lose an important part of their self-identity [42] . Our results suggest that peanut farmers in Queensland that have created a strong sense of occupational identity around their peanut producing occupation are unlikely to adopt a new occupation outside of farming, regardless of the tenability of their situation. Innovative solutions that match or support current identities will need to be identified and supported if farmers are to adapt. These might include livelihoods centring on other cropping products (such as wheat, corn, sorghum, etc).

People that build their lives around their work, have friends that are from the same occupation and have leisure interests and activities that are work-oriented are likely to develop a strong attachment to their occupation.

People form occupational communities if they are members of the same occupation, have some sort of common life together and are, to some extent, separate from the rest of society.

The identity that is created and reinforced around a person's occupation is based on a set of attitudes, beliefs and opinions held about themselves and they depend on the support, encouragement, recognition and acceptance of others (usually from the same occupation) for their psychological stability.

When a person with a strong occupational attachment is faced with the prospect that they are no longer able to continue in their current occupation, they not only lose a means of earning an income, they may lose an important part of their self-identity.


During the past few years, the global carbon emissions have increased considerably. The thick haze events in recent years sounded the alarm to modern people [1] . People have realized that the events are closely related to the carbon emissions. Carbon emission has never been so much concerned by the public since it has been a great threat to the survival and health of human beings [2] . Overmuch carbon emissions can induce the increase of social cost, which damages the social welfare. It is imperative for governments around the world to impose effective policy instruments to promote energy saving and carbon emissions reduction [3] . Now the "cap-andtrade" and carbon tax policies are the two main low-carbon policies to curb carbon emissions. As the biggest developing country in the world, China is facing increasing pressure to reduce its carbon emissions. Thus, the Chinese government has established 7 carbon trading pilots over different cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai carbon trading markets. The reduction of carbon emission has become an inevitable trend and a worldwide consensus [4] .

The thick haze events in recent years sounded the alarm to modern people.

Carbon emission has never been so much concerned by the public since it has been a great threat to the survival and health of human beings.

It is imperative for governments around the world to impose effective policy instruments to promote energy saving and carbon emissions reduction.

The reduction of carbon emission has become an inevitable trend and a worldwide consensus.


Research has shown that consumers have obvious preference for low-carbon products and are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products [6] . In addition, some responsible retailers would like to cooperate with low-carbon-emission manufacturers. As important reference data, carbon emission and carbon price information will directly affect the decisions of enterprises. In particular, if a firm has no sufficient funds to improve its emission reduction technology and has carbon information priority, it may misreport its carbon information to gain a competitive advantage. Many studies have confirmed that asymmetric information has a significant impact on the decisions of supply chain members, such as the pricing, production, inventory, and order quantity decisions [7] [8] [9] . In addition, the pricing and order quantity decisions are proved to be influenced by low-carbon policies [10] [11] [12] . Based on the previous studies, we explicitly address the impact of asymmetry carbon information on the wholesale price decisions, order quantity decisions, and profits of the supply chain members.

Research has shown that consumers have obvious preference for low-carbon products and are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products.

Many studies have confirmed that asymmetric information has a significant impact on the decisions of supply chain members, such as the pricing, production, inventory, and order quantity decisions.

In addition, the pricing and order quantity decisions are proved to be influenced by low-carbon policies.


Serum enzymes and level of serum bilirubin, urea and creatinine were evaluated to establish hepatic and renal dysfunction (Saba et al. 2000) . Long term exposure of endosulfan adversely affects kidney, liver and blood cells. It also affects the biochemical parameters by increasing glucose levels in the treated animals (Sanghi et al. 2003) .

Serum enzymes and level of serum bilirubin, urea and creatinine were evaluated to establish hepatic and renal dysfunction.

It also affects the biochemical parameters by increasing glucose levels in the treated animals.


Numerous simulation scenarios were investigated as many parameters are variable. However, only illustrative and representative simulation results will be presented in a graphical form. Additionally, during the preliminary assessment of the results we found out that applying different values of the ht parameter for the SaaS service resulted in similar network behavior. Thus, we present results only for the mean value of the ht parameter for the SaaS service equal to 360 s and omit the remaining ones. This conclusion is consistent with our previous work [25] .

This conclusion is consistent with our previous work.


Near-infrared spectroscopy is becoming a well-established analytical method to achieve quality monitoring and product analysis in a wide range of applications ranging from agriculture to petrochemical industry and also clinical medicine areas [1] [2] [3] . In many cases, it's important to measure the spectra with high resolution and wide working wavelength range. For example, to identify the quality of milk powder or medicinal material, a spectrometer which has a wavelength range of 800-2500 nm with a resolution better than 10 nm is necessary to make the measurement accurately and precisely [4] . However, most of the commercially available near-infrared spectrometers can't achieve high resolution and wide working wavelength range at the same time, such as AvaSpec-NIR256-2.2 which has a spectral resolution of 15 nm at working wavelength range of 1000-2200 nm. This kind of situation has hindered the widespread use of portable near-infrared spectrometer.

Near-infrared spectroscopy is becoming a well-established analytical method to achieve quality monitoring and product analysis in a wide range of applications ranging from agriculture to petrochemical industry and also clinical medicine areas.

For example, to identify the quality of milk powder or medicinal material, a spectrometer which has a wavelength range of 800-2500 nm with a resolution better than 10 nm is necessary to make the measurement accurately and precisely.


Only known host for cholera are humans. It largely spreads by fecal contamination of food and water. Recently in many countries, particularly in Africa protracted cholera outbreaks occurred. Of particular concern is the epidemic in Zimbabwe which lasted nearly a year. While overall cholera case fatality rate is ,5%, in some situations it may reach 50% among vulnerable groups. One other recent event is of concern. In recent years a new variant of V. cholerea El Tor emerged [25] . This variant produces cholera toxin of the type produced by the classical cholera biotype. This variant has already replaced original El Tor strain in several parts of Asia and Africa and, appears to be associated with more severe disease. All these events therefore indicate the need for an effective single dose oral vaccine for cholera to combat cholera outbreaks and it is hoped that VA1.4 may meet this requirement.

Only known host for cholera are humans.

One other recent event is of concern.

In recent years a new variant of V. cholerea El Tor emerged.


The limit of quantification (LOQ) was defined as the lowest amount of an analyte in a sample that can be determined quantitatively with convenient precision and accuracy. The LOQ founded for our method is 0.01446% (v/v). The detection limit, lower limit of detection (LOD), is the lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance. The LOD founded for our method is 0.00434% (v/v). The resultant LOD and LOQ are better than those founded in the bibliography [8] . Table 1 : Compare different PLS models using only the excitation spectra, only the emission spectra and both together.

The resultant LOD and LOQ are better than those founded in the bibliography.


Conventional fluorescence may be preferred to determine one fluorophor concentration or when the mixture being analyzed contains only a limited number of compounds with fluorescence properties and a quenching effect are not to be expected. Ignoring the excitation spectra by using only the emission spectra could not be enough to obtain the solutions of the problem. So, besides the emission spectra, it seems essential to include also the analysis of excitation spectra possessing abundant information. The determination in diesel oil may contain many fluourophors. This task is further complicated by the fact that the fluorophors of interest have different characteristic excitation and emission ranges in the different samples. An inherent problem of many fluorimetric procedures is that real sample composition often includes absorption of undesirable exciting and/or emitted radiation by dissolved compounds (either fluorescent or not) or by the fluorophore itself [23] . This is termed the inner filter effect and leads to a variation not only in intensity but also in spectrum shape [24] .

An inherent problem of many fluorimetric procedures is that real sample composition often includes absorption of undesirable exciting and/or emitted radiation by dissolved compounds (either fluorescent or not) or by the fluorophore itself.

This is termed the inner filter effect and leads to a variation not only in intensity but also in spectrum shape.


Polarization transfer from a polarized electron to a proton in elastic scattering has become a recognized method to measure the ratio of the proton's elastic electromagnetic form factors, G E /G M [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Assuming the one-photon exchange approximation, the ratio of the transverse (P x ) to longitudinal (P z ) polarization-transfer components is proportional to G E /G M [10] . This provides a direct measurement of the form factor (FF) ratio and eliminates many systematic uncertainties [11] .

Polarization transfer from a polarized electron to a proton in elastic scattering has become a recognized method to measure the ratio of the proton's elastic electromagnetic form factors, G E /G M.

Assuming the one-photon exchange approximation, the ratio of the transverse (P x ) to longitudinal (P z ) polarization-transfer components is proportional to G E /G M.

This provides a direct measurement of the form factor (FF) ratio and eliminates many systematic uncertainties.


Measuring the ratio of the same components of the polarization transfer to a bound proton in quasi-free kinematics on nuclei, which is sensitive to the electromagnetic FF ratio, has been suggested as a method to study differences between free and bound protons [4, 5] . As such it can be used as a tool to identify medium modifications in the bound pro-ton's internal structure, reflected in the FFs and thereby in the polarization transfer. Deviations between measured polarization ratios in quasi-free and elastic scattering can be interpreted only by comparing the measurements with realistic calculations of nuclear effects. This makes the deuteron an appropriate target for such measurements, since it is a well understood nucleus from a theoretical standpoint and its nucleons can be highly virtual [12] .

Measuring the ratio of the same components of the polarization transfer to a bound proton in quasi-free kinematics on nuclei, which is sensitive to the electromagnetic FF ratio, has been suggested as a method to study differences between free and bound protons.

This makes the deuteron an appropriate target for such measurements, since it is a well understood nucleus from a theoretical standpoint and its nucleons can be highly virtual.


Provision of comprehensive sexual education and adolescent-appropriate sexual health services have been described as the two most effective approaches to adolescent health services [31] [32] . A review of HIV risk factors for youth in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Uganda suggests that youth-friendly services can result in increased use of health services by adolescents [33] . Although literature shows the need for providers to be trained on youth friendliness and improve communication skills, there is still a lack of clarity on how to operationalize ''youth friendly services.'' Our study indicates that for VMMC services, creating the right counseling environment in regards to mixed age groups is an area where additional support and guidance is needed.

Provision of comprehensive sexual education and adolescent-appropriate sexual health services have been described as the two most effective approaches to adolescent health services.

A review of HIV risk factors for youth in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Uganda suggests that youth-friendly services can result in increased use of health services by adolescents.


In this letter, for the first time, an equivalent circuit model is presented to design a phase shifter cell electronically tunable by MEMS switches. The phase shifters of this kind have recently been developed and used in reconfigurable reflectarrays [4, 8] . This equivalent circuit depends on the number, the ON/OFF state and the locations of the MEMS inside the phase-shifter cell. Moreover the circuit model has been used for determining, with a little computational effort, the locations and the minimum number of the MEMS that allow synthesizing a uniform distribution of a given number of phases at a single desired frequency within the operating frequency band.

The phase shifters of this kind have recently been developed and used in reconfigurable reflectarrays.


Electronically tunable microstrip reflectarrays are getting more and more attraction and significance these days and are successfully being applied in electronically scanning and beam-steering antennas [1] [2] [3] . These reconfigurable reflectarrays possess the advantages of both fixed beam reflectarrays (such as small size, less weight and low cost) and active phased arrays (e.g., beam scanning, adaptive radiation pattern and dynamic phase control). These attributes have made them in recent years an excellent antenna technology especially for satellite applications [4] . However, the above mentioned benefits are at the cost of high complexity in the reconfigurable microstrip reflectarray antenna structures. This complexity, in turn, becomes a severe handicap performing the analysis and design of such reconfigurable reflectarrays. Though, for such complex reflectarray antenna structures, the conventional numerical methods provide a comprehensive analysis capable of giving frequency details and polarization responses, they often require lengthy CPU-time, a lot of memory, and consequently fail to provide efficient tools especially for designing and optimization purposes [5, 6] .

Electronically tunable microstrip reflectarrays are getting more and more attraction and significance these days and are successfully being applied in electronically scanning and beam-steering antennas.

These attributes have made them in recent years an excellent antenna technology especially for satellite applications.

Though, for such complex reflectarray antenna structures, the conventional numerical methods provide a comprehensive analysis capable of giving frequency details and polarization responses, they often require lengthy CPU-time, a lot of memory, and consequently fail to provide efficient tools especially for designing and optimization purposes.


This work has focused on characterising the shape of the (dominant) wall-normal vorticity component resolvent modes for parallel wall-bounded flows. It is possible that these methods could be extended for application to more complex geometries, and other mode components. For most of the cases considered in this work, the cost function had only one local minimum corresponding to a wavepacket mode (i.e., with b > 0), with the exception being for negative ω c for the model operator considered in section 4.2, as seen in figure 8. More complex geometries might result in more complex cost functions, for which more care must be taken to select the true global optimum. Note that the operators considered here also typically have a large spectral gap between the first and second singular value. Future work could also seek to identify modes corresponding to additional singular values, which would be of particular interest for situations where the operator does not exhibit low-rank behaviour (i.e., there does not exist a large gap between the leading and second singular values). Similar methods could also be applied to study optimal forcing modes in more detail, and to compute nonlinear forcing terms induced from analytic approximations to wavepacket modes. This would provide an alternative route to study phenomena such as the self-similarity of the nonlinear forcing (Sharma et al. 2017) .

This would provide an alternative route to study phenomena such as the self-similarity of the nonlinear forcing.


Carbon nitride has been widely regarded as the most promising candidate to complement carbon in materials applications. Among various carbon nitride compounds, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) is the most stable allotrope, which has attracted much attention for its potential application in splitting water, decomposing organic pollutants, and photosynthesis under visible light [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . The polymeric g-C 3 N 4 material contains graphitic stacking of C 3 N 4 layers, which are constructed from tri-s-triazine units connected by planar amino groups [2, 6] . To further improve the performance of g-C 3 N 4 , many methods such as introducing functional atoms (B, F, S, P, etc.), controlling shape, and oxidation reaction have been used for its modification [1, [7] [8] [9] [10] .

Among various carbon nitride compounds, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) is the most stable allotrope, which has attracted much attention for its potential application in splitting water, decomposing organic pollutants, and photosynthesis under visible light.

The polymeric g-C 3 N 4 material contains graphitic stacking of C 3 N 4 layers, which are constructed from tri-s-triazine units connected by planar amino groups.

To further improve the performance of g-C 3 N 4 , many methods such as introducing functional atoms (B, F, S, P, etc.), controlling shape, and oxidation reaction have been used for its modification.


Recently, complex networks have attracted considerable attention in many fields for representation of a variety of complex systems, such as biological and social systems, the Internet, the World Wide Web, and so on [1] [2] [3] [4] . Community structure is an important property of complex networks, which is the tendency for nodes to divide into groups, with dense connections within groups and only sparse connections between them [5] . It is significant to analyze community structure because it often corresponds to functional units such as cycles or pathways in metabolic networks or collections of pages on a single topic on the web. Moreover, a number of recent results suggest that networks have properties at the community level that are quite different from their properties at the level of the entire networks and ignoring community structure may miss many interesting features [6] .

Recently, complex networks have attracted considerable attention in many fields for representation of a variety of complex systems, such as biological and social systems, the Internet, the World Wide Web, and so on.

Community structure is an important property of complex networks, which is the tendency for nodes to divide into groups, with dense connections within groups and only sparse connections between them.

Moreover, a number of recent results suggest that networks have properties at the community level that are quite different from their properties at the level of the entire networks and ignoring community structure may miss many interesting features.


The same problem of finding the exact R charges was solved in four dimensions by maximizing the conformal anomaly coefficient a [5] . The latter appears in the trace of the stress-energy momentum tensor multiplying the Euler density. Because in three dimensions (and more generally in odd dimensions) there are no anomalies, no analogous procedure can be applied to three-dimensional field theories. A former solution valid in odd and even dimensions consists in minimizing the coefficient τ in the R current two point correlation function, but this result must be quantum corrected and it does not provide an exact answer [6] .

The same problem of finding the exact R charges was solved in four dimensions by maximizing the conformal anomaly coefficient a.

A former solution valid in odd and even dimensions consists in minimizing the coefficient τ in the R current two point correlation function, but this result must be quantum corrected and it does not provide an exact answer.


In the case of four-dimensional supersymmetric field theories the maximization of the coefficient of the Euler density provides the right answer. This procedure, called a-maximization, is only defined at the fixed point, thus it does not give any information about the R-symmetry away from the fixed point itself. Nevertheless, it was conjectured that a slight generalization can be used to find the running Rcurrent which interpolates between the exact UV and IR ones [27] . This idea has been used to study a stronger version of the a-theorem, along the RG flow [28] .

Nevertheless, it was conjectured that a slight generalization can be used to find the running Rcurrent which interpolates between the exact UV and IR ones.

This idea has been used to study a stronger version of the a-theorem, along the RG flow.


The main component of the grapevine moth sexual pheromone was identified as (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-yl acetate [10, 11] . Two related compounds, (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-ol and (Z)-9-dodecen-1-yl acetate, were later discovered in the female sex pheromone gland and found to have a synergistic effect on the male catches [12] . These findings were crucial for the application of pheromone-based control and monitoring techniques. In fact, mating disruption is currently the most successful and widespread technique for controlling the moth in Europe. It is based on the use of a high concentration of the main component of the female pheromone to confuse the male and thus avoid mating [13] . In addition, sex pheromone-baited traps were developed for monitoring the L. botrana population, playing an important role in pest detection and treatment timing.

The main component of the grapevine moth sexual pheromone was identified as (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-yl acetate.

Two related compounds, (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-ol and (Z)-9-dodecen-1-yl acetate, were later discovered in the female sex pheromone gland and found to have a synergistic effect on the male catches.

It is based on the use of a high concentration of the main component of the female pheromone to confuse the male and thus avoid mating.


Garcinia kola is popular among the people of Nigeria because of its ability to cause nervous alertness and induce insomnia. It is chewed extensively in Southern Nigeria as a masticatory and it is readily served to visitors especially among the Igbo tribe in Eastern Nigeria as a sign of peace and acceptance of visitors. Traditionally, in Africa the seed is used for the treatment of bronchitis, throat infections, and as an antipurgative and antiparasitic (Iwu, 1993) .

Traditionally, in Africa the seed is used for the treatment of bronchitis, throat infections, and as an antipurgative and antiparasitic.


We compare the results obtained with the proposed minimalistic parameter sets with large state-of-the-art bruteforced parameter sets from the series of Interspeech Challenges on Emotion in 2009 [43] [12] , [37] (ComParE). Table 2 shows the summarised results obtained for binary arousal and binary valence classification. In order to eliminate all variables except the parameter set, the results are averaged over five databases (all, except FAU AIBO) and the highest nine SVM complexity settings, starting at C ¼ 0:0025. The decision to average only over the higher complexity settings was taken because at complexities lower than this threshold, performance drops significantly for the smaller feature sets, which biases the averaging.

We compare the results obtained with the proposed minimalistic parameter sets with large state-of-the-art bruteforced parameter sets from the series of Interspeech Challenges on Emotion in 2009,(ComParE).


Our experiments allow estimation of both range and order of intensity of PeTa radiation. We demonstrate that the PeTa effect not only exists, but the power of PeTa radiation is significant and must be considered in all calculations of energetic balance for the atmospheres of Earth and other planets [43] . Many sources of infrared radiation appear to be a result of PeTa radiation during fog and cloud formation in the window of atmospheric transparency (7 -14 µm).

We demonstrate that the PeTa effect not only exists, but the power of PeTa radiation is significant and must be considered in all calculations of energetic balance for the atmospheres of Earth and other planets.


Elastomeric seals are important machine components found in mechanical systems. There are currently hundreds of patented designs for elastomeric seals, it would be fair to say that practically all of them fall under the two categories of seals namely: static seal such as O-rings and dynamic seal e.g. radial lip seal. One of the application examples of the former is in hydraulic cylinder piston, where it is usually compressed to a desired level to achieve sealing as depicted in Figure 1 [1] - [3] . The latter on the other hand is illustrated in Figure 2 , usually found in wind energy turbines, marine propulsion components etc. to provide an effective means of sealing a rotating shaft unit by preventing leakage of lubricant that inhibits excessive wear and to avoid penetration of external contaminants into the sealed fluid system [4] [5] . The important property which maintains an elastomeric seal for sealing applications is the resilience in an elastomer which provides a measure of speed of recovery when stress is released from the elastomer [6] [7] . The resilience therefore gives an indication of the ability of the seal to respond to dynamic movement.

One of the application examples of the former is in hydraulic cylinder piston, where it is usually compressed to a desired level to achieve sealing as depicted in Figure 1.

The latter on the other hand is illustrated in Figure 2 , usually found in wind energy turbines, marine propulsion components etc. to provide an effective means of sealing a rotating shaft unit by preventing leakage of lubricant that inhibits excessive wear and to avoid penetration of external contaminants into the sealed fluid system.

The important property which maintains an elastomeric seal for sealing applications is the resilience in an elastomer which provides a measure of speed of recovery when stress is released from the elastomer.


Box beams are a common type of cross section used in the construction of highway bridges in the United States. Box beam sections are noted for their torsional rigidity and their high spanto-depth ratio. However, bridges constructed with multibox girders have problems such as the development of longitudinal cracks and associated uneven deterioration of beams owing to the uneven load distribution (Frosch et al. 2003) . The development of longitudinal cracks, which most often are full depth, cause a separation of the side-by-side box beams so that the monolithic action of the bridge system is lost. A mitigating method to delay the onset and adverse effect of longitudinal deck cracking is the use of transverse posttensioning (Csagoly 1997; Poston et al. 1989; Moll 1984) . Effective transverse posttensioning develops residual compressive stresses in the deck slab and enables shear transfer between adjacent beams.

However, bridges constructed with multibox girders have problems such as the development of longitudinal cracks and associated uneven deterioration of beams owing to the uneven load distribution.

A mitigating method to delay the onset and adverse effect of longitudinal deck cracking is the use of transverse posttensioning.


Furthermore, the skew angle of bridges was observed to influence the distribution of live loads to the bridge girders. Highway bridges are aligned based on the horizontal alignment of the road, and therefore, many bridge layouts are skewed. In such cases, the longitudinal girders are skewed relative to their supporting abutments and piers. When the skew angles are less than 30°, less than 5% reduction in the live load-distribution factor is observed. With skew angles between 30°and 60°, the distribution factor reduced by 28% (Barr et al. 2001) .

With skew angles between 30°and 60°, the distribution factor reduced by 28%.


Considering its geographic area and biological diversity, it is acceptable that the Amazon rainforest harbours many biological and ecological mechanisms still unknown to science. Plant-pollinator interactions are among the processes that characterise the complex dynamics of this ecosystem. More than 90% of all fl owering plants of the tropical lowland rainforest have biotic vector-mediated pollination (Bawa 1990) . Among the biotic agents, insects predominate over other animals, as they are abundant and have vision capable of diff erentiating chromatic patterns and forms and have a large energetic demand due to their high metabolic activity (Ollerton 1999) .

More than 90% of all fl owering plants of the tropical lowland rainforest have biotic vector-mediated pollination.

Among the biotic agents, insects predominate over other animals, as they are abundant and have vision capable of diff erentiating chromatic patterns and forms and have a large energetic demand due to their high metabolic activity.


Atypical antipsychotics (APD) have a lower occurrence of increasing PRL in patients than with the use of conventional APD. It is also documented that an initial rise in PRL is noted in patients treated with neuroleptics and will sustain or continue to rise within the first 3 months, after which the PRL stabilizes at a level lower than the initial rise [11] . It is important to note that though the level is lower, this level is typically still a hyperprolactinemia and thus has negative effects notably over the long term.

It is also documented that an initial rise in PRL is noted in patients treated with neuroleptics and will sustain or continue to rise within the first 3 months, after which the PRL stabilizes at a level lower than the initial rise.


Patients in the above study were all treated with atypical antipsychotic drugs (APD). Atypical APD were introduced into clinical practice more than 35 years ago with the first being clozapine [4] . Shortly after, the hematological side effect of agranulocytosis prompted widespread cessation of its use. Today it is again a common drug therapy due to its success in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Though clozapine is generally not warranted for treatment in first episode patients, there are 2 studies which have documented doing just that and concluded that clozapine as first-line treatment had no advantage over the use of other, more commonly used treatments [8] - [10] . It is recommended only for use with the severely ill schizophrenic patient due to the above mentioned risk of agranulocytosis and the additional risk of seizure. Where use of clozapine is indicated, close monitoring through weekly complete blood count (CBC) is essential.

Atypical APD were introduced into clinical practice more than 35 years ago with the first being clozapine.

Though clozapine is generally not warranted for treatment in first episode patients, there are 2 studies which have documented doing just that and concluded that clozapine as first-line treatment had no advantage over the use of other, more commonly used treatments.


In this study, it was observed that serum PRL was elevated in 75% FES schizophrenia patients with 67% in the male population and 83% in the female. It was also concluded that baseline serum PRL had a negative correlation with respect to psychopathology at the base, week 3 and week 6. However, there is one study indicating PRL as potentially aiding in determining schizophrenia subtypes. According to the study findings, low prolactin values seem to correspond with the paranoid type of schizophrenia, moderate with the schizoaffective and high for disorganized schizophrenia [15] . Even with this information, there are many other factors contributing to elevated PRL (medical and lifestyle) that must be examined and taken into consideration.

According to the study findings, low prolactin values seem to correspond with the paranoid type of schizophrenia, moderate with the schizoaffective and high for disorganized schizophrenia.


A common first-line drug therapy is risperidone. In a study comparing the relationship to PRL in the common drugs clozapine and risperidone, PRL was assessed in 120 patients following a 7 day wash out period [12] . A male group (n = 30) and a female group (n = 30) were formed for both pharmaceuticals. In the clozapine male group, the mean PANSS total reduction equated 36.2% (respective reductions: PS = 42.7%, NS = 43%, GP = 28.3%) while the female group saw a total mean PANSS reduction of 44.2% (respective reductions: PS = 41.2%, NS = 45.8%, GP = 46.1%). In the risperidol male group, a reduction of 42.9% (respective reductions: PS = 45.6%, NS = 46.6%, GP = 43.4%) was appreciated while the female group noted decreasing total mean PANSS by 49.4% (respective reductions: PS = 52.9%, NS = 54.8%, GP = 42.5%).

In a study comparing the relationship to PRL in the common drugs clozapine and risperidone, PRL was assessed in 120 patients following a 7 day wash out period.


In all of the above industries, gold has principally found use as an interconnect material, as an ohmic contact to semiconductor substrates and as bond pads to facilitate device packaging [1] [2] [3] . For high-speed and high-power optoelectronic, semiconductor and microsystem devices, gold is also the preferred materials to fabricate radio-frequency (RF) waveguides, switches and interconnects [4] [5] [6] . Gold also provides a useful low resistance contact to superconducting thin films [7] . Its application in microsystem and MEMS devices is extremely broad and encompasses, in addition to the above examples, as microcantilevers, actuators, electrodes and also bonding rings and pads to facilitate wafer-level packaging [8] .

In all of the above industries, gold has principally found use as an interconnect material, as an ohmic contact to semiconductor substrates and as bond pads to facilitate device packaging.

For high-speed and high-power optoelectronic, semiconductor and microsystem devices, gold is also the preferred materials to fabricate radio-frequency (RF) waveguides, switches and interconnects.

Gold also provides a useful low resistance contact to superconducting thin films.

Its application in microsystem and MEMS devices is extremely broad and encompasses, in addition to the above examples, as microcantilevers, actuators, electrodes and also bonding rings and pads to facilitate wafer-level packaging.


Gold is an important material in the fabrication of many microscale devices and is employed extensively in the semiconductor, optoelectronic and microsystem industries [1] [2] [3] . The widespread use of gold in these industries arises primarily because of its high electrical and thermal conductivity and its excellent corrosion resistance, solderability and bondability. Gold surfaces can also be readily structured and chemically functionalised so they can also be used in a variety of sensing applications. Another advantage is that gold thin films can be deposited using a variety of techniques including 'dry' methods (e.g. sputtering and evaporation) and 'wet' methods such as electroplating and electroless plating. The resulting films typically have excellent adhesion, low stress, and high ductility and purity, making them ideal for a wide range of applications.

Gold is an important material in the fabrication of many microscale devices and is employed extensively in the semiconductor, optoelectronic and microsystem industries.


However, as the participants had received training in information technology, their level of modeling experience was likely to be equivalent to those of typical business users of process models in many organizations. A recent study even found graduate students to perform better in a process model comprehension experiment [59] . Also, our study concerned basic cognitive principles of visual design and comprehension, and would have been confounded by using participants with high level of domain knowledge as these participants would have relied on background domain knowledge to answer the comprehension tasks; which would have obscured the effects of the visual designs [47] . Still, future research could investigate the different cognitive demands and preferences of experts and novices for symbol choice. Here, it may well be the case that certain designs are better for untrained people than trained experts who know what to look for.

A recent study even found graduate students to perform better in a process model comprehension experiment.

Also, our study concerned basic cognitive principles of visual design and comprehension, and would have been confounded by using participants with high level of domain knowledge as these participants would have relied on background domain knowledge to answer the comprehension tasks; which would have obscured the effects of the visual designs.


This indicates that -SiC crystals have been formed in the carbon matrix. It is known that amorphous SiOC glasses are not stable at high temperatures and at temperatures of > 1000 °C-1200 °C, they will undergo a phase separation process, resulting in the formation of SiC nanocrystals and amorphous SiO 2 , accompanied by the release of SiO and CO gases [15] . The phase separation process can be described roughly by the following equation (1) [16] .

It is known that amorphous SiOC glasses are not stable at high temperatures and at temperatures of > 1000 °C-1200 °C, they will undergo a phase separation process, resulting in the formation of SiC nanocrystals and amorphous SiO 2 , accompanied by the release of SiO and CO gases.

The phase separation process can be described roughly by the following equation (1).


Therefore, the presence of some SiC in the carbon matrix can be attributed to the phase separation process of amorphous SiOC glass. Increasing pyrolysis temperature to 1300C results in the decrease in intensity of the broad peak corresponding to the amorphous SiOC and carbon phases, concurrently with the increase in the peak intensity of the SiC phase. This can be attributed to the continued phase separation of SiOC and the initiation of the carbo-thermal reduction between amorphous SiO 2 and free carbon above 1200 C according to the following equation (2) [17] .

This can be attributed to the continued phase separation of SiOC and the initiation of the carbo-thermal reduction between amorphous SiO 2 and free carbon above 1200 C according to the following equation (2).


Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) belongs to the family Leguminosae. World groundnut production is 29.1 million t and it is primarily used for the production of oil. It is also an important source of dietary protein in developing and developed countries (Francisco and Resurreccion, 2012) . India is the second largest producer of groundnut (1.5e2 million t annually) next to China (2e2.5 million t annually), followed by Sub-Saharan African countries and Central and South America (Bharthare et al., 2014) . Regional estimates show that Tamilnadu (1 million t annually), Gujarat (1e3.5 million t annually), Andhra Pradesh (1e2 million t annually), Karnataka (0.5 million t annually) and Maharashtra (0.5 million t annually) are the major producers of groundnut in India (Bharthare et al., 2014) . Groundnut comprises kernels, skin (testa) and hulls (also known as shell). After harvesting, the kernels are separated from hulls in the groundnut processing industry. Groundnut hulls account for approximately 20% of the dry weight of the nut-in-shell. The hull is an extremely low valued by-product of groundnut processing operation that remains under-utilized.

It is also an important source of dietary protein in developing and developed countries.

India is the second largest producer of groundnut (1.5e2 million t annually) next to China (2e2.5 million t annually), followed by Sub-Saharan African countries and Central and South America.

Regional estimates show that Tamilnadu (1 million t annually), Gujarat (1e3.5 million t annually), Andhra Pradesh (1e2 million t annually), Karnataka (0.5 million t annually) and Maharashtra (0.5 million t annually) are the major producers of groundnut in India.


An important part of this study is the development of an appropriate model for the description of helium discharges in the presence of dry air impurities. In order to ensure its correctness, the model was validated with experimental results [15] . Then, the level of air impurities was varied and its effect on plasma dynamics and chemistry was studied. Given that the breakdown has the characteristics of the homogeneous mode, the use of a one dimensional model to interpret the experimental results is justified.

In order to ensure its correctness, the model was validated with experimental results.


Supervised postoperative physical therapy was begun on the day following surgery [16] . Crutches were used for 8 weeks, minimizing tensile forces at the repair site. Routine precautions were continued until 4 months, at which point the repair was felt to be fully healed.

Supervised postoperative physical therapy was begun on the day following surgery.


Soybean meal is the most commonly used source of supplementary protein for poultry and it is generally a consistent, high quality product (Britzman, 2006) . Unfortunately, the cost of using soybean meal can be prohibitive and many poultry producers are looking for alternative sources of supplementary protein which may be available at a lower cost. In China, one such alternative is rapeseed meal.

Soybean meal is the most commonly used source of supplementary protein for poultry and it is generally a consistent, high quality product.


In order to remedy this, Roberto Peccei and Helen Quinn proposed a new, global U (1) symmetry [2] . When the symmetry spontaneously breaks at some large energy scale, f a , a goldstone boson, a, is produced, which dynamically drives theΘ term to zero, naturally allowing QCD to conserve CP symmetry. This is known as the PQ mechanism.

In order to remedy this, Roberto Peccei and Helen Quinn proposed a new, global U (1) symmetry.

This is known as the PQ mechanism.


The existence of dark matter is some of the strongest evidence we have for physics beyond the Standard Model. There is strong observational evidence for matter that interacts gravitationally but that cannot be any of the visible particles from the Standard Model [1] . However, so far there have been no confirmed reports of direct detection of any such dark particles.

There is strong observational evidence for matter that interacts gravitationally but that cannot be any of the visible particles from the Standard Model.


AWPs under rainfed conditions fluctuate in a greater extent than under irrigated ones because of their large crop yield variations from year to year. To assess the economic performance of a product, both the water footprint and market price variations, as occurred in years 2006 and 2007, are relevant. Finally, the olive oil virtual water exports vary across years, and mostly depend on the green water, which denotes the importance of the green water in the virtual water trade, as reported in previous studies (Aldaya et al., 2010) . Only 23% of virtual water exports of olive oil correspond to irrigation water. Andalusia is the largest blue water consuming Spanish region for olive production and 2008 groundwater resources reached a value of 42% of the national blue water consumption for olive production. The increasing groundwater use is in a way related to the blue virtual water exports of olive oil. Consequently, if the blue virtual water exports related to olive oil tend to grow in the following years, the Guadalquivir basin may face further water stress, particularly from groundwater resources. In an irrigated district of Córdoba 18% of farmers consider olive trees as an alternative to current cropping patterns (García-Vila et al., 2008) . As a result, further development of this crop in irrigated systems may be expected in the coming years.

Finally, the olive oil virtual water exports vary across years, and mostly depend on the green water, which denotes the importance of the green water in the virtual water trade, as reported in previous studies.

In an irrigated district of Córdoba 18% of farmers consider olive trees as an alternative to current cropping patterns.


The lion's share of the water footprint of one liter of bottled olive oil is in the supply chain, and in particular in the olive production process. In fact the water footprint of the supply chain of other components (bottle, cap and label) comprises less than 0.5% of the product's water footprint; which is in line with previous studies (Ercin et al., 2009) . Over the studied period Spanish olive oil production presents the following average percentage of components of water footprints: 72% green water footprint from rainfed systems, 12% green water footprint from irrigated ones, 6% blue water footprint and 10% grey water footprint.

In fact the water footprint of the supply chain of other components (bottle, cap and label) comprises less than 0.5% of the product's water footprint; which is in line with previous studies.


SIAR model runs with different TEF parameters from literature and from this study showed that TEFs are of major importance when analyzing stable isotope data for delineating diets of detritivores. Diet proportions given by SIAR run with TEFs from this study are in accordance with previous studies focusing on gut content analysis and isotopic studies of G. aequicauda (Lepoint et al., 2006; Michel et al., 2015) . Indeed, TEFs calculated here prevent the overestimation of a hypothetical copepod food source, one never found in the gut contents of any individual, showing the importance of precise species and food-source specific TEFs to reject improbable food sources. The SIAR run with TEFs calculated after this study also showed that SIAR performed better than with literature TEFs. Indeed "diagnostic matrix plots" (model robustness evaluation tool) showed lower correlations between sources when using our TEFs than when using literature TEFs. This showed that the SIAR mixing model discriminated much more efficiently the different food sources using these new TEFs. Using global TEFs widely found in the literature can induce biased diet estimations and poor result robustness.

Diet proportions given by SIAR run with TEFs from this study are in accordance with previous studies focusing on gut content analysis and isotopic studies of G. aequicauda.


In this study, the probiotic B. cereus strain IP5832 (ATCC 14893) was used as a surrogate for pathogenic B. cereus strains. Probiotic strains of B. cereus are used in animal feed products and also in products for human use (Cutting 2011; Duc et al. 2004) . Genes for the production of enterotoxins are present in probiotic strains (Duc et al. 2004) . The aim of this study was to determine kinetic parameters for the inactivation of B. cereus spores in concentrated and non-concentrated infant formula under shear conditions using a rheometer which prevents gelation of the reconstituted infant formula.

Probiotic strains of B. cereus are used in animal feed products and also in products for human use.

Genes for the production of enterotoxins are present in probiotic strains.


High whey protein contents in dairy products lead to gel formation during batch heating due to denaturation of proteins and subsequent formation of disulfide bonds (Lucey 2008) . Gelation of the heating matrix renders the determination of inactivation kinetics in small tubes (batch heating systems) difficult as the heat transfer in a gel happens only via conduction; convection which occurs in liquids does not take place anymore. This leads to unevenly heated products. For this reason, a system enabling shearing of the product while heating needs to be employed for the determination of inactivation kinetics in order to assure uniform heat distribution in concentrated products.

High whey protein contents in dairy products lead to gel formation during batch heating due to denaturation of proteins and subsequent formation of disulfide bonds.

This leads to unevenly heated products.


In this research we propose the use of ABS with our proximity-based modelling methodology. Proximitybased modelling has been used previously to demonstrate that the combined use of GPS with RFID technology is technically feasible in determining the location of tagged materials (Song et al., 2007) . However, this was not an ABS study; furthermore it considered only two dimensional spaces (thus, if the RFID-tagged materials were stacked on top of each other, it is arguable that this approach would not work). The objective of the present study is to extend ABS through use of intelligent location-aware agents, thereby facilitating the simulation of real systems that are characterised by the existence of entities that come in physical contact. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach with regard to the aforementioned healthcare problem scenario -the cross-contamination of clinical items that are kept in close proximity during storage and/or transportation. For the purposes of this feasibility study we define "close proximity" as the requirement for physical contact between the clinical items being modelled. Thus, proximity-based modelling enables mathematical representation of a real system that is characterised by the existence of entities (e.g., patients, food items, blood units) that come in physical contact with each other.

Proximitybased modelling has been used previously to demonstrate that the combined use of GPS with RFID technology is technically feasible in determining the location of tagged materials.


Delay in diagnosis and treatment of TB patients could be due to patients' delay in seeking health care, health care providers' delay in making prompt and accurate diagnosis with subsequent initiation of treatment or both. Diagnostic delay has been found to be a major obstacle in the control of TB especially in low income countries [5] . A number of factors have been reported to be associated with delay. Some of these factors are negative sputum smear; extrapulmonary TB (EPTB); rural residence; initial visitation of a government low-level health care facility, private practitioner, or traditional healer; and low awareness about TB [5] .

Diagnostic delay has been found to be a major obstacle in the control of TB especially in low income countries.

Some of these factors are negative sputum smear; extrapulmonary TB (EPTB); rural residence; initial visitation of a government low-level health care facility, private practitioner, or traditional healer; and low awareness about TB.


Korean cattle (Hanwoo) as an indigenous beef cattle are known to have an inferior ability to produce meat because of a low milk producing capacity and slow growth rate, while having a relatively favorable meat quality (Kim and Lee, 2000) . Thus, the Korean cattle industry aimed to increase meat production and to produce high quality meat to meet the increasing demand of the consumer for high quality beef. Genetic improvement of Korean cattle has been accomplished using traditional methods of selection based on phenotypic information. Even though the nature of genes influencing economically important traits is in general not known, genetic selection in this way has been very successful.

Korean cattle (Hanwoo) as an indigenous beef cattle are known to have an inferior ability to produce meat because of a low milk producing capacity and slow growth rate, while having a relatively favorable meat quality.


There is no vaccine or cure for HIV or AIDS; information, is therefore crucial for preventing the spread of the virus. As gatekeepers of information, libraries are in a central position in disseminating HIV/AIDS information because of their inherent potentials to meet the demands of HIV-AIDS preventive strategies. People see libraries as familiar and accessible and as a reliable source of information (Lancaster, 2003) .

People see libraries as familiar and accessible and as a reliable source of information.


In bio-pharmaceutical, chemical, cosmetic, foods and printing industries, encapsulation technology has been practiced from a long prior [1] . In this technique, one material or a mixture of materials is coated with or entrapped within another material or system. The coated material is called active or core material, and the coating material is called shell or wall material or carrier or encapsulant [2] . Microencapsulation is a process for coating individual particles or droplets with a continuous film to produce capsules in a micrometer to millimeter in size aiming to protect the active material against undesirable reactions like oxidation [3] .

In bio-pharmaceutical, chemical, cosmetic, foods and printing industries, encapsulation technology has been practiced from a long prior.

The coated material is called active or core material, and the coating material is called shell or wall material or carrier or encapsulant.

Microencapsulation is a process for coating individual particles or droplets with a continuous film to produce capsules in a micrometer to millimeter in size aiming to protect the active material against undesirable reactions like oxidation.


Negotiation of contracts involves two or more parties multilaterally bargaining for mutual gain in order to achieve a mutual beneficial agreement, but each of them has conflicting interests. The Internet has recently become a global common platform where organizations and individuals communicate among each other to carry out various commercial activities and to provide valueadded services. As many business activities are automated as electronic transactions, negotiation of contracts between human becomes a bottleneck. A major problem of this is its slowness, which is further complicated by issues of culture, ego and pride (Thompson 1998) . With the growing acceptance of eCommerce, this problem can be much alleviated using e-Negotiation (Hung and Mao 2002) . An e-Negotiation comprises computer-facilitated tasks, each of which aims at resolving an issue or a collection of co-related issues under negotiation. It involves an iterative decision process in which two or more parties make individual decisions and interact with each other aiming to arrive at a contract.

A major problem of this is its slowness, which is further complicated by issues of culture, ego and pride.

With the growing acceptance of eCommerce, this problem can be much alleviated using e-Negotiation.


When all available first dose data were analyzed alone, a significant increase in vomiting incidence and severity was observed in dogs that were fed (67% incidence) compared to dogs that were fasted before doxorubicin treatment (10% incidence). The limitations of this analysis however is that without longitudinal paired data (i.e., data from a "fasted" and a "fed" dose in the same dog), we lose the internal control values for each dog. This leaves our data open to confounding from an immeasurable number of variables that might increase or decrease each dog's risk of vomiting. However, if dogs were more likely to have experienced toxicity after doxorubicin when they were fed normally, it is possible that dogs randomized to group A (fed first) would be more likely to be withdrawn from the study before their second dose than dogs in group B. Removal of these dogs that vomited after their first dose would exclude them from the paired analysis completely, perhaps creating a bias toward group A dogs that are less likely to vomit in general. In fact, of the four dogs that were withdrawn from the study before their second dose, three were fed first and all three experienced vomiting. While we saw a higher incidence of vomiting in dogs fed before their first doxorubicin dose when compared to historical reports with this agent, feeding was not standardized in previous studies. When all dogs in our study were evaluated together, the overall incidence of vomiting in 19 dogs for which first dose data were available was 36.8% (7 of 19) and is similar to data from dogs receiving placebo in a previous prospective randomized study [6] .

When all dogs in our study were evaluated together, the overall incidence of vomiting in 19 dogs for which first dose data were available was 36.8% (7 of 19) and is similar to data from dogs receiving placebo in a previous prospective randomized study.


A feasibility study recently reported 10 people voluntarily fasting for 48 to 140 hours before treatment and for 5 to 56 hours after receiving various different chemotherapeutic agents [19] . Minimal adverse effects were described during fasting, and most subjects maintained that fewer chemotherapy-related toxicities were experienced after cycles for which they fasted at the time of treatment. However, to the authors' knowledge, a formal prospective study has not evaluated the effects of fasting on delayed-type CINV. A reduced incidence of anticipatory and acute CINV in dogs, both of which can contribute to the delayed-type in people, makes the canine species ideal for the study of delayed-type CINV. Herein, we report the findings of a prospective, randomized study using a crossover design to primarily evaluate the effects of fasting on delayed-type CINV in cancer-bearing dogs. Because IGF-1 levels have been implicated as playing an important role in selective chemosensitization in mouse models and could have been affected by fasting, serum IGF-1 concentrations in both fasted and fed dogs were determined from samples collected immediately before doxorubicin administration. The effects of fasting on the incidence and severity of other commonly observed doxorubicin-induced toxicities including diarrhea, decreased activity, and bone marrow suppression were also evaluated.

A feasibility study recently reported 10 people voluntarily fasting for 48 to 140 hours before treatment and for 5 to 56 hours after receiving various different chemotherapeutic agents.


The Society of American Value Engineers (SAVE) was formed in 1959 as a professional society dedicated to the advancement of VE through a better understanding of the principles, methods, and concepts involved. The Society of American Value Engineers defines VE as the systematic application of recognized techniques that identifies the function of the product or service, establishes a monetary value for that function, and provides the necessary function reliably at the lowest possible cost. Therefore, the purpose of a systematic VE approach is well demonstrated when the user is able to define and segregate the necessary functions from the unnecessary functions and thereby develop alternative means of accomplishing the necessary functions at a lower total cost [3] .

Therefore, the purpose of a systematic VE approach is well demonstrated when the user is able to define and segregate the necessary functions from the unnecessary functions and thereby develop alternative means of accomplishing the necessary functions at a lower total cost.


The purpose of the equations is to estimate a missing datum in Fig. 1 by means of other data in the array. For example, a number missing from vertex F in Fig. 1 can be predicted from data at vertices A,C,D,G,I using Eq. (18). Equations for eight-point rectangles can be obtained by elimination of E from two equations taken from the same class of analogous equations. Expansion of the equations in both sections may reveal redundancies that were masked by their tedious natures and hence escaped detection. When an equation generates multiple roots the user makes the best selection for his purpose. The summary suggests the abundance of formulas that can be derived by operational interpretation of the trigonometric identities [1] [2] [3] . Caution is advised when using the curious Eqs. (48)-(50).

The summary suggests the abundance of formulas that can be derived by operational interpretation of the trigonometric identities.


A nine-point rectangle is illustrated in Fig. 1 below. Missing data at the lettered vertices can be predicted from data at the other vertices. An approach to this problem was illustrated many years ago [1] [2] [3] . The equations are easy to apply.

An approach to this problem was illustrated many years ago.

The equations are easy to apply.


It is well-known that D-branes can be understood as hyperplanes on which a fundamental string, or F-string, can end [1] . The endpoint of an F-string appears as an electrically charged particle on the worldvolume of the D-brane and the corresponding worldvolume degrees of freedom are associated to the Born-Infeld vector. An exception to this generic phenomenon is the D-particle, on which a single F-string can not end due to charge conservation [2, 3] . This can be understood from the D-particle worldline point of view since the Born-Infeld vector carries no degrees of freedom.

It is well-known that D-branes can be understood as hyperplanes on which a fundamental string, or F-string, can end.

An exception to this generic phenomenon is the D-particle, on which a single F-string can not end due to charge conservation.


Valproic acid, a short chain fatty acid, has been used extensively in the clinic for the treatment of a variety of seizure disorders as well as for the treatment of manic depressive bipolar illness. The advantages of VPA include low cost, favorable safety profile, and oral dosing. Recently it has been identified that VPA is an effective inhibitor of HDAC activity at physiologically relevant concentrations. It is also becoming evident that the efficacy of VPA in vivo is in part due to inhibition of cancer cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis (Chou et al., 2011; Wedel et al., 2011; Leiva et al., 2012) . This gave us the inspiration to see whether VPA could have the similar effects in ovarian cancer.

It is also becoming evident that the efficacy of VPA in vivo is in part due to inhibition of cancer cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis.


It has been well established that the occurrence and development of cancers involve a substantial change in functions of both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. One of the most important mechanisms in chromatin remodeling is the posttranslational modification of the N-terminal tails of histones by acetylation, which are key steps in the regulation of gene expression, consequently affecting proper cell function, differentiation and proliferation. More than thirty years ago, Vincent Allfrey and collaborators reported a strong correlation between 3 , Zhou Ting 2 increased levels of histone acetylation and gene over expression (Allfrey et al., 1964) . The genesis of cancer, malignant dissemination of tumor cells are, at least in part, based on the up-regulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs). So HDACIs are emerging as promising clinical therapeutics for cancer (Bellarosa et al., 2012; Feng et al., 2012; Francisco et al., 2012) .

More than thirty years ago, Vincent Allfrey and collaborators reported a strong correlation between 3 , Zhou Ting 2 increased levels of histone acetylation and gene over expression.

So HDACIs are emerging as promising clinical therapeutics for cancer.


Indicator values of the SI soil biological quality showed for the three cases an impact, and the observed variation is explained by the different degrees of soil compaction and the abundance of litter associated with sudden stand removal [59, 89] . The QBS-ar values were lowest in the case 3, followed by the case 1. The best situation was found for case 2. In addition, the SI soil microarthropod community density was assessed, and, as can be observed from the data gathered, it was impacted by FOs. Case 2 had higher values than the cases 1 and 3.

Indicator values of the SI soil biological quality showed for the three cases an impact, and the observed variation is explained by the different degrees of soil compaction and the abundance of litter associated with sudden stand removal.


Mediterranean pines play a key role in the vegetation dynamics of the Mediterranean regions [1] . This group of species includes Pinus nigra Arnold, Pinus brutia Ten., Pinus halepensis Mill., and others such as Pinus pinaster Aiton, as the main representatives. These trees are well adapted to the fire regime more independent from fossil fuels, are some of the drivers why biomass resources are increasingly demanded for the production of renewable and sustainable energy. In contrast to wind and solar, biomass can provide base load capacity to the grid. In particular, the versatility of wood chips allows its flexible use in large heating plants, small combustion units and domestic boilers.

Mediterranean pines play a key role in the vegetation dynamics of the Mediterranean regions.


Step 9: planning the data collection Unexpected problems often arise in the course of a project. For this reason, it is important to carry out a pilot study. This is a small-scale version of the major study (Polit and Hungler 1995) . In qualitative research, a pilot study can be helpful in exploring the researcher's skills in conducting an interview and to assess whether the questions are clearly understood by the participants or whether they require modification. In addition, it is important in qualitative research to create an open atmosphere with the aim of allowing the participants to express their feelings and perceptions without constraint (Hallett 1995) . A pilot study therefore allows the researcher to become familiar with the procedure and to identify where modifications in technique, approach or questions can be made to improve the quality of the data obtained in the main study.

This is a small-scale version of the major study.

In addition, it is important in qualitative research to create an open atmosphere with the aim of allowing the participants to express their feelings and perceptions without constraint.


Solution method is one of the cheapest techniques for the manufacturing of ZnO nanoparticles that have been reported recently with controlled characteristics. It is based on the liquid chemical reaction of zinc acetate and some compounds, containing OH, such as sodium hydroxide [13, 14] . In some cases, the growth of nanostructures demands high temperature, complex reactions, and even sophisticated equipment. However, this simple solution method has been reported to yield ZnO nanosized particles [15] . The role of the starting reactants, their concentrations, the reaction temperature, and time of the presence on dispersants has also been established in the formation of ZnO particles [16] . In addition, the time and the way that reagents are mixed also affect the nucleation and crystal growth [17] . The aging of the nanoparticles is one of the problems that researchers are trying to stop and develop the time that could be maintained stables in the medium; if they start to agglomerate, a big problem is present in the deposition time, and homogeneous thin films could not be obtained.

It is based on the liquid chemical reaction of zinc acetate and some compounds, containing OH, such as sodium hydroxide.

However, this simple solution method has been reported to yield ZnO nanosized particles.

The role of the starting reactants, their concentrations, the reaction temperature, and time of the presence on dispersants has also been established in the formation of ZnO particles.

In addition, the time and the way that reagents are mixed also affect the nucleation and crystal growth.


Extraction of fish samples was carried out according to EMP manual (Akerblom 1995) . About 100 g of fish sample was taken from deep freeze and put to laboratory temperature until thawing. Each sample was chopped into small pieces and mixed thoroughly. Ten grams of sample were ground in a mortar with 10 g sand and 30 g sodium sulphate and more sodium sulphate was added to make the sample float freely. The ground sample was taken in a quick-fit conical flask. Then it was extracted with 50 ml ethyl acetate by shaking for three minutes. This extraction was repeated three times with 20 mL ethyl acetate. The extract was combined and then filtered through the glass wool. The filtrate was evaporated to two ml by rotary vacuum evaporator at temperature not exceeding 40 O C. The solvent was exchanged from ethyl acetate to cyclohexane by evaporation and the volume of the solution was readjusted to two ml.

Extraction of fish samples was carried out according to EMP manual.


Between two herbivore, Rui fish sample showed no chemical compounds in its muscle tissues (Figure 3b and Table 1 ). This fish was collected from a culture pond and the cultured species had no organic pollutants in their muscle or the chemicals present at very low concentrations or below the limit of detection. On the other hands Kachki contain p-chloroamphetamine, 2,5-Furandione,3-methyl, N,N'-Bis(2-naphthyl) terephthalamide, Phenol 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) and 2-(Benzylthio)-4-(4 chlorophenyl)-6-(p-tolyl)nicotinonitrile, all are industrial pollutants, neuro toxic and very harmful to human (Lewis et al. 2002) . The Kachki fishes are herbivore in nature. Though they only consumed herbs, phyto and zooplankton in their feeding habit, but some organic pollutants (Table 1 . Fig. 3f ) were found from their muscle which are very harmful in nature. Between two omnivore species, Khalisha and Puti (Figure 3d & 3e) contained, organic pollutants in their muscles. Phenolic compounds, such as Benzophene, acetyl] methylamino, Dibutyltin dibromide, 4, 4'-(5-Iodofurfurylidene) bis (antipyrine) were found in these species. These compounds could be obtained by these fishes for their feeding habit (Shafi and Quddus 1982) . However, the tested fish samples contained organic pollutants (Table 1 ) which are very harmful and carcinogenic to human. Most of these compounds are hazardous and used for making insecticides, discharged from industrial effluent, plasticizer, pharmaceuticals, dyes, chemicals, explosives, disinfectants etc. and many of them are no longer officially registered for use because of their toxicity. These substances are considered special hazardous because of their particular toxicity, tumorigenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, flammability, explosivity, corrosivity or reactivity which pose a special hazard to health and safety (The Pennsylvania Code 2011) .

On the other hands Kachki contain p-chloroamphetamine, 2,5-Furandione,3-methyl, N,N'-Bis(2-naphthyl) terephthalamide, Phenol 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) and 2-(Benzylthio)-4-(4 chlorophenyl)-6-(p-tolyl)nicotinonitrile, all are industrial pollutants, neuro toxic and very harmful to human.

These compounds could be obtained by these fishes for their feeding habit.

These substances are considered special hazardous because of their particular toxicity, tumorigenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity, flammability, explosivity, corrosivity or reactivity which pose a special hazard to health and safety.


The lncRNA activated by tumor growth factorbeta (TGF-β) (LncRNA-ATB) and lncRNA maternally expressed gene 3 (lncRNA-MEG3) are known to function as an oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene, respectively. One study showed that lncRNA-ATB might be involved in the progression of colorectal cancer and could be a novel indicator of poor prognosis in afflicted patients [11] . Another study demonstrated that lncRNA-ATB plays an important role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by promoting invasion and metastasis through the TGF-β/microRNA 200 (miR-200)/zinc finger E-boxbinding homeobox (ZEB) axis, resulting in poor prognoses for gastric cancer [12] . Recently, lncRNA-ATB was shown to induce EMT, promote tumor cell invasion, and play a key role in distant metastasis of HCC [13] . EMT converts cancerous epithelial cells to mesenchymal-like cells by giving them migratory and invasive properties, which enables primary tumor cells to move, colonize distant organs, and form secondary tumors. EMT is known to be regulated by a complex signaling network involving both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory pathways.

One study showed that lncRNA-ATB might be involved in the progression of colorectal cancer and could be a novel indicator of poor prognosis in afflicted patients.

Another study demonstrated that lncRNA-ATB plays an important role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by promoting invasion and metastasis through the TGF-β/microRNA 200 (miR-200)/zinc finger E-boxbinding homeobox (ZEB) axis, resulting in poor prognoses for gastric cancer.

Recently, lncRNA-ATB was shown to induce EMT, promote tumor cell invasion, and play a key role in distant metastasis of HCC.


Although the MIPv6-based NEMO BS protocol has been adopted by standardization bodies, it has drawbacks, such as suboptimal routing or an inadequate security level, which must be overcome. As a result, alternative protocols are also being considered for use in network mobility contexts. The most complete protocol covering these contexts is the HIP, thanks to the security properties and optimal routing it provides. In fact, solutions that consider HIP as the base protocol have already been defined for addressing network mobility contexts [4] [5] [6] . These solutions are based on the concept of delegation of signaling rights. That is, the established end-to-end SAs are managed by a delegate, resulting in a known security vulnerability. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no solution that simultaneously ensures both efficiency and security support has been released for managing network mobility in ITS scenarios.

In fact, solutions that consider HIP as the base protocol have already been defined for addressing network mobility contexts.