Gaugings of two-dimensional supergravity (d = 9) have not been studied systematically so far. Yet, this case is particularly interesting, as the global symmetry algebra of the ungauged maximal theory is the infinite-dimensionalĝ = e 9(9) , the affine extension of the exceptional algebra g = e 8(8) , and the resulting structures are extremely rich. The realization of the affine symmetry on the physical fields requires the introduction of an infinite tower of dual scalar fields, defined on-shell by a set of first order differential equations. Consequently, these symmetries act nonlinearly, nonlocally and are symmetries of the equations of motion only. As a generic feature of two-dimensional gravity theories, the infinite-dimensional global symmetry algebra is a manifestation of the underlying integrable structure of the theory [6, 7, 8, 9, 10] . In view of the above discussion one may expect that the various parameters characterizing the different higher-dimensional compactifications join into a single infinite-dimensional multiplet of the affine algebra which accordingly parametrizes the generic gauged Lagrangian in two dimensions. We confirm this picture in the present paper. The corresponding multiplet is the basic representation of e 9 (9) .

As a generic feature of two-dimensional gravity theories, the infinite-dimensional global symmetry algebra is a manifestation of the underlying integrable structure of the theory.

The corresponding multiplet is the basic representation of e 9.


Equity measure was generally calculated by the accessibility index using GIS to express the distance to and the cost people spent at (location of space unit mostly used) the facilities [9] . Therefore, the accessibility difference of space units (smaller scale such as street, neighborhood, etc.) becomes the important index for the evaluation of spatial equity. Empirical research on the notion of equity in public service distribution focuses on defining and measuring equity and determining causal factors involved in the distribution of public service facilities [10] . Urban ecological space is mainly composed of forest land and waters that have the important ecological service function of natural conservation, relaxation and vacation, forest protection, ecological protection and so on. It plays an important role in maintaining healthy and comfortable regional ecological environments, as well as the survival of mankind in urban areas [11] . The social service function of public parks can be partly measured based on how easily (especially with respect to reaching nearby parks by walking) and equally residents can access and benefit from such space, and this is also an important indicator for measuring residents' quality of life. Therefore, urban public parks' layouts should be designed to support equitable and efficient supply of green space. In other words, this limited resource should be maximized so that individuals of all social hierarchies may enjoy equal access [1] . However, while previous research has examined indicators such as per capita public green space and green space ratios for evaluating the service function of public parks, the literature has focused less on public parks' spatial equity. What's more, urban public parks as an ecological space agent for urban residents' recreation, their spatial layout equity denotes a situation where residents of a planning area can access parks' services regardless of socioeconomic status, desire, demand, population distribution and other factors. The term also emphasizes equal accessibility to urban parks for residents from different geographic locations.

Equity measure was generally calculated by the accessibility index using GIS to express the distance to and the cost people spent at (location of space unit mostly used) the facilities.

Empirical research on the notion of equity in public service distribution focuses on defining and measuring equity and determining causal factors involved in the distribution of public service facilities.

It plays an important role in maintaining healthy and comfortable regional ecological environments, as well as the survival of mankind in urban areas.

In other words, this limited resource should be maximized so that individuals of all social hierarchies may enjoy equal access.


The study of total fat content as well as the fatty acid composition, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and -3 in seafood products is of great interest due to their beneficial effects on coronary diseases [7, 9, 15] . The technique most commonly used for fatty acids analysis is the gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The major aim of this study was to demonstrate the nutritional value of C. Opilio shells for use as feed in fish farms. As a results, the total lipid content and the fatty acid composition of Chionocetes Opilio shells were investigated.

The study of total fat content as well as the fatty acid composition, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and -3 in seafood products is of great interest due to their beneficial effects on coronary diseases.


Although most statistical applications are conceived to deal with unimodal data, in practice research data can exhibit heterogeneity due to skewness and multimodality. More importantly, skewness and non-distinctive shape variations can be due to intrinsic aspects of the data. Skew and distinctive shape variations that resemble multimodality can indicate not all observations come from the same parent population. In other words, if the data come from different sub-populations, and their identifications are not known, the mixture distribution can be used quite effectively to analyze the dataset (McLachlan & Peel, 2000) . Although multimodal data can be modeled with a single distribution, the quality of the model is poor in general. Hence modeling based on finite mixture distributions plays a vital role in different data analysis situations. Finite mixture models are now applied in such diverse areas such as biology, biometrics, genetics, medicine, marketing, reliability, and pattern recognition problems, among others. Some examples of mixture models are based on gamma, exponential, inverse Gaussian and Weibull distributions.

In other words, if the data come from different sub-populations, and their identifications are not known, the mixture distribution can be used quite effectively to analyze the dataset.


This rater disposition was not included in this study because our aim was to resolve debates about the interactions between rating context and rater agreeableness in the rating of poor performance. Any effects of rater conscientiousness are likely to be independent of those found in this study: Agreeableness and conscientiousness are orthogonal factors. Moreover, the introduction of the potential for conflict would not be expected to interact with rater conscientiousness because the motivational mechanisms thought to underpin the PA rating behaviour of highly conscientious individuals are not linked to conflict avoidance (Bernardin et al., 2000; Yun et al., 2005) . Future research should investigate the cumulative effects of conscientiousness and agreeableness on rating behaviour in various rating situations (e.g., when there is the potential for conflict or where accurate rating is rewarded).

Moreover, the introduction of the potential for conflict would not be expected to interact with rater conscientiousness because the motivational mechanisms thought to underpin the PA rating behaviour of highly conscientious individuals are not linked to conflict avoidance.


A relationship between wind energy expansion and the market for farmland also exists. Although farmers usually do not operate wind turbines, they provide the required land for their installment and are paid compensations that significantly exceed usual lease prices for agricultural land. Moreover, there is empirical evidence that land prices are spatially correlated. This spatial relationship can be explained by the fact that prices of neighbouring properties can influence property values. For example, plots adjacent to wind parks can increase farmland values, because they could be potentially used for the enlargement of wind parks. In addition, it can be assumed that plots that are suitable for wind turbine construction, according to the regional planning of federal states, also have higher prices [9] .

In addition, it can be assumed that plots that are suitable for wind turbine construction, according to the regional planning of federal states, also have higher prices.


For related reasons, it is necessary to be cautious when extrapolating the present results to large amplitude ridges: nonlinear effects are known to be more important in 2D than in 3D geometries (Miranda and James 1992) . In fact, preliminary numerical simulations for higher values of Nh/U 0 (not shown) suggest that the drag increases considerably, probably due to the strong nonlinearity that always exists at the critical level. Nevertheless, the drag retains some of its qualitative behavior for the range of Ri considered here. Outside the scope of this study are, of course, situations where nonlinear or nonhydrostatic effects are overwhelming, such as wave breaking, or wave trapping (Keller 1994) .

For related reasons, it is necessary to be cautious when extrapolating the present results to large amplitude ridges: nonlinear effects are known to be more important in 2D than in 3D geometries.

Outside the scope of this study are, of course, situations where nonlinear or nonhydrostatic effects are overwhelming, such as wave breaking, or wave trapping.


Additionally, with multiple exposures to a text increased appreciation is expected to arise, rather than mere improved information processing. Previous work has shown that rereading texts with specific literary features does enhance appreciation as compared with evaluation after a first reading, whereas such an emergent effect fails to occur in their absence (Dixon et al., 1993) . It remains unclear, however, what it is exactly that emerges. The challenges of reading literary texts may include grasping the significance of the author's style choices. But readers simultaneously need to understand how the events described make up the plot, what the interrelationships between characters are, what their behavioral motives are, estimate the reliability of narrators, and so on. Processing these aspects may benefit from rereading, more or less independent of literary style. To investigate this possibility we designed a series of experiments in which we compared the influence of two factors on increases in appreciation: literariness of the texts and increases in perceived comprehension. Thus, we hoped to establish whether the effects are particular to literature or a more common process that we may see in nonliterary narratives as well.

Previous work has shown that rereading texts with specific literary features does enhance appreciation as compared with evaluation after a first reading, whereas such an emergent effect fails to occur in their absence.


A few of the limitations of the present study are worth highlighting. For instance, the graphic interface of the frequency tone generator used in the present study was always loaded with the same starting frequency (440 Hz), which presents a possible source for anchoring effects [28] . In future studies, it would therefore be worthwhile to have the frequency starting point set randomly (or, perhaps, a scale that does not have a starting frequency at all), in order to eliminate any potential anchoring effects, should they exist in this situation.

For instance, the graphic interface of the frequency tone generator used in the present study was always loaded with the same starting frequency (440 Hz), which presents a possible source for anchoring effects.


In these two experiments, we first measured people's ability to choose the pitch for three Belgian bitter beers with considerable differences in alcohol strength (Experiment 1). Having obtained a similar pitch range for all three of the beers, participants made significantly different pitch choices between beers with very different taste attributes (Experiment 2). The results of Experiment 2, with the inclusion of a sweeter beer (Beer D), supported the interpretation that the participants were primarily rating the bitter beers towards the lower end of the pitch range (Beers A and C). By contrast, Beer D was systematically matched to a higher pitch (when compared to Beer A). Therefore, considering the significant contrast in the ratings between Beers A and D, the hypothesis that people tend to associate bitterness with lower pitch ranges and sweetness with higher pitch ranges is supported [16, 17] . The general taste and flavor differences between Beers A and D were most likely the easiest to define for naïve participants. In particular, Beer A was bitter, light, and dry, whereas Beer D was, comparatively speaking, much sweeter. These results may be useful in discussing the fact that crossmodal correspondences may typically rely on explicit contrast for their effectiveness [22] . Specifically, clear differences in taste attributes (such as bitterness versus sweetness) can lead to clear differences in the pitch of sound that is matched to those taste attributes [23] .

Therefore, considering the significant contrast in the ratings between Beers A and D, the hypothesis that people tend to associate bitterness with lower pitch ranges and sweetness with higher pitch ranges is supported.

These results may be useful in discussing the fact that crossmodal correspondences may typically rely on explicit contrast for their effectiveness.

Specifically, clear differences in taste attributes (such as bitterness versus sweetness) can lead to clear differences in the pitch of sound that is matched to those taste attributes.


The pitch range available for selection was different in the two experiments reported here. The ratings corresponding to Beer A appeared to be remarkably stable across both experiments (with the mean varying from 213 Hz to 214 Hz), whereas the mean of Beer C (which was also present in both experiments) varied from 250 Hz to 400 Hz. Note that it has previously been reported that pitch-matching tasks can depend on the set of frequencies in which those sounds are presented, making choices of pitch somewhat relative to the bandwidth that is available [25] . Even though the means of the pitch of Beer A were quite similar during both experiments, we believe that in this Means and standard error (SE) of sweetness, bitterness, strength, and liking ratings for the three beers in Experiment 2 (asterisks show a significant difference between ratings). Here, it can be seen that all the significant ratings are related to Beer D, the sweetest one. Moreover, most significant differences reported here follow the real differences in these beers' formulas, expect for the fact that Beer A was rated as stronger than Beer D (Beer A has 4.5% alcohol strength, and Beer D 5.1%).

Note that it has previously been reported that pitch-matching tasks can depend on the set of frequencies in which those sounds are presented, making choices of pitch somewhat relative to the bandwidth that is available.


Another important observation in Experiment 2 was the fact that Beer A was rated as significantly stronger than Beer D, when actually Beer A has 4.5% alcohol strength, and Beer D 5.1% (see Figure 2) . These results may argue with the finding that people are generally poor at estimating alcohol strength in drinks [8, 27] . It seems that people tend to associate alcohol strength with flavor intensity (in this case a more bitter beer is perceived as stronger when compared to a much sweeter one), which would be another reason why these beer-pitch matching tasks seem to be more robust when relying on differences in taste attributes, rather than differences in alcohol strength.

These results may argue with the finding that people are generally poor at estimating alcohol strength in drinks.


The substantial increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) over the past decade is associated with a marked increase in the prevalence of obesity, which contributes greatly to insulin resistance, a key pathophysiologic parameter observed especially in individuals at risk. Given the role of obesity and sedentary lifestyles in contributing to the progression of T2DM, the first step in T2DM management is lifestyle change, exercise and weight loss; unfortunately, such interventions are often inadequate or short-lived in effectiveness. When non-pharmacological treatment fails, treatment with an antihyperglycaemic agent (AHA), often metformin, is initiated [1] . Metformin provides effective control, although some patients do not tolerate metformin due to gastrointestinal side-effects or have contraindications to the use of this agent, such as renal insufficiency. Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease; initially, inadequate β-cell compensation for the increased demand in insulin due to insulin resistance precipitates hyperglycaemia; subsequent deterioration in β-cell function (βCF) and mass underlies the progression from non-pharmacological treatment through monotherapy failure, to the need for combination treatments [1] [2] [3] [4] . Current oral AHA classes often do not provide sufficiently effective or durable glycaemic control with improved βCF; although metformin provides modest weight reduction, most oral agents lead to weight gain or are weight neutral, but do not substantively reduce body weight [1, 5] . The recent American Diabetes Association/European Association for the Study of Diabetes position statement suggests that therapy should be individualized and tailored to the specific needs of each patient [1] . Therefore, there is a need for new AHAs that can provide long-term glycaemic control and additional benefits such as minimal hypoglycaemia and favourable effects on weight.

When non-pharmacological treatment fails, treatment with an antihyperglycaemic agent (AHA), often metformin, is initiated.

Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease; initially, inadequate β-cell compensation for the increased demand in insulin due to insulin resistance precipitates hyperglycaemia; subsequent deterioration in β-cell function (βCF) and mass underlies the progression from non-pharmacological treatment through monotherapy failure, to the need for combination treatments.

Current oral AHA classes often do not provide sufficiently effective or durable glycaemic control with improved βCF; although metformin provides modest weight reduction, most oral agents lead to weight gain or are weight neutral, but do not substantively reduce body weight.

The recent American Diabetes Association/European Association for the Study of Diabetes position statement suggests that therapy should be individualized and tailored to the specific needs of each patient.


Nevertheless, PTFE is also used in case of substantially greater sliding paths. In order to preserve its sliding abilities, the thickness of the PTFE-sheets is then increased. For example, ordinary bridge bearings are equipped with PTFE-sheets of about 3 -5 mm thickness (Figure 1(c) ) [8] . Consequently and mainly due to the lower Young's modulus of PTFE compared to the steel components of the bearing constructions, substantially greater deformations occur. Such deformations are acceptable for bridge bearings because of relatively small axial stresses. But, in an innovative test-setup for concrete slabs subjected to punching shear currently developed at Ruhr-Universität Bochum in Germany, compressive stresses up to 64 MPa occur [9] - [11] . Here, the rotational rigidity required would no longer be satisfied with thick PTFE-sheets.

For example, ordinary bridge bearings are equipped with PTFE-sheets of about 3 -5 mm thickness (Figure 1(c) ).

But, in an innovative test-setup for concrete slabs subjected to punching shear currently developed at Ruhr-Universität Bochum in Germany, compressive stresses up to 64 MPa occur.


The issue of consistency has been the subject of much research in the field of distributed systems for the past few decades. However, no single detailed survey of these techniques has been produced, although some publications summarize a number of the issues and approaches taken (Snowdon, Greenhalgh, Benford, Bullock, & Brown, 1996; Macedonia & Zyda, 1997; Singhal & Zyda, 1999; Joslin et al., 2004; Roberts, 2004) . This paper aims to bridge this gap and provide a concise summary of the issues and the approaches taken to tackle the problem of maintaining consistency in the presence of network latency. It also reviews the terminology associated with the domain of distributed interactive applications and proposes definitions for the terms consistency and latency. This survey is not intended to be comprehensive in bibliographic terms; instead references are selected to best illustrate, in our opinion, the different concepts.

However, no single detailed survey of these techniques has been produced, although some publications summarize a number of the issues and approaches taken.


These findings indicate that a sojourn of one semester can be sufficient to enhance language learners' acculturation attitudes toward target language culture which, as was proved in previous studies, can contribute significantly to their linguistic knowledge. Therefore, universities should provide opportunities for students of English as a Foreign Language to immerse in the target language culture through organizing academic exchange programs. Furthermore, English language lecturers should provide opportunities for their students to be exposed to the target language culture through supplementing their classroom instructions with authentic materials (Rafieyan et al., 2013a; 2013c; Rafieyan et al., 2013b) .

Furthermore, English language lecturers should provide opportunities for their students to be exposed to the target language culture through supplementing their classroom instructions with authentic materials.


Identification of person with high accuracy is becoming critical in a number of security issues in our society. Person verification based on biometric features has attracted more attention in designing security system. Most of the biometric systems that are presently in use typically have a single biometric trait to establish identity (unimodal biometric systems). Unimodal biometric system suffers from serious drawbacks such as noise in sensed data, lack of universality, and susceptible to spoof attacks [1] . Some of the limitations of Unimodal biometrics are alleviated by combining evidence from more than one source of biometric information. A system that combine more than one biometric trait is termed as multimodal biometric system. This improves the matching accuracy of a system while increasing population coverage and significantly reducing spoof attacks. This also implies complicated modeling, intensive computation and in most cases use of sophisticated algorithms [1] [2] . The heart of multimodal biometric system relies on fusing the information from multiple biometric traits in order to achieve better recognition performance. Fusion can be performed at four different levels of information such as sensor level, feature level, match score level, and decision level. In the sensor level fusion, the raw data from different sensors are combined. Sensor level fusion is applicable only if the multiple sources represent samples of the same biometric trait obtained either using a single sensor or different compatible sensor [1] . In feature level fusion, features from different modalities are combined to form a single feature. When feature sets are homogeneous, a single resulting feature vector can be calculated as a weighted average of the individual feature vectors. When features are non-homogeneous, we can concatenate them to form a single vector. In case of score level fusion, the match score given by more than one biometric system are combined to make the decision of accept/reject. Match score level fusion is generally preferred as all commercially available biometric devices may not provide access to the feature information at all levels and also that it is easy to fuse at this level. In decision level fusion, the decision given by the individual biometric system is combined to make the final decision. The decision level fusion is also called as abstract level fusion as we combine the binary information provided by individual biometric system.

Unimodal biometric system suffers from serious drawbacks such as noise in sensed data, lack of universality, and susceptible to spoof attacks.

This also implies complicated modeling, intensive computation and in most cases use of sophisticated algorithms.

Sensor level fusion is applicable only if the multiple sources represent samples of the same biometric trait obtained either using a single sensor or different compatible sensor.


Microbial degradation is not only a significant mechanism in pesticide control in soil but also an environmental approach from an agricultural perspective. Temperature and humidity are two fundamental environmental parameters that control the microbial degradation of pesticides in soil. Pesticide degradation is generally slower in dry soil than in humid soil [5] .

Pesticide degradation is generally slower in dry soil than in humid soil.


Biodegradation is necessary for remediation of pesticide residues in soil and in underground waters. The microorganisms that are required for such process are present in the soil [1] . A study on the remediation of the active substance Ethior in anaerobic conditions by mesophilic bacteria isolated from soil polluted by pesticides suggests that the bacteria Pseudomonas and Azospirillum achieve effective remediation [2] . Similarly, another study suggested that the enzyme of Penicillium chrysosporium, which is a type of fungus, is able to metabolize micropollutants such as pesticides and remediate the toxic effects of chemicals included in pesticides by degrading lignin up to 76% within 15 days and 94% within 30 days [3] . The literature suggests that, in studies carried out in aerobic and anaerobic facilities where mixed bacterial cultures are used, endosulfan is biologically degraded up to 96% [4] .

The microorganisms that are required for such process are present in the soil.

A study on the remediation of the active substance Ethior in anaerobic conditions by mesophilic bacteria isolated from soil polluted by pesticides suggests that the bacteria Pseudomonas and Azospirillum achieve effective remediation.

Similarly, another study suggested that the enzyme of Penicillium chrysosporium, which is a type of fungus, is able to metabolize micropollutants such as pesticides and remediate the toxic effects of chemicals included in pesticides by degrading lignin up to 76% within 15 days and 94% within 30 days.

The literature suggests that, in studies carried out in aerobic and anaerobic facilities where mixed bacterial cultures are used, endosulfan is biologically degraded up to 96%.


In this paper, we have focused on the extreme black hole with degenerate horizons. A thorough analysis is done as to what type of degenerate horizon would emerge for the parameters of the theory. There are cold black holes where the black hole inner horizon and the outer horizon merge with zero temperature. These black holes have topology AdS 2 × S 2 . There are Nariai type black holes where the black hole outer horizon and the cosmological horizon merge with the topology, dS 2 × S 2 . The temperature and the distance between the horizons are calculated for such black holes. The ultra cold black holes has the topology, R 2 ×S 2 . The geometries of these extreme black holes are similar to the corresponding ones in the Reissner-Nordstrom-de Sitter black holes. These topologies are discussed in mored detail in the book by Griffths & J. Podolský [34] .

These topologies are discussed in mored detail in the book by Griffths & J. Podolský.


Relationships between the rheological parameters determined from oscillatory and continuous shear tests are of interest to predict one from another for food processing and egnineering applications, especially when it is possible to obtain only one set of rheological data easily [12, 13] . First normal stresses contribute to die swell during extrusion and can affect mixing of foods the latter due to the Weissenberg effect. It would be desirable to predict values of first normal stress differences of viscoelastic foods using shear stress-shear rate and dynamic rheological data because the latter are relatively easy to obtain.

Relationships between the rheological parameters determined from oscillatory and continuous shear tests are of interest to predict one from another for food processing and egnineering applications, especially when it is possible to obtain only one set of rheological data easily.


Aphids exhibit a polyphenism whereby individual aphids are either winged or wingless (Dixon, 1998) . The winged dispersal morphs mostly leave the plants on which they were born to colonize new plants and, in many species, are only produced in response to adverse environmental conditions such as crowding or poor plant quality. The wingless morphs mostly stay on the plant on which they are born. In the case of crowding, the proximate mechanism for wing induction is the increased number of physical contacts between individuals due to increasing aphid density on the plant (Sutherland, 1969) .

Aphids exhibit a polyphenism whereby individual aphids are either winged or wingless.

In the case of crowding, the proximate mechanism for wing induction is the increased number of physical contacts between individuals due to increasing aphid density on the plant.


The most commonly used portable field instruments for VOC detection are the hand-held Photo-Ionisation Detectors (PIDs), which may be fitted with prefilter tubes for specific gas detection. The pluses are that PIDs are accurate to subppm levels and measurements are fast, in the range of one or two minutes; for these reasons handheld PIDs are well-suited to on-field operation. However, they have two drawbacks: they require skilled personnel and they cannot provide continuous monitoring. Wireless handheld PIDs have recently become available on the market, thus overcoming these limitations, but they have a limited battery life, in addition to being relatively costly. This paper describes the implementation and on-field results of an end-to-end distributed monitoring system using VOC detectors which are capable of performing real-time analyses of gas concentrations in potentially hazardous sites on an unprecedented time/space scale [1] .

This paper describes the implementation and on-field results of an end-to-end distributed monitoring system using VOC detectors which are capable of performing real-time analyses of gas concentrations in potentially hazardous sites on an unprecedented time/space scale.


Structural and control co-design has attracted a particular interest in the last three decades thanks to the efforts which have been made to combine the different requirements of the two disciplines. In particular in Space applications the development of larger and more flexible satellite structures makes flexible mode analysis mandatory [1] . Large appendages correspond to low flexible modes that have to be taken into account to design and optimize appropriate control laws.

In particular in Space applications the development of larger and more flexible satellite structures makes flexible mode analysis mandatory.


The first, attention, requires the individual to extract relevant information from the model. What is obtained from the observed demonstration depends upon observer characteristics (e.g., cognitive capabilities, arousal level, expectations) and on the characteristics of the modeled event (e.g., complexity, saliency, affective valence). The second sub-process, retention, includes the observer's ability to encode and retain what has been observed. Encoding refers to the transformation of modeled information into visual or verbal abstract representations. A reminder of the coded information may be accomplished via cognitive rehearsals (Bandura, 1997) . Motor rehearsal could also be used to refine the cognitive representations (Carroll & Bandura, 1985) . The third sub-process, ability, allows the symbolic/cognitive (i.e., visual or verbal) representations to be translated into actions or behaviors. The final sub-process refers to motivational processes. These may involve external, vicarious, and self-reinforcements. Individuals are more likely to execute a modeled behavior if they are adequately motivated and the motivation is goal directed.

A reminder of the coded information may be accomplished via cognitive rehearsals.

Motor rehearsal could also be used to refine the cognitive representations.


In advanced NPC, radiochemotherapy (RCT) has been extensively investigated and demonstrated to improve tumor control and patient survival [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . Two recent trials reported no survival benefit of concurrent RCT plus adjuvant chemotherapy versus concurrent RCT for advanced NPC; in addition, no survival benefit was reported with induction chemotherapy plus concurrent RCT versus induction chemotherapy plus radiotherapy (RT) alone for advanced NPC [16, 18] . Therefore, more accurate prognostication is needed to avoid over-treatment and to tailor treatment strategies that are compatible with individual risk patterns in a manner that improves patients' survival outcomes.

In advanced NPC, radiochemotherapy (RCT) has been extensively investigated and demonstrated to improve tumor control and patient survival.

Two recent trials reported no survival benefit of concurrent RCT plus adjuvant chemotherapy versus concurrent RCT for advanced NPC; in addition, no survival benefit was reported with induction chemotherapy plus concurrent RCT versus induction chemotherapy plus radiotherapy (RT) alone for advanced NPC.


The limitations of both disturbance and resource-based models of savanna dynamics have led to a plea for the formal integration of resource and disturbance-based theories of grasstree coexistence (Sankaran et al., 2005) . One model of this type illustrates how resource competition and disturbances can both alone and in combination allow grasses and trees to coexist (Scheiter and Higgins, 2007) . This model illustrates that even though rooting niche separation is not an essential precondition for grass-tree coexistence, competition in the rooting zone can shape patterns of tree dominance in savannas. To develop models such as these a better understanding of edaphic processes in savanna systems is essential.

The limitations of both disturbance and resource-based models of savanna dynamics have led to a plea for the formal integration of resource and disturbance-based theories of grasstree coexistence.

One model of this type illustrates how resource competition and disturbances can both alone and in combination allow grasses and trees to coexist.


The flow around circular cylinders has been the subject of a multitude of scientific studies. Although simple from a geometrical point of view, the wake of the cylinder exhibits a wide variety of flow phenomena having direct relevance for many practical fluid-structure interaction problems. Due to this richness, it has become the archetype for the study of unsteady flows (Berger and Wille 1972) .

Due to this richness, it has become the archetype for the study of unsteady flows.


Despite the fact that substantial progress has been made in the management of diabetes mellitus, but the search for plant based products mainly from folk/traditional medicinal system for the control of diabetes mellitus continues with great expectation (Kannur et al., 2006) . Oral glucose tolerance test is acknowledged for indirect assessment of in vivo peripheral insulin action and insulin resistance (Liou et al., 2002) . Fractions did not have any effect on normal animal, but prevent drastic increase in serum glucose level after glucose administered. Hence the fraction may have the potential to improve insulin sensitivity.

Despite the fact that substantial progress has been made in the management of diabetes mellitus, but the search for plant based products mainly from folk/traditional medicinal system for the control of diabetes mellitus continues with great expectation.

Oral glucose tolerance test is acknowledged for indirect assessment of in vivo peripheral insulin action and insulin resistance.


Marked increase in TG, TC, LDL, and VLDL in diabetic rats was observed. The most frequent lipid abnormalities in diabetes are hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia (Al-Shamaony et al., 1994; Shirwaikar et al., 2005) . Hypertriglyceridemia is coupled with metabolic consequences of hypercoagulability, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and insulin intolerance (Shirwaikar et al., 2005) . In our study, administration of MFMS and EFMS significantly (p<0.05) improved these parameters. Decreased of cholesterogenesis and fatty acid synthesis may responsible for the observed (Shirwaikar et al., 2005; Akpan et al., 2012) . The result indicated fractions have the potential to prevent or treat the complications of diabetes. The acini produce -amylase enzyme that involved in the digestion of polysaccharide in diet. Diabetic cause damage to acini cells results leakage of the enzyme into blood (Akpan et al., 2012) . MFMS and EFMS may prevent cellular damage thus decrease the enzyme level in serum. Preliminary phytochemical analysis suggested that methanol extract contain alkaloids, glycosides, triterpenoids, tannins and flavonoids. Therefore, presence of any of these compounds in fraction may be responsible for observed biological activities. These statistical data indicated MFMS possess highest hypoglycemic effect is likely due to the increase in insulin secretion or ameliorating insulin sensitivity or due to the inhibition of amylase activity.

The most frequent lipid abnormalities in diabetes are hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia.

Hypertriglyceridemia is coupled with metabolic consequences of hypercoagulability, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and insulin intolerance.

Decreased of cholesterogenesis and fatty acid synthesis may responsible for the observed.

Diabetic cause damage to acini cells results leakage of the enzyme into blood.


Alloxan has been observed to cause necrosis of -cells and induce hyperglycemia. Intraperitoneal injection of alloxan after administration of high fat diet causes type 2 diabetes (Shu et al., 2009) . MFMS, EFMS significantly decreased the fasting serum glucose in diabetic animals.

Intraperitoneal injection of alloxan after administration of high fat diet causes type 2 diabetes.


Referring physicians are critical to the provision of preparatory information for the specialist visit. Likewise, the information that the specialist subsequently gives the patient about diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up is not only important immediately to the patient, but also for the coordination of the patient's care with the primary care provider. Getting understandable information increases patient satisfaction, trust in the physician, and ultimately patient adherence [17] [18] [19] [20] .

Getting understandable information increases patient satisfaction, trust in the physician, and ultimately patient adherence.


Coordination of care also takes places between providers and patients and families [10] . Information exchange between providers and patients also has been found to be lacking. In one study, patients reported receiving conflicting advice from different physicians that according to the investigators was likely because of communication breakdown between providers [11] . A survey in 48 Massachusetts hospitals revealed patient dissatisfaction with continuity and transitions, information and education, and coordination of care [12] . A recent study found that nearly one third of physicians did not notify patients of abnormal diagnostic test results [13] .

Coordination of care also takes places between providers and patients and families.

In one study, patients reported receiving conflicting advice from different physicians that according to the investigators was likely because of communication breakdown between providers.

A survey in 48 Massachusetts hospitals revealed patient dissatisfaction with continuity and transitions, information and education, and coordination of care.

A recent study found that nearly one third of physicians did not notify patients of abnormal diagnostic test results.


Another finding of the present study is the positive relationship between attitude towards the future and subjective well-being. This finding can be explained by the target theory of subjective well-being. According to the target theory, two important factors increase the subjective well-being of individuals. One is an individual's goals that express one's desires about the future; this is defined as the cognitive representation of their desires (Sheldon & Kasser, 1998) . Having a positive attitude towards the future also means to have the hope that future demands will be met. From another perspective, individuals with goals related to the future lead them to have more positive expectations toward the future. In other words, they develop positive attitudes. If individuals who have goals related to the future are happy in their current life, their positive beliefs and attitudes regarding their ability to achieve their goals in the future become even more strengthened.

One is an individual's goals that express one's desires about the future; this is defined as the cognitive representation of their desires.


These puzzles have led to many attempts to fix up the analysis (Campbell, 2000) . Some authors change the representative consumer's preferences to allow for habit formation or for time varying discount factors. Others take a behavioral approach in which the representative consumer is irrational, or both rational and irrational consumers are present, but constraints prevent the rational consumer from determining prices, and allow the irrational consumer to have an effect on prices. Still others consider consumers who are heterogeneous in their incomes or preferences. It is the last approach that we explore more fully in this essay.

These puzzles have led to many attempts to fix up the analysis.


For example, one local resident stated that "there should be no regulation on the size of fishing gear as fish is God given". This particular image could be attributed to the one advanced by the fishing crew that 'illegal fishing or increase in the number of gears and fishers cannot lead to resource depletion-the scientists' warnings are just to scare away people from fishing'. In this way, the linkages of images between stakeholders are likely to become a norm within a larger group. This creates a lasting impact on the implementation and enforcement of measures that they view differently, hence, shaping the level of governability in Lake Victoria. Studies have shown that social acceptance of fisheries management measures by fishers is a crucial factor that may influence management outcomes and the success of legislation [22, 53] . Probing further in the fisheries governance literature, it is argued that images, instruments, and actions are closely connected [16, 17] . In the case of tackling IUU fishing in Lake Victoria, this implies that the measures and actions taken towards IUU fishing should reflect on how the problem is perceived or understood by the different stakeholders in the fisheries, i.e., the images that are formed in their minds [15, 22] . However, as observed, the images of the fishers and managers are not necessarily compatible. At the same time, the influence of demographic parameters on the reasons for using destructive fishing gears and actions required to improve fishery may create further governance and governability challenges.

Studies have shown that social acceptance of fisheries management measures by fishers is a crucial factor that may influence management outcomes and the success of legislation.

Probing further in the fisheries governance literature, it is argued that images, instruments, and actions are closely connected.

In the case of tackling IUU fishing in Lake Victoria, this implies that the measures and actions taken towards IUU fishing should reflect on how the problem is perceived or understood by the different stakeholders in the fisheries, i.e., the images that are formed in their minds.


In this study, we explore the level of agreement or dissimilarity in people's judgment about IUU fishing (e.g., between fishers and government officials), and discuss our findings in the context of IUU fishing in Lake Victoria and policy implications more broadly. Specifically, we ask what these stakeholders think about the impact or severity that various fishing activities have on fisheries resources and the lake ecosystem. The study was conducted on a small island on the Tanzanian side of Lake Victoria, where, similar to the rest of the Lake, IUU fishing is known to exist [23, 24] . This paper commences by describing global difficulties in tackling IUU fishing and discussing how, according to the interactive governance theory, IUU fishing is considered a governance problem and not merely a technical one. This is followed by a description of the study area, methods used in data collection, and data analysis. Next, the paper presents how different stakeholder groups judge the severity of fishing-related activities, as well as their perception about the causes of IUU fishing, and about suggested actions to tackling the problem. This is followed by a discussion on how these judgments and perceptions may affect efforts to eliminate IUU fishing in Lake Victoria. Finally, the paper concludes by highlighting governance issues that need to be addressed in order to effectively tackle IUU fishing in Lake Victoria and elsewhere.

The study was conducted on a small island on the Tanzanian side of Lake Victoria, where, similar to the rest of the Lake, IUU fishing is known to exist.


Due to the strong backreaction, only in a global g s → 0 limit a general Ftheory model is expected to correspond to a Type IIB Calabi-Yau orientifold with D-branes. More generally, F-theory inherently captures features which are non-perturbative in g s . These allow for the possibility of non-perturbative gauge enhancements and the appearance of exceptional groups E 6 , E 7 , E 8 in F-theory. By a further unfolding of these exceptional groups it is also possible to realize the spinor representation of a GUT SO(10) as well as the top-quark Yukawa couplings 10 10 5 H in GUT SU (5) . For four-dimensional models, the basis B is a threefold and the 7-branes wrap complex surfaces.

By a further unfolding of these exceptional groups it is also possible to realize the spinor representation of a GUT SO(10) as well as the top-quark Yukawa couplings 10 10 5 H in GUT SU.


In an era of intensifying international business, Vietnam has to directly face the global competitive challenges. They must address not only the "hard" but also the "soft" aspects of these challenges, including issues of culture, organizational learning, knowledge management, operating management, and so on, switching gradually from a source of cheap, intensive labor into a site of intensive capital. Currently, the major interest is how to catch up with the great speed of technological change in a situation where the capacity for technological investment remains insufficient. Strategic alliance between companies from developed and developing countries is considered an appropriate way to increase productivity and flexibly respond to the market and technological changes (Cherunilam, 2007) . Technology transfer via the formal channels of joint ventures or foreign direct investment continues to be an integral part of this process (Cohen, 2004) .

Strategic alliance between companies from developed and developing countries is considered an appropriate way to increase productivity and flexibly respond to the market and technological changes.

Technology transfer via the formal channels of joint ventures or foreign direct investment continues to be an integral part of this process.


The research on international technology transfer has matured by emphasizing the technology itself (Li-Hua, 2004) . Recently, knowledge has been identified as the key to control technology transfer performance (Li-Hua, 2004) . This research trend continues to be explored; treating the knowledge based view to underlie technology transfer models, but mainly built on three previous research streams: the resource-based view, information processing theory, and organizational learning.

The research on international technology transfer has matured by emphasizing the technology itself.

Recently, knowledge has been identified as the key to control technology transfer performance.


The value and functionality of any educational system lie in its ability to actualize the goals of education. In educational systems, world over, the examination process makes the difference. The goals of national educational systems and indeed national development become elusive if examination ethics is not encouraged and instituted (Nwadiani, 2005) . Till date, examinations still remain the best tool for an objective assessment and evaluation of what learners have acquired after a period of schooling. Thus, any action that undermines examinations poses a great threat to the validity and reliability of examination results and certification.

The goals of national educational systems and indeed national development become elusive if examination ethics is not encouraged and instituted.


The phenomenon of examination malpractice seems to be aggravated by the large scale and shameful involvement of dishonest and greedy teachers, school heads, parents and all those who take part in examination administration (Ijaiya, 1998) . The prominence assumed by this malady in the school system has become a source of concern to stakeholders in the education industry. The examination process has become endangered to the extent that certification has almost lost its credibility in the country. Certificates no longer seem to reflect skill and competence. Accusing fingers have been pointed at teachers, school heads, parents, students, examination officials and even security agents as those responsible for examination malpractice in the school system. It is against this background that this paper examines the factors that predispose secondary school teachers' to examination malpractice in Edo State and how teachers rate these factors.

The phenomenon of examination malpractice seems to be aggravated by the large scale and shameful involvement of dishonest and greedy teachers, school heads, parents and all those who take part in examination administration.


Diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) is a nonhormonal-type phenylurea class herbicide. Diuron binds to photosynthetic membranes, blocking electron transfer, which is needed for plant growth. Diuron has a long dissipation half-life in soils (90 days), high persistence during soil degradation and a long half-life during aqueous photolysis [1] . Therefore, diuron is widely utilized for weed control in croplands and urban areas, and is used as an antifouling paint biocide by the shipping industry. However, diuron moves into groundwater and seawater via runoff due to its persistence and physical characteristics [2] . Diuron contamination has been detected in rivers and seawater, where the diuron concentration exceeds the levels of European Union guidelines at some sites and in some seasons [3, 4] .

Diuron has a long dissipation half-life in soils (90 days), high persistence during soil degradation and a long half-life during aqueous photolysis.

However, diuron moves into groundwater and seawater via runoff due to its persistence and physical characteristics.

Diuron contamination has been detected in rivers and seawater, where the diuron concentration exceeds the levels of European Union guidelines at some sites and in some seasons.


The strongest association with risk of breast cancer or basal cell carcinoma was observed among the youngest individuals [2, 14, 15] . The RAI IVS1 A4364G polymorphism was not associated with risk of testicular cancer [31] . Our results on the ASE-1 G-21A and ERCC1 Asn118Asn polymorphisms and risk of colorectal cancer are comparable to other cancer studies, where no associations have been observed between the two polymorphisms and risk of basal cell carcinoma, post-menopausal breast cancer and testicular cancer [2, 31, 35] .

The strongest association with risk of breast cancer or basal cell carcinoma was observed among the youngest individuals.

The RAI IVS1 A4364G polymorphism was not associated with risk of testicular cancer.

Our results on the ASE-1 G-21A and ERCC1 Asn118Asn polymorphisms and risk of colorectal cancer are comparable to other cancer studies, where no associations have been observed between the two polymorphisms and risk of basal cell carcinoma, post-menopausal breast cancer and testicular cancer.


Boosting queries which result in a single document click has a positive impact on query recommendation. A single click can be interpreted as quickly reaching a landing page and rewarding these queries significantly improved the automatic evaluation scores. This is line with previous findings on using landing pages to generate query recommendations [7] .

This is line with previous findings on using landing pages to generate query recommendations.


With the ever growing demands of industry, rotating machineries are operating at higher speeds, higher power and increasing load conditions. Shaft crack problems may therefore present significant hazards in rotating machines, especially turbo machinery. This may even lead to catastrophic failure of systems [1] . Early detection of shaft cracks is therefore of significant importance to the reliability, availability, efficiency and safety of rotating machinery.

This may even lead to catastrophic failure of systems.


Conducted energy weapons (CEWs) apply electrical current to incapacitate the body of the target. The most widely used CEWs are the M26 and X26 models from Taser International [1] . These weapons work by firing two small darts (electrodes) attached to wires into the subject. Electronics in the weapon then send a pulsatile electrical signal to the subject across the wires. The electrical source is designed to be sufficiently rapid and give enough energy to initiate muscular incapacitation in the subject. At the same time, CEWs attempt to limit the applied energy to safe levels (where the level of safety has seen significant controversy). CEWs have been called "less-lethal" or "intermediate" weapons (the term "nonlethal" is now less used). These weapons have been adopted by many police forces in several countries, because they are seen to provide many advantages to police, primarily by providing the officer with an intermediate force option (less lethal than a ballistic weapon) which provides a significant stand-off distance (compared to the usage distance other weapons like batons and pepper spray).

The most widely used CEWs are the M26 and X26 models from Taser International.


Although CEW's have been in use in Canada since 2001, very little scientific or public attention was devoted to this lessthan-lethal weapon before 2008. In the past ten years in Canada, less than 30 deaths occurred proximal to the use of CEW's. A review of public inquiries or judicial reviews of deaths was made [2] . In November 2007, an incident at the Vancouver International Airport resulted in the death of Robert Dziekanski [2, 3] . A Taser had been used to subdue Mr. Dzienkanski when police were not able to communicate effectively with him. His interactions with the police were recorded on a cellphone camera and broadcast widely. The large resulting media interest crystallized public fear and opinion about CEW's.

A review of public inquiries or judicial reviews of deaths was made.

In November 2007, an incident at the Vancouver International Airport resulted in the death of Robert Dziekanski.


As we have seen in Section 7, the case of Teugels martingales can be directly deduced from the general approach given in Section 5 and applied to Lévy processes in Section 6. It should be emphasized that the family of Teugels martingales (if it can be constructed) is only one example of a great variety of families of martingales of a Lévy process possessing the CRP. In addition, Theorem 6.6 (as a consequence of Theorem 5.8) allows us to construct families of martingales possessing the CRP on F L for an arbitrary Lévy process L, without any assumption on the Lévy measure ν. This is outside the scope of other techniques and, in particular, those of Nualart and Schoutens [16] . Applications are illustrated in the examples Hermite Polynomials and Haar Wavelet, where we investigated Lévy processes for which the Lévy measure ν only is equivalent to the Lebesgue me asure on R. This is a rather wide class of Lévy processes, containing also processes, as the Cauchy process, which do not have any finite moments. For such cases it is impossible to follow the techniques of Nualart & Schoutens [16] .

This is outside the scope of other techniques and, in particular, those of Nualart and Schoutens.

For such cases it is impossible to follow the techniques of Nualart & Schoutens.


Two difficult questions are highlighted by observed changes in the microdistributions of O. sanmarkii and E. ignita, but not L. inermis, in response to increased discharge, and by a response magnitude which was perhaps less than might have been expected. Firstly, what magnitude of change in the physical environment is required before disturbance avoidance (e.g. accumulation in flow refugia) is apparent and/or disturbance resistance (e.g. by hooks and claws to resist dislodgement) begins to fail? Disturbance is a response phenomenon and responses are speciesspecific, so whether a species perceives a particular environmental event as a disturbance will also be species-specific. The increase from low to high discharge in the present study may not have been a disturbance for L. inermis since there was no net loss of individuals from experimental flumes and no evidence of flow refugium use. Both O. sanmarkii and E. ignita did change microdistribution in a way which is consistent with what might be predicted during a disturbance, so the physical change could be called a disturbance. Secondly, if changes in microdistribution in response to changes in the physical environment are not pronounced, is the disturbance à weak' one or are these responses ecologically`trivial', i.e. could such distributional changes actually influence net population numbers in a habitat subject to frequent disturbances? This question is more difficult to address without the benefit of longer-term studies of whole populations. I would suggest that the observed shifts in microdistribution of O. sanmarkii and E. ignita in this study may be important to population persistence, but an artefact of the experimental design reduced the magnitude of the response. In particular, the invertebrates may have been especially adept at clinging to the mesh bottom of the flume, and hence, individuals may have resisted dislodgement (or received insufficient stimulus to move) at a velocity higher than normal in field conditions with less coarse and perhaps unstable substrata (Lancaster & Mole, 1999) . In short, animals were given a`deluxe' substratum so the fact that changes in microdistribution actually did occur suggests that the discharge manipulation was indeed a disturbance. Evidence of the importance of substratum texture for aquatic invertebrates is largely circumstantial, yet some property of the substratum associated with texture may influence the distribution of at least some aquatic invertebrates (Minshall, 1984) . Despite the difficulties, the present study did show that at least some species appear to accumulate in flow refugia during flow disturbances and both active and passive modes of movement are involved.

In particular, the invertebrates may have been especially adept at clinging to the mesh bottom of the flume, and hence, individuals may have resisted dislodgement (or received insufficient stimulus to move) at a velocity higher than normal in field conditions with less coarse and perhaps unstable substrata.

Evidence of the importance of substratum texture for aquatic invertebrates is largely circumstantial, yet some property of the substratum associated with texture may influence the distribution of at least some aquatic invertebrates.


Ivacaftor addition caused a N10-fold increase in CFTRmediated chloride transport in FRT cells expressing G551D-, G178R-, S549N-, S549R-, G551S-, G970R-, G1244E-, S1251N-, S1255P-, and G1349D-CFTR. For all CFTR gating mutations tested, the level of chloride transport achieved in the presence of ivacaftor was N10% of normal CFTR, which exceeds the level of chloride transport associated with lower sweat chloride levels and a mild CF phenotype [15] . Moreover, in patients with CF who have the G551D CFTR gating mutation, administration of ivacaftor was associated with improvements in CFTR function, as determined by a reduction in sweat chloride concentrations, and improvements in lung function, as determined by an increase in the FEV 1 [13] . Taken together, these in vitro results provide a rationale for testing the potential benefit of ivacaftor in individuals with CF who have a CFTR gating mutation other than G551D, including the G178R-, S549N-, S549R-, G551S-, G970R-, G1244E-, S1251N-, S1255P, and G1349D CFTR gating mutations.

For all CFTR gating mutations tested, the level of chloride transport achieved in the presence of ivacaftor was N10% of normal CFTR, which exceeds the level of chloride transport associated with lower sweat chloride levels and a mild CF phenotype.

Moreover, in patients with CF who have the G551D CFTR gating mutation, administration of ivacaftor was associated with improvements in CFTR function, as determined by a reduction in sweat chloride concentrations, and improvements in lung function, as determined by an increase in the FEV 1.


Many artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been applied to fault prognostic. Expert system (ES) is a computer system which consists of a knowledge database and an inference mechanism. The knowledge database contains domain knowledge for the solution of problems. This approach is not best for situations where there is a lack of expert knowledge [5] . ES cannot handle new situations not covered explicitly in its knowledge database. Fuzzy logic can represent uncertainty of complexity system while it is no feasible where there is no suitable membership function [6] . Artificial Neural Network (ANN) can simulate the structures and functions of biological neural networks. This approach can capture potential knowledge from input patterns. However there is no standard method to determine the structure of the network [7] . Support vector machine (SVM) project feature space into a higher dimensional space by a kernel function and finds an optimized separation surface in the higher dimensional space. This approach can achieve better generalization capability than ANN while there this no standard kernel function selection method for SVM [8] .

This approach is not best for situations where there is a lack of expert knowledge.

Fuzzy logic can represent uncertainty of complexity system while it is no feasible where there is no suitable membership function.

However there is no standard method to determine the structure of the network.

This approach can achieve better generalization capability than ANN while there this no standard kernel function selection method for SVM.


In this work, ZIF-8 membrane with improved quality was firstly prepared by optimizing the activation process of water occluded in the pores of ZIF-8 crystals, which was commonly considered as a primary way to form intercrystalline defects and cracks in the MOF membrane [28, 29] . The corrected diffusivities of light hydrocarbons through high-quality ZIF-8 membranes were subsequently achieved on the basis of Maxwell-Stefan (MS) models. Furthermore, the comparison of transport diffusivities of various hydrocarbon molecules on ZIF-8 materials obtained from other techniques was also carried out.

In this work, ZIF-8 membrane with improved quality was firstly prepared by optimizing the activation process of water occluded in the pores of ZIF-8 crystals, which was commonly considered as a primary way to form intercrystalline defects and cracks in the MOF membrane.


Gefitinib (ZD1839, Iressa) is an orally administered, reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKIs) of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), belonging to the smallmolecule class (quinazoline-derivative molecule) [1] . The EGFR family includes four different tyrosine kinase receptors: EGFR (ErbB-1), ErbB-2, ErbB-3, and ErbB-4 [2] . Each of these proteins has an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase-containing domain. The receptors of the ErbB family are activated following binding to peptide growth factors of the EGF-family. Upon ligand binding, the ErbB receptors form either homo-or heterodimers and, following dimerization, auto-and transphosphorylation in tyrosine residues of the ErbB receptors occurs [3] . EGFR signaling plays a key role in promoting the growth and survival of various types of solid tumors, including non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [4, 5] .

Gefitinib (ZD1839, Iressa) is an orally administered, reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKIs) of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), belonging to the smallmolecule class (quinazoline-derivative molecule).

The EGFR family includes four different tyrosine kinase receptors: EGFR (ErbB-1), ErbB-2, ErbB-3, and ErbB-4.

Upon ligand binding, the ErbB receptors form either homo-or heterodimers and, following dimerization, auto-and transphosphorylation in tyrosine residues of the ErbB receptors occurs.

EGFR signaling plays a key role in promoting the growth and survival of various types of solid tumors, including non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).


In this paper, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, we propose and demonstrate by both simulation and experiment a scheme implemented in a low-bit (3∼4-bit) resolution DAC to adaptively improve the SQNR of an IM-DD OFDM signal. As a low-bit resolution DAC can only support a few number of discrete levels, the quantification noise may greatly depend on both the statistic distribution of digital samples and the discrete output levels within the DAC's dynamic range [13] . In our scheme, instead of being uniformly-distributed as in a conventional way, the discrete output levels of the DAC are nonuniform, as used in image processing [14] , [15] . These levels are properly assigned based on the Gaussian distribution of IM-DD OFDM signals, which favor small-amplitude waveforms that appear much more frequently to experience less quantization noise, thus leading to an effective reduction of overall distortions. In order to identify these optimized output levels, a numerical algorithm is proposed and the obtained results are verified by system simulations, where over 3.6-dB improvement on SQNR is recorded. In addition, quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)-and 16-point quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM)-modulated OFDM signals are transmitted over an 80-km fiber with 3-bit and 4-bit resolution DACs, respectively. Simulation results show that respective improvements of ∼2.1 dB and ∼2.5 dB on optical receiver sensitivity are achieved by using our proposed scheme. The above analysis and the feasibility of the scheme are also verified by a proof-of-concept experiment, where our proposed scheme enables the transmission and reception of a ∼7.4-Gbps QPSK-modulated OFDM signal output by a 3-bit DAC without any DSP-based optimization. A sensitivity of ∼−25 dBm is achieved at a bit-to-error ratio (BER) level of 2 × 10 −3 , whereas this threshold cannot be achieved by using a conventional way. In practical systems, a DAC can be utilized to generate only one type of signal with a fixed statistic distribution, optimized discrete output levels can thus be taken into consideration for hardware designing. Our proposed scheme can in this way be implemented in a low-bit resolution DAC, as a promising way to improve the SQNR and the receiver sensitivity for various IM-DD OFDM applications. Fig. 1(a) illustrates the schematic diagram of an IMDD-OFDM optical transmission system. The electrical OFDM signal is generated by DSP chips and output by a high-speed DAC. The incoming bit stream is first packed into x bits per symbol to form a complex constellation symbol S n , where x is the modulation degree determined by the constellation size. In order to get a real output of an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) operation, Hermitian symmetry is imposed and satisfies the (d) and (e) Electrical waveform and signal distribution with a commercially available 3-bit DAC, respectively. PRBS: pseudo-random binary sequence, S/P: serial-to-parallel, P/S: parallel-to-serial, IM: intensity modulator, SSMF: standard singlemode fiber, PD: photodetector.

As a low-bit resolution DAC can only support a few number of discrete levels, the quantification noise may greatly depend on both the statistic distribution of digital samples and the discrete output levels within the DAC's dynamic range.

In our scheme, instead of being uniformly-distributed as in a conventional way, the discrete output levels of the DAC are nonuniform, as used in image processing.


A potential limitation of any randomized clinical trial is the extent to which it reflects real-life practice, particularly bearing in mind the discrepancies between treatment efficacy in controlled trials and the levels of asthma control observed in clinical practice. Clearly, randomized, controlled trials have an important role, but more pragmatic assessments of 'real-world effectiveness' may complement these data, particularly given the relevance of patient preference and adherence in this field [29] . For example, the odds ratio for the overall patient assessment of study medication for fluticasone/ formoterol compared with fluticasone/salmeterol was in favour of the latter. Nevertheless, the study medication was assessed as good or very good by 84% of patients in the fluticasone/formoterol group and 91% of those in the fluticasone/salmeterol group. This needs to be considered in the context of a tightly regulated trial setting with good levels of compliance. In real-life practice, where patients adopt self-management strategies and often do not take their medication according to the prescribed regimens, factors such as the speed at which relief is perceived by the patient could have more impact [28, 30] . Trials aimed at assessing how different treatments influence individual patients' decision-making need to be carefully designed in order to ensure their relevance to practice [31] .

Clearly, randomized, controlled trials have an important role, but more pragmatic assessments of 'real-world effectiveness' may complement these data, particularly given the relevance of patient preference and adherence in this field.

In real-life practice, where patients adopt self-management strategies and often do not take their medication according to the prescribed regimens, factors such as the speed at which relief is perceived by the patient could have more impact.

Trials aimed at assessing how different treatments influence individual patients' decision-making need to be carefully designed in order to ensure their relevance to practice.


Given the need to prevent and manage construction waste, several countries have developed and implemented a great number of environmental regulations, which specify limits for disposal in landfills, recycling goals, disposal fees and incentives to good waste management performance in construction projects [3, [6] [7] [8] . Consequently, contractors must take active waste prevention, reduction, environmental, economic and social benefits, through material, energy and information exchange (IS) [39] . From a technical or an operational perspective, EIP present some key elements such as infrastructure and utility sharing, common services and waste exchange, which contribute to the efficient use of resources.

Given the need to prevent and manage construction waste, several countries have developed and implemented a great number of environmental regulations, which specify limits for disposal in landfills, recycling goals, disposal fees and incentives to good waste management performance in construction projects.

Consequently, contractors must take active waste prevention, reduction, environmental, economic and social benefits, through material, energy and information exchange (IS).


A new nested PCR protocol was used to amplify a tract of the LTR gene. In the first reaction, the primers Fex-5'-TGA CAC AGC AAA TGT AAC CGC AAG-3' and Rex 5'-CCA CGT TGG GCG CCA GCT GCG AGA-3' were used to amplify a highly conserved region of the LTR (Rosati et al. 1995) . The first-round of PCR was performed in a reaction mix volume of 50 µl with deoxynucleoside triphosphates at a final concentration of 200μM each, MgCl 2 at 2.5mM, Taq DNA polymerase at 0.04 IU/µl (Taq PCR Core Kit, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), each primer at a final concentration of 0.5μM and 2 µl of the template DNA. The reaction conditions were 94 °C for 5 min, 35 cycles of 94 °C for 30 s, 58 °C for 30 s and 72 °C for 40 s, and a final extension of 72 °C for 7 min. In order to increase the PCR sensitivity, 1 µl of the product of the first reaction was used as a DNA template in the second round of PCR, which used the primers Fin: 5'-AAG TCA TGT A(G/T)C AGC TGA TGC TT-3' and Rin: 5'-TTG CAC GGA ATT AGT AAC G-3' (Ryan et al. 2000) . The reaction composition and the amplification conditions were the same as in the first-round PCR but the annealing temperature was 50 °C and 1 µl of the product of the first PCR was used as a template.

In the first reaction, the primers Fex-5'-TGA CAC AGC AAA TGT AAC CGC AAG-3' and Rex 5'-CCA CGT TGG GCG CCA GCT GCG AGA-3' were used to amplify a highly conserved region of the LTR.

In order to increase the PCR sensitivity, 1 µl of the product of the first reaction was used as a DNA template in the second round of PCR, which used the primers Fin: 5'-AAG TCA TGT A(G/T)C AGC TGA TGC TT-3' and Rin: 5'-TTG CAC GGA ATT AGT AAC G-3'.


One recent effort that has investigated the representation of variable utility is the user preference framework proposed by Agrawal and Wimmers [1] . This model allows users to specify numeric weights for entities or sets of entities and provides a well-defined mechanism for combining sets of preferences. This model, however, provides no notion of thresholds or dependencies and this work did not address the performance and scalabablity of algorithms for exploiting the preference information.

One recent effort that has investigated the representation of variable utility is the user preference framework proposed by Agrawal and Wimmers.


The complexity of microsystems is increasing constantly and requires a lot of different materials and different microfabrication processes. Without micro-assembly technologies, it is more and more difficult to build microsystems and especially optical microsystems [1] . Consequently, the advent of new hybrid microsystems requires new micro-assembly technologies and methods. There are two main approaches in this domain: Self-assembly and robotic assembly. The first approach is useful for a very large production batch but the reliability stays low [2] . The second approach is more flexible and is relevant for a smaller production batch [3, 4] .

Without micro-assembly technologies, it is more and more difficult to build microsystems and especially optical microsystems.

The first approach is useful for a very large production batch but the reliability stays low.

The second approach is more flexible and is relevant for a smaller production batch.


All plant organic matter is derived from photosynthetic assimilation. Even so, when comparing the productivity of closely related species, leaf photosynthetic performance per se may not always be the principal cause for differences in yield. Indeed, evidence has been presented which suggests that yield and photosynthetic rate of trees may only be weakly correlated (Ericsson et al. 1996 ; Taylor et al. 2001 ) . Changing requirements for development of SRC willow over the course of a single season may confi ne any clear correlation between photosynthetic rate and yield to periods of intense stem growth, for example, following bud burst and primary canopy establishment, typically in the late Spring/early Summer period (Cannell et al. 1987 ; Neergaard et al. 2002 ) . In the fi eld, differing degrees of competition, water stress, and pathogen interaction may also obscure any such correlation (Karp and Shield 2008 ) .

Indeed, evidence has been presented which suggests that yield and photosynthetic rate of trees may only be weakly correlated.

Changing requirements for development of SRC willow over the course of a single season may confi ne any clear correlation between photosynthetic rate and yield to periods of intense stem growth, for example, following bud burst and primary canopy establishment, typically in the late Spring/early Summer period.

In the fi eld, differing degrees of competition, water stress, and pathogen interaction may also obscure any such correlation.


Atmospheric lead (Pb) fluctuations are dominated by anthropogenic sources. Even in areas far removed from industrial emission sources, Pb concentrations in the surface soil layers are far above their natural concentration range [1] . Anthropogenic Pb could therefore reach more remote high mountains through long distance atmospheric transport [2] .

Even in areas far removed from industrial emission sources, Pb concentrations in the surface soil layers are far above their natural concentration range.

Anthropogenic Pb could therefore reach more remote high mountains through long distance atmospheric transport.


Lastly, significant effort has been made in the industry to clarify management practices as means for increasing safety on worksites involving both mining company and contractor personnel. In a Swedish context there is a division of legal responsibilities for safety management between a client company and a contractor. However, in practice, these distinctions can be difficult to uphold, in part due to the often dominant positions of clients. This can lead to, for example, client managers assuming responsibility of safety-related matters that the contractor managers themselves are legally responsible for (Nygren, 2018) . This, in turn, may lead to uncertainties regarding which party is responsible for what and ultimately the overall implementation and functioning of safety management practices. Consequently, although it is necessary to clarify responsibilities and divide certain management tasks, the actual conditions for responsibility-taking in practice need to be considered as well. Here, a focus on issues pertaining to power and possible asymmetry in relations may be key.

This can lead to, for example, client managers assuming responsibility of safety-related matters that the contractor managers themselves are legally responsible for.


With increasing global energy demand and deteriorating atmospheric greenhouse effects, biomass has become a promising energy source due to its abundance, carbon-fixing, and carbon-neutral properties [1] [2] [3] . However, the applications of raw biomass in industry are limited because of its high hygroscopicity and moisture content, as well as its low volume and energy density [4] [5] [6] [7] . Torrefaction is a process to keep biomass in an oxygen-free or nitrogen atmosphere at temperatures between 200 °C and 300 °C for several minutes to several hours. This pretreatment process has received a great deal of attention in recent years [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . The physical and chemical characteristics of biomass can be improved from torrefaction and the torrefied biomass is more suitable than the raw biomass as an alternative fuel to fossil fuels [13] [14] [15] [16] . However, torrefaction imposes additional costs because of nitrogen separation from air to maintain the biomass in an oxygen-free environment.

With increasing global energy demand and deteriorating atmospheric greenhouse effects, biomass has become a promising energy source due to its abundance, carbon-fixing, and carbon-neutral properties.

However, the applications of raw biomass in industry are limited because of its high hygroscopicity and moisture content, as well as its low volume and energy density.

This pretreatment process has received a great deal of attention in recent years.

The physical and chemical characteristics of biomass can be improved from torrefaction and the torrefied biomass is more suitable than the raw biomass as an alternative fuel to fossil fuels.


This systematic review focuses on the clinical relevance and severity of sensitisation to component Ara h 6, a 2S albumin, a conglutin [16] . Little attention is paid in the literature to Ara h 6 in contrast to Ara h 2 sensitisation, which has been investigated far more extensively and, hence, is now generally recognised as predictor for clinically relevant peanut allergy [12, 21, 22] . However, Ara h 6 and Ara h 2 are both 2S albumin storage proteins and approximately 60 % homologous. Ara h 6 and Ara h 2 are comparable in molecular size, amino acid sequence and structure [6, 13, 15, 20] .

This systematic review focuses on the clinical relevance and severity of sensitisation to component Ara h 6, a 2S albumin, a conglutin.

Little attention is paid in the literature to Ara h 6 in contrast to Ara h 2 sensitisation, which has been investigated far more extensively and, hence, is now generally recognised as predictor for clinically relevant peanut allergy.

Ara h 6 and Ara h 2 are comparable in molecular size, amino acid sequence and structure.


Biofuels are alternative fuels that can effectively reduce engine exhaust emissions, such as CO and PM emissions, due to the oxygen they contain, which can promote combustion in the combustion chamber. Additionally, they have energy security, nontoxicity, local availability, and recyclability [18] [19] [20] . Usually, biofuels are obtained from plants, waste oils, and animal fats through a variety of processing methods, and their fuel properties change with the different feedstocks [21, 22] . In particular, biodiesel as a fuel for diesel engines is widely appealing because it is biodegradable and nontoxic, and compared to standard fuels, it emits less greenhouse gases (GHG) and significantly reduces exhaust emissions and overall life cycle emissions of CO 2 from the engine when burned as a fuel. The research on biodiesel stability has been established as a top priority [23] [24] [25] . Biofuels can be used for diesel engines in a blended form with conventional diesel without modifications of the engine [26] [27] [28] . However, researchers have found a series of problems with the use of pure vegetable oils in diesel engines [29, 30] . Vegetable oils have characteristics such as high density, high viscosity, high iodine content, and low volatility. These characteristics create a series of problems when using pure vegetable oils in a diesel engine, such as engine deposits, injector coking, and piston ring sticking [31] [32] [33] [34] . These problems are prevented by mixing vegetable oil with diesel fuel, which can also improve the combustion characteristics. With transesterification, biodiesel can achieve almost the same performance as diesel fuel [35] [36] [37] . In addition, canola oil is one kind of vegetable biodiesel that can produce more oil per unit of land area compared to other oil sources [38] .

Additionally, they have energy security, nontoxicity, local availability, and recyclability.

Usually, biofuels are obtained from plants, waste oils, and animal fats through a variety of processing methods, and their fuel properties change with the different feedstocks.

The research on biodiesel stability has been established as a top priority.

Biofuels can be used for diesel engines in a blended form with conventional diesel without modifications of the engine.

However, researchers have found a series of problems with the use of pure vegetable oils in diesel engines.

These characteristics create a series of problems when using pure vegetable oils in a diesel engine, such as engine deposits, injector coking, and piston ring sticking.

With transesterification, biodiesel can achieve almost the same performance as diesel fuel.

In addition, canola oil is one kind of vegetable biodiesel that can produce more oil per unit of land area compared to other oil sources.


Due to their high thermal efficiency, large power output, reliability, durability, and high fuel economy compared with gasoline engines, diesel engines are widely used in various sectors, such as industrial transportation, passenger cars, and agricultural applications, despite their disadvantages of noise and vibration. As their hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions have been decreasing in exhaust emissions, diesel engines are becoming more and more popular. However, because diesel engines burn fuel in their cylinders at high temperatures and high pressures, and because the air/fuel mixture and temperature distribution are nonuniform, a diesel engine exhausts more nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions than a gasoline engine [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . It has been estimated that the PM emission from a diesel engine per unit of travelled distance is over 10 times higher than the emission from a gasoline engine running on unleaded gasoline fuel at the same power output [8, 9] . Furthermore, the PM and NOx emissions from diesel are strictly controlled as an important environmental issue. Because mutagens and carcinogens are present in both the gaseous and particulate components of exhaust, lung cancer has been a focus of attention as a related health risk in animal and human research [10] . Decreasing harmful exhaust emissions is becoming an increasing priority.

However, because diesel engines burn fuel in their cylinders at high temperatures and high pressures, and because the air/fuel mixture and temperature distribution are nonuniform, a diesel engine exhausts more nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions than a gasoline engine.

It has been estimated that the PM emission from a diesel engine per unit of travelled distance is over 10 times higher than the emission from a gasoline engine running on unleaded gasoline fuel at the same power output.

Because mutagens and carcinogens are present in both the gaseous and particulate components of exhaust, lung cancer has been a focus of attention as a related health risk in animal and human research.


Climate change is showing abnormal effects all over the world. Environmental pollution is continuously aggravated, and energy demand is increasingly variable. Developing and utilizing clean and pollution-free renewable energy has become an effective way to alleviate energy shortages, reduce environmental pollution and improve climate conditions [1] .

Developing and utilizing clean and pollution-free renewable energy has become an effective way to alleviate energy shortages, reduce environmental pollution and improve climate conditions.


Wind energy is one of the most mature forms of renewable energy, which has promising large-scale development conditions and commercial development prospects. Wind energy includes onshore wind energy and offshore wind energy. In recent years, the development and utilization of onshore wind energy has encountered bottlenecks due to the limitation of land and wind resources. Compared with onshore wind power, offshore wind power has many advantages, such as higher wind speed, more stable wind direction, and smaller turbulence and wind shear. With the rapid development of wind power technology, the leading direction of wind power development in the future will focus on offshore wind power [2] .

With the rapid development of wind power technology, the leading direction of wind power development in the future will focus on offshore wind power.


In addition, the wind speed of 12 m/s is mainly used as the design reference for international mainstream wind turbines. But the wind field with high-quality wind resources is limited. The wind field with low wind speed occupies a larger proportion, and these wind fields are generally closer to the power grid [26] . Taking China as an example, only the wind speed of 9.5 m/s in Fujian sea area is relatively close to the average wind speed in Europe, while the average wind speed in other sea areas is generally less than 8m/s, and even the wind speed in many sea areas is less than 7 m/s. Therefore, this paper combines the PSO algorithm and FAST V8 computational analysis software for the wind turbine to optimize the design of offshore wind turbine blades in sea areas with different wind speeds including low wind speed. The "aero-hydro-control-structure" coupled time-domain calculation model for floating wind turbine is developed. By using this model, the motion state of floating wind turbine under real working conditions is simulated. Aiming at getting the maximum output power of the wind turbine, the optimal design of the wind turbine blade can be searched in many combinations by changing the distribution of twist angle and chord length. In addition, the influence of sea state and wind conditions in the actual sea area on the optimal design of the wind turbine blades is investigated. The study can provide theoretical guidance for the optimal design of an offshore floating wind turbine blade.

The wind field with low wind speed occupies a larger proportion, and these wind fields are generally closer to the power grid.


A virtual (or three-dimensional (3D), or spatial) audio system (or audio display) allows a listener to perceive the position of a sound source(s), emanating from a static number of stationary loudspeakers or a pair of headphones, as coming from arbitrary locations in three-dimensional space. Spatial sound technology goes far beyond traditional stereo and surround sound techniques by allowing a virtual sound source to have such attributes as left-right, back-forth, and up-down [1] . Incorporating spatialized auditory information in an immersive virtual environment and video games is beneficial for a variety of reasons. Spatial auditory cues can add a better sense of "presence" or "immersion", compensate for poor visual cues (graphics), and at the very least, add a "pleasing quality" to the simulation [2, 3] . Despite these benefits and despite the fact that spatial sound is a critical cue to the perception of our environment, it is often overlooked in immersive virtual environments and video games where, historically, emphasis has been placed on the visual senses [4, 1] . That being said, the generation of spatial sound for dynamic, and interactive virtual environments using traditional software-based methods and techniques is computationally very expensive except for trivial environments which are typically of little use.

Spatial sound technology goes far beyond traditional stereo and surround sound techniques by allowing a virtual sound source to have such attributes as left-right, back-forth, and up-down.

Spatial auditory cues can add a better sense of "presence" or "immersion", compensate for poor visual cues (graphics), and at the very least, add a "pleasing quality" to the simulation.

Despite these benefits and despite the fact that spatial sound is a critical cue to the perception of our environment, it is often overlooked in immersive virtual environments and video games where, historically, emphasis has been placed on the visual senses.


The delay of the bus communication can be divided into 4 parts: generating delay, queue delay, transmission, and receiving delay [6] . According to the influencing factors, the delay can be divided into two parts. The first one is on-line delay, which includes queuing delay and transmission delay. This sort of delay is related to the process of data transmitting on the network. Concretely, it is related to the priority setting of data, the type of communication network, and the protocol. The second one is on-chip delay, which includes generating delay and receiving delay. This sort of delay is related to the behaviors in controller nodes. Specifically, it is related to hardware indexes like the operating frequency and the software indexes such as the realization of the control algorithm and the task priority setting of the controller.

The delay of the bus communication can be divided into 4 parts: generating delay, queue delay, transmission, and receiving delay.


To address some of these challenges, non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies have emerged as a viable alternative to SRAMs for implementing LLCs [3] . Among several emerging NVM technologies, the Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (STT-RAM) is considered to be one of the most promising candidates to replace the SRAM [4] . STT-RAM, apart from its non-volatility, has other advantages, including high storage density, low leakage current, and compatibility with CMOS technology [5] . However, implementing caches using STT-RAMs is still challenging due to the overheads imposed by STT-RAM's long write latency and high dynamic write energy [6] . Prior studies have revealed that the STT-RAM consumes 6-14 times more energy per write access than the SRAM [7] .

To address some of these challenges, non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies have emerged as a viable alternative to SRAMs for implementing LLCs.

Among several emerging NVM technologies, the Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (STT-RAM) is considered to be one of the most promising candidates to replace the SRAM.

STT-RAM, apart from its non-volatility, has other advantages, including high storage density, low leakage current, and compatibility with CMOS technology.

However, implementing caches using STT-RAMs is still challenging due to the overheads imposed by STT-RAM's long write latency and high dynamic write energy.

Prior studies have revealed that the STT-RAM consumes 6-14 times more energy per write access than the SRAM.


Survivorship estimates for B. altamazonica including all captured animals are quite high and did not vary too much. However, we must take into account that we calculated apparent survivorship and not real survival rates, because without conducting a more exhaustive study it was not possible to attribute losses in the population to deaths or emigration accurately. Generally, adult survival is likely to be more important than recruitment for population persistence, because it determines how long a population can persist without recruiting new individuals (SCHMIDT et al., 2005) .

Generally, adult survival is likely to be more important than recruitment for population persistence, because it determines how long a population can persist without recruiting new individuals.


The alveolar epithelium, in the normal lung with an intact basement membrane, has high fluid (k) and solute (3) reflection coefficients [25] [26] [27] [28] . This accounts for the relative impermeability of the alveolus to extravascular lung water and the preservation of alveolar-capillary oxygen diffusion until alveolar flooding occurs. Pulmonary edema does not usually occur unless the rate of fluid transfer into the pulmonary interstitium exceeds maximal lung lymph clearance rates of 20 ml/hour [ 14] . This rate of edema formation correlates with PCWP greater than 26 mm Hg in normals.

The alveolar epithelium, in the normal lung with an intact basement membrane, has high fluid (k) and solute (3) reflection coefficients.

Pulmonary edema does not usually occur unless the rate of fluid transfer into the pulmonary interstitium exceeds maximal lung lymph clearance rates of 20 ml/hour.


To assess performance on the AB task, average T1 and T2 identification accuracy were submitted to an ANOVA according to the design. Trials were scored as accurate when T1 and T2 were reported in order. Fig. 2 (top panels) shows the results for T1. There was only a main effect of Lag, F(3, 153) = 142.80, p b .001, η 2 p = .74, indicating that accuracy was higher at longer lags (other F's b 1). Fig. 2 (bottom panels) shows the results for T2 when T1 was identified correctly, which is the standard measure for the AB effect. There was a main effect of Lag, F(3, 153) = 61.18, p b .001, η 2 p = .55, indicating a strong AB effect (Raymond et al., 1992) . Importantly, this effect was qualified by the Reward × Presentation × Lag interaction, F(3, 153) = 2.64, p = .05, η 2 p = .049. Inspection of the pattern of means suggests that the direction of this interaction is in line with the hypothesis that rewards mainly improve AB performance when they are presented subliminally (vs. supraliminally). To test this hypothesis, we conducted 2 (Reward) × 4 (Lag) analyses separately for the subliminal and supraliminal conditions.

There was a main effect of Lag, F(3, 153) = 61.18, p b .001, η 2 p = .55, indicating a strong AB effect.


Previously, research on unconscious processes in the pursuit of rewards and goals has generally taken the approach of showing that unconsciously induced motivation (e.g., via priming) has the same qualities as consciously induced motivation (Bargh, 2006; Bargh, Gollwitzer, Lee-Chai, Barndollar & Trötschel, 2001; Bijleveld et al., 2009; Custers & Aarts, 2005; Gollwitzer, Parks-Stamm & Oettingen, 2008) . This approach has certainly been informative, but has led some to suggest that the effects of unconscious manipulations (e.g., priming effects on behavior) are mediated by conscious processes, e.g., biasing of conscious perceptions (see , for a discussion). By revealing an effect that only holds for unconscious rewards, we provide compelling evidence in support of the idea that the unconscious component has a favorable effect by itself, free of any conscious intervention.

Previously, research on unconscious processes in the pursuit of rewards and goals has generally taken the approach of showing that unconsciously induced motivation (e.g., via priming) has the same qualities as consciously induced motivation.