There is general agreement in texture research that this characteristic is the sensory and functional manifestation of the structural, mechanical and surface properties of food. Texture is being looked at not so much as the absence of defects, but as a positive quality attribute, denoting excellence in food preparation and contributing to eating enjoyment. In contrast to other sensory food attributes there is no single and specific receptor for texture because of its multiparameter nature. Some textural parameters are felt when the food is first placed in the mouth. This is the case whit crispness (Szczesniak, 2002) .

This is the case whit crispness.


Due to their fragility, brittle food particles can rarely be shaped into specimens with a well-defined shape and controlled dimensions, as is the norm in engineering materials testing. Consequently, most of these particulates must be tested either in their original form or in bulk. The resulting forcedisplacement compression is invariably irregular and irreproducible. However, the apparently random jaggedness of the force-displacement curves is not noise that should be discarded or eliminated. On the contrary, it is a source of useful information that should be retained and analysed (Peleg, 2003) .

On the contrary, it is a source of useful information that should be retained and analysed.


Superimposed upon marked regional variation in the composition of juvenile coral assemblages, there were significant differences in the relative abundance of taxa, especially on Moorea. On Moorea, the abundances of each taxon of juvenile corals was lowest at the exposed site, Haapiti, with the reductions being most pronounced in Acropora and Porites. Consequently, the relative abundance of juvenile Pocillopora was much higher at Haapiti than at Tiahura and Vaipahu. Pocillopora may be able to colonise the frequently disturbed environment of Haapiti faster than Acropora and Porites, which may need longer residence times and lower flushing rates for planula to settle on the substratum (Sammarco & Andrews 1988) . In contrast, there was little variation in the rel- Table 5 . Relationship between density of juvenile corals and cover of adult corals on Moorea and Trunk Reef. Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) are given for correlations for all coral taxa collectively (i.e. total coral cover vs. total juvenile density), and the 3 most abundant genera independently (e.g. Acropora cover vs. juvenile Acropora density). Correlations are based on the cover of adult corals and the mean density of juvenile corals per transect (n = 9). Significant results (p < 0.05) are in bold ative abundance of Pocillopora among sites on Trunk Reef, and this may be related to geographical differences in their major reproductive mode. The dominant species of Pocillopora in Moorea (Po cil lopora meandrina and Pocillopora verrucosa) are broadcast spawners , whereas the dominant species on Trunk Reef (Pocillopora damicornis) is a brooder.

Pocillopora may be able to colonise the frequently disturbed environment of Haapiti faster than Acropora and Porites, which may need longer residence times and lower flushing rates for planula to settle on the substratum.


Thus, future adolescent sleep research should be done to investigate the role of adolescent motivation in the development and implementation of sleep promotion programs (Cassoff et al. 2013) . The focus on solely enhancing sleep knowledge rather than also addressing motivational readiness to improve sleep behaviour may explain why efforts to reduce adolescent sleep restriction remain mostly unsuccessful. Therefore, we developed the Motivating Teens to Sleep More (MTSM) program. It aims to fill the gaps of previous research by enhancing motivation to go to bed earlier in a way that is congruent with adolescent developmental characteristics. The MTSM program aims to enhance motivation by incorporating three main active ingredients, namely a motivational interviewing (MI) style, a stage-based intervention approach and a tailored intervention approach.

Thus, future adolescent sleep research should be done to investigate the role of adolescent motivation in the development and implementation of sleep promotion programs.


A limitation of the current study is the generalizability of results. Because the participants are being recruited from a private high school, our findings may not generalize to adolescents of a lower socioeconomic status. Further, it will be difficult to implement the program on a wide-scale as meeting with normally developing adolescents on a oneon-one basis is resource intensive. Should the program be successful, one way to translate the findings on a wide-scale is to implement tailored computerized sleep promotion programs. Such programs are often Internet-based and can tailor the content of health promotion materials to the specific characteristics of each participant (Rimer and Kreuter 2006) . Not only is delivering the program over the Internet more feasible than in person, but it is considered an appropriate way in which to communicate with adolescents due to its accessibility and the tendency for adolescents to view the Internet as a credible source for health information (Borzekowski and Rickert 2001) .

Such programs are often Internet-based and can tailor the content of health promotion materials to the specific characteristics of each participant.

Not only is delivering the program over the Internet more feasible than in person, but it is considered an appropriate way in which to communicate with adolescents due to its accessibility and the tendency for adolescents to view the Internet as a credible source for health information.


To measure cooperation in Study 3, we used one of the best-known approaches: the Prisoner's Dilemma game (Axelrod, 1984) . This experimental set-up makes it possible to examine how features of a social setting influence a behavioral measure of cooperation (Kerr, 1995) . The set-up is one in which the collective interest is best served if all individuals-or groupscooperate (Komorita & Parks, 1995) . Indeed, the dilemma lies in the fact that it is more desirable to maximize selfish interests but, if all groups do so, all receive poorer outcomes. Cooperation as measured in the Prisoner's Dilemma can thus be interpreted as closely aligned with team performance, especially when it is played over multiple rounds and repeated mutual cooperation yields higher pay-offs (Axelrod, 1984) .

To measure cooperation in Study 3, we used one of the best-known approaches: the Prisoner's Dilemma game.

This experimental set-up makes it possible to examine how features of a social setting influence a behavioral measure of cooperation.

The set-up is one in which the collective interest is best served if all individuals-or groupscooperate.

Cooperation as measured in the Prisoner's Dilemma can thus be interpreted as closely aligned with team performance, especially when it is played over multiple rounds and repeated mutual cooperation yields higher pay-offs.


We believe the model setup used in this study may provide a useful theoretical framework for studying the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones (Hart and Evans 2001; Jones et al. 2003) . The structure of an initial perturbation vortex with a strong low-level cyclonic circulation, a large warm anomaly, and high moisture content is qualitatively similar to a transitioning tropical cyclone. The idealized MM5 simulations presented here illustrate how such a perturbation vortex can initially survive and subsequently grow in a moist, baroclinic atmosphere. We hypothesize that it is the DRV growth mechanism that allows for the decaying tropical cyclone to translate from a tropical to a baroclinic environment, where significant reintensification can occur.

We believe the model setup used in this study may provide a useful theoretical framework for studying the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones.


In this competitive business environment, sellers are not only concerned about providing quality products or services but their major concern is to retain the customer for a long term and profitable relationship (Tseng, 2007) . Due to this intense competition in the market, they need to interact with their customer by looking beyond the traditional strategy of marketing mix. Today's marketplace demands to achieve certain competitive edge. Therefore, companies are emphasizing more and more on relationship marketing to create a bond with their customers. Relationship marketing is becoming an integral part of marketing strategy and thus contributing towards acquiring strong competitive advantage. Hence, repeat purchase is increasing, thus benefiting both parties (Andaleeb, 1996) .

In this competitive business environment, sellers are not only concerned about providing quality products or services but their major concern is to retain the customer for a long term and profitable relationship.

Hence, repeat purchase is increasing, thus benefiting both parties.


Regarding skin toxicity, our findings indicate that the rate of severe acute events (grade ≥ 3 CTCAE) is potentially increased by CCT, high radiation dose (>45 Gy/25 fx to lymph node volumes), and outspread of target volumes (breast only versus breast and lymph nodes). Doses of 50 Gy/25 fx to whole breast seem tolerable (without CCT or lymph node irradiation) with possibility of simultaneous boost to gross tumor volume (patient number 2, Tables 3 and  4) . However, in treatment of both breast and lymph nodes (especially with CCT) doses should be limited to 45 Gy/25 fx (1.8 Gy/fx) to lymph nodes and 50 Gy/25 fx (2 Gy/fx) to whole breast. The toxicity of the above CCT regimen (combined 3D CRT) has been previously evaluated [23] . Nevertheless, this study is the first to report the acute toxicity of this CCT regimen combined with HT.

The toxicity of the above CCT regimen (combined 3D CRT) has been previously evaluated.


Dystocia was associated with reproductive tract abnormalities, which reduce fertility (Berglund, 2008) . Only 0.60% of the previous calving registered for the surveyed cows required surgical interventions (as caesarean or fetotomy) and, perhaps, the importance of this factor could not be fully clarified. However, results indicate that in the absence of major interventions, there were no differences between easy, slightly problematic or difficult calving in terms of success in the subsequent insemination.

Dystocia was associated with reproductive tract abnormalities, which reduce fertility.


Increasing milk production level was also related to a reduced 56-NRR (Table 2) . Selection process for milk yield increases blood concentrations of somatotropin and prolactin, stimulators of lactation, and decreased insulin, a hormone that is antagonistic to lactation and may be important for normal follicular development (LeBlanc, 2010) . Therefore, reproductive performance is compromised primarily through delayed ovarian activity and also reduced conception rates by high milk yield. An interaction between calving to first insemination interval and milk yield was expected to exist, but could not be observed in the present study. The effect of milk yield on 56-NRR should be different for cows with different calving-first insemination intervals. No collinearity problems were detected between other variables.

Selection process for milk yield increases blood concentrations of somatotropin and prolactin, stimulators of lactation, and decreased insulin, a hormone that is antagonistic to lactation and may be important for normal follicular development.


The new trials gave insights into the CV effects of the basal insulin degludec, the SGLT-2 inhibitor canagliflozin, the GLP-1 RA once-weekly exenatide and the α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose. Insulin degludec was compared to Insulin glargine U100. Since 2015 the new longer-acting Insulin glargine U300 has been approved for the European market, after initiation of DEVOTE. The DEVOTE study could confirm non-inferiority in terms of CV events. With regard to hypoglycaemic risks Insulin degludec was superior to Insulin glargine, both in rates of severe and nocturnal severe hypoglycaemia. Glycaemic control did not differ between the two groups. Also adverse events did not occur in different rates comparing Insulin degludec and Insulin glargine. Interestingly, it was reported that fasting glucose variability during the study was associated with higher risk of hypoglycaemia and of total mortality [25] . This observation is of interest because glucose variability has been suggested as an independent risk factor for diabetic complications [26] . Long lasting insulins provide patients with the possibility to consistently lower glucose levels. The more stable pharmacodynamics result in a half-life of more than 24 h and thereby reduce the risks of hypoglycaemia [27] . The DEVOTE study is only the second completed trial investigating CV effects of standard care medication like insulin, metformin or sulfonylurea. The ORIGIN trial compared CV outcomes of Insulin glargine with standard care and did not observe any differences between the two groups [9] .

Interestingly, it was reported that fasting glucose variability during the study was associated with higher risk of hypoglycaemia and of total mortality.

This observation is of interest because glucose variability has been suggested as an independent risk factor for diabetic complications.

The more stable pharmacodynamics result in a half-life of more than 24 h and thereby reduce the risks of hypoglycaemia.

The ORIGIN trial compared CV outcomes of Insulin glargine with standard care and did not observe any differences between the two groups.


Selection of release sites is a critical component of any reintroduction but can be difficult to identify for threatened species with reduced ranges. Habitat suitability for threatened species is often gauged by habitat use within restricted or relic populations that may inhabit sub-optimal regions at the peripheries of their indigenous range (Osborne & Seddon 2012) . Given the importance of release site suitability, understanding habitat use immediately post-release when founders are adjusting to new environmental conditions may improve the success rate of future assisted colonisations.

Habitat suitability for threatened species is often gauged by habitat use within restricted or relic populations that may inhabit sub-optimal regions at the peripheries of their indigenous range.


That said, there is considerable room for additional research. For example, we still have limited understanding of the underlying processes that might lead to the moral mandate effect. Why do people tend to care more about outcomes than procedures in contexts like the Rodney King case? Although the results of the present study provided novel evidence that people are more likely to derogate aspects of procedural fairness after learning that outcomes fail to match moral mandates, they do not conclusively establish the mechanism that accounts for this effect. Were people in fact motivated to engage in more extensive information processing about procedural elements of the case after learning that their mandated outcome was not supported? Would people have been willing to accept the questionable aspects of the change of venue had the "right" outcome been reached? Moreover, given that the Rodney King verdict aroused people's emotions (e.g., anger) to a strong degree, one alternative explanation for the influence of moral mandates on people's perceptions of fairness is that people's emotional reactions drive their perceptions of fairness. People sometimes judge moral and immoral, right and wrong, on the basis of visceral and intuitive, rather than deliberative, cognitive processes (Haidt, 2001) . Perhaps, people's anger at the verdict shaped their reactions to the case in general and their criticism of the procedures in the case without motivating them to more carefully scrutinize the procedural information. Future research should continue to explore the underlying motivational explanations for why people are more critical of procedures after learning that their mandated outcome was not supported.

People sometimes judge moral and immoral, right and wrong, on the basis of visceral and intuitive, rather than deliberative, cognitive processes.


This retrospective analysis aimed to evaluate volumetric changes of grafted areas after maxillary sinus augmentation. Stability of the grafted volume represents an important factor for implant success. Previous reports have clearly indicated that resorption of transplanted bone resulted in an increased implant loss in one-stage procedures, or adversely affected implant positioning in two-stage procedures in cases where an insufficient amount of transplanted bone remained [10, 13, 26, 36] . Although the number of cases was limited in the present study, but a significant 3D radiographic volumetric reduction was measured in all augmented area with a mean resorption rate of 20.63 % over a 2-year period from grafting to implant placement, restoration and 1 year of clinical function. The mean volume reduction was 10.84 % during the 4-month sinus graft healing period, and 9.8 % after 1 year of implant loading.

Previous reports have clearly indicated that resorption of transplanted bone resulted in an increased implant loss in one-stage procedures, or adversely affected implant positioning in two-stage procedures in cases where an insufficient amount of transplanted bone remained.


Our results provide a broad insight into the mating and dispersal strategies of Eciton army ants. First, by flying more than 1 km away from their maternal colonies, males are minimising the chances of mating with related queens. Second, by mating with many unrelated males, Eciton queens boost the effective number of breeding individuals within their mating area. Finally, a further but more limited dispersal of Eciton colonies might be achieved through their monthly migrations, when they are able to cover up to 1.6 km (Franks 1982) . Taking all of these observations together, we conclude that the dispersal and mating system of these army ants seem to enhance gene flow and minimise the deleterious effects associated with small effective population size.

Finally, a further but more limited dispersal of Eciton colonies might be achieved through their monthly migrations, when they are able to cover up to 1.6 km.


In this paper, we proposed an adaptive CORBA template (ACT), which can be used to develop new adaptive CORBA frameworks and to enhance existing frameworks with unanticipated adaptive functionality and interoperability features. ACT can adapt legacy CORBA applications at run time without the need to modify or recompile their source code. The only requirement is that the application use a CORBA ORB that supports portable interceptors [11] . We developed an ACT prototype in Java and conducted a case study in which we integrated ACT with QuO. Our experiments show that the overhead introduced by ACT is negligible. We also showed that ACT can enable transparent integration of new adaptive code into extant QuO applications.

The only requirement is that the application use a CORBA ORB that supports portable interceptors.


All the subsystems required in a modern adjustable speed drive are being developed at LABCATyP using Flash-based FPGA devices [11] [12] [13] . Thus, a phase-to-ground current protection circuit was implemented with the objective to protect both the motor and the power module. In contrast to other methods presented in the bibliography, it was mandatory to provide a fast detection response.

All the subsystems required in a modern adjustable speed drive are being developed at LABCATyP using Flash-based FPGA devices.


During the 2000s, the movement toward walkable neighborhoods was formed by planners and researchers in order to achieve sustainability goals [1] . This movement has gathered momentum as the issues of neighborhood walkability have become linked to those of economic, environmental, and public health benefits [2] . Walkable neighborhoods produce economic, environmental, and neighborhood advantages including increase in property values, decrease in traffic-related air pollution, and strengthened social integration in neighborhoods [3] [4] [5] [6] . Beyond the creation of socioeconomic benefits, several public health studies have reported that neighborhood walkability offers various public health benefits, especially the prevention or control of many chronic diseases as well as the reduction of healthcare costs. These health benefits are attributed to the fact that walking is usually the most easily undertaken form of physical activity [7, 8] . Most of all, there is consensus among researchers that walkable neighborhoods are particularly significant for disadvantaged populations because minorities and low-income groups tend to be vulnerable to inactivity-related diseases [9] [10] [11] .

During the 2000s, the movement toward walkable neighborhoods was formed by planners and researchers in order to achieve sustainability goals.

This movement has gathered momentum as the issues of neighborhood walkability have become linked to those of economic, environmental, and public health benefits.

Walkable neighborhoods produce economic, environmental, and neighborhood advantages including increase in property values, decrease in traffic-related air pollution, and strengthened social integration in neighborhoods.

These health benefits are attributed to the fact that walking is usually the most easily undertaken form of physical activity.

Most of all, there is consensus among researchers that walkable neighborhoods are particularly significant for disadvantaged populations because minorities and low-income groups tend to be vulnerable to inactivity-related diseases.


While most previous studies about subsidized housing issues mainly focused on the associations between subsidized households and socioeconomic environments such as income level, racial composition, poverty level, unemployment level, etc., this study further investigated the living environments of subsidized households by estimating walkable neighborhood amenities around subsidized housing complexes. We examined the characteristics of the walking-related built environment for both PH and LIHTC neighborhoods in Austin and estimated the neighborhood walkability by utilizing the Street Smart Walk Score data, which is known as a valid tool [61, 62, 77] . Given the empirical evidence on the benefits of walkable neighborhood amenities on public health, social interactions, and environmental benefits, it is important to investigate whether subsidized households are located in neighborhoods where they can partake of these benefits. In order to develop datasets and robust statistical modeling, we aggregated the Street Smart Walk Scores by each block group after geocoding them at the street level and then merged the data with the objectively measured built environment data (sidewalks, bike lanes, highways, and major roads) at the block group level. To control the effects of covariates on the PH and LIHTC outcome variables coded by a binary scheme, we also collected various socio-demographic data at the block group level, including minority, income, housing value, unemployment, female-headed family, teenage school dropouts, and welfare receipt. To the best our knowledge, this study is one of few studies examining walkable environments for subsidized households.

We examined the characteristics of the walking-related built environment for both PH and LIHTC neighborhoods in Austin and estimated the neighborhood walkability by utilizing the Street Smart Walk Score data, which is known as a valid tool.


The vast majority of studies published used amplitude analysis methods e.g. integrating the raw signal or calculating the root mean square to describe muscle activation patterns in the 4 competitive swimming strokes and/or to compare the muscle activation pattern of a certain group of swimmers to another group. Recently an extensive review of this work has been presented by Clarys and Rouard [4] . In 2006, the first study using frequency analysis to describe muscle fatigue was published [5] .

Recently an extensive review of this work has been presented by Clarys and Rouard.

In 2006, the first study using frequency analysis to describe muscle fatigue was published.


In the German rehabilitation process of working persons, the most important intersections between medical protagonists are those between primary care physicians (PCPs), occupational health physicians (OPs), and rehabilitation physicians (RPs). The focus of this study is on OPs. Every company in Germany is obliged to employ or work together with an OP, whose functions regarding rehabilitation include screening employees, initiating or supporting the process of applying for rehabilitation, providing RPs with information about the workplace, as well as assessing, preparing, and discussing occupational reintegration. This includes providing work accommodations (e.g. standing desks, supporting devices) and determining the need for retraining and job rotation. No referral by other physicians is needed. The role of this stakeholder is explained in more detail in our study protocol [2] .

The focus of this study is on OPs.

The role of this stakeholder is explained in more detail in our study protocol.


In recent decades numerous stereo matching algorithms have been proposed [18] . They can roughly be classified into two categories; feature-based and area-based. In the featurebased ones, features such as edges, lines or corners are extracted and matched. Although some robust depth estimation is often acquired using these approaches, the output depth information is inherently rather sparse. On the other hand, the characteristic of the areabased approaches is to recover the dense 3D shape by correlating the grey levels within the window around each pixel between different images. In this paper, for the purpose of dense 3D shape recovery, we consider the area-based approaches.

In recent decades numerous stereo matching algorithms have been proposed.


The trust as a social relationship captures similarity of tastes or interests in perspective. Obviously, it may be difficult to know tastes or interests of a person from his sparse friendships. Instinctively, if the friendships can be accurately inferred, the sparse problem may be relieved so that the expanded friendships are expected to improve the accuracy of our LTPN algorithm. That is, the sparsity of trust data may severely influence the behavior of our LTPN algorithm. In a word, if trust is used to support decision making, it is important to have an accurate estimate of trust when it is not directly available, as well as a measure of confidence in that estimate [2] .

In a word, if trust is used to support decision making, it is important to have an accurate estimate of trust when it is not directly available, as well as a measure of confidence in that estimate.


Although walking is not usually considered a transportation mode, every human trip begins or finishes with walking. The pedestrian mode has received recognition as a vital building block at every age of urbanization. Ancient cities were developed in such a way as to make it possible for every citizen facility to be within walking distance for their dwellers. The pedestrian was the primary consideration for Roman and Hebrew planners (Benepe, 1965) . Even in the mechanized world of today, short trips and intermodal transportation in cities depend on the vital means of locomotion, walking, which is impossible to duplicate. In addition, the constantly increasing air pollution, urbanization, and urban population, along with the constraints on the increment of vehicles on the road, have served to popularize the natural mode of transportation. In least developing countries, however, the scarcity of transportation, poor traffic management, and less ability to bear transportation fares compel a significant portion of urban inhabitants to walk long distances. Thus, pedestrianization has become an integral part of sustainable modern urban design, where pollution-free, convenient, safe, and comfortable pedestrian facilities are ensured. To build a walking-friendly urbanization, which should be matched with the equilibrium of pedestrian demand and the capacity of pedestrian facilities, proper evaluation of local pedestrian flow characteristics and travelling behaviour is very essential. Research on pedestrian movements and flow characteristics began in the 1960s, mostly in developed countries. However, they are limited compared with research that focuses on vehicle traffic flow.

The pedestrian was the primary consideration for Roman and Hebrew planners.


Diosmetin (3',5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone) is a bioflavonoid found in spearmint, oregano, and many other plants. Like all bioflavonoids, diosmetin helps maintain normal capillary permeability and fragility [1] [2] [3] . But for its poor solubility in oil, the application of diosmetin in functional food and medicine is restricted. The low hydrophobicity of diosmetin could result in its poor permeation across the intestinal epithelial cells and reduce the gastrointestinal tract absorption, which could decrease its oral bioavailability. Lecithin is a group of yellowbrownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues, and in egg yolk [4] . It has been used as a matrix to improve the lipophilic property and targeted delivery of bioactive compounds [5, 6] . It is expected that diosmetin combined with lecithin might result in the improvement of its lipophilic property. In this study, the complex of diosmetin with lecithin was prepared for the first time, and the physicochemical properties of the complex investigated.

Like all bioflavonoids, diosmetin helps maintain normal capillary permeability and fragility.

Lecithin is a group of yellowbrownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues, and in egg yolk.

It has been used as a matrix to improve the lipophilic property and targeted delivery of bioactive compounds.


Information and Communication Technologies are key elements in the evolution of health provision. In this way, multiple elements can enhance health system efficiency as well as improving quality of service and hence citizen's quality of life, such as electronic health recorded, tele-medicine, mobile/wearable devices for remote diagnostics or the paradigm of Smart Health, as the provision of health services in the context of Smart City/Smart Region environments [1] . Several properties are desirable in the implementation of such context aware environments, such as high degree of mobility and interactivity or user-centric operation and interoperability capabilities, to name a few. One of the key elements within this framework are wireless communication systems, which in the majority of cases are the primary enablers in order to achieve mobility and service ubiquity, which is usually obtained by the combined use of multiple wireless systems (such as Body Area Networks, Wireless Local Area Networks and Public Land Mobile Networks, among others). This combined wireless system operation, capable of providing optimal quality of service as a function of user density and required transmission rate, leads to the concept of Heterogeneous Network, HetNet, and operation. In order to provide adequate service levels to each user, coverage/capacity relations must be considered, in which overall interference level is the main limiting factor [2] . Interference levels are given by intra-system users, inter-system users and external sources. It is worth noting that one of the most employed solutions is to deploy compact body area networks, based on WBAN/WLAN standards, with inherent energy limitations as well as available transmission power constraints [3] . Taking into account these limitations as well as the large variability in transceiver location and adverse wireless channel operation (given by non-line of sight operation and potentially large absorption losses), device and network planning and design is compulsory in order to guarantee adequate service levels whilst simplifying overall network architecture. In the specific case of hospital environments, several factors such as constructive complexity (given by the existence of multiple scatterers as well as enclosed environments) and potential interferences (given by the co-existence of multiple medical instruments and diagnostic elements, such as MRI), must be considered in order to estimate coverage/capacity relations specifically applied to low power compact devices.

In this way, multiple elements can enhance health system efficiency as well as improving quality of service and hence citizen's quality of life, such as electronic health recorded, tele-medicine, mobile/wearable devices for remote diagnostics or the paradigm of Smart Health, as the provision of health services in the context of Smart City/Smart Region environments.

In order to provide adequate service levels to each user, coverage/capacity relations must be considered, in which overall interference level is the main limiting factor.

It is worth noting that one of the most employed solutions is to deploy compact body area networks, based on WBAN/WLAN standards, with inherent energy limitations as well as available transmission power constraints.


As deduced, public involvement is critical to the implementation of water reuse programs, given that their success depends on acceptance and support from the potential users [7, 12] . There is a need to explore the role that farmers' perceptions played in the adoption of recycled water. This is necessary not just in terms of identification of factors influence their attitudes, but also in investigating their willingness to use and to pay for recycled wastewater irrigation.

As deduced, public involvement is critical to the implementation of water reuse programs, given that their success depends on acceptance and support from the potential users.


The oil yield from kernels is estimated between 46 and 58% derived from semi-drying oil (iodine value 93 -100%) containing mainly oleic (37 -63%), linoleic (19 -40%) and palmitic (12 -17%) acids as constituents of fatty acids. Medicinally the oil is used as a purgative and emetic and against coetaneous disease (Godbole et al.,1966) . It is also used for burning and spinning in the manufacture of hard soaps and candles, paint and lubricants (Roy, 1990) .

Medicinally the oil is used as a purgative and emetic and against coetaneous disease.

It is also used for burning and spinning in the manufacture of hard soaps and candles, paint and lubricants.


Currently, hormone and antiresorptive therapies (e.g., bisphosphonates, selective tissue estrogenic activity regulators, and calcitonins) are generally used to treat osteoporosis [7, 8] . However, these pharmacological treatments have side effects. Particularly, the long-term use of estrogen after menopause increases the risks of breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers besides blood clotting [9, 10] . Therefore, development of medicines from naturally occurring 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine compounds with fewer side effects would greatly benefit postmenopausal women. Historically, several medicinal plants have been used to prevent and treat osteoporosis because they have fewer adverse reactions and are more suitable for long-term use than chemically synthesized medicines [11] .

Currently, hormone and antiresorptive therapies (e.g., bisphosphonates, selective tissue estrogenic activity regulators, and calcitonins) are generally used to treat osteoporosis.

Particularly, the long-term use of estrogen after menopause increases the risks of breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers besides blood clotting.

Historically, several medicinal plants have been used to prevent and treat osteoporosis because they have fewer adverse reactions and are more suitable for long-term use than chemically synthesized medicines.


Combination of technologies can help to achieve a superior energy performance within buildings [13] . Both cool roof and PCM roof can help to decrease the cooling load demand [14] . A coating having high reflectivity can contribute to reduce the amount of absorbed radiation, and the PCM approach can reduce the sensible heat.

Combination of technologies can help to achieve a superior energy performance within buildings.

Both cool roof and PCM roof can help to decrease the cooling load demand.


Analogously to the little-disks setting, one may again endow the pair fSGraphs n = (fGraphs n , fGraphs 1 n ) with a two-colored dg Hopf operad structure, such that the maps are compatible with all algebraic structures. Continuing in analogy with the little disks setting, we wish to (i) define a bi-ideal of "externally disconnceted" graphs fSGraphs disc n such that the map fSGraphs n → Ω(SFM n ) factors through the quotient, and such that (ii) this map on the quotient is a quasi-isomorphism. We note that step (i) is not obvious if n = 2, since the naive definition of having connected components with only internal vertices does not work. Computing the cohomology in step (ii) is a bit more complicated than in the little disk setting, owed in part to the fact that the Swiss-Cheese operads are not formal [12] . The contribution of this note is to solve the problems (i) and (ii) and show the following result.

Computing the cohomology in step (ii) is a bit more complicated than in the little disk setting, owed in part to the fact that the Swiss-Cheese operads are not formal.


The pooled regression method is accomplished by conducting two separate regression analyses, one examining differences within dyads (in this case, comparing husbands to wives within couples) and the other examining differences between dyads (comparing couples to couples). The results of these regression analyses are then pooled to provide estimates of (a) the influence of one's own independent variables (IVs) on one's own DV, called actor effects, and (b) the influence of one's partner's IVs on one's own DV, called partner effects (Kenny, 1996) . Because some variables exist at the individual level, some variables exist at the couple level, and other variables exist at both levels, the two initial regressions will likely contain different IVs. For example, in the present study, sex is a within-couple variable that differs only within couples and not between couples. Because there is only one FILE score per couple, it is treated as a between-couple variable. Finally, DAS and RAM scores are expected to differ from couple to couple and from partner to partner within couples; these are treated as mixed variables.

The results of these regression analyses are then pooled to provide estimates of (a) the influence of one's own independent variables (IVs) on one's own DV, called actor effects, and (b) the influence of one's partner's IVs on one's own DV, called partner effects.


We observed 13 patients who developed a subsequent increase in exophthalmometry measurements in the non-proptotic eye within a period ranging from 6 months to 7 years. We believe that such a variable range of time for this occurrence suggests the presence of different pathological mechanisms. For those presenting with proptosis within 36 months, unilateral TED probably represents an early stage of the disease-initially limited to only one eye, and the contralateral proptosis is due to a prolonged manifestation of the disease, concealing its activity due to the use of corticosteroids and radiotherapy [9] . A high percentage of patients in both groups in our study had been treated with a corticosteroid before presentation, and it remains a challenge to explain factors leading to a less rapid progression of TED in one eye rather than the fellow eye. Considering that the 78% patients in group 2 needed corticosteroid versus the 53% of patients of group 1, it could be argued that patients who progressed onto bilateral proptosis have worse disease in general, and this could be suggested by a trend even in the absence of statistically significant p value.

For those presenting with proptosis within 36 months, unilateral TED probably represents an early stage of the disease-initially limited to only one eye, and the contralateral proptosis is due to a prolonged manifestation of the disease, concealing its activity due to the use of corticosteroids and radiotherapy.


Since Killing, it is known that the existence of a non degenerate invariant symmetric bilinear form is a crucial property for a Lie algebra. Let us call such a Lie algebra a quadratic Lie algebra. These Lie algebras are of interest, not only when they are finite dimensional, but infinite dimensional as well [10] . A corresponding notion of a superquadratic Lie superalgebra exists: namely, it is a Lie superalgebra endowed with a non degenerate invariant supersymmetric bilinear form. Besides, invariant bilinear forms are often constructed from Traces or Supertraces (though it is not always the case), even in the infinite dimensional case.

These Lie algebras are of interest, not only when they are finite dimensional, but infinite dimensional as well.


In isolated systems, fast reversible processes can be realized using shortcuts to adiabaticity, an umbrella term used for counter-diabatic (CD) and fast-forward (FF) protocols. CD protocols suppress transitions between the instantaneous eigenstates of a target driven Hamiltonian H(t) by evolving the system with a modified Hamiltonian H CD (t) [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . A similar strategy for suppressing transitions is implemented in closely related superadiabatic protocols [26] . Usually, the CD Hamiltonians require access to non-local controls not present in the original Hamiltonian. FF protocols, on the other hand, only modulate the couplings present in the original Hamiltonian to attain the desired adiabatic final state [19, 24, 25, [27] [28] [29] . These FF protocols are related to CD protocols by timedependent unitary transformations [29] . Several works have used such CD and FF protocols to speed up the adiabatic parts of various thermodynamic cycles [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] .

CD protocols suppress transitions between the instantaneous eigenstates of a target driven Hamiltonian H(t) by evolving the system with a modified Hamiltonian H CD (t).

A similar strategy for suppressing transitions is implemented in closely related superadiabatic protocols.

FF protocols, on the other hand, only modulate the couplings present in the original Hamiltonian to attain the desired adiabatic final state.

These FF protocols are related to CD protocols by timedependent unitary transformations.

Several works have used such CD and FF protocols to speed up the adiabatic parts of various thermodynamic cycles.


Thermally stable porous materials are required for many kinds of applications such as adsorbent, catalyst, and catalyst support. In clay minerals, the porosity is closely linked to their water content, and during the heating process the release of water from a clay interior can alter the porosity and interlayer structure (Heller-Kallai, 2006) . Since the preparation of bentonite-hydrochar composite was conducted at high temperature, it is necessary to study the behavior of the bentonite structure as the function of temperature.

In clay minerals, the porosity is closely linked to their water content, and during the heating process the release of water from a clay interior can alter the porosity and interlayer structure.


XRD diffractograms of calcium bentonite and its heat treated forms (Fig. 1) clearly show that the temperature has a significant effect on the layered structure of bentonite. The 001 reflection decreases in intensity with the increase of temperature of the thermal treatment. At 600°C, the disappearance of the 001 reflection was observed. The basal spacing (d 001 ) of bentonite and heat treated forms as the function of temperature (Table 4) indicates that the temperature slightly alters the basal spacing of the bentonite, however, if the temperature further increases to 600°C, the bentonite structure disappears. As mentioned in the previous section, the temperature has a significant effect on the structural water of the bentonite, the evaporation of structural water will alter the basal spacing of bentonite (Sarikaya et al., 2000; Zymankowska-Kumon et al., 2012) . Completely lost of the structural water will destroy the MMt characteristic. XRD diffractograms reveal that bentonite from Ponorogo, East Java, Indonesia also contains quartz, calcite, and feldspar.

As mentioned in the previous section, the temperature has a significant effect on the structural water of the bentonite, the evaporation of structural water will alter the basal spacing of bentonite.


Under the simultaneous occurrence of moderate wind and rain, cables in cable-stayed bridges are prone to excessive and unanticipated vibration due to large flexibility, relatively small mass and low inherent damping have been reported in a number of cable-stayed bridges worldwide [1] [2] [3] . This vibration can cause reduced cable and connection life due to fatigue or rapid deterioration of the corrosion protection system and may result in the loss of public confidence in the bridge [4] . Excessive studies have been thus carried out to explore the mechanism and explain the complex phenomenon of wind-rain-induced excessive vibration of stay cables.

Under the simultaneous occurrence of moderate wind and rain, cables in cable-stayed bridges are prone to excessive and unanticipated vibration due to large flexibility, relatively small mass and low inherent damping have been reported in a number of cable-stayed bridges worldwide.

This vibration can cause reduced cable and connection life due to fatigue or rapid deterioration of the corrosion protection system and may result in the loss of public confidence in the bridge.


The modification in stems of parameters such as flexural stiffness ( EI ) and structural Young's modulus ( E str ) between young and old stages of development can distinguish different mechanical architectures such as 'self-supporting' and 'nonself-supporting' plants. In self-supporting plants, the structural Young's modulus increases during ontogeny from young to old stages and in non-self-supporting plants, structural Young's modulus decreases (Speck & Rowe, 1999) . This approach has detected a third type of growth form in which structural Young's modulus does not change significantly during development of the stem. This has been termed 'semiself-supporting' in which plants simply lean against the surrounding vegetation. Biomechanical architectures of living plants are investigated by 2-, 3-or 4-point bending tests. These methods are now combined with studies, which investigate patterns of tissue development from young to old stages and to correlate primary and secondary tissue development with changes in mechanical properties of the stem system.

In self-supporting plants, the structural Young's modulus increases during ontogeny from young to old stages and in non-self-supporting plants, structural Young's modulus decreases.


Hydroforming is a complicated process as the sample is not constrained mechanically by draw beads or a blank holder and for this reason there can be several deformation mechanisms. As the process begins, the sample undergoes bending as the punch pushes the middle of the sample up while the sample is constrained around the edges by fluid pressure. The authors hypothesize that the sample is then stretched with the primary strain in tension and minor strain in compression similar to those seen in a deep drawing operation (highlighted in Fig. 3 ). It is also likely that the flange undergoes localized compression, as other works which have analyzed the same geometry have reported thickening in the edge of the flange and compressive minor strain rates [8] .

It is also likely that the flange undergoes localized compression, as other works which have analyzed the same geometry have reported thickening in the edge of the flange and compressive minor strain rates.


Shill bidding is the act of introducing false bids into an auction on behalf of the seller to artificially raise the item's price so that legitimate bidders must pay more in order to win [14, 15] . The presence of shill bidding also diminishes the reputation of the auction houses as bidders will be reluctant to participate if they feel there is the possibility of being ripped-off by a seller. Shill bidding is difficult to detect because: (i) any user can register under false identity; and (ii) multiple users can form a collusive bidding group to evade detection. Furthermore, it is not easy to prove that someone is indeed guilty of shill bidding.

Shill bidding is the act of introducing false bids into an auction on behalf of the seller to artificially raise the item's price so that legitimate bidders must pay more in order to win.


Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP) is an innovative technology for a selective maskless deposition of wide range of materials (conductive, dielectric, biological, nanoparticles etc.) at micron-scale (minimum features of 10µm line and 10µm space are achieved). Because it is a contactless technology, it suits for application on any flat and non-flat, flexible and rigid substrates, and moreover for complex 3D systems. The technology is particularly unique for deposition of a conductive silver paste on plastic substrates. It is known that the organic substrates are particularly sensitive to thermal treatment, as a maximum temperature and time of thermal exposure. AJP silver layer has very low sintering temperature, as low as 100-150°C. The AJP silver layer fine pattern of 10µm line and 10µm space features is reportedly achieved [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .

The AJP silver layer fine pattern of 10µm line and 10µm space features is reportedly achieved.


Another application of non-separating planar graphs is in decomposing planar graphs. In another paper, we use such a decomposition to prove a stronger version of the Hanani-Tutte Theorem [6] . Finally, it would be interesting to see if there are other applications for non-separating planar graphs.

In another paper, we use such a decomposition to prove a stronger version of the Hanani-Tutte Theorem.


In fact, it is easy to see that for any surface 2 Σ, the class of graphs that can be drawn on Σ without edge crossings is closed under minors. For example, the class of toroidal graphs (graphs that can be drawn on a torus without edge crossings) is also closed under minors and hence can be characterised in terms of a finite set of forbidden minors. However, the complete set of forbidden minors for this class of graphs is not yet known [10] .

However, the complete set of forbidden minors for this class of graphs is not yet known.


Triploid hybrids of Populus tomentosa are an important commercial species in northern China. These triploids are combined with both hybrid and polyploidy vigors. Hybrid vigors have been observed in poplar and are seen as a driving force in poplar breeding, while previous studies have demonstrated that triploid poplar hybrids have a high growth rate and longer fibers (Einspahr 1984; Zhu 2006) . The wood is used in both the swan timber and pulp industries (Zhu 2006) . Compared to P. tomentosa, the triploid hybrids have higher cellulose and holocellulose content and lower lignin content (Yang et al. 2006; Zhu 2006) . Due to the aforementioned advantages, triploid hybrids of P. tomentosa clones are widely planted in the Hebei, Henan, Shandong, and Shanxi provinces in order to obtain a high fiber yield from the crops.

Hybrid vigors have been observed in poplar and are seen as a driving force in poplar breeding, while previous studies have demonstrated that triploid poplar hybrids have a high growth rate and longer fibers.

The wood is used in both the swan timber and pulp industries.

Compared to P. tomentosa, the triploid hybrids have higher cellulose and holocellulose content and lower lignin content.


Electricity consumption from domestic buildings represented 35% of total UK electricity consumption in 2013, and since 1970, the UK domestic sector has experienced a general year-on-year rise in electricity use of around 1% [1] . The amount of electricity used in individual UK homes varies considerably. A large range, as well as highly skewed distribution exists and, whilst there is an absolute lower bound to electricity demand, there is no effective upper bound, with the upper quartile of electrical energy users consuming much more than the lower [2] [3] [4] .

Electricity consumption from domestic buildings represented 35% of total UK electricity consumption in 2013, and since 1970, the UK domestic sector has experienced a general year-on-year rise in electricity use of around 1%.

A large range, as well as highly skewed distribution exists and, whilst there is an absolute lower bound to electricity demand, there is no effective upper bound, with the upper quartile of electrical energy users consuming much more than the lower.


Biota, including humans, interact with the environment at distinct scales and create self-reinforcing patterns resistant to disturbance [143] . The multiple but distinct scales of self-organization and the distribution of function within and across scales generates system-level resilience [1] . Thus, a system's resilience is dependent upon the interactions between structure and dynamics at multiple scales.

Biota, including humans, interact with the environment at distinct scales and create self-reinforcing patterns resistant to disturbance.

The multiple but distinct scales of self-organization and the distribution of function within and across scales generates system-level resilience.


Biopolymers of alginic acid and its derivatives are got from two main sources: from various types of brown seaweed and from two forms of bacteria, Pseudomonas and Azotobacter. They show different structural and chemical properties depending on the season of their harvesting and on the growth conditions. However, all of these polymers form linear binary copolymers formed by 1-4-linked -Dmannuronic (M) and -L-guluronic (G) residues Sorption of Sr-85 and Am-241 from liquid radioactive wastes by alginate beads arranged with homopolymeric regions called as GG-, MM-and MG-blocks, respectively [4] . Alginates have numerous advantages, such as simple isolation technology, biodegradability, economic and environmental friendly characteristics [5] . Sodium salt of the alginic acid formed in the course of the isolation process may ionically cross-link (gelate) in the presence of multivalent cations. The most commonly used divalent cation for gelation is the divalent calcium ion, preferably complexed by the GG blocks of the neighbouring polymeric chains [6, 7] . As a result, so-called egg box junctions are formed [8] (Fig. 1) .

However, all of these polymers form linear binary copolymers formed by 1-4-linked -Dmannuronic (M) and -L-guluronic (G) residues Sorption of Sr-85 and Am-241 from liquid radioactive wastes by alginate beads arranged with homopolymeric regions called as GG-, MM-and MG-blocks, respectively.

Alginates have numerous advantages, such as simple isolation technology, biodegradability, economic and environmental friendly characteristics.

The most commonly used divalent cation for gelation is the divalent calcium ion, preferably complexed by the GG blocks of the neighbouring polymeric chains.

As a result, so-called egg box junctions are formed(Fig. 1).


An intuitive explanation for these observations can be given as follows. Electromagnetic waves travel at a constant speed known as the phase velocity in free space. If the medium is lossy, this velocity becomes frequency-dependent. The human body certainly qualifies as a lossy medium, owing to the conductivity characteristics of different body tissues. A lossy medium is also known as a dispersive medium. In a dispersive medium the lower frequency components of the signal will travel slower with respect to higher-frequency components [13] . Therefore, a UWB signal with a higher bandwidth will encounter more losses and distortion, as opposed to one with a narrower bandwidth.

In a dispersive medium the lower frequency components of the signal will travel slower with respect to higher-frequency components.


To get better predictive value, we can also use some other methods such as the adapted weighted fusion algorithm to fusion the obtained data. The adapted weighted fusion algorithm allocates the weighted factors automatically according to the adaptive criteria- [15] . It merges the output obtained by local one-step and multistep prediction model with weighted factors and improves predictive accuracy and the algorithm can minimize the predictive error theoretically.

The adapted weighted fusion algorithm allocates the weighted factors automatically according to the adaptive criteria.


Chaotic phenomenon is an irregular motion produced by determinate nonlinear dynamical system. It is widely encountered in various fields ranging from physics and mathematics to biology and others. Though chaos seemed complicated and stochastic, a certain rule indicating that it can be predicted in the short term exists internally- [1] . Modeling and prediction of chaotic time series has already been an important branch of nonlinear information procession, such as weather forecasting, economic analysis and biomedical signal procession, etc.- [2] . With the development of chaos theory and research on its application, many methods have been proposed to predict chaotic time series, mainly including global and local prediction methods. The global methods use the whole time series data to fit the true function of the chaos attractor- [3] . It is obvious that if new information is taken into account, all parameters of the model have to be changed. Besides, the equation of global dynamic system is rather difficult to fit because of the complex attractor's construction and computation- [4] . There are a few prediction tools about the global model, such as artificial neural network and Least Square Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM). Data normalization is necessary for artificial neural network, which makes calculation more complicated- [5] . Parameters are extremely crucial to LS-SVM learning results and generalization ability, but in most cases they are empirical values- [6] . The local methods can overcome the disadvantage above because it builds model only on the current state and utilizes part of the past information. On the basis of phase space reconstruction, parameters of the local linear method are valued the same with those of reconstruction traditionally- [7] . But parameters which are optimal for the state space reconstruction may not be suitable for the prediction. The improvement is that one parameter is optimized by minimizing the standard prediction errors, when other parameter is empirical value- [8] . The obtained parameter value, in theory, is optimal on the condition that the other parameter is fixed. But both of the parameters value may not be optimal for the prediction model. In this paper BPSO is introduced to search the optimal parameters of the new local linear prediction model by minimizing the standard prediction errors. For the local linear model there are one-step and multi-step prediction.

Though chaos seemed complicated and stochastic, a certain rule indicating that it can be predicted in the short term exists internally.

Modeling and prediction of chaotic time series has already been an important branch of nonlinear information procession, such as weather forecasting, economic analysis and biomedical signal procession, etc..

The global methods use the whole time series data to fit the true function of the chaos attractor.

Besides, the equation of global dynamic system is rather difficult to fit because of the complex attractor's construction and computation.

Data normalization is necessary for artificial neural network, which makes calculation more complicated.

Parameters are extremely crucial to LS-SVM learning results and generalization ability, but in most cases they are empirical values.

On the basis of phase space reconstruction, parameters of the local linear method are valued the same with those of reconstruction traditionally.

The improvement is that one parameter is optimized by minimizing the standard prediction errors, when other parameter is empirical value.


It is not possible to reach the theoretical limit for performance using sequential algorithms. Supercomputers would not help, either. The limit stems from the properties of locality and parallelism that causal information naturally possesses, but that supercomputers do not utilize. The functional to be optimized is a sum of positives, each one of which must be separately minimized, as discussed in more detail in Section 3.4 and Equation (8) below. However, and in order to provide a proof of concept, a suite of sequential algorithms was developed. The algorithms were designed for research, not production. The implementation emphasizes compliance with the theory, maximum flexibility, and no heuristics or adjustable parameters. They are applied here to the solution of TSP problems, but they can be easily extended to the general case of causal information, and not just for TSP. The algorithms run in the debugger, and contain numerous internal tests for early bug detection, needed to support constant changes as it always happens with research work. Benchmarks were not taken because performance is not a consideration.

Supercomputers would not help, either.

The functional to be optimized is a sum of positives, each one of which must be separately minimized, as discussed in more detail in Section 3.4 and Equation below.


In optics the diffraction gratings have been widely studied since the fifties. The differential methods are based on the Floquet's expansion which is a generalized Fourier expansion. So it was very natural to apply the technics developed for studying gratings to nonperiodic configurations by introducing PMLs [6] . Note that in this formalism the only pseudo-periodic condition must be verified whereas Dirichlet boundary conditions are imposed by the electric walls in the waveguide approach. In addition non-orthogonal co-ordinate systems can be successfully used in some gratings problems and then the covariant form of Maxwell's equations is really suitable [7] .

So it was very natural to apply the technics developed for studying gratings to nonperiodic configurations by introducing PMLs.

In addition non-orthogonal co-ordinate systems can be successfully used in some gratings problems and then the covariant form of Maxwell's equations is really suitable.


The image in Fig. 2 is a picture of the graphene-coated GEM that illustrates the size of the X-ray beam and the positions where we measured the electron transparency. Three rectangles highlight the position of the single, double and triple layer of graphene. The colour mapping and the numbering refer to the curves of Fig. 3 which show the measured electron transparency as a function of the voltage across the GEM for different irradiated spots. The nominal electric field in the top conversion volume is set to 50 V/cm, and in the bottom is 1 kV/cm. Curves 0 and 1 are the reference ones, and they are obtained for the non-coated portion. This transparency behaviour is very typical for GEMs [13] . Curves 2 and 3 correspond to the double layer graphene. The presence of the graphene reduces the transparency with respect to the reference curves. The similarity of these two curves suggests that the layer is uniform. From the SEM image, it was found that the graphene on the left side of the triple layer portion is damaged. In fact, the curves 4 and 5 shows more transparency than the previous two. The same SEM image showed instead no defects in the triple layer below the points 6 and 7. The transparency in these two points is lower than the sensitivity of the measurement (few percent), and the corresponding curves in Fig. 3 are not shown.

This transparency behaviour is very typical for GEMs.


While there has been enormous progress in recent years in the development and application of a variety of optical diagnostic imaging techniques, the ability to capture timeresolved or volumetric information is severely constrained by limitations of available laser technology. Over the last several years, there has been considerable effort expended to develop the capability of generating "trains" of ~20-30, or more, high-energy -high repetition rate Nd:YAG pulses, using the "pulse burst" approach [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . While reported burst mode Nd:YAG systems differ in the details of their design, they all share certain basic characteristics.

Over the last several years, there has been considerable effort expended to develop the capability of generating "trains" of ~20-30, or more, high-energy -high repetition rate Nd:YAG pulses, using the "pulse burst" approach.


However, among those protocols, only two-PRP and HSR-are suitable for seamless communications. Both HSR and PRP are based upon the principle of providing duplicated frames for separate physical paths with zero recovery time [5] . Unlike PRP, which requires dual redundant independent networks, HSR can be applied to any topology, in particular single rings and connected rings, while retaining its property of zero recovery time. HSR is a redundancy protocol for Ethernet networks that is standardized by the International Electrotechnical Commission under IEC 62439-3 Clause 5. HSR provides duplicated frame copies for each frame sent. In other words, the HSR protocol provides two frame copies for the destination node, one from each side. In the fault-free state of the network, the destination node receives two identical frames, passes the first frame to its upper layers, and discards the duplicate. In the case of a link or node fault or malfunction, only one frame is lost. The application on the destination node operates with the remaining frame undisturbed. Therefore, even in the case of a node or link failure, there is no communication interrupt in the network. This feature of the HSR protocol makes it very useful for time-critical and mission-critical systems, such as SAS. Other HSR principles are described and discussed in a study by Kirrmann and Kleineberg [7] .

Both HSR and PRP are based upon the principle of providing duplicated frames for separate physical paths with zero recovery time.

Other HSR principles are described and discussed in a study by Kirrmann and Kleineberg.


As shown in Fig. 5 , the predicted centre-line fuel temperature in the peak-power node of the fuel rod is very high, approaching the melting point immediately after the first power increase to the maximum value of 56 kW/m. However, a drastic drop-down of the temperature, by~400 K, due to the simulated formation of a central void is predicted. To all appearance, the decrease in temperature prevented a local fuel melting, in agreement with the experimental data [1] .

To all appearance, the decrease in temperature prevented a local fuel melting, in agreement with the experimental data.


It is to be noted, however, that the normal operation of fuel rods in LWRs has been usually carried out with significant margins of the peak LHGR to a maximum permitted power, conventionally referred to as Thermo-Mechanical Operational Limit (TMOL). Typical examples of a real operation history and TMOL for modern BWR fuel are presented in Fig. 1 , showing a difference by nearly a factor of~2 in this specific case. A TMOL for a specific fuel design and operational conditions is normally deduced by fuel vendors, in the form of a LHGR limit in function of local pellet-averaged burnup, based on conservative calculation with validated fuel behavior codes [5] . The Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) has been ensured that the lasting, continuous operation with the power history in question cannot result in a rod failure by any of known, proven mechanisms. Some of these calculations show that, for irradiation with TMOL, high-temperature fuel re-structuring and its consequences are to be expected, as it can be seen from Fig. 2 .

A TMOL for a specific fuel design and operational conditions is normally deduced by fuel vendors, in the form of a LHGR limit in function of local pellet-averaged burnup, based on conservative calculation with validated fuel behavior codes.


Semiconductors are also utilized as photosensitizers, where optical excitation creates an electron and hole concentration which may then react with adsorbed molecular species. The question naturally arises as to the correct physical description of the confined electron and hole, i.e., as to the nature of the crystallite excited electronic states. This question in turn depends intimately upon the actual structure and size of the aggregate [15] . They are technologically important as luminescence centers and charge compensations as well as unwanted traps. Efficient photocatalytic processes have been proven to be of a great contribution in treatment of environmental deprivation. Photocatalytic oxidation of organic and biological molecules is one of the most efficient methods for alleviating the negative environmental impact of hazardous wastes and toxic pollutants in aqueous media [6, 12] . The superiority of photocatalytic technique in wastewater treatment is due to its advantages over the traditional techniques such as quick oxidation, high efficiency, no formation of polycyclic products and oxidation of pollutants in the low levels [16] .

This question in turn depends intimately upon the actual structure and size of the aggregate.

Photocatalytic oxidation of organic and biological molecules is one of the most efficient methods for alleviating the negative environmental impact of hazardous wastes and toxic pollutants in aqueous media.

The superiority of photocatalytic technique in wastewater treatment is due to its advantages over the traditional techniques such as quick oxidation, high efficiency, no formation of polycyclic products and oxidation of pollutants in the low levels.


Prompted by the high complexity for modeling the laser interaction mechanisms in presence of the above listed difficulties we approached the problem from an experimental perspective. Using plasma emission microscopy during waveguide writing we are able to obtain a snapshot of the 2D spatial distribution of the laser-induced plasma in true writing conditions. In other words, we image the actual EFV influenced by spherical aberration, non-linear propagation, nonlinear absorption, thermal accumulation effects and sample movement as it is converted into a plasma. The so-obtained 2D emission images are compared with in situ white light transmission images and DIC ex situ microscopy images of the waveguides written. By spatially overlapping the different images, a precise correlation between deposited laser energy distribution and final index distribution is obtained. A similar approach, yet without precise spatial overlap of plasma and white light transmission images, was reported very recently in the study of microwelding of borosilicate glass [18] .

A similar approach, yet without precise spatial overlap of plasma and white light transmission images, was reported very recently in the study of microwelding of borosilicate glass.


From the results of the research on carbon steel pipe API 5L-X60 that is 17H1S will be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking. The mechanical properties of the degraded carbon steel pipe API 5L-X60 show higher resistance to corrosion cracking than in pipes carbon steel. Based on observations with fractografic bhawa carbon steel pipe due to hydrogen embrittlement process will occur stress corrosion crack, that is caused by hydrogen atoms penetrating into the pipe carbon steel [12] .

Based on observations with fractografic bhawa carbon steel pipe due to hydrogen embrittlement process will occur stress corrosion crack, that is caused by hydrogen atoms penetrating into the pipe carbon steel.


It was reported that phenolic antioxidants were associated with the colour pigments of food plants in many studies. In earlier studies, while evaluating variability for antioxidant activity (AOA) in the Regional Southernpea Cooperative Trails, it was observed that high AOA appeared to be associated with dark seed coat colour (Warrington et al. 2002) . The antioxidant activity from five species of legumes with coloured seed coat, pea (Pisum sativum L), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik), and everlasting pea (Lathyrus latifolius L.) was investigated. The result showed that antioxidant substances in legumes were present mainly in the seed coat (Amarowicz et al. 1996) . The inheritance of AOA and its association with seed coat colour was investigated in cowpea. There was a very strong relationship between AOA and seed coat colour. The inheritance pattern of factors governing AOA was similar to that of factors governing seed coat. Therefore, higher level of activity could be obtained utilizing coloured cowpea varieties as parents in crossing for breeding selections (Nzaramba et al. 2005a) .

In earlier studies, while evaluating variability for antioxidant activity (AOA) in the Regional Southernpea Cooperative Trails, it was observed that high AOA appeared to be associated with dark seed coat colour.

The result showed that antioxidant substances in legumes were present mainly in the seed coat.

Therefore, higher level of activity could be obtained utilizing coloured cowpea varieties as parents in crossing for breeding selections.


To overcome the above two limitations of traditional IDSs, some researchers suggest to use Peer-to-Peer (P2P) IDSs instead of hierarchical IDSs. In a P2P IDS, each host can send detection request to other hosts of the system to check whether there are suspicious activities, and estimate whether the network is intruded. Without a centralised controller, single point failure can be avoided in P2P IDSs effectively. However, most current P2P IDSs only allow hosts of a system to obtain detection information from limited sources (e.g. direct-linked neighbours). This limitation may lead a system to make inaccurate decisions. For example, when a multi-hosts attack occurs, current P2P IDSs may not recognise it due to the limitation of information. Multihosts attack means an attacker simultaneously tries to attack multiple hosts of a network, such as doorknob and network browsing [6] . The main feature of multi-hosts attack is that the activity level of the attacker on each host may not be sufficiently high enough to raise an alarm to the whole network. However, if a distributed intrusion detection system can collect and analyse correlated information from multiple hosts, it might recognise this attack. The motivation of this research is to develop a distributed intrusion detection framework by taking advantages of mobile agent technique and P2P architecture so as to overcome some limitations of current P2P IDSs.

Multihosts attack means an attacker simultaneously tries to attack multiple hosts of a network, such as doorknob and network browsing.


Lowering IOP is beneficial in both POAG and OHT. Depending on the glaucomatous damage and the presence of other risk factors, the target IOP often has to be chosen such that IOP lowering beyond 30% or even 40% is necessary. However, the maximum mean IOP reduction from baseline IOP was 33% in the case of monotherapy [3] . Therefore, the fixed-combination medications are needed to reach these low target IOP levels, which not only provide better IOP-lowering effects, but also improve compliance and eliminate the washout effect.

However, the maximum mean IOP reduction from baseline IOP was 33% in the case of monotherapy.


Ten different targets aged between 20 and 37 years were used to fulfil the requirement of stimulus sampling (Wells & Windschitl, 1999) . Targets recruited participants in pairs, while one had the role of the target and the other of the research confederate. Each target was instructed to approach male and female participants from different age groups, including old-age people, so targets would be distributed approximately equally across gender and age groups of participants. Chi-square analyses confirmed that targets were equally distributed among age groups (all participants: χ Following a predetermined script, the target approached a pedestrian on the street and asked for directions to a certain location nearby. After the target walked away, a research confederate approached the pedestrian and explained the true purpose of the interaction (a face recognition study). Once participants agreed, they were randomly assigned to a target-present or a target-absent photo lineup. Unbiased lineup instructions were used, and the research confederate was blind to target presence. Immediately after the identification task participants provided their confidence on an 11-point rating scale (0% to 100%, at 10% intervals) and estimated the time they spent on making their decision on a paper-and-pencil answer sheet. The confederate inconspicuously stopped the time when the participant entered her or his response to the lineup task.

Ten different targets aged between 20 and 37 years were used to fulfil the requirement of stimulus sampling.


Two other investigations involve development of model-based cancellation compensation for biodynamic feedthrough, based on experiments with a seated operator controlling a single degree-of-freedom moveable platform. The first addresses the uncertainty in the human operator's dynamics by developing a different model for each operator [11] . The second addresses model uncertainties by developing a mu-synthesis based controller [12] .

The first addresses the uncertainty in the human operator's dynamics by developing a different model for each operator.

The second addresses model uncertainties by developing a mu-synthesis based controller.


Malignancies have been associated with oral tacrolimus when used systemically at high concentrations. An animal study with pimecrolimus using a 30× greater exposure than seen with topical use also showed associated malignancy development [5] . These findings were used to support the addition of the black box warning. New malignancies have been reported in patients using topical pimecrolimus or tacrolimus as well. These have been reported by the FDA and by the parent drug manufacturer. Independent experts reviewing these cases found no causal association between topical use of CNI and malignancy. The rate of reported lymphoma in patients exposed to topical tacrolimus is lower than the expected incidence in age-matched controls [20] .

An animal study with pimecrolimus using a 30× greater exposure than seen with topical use also showed associated malignancy development.

The rate of reported lymphoma in patients exposed to topical tacrolimus is lower than the expected incidence in age-matched controls.


It was necessary to explore new classification methods that may be more accurate for distinguishing between breeds and allow a better understanding of the involvement of each variable in the process of classification. In the present study, size-free CDA is applied to differentiate among three Saudi goat types. The approach has not been previously applied on livestock species, although it was employed in evolutionary biology and systematic (Campbell and Atchley, 1981; Neff and Marcus, 1980) . It has also been used in studies of geographic differentiation and in the analysis of species differentiation and macro-evolution (Thorpe, 1983; Lessa and Patton, 1989; Patton and Smith, 1989) . The approach is proved useful and informative in differentiating between the three breeds under study, but it needs further investigation regarding its reliability.

The approach has not been previously applied on livestock species, although it was employed in evolutionary biology and systematic.

It has also been used in studies of geographic differentiation and in the analysis of species differentiation and macro-evolution.


Phytates readily chelate calcium, iron and zinc while oxalates chelate magnesium and calcium but most especially calcium, forming calcium-oxalate crystals which can lead to kidney stone development (Abdoulaye et al., 2011; Norris, 2013) . Beside the negative effect of phytate which seemed to be its only pharmacological activity it has been evidenced recently to have antioxidant, anticancer, hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic properties. It can also inhibit polyphenol oxidase which causes oxidative browning in fruits and vegetables and reduces the oxidative reactions that are catalyzed by iron (Aberoumand, 2012) . Hydrogen cyanides are released when fresh plant materials that contain cyanogenic glycosides are macerated permitting the reaction between enzymes and cyanogenic glycosides (Magnuson, 1997) . Cyanide is one of the most potent and rapidly acting poisons known in plant food and it is shown to be very low in H. verticillata leaves alongside oxalates and phytates (Table 1) . It can cause the death of cells by interfering with the oxidative processes. The human body can detoxify cyanide quickly, therefore can withstand a concentration of 50-60 ppm per hour without fatal consequences but conversely at the concentration of 200-500 ppm for 30 minutes (Magnuson, 1997) .

Phytates readily chelate calcium, iron and zinc while oxalates chelate magnesium and calcium but most especially calcium, forming calcium-oxalate crystals which can lead to kidney stone development.

It can also inhibit polyphenol oxidase which causes oxidative browning in fruits and vegetables and reduces the oxidative reactions that are catalyzed by iron.

Hydrogen cyanides are released when fresh plant materials that contain cyanogenic glycosides are macerated permitting the reaction between enzymes and cyanogenic glycosides.

The human body can detoxify cyanide quickly, therefore can withstand a concentration of 50-60 ppm per hour without fatal consequences but conversely at the concentration of 200-500 ppm for 30 minutes.


Today's process analytical tools comprise a variety of methodologies and take advantage of their inherent features [2] . Spectroscopy, spectrometry, and chromatography represent highly specific methods [4] . Among them, Raman and near-infrared (NIR) play major roles [6] [7] [8] . More recently, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has grown into focus [9, 10] . During process monitoring, the information sought is most often the quantity of a compound at a given time.

Today's process analytical tools comprise a variety of methodologies and take advantage of their inherent features.

Spectroscopy, spectrometry, and chromatography represent highly specific methods.

Among them, Raman and near-infrared (NIR) play major roles.

More recently, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has grown into focus.


The spread of carbapenemase genes poses a public health threat, increasing the need for a rapid molecular method for carbapenemase gene detection [9] . We prospectively evaluated the performance of the newly developed Carba-R v.2 for detection of carbapenemase genes compared with culture-based PCR, using a large number of clinical rectal swab samples. The overall performance of Carba-R v.2 was reliable, except for the PPV; this could result in unnecessary isolation of patients, causing extra medical resource consumption and patient discomfort.

The spread of carbapenemase genes poses a public health threat, increasing the need for a rapid molecular method for carbapenemase gene detection.


Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface adhesion receptors contains α and β subunits. Twenty-four distinct integrin heterodimers are expressed in mammals as a result of combinatorial association of 18 α and 8 β subunits [26] . Extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands can bind to the α subunit and activate intracellular signaling events via the β subunit to integrate extracellular and intracellular events necessary for cell motility and invasion [14] . Many integrins are expressed at low or undetectable levels in adult epithelia, but are up-regulated in tumors [26] . Integrin α11 (ITGA11) is expressed in many tissues in the embryo but disappears with maturation in adult tissues [27] . However, it has been proved that its expression is up-regulated in malignant conditions such as non-smallcell lung carcinoma, where it has been suggested to be connected to cancer cell growth [28, 29] .

Twenty-four distinct integrin heterodimers are expressed in mammals as a result of combinatorial association of 18 α and 8 β subunits.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands can bind to the α subunit and activate intracellular signaling events via the β subunit to integrate extracellular and intracellular events necessary for cell motility and invasion.

Many integrins are expressed at low or undetectable levels in adult epithelia, but are up-regulated in tumors.

Integrin α11 (ITGA11) is expressed in many tissues in the embryo but disappears with maturation in adult tissues.

However, it has been proved that its expression is up-regulated in malignant conditions such as non-smallcell lung carcinoma, where it has been suggested to be connected to cancer cell growth.


FES is most commonly associated with orthopedic trauma, with highest incidence among closed, long bone fractures of the lower extremities, particularly the femur and pelvis [2] . Risk factors are male, ages 10-40 years, multiple fractures, and movement of unstable bone fractures. Possible causes of FES are shown in Table 2 .

FES is most commonly associated with orthopedic trauma, with highest incidence among closed, long bone fractures of the lower extremities, particularly the femur and pelvis.


However, the enhanced thermal conductivity and nondecrescent latent heat have been simultaneously observed only for the composite PCMs based on low-molecular-weight organics, such as beeswax and paraffin. Unfortunately, most of the low-molecular-weight PCMs tend to induce explosion danger due to their higher vapor pressures and lower flash points compared with polymeric PCMs [15, 23, 24] . In addition, they are less reliable in term of their lower cycling stability during service in comparison with that of polymeric PCMs. The realization of enhanced thermal conductivity without adversely affecting the latent heat of polymeric PCMs remains challenging. On account of their relatively complex crystallization processes and highly imperfect crystals, the improvement mechanism of the thermal energy storage property of polymeric PCMs may be substantially different with those of low-molecular-weight organic PCMs. Theoretically, the crystallinities of PCM polymers could be optimized further through improved nucleation by using fillers as nucleating agents. However, a large amount of fillers usually utilized with semi-crystalline PCM polymers for good shape stability and high thermal conductivity actually could reduce the mobility of the chains and thus affect the kinetics of crystallization. As a result, both the crystallinity and the phase change enthalpy of the composites are found to decrease significantly. As understood from the literature survey, no case of breakthrough in polymer composite PCMs with both enhanced thermal conductivity and non-decrescent latent heat has been reported so far.

Unfortunately, most of the low-molecular-weight PCMs tend to induce explosion danger due to their higher vapor pressures and lower flash points compared with polymeric PCMs.


In addition, when the population sample is selected in stages, we are dealing with a hierarchical multilevel analysis, and the observations within each group are therefore not independent (Hox, 1995) . In other words, when we first select a larger structure and, then, select specific cases within it, we have created a multilevel structure. One advantage of using a multilevel analysis in this case is that it makes it possible to study the effects that both the group variables and the individual variables have on the individual results at the same time. It also incorporates the intra-group dependence of the observations (Diez Roux, 2002) .

In addition, when the population sample is selected in stages, we are dealing with a hierarchical multilevel analysis, and the observations within each group are therefore not independent.

It also incorporates the intra-group dependence of the observations.


Fingerprints are today the most widely used biometric features for personal identification. Most automatic systems for fingerprint comparison are based on minutiae matching [3] . Minutiae characteristics are local discontinuities in the fingerprint pattern which represent terminations and bifurcations.

Most automatic systems for fingerprint comparison are based on minutiae matching.


During the past decades it has been evidenced that new graduated nurses are not prepared to do their duties properly. Effective assessment of nursing students during university education would ensure their competency, professional satisfaction as well as their patients' safety (Shipman et al., 2012) . Learners' performances are different due to differences of several affecting factors including their learning and training styles, how learners encounter with subjects and use their knowledge (Seif, 2008) . In recent years various learning approaches are introduced by learning psychologists and educational experts.

Effective assessment of nursing students during university education would ensure their competency, professional satisfaction as well as their patients' safety.

Learners' performances are different due to differences of several affecting factors including their learning and training styles, how learners encounter with subjects and use their knowledge.


Bootkits (BK) are a sophisticated type of malware designed to interfere with the boot process of an infected system by executing malicious code even before the OS kernel takes control. Having been around for years, bootkits are still very common as the Careto APT infection shows, which is a recent example for such an attack [6] . Typical scenarios include compromising and patching the kernel itself. Those infections are extraordinarily difficult to detect as they have full system access and can hide deeply within the OS. In this paper we aim to thwart primary infection by implementing a detection engine that emulates and monitors the system's boot process. Virtual Machine Introspection (VMI) is used to detect malicious behavior during emulated startup in order to identify bootkit activity.

Having been around for years, bootkits are still very common as the Careto APT infection shows, which is a recent example for such an attack.


The popularity of online social networks (OSNs) has increased dramatically in recent years. Individuals and organizations can now take advantage of a wide array of Web 2.0-powered social networking platforms, including the likes of Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter [1] . Though these services vary greatly in both form and function, they are all alike in facilitating the exchange of signifycant volumes of information among their users. Due to the massive amounts of data that flow through social networks and the relative ease of accessing this data, analysis of social networks has become a research topic of particular interest.

Individuals and organizations can now take advantage of a wide array of Web 2.0-powered social networking platforms, including the likes of Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter.


However, a question remains as to the extent to which these experimental conditions generalize to educational settings. For example, during the experimental conditions, the children did not follow the text with their eyes and did not interrupt to ask questions and questions were not asked of them. Therefore, we cannot compare our findings directly with more interactive reading programmes (Chow et al., 2008; Reese & Cox, 1999; Sénéchal & LeFevre, 2002; Zevenbergen, Whitehurst, & Zevenbergen, 2003) . However, by designing the experiment in this way, we gained tighter control over the role of story modality, because the interactiveness of the children was more homogeneous. Additionally, our primary dependent variable measured object-word association (similar to the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) and therefore we do not claim that this measure indicates that children have mastered the target items, in the sense of being able to use them expressively with an understanding of nuance. Nor can we make claims as to long-term learning of the target items because we did not include a follow-up test.

Therefore, we cannot compare our findings directly with more interactive reading programmes.


Another drawback limiting the use of membrane technologies in wastewater treatment is the accumulation of microorganisms on the membrane surface and the subsequent adhesion of different types of organic and inorganic foulants. The membrane surface provides a selective, porous substrate which allows the transfer of certain molecules and the exclusion of some other molecules based on size. Biofouling occurs when live biofilm-forming bacteria and organics adhere to the membrane surface and multiplies, leading to clogging of the membrane pores and impaired function of the filtration system [11] . This biofilm formation has been shown to cause a greater flux decline than dead cells, with the major contributing factor to the increased hydraulic resistance of the membrane being the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) surrounding the bacterial cells [12] . The predominant bacterial groups involved in the fouling of membranes, have been found to be Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes.

Biofouling occurs when live biofilm-forming bacteria and organics adhere to the membrane surface and multiplies, leading to clogging of the membrane pores and impaired function of the filtration system.

This biofilm formation has been shown to cause a greater flux decline than dead cells, with the major contributing factor to the increased hydraulic resistance of the membrane being the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) surrounding the bacterial cells.


Ultra-wideband (UWB) signals are considered as the most promising schemes for next generation wireless communication systems. This type of signal is applicable for short range wireless communication systems, such as indoor wireless communication networks, intra-vehicle networks and wireless sensor networks. According to the limits set by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the power spectral density of a UWB signal is limited to below À41.3 dBm/MHz, and is ranged from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. A 10-dB spectral width is required to exceed 500 MHz with a corresponding fractional bandwidth that is 20% larger than the center frequency. UWB signals that meet these requirements are free for unlicensed use. Unfortunately, with such a low power density, the communication range of UWB signals is constrained to several meters [1] , [2] . However, with photonic generation of UWB signals and transmission through an optical fiber, the transmission distance of UWB signals is greatly increased.

Unfortunately, with such a low power density, the communication range of UWB signals is constrained to several meters.


Photochemical processes in the atmosphere are driven by solar radiation, which dissociates certain molecules into reactive atoms or free radicals. Models that simulate the chemistry of the atmosphere must accurately simulate the radiation processes that initiate photodissociation. The photodissociation rate is proportional to the actinic flux. In addition, for some biological applications such as exposure of small ''bodies'' suspended in air or in water (e.g., phytoplankton in the ocean), actinic fluxes are also used to compute the dose rate and total dose (Kylling et al. 1995) .

In addition, for some biological applications such as exposure of small ''bodies'' suspended in air or in water (e.g., phytoplankton in the ocean), actinic fluxes are also used to compute the dose rate and total dose.


The typology has been developed in several steps. The first part includes what in the typology is called "Front end knowledge transfer from FM to building design" (shown as the left part of figure 1). This part was initially developed in 2008 from a combination of a literature study on the relation between FM and the building process, a major case study with participatory observation on a huge building project for the Danish Broadcasting Corporation and a research project on FM best practice with 36 case studies from Denmark, Norway, 9 Sweden, Finland and Iceland as further described in the article (Jensen, 2009a) .

This part was initially developed in 2008 from a combination of a literature study on the relation between FM and the building process, a major case study with participatory observation on a huge building project for the Danish Broadcasting Corporation and a research project on FM best practice with 36 case studies from Denmark, Norway, 9 Sweden, Finland and Iceland as further described in the article.


As tracking was done by day and leopards hunted mostly at night, the data on the prey available to leopards are biased toward recording the abundance of diurnally active animals while tracking spoor. These data show that various species of antelope and smaller predators are most often encountered (Bothma and le Riche 1990) . Nevertheless, these animals do form the bulk of the leopard's diet in the southern Kalahari .

These data show that various species of antelope and smaller predators are most often encountered.


Uganda, a sub-Saharan African country, adopted the MDG number two on education, and the Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Sports introduced the Universal Primary Education (UPE) policy in 1997 (Bategeka & Okurut, 2006) . The main aim was to make education accessible, equitable and affordable which in return would reduce poverty by endowing every citizen with basic education. The UPE policy abolished all tuition fees and other non-statutory fees but only allowing parents to provide basic learning materials (exercise books, pen, pencil, eraser and ruler). In return, this led to an increased gross enrolment rate to 145% (4.5 million children) and created an opportunity for all parents to participate in the education system. The ripple effects made parents feel relieved of the school fees burden due to the reduction in inequity in access to education across all districts in Uganda.

Uganda, a sub-Saharan African country, adopted the MDG number two on education, and the Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Sports introduced the Universal Primary Education (UPE) policy in 1997.