In addition, enabling an auction with proxy bidding may reduce the need for the bidders to accurately estimate the valuations of the other participants in the auction. For example, an equilibrium strategy in a first-price sealed-bid auction requires estimating the value of the second highest bidder. However, when a first-price, sealedbid auction is enhanced with proxy bidding it reduces to a Vickrey auction and each bidder's equilibrium strategy is to submit her true value [12] . Iterative combinatorial auctions are more complex than the English auction format used on sites like eBay, and proxy bidding does not necessarily produce incentive compatibility. We do not address strategic issues in this paper. Instead, we focus on the computational issues faces by the auctioneer. Nevertheless, there may be many problems for which proxy bidding simplifies the bidders' strategy selection problems.

However, when a first-price, sealedbid auction is enhanced with proxy bidding it reduces to a Vickrey auction and each bidder's equilibrium strategy is to submit her true value.


A link between genetic resources and plant breeding is defined as a pre-breeding concept. It refers to all the activities aimed to identify favourable traits/alleles from unadapted materials or adapted ones that did not pass any kind of modern selection. The germplasm that underwent pre-breeding is more useful and attractive to the breeders (Nass & Paterniani, 2000) .

The germplasm that underwent pre-breeding is more useful and attractive to the breeders.


The internal factors are bank specific variables, which influence the profitability of specific banks. These factors are within the scope of the bank to manipulate and that they differ from bank to bank. These include capital size, size of deposit liabilities, size and composition of credit portfolio, interest rate policy, labour productivity, and state of information technology, risk level, management quality, bank size, and ownership, among others (Ongore & Kusa, 2013) .

These include capital size, size of deposit liabilities, size and composition of credit portfolio, interest rate policy, labour productivity, and state of information technology, risk level, management quality, bank size, and ownership, among others.


In Signal Processing, multipliers are a particular way to implement time-variant filters [24] . One of the goals in signal processing is to find a transform which allows certain properties of the signal to be easily found or seen. Via such a transform, one can focus on those properties of the signal, one is interested in, or would like to change. The coefficients can be manipulated directly in the transform domain and thus, certain signal features can be amplified or attenuated. This is for example the case of what a sound engineer does during a concert, operating an equalizer, i.e. changing the amplification of certain frequency bands in real time. Filters, i.e. convolution operators, correspond to a multiplication in the Fourier domain, and therefore to a time-invariant change of frequency content. They are one of the most important concepts in signal processing. Many approaches in signal processing assume a quasi-stationary assumption, i.e., a shiftinvariant approach is assumed only locally. There are several ways to have a true timevariant approach (while still keeping the relation to the filtering concept), and one of them is to use the so called Gabor Filters [4, 24] . These are Gabor multipliers, i.e. timefrequency multipliers.

In Signal Processing, multipliers are a particular way to implement time-variant filters.

There are several ways to have a true timevariant approach (while still keeping the relation to the filtering concept), and one of them is to use the so called Gabor Filters.


It is approximately 50 ha, and around 12 million cubic meters of tailings lie there. On the northern part of the landfill, tailings from the lead smelter have been disposed for a long time, so the landfill has taken on the form of a cone. Deep cuts have been created as a result of erosion on both sides of the dam, through which comes discharge of atmospheric waters from the landfill directly into the Ibar. Deposed flotation tailing is in general oxidized and solid [1] . Flotation landfill Tvrđanski Do is east of regional road Kraljevo-Kosovska Mitrovica, in close proximity to the settlement Leposavić, on the right bank of the Ibar River. Flotation tailings from mines Belo Brdo, Crnac, Koporić, Žuta Prlina and Jelakce were deposed there. Surface of the landfill is around 7 ha and on it are approximately 2,600,000 t of deposed tailings. The landfill dam has several steep slopes. Tailing is placed at the bottom of the slope, where there is a tree line next to the Ibar. The landfill was never reclaimed completely and, as a consequence, dust rises and endangers the Leposavić settlement whenever there is windy weather. Drainage water from the landfill is collected and taken directly into the Ibar. Surface of the tailing is oxidized and red. On the sides of the dam, solid parts are noticeable. Due to the fact that raising the upper level of the dam is no longer possible since its construction stability is in danger, there is further land filling with flotation tailing and a new tailing pond, Bostanište, has been established.

Deposed flotation tailing is in general oxidized and solid.


Spectral non-uniformities, where the spectral content of the flux varies across the cell, are inherent to refractive CPV systems because of the optical transfer function and chromatic aberration in the optics. This spectral variation can significantly decrease the current generated by one of the subcells (and consequently the total current passing through the multiple series-connected subcells). A solar cell that is middle limited under the reference spectrum can be top limited inside a particular CPV system under the same illumination or, more likely, can have some areas top limited whereas others are middle limited. In this case, the limiting subcell will be determined by lateral current flow in the layers connecting the subcells [4] .

In this case, the limiting subcell will be determined by lateral current flow in the layers connecting the subcells.


Most concentrating optics cause flux distributions that are spatially non-uniform both in absolute irradiance and spectral content. Some cell areas are illuminated at a higher irradiance level than others, translating into an increase in effective series resistance and, therefore, a decrease in fill factor (FF). At the same time, other cell areas are very poorly illuminated, or even dark. Hence, those areas will work as dark diodes, contributing only with recombination current but not with photogeneration. In addition, if the peak irradiance generates a current that exceeds the tunnel junction current limit, and the lateral resistance is not negligible, the efficiency will dramatically decrease. Both effects, the loss of FF due to effective series resistance increase and the possibility of surpassing the tunnel limit, have been and are being investigated by different research groups worldwide. Some authors have created more realistic simulations of MJ solar cells using distributed models [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Others have used simulation to predict the tunnel junction current limit and determine whether current-spreading phenomena are significant enough to prevent an efficiency decrease or not [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] .

Some authors have created more realistic simulations of MJ solar cells using distributed models.

Others have used simulation to predict the tunnel junction current limit and determine whether current-spreading phenomena are significant enough to prevent an efficiency decrease or not.


Dispersal involves three distinct components: emigration from the natal range, movement between natal and breeding range, and successful establishment into that breeding range (Bowler and Benton, 2005; Howard, 1960) . Due to the long and unpredictable movements inherent in dispersal events, estimating these components can be difficult (Cooper et al., 2008; Koenig et al., 1996; Morrison and Wood, 2009) . If among and within-population vital rates can be derived from the field, however, the role of a local population within the multi-population context can be quantified and source and sink areas operationally identified (Griffin and Mills, 2009; Runge et al., 2006) .

Dispersal involves three distinct components: emigration from the natal range, movement between natal and breeding range, and successful establishment into that breeding range.

Due to the long and unpredictable movements inherent in dispersal events, estimating these components can be difficult.

If among and within-population vital rates can be derived from the field, however, the role of a local population within the multi-population context can be quantified and source and sink areas operationally identified.


Analyses confirmed that the questionnaire, on the whole, seemed to work as anticipated and captured what it was set out to capture. Scale analysis revealed onefactor solutions for the emergency knowledge, emotional distress and perceived threat scales, suggesting a unidimensionality of these scales. Internal consistency values (Cronbach's α) for the scales were satisfactory for the total sample since they were at least .7, which is considered the limit for acceptable scales (Gliem and Gliem 2003) . These values were also confirmed in each national and incident subsample except for the two-item PTS. The PTS had poor internal consistency values in the UK and Spanish subsamples, and therefore, this scale cannot be considered reliable for these subsamples. Since these items refer to the perceived threat to oneself and one's family, the results might be due to specific terrorist incidents in the (1) and (2) which stated that the BeSeCu-S would be suitable for international use as well as for capturing the experiences in different event types. Furthermore, emotional distress, perceived threat and perceived control significantly differed between the stages investigated, highlighting the dynamic, temporal aspects of survivor responses and supporting the additional suggestion that the BeSeCu-S would be suitable for capturing experiences across different stages of an event. Hypothesis (3) was supported by significant relationships between the peri-event responses emotional distress and perceived threat with post-traumatic stress symptoms as measured by the IES-R. These relationships are in line with results from a meta-analysis concerning PTSD (Ozer et al. 2003) . However, measures of panic-like symptoms, perceived control and sense of urgency were also significantly related to the IES-R suggesting researchers and clinicians should continue to consider a wide range of peri-event responses as being involved in the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms.

Internal consistency values (Cronbach's α) for the scales were satisfactory for the total sample since they were at least .7, which is considered the limit for acceptable scales.

Hypothesis (3) was supported by significant relationships between the peri-event responses emotional distress and perceived threat with post-traumatic stress symptoms as measured by the IES-R. These relationships are in line with results from a meta-analysis concerning PTSD.


This paper illustrates the content and psychometric properties of the BeSeCu-S, a comprehensive questionnaire for survivors. Project partners from eight different European countries elaborated the questionnaire specifically to learn more about human activities, emotions and cognition across cultures in relation to emergency situations. This process represents the first attempt to develop a standardised crosscultural instrument for such interests. Survivors were not restricted to a specific incident (e.g. one particular fire or one particular flood), and therefore, this approach results in a more heterogeneous sample which increases the possibility of generalising findings with respect to different types of events (Briere and Elliott 2000) .

Survivors were not restricted to a specific incident (e.g. one particular fire or one particular flood), and therefore, this approach results in a more heterogeneous sample which increases the possibility of generalising findings with respect to different types of events.


The use of various sources for item generation is one of the strengths of the BeSeCu-S. Not only were actual survivors of different threatening events included, but also experts from the field of disaster and security research and, just as importantly, practitioners, who could include their needs for specific information. Practitioners were included at all stages of the development process to achieve an increased interaction with researchers as demanded by scholars (Fischer 2008) . The different parts of the questionnaire (i.e. pre-, peri-and post-event) are a very distinctive and unique attribute of the BeSeCu-S which allows the researcher to get information in relation to different phases.

Practitioners were included at all stages of the development process to achieve an increased interaction with researchers as demanded by scholars.


Therefore, we seek non-trivial checks for this. One evidence is the correspondence between the kink-lump and the BIon [7] . The results in this paper give another non-trivial evidences.

One evidence is the correspondence between the kink-lump and the BIon.


The increase in biodiesel production has led to increased stocks of glycerol with a subsequent price reduction, making glycerol a potential high-energy feed source for ruminants (Avila et al., 2011) . Crude glycerin is a co-product of biodiesel production with a high concentration of glycerol. Due to the high production of biodiesel, there is a wide availability of crude glycerin, and it is becoming an interesting ingredient for animal nutrition.

The increase in biodiesel production has led to increased stocks of glycerol with a subsequent price reduction, making glycerol a potential high-energy feed source for ruminants.


As previously mentioned, juiciness and flavor can influence the results for overall appreciation (Hocquette et al., 2012) . However, consumers did not detect differences in these characteristics in the meat. Indeed, meat appreciation may be altered by toughness (Wood et al., 2008) .

As previously mentioned, juiciness and flavor can influence the results for overall appreciation.

Indeed, meat appreciation may be altered by toughness.


A potential application for glycerin is as a gluconeogenic substrate for ruminants (Chung et al., 2007) . Glycerol can be converted to glucose in the liver and can provide energy for cellular metabolism (Goff and Horst, 2001) . Glycerol enters the gluconeogenic pathway at the level of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (Leng, 1970; Krehbiel, 2008) . Therefore, glycerin could be used as an energetic ingredient in animal diets replacing cereals, which are usually more expensive.

A potential application for glycerin is as a gluconeogenic substrate for ruminants.

Glycerol can be converted to glucose in the liver and can provide energy for cellular metabolism.

Glycerol enters the gluconeogenic pathway at the level of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde.


Kids were fed once a day at 08.00 h. The amount of feed offered to animals were calculated according to the previous dry matter intake (DMI) and adjustments were made whenever necessary for the refused feed not to exceed 100 g.kg -1 of daily intake. At the end of the 51 days of the feeding trial, the animals (20.8±2.9 kg BW) were subjected to solid fasting and free water for 16 h and slaughtered in accordance with the RIISPOA standards (Brasil, 1997) .

Kids were fed once a day at 08.00 h.

At the end of the 51 days of the feeding trial, the animals (20.8±2.9 kg BW) were subjected to solid fasting and free water for 16 h and slaughtered in accordance with the RIISPOA standards.


The term "interoperability" was initially defined for Information Technology (IT) as "the ability of exchange data" [3] . A broader definition was proposed by the Network Centric Operations Industry Consortium (NCOIC), to take into account social, political and organizational factors that affect systems and system performance, when integrating them all together [4] . Interoperability issues arise when devices from different manufacturers interconnect.

The term "interoperability" was initially defined for Information Technology (IT) as "the ability of exchange data".

A broader definition was proposed by the Network Centric Operations Industry Consortium (NCOIC), to take into account social, political and organizational factors that affect systems and system performance, when integrating them all together.


The BW has a direct effect on the marketability and acceptance of blackberries in both fresh market and processing. Traditionally, large berries are preferred by consumers, but excessive berry weight (possibly > 15.0 g) is usually not desired for processed or fresh market use (Clark and Finn 2011) . According to the above authors, the ideal BW for fresh market use ranges from 8 to 10 g. In our study, only ČB and LN had values close to 8.0 g. It could be said that under irrigation this trait can be better.

Traditionally, large berries are preferred by consumers, but excessive berry weight (possibly > 15.0 g) is usually not desired for processed or fresh market use.


Data were collected during 8 trials (Table 1) , spread over the 4 seasons in order to account for a seasonal effect [14, 15] . Within each trial, two crossbreds were compared, with crossbred P functioning as a pair wise control to the other two crossbreds, resulting in an unbalanced experiment for sample size. Within each trial, piglets were born from 2 boars per sire line and approximately 24 sows, which means a total of 16 boars per sire line and 192 sows throughout the experiment. From weaning to slaughter, all pigs had ad libitum access to water and a 5-phased standard meal diet.

Data were collected during 8 trials (Table 1) , spread over the 4 seasons in order to account for a seasonal effect.


The problem of gravitino production is thus reduced to the problem of a (quite involved) coupled system in the external background constituted by the scalar fields of the theory. The most difficult part of this analysis is to provide a formalism in which the coupled system is quantized, with a clear definition of the occupation numbers for the physical eigenstates. This is a very interesting problem in itself, which can have several other applications besides the one we will consider in the present paper. In the one field case, the procedure is well established [22, 12] . One first quantizes the system and expands the canonical hamiltonian in the creation and annihilation operators of the field. The evolution of the background creates a mixing between the positive and negative energy solutions of the field equation, which has the consequence of driving the hamiltonian nondiagonal, even if one takes it to be diagonal at initial time. A diagonal form is achieved through a (time dependent) redefinition of the creation/annihilation of the fields. The two coefficients of this diagonalization are known as Bogolyubov coefficients and can be easily related to the occupation number for the quantized field (consistency of the quantization requires a relation between these coefficient; this condition is however preserved by the equation of motion of the system).

In the one field case, the procedure is well established.


Polymer composite materials have been used increasingly to structural components in both commercial and military applications. When specific strength and stiffness are major concerns, polymer composite materials have been common choices. For example, there has been growing use of composites in ship masts, superstructures, deck grates, piping, ducting, rudders, propellers, stacks, and various submarine structures [1] .

For example, there has been growing use of composites in ship masts, superstructures, deck grates, piping, ducting, rudders, propellers, stacks, and various submarine structures.


The attractor features provided a strong classification of gender in previously unseen individuals, and performed significantly better than the interval measures which have previously been shown to discriminate gender [6, 7] . Cross-validation was applied to allow each of the 22 individuals' records to be classified as an "unknown" dataset, and this showed that the AR features had a much higher level of consistency of accurate classification. Only a basic SVM technique was used; full analysis of machine learning tools could improve the high accuracy even further.

The attractor features provided a strong classification of gender in previously unseen individuals, and performed significantly better than the interval measures which have previously been shown to discriminate gender.


Emission-free mobility is indispensable part of the national sustainable development strategy supported by authorities [1] . Therefore the National Platform of Electric Mobility under participation of representatives of science, industry, politics, local authority districts, and consumers developed proposals to reach the national goals in Germany [2] . Accordingly, numerous projects and research activities are developed with electric vehicles interacting with power distribution grids. Charging stations for electric vehicles are connecting points between public grid and electric vehicles and are often understood as additional, highly variable loads deteriorating the hosting capacity of the network and overall performance of the existing grids [3] . For this reason, technical framework and management systems are needed to reduce the negative effects of high penetrations of electric vehicles in the public grid [4] . Starting at penetration levels of 20% conventional public grids can reach inadmissible operation states [5] . Furthermore, unavoidable power losses in the distribution and the common use of energy from fossil fuels for charging marginalise the zero emission effect of an electric vehicle [6] .

Emission-free mobility is indispensable part of the national sustainable development strategy supported by authorities.

Therefore the National Platform of Electric Mobility under participation of representatives of science, industry, politics, local authority districts, and consumers developed proposals to reach the national goals in Germany.

Charging stations for electric vehicles are connecting points between public grid and electric vehicles and are often understood as additional, highly variable loads deteriorating the hosting capacity of the network and overall performance of the existing grids.

For this reason, technical framework and management systems are needed to reduce the negative effects of high penetrations of electric vehicles in the public grid.

Starting at penetration levels of 20% conventional public grids can reach inadmissible operation states.

Furthermore, unavoidable power losses in the distribution and the common use of energy from fossil fuels for charging marginalise the zero emission effect of an electric vehicle.


Therefore, charging stations fed by locally installed photovoltaic systems are suggested as optimal solution for electric mobility [7] . Moreover, a rising proportion of electric vehicles can improve the integration of renewable energies and decrease CO 2 emissions [8] . But there must be a close coordination between load profiles and fluctuating energy production, to reach the intelligent integration of components such electric vehicles and photovoltaic systems [9] . The advantages coming from the combination of both systems, for the society in general and the prosumer, lead to emissionfree mobility and cost efficiency towards the smart cities concept in the future [10] . Unfortunately, the appealing idea of a sun-powered charging station for electric vehicles was reduced in many cases to a marketing slogan. The use of a small PV system installed by a prosumer for vehicle charging can be justified only in terms of advantages averaged over long period of time [11] . Statistically, a certain part of energy consumed by an electric car over such a long period of time, for example, one year, can be covered by the PV system output 2 International Journal of Photoenergy [12] . The idea of green mobility explained in this way seems to be welcomed by the public opinion. It helps in the market placement of new products and stimulates the ecological awareness.

Therefore, charging stations fed by locally installed photovoltaic systems are suggested as optimal solution for electric mobility.

Moreover, a rising proportion of electric vehicles can improve the integration of renewable energies and decrease CO 2 emissions.

But there must be a close coordination between load profiles and fluctuating energy production, to reach the intelligent integration of components such electric vehicles and photovoltaic systems.

The advantages coming from the combination of both systems, for the society in general and the prosumer, lead to emissionfree mobility and cost efficiency towards the smart cities concept in the future.

The use of a small PV system installed by a prosumer for vehicle charging can be justified only in terms of advantages averaged over long period of time.

Statistically, a certain part of energy consumed by an electric car over such a long period of time, for example, one year, can be covered by the PV system output 2 International Journal of Photoenergy.


Hypertension is a global problem with high morbidity. In China, the prevalence of hypertension has reached 29.6%, along with an increasing rate of obesity [1] . Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of medical conditions that includes obesity, impaired glucose metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and elevated blood pressure, which may increase the incidences of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease [2] [3] .

In China, the prevalence of hypertension has reached 29.6%, along with an increasing rate of obesity.

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of medical conditions that includes obesity, impaired glucose metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and elevated blood pressure, which may increase the incidences of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease.


The invasibility index is a simple distance function that does not include human accelerated dispersal such as commerce and trade, trucks, landscaping and disturbance facilitated invasion [38] [39] [40] . These are all important factors in the spread of invasive plants and excellent future projects. The models were also limited by the patchy nature of the presence data we were able to compile. Populations may exist in areas where there were data gaps, and these locations will be under-valued in the index.

The invasibility index is a simple distance function that does not include human accelerated dispersal such as commerce and trade, trucks, landscaping and disturbance facilitated invasion.


The down scaling of layout geometries to 65nm and below has resulted in a significant increase in the packing density and the operational frequency of VLSI circuits. An unfortunate side effect of this technology advancement has been the aggravation of noise effects, such as the capacitive crosstalk noise. The conventional static timing analysis (STA) techniques model signal transitions as saturated ramps with known arrival and transition times and propagate these timing parameters from the circuit primary inputs to the primary outputs. However the different waveforms with identical arrival time and slew (transition) time applied to the input of a logic cell or an interconnect line can result in very different propagation delays through the component depending on the exact form of the applied signal waveform [1] . Therefore the shape of the voltage waveforms should be considered in order to ensure accurate timing and noise analysis results in sub-90nm CMOS designs.

However the different waveforms with identical arrival time and slew (transition) time applied to the input of a logic cell or an interconnect line can result in very different propagation delays through the component depending on the exact form of the applied signal waveform.


To evaluate and address these challenges for RFI mitigation at K-band, a 1 GHz sample-rate polarimetric radiometer test-bed was developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center using the Reconfigurable Open Architecture Computing Hardware (ROACH) system from the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER) group at the University of California Berkeley (Figure 1 ). The CASPER-ROACH system is a convenient development platform since it operates over 1 GHz for multiple signal channels, it leverages a large library of communityprovided intellectual property (IP) blocks, and utilizes the Matlab-Simulink model-based design framework. This allows for an increased focus on algorithm development as opposed to FPGA design, and facilitates rapid prototyping and evaluation of newly developed RFI mitigation techniques. In this paper, we discuss new techniques for RFI mitigation processing that we implemented on the CASPER-ROACH system. First, we implemented the new complex signal kurtosis (CSK) algorithm [8] . Second, we demonstrate a scaled version of the SMAP radiometer DSP to operate at 8.3 times its bandwidth for K-band as opposed to L-band operation. We discuss how operation at K-band requires a modification in the SMAP RFI processor, and how the mod-ified SMAP RFI processor that uses the CSK algorithm for RFI detection can achieve better receiver operating characteristic (ROC) performance and reduce data rate to the ground at the same time.

First, we implemented the new complex signal kurtosis (CSK) algorithm.


F1 scores were calculated for the detection of three classes on arousal and valence (see Table 1 ). The results of the features extracted from 14 electrodes are equal to the full set and discarding 18 electrodes did not reduce the performance. These results are about 5% higher than the previously reported results on the same database [13] . In average the arousal detection results are superior to the valence detection results. This is in line with the previous results on the same database. The detection rate for the medium valence is lower than the low and high valence classes. This can be due to the smaller sample size for the medium valence class.

These results are about 5% higher than the previously reported results on the same database.


This is the first Brazilian nationwide analysis of survival after AIDS diagnosis among MSM. Our study compared different time periods after the full introduction of HAART over the whole country, following the approval of the federal legislation regulating the right to the universal access to antiretroviral medicines for people living with AIDS, as of the end of 1996 [29] . Improvements in survival were observed for latter periods of diagnosis, with almost 50% reduction in risk of death when compared to the earliest cohort. Protective effects were also observed with lower age and higher CD4 classifications at initial diagnosis.

Our study compared different time periods after the full introduction of HAART over the whole country, following the approval of the federal legislation regulating the right to the universal access to antiretroviral medicines for people living with AIDS, as of the end of 1996.


Maize grown in tropical and temperate climates has been being affected by two foliar diseases during recent seasons. Northern leaf blight is caused by Exserohilum turcicum, and common rust is caused by Puccinia sorghi [1] [2] . At the main maize producing area of Argentina, northern leaf blight was the most prevalent disease during 2007/08 to 2009/10, reaching severities higher than 50% in early growth stages and yield losses greater than 40% [3] . Some factors that favour the development of the disease are increasing the areas of direct planting, changes in the date of sowing, intense and frequent rains during the summer months or lots irrigated by sprinkling [4] [5] . On the other hand, common rust is endemic in the maize production area of Argentina [6] [7] . This disease occurs each year with varying degrees of intensity, according to the behaviour of the hybrid and the prevailing environmental conditions [8] .

Northern leaf blight is caused by Exserohilum turcicum, and common rust is caused by Puccinia sorghi.

At the main maize producing area of Argentina, northern leaf blight was the most prevalent disease during 2007/08 to 2009/10, reaching severities higher than 50% in early growth stages and yield losses greater than 40%.

Some factors that favour the development of the disease are increasing the areas of direct planting, changes in the date of sowing, intense and frequent rains during the summer months or lots irrigated by sprinkling.

On the other hand, common rust is endemic in the maize production area of Argentina.

This disease occurs each year with varying degrees of intensity, according to the behaviour of the hybrid and the prevailing environmental conditions.


In line with recommendations, we have reported on all aspects of the PPI process we undertook, largely complying with the reporting recommendations in GRIPP2 [12] . The GRIPP2 short form was insufficient for our purposes but our report does not entirely comply with the GRIPP2 longform either, since it was a retrospective appraisal and was not conceived as a research study of PPI in its own right. Therefore, we have not explicitly used either, although much of what we report maps to those checklists.

In line with recommendations, we have reported on all aspects of the PPI process we undertook, largely complying with the reporting recommendations in GRIPP2.


In the stochastic simulation approach, stochastic ordinary differential equations (sodes) are obtained after applying a finite difference scheme to spatial variables of the stochastic governing equation. One of the difficulties in designing effective numerical methods for strong solutions of sodes is the stability requirements when the sodes are stiff in both the deterministic and stochastic components. There have been some attempts in the literature for improving stability properties of numerical methods for stiff sodes [2] . However, due to the complexity of the sodes in this paper, the semi-implicit Euler method and the balanced implicit method will be used in simulations.

There have been some attempts in the literature for improving stability properties of numerical methods for stiff sodes.


Another approach is to simulate the stochastic governing equation directly if the number of stochastic sources is more than one. Hydraulic properties may be based on stochastic coefficients, a stochastic driving force, and/or stochastic boundary and initial conditions [5, 9] . The source of randomness is used more directly in order to deal with larger random variations. This numerical approach not only provides statistical properties of the concentration but also gives stochastic simulations of the solute transport. With the progress in computing facilities and numerical methods for stochastic differential equations, this approach is becoming more and more attractive.

Hydraulic properties may be based on stochastic coefficients, a stochastic driving force, and/or stochastic boundary and initial conditions.


The simulated data were acquired using RCIS (RoboComp InnerModel Simulator) [36] . RCIS is a 3D robot simulator designed for use in academia, in early stages of development, and, mainly, for research purposes. One of its most remarkable features is that it enables users to control the noise produced by the simulated sensors and actuators. This ability can be used to test how robust algorithms are against noise and, if noise is set to zero, to differentiate between problems dealing with noise and algorithm errors. RCIS implements all the interfaces of the hardware abstraction layer of RoboComp (e.g., Camera, Laser, RGBD, Joint Motor Bus), which represent most of the common hardware used in autonomous robotics. For the tests described in this paper three RGBD sensors with different noise levels were simulated within an indoor scenario. The use of this simulator allows an evaluation of the algorithms according to different sensor noise values. The experiments were focused on the evaluation of the algorithm in terms of robustness and computational resources. A comparative study of the different selection criteria was obtained as a result.

The simulated data were acquired using RCIS (RoboComp InnerModel Simulator).


As we explained in the introduction and text, what we have derived is the contribution of poles that may be interpreted as the contribution of D-brane. There are many questions to be answered to understand the whole picture of the problem. One issue is how to derive the multiplicity factor n Y . So far the general algorithm was not found for the integer factor. Also we have not solved the contribution near the origin. While the form of the recursion should be similar, the location of the poles may overlap with their mirrors and careful treatment is necessary to resolve it. A related issue is the existence of extra configuration of poles which takes the shape of cycles [14] . We suspect that some extra inspirations will be necessary to solve these problems.

A related issue is the existence of extra configuration of poles which takes the shape of cycles.


The results of this study suggest that self compassion is teachable and that higher levels of self compassion are related to higher levels of positive emotions, life satisfaction and subjective happiness. These high levels may be related to how people perceive and evaluate their life. Positive emotions help people recognize the positive elements in their daily life, change their focus from negative to positive and broaden their perspectives (Fredrickson, 2001; Fredrickson & Branigan, 2005) .

Positive emotions help people recognize the positive elements in their daily life, change their focus from negative to positive and broaden their perspectives.


The structure of this program was based on previous research findings (Neff & Germer, 2013) . Each session of the program focused on a specific topic. The first session provided an introduction to the concept of self-compassion. Week 2 focused on training to self kindness meditation. In week 3 we facilitated participants to develop a "compassionate inner voice" through writing a self-compassion letter. In week 4 we taught skills to effectively cope with challenging situations. Week 5 was centered on using self-compassion in dealing with difficult emotions. During the final session we discussed how to relate with positive aspects of oneself and the participants created a self compassion motto.

The structure of this program was based on previous research findings.


With the continuous decrease of China's coal resources, the exploitation of deep coal is unavoidable. However, deep mining has problems such as high temperature and high pressure, and is also challenged by the complexity of the geological environment [1] [2] [3] . With regard to roadway engineering, roadways with composite roofs will become increasingly more common in deep mines [4] [5] [6] [7] . Moreover, because the coal-rock composite roof is the most common type, the investigation of the deformation field evolution and failure mechanisms of combinations with different coal-rock height ratios are significant as a reference for controlling the deformation of the composite roof.

However, deep mining has problems such as high temperature and high pressure, and is also challenged by the complexity of the geological environment.

With regard to roadway engineering, roadways with composite roofs will become increasingly more common in deep mines.


The calculation of conservative load cycle spectra is a fundamental aspect of fatigue design, requiring an estimate to be made of expected operational loading conditions. Complex lifecycle loading may be simplified by dividing the process into discrete load cases, such as take-off and steady flight conditions for the analysis of aircraft components. Fatigue life can then be quantified in terms of time to crack initiation through the concept of linear damage accumulation, or by the application of crack growth models. Both approaches utilise information about the range, mean and number of stress cycles that will occur [1] .

Both approaches utilise information about the range, mean and number of stress cycles that will occur.


The identification of individual fatigue loading cycles within a random stress amplitude time series is achieved through the use of a suitable cycle counting algorithm. Typical methods include level-crossing counting, range-pair counting, reservoir counting, and Rainflow counting. Variations of these algorithms are included in the ASTM cycle counting standard [2] .

Variations of these algorithms are included in the ASTM cycle counting standard.


This work is focused on the sagittal plane motion of the hip, knee and ankle joints because most energy consumption occurs in this type of movement [9] . Background on the economic gaits used in this study is introduced in Section 2. The configuration of the biped robot used in the simulation is presented in Section 3.1; the methodology is presented in Section 3.2. Section 4 presents the results from the implementation of a passive gait, and Section 5 presents the results from applying passive elements to the joints. In Section 6, the viability of combining both techniques is analysed and the energy consumption data are shown. Section 7 evaluates the practical feasibility of the proposed ideas, and Section 8 lists the conclusions.

This work is focused on the sagittal plane motion of the hip, knee and ankle joints because most energy consumption occurs in this type of movement.


It can be assumed that fish carcasses also provide a valuable source of nutrition in lake communities because fish contain large amounts of energy in the form of *Corresponding author: katrin.premke@ebc.uu.se easily digestible lipids and proteins, which facilitate a more efficient recycling of energy within the ecosystem. However, few studies have addressed this topic in lakes and marshes (Donaldson, 1967; Parmenter and Lamarra, 1991; Rask et al., 1996; Stevenson and Childers, 2004) . This study aims to extend knowledge about the effects of fish carcasses on benthic biodiversity and abundance in the littoral zone.

However, few studies have addressed this topic in lakes and marshes.


The ambient turbulence intensity in the upstream flow plays a decisive role in the behaviour of horizontal axis marine current turbines. First, turbulence intensity may influence the turbine performances but, probably most important, it deeply influences the wake shape. This last issue is of crucial matter for the onset of marine current turbine arrays. Indeed, in second generation arrays, the wake of an upstream turbine may irreparably affect the power performances of another turbine positioned downstream. This aspect of elementary interactions between marine current turbines in an array will be treated in the second part of this study [1] . The present paper aims at characterising precisely the performances and wake of a single turbine depending on the ambient turbulence intensity of the incoming flow. The results of this first part will represent a strong basis for comparisons with the twin turbines setups investigated in the second part.

This aspect of elementary interactions between marine current turbines in an array will be treated in the second part of this study.


Studying and analysing vulnerability will help in developing the mitigating measures. The analysis of vulnerability has far wider applications such as in planning and maintaining road networks, prioritising and budgeting, preparing for emergency response (Walker et al 2004) . In this paper, as an example, we develop an outline plan to divert traffic in case of an urban network under flooding. The diversion plan prepared uses traffic assignment modelling technique together with Geographic Information System (GIS) and is aimed at maintaining connectivity as well as minimising the travel time on the degraded network. This paper is set out in six sections including this one. Section 2 reviews the literature identifying the relevant approaches to analysing vulnerability of road networks. Section 3 introduces the new measure of vulnerability. Section 4 describes the case of York introducing the geography and flood prone roads in York. Section 4 also describes the steps involved in computing the vulnerability indices. Section 5 illustrates the indices and analyses the consequences of road failures. Section 5 also outlines a traffic diversion plan aimed at maintaining connectivity during floods as well as minimising the travel time on the degraded network. Section 6 concludes the research work reported in this paper.

The analysis of vulnerability has far wider applications such as in planning and maintaining road networks, prioritising and budgeting, preparing for emergency response.


Gloss is a measure of the ability of a coating surface to reflect a beam light at a particular angle without scattering. This is an important property of the coating, which is especially used for aesthetic and decorative purposes [1] . The final gloss of the cured samples is dependent on the UV light intensity used and cure time. Using a lamp with luminous intensity 130 mw and radiation spectrum area (λ = 405 nm) optimal cure time was found to be 30 s. Samples without additives and with 1 % of silica and 2 % of NC showed medium gloss values 10 -70 GU (gloss units) (Table 4 ), but samples with 2 % of CAB and 2 % of SB reached high gloss values > 70 GU. The increase of the gloss is more intense for the additives that are primarily film formers: SB and CAB.

This is an important property of the coating, which is especially used for aesthetic and decorative purposes.


Secondly suitable additive concentrations were determined. Uncured composition should prevent pigment particle sedimentation and viscosity should be less than 4500 mPas. NC and CAB in concentrations 2 % can efficiently prevent the pigment particle sedimentation. As higher concentrations of these additives strongly increase system viscosity (Fig. 5) , 2 % was chosen as appropriate additive concentration. Silica already at 1 % can prevent the pigment particle sedimentation. This system also has the smallest viscosity, what makes the coating application more convenient, therefore suitable concentration for it is found to be 1 %. Silica already previously have been described as effective gelling agent for pigmented systems [11, 13] . Compositions with additive SB in concentration range 0 -3 % cannot prevent the particle sedimentation, therefore test concentration was chosen using viscosity data and effective soak off time, were the compromise between them is for the systems with 2 % SB.

Silica already previously have been described as effective gelling agent for pigmented systems.


In the last decade new market space for coating applications with short-term requirements has appeared. The market space includes medicine and cosmetics such as natural nail coatings [18, 19] . Short-term coating applications haven't been reported yet, only some patent applications have been submitted [20, 21, 22] . The formulation of appropriate coatings is critical to achieve not only adhesion loss from substrate (within 5 -30 min after treatment by cosmetically permitted solvent acetone) but also pigment suspension stability, reduced viscosity (3000 -4500 mPas), increased deformability (tensile strain 40 -150 %), degree of conversion (50 -90 %) and high surface gloss (> 70 GU). Novel additives have been searched to ensure the required characteristics and easy removability from the substrate after loss of functionality. The aim of this study was to improve specific coating application characteristics and to optimize the composition of a system composed of urethane acrylate oligomers, monomer, photoinitiator by addition of different supplements.

The market space includes medicine and cosmetics such as natural nail coatings.

Short-term coating applications haven't been reported yet, only some patent applications have been submitted.


The potential difference between gender could give insight into different cultural practices (such as encouragement in some types of sport regarding gender e.g., soccer for boys) that could help or hinder development in certain types of skills or make one gender spend more time in OPA when compared with the other [13] . Clearly, gender studies can provide valuable understanding into how different motor skills developed in different gender and how it related with OPA [13] . Although cross-sectional studies do not imply causation, correlational researches allow determining if there is a relationship between the variables, adding to gaps in the literature. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between MC and OPA in adolescents, specifically to analyze gender differences between MC and OPA of the adolescents.

The potential difference between gender could give insight into different cultural practices (such as encouragement in some types of sport regarding gender e.g., soccer for boys) that could help or hinder development in certain types of skills or make one gender spend more time in OPA when compared with the other.

Clearly, gender studies can provide valuable understanding into how different motor skills developed in different gender and how it related with OPA.


Further study was not carried out to confirm this impurity. The present study was carried out to describe detailed degradation studies as per ICH guidelines and developed a suitable LC method for the separation and estimation of both process related impurities and degradation impurities. Interestingly author observed two major degradation products in acid, base hydrolysis and peroxide degradation of fluocinonide. The major degradation products of fluocinonide were isolated using preparative HPLC and structure elucidation was performed for the same using advanced spectral techniques such as NMR, LC-MS and IR. The purpose of the present research work was to develop a suitable single stability-indicating LC method for the determination of fluocinonide and its related substances and structure elucidation of major degradation products. The developed LC method was validated with respect to specificity, LOD, LOQ, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. Forced degradation studies were performed on the drug substance and drug products to show the stability-indicating nature of the method [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . These studies were performed in accordance with established ICH guidelines [14] [15] .

Forced degradation studies were performed on the drug substance and drug products to show the stability-indicating nature of the method.

These studies were performed in accordance with established ICH guidelines.


Fluocinonide, pregna-1, 4-diene-3, 20-dione, 21-(acetyloxy)-6, 9-difluoro-11-hydroxy-16, 17-[(1-methylethylidene)bis(oxy)]-, (6α, 11β, 16α)-, is a potent glucorticoid steroid used topically as anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of skin disorders such as eczema. It relieves itching, dryness, redness, crusting, scaling, inflammation and discomfort. Fluocinonide is a white or almost white crystalline powder. It is practically insoluble in water; slightly soluble in absolute ethanol. There are seven classes of topical corticosteroids ranked according to their potency based vasoconstrictor assays. Fluocinonide is a fluorinated, highly potent, corticosteroid. It ranks as a "high-potency" (second-highest rank) topical corticosteroid [1] . Corticosteroids have multiple actions, includeing anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects. When applied topically for at least one week, fluocinonide is effective in the treatment of inflammation and itching caused by a number of skin conditions such as allergic reactions, eczema and psoriasis. Minimal amounts should be used for a minimal length of time to avoid the occurrence of adverse effects. Fluocinonide is also used in veterinary medicine. It is used for treatment of allergies in dogs. Natural systemic cortisol concentrations can be suppressed for weeks after one week of topical exposure.

It ranks as a "high-potency" (second-highest rank) topical corticosteroid.


In a previous study we have shown that about 43 % of marine bacterial isolates contained inducible prophage or bacteriocins when treated with mitomycin C (Jiang & Paul 1994) . In the present study, the percenta g e of lysogens among the total indigenous bacteria varies over a wide range. The percentage of bacteria that were lysogenic for all positively Induced samples ranged from 1.5 to 38% (average: 8.8%), as determined by the average burst size. We have also attempted to estimate the proportion of lysogens by determining the bacterial mortality caused by ~n d u cing agents, assuming all mortality was due to induced viral lysis. This method yielded a higher percentage of lysogens than the average viral burst size method, particularly for coastal and offshore environments. The best agreement occurred for the estuarine environmental samples.

In a previous study we have shown that about 43 % of marine bacterial isolates contained inducible prophage or bacteriocins when treated with mitomycin C.


Statistical analyses. Multi-sample comparison by analysis of variance and 2-sample comparison by t-test were performed using Statgraphics software (Manugistics Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) and further comparison between control and each treatment was performed using Dunnett's test (Zar 1984) . Statistical comparisons for VDC were generated from the average of 4 grid-windows counts of each sample. Statistical comparisons for BDC were generated from 3 replicate slides of each san~ple.

Statistical analyses.

Multi-sample comparison by analysis of variance and 2-sample comparison by t-test were performed using Statgraphics software (Manugistics Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) and further comparison between control and each treatment was performed using Dunnett's test.


Hot deformation is an important step in the production of microalloyed steels, which facilitates shaping, precipitation control, and grain refinement to achieve desired mechanical properties. Hot deformation in austenite recrystallization region refines coarse grains by repeated static recrystallization in the interpass times and also by dynamic recrystallization during deformation. Moreover, deformation in the nonrecrystallization region increases ferrite nucleation sites through pancaking of austenite grains and creation of deformation bands. In this way, a fine microstructure will be produced after transformation [4, 5] .

In this way, a fine microstructure will be produced after transformation.


Thailand has been claimed as the world's largest canned tuna producers and exporters for more than 30 years. By the year 2012, the amount of tuna products exported from Thailand was 559,492.77 tons with value of 82,598.28 million baht or 2,445 million USD [1] . Industry's survey data showed that the solid waste or by-product inclusion of tuna roe accounted for 1-2% of material sold at about 1 USD/kg for animal feed plant or local food shop for making the stirred fry, deep fry products and so on [2] . It is well known that tuna is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), including Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) [3] . However, the nature of these unsaturated n-3 PUFA is more susceptible to lipid oxidation than saturated lipids leading to the formation of undesirable off-flavours and unhealthy compounds such as free radicals and reactive aldehydes. The off-flavours formed from n-3 PUFA oxidation are particularly unpleasant. Furthermore, the human sensory apparatus has a low threshold for volatile off-flavours resulting from oxidation of n-3 PUFA [4] .

By the year 2012, the amount of tuna products exported from Thailand was 559,492.77 tons with value of 82,598.28 million baht or 2,445 million USD.

Industry's survey data showed that the solid waste or by-product inclusion of tuna roe accounted for 1-2% of material sold at about 1 USD/kg for animal feed plant or local food shop for making the stirred fry, deep fry products and so on.

It is well known that tuna is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), including Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexanoic acid (DHA).

Furthermore, the human sensory apparatus has a low threshold for volatile off-flavours resulting from oxidation of n-3 PUFA.


Inulin is a non-digestible carbohydrate consisting mainly of fructose connected by β-(2-1) bonds, ending with a glucose of the chain linked to the last fructose unit through an α-(1-2) bond [6] . Native or medium chain length inulin in chicory root composed of 3 to 60 monosaccharide units (average of about 10) [7] . Inulin is used as a bulking agent, in particular as a fat replacement, and is aided by its particular properties of water solubility. Parts of the molecular structure, specifically the hydroxyl groups, are able to interact with water more than its other parts. This provides inulin with some surfactant characteristic, which enables it to form stable gels with water at concentrations of 13-50% [8, 9] . The aims of this study are to substitute tuna roe for increasing omega-3 and to replace fat content by using inulin into the mayonnaise. Thereafter physical, chemical, microbiological qualities and sensory acceptability were evaluated. Galangal (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.) rhizome with aged 12-14 months was purchased from Plaza fresh market, Hat Yai. Inulin (Orafti ® HP) with degree of polymerization between 2-60 of chicory root was purchased from BENEO-Orafti, Thienen, Belgium.

Inulin is a non-digestible carbohydrate consisting mainly of fructose connected by β-(2-1) bonds, ending with a glucose of the chain linked to the last fructose unit through an α-(1-2) bond.

Native or medium chain length inulin in chicory root composed of 3 to 60 monosaccharide units (average of about 10).

This provides inulin with some surfactant characteristic, which enables it to form stable gels with water at concentrations of 13-50%.


Mayonnaise, an oil-in-water emulsion product, typically contains egg yolks, salt, vinegar, mustard, and flavoring materials, as well as high fat content of about 60-80%. The real mayonnaise contains roughly 65-80% fat, whereas the "light" mayonnaise products which contains about 36% fat, is still new and has been marketed only in recent years [5] . Mayonnaise is high in fat content but low in polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. Therefore, consuming this product may not a great choice for people on a diet or controlling their weight.

The real mayonnaise contains roughly 65-80% fat, whereas the "light" mayonnaise products which contains about 36% fat, is still new and has been marketed only in recent years.


Main methods for concentration of omega 3 PUFA are chromatographic separation, fractional or molecular distillation, low-temperature crystallization, supercritical fluid extraction and urea complexation. Lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis has a number of advantages over the abovementioned methods. This process does not involve extremes of pH and high temperature, which may partially destroy the natural all cis structure of omega 3 PUFA by oxidation, cis-trans isomerization or double bond migration. Mild conditions used reduce the process cost as well. One specific feature of lipasecatalyzed hydrolysis reaction is that, the process results in selective production due to substrate and positional specificities of lipases. Moreover, recovery of omega 3 PUFA in glyceride form is nutritionally more favorable than methyl or ethyl esters of these fatty acids (FAs) because of improved absorption of glyceride form [3] . There have been many attempts to employ lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis to produce omega 3 PUFA concentrates. Several studies showed that the efficiency of concentration depended on the substrate specificity, both acyl chain and molecule specificities, of the lipase used [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .

Moreover, recovery of omega 3 PUFA in glyceride form is nutritionally more favorable than methyl or ethyl esters of these fatty acids (FAs) because of improved absorption of glyceride form.

Several studies showed that the efficiency of concentration depended on the substrate specificity, both acyl chain and molecule specificities, of the lipase used.


Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been on focus in the past three decades due to their beneficial effects on human nutrition and disease prevention. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) are the two most important omega 3 PUFA with welldocumented effects, which have been reviewed recently [1] . The main source of omega 3 PUFA is marine products. EPA and DHA are synthesized by phytoplankton and algae, and are eventually transferred through the food web and are incorporated into lipids of fish and marine mammals [2] . In order to benefit from omega 3 PUFA, fish oil supplements are suggested instead of fish meal consumption.

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) are the two most important omega 3 PUFA with welldocumented effects, which have been reviewed recently.

EPA and DHA are synthesized by phytoplankton and algae, and are eventually transferred through the food web and are incorporated into lipids of fish and marine mammals.


Also related to our cost-benefit analysis is the work on speedup analysis in partial evaluation [2, 15] . This analysis starts with a binding-time annotated program, where variables whose values are statically known are marked as such. Speedup analysis estimates the asymptotic speedup that partial evaluation of the program would yield. By contrast to this work, we cannot assume that we have a binding-time annotated program-indeed, the whole point of our analysis is to take variables whose values cannot be statically predicted, and determine which if any, of the (possibly unboundedly many) values taken on by such variables might yield performance improvements. Another important difference is that we are concerned not with asymptotic speedups but rather with concrete improvements in speed, and therefore pay careful attention to low level issues such as the effects of specialization on instruction cache utilization (as discussed, for example, in Section 2.4 in the context of loop unrolling).

Also related to our cost-benefit analysis is the work on speedup analysis in partial evaluation.


The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors and regulates the expression of phase I and phase II drug/xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and transporters responsible for the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of xenobiotics and endogenous substrates [1] [2] [3] . PXR was first isolated from mouse liver in 1998. Its orthologs in rats, rabbits, and humans have been identified and cloned. PXR is NR subfamily 1 group I member 2 in the standard nomenclature, along with the pregnane-activated receptor (PAR) and the steroid and xenobiotic receptor [1, [4] [5] [6] . Similar to other orphan NRs, PXR possesses a common structural organization with a conserved N-terminal DNA-binding domain (DBD) and a ligand-binding domain (LBD). The DBD is characterized by two zinc fingers, which link the receptor to the specific promoter regions of its target genes [7] .

The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors and regulates the expression of phase I and phase II drug/xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and transporters responsible for the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of xenobiotics and endogenous substrates.

PXR is NR subfamily 1 group I member 2 in the standard nomenclature, along with the pregnane-activated receptor (PAR) and the steroid and xenobiotic receptor.

The DBD is characterized by two zinc fingers, which link the receptor to the specific promoter regions of its target genes.


Our empirical results show a weak feedback relationship between electricity spot and futures markets regardless of time scales. While wavelet variance shows that the futures markets are less volatile than the spot market, wavelet correlation varies over investment horizons and remains very low. The magnitude of the correlation decreases as the wavelet time scale increases, indicating that spot and futures markets are found to be fundamentally different and their relation not homogeneous across scales. The economic interpretation may be that the arrival of information in the market does not resolve price uncertainty in electricity markets. More uncertainty is added, and over a longer amount of time the basis risk increases (Dewally and Marriott, 2008) . As such, the noise in the market does not tend to be canceled over time.

More uncertainty is added, and over a longer amount of time the basis risk increases.


A financial institution faced with possibility of loss must hold an amount of money (risk capital) to act as a buffer for the risky position. The risky position portfolio is composed of different subportfolios, divisions, or lines of business. Because they are not perfectly correlated, some hedge potential may come from the composed portfolio, which means that the total risk capital for the composed portfolio can be less than the sum of all the risk capital of subportfolios. How to allocate the total risk capital to each subportfolios fairly is very important, because it is the key for performance evaluation as well as for pricing decisions (Van Gerwald, De Waegenaere & Norde, 2012) .

How to allocate the total risk capital to each subportfolios fairly is very important, because it is the key for performance evaluation as well as for pricing decisions.


Recently we have demonstrated a MZI based device with a phase modulator that features a selfaligned pn junction operating at 50Gbit/s [1] . Here we demonstrate not only that the same self-aligned technology can also be applied to a ring resonator based device, but also that it can be more effective since a greater interaction of the light with the region of depleted carriers occurs. A mask design error required the use of a focussed ion beam (FIB) for error correction of the fabricated device. This work demonstrates the value of such a technique in the prototyping of silicon photonic devices and systems.

Recently we have demonstrated a MZI based device with a phase modulator that features a selfaligned pn junction operating at 50Gbit/s.


Candidate inhibitors may display only one of the aforementioned properties, such as a relatively high adsorption strength but in the presence of large intermolecular interactions leading to strong clustering, they might leave surface patches exposed to the corrosive environment at low concentration. Alternatively, molecules with a lower adsorption strength yielding a good surface coverage and exposing carboxylate moieties (or other anionic groups) may produce significant inhibition effects through electrostatic repulsion of chloride ions. The resulting pitting potential is high, in agreements with previous findings [25] .

The resulting pitting potential is high, in agreements with previous findings.


Corrosion of steel embedded in concrete is one of the major causes of degradation of concrete structures. Normally, steel reinforcements are in passive condition, promoted by the concrete alkalinity. However, the passive film may be destroyed and corrosion may occur, mainly by two specific conditions: a) carbonation of concrete, which is the reaction of atmospheric carbon dioxide with the cement paste; b) presence of chlorides at the carbon steel surface in a content higher than a critical value [1] .

However, the passive film may be destroyed and corrosion may occur, mainly by two specific conditions: a) carbonation of concrete, which is the reaction of atmospheric carbon dioxide with the cement paste; b) presence of chlorides at the carbon steel surface in a content higher than a critical value.


Concerning the analysis of Item 1, it was noticed that female students were more emotionally stricken, compared to males (20.10%), when violence was perpetrated against familiar women (29.86). On the other hand, more male students (45.55%) indicated they would be emotionally stricken in the same way, whether a violent act was perpetrated against a known or unknown woman, than female students (38.70%). Results suggest that violence against women represents a relevant problem and that students are sensitive to the phenomenon, even when it hurts people who they do not directly know. In addition, results do not show any statistically relevant gender difference associated with the perceived seriousness of the committed violence (Etter & Birzer, 2007) .

In addition, results do not show any statistically relevant gender difference associated with the perceived seriousness of the committed violence.


In Item 5, dealing with the limits of individual freedom in a romantic relationship, the sample provided more homogenous results: 96% of the sample agreed with the relevance of freedom and individual space within a love relationship. Considering the gender differences, 93.79% of males and 98.22% of females share this point of view; these high percentages highlight a minimum relevant statistical difference between genders. The same difference is identified in attitudes regarding total sharing and controlling behavior, supported by 6.21% of males and only by 1.78% females. Previous studies showed that controlling behaviors are similar in men and women, and partner control may be equally important for both genders (Danel et al., 2016; Graham-Kevan & Archer, 2009; Papp, Liss, Erchull, Godfrey, & WaalandKreutzer, 2017) . Controlling behavior can involve violence and abuse, and for men this behavior manifests as direct guarding, verbal insults directed at their partners, and actively controlling their partners actions (Danel et al., 2016) . For women, this behavior can involve psychological aggression as a strategy to gain advantage over a male partner (Danel et al., 2016; Hughes, Massura, Anukem, & Cattage, 2016) .

Previous studies showed that controlling behaviors are similar in men and women, and partner control may be equally important for both genders.

Controlling behavior can involve violence and abuse, and for men this behavior manifests as direct guarding, verbal insults directed at their partners, and actively controlling their partners actions.

For women, this behavior can involve psychological aggression as a strategy to gain advantage over a male partner.


Many decision problems where an agent is responsive to online feedback are modeled as a multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem (Mary, Gaudel, and Preux 2015; Villar, Bowden, and Wason 2015) . In the MAB setting there are K arms, each associated with a fixed but unknown reward probability distribution (Lai and Robbins 1985; Auer, Cesa-Bianchi, and Fischer 2002) . At each time step, an agent plays an arm, i.e., recommends an item to a user, and receives a reward that follows the selected arm's probability distribution, independent of the previous actions. A popular generalization of MAB is the contextual multi-armed bandit (CMAB) problem where the agent observes a d-dimensional feature vector, or context, to use along with the rewards of the arms played in the past in order to choose an arm to play. Over time, the agent learns the relationship between contexts and rewards and select the best arm (Agrawal and Goyal 2013) .

Many decision problems where an agent is responsive to online feedback are modeled as a multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem.

In the MAB setting there are K arms, each associated with a fixed but unknown reward probability distribution.

Over time, the agent learns the relationship between contexts and rewards and select the best arm.


Extensive research on the bronchial epithelial lining fluid has been done to understand mechanisms of permeability, pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology. The lack of techniques for continuous monitoring and the possibility of causing lung injury have limited previous work to describe the dynamics of physiological phenomena. Lung microdialysis as previously described, with an open surgical technique and "interstitial" introduction of the microdialysis catheter by visual control, is only suitable for patients undergoing thoracic surgery [19] [20] [21] .

Lung microdialysis as previously described, with an open surgical technique and "interstitial" introduction of the microdialysis catheter by visual control, is only suitable for patients undergoing thoracic surgery.


Other relevant work has been concerned with individuals' thinking about multiple consequences across a defined population. For instance, African female sex workers have been shown to knowingly accept high risk of HIV infection in order to improve dire economic circumstances (Lees et al., 2009) . Gay Australian men who opted for subsequent retroviral prophylaxis were found to undertake condomless sex despite perceiving an associated HIV risk because other considerations, such as the implications for an intimate personal relationship, outweighed health concerns (Körner, Hendry and Kippax, 2005) .

For instance, African female sex workers have been shown to knowingly accept high risk of HIV infection in order to improve dire economic circumstances.

Gay Australian men who opted for subsequent retroviral prophylaxis were found to undertake condomless sex despite perceiving an associated HIV risk because other considerations, such as the implications for an intimate personal relationship, outweighed health concerns.


In this paper we study the formation of unilamellar vesicles due to binding of Ca 2+ ions to the DPPC bilayer, and the effect of ions on the lipid bilayer thickness. The samples were prepared in excess of water, in the concentration range 0.2-60 mM of CaCl 2 . We focused our investigation on the concentration range 0.5-20 mM of CaCl 2 , with the aim to follow an effect of calcium on the lipid bilayer underneath the concentration at which the formation of an electric double layer screens the effect of the charges. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used for the study, and scattering curves were analysed applying a treatment from our previous works [28] [29] [30] .

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used for the study, and scattering curves were analysed applying a treatment from our previous works.


Delta-Sigma ( ) based Fractional-N PLL synthesizers are extensively used in wireless communication applications as a local oscillator to generate accurately defined frequencies. The technique offers high switching speed, low phase noise, and narrow channel spacing [1] . The design of Fractional-N PLL synthesizers, however, requires an iterative design process due to the large set of system parameters that must be optimized to achieve the desired phase noise, settling time, and fractional spur rejection. In addition, a modulator used to instantaneously alter the feedback division modulus introduces excessive phase noise and fractional spurs. A behavioral level simulator is required to reduce the design turnaround time as well as assess the phase noise contribution and fractional spur rejection of the modulator before the physical design phase. The need for a behavioral level simulator is strengthened by the characteristic that both the PLL and the modulator are nonlinear systems. Mathematical approximations based on a small signal analysis and a white noise assumption do not accurately characterize the system behavior. Transistor level simulators such as SPICE or SPECTRE are not suitable for fast simulation of such complex systems.

The technique offers high switching speed, low phase noise, and narrow channel spacing.


Lately, liquefied biomethane (LBM) from biogas has attracted much interest as an alternative fuel [2] . Similar to liquefied natural gas (LNG), the energy density of LBM is about 21 MJ/L, which is approximately 2.4 times higher than that of compressed biomethane (Bio-CNG) [3] . The higher energy density of LBM makes it feasible as long distance transportation fuel. Currently, the global LBM production is limited to only 43,100 tonnes per annum, which is considerably lower than global trade of liquefied natural gas (LNG) with 293.1 million tonnes in 2017 [4] . However, it is estimated that demands for LBM will increase not only for the vehicle transportation sector, but also in maritime transport over the next decades [4] .

Lately, liquefied biomethane (LBM) from biogas has attracted much interest as an alternative fuel.

Similar to liquefied natural gas (LNG), the energy density of LBM is about 21 MJ/L, which is approximately 2.4 times higher than that of compressed biomethane (Bio-CNG).

Currently, the global LBM production is limited to only 43,100 tonnes per annum, which is considerably lower than global trade of liquefied natural gas (LNG) with 293.1 million tonnes in 2017.

However, it is estimated that demands for LBM will increase not only for the vehicle transportation sector, but also in maritime transport over the next decades.


In order to produce applicable biomethane in liquid form, the obtained biomethane from the upgrading processes must be liquefied in an external refrigeration cycle. Knowledge regarding refrigeration cycles is mature in terms of process design and energy optimization since it has been implemented in LNG plants for the past 100 years [6] [7] [8] . Cascade liquefaction processes, mixed refrigerant processes, and expander liquefaction processes (i.e. reverse Bryton cycles) are commercialized for liquefaction purposes [9] .

Knowledge regarding refrigeration cycles is mature in terms of process design and energy optimization since it has been implemented in LNG plants for the past 100 years.

Cascade liquefaction processes, mixed refrigerant processes, and expander liquefaction processes (i.e. reverse Bryton cycles) are commercialized for liquefaction purposes.


Detecting emotions in textual conversations can be a challenging problem in absence of facial expressions and voice modulations. Figure 1 provides an example where it is difficult, even as a human, to detect the emotion of user utterance solely on the basis of text of the conversation. The emotion of the user whose messages are on the left, could be interpreted as angry or sad. The challenge of detecting emotions is further compounded by difficulty in understanding context, sarcasm, class size imbalance, natural language ambiguity and rapidly growing Internet slang. However, with the growing prominence of messaging platforms like WhatsApp and Twitter as well as digital agents, it is essential that machines are able to understand emotions in textual conversations and avoid responding inappropriately [23] . Emotion detection technology can find several applications in today's online world. In domain of customer service, social media platforms like Twitter are gaining prominence where customers expect quick responses. In case of heavy flow of tweets, turn-around time for responses increase. If tweets can be prioritized according to their emotional content and responded to in that order, it will increase customer satisfaction. For example, responding to an angry tweet prior to a basic inquiry. Also, in this era of text messaging, users are constantly texting and may send inappropriately angry messages to others. If emotion detection is implemented, in such cases, the application can take appropriate action such as popping up a warning to the user before sending a message.

However, with the growing prominence of messaging platforms like WhatsApp and Twitter as well as digital agents, it is essential that machines are able to understand emotions in textual conversations and avoid responding inappropriately.


The field of sentiment analysis has been extensively studied. However, limited research exists in classifying textual conversations based on emotions. In a bid to gather annotated data on a large scale, some researchers have used automated methods such as emoticons, sentiment analysis and hashtags to label the data [13, 14, 30, 35, 39] . Our method relies on a combination of Deep Learning based data expansion, heuristics and human judgment to create a large corpus of training data for the model.

In a bid to gather annotated data on a large scale, some researchers have used automated methods such as emoticons, sentiment analysis and hashtags to label the data.


The fact that there was no statistical significance in the SF8-asessed cognitive performance between the age ranges of the G1 individuals may be accounted for by a sample bias, as this group was already cognitively impaired. With the exception of the Arithmetic subtest, no significant differences in the verbal performances were observed in the G2. This may be due to the persistence or crystallization of the verbal abilities with aging. The fact that the Arithmetic subtest assesses fluid intelligence and abstract reasoning may have added to the poorer performance seen among the elders (Parente & Wagner, 2006) .

The fact that the Arithmetic subtest assesses fluid intelligence and abstract reasoning may have added to the poorer performance seen among the elders.


The strong association between the cognitive tests (MMSE and SF8) indicates that both assess the same construct (cognition). FA8-assessed cognition was above average in G2, a superior result according to the classical correction of the scale. This finding underscores the possibility of cognition preservation during aging (Argimon & Stein, 2005; Charchat-Fichman et al., 2005) .

This finding underscores the possibility of cognition preservation during aging.


One approach to studying virtual teams is determining whether factors that drive aspects of conventional team performance also exist in the virtual environment. Interaction style has been shown to have a great effect on conventional teams' ability to achieve solution quality and solution acceptance on collaborative decision tasks (Hirokawa, 1985; Watson & Michaelsen 1988; Hirokawa & Gouran, 1989; Cooke & Szumal, 1994) . Group y interaction styles affect communication and thus team performance by facilitating or hindering the exchange of information among group members. These styles reflect an aggregation of behavioral traits of individual team members, rooted in their individual personalities. The interaction style of conventional teams can be reliably assessed, and from that assessment, certain types of objective decision performance and process outcomes on collaborative decision tasks can be predicted. The present study seeks to determine whether or not virtual teams who collaborate via text-based computer-mediated communication also exhibit similar interaction styles, and whether the styles have the same effects on their performance and process outcomes as they do with conventional teams. Beyond answering this interesting research question, the practical result of this research is to introduce a webbased methodology that virtual team managers can use to assess how a potential virtual team is going to interact, and by extension, how they will share information, and how well they are likely to perform those team functions that require collaborative problemsolving and decision-making. The methodology can also be used to diagnose communication-based difficulties that underperforming virtual teams may be having.

Interaction style has been shown to have a great effect on conventional teams' ability to achieve solution quality and solution acceptance on collaborative decision tasks.


In order to predict FMS and the occurring variations in fiber content, a different approach is needed that accounts for complex fiber movement and interactions during processing. To this end, the direct fiber simulation (DFS) was developed to study complex interactions occurring during processing. The DFS utilizes a particle level mechanistic model, in which fibers are simulated as rigid beams connected by ball and socket joints [13, 14] . During simulation, fiber-fiber interaction, hydrodynamic, fiber-mold interaction, and intra-fiber forces are computed. With this approach, complex phenomena leading to FMS can be predicted. However, using a particle level approach leads to far greater computational times than conventional models.

The DFS utilizes a particle level mechanistic model, in which fibers are simulated as rigid beams connected by ball and socket joints.


Moreover, both spectral broadening and temporal compression can occur in a single nonlinear material through solitons [22] . Solitons are stable nonlinear waves that exist as a balance between nonlinearity and dispersion, which for a negative nonlinearity is achieved with normal dispersion. Thus, with cascading solitons can form in the near-IR where the majority of lasers operate and where most materials have normal dispersion.

Moreover, both spectral broadening and temporal compression can occur in a single nonlinear material through solitons.


Here we show how these techniques point towards really exciting applications in the mid-IR regime. The idea is that noncritical cascaded SHG may occur in bulk semiconductor or dielectric materials that are transparent in the mid-IR. Often these have huge quadratic nonlinearities, but tend to be overlooked for nonlinear frequency-conversion purposes because of the intrinsic lack of phase matching and because QPM techniques often cannot be applied or are immature technologies. The premise of our approach is the availability of an energetic, but multi-cycle, mid-IR pulse obtained e.g. by optical parametric amplification of a near-IR laser pulse, and then use cascaded SHG to invoke soliton compression towards few-cycle duration, and to create strong coherent spectral broadening. We stress that quasi-phase matching (QPM) is not used, and this is on purpose: it turns out that while QPM can increase n 2,casc , it almost always leads to a resonant nonlinearity, which is a problem for ultrafast applications [16] .

We stress that quasi-phase matching (QPM) is not used, and this is on purpose: it turns out that while QPM can increase n 2,casc , it almost always leads to a resonant nonlinearity, which is a problem for ultrafast applications.


It is shown that the share of GDP spent on energy and food continues to decrease in the SSP5 baseline case despite the rapid increase in energy and food demand. This favorable economic outlook is consistent with the SSP5 narrative of rapidly improving human development including better access to modern energy and higher food security. The paper investigates the direct impact of mitigation policies on the physical and economic developments in the energy, land and emissions sectors in SSP5 and confirms the assumption that SSP5 is a world with high socio-economic challenges to mitigation. No analogous statement on the socioeconomic challenges to adaptation in SSP5 can yet be made, as both the SSP5 baseline and mitigation scenarios in this study do not yet account for climate change impacts, a subject of future research (see Section 7). The SSP5 scenarios are contingent on the SSP5 narrative, and therefore should not be understood as a prediction of how the future might evolve. The goal is to provide these scenarios as part of a larger set of plausible SSP-based futures that differ strongly in their baseline assumptions and implications for climate policy. The paper describes the uncertainty in the SSP5 scenario outcomes due to the use of different interpretations of the SSP5 narrative within four different integrated assessment models (AIM/CGE, GCAM, REMIND-MAgPIE, WITCH-GLOBIOM). Generally, the variation of energy-land-emissions outcome across SSPs (due to the different storylines of the SSPs including socio-economic uncertainty) appears to be larger than the model uncertainty. Model uncertainty however is particularly significant for land use changes especially concerning pasture and forest areas, associated land use change emissions, the primary energy mix in the mitigation cases, and the magnitude of resulting carbon prices and mitigation costs. Interestingly, the variation of consumption losses across SSPs in REMIND-MAgPIE is of a similar order of magnitude than the uncertainty in mitigation costs reported in the 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC (Clarke et al., 2014) . It will be an important research questions to what extent model uncertainty in energy, land-use, emission and economic outcomes associated with SSP5 will grow as more interpretations of SSP5 by a larger set of models become available over time.

Interestingly, the variation of consumption losses across SSPs in REMIND-MAgPIE is of a similar order of magnitude than the uncertainty in mitigation costs reported in the 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC.


The modern seismic design practice has improved the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures under earthquake loading when compared to older structures. Nevertheless, destructive damage has been observed in recent large earthquakes and financial loss due to such events can be devastating (Mander and Rodgers 2015) . This is the consequence of designing structures for ductility.

Nevertheless, destructive damage has been observed in recent large earthquakes and financial loss due to such events can be devastating.


Our technique could be applied for specular reflection reduction in traditional photography and also for improving computer vision methods. We show in Figure 8 that using our specular-reduced image significantly improves depth edge detection [1] . Figure 9 shows more results in challenging specular scenes.

We show in Figure 8 that using our specular-reduced image significantly improves depth edge detection.


The clustering problem has been extensively researched in mobile ad hoc networks (MONET) and data streaming systems. In MONET, data unit to be clustered is the mobility node where the characteristics of a node are taken into account for cluster head choices in order to conserve energy and connectivity [21] - [23] . In data streams, k-means and density-based clustering algorithms have been extended to cluster large volume of multi-dimensional data points generated by sensor networks [24] - [26] .

In MONET, data unit to be clustered is the mobility node where the characteristics of a node are taken into account for cluster head choices in order to conserve energy and connectivity.

In data streams, k-means and density-based clustering algorithms have been extended to cluster large volume of multi-dimensional data points generated by sensor networks.


It is known that the operators of integration and derivation have geometrical and physical interpretations and they were used in the modelation of problems from different domains. The use of reviewed Liouville-Riemann integration and derivation operators lead to fractional integration and derivation. The geometrical and physical interpretation is suggested by the Stieltjes integral and it was done by I. Podlubny [7] . There is a vast bibliography which contains the properties of fractional integral and derivative and the analysis of the processes which are modeled with their help [2] , [5] , [8] .

The geometrical and physical interpretation is suggested by the Stieltjes integral and it was done by I. Podlubny.

There is a vast bibliography which contains the properties of fractional integral and derivative and the analysis of the processes which are modeled with their help.


Firstly, DEFT is able to generate a basis of operators at a given dimension that is not only (hopefully) correct, but is also obtained relatively quickly, provided that the operator dimension is not too large. For example, for the SMEFT with one generation of fermions at operator dimension six, DEFT generates the list of 84 operators in Fig. 4 in a matter of minutes. This is to be contrasted with the human approach, which took roughly a quarter of a century, with more than one hiccough along the way [3, 4] .

This is to be contrasted with the human approach, which took roughly a quarter of a century, with more than one hiccough along the way.


The ability of DEFT to construct arbitrary bases and change between them gives it something of an advantage with respect to recent analytic efforts to determine an EFT basis using Hilbert series methods [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . While these methods are extremely elegant, they naturally require a specific type of basis, namely one in which the numbers of derivatives appearing in operators are minimized. DEFT also enables us to perform an independent cross-check of these methods.

The ability of DEFT to construct arbitrary bases and change between them gives it something of an advantage with respect to recent analytic efforts to determine an EFT basis using Hilbert series methods.


It is suggested that aquatic exercise provides an optimum environment for rehabilitation programmes for patients with neurological conditions [13] . To date, there has not been a systematic review evaluating the effects of aquatic exercise on balance in patients with neurological conditions. The aim of this study is to systematically review the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies to assess the effectiveness of aquatic exercises for balance improvement in patients with multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and stroke.

It is suggested that aquatic exercise provides an optimum environment for rehabilitation programmes for patients with neurological conditions.


Our study had several limitations that deserve mention. First, the study population was drawn from a single large high school. Although the adolescents in the study were homogeneous in terms of their racial and ethnic backgrounds, their baseline values for smoking and for susceptibility to smoking are, in fact, similar to values previously reported [28, 39, 40] . Nevertheless, our findings should be confirmed in more diverse populations. Second, although a cross-sectional study can show associations between SML and smoking, the more clinically relevant question would be whether individuals with different levels of SML will have different rates of initiating the use of cigarettes. This question could ideally be answered with a prospective cohort study, which would be the next logical step. Third, we relied on self-report of smoking, rather than biochemical verification of smoking. We did not verify smoking behavior, however, because of (1) the potential to introduce selection bias; (2) the fact that this would have necessitated active informed consent; and (3) the fact that only a very small proportion of the students were daily smokers in whom cotinine would be detected.

Although the adolescents in the study were homogeneous in terms of their racial and ethnic backgrounds, their baseline values for smoking and for susceptibility to smoking are, in fact, similar to values previously reported.


The stable stage distribution, the right eigenvector of a transition matrix, is the asymptotic relative abundance of individuals in all classes (Caswell 2001) . We compared the stable stage distribution from deterministic transition matrices (excluding parameter uncertainty) with the observed distribution, as differences between them can indicate fluctuating vital rates. We calculated Cohen's cumulative distance (Cohen's D 1 ) to quantify the distance between the stable stage and observed distributions (Cohen 1979) .

The stable stage distribution, the right eigenvector of a transition matrix, is the asymptotic relative abundance of individuals in all classes.

We calculated Cohen's cumulative distance (Cohen's D 1 ) to quantify the distance between the stable stage and observed distributions.


Conceptualizing and modelling of SES has the potential to assist decision makers in managing complex human-environment relationships that form the basis of food systems [42, 43] . The development of SES models is, however, challenging as it requires inter alia integration of knowledge scattered across many disciplines on variables and their relationships from both the social and the ecological domains as well as explicit modelling of feedbacks between the social and ecological systems along with their cross-scale and cross-level interactions [38, [42] [43] [44] . There are various approaches to the interdisciplinary modelling of SES with differing underlying assumptions and anchored in different scientific perspectives, so there is always the likelihood that another model of a particular food system might give diverse outcomes [43, 44] .

Conceptualizing and modelling of SES has the potential to assist decision makers in managing complex human-environment relationships that form the basis of food systems.

The development of SES models is, however, challenging as it requires inter alia integration of knowledge scattered across many disciplines on variables and their relationships from both the social and the ecological domains as well as explicit modelling of feedbacks between the social and ecological systems along with their cross-scale and cross-level interactions.

There are various approaches to the interdisciplinary modelling of SES with differing underlying assumptions and anchored in different scientific perspectives, so there is always the likelihood that another model of a particular food system might give diverse outcomes.


Building on our structural diagram, further research could focus on other outcomes valued by different perspectives. Besides, the structural diagram serves also as a transition between mental models existing in literature and fully operational simulation models with which one could test the system's response to various types and magnitudes of disturbances and interventions. The system dynamics approach captures well the cross-level interactions (e.g., production and consumption) within food systems as long as the individual level is expressed in aggregated terms. Yet cross-scale (i.e., spatially disaggregated) interactions between the biophysical and decision-making, would require a hybrid approach, merging system dynamics with, for example, agent-based modelling [41] .

Yet cross-scale (i.e., spatially disaggregated) interactions between the biophysical and decision-making, would require a hybrid approach, merging system dynamics with, for example, agent-based modelling.