The results show large differences in magnitude for PM2.5 emission factors between gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles. However, the observed lack of variability by model year in the 2005 MNEI PM2.5 emission factors indicates that a zero deterioration rate was assumed for the estimation of PM2.5 emissions, and that changes in PM2.5 emission factors due to technological improvements were not considered in the 2005 MNEI. In contrast, the PM2.5 emission factors estimated using MOVES2010a with the equivalent input data in the 2005 MNEI also show large variability among bulk PM2.5 emission factors across Mexican states, but with decreasing trends for all vehicle categories by model years. Also, the results indicate that PM2.5 emission factors of older vehicles are significantly higher than for newer vehicles in the MOVES2010a. This effect is observed for both diesel and gasoline-powered vehicles, but it is more pronounced for the gasoline vehicle fleet. The differences in decreasing trends between gasoline-powered and dieselpowered vehicles are consistent with long-term analysis of data obtained from tunnel studies, in which observed changes in emissions have been attributed primarily to improvements in vehicle technology (Ban-Weiss et al., 2008; Bishop and Stedman, 2008) .

The differences in decreasing trends between gasoline-powered and dieselpowered vehicles are consistent with long-term analysis of data obtained from tunnel studies, in which observed changes in emissions have been attributed primarily to improvements in vehicle technology.


ZnO is widely used as a functional material because it has a wide and direct band gap, large exciton binding energy, and excellent chemical and thermal stability. ZnO is a semiconductor material which is widely used as transparent electrodes in solar cells, chemical and gas sensors, and light emitting diodes, due to its unique electrical and optical properties. All these applications require stable and time controllable electrical parameters of zinc oxide thin films, possibly achieved without any postgrowth treatment of the deposited ZnO layers [2] . Normally ZnO founds in the hexagonal structure [3] . ZnO thin films is interested as transparent conductor, because the n-type ZnO thin film has a wide band gap (E g = 3.2 eV), and high transmission in the visible range, and ZnO thin films can take place of SnO 2 and ITO because of their electrical and optical properties and its excellent stability which has been mentioned widely [4, 5] .

All these applications require stable and time controllable electrical parameters of zinc oxide thin films, possibly achieved without any postgrowth treatment of the deposited ZnO layers.

Normally ZnO founds in the hexagonal structure.

ZnO thin films is interested as transparent conductor, because the n-type ZnO thin film has a wide band gap (E g = 3.2 eV), and high transmission in the visible range, and ZnO thin films can take place of SnO 2 and ITO because of their electrical and optical properties and its excellent stability which has been mentioned widely.


Nowadays, the sol-gel methods have been extensively used to obtain various kinds of functional oxide films. Relatively few works have been done in this direction for ZnO film prepared by sol-gel process. The Sol-gel processes have the advantages of controllability of compositions, simplicity in processing and it is of lower material cost in comparison to the ITO films [6, 7] .

The Sol-gel processes have the advantages of controllability of compositions, simplicity in processing and it is of lower material cost in comparison to the ITO films.


Salmon is an important product of aquaculture: 1,400,000 ton were produced in 2010 with a value of more than seven billion US dollars. In 2009, the main producers of Atlantic salmon were Norway, Chile, the EU and Canada [1] . In the EU the main farmed species is Atlantic salmon, accounting for 93% of the total aquaculture production. The EU is very dependent on the rest of the world for salmon since it imports 80% of its supply from other countries, and 80% of that from Norway. Fresh seafood is characterized by a relatively short shelf-life and is typically spoiled by aerobic Gram-negative bacteria. In fish, the spoilage process is well documented and consists of autolytic degradation by fish enzymes and the production of unpleasant odors and flavors as a result of microbial action [2] . Typically, in the chilled seafood supply chain, microbial-mediated changes dominate the spoilage process [3] . The bacteria responsible for spoilage in marine fish vary according to the harvest environment, the degree of cross-contamination and the preservation methods applied post-harvest. The primary spoilage bacteria in aerobically packed fish are Gram-negatives from the genera Pseudomonas and Shewanella while in modified atmospheres, they are Photobacterium as well as lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such as Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium [3, 4] . Shewanella putrefaciens and Pseudomonas spp. become the main producers of the volatile compounds associated with spoilage, such as trimethylamine (TMA), ammonia and sulphides. TMA is particularly responsible for the unpleasant odor of spoiled fish, and is a common index of seafood quality. However, the changes in sensory attributes often occur before products are hygienically spoiled [5] .

In 2009, the main producers of Atlantic salmon were Norway, Chile, the EU and Canada.

In fish, the spoilage process is well documented and consists of autolytic degradation by fish enzymes and the production of unpleasant odors and flavors as a result of microbial action.

Typically, in the chilled seafood supply chain, microbial-mediated changes dominate the spoilage process.

The primary spoilage bacteria in aerobically packed fish are Gram-negatives from the genera Pseudomonas and Shewanella while in modified atmospheres, they are Photobacterium as well as lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such as Lactobacillus and Carnobacterium.

However, the changes in sensory attributes often occur before products are hygienically spoiled.


Aerobic mesophiles and psychrotrophs as well as H 2 S-producing bacteria were the prevalent population in the salmon at time of packaging (3.3-3.6 log CFU/g), followed by LAB (2.2 log CFU/g and Enterobacteriaceae (1.5 log CFU/g) ( Table 1 ). According to the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods, most aquatic animals at the time of harvest have microbial counts in the range of 2 to 5 log CFU/g [12] . In the present study the initial value of microbial load was in the same range, as also reported by other authors [13] . After one day of storage at 0˝C, the psychrotroph population increased up to 5.5 log CFU/g in control samples. Salmon packed in carvacrol active films was characterized by a reduced psychrotroph population (3.9 log CFU/g), while LZ-LF-coated films were ineffective (5.8 log CFU/g) ( Table 2 ). Gram-negative psychrotrophic bacteria are the major group of microorganisms responsible for the spoilage of fresh fish at chilled temperatures [2] . In this study, mesophiles in the first 24 h remained in the range 3.9-4.1 log CFU/g, without significant difference between the control sample and those stored in the active packages. At day 1 some samples were moved to 5˝C while, in parallel, other samples were kept at 0˝C. All samples were then stored for up to four days, one day more than the normal shelf-life suggested by the company.

According to the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods, most aquatic animals at the time of harvest have microbial counts in the range of 2 to 5 log CFU/g.

In the present study the initial value of microbial load was in the same range, as also reported by other authors.

Gram-negative psychrotrophic bacteria are the major group of microorganisms responsible for the spoilage of fresh fish at chilled temperatures.


The antimicrobial features of food packaging materials can be achieved by different strategies: among others, the incorporation in the bulky polymer of migrating compounds, grafting of antimicrobial moieties, and immobilization of antimicrobial agents on the surface of the material in direct contact with the food are the most widely adopted routes. However, direct incorporation in the plastic polymer matrix is not a feasible approach when dealing with antimicrobial agents that are highly sensitive to package production conditions; indeed, high processing pressure and high temperature, or incompatibility with the packaging material, can inactivate the active agents [9] . Alternative production methods have recently been considered. In particular, coating technology has gained increasing attention due to its promising potential as a valid route to generate antimicrobial packaging materials [10] .

However, direct incorporation in the plastic polymer matrix is not a feasible approach when dealing with antimicrobial agents that are highly sensitive to package production conditions; indeed, high processing pressure and high temperature, or incompatibility with the packaging material, can inactivate the active agents.

In particular, coating technology has gained increasing attention due to its promising potential as a valid route to generate antimicrobial packaging materials.


Along with the development of sugar industry, corrosion has drawn attention in sugar industry and in terms of corrosion, various stages of corrosion are analyzed with regards to material and environment by many researchers. Common types of corrosion seen in processing of sugar are bacterial corrosion, erosion corrosion, pitting corrosion, stress corrosion and high temperature corrosion [1] [2] [3] . In Ankara Sugar Factory, most of the equipment parts are made of St 37.2 type steel because of its low cost, good mechanical properties and ease of fabrication. However, corrosion is a major problem in Ankara Sugar Factory due to the relatively low corrosion resistance of St 37.2 type steel. Maintenance, replacement and repair of equipment due to corrosion and abrasion have diverse effect on the operating cost. Therefore, the use of stainless steel such as AISI 304L and AISI 316L that have better corrosion resistance for various processing industries as a construction material in sugar factory can minimize these operating costs. For this reason, most sugar mills around the world have switched over the components made of various grades of stainless steel [4] . Corrosion resistance of steels in juice medium should be evaluated to choose the proper materials that can be used in a sugar factory. Corrosion in sugar factories can arise mainly due to the presence of some acids, impurities in juice and high temperature [5] . Some & G. Bereket gbereket@ogu.edu.tr process parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen content, brix and conductivity values of juices also affect the corrosion rate of steel [6] [7] [8] [9] . The aim of performing corrosion tests in equipment is determining the best specifications of the materials, probable service life of the equipment or products, most economical means for reducing corrosion and studying the corrosion mechanism [10] . Corrosion rate measurement by weight loss of coupon specimens especially for the uniform corrosion is the simplest and the best service condition technique.

Common types of corrosion seen in processing of sugar are bacterial corrosion, erosion corrosion, pitting corrosion, stress corrosion and high temperature corrosion.

For this reason, most sugar mills around the world have switched over the components made of various grades of stainless steel.

Corrosion in sugar factories can arise mainly due to the presence of some acids, impurities in juice and high temperature.

Some & G. Bereket gbereket@ogu.edu.tr process parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen content, brix and conductivity values of juices also affect the corrosion rate of steel.

The aim of performing corrosion tests in equipment is determining the best specifications of the materials, probable service life of the equipment or products, most economical means for reducing corrosion and studying the corrosion mechanism.


Theories that have attempted to explain the seemingly anomalous behavior of majority rule have generally consisted of a solution concept that coincides with the core when it exists, but which can predict the observed patterns in settings without the core. Early contenders were the Von-Neumann solution, the bargaining set, and McKelvey and Ordeshook's competitive solution. Unfortunately, these solution concepts did not fare well in experimental testing (McKelvey et al. 1978; McKelvey and Ordeshook 1983) . To date, no theory has consistently predicted the outcomes of majority rule voting in situations where there is no core.

Unfortunately, these solution concepts did not fare well in experimental testing.


A natural question to ask is how the E 7(7) symmetry is manifested in the light-cone gauge formulation. A duality transformation in this formulation is equivalent to a field redefinition. In the component formulation, and in the covariant superfield formulation, the E 7(7) symmetry acts only on the scalar and vector fields. In the light-cone formulation a transformation on the superfield transforms all the fields in the supermultiplet. Hence an E 7(7) transformation would also transform the graviton and spinor fields. Furthermore, the typical representations of the E 7(7) symmetry, the 56 and the 133 are indeed intimately connected to only the vector representation and the scalar one. These issues were addressed by Brink, Kim and Ramond [8] . When implementing the light-cone gauge one solves for the unphysical fields and this procedure mixes up all the fields in terms of new fields which constitute the superfield. Hence all the fields will be transformed under the E 7(7) symmetry. Furthermore this symmetry is non-linearly realized in the sense that while SU (8) is linearly realized, E 7(7) /SU (8) is not. The supermultiplet is a representation of the E 7(7) symmetry and somehow the exceptional group can distinguish bosons and fermions, a classical problem when dealing with exceptional groups that do not have spinor representations.

These issues were addressed by Brink, Kim and Ramond.


Many investigators have studied the machinability of WC-Co composite materials using conventional and non-conventional techniques other than USM [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . However, these techniques have their own limitations, in the perspective of deteriorated surface quality (cracks, heat affected zone, recast layer), high cutting forces and alteration of mechanical properties. These defects result into decrease in hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the machined components and also affect the product quality.

Many investigators have studied the machinability of WC-Co composite materials using conventional and non-conventional techniques other than USM.


This study shows that combination of EFC and cisp treatment on HeLa cells induced more necrotic rate up to 31.81% compared to cisp-single treatment. Afterward, EFC-single treatment caused less apoptosis compared to cisp. Hence, cisp is possibly more responsible in inducing apoptosis than EFC and its combination with EFC. The combination between EFC and cisp may affect on cell cycle modulation that can cause a decrease in cell viability on HeLa cells. Cisp has been reported as anti-cancer agent by inducing G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in some type of cancer cells (Jamieson and Lippard, 1999; Fehrmann and Laimins, 2003) . Our results suggest that EFC enhanced HeLa cells' sensitivity to cisp through cell cycle redistribution, causing arrest in G1 and S phase. Cell cycle arrest is related to the efficacy of cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agent being used. Previous studies reported chemo-sensitization of cancer cells by many chemotherapeutic drugs perhaps due to cell cycle modulation (Lawrence et al., 2003) . Therefore, the delay of cell cycle distribution in G1 and S phase by EFC may be important in the sensitization of HeLa cells to cisp which causes a delay in G2/M phase. The experiments was continued to investigate the protein target on cell cycle by detecting the presence of p53.

Cisp has been reported as anti-cancer agent by inducing G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in some type of cancer cells.

Previous studies reported chemo-sensitization of cancer cells by many chemotherapeutic drugs perhaps due to cell cycle modulation.


HeLa cells are characterized with p53 degradation due to the binding of HPV E6 protein complexes to cellular factor E6AP which leads to ubiquitin-mediated degradation by proteasome (Buitrago-pérez et al., 2009) . EFC increased p53 expression in nucleus and its combination with cisp significantly increased p53 expression compared to EFC and cisp-single treatment ( Figure 5) . The p53 protein activation may indirectly affect cellular response through some protein regulation causing cell cycle arrest to lead DNA repair or cell death activation (Jamieson and Lippard, 1999; Ricci and Zong, 2006; Schmitt et al., 2002) . These results suggested that the mechanism of EFC in sensitizing HeLa cells to cisp was possibly via p53-dependent. Brazilein as the main compound of C. sappan probably could inhibit HPV E6 interaction with E6-binding protein E6AP. Therefore, brazilein may be amendable as HPV inhibitor agent and as competitor of vaccine to prevent the development of cervical cancer. However, this hypothesis still needs further investigation by in silico study.

HeLa cells are characterized with p53 degradation due to the binding of HPV E6 protein complexes to cellular factor E6AP which leads to ubiquitin-mediated degradation by proteasome.

The p53 protein activation may indirectly affect cellular response through some protein regulation causing cell cycle arrest to lead DNA repair or cell death activation.


A subsequent pioneering proposal brought torsional optomechanics within the realm of present experimental capabilities by theoretically considering a sub-wavelength-sized dielectric inside a standard high finesse cavity made of spherical mirrors [17] . Optical trapping of the dielectric was proposed to avoid clamping losses, while the rotational degree of freedom was addressed by Laguerre-Gaussian optical modes LG l,p carrying orbital angular momentum l = 0 but with a radial index p = 0. Couplings both linear (for cooling) and quadratic (for trapping) in the angular displacement were shown to be theoretically achievable. We show below that such couplings decrease rapidly with increasing l, requiring the impracticable use of high optical power for observing optorotational effects.

A subsequent pioneering proposal brought torsional optomechanics within the realm of present experimental capabilities by theoretically considering a sub-wavelength-sized dielectric inside a standard high finesse cavity made of spherical mirrors.


In the present paper, the critical strain energy release rate for two glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite systems is derived using the dissipated energy obtained from stressstrain curves recorded during an ordinary loading-unloading tensile test with increasing maximum and using the observed crack density relationship with the applied strain for a reference laminate. As an alternative method for G c determination the stiffness reduction with strain is used. The obtained G c values strongly depend on the maximum strain level in the loading loop which reflects the statistical nature of the fracture toughness distribution along the 90-ply: the G c values for lower strains correspond to cracks in the weakest locations whereas the new cracks appearing at higher strains require more energy. Finally, theoretical predictions of the crack density as a function of applied strain are performed using the obtained G c and an analytical model describing the longitudinal modulus degradation as a function of crack density [26] .

Finally, theoretical predictions of the crack density as a function of applied strain are performed using the obtained G c and an analytical model describing the longitudinal modulus degradation as a function of crack density.


Damage mechanics is the field intensively developing during the last decades and providing tools for studies of composite materials behaviour after damage initiation. For the damage initiation prediction appropriate strength based criteria could be used. Designing structural elements for functionality in the presence of damage, the above sequence has to be accounted for when structure's durability is assessed. Damage in laminated composite materials develops in three subsequent and mostly interlaced forms: matrix cracking (intralaminar damage), delaminations (interlaminar damage) and fibres failure (laminates collapse). The interfaces between the aforementioned damage modes are not well defined, that is matrix cracking may be accompanied with local delaminations and/or fibres breakage. However, intralaminar, or as it is often called, transverse matrix cracking in plies oriented at angles different than the loading axes is considered to appear first. Therefore, during the last 30 years it has been the main subject of studies for many researchers [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . The crack density and damage entity characteristics in terms of damage vectors and tensors, crack opening displacements, etc. were used to quantify the effect of damage on the overall behaviour of laminates [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .

Therefore, during the last 30 years it has been the main subject of studies for many researchers.

The crack density and damage entity characteristics in terms of damage vectors and tensors, crack opening displacements, etc. were used to quantify the effect of damage on the overall behaviour of laminates.


After fuel is used in a reactor, the fuel pellets become highly radioactive, and radioactive fission gases are produced [2] . These used nuclear fuel (UNF) assemblies are stored underwater while their heat generation and radioactive decay rates decrease. After an appropriate time they are placed in packages for dry storage or offsite transport. In transportation, individual assemblies are supported horizontally within square cross-section basket openings inside the package containment region. That region is filled with helium (He), nitrogen (N 2 ), or another nonoxidizing cover gas. Packages transported by truck or rail have enough space for roughly 4 or 21 PWR assemblies, respectively, [3, 4] .

After fuel is used in a reactor, the fuel pellets become highly radioactive, and radioactive fission gases are produced.

Packages transported by truck or rail have enough space for roughly 4 or 21 PWR assemblies, respectively.


Light water reactor nuclear fuel assemblies consist primarily of zircaloy cladding tubes filled with stacks of UO 2 fuel pellets [1] . The rods are held in square arrays by headers, footers, and periodic spacer plates. Some positions in the array contain hollow instrumentation or guide thimble tubes instead of fuel rods. Different boiling water reactor (BWR) assemblies consist of 6 Â 6 to 9 Â 9 arrays of rods surrounded by a square-cross-section zircaloy channel. Pressurized water reactor (PWR) assemblies generally consist of 9 Â 9 to 17 Â 17 rod arrays but do not have surrounding channels.

Light water reactor nuclear fuel assemblies consist primarily of zircaloy cladding tubes filled with stacks of UO 2 fuel pellets.


In the HG simulations of the current work, each basket opening is completely filled with a solid with an ETC. This technique has been used in the SARPs of some currently-licensed packages [3] . In contrast, in some package simulations, fuel blocks with an ETC are used to model fuel within each basket opening, and there is a gas-filled gap between the block and the basket surface [21, 22] . Future extensions of the current work may compare results from AG simulations with those that use gas-surrounded fuel block models.

This technique has been used in the SARPs of some currently-licensed packages.

In contrast, in some package simulations, fuel blocks with an ETC are used to model fuel within each basket opening, and there is a gas-filled gap between the block and the basket surface.


Accurate-geometry transportation package simulations were also conducted for HAC in which a truck package containing four PWR assemblies was exposed to an 800 C fire for different fire durations [20] . The minimum fire durations that cause the fuel cladding to reach the creep deformation or burst rupture temperatures (T CD ¼ 570 C or T BR ¼ 750 C) were determined, and found to decrease as the assembly heat generation rate increased. For a given assembly heat rate, the fire duration of concern was roughly the same for He or N 2 cover gas. This insensitivity to cover gas may be because, at the high fuel assembly temperatures caused by the fire, the rate of radiation heat transfer between the fuel rods and the basket walls was much greater than that transported by conduction in the cover gas. Another set of normal and accident condition simulations were performed with no gas motion. These stagnant-gas simulations, which required less computational resources than the ones that included motion, gave nearly the same fuel cladding temperatures. This indicates gas motion did not strongly affect the results and may not need to be modeled in some transport packages.

Accurate-geometry transportation package simulations were also conducted for HAC in which a truck package containing four PWR assemblies was exposed to an 800 C fire for different fire durations.


Taking into consideration the efforts to find the best geometrical shape of the cantilever and improve its efficiency, the main imperfection of this construction still remains. Conventional cantilever has extremely narrow bandwidth and operates effectively only when excitation frequency falls to that range. If cantilever operates outside that range, efficiency falls down dramatically. Therefore, narrow bandwidth 2 Shock and Vibration of the cantilever is the main obstacle for real-life standalone applications [14] .

Therefore, narrow bandwidth 2 Shock and Vibration of the cantilever is the main obstacle for real-life standalone applications.


Wireless sensors, autonomous electronic systems, and modern health monitoring devices take huge part in nowadays life. Usually, such low power devices are employed to follow and control numerous physical parameters, store data, and wirelessly transfer it [1] . So, numerous advantages and usage areas of wireless, low power systems could be found. On the other hand, these systems and devices have a main disadvantage: they are mainly powered by conventional batteries. Disadvantages of the conventional batteries lead to sort operation time, high service costs, and environmental pollution. Therefore, in order to eliminate negative impact of the batteries to the wireless devices, alternative power sources should be used [2] .

Usually, such low power devices are employed to follow and control numerous physical parameters, store data, and wirelessly transfer it.

Therefore, in order to eliminate negative impact of the batteries to the wireless devices, alternative power sources should be used.


During the last decade, many authors put huge efforts to extend bandwidth of the energy harvesters. On the basis of these efforts, passive and active frequency tuning methods were developed [15] . In general, these methods are not suitable for standalone applications, so another possible solution is multifrequency operation principle.

On the basis of these efforts, passive and active frequency tuning methods were developed.


At this point, energy harvesting technologies take a lead and provide lifetime, environmental friendly, and relativity cheap power supply solution. In order to employ energy harvesting as power source, proper energy harvesting technology should be chosen. However, electromagnetic, electrostatic, and triboelectric energy harvesting technologies have few critical disadvantages, that is, low power density, complex construction, and demand on external power source [3] [4] [5] . On the other hand, piezoelectric energy harvesters could be characterized as scavengers with high power density, simple construction, and suitable electrical outputs [6] . So, the most common construction for piezoelectric energy harvesting is simple cantilever beam. Many authors investigated various geometrical implementation of the cantilevers [7] [8] [9] [10] . Also, several authors were focused on possibility of improving efficiency of the cantilever by increasing strain level and its distribution along length of the beam [11] [12] [13] .

However, electromagnetic, electrostatic, and triboelectric energy harvesting technologies have few critical disadvantages, that is, low power density, complex construction, and demand on external power source.

On the other hand, piezoelectric energy harvesters could be characterized as scavengers with high power density, simple construction, and suitable electrical outputs.

Many authors investigated various geometrical implementation of the cantilevers.

Also, several authors were focused on possibility of improving efficiency of the cantilever by increasing strain level and its distribution along length of the beam.


Solar energy technologies offer a clean, renewable and domestic energy source and are essential components of a sustainable energy future. The amount of global solar radiation and its temporal distribution are the primary variable for the use of solar energy. Development of a solar energy research program must always start with a study of solar radiation data at a site or region of interest [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . Unfortunately, the measurement of these parameters is made only in a few meteorological stations, especially in developing countries, for both historical and economical reasons. For places where it is not directly measured, solar radiation can be estimated by using models and empirical correlations. Therefore, there have been numerous investigations on the examination of the relationship between global radiation and sunshine duration for which data are available in a greater number of meteorological stations [2] . However, the computational complexity and associated time and input data requirements discourage many researchers and users from basing their calculations of energy, irradiation on models which have strong links to the fundamental radiative equations rather they are encouraged by simplicity and expediency of calculations using empirically based methods [3] . It can be observed from Figure 1 shows that the solar energy potential of India is one of the highest in the world as the tropic of cancer passes through it [4] . But the true potential is yet to be utilized because of lack of data. It is worth pointing that regression models are used for prediction or estimation, data description, parameter estimation and control.

Development of a solar energy research program must always start with a study of solar radiation data at a site or region of interest.

Therefore, there have been numerous investigations on the examination of the relationship between global radiation and sunshine duration for which data are available in a greater number of meteorological stations.

However, the computational complexity and associated time and input data requirements discourage many researchers and users from basing their calculations of energy, irradiation on models which have strong links to the fundamental radiative equations rather they are encouraged by simplicity and expediency of calculations using empirically based methods.

It can be observed from Figure 1 shows that the solar energy potential of India is one of the highest in the world as the tropic of cancer passes through it.


In this paper, we propose a two-step general dynamic factor method for the analysis of financial volatilities in large panels of stock returns. Our focus throughout is to produce measures of squared innovations and of their conditional mean as proxies of squared volatilities and to produce multiperiod ahead forecasts of the same. In a previous paper, we showed that the decomposition into "common" and "idiosyncratic" component of the returns does not necessarily coincide with the corresponding decomposition for volatilities, in the sense that level-idiosyncratic components, just as much as the the level-common ones, are affected by market volatility shocks (Barigozzi and Hallin, 2016) . Here, based on this finding, we propose a "divide and rule" analysis of volatilities by decomposing them into four different components: common and idiosyncratic of level-common innovations and common and idiosyncratic of level-idiosyncratic innovations. In Section 4 we show that, for the assets composing the S&P100 index, GARCH forecasts based on those four components are generally better than univariate and other factor based forecasts when compared with the adjusted intra-daily log range. Median for our model (red) and static factor GARCH with one factor (black) with related 25 th and 75 th percentiles.

In a previous paper, we showed that the decomposition into "common" and "idiosyncratic" component of the returns does not necessarily coincide with the corresponding decomposition for volatilities, in the sense that level-idiosyncratic components, just as much as the the level-common ones, are affected by market volatility shocks.


Due to the nature of these applications, which involves interactions with a magnetic �eld outside the body, it is necessary to use materials that can reach the highest possible magnetization. Currently, iron oxide, particularly magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), is commonly studied for these applications over other iron oxide structures such as maghemite ( -Fe 2 O 3 ) due to a higher magnetic saturation [15] . Similar synthesis routes can be used to produce either structure and require detailed analysis such as XRD and Mössbauer spectroscopy to determine the speci�c phase. Peaks for both Fe 3 O 4 and -Fe 2 O 3 occur at nearly the same 2 in XRD, making it difficult to distinguish. Fe 3 O 4 can be identi�ed by Mössbauer spectra taken at room temperature by the display of hyper�ne magnetic splitting that is not seen in Fe 2 O 3 [16, 17] .

Currently, iron oxide, particularly magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), is commonly studied for these applications over other iron oxide structures such as maghemite ( -Fe 2 O 3 ) due to a higher magnetic saturation.

Fe 3 O 4 can be identi�ed by Mössbauer spectra taken at room temperature by the display of hyper�ne magnetic splitting that is not seen in Fe 2 O 3.


Of the non chemical strategies, biological control of RLF using egg parasitoids is the most promising. Use of larval and pupal parasitoids to manage rice leaf folder has practical limitations. RLF larvae have already damaged the rice foliage when larval parasitoids begin to destroy the larvae. In contrast, egg parasitoids destroy the RLF at the egg stage, prior to leaf damage by larvae. Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja has been identified as a naturally occurring egg parasitoid that can be used against RLF (Hemachandra et al., 2014) . The potential of this egg parasitoid in the control of RLF has not been properly investigated.

Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja has been identified as a naturally occurring egg parasitoid that can be used against RLF.


The violation of DDR can be studied broadly in two ways. First, we can analyze DDR in the framework of different cosmological models which can explain the present accelerated expansion of the universe [28] . Alternatively, we could study it in a model independent way. Since the present cosmological model of the universe is not known, a model independent methodology is probably a better approaches to analyze DDR. The model independent approach can further be subdivided into two different branches: parametric and non-parametric.

First, we can analyze DDR in the framework of different cosmological models which can explain the present accelerated expansion of the universe.


Several different forms of parametrization of η(z) have been used in the literature [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] . This phenomenological approach has the disadvantage that the final result may depend upon the assumed form of η(z). Therefore nonparametric methods seem to be a robust way to extract information from the data. Gaussian Process (GP), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Smoothing Method (SM) techniques have been used to study the variation of η(z) or to check the consistency of different datasets in a non-parametric way [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] . However, both GP and SM methods require an initial prior or cosmological guess model, which may lead to a biased result. On the other hand, errors may be underestimated in the GA method [40] .

Several different forms of parametrization of η(z) have been used in the literature.

Gaussian Process (GP), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Smoothing Method (SM) techniques have been used to study the variation of η(z) or to check the consistency of different datasets in a non-parametric way.

On the other hand, errors may be underestimated in the GA method.


Tannin has attracted the interest due to their chemical activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiseptic and antimicrobial. Some of these properties already exhibit scientifically validated activity. Besides the use in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, healing and anti-hemorrhagic to treat venereal and stomach diseases, recent studies have shown that tannins can be used as feedstock for the production of adhesives, due to the reactivity of their condensed tannins present in the bark and leaves. Then, there is the interest to use the tannins for multi-purpose applications, since it is a natural material with a renewable character [18] .

Then, there is the interest to use the tannins for multi-purpose applications, since it is a natural material with a renewable character.


Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer has a significant swelling capacity, non-toxicity, biodegradability, unique reactivation, hydrophilicity and molecular characteristics [15] . Cellulose and its derivatives generally undergo degradation by high energy radiation. Radiation crosslinking, however, was observed in high concentration solution of CMC [16] . The development of environmental friendly materials is a continuing area of challenge for food packaging and coating technology. One of these synthetic materials is poly(vinyl alcohol). This polymer has excellent chemical resistance, also its optical and physical properties enable a broad industrial uses. In addition, it was reported that PVA is a biodegradable polymer, in which the mechanism of biodegradation involves first dehydrogenation into the corresponding carbonyl groups to form β-hydroxy ketone which followed by aldolase-type cleavage [17] .

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer has a significant swelling capacity, non-toxicity, biodegradability, unique reactivation, hydrophilicity and molecular characteristics.

Radiation crosslinking, however, was observed in high concentration solution of CMC.

In addition, it was reported that PVA is a biodegradable polymer, in which the mechanism of biodegradation involves first dehydrogenation into the corresponding carbonyl groups to form β-hydroxy ketone which followed by aldolase-type cleavage.


It was established that radiation crosslinking of polymers improves the thermal, mechanical properties and it can be induces reactive compatibilization in polymer blends [12] [13] . The main advantages of the application of high-energy irradiation to polymer blends are the formation of strong bonds between macromolecules. Compatibilization of polymer blends by high-energy radiation can be achieved without addition of any ionomer, and in presence of multifunction monomers and ionomers, they are effective in accelerating and increasing the crosslinking degree [14] .

It was established that radiation crosslinking of polymers improves the thermal, mechanical properties and it can be induces reactive compatibilization in polymer blends.

Compatibilization of polymer blends by high-energy radiation can be achieved without addition of any ionomer, and in presence of multifunction monomers and ionomers, they are effective in accelerating and increasing the crosslinking degree.


The increasing demand for fresh fruits and vegetables forces the food industry to develop new and better methods for maintaining food quality and extending shelf life. On the other hand, consumers around the world demand food of high quality, without chemical preservatives and with extended shelf life. An increased effort has been made to discover new natural preservatives and antimicrobials. This is because fruits are directly sold for consumption. For the consumers, the most important attributes of fresh fruits are flavor and appearance, as well as their safety and nutritional value [1] . The application of edible films and coatings to food products represents a new approach to solve this problem. Edible films and coatings can include antioxidant and antimicrobial agents in their formulation, which results in a better preservation of quality [2] .

For the consumers, the most important attributes of fresh fruits are flavor and appearance, as well as their safety and nutritional value.

Edible films and coatings can include antioxidant and antimicrobial agents in their formulation, which results in a better preservation of quality.


However, there is second reason why studies with low statistical power are problematic and may be considered unethical: low statistical power leads to increased risk that statistically significant results will actually be falsely positive (for any given p-value). It is often assumed that the probability of a false positive significant result is given by the critical probability , usually set at 0.05. However, for many studies the false positive error rate will be considerably greater than the predefined critical probability [11] . This effect is greatest when the study power and/or the probability of the null hypothesis being false are low [12] . That is, there is an increased risk that a statistically significant, but surprising (i.e. improbable), result is actually "falsely positive", and this effect is greatest in small studies. We illustrate this by comparing hypothesis testing with diagnostic test evaluation using concepts familiar to clinicians, such as positive and negative predicative values (and likelihood ratios). Through comparison with diagnostic test evaluation we also emphasize the role that prior information or belief can play in our interpretation of hypothesis tests.

However, for many studies the false positive error rate will be considerably greater than the predefined critical probability.

This effect is greatest when the study power and/or the probability of the null hypothesis being false are low.


It is well recognised that low power increases the probability of type II error and this effect is sometimes cited by authors as a possible reason for no statistically significant result being identified. Underpowered studies have been labelled "scientifically useless", principally because low statistical power increases the risk of type II errors (failing to observe a difference when the null hypothesis is actually false) [3, [8] [9] . Indeed, numerous authors have suggested that it may be unethical to involve people in epidemiological studies or clinical trials that have low statistical power because such studies may be inadequately able to test the hypotheses of interest [8] [9] [10] .

Underpowered studies have been labelled "scientifically useless", principally because low statistical power increases the risk of type II errors (failing to observe a difference when the null hypothesis is actually false).

Indeed, numerous authors have suggested that it may be unethical to involve people in epidemiological studies or clinical trials that have low statistical power because such studies may be inadequately able to test the hypotheses of interest.


In Australia, where, as a general rule, genetic testing decisions are made only after at least one consultation with a genetic counselor and/or clinical geneticist or oncologist, it is perhaps not surprising that knowledge and certainty levels are high in this population. Despite this high level of face-to-face education and support, the DA was still able to add value over and above the consultation. Further research on the effectiveness of the DA in women who decide not to attend a familial cancer clinic after hearing about their eligibility for genetic testing (either through referral from another medical service or in the public arena) would provide valuable information about the effect of the DA on women who may have lower knowledge and certainty levels than the group who do currently attend the clinics. Indeed, recent research suggests that women who do not attend familial cancer clinics after receiving a referral from their breast cancer treatment team list more cons of genetic testing than those who do attend after their referral [42] .

Indeed, recent research suggests that women who do not attend familial cancer clinics after receiving a referral from their breast cancer treatment team list more cons of genetic testing than those who do attend after their referral.


Over the last few years we have experienced several weeks of high ambient temperatures during the spring and summer seasons in Western Europe and the USA. Temperatures over 30°C or 40°C during a certain number of days may be detrimental for optimal physiological functioning of the organism, and even death may occur. Details on physiology and pathophysiology are given in a subsequent section. The high temperatures can have negative consequences for milk production, and for reproduction, welfare and health, in dairy cattle, but also beef cattle may be affected. Especially high yielding dairy cattle would be susceptible because their thermo-neutral zone is rather limited as compared to low yielding cows [1] . However, it is not clearly established how the physiological response of cattle to heat stress occurs and what exactly these negative effects comprise. Moreover, the measures for prevention or controlling those effects are often still issue of debate.

Especially high yielding dairy cattle would be susceptible because their thermo-neutral zone is rather limited as compared to low yielding cows.


There is a wide variation between the different breeds regarding their resistance against heat stress. Moreover, the husbandry conditions differ greatly between countries and regions, as well as between farmers. The genetic selection for high milk yield has been accompanied by a loss of capacity to maintain homeostasis under all conditions. If it would be possible to select genetically heat stress resistant cows, then milk yield capacity would be lost to a certain extent: traits are negatively correlated. The same is applicable to traits such as sweat, hair coat color, tissue conductance [7] . These are just a few reasons why it is not feasible to provide the one and only receipt for controlling heat stress. We have to adapt solutions to each individual farm and husbandry situation.

The same is applicable to traits such as sweat, hair coat color, tissue conductance.


During the oviposition process, both Tiphia species removed soil from around the grub, creating a cell in the soil, to facilitate the oviposition process. While T. vernalis performed more soil-moving acts than T. pygidialis, such observed differences may not exist under natural conditions. Grubs form a cell, slightly larger than their body, in the soil, where they feed on the roots of plants growing into the cell (Vittum et al. 1999) . However, grubs placed into the soil-Þlled observation chambers in the laboratory were not given enough time to form such an earthen chamber. Therefore, Tiphia encountering grubs under natural conditions may not need to devote as much time to soilmoving behavior.

Grubs form a cell, slightly larger than their body, in the soil, where they feed on the roots of plants growing into the cell.


One of the theories most utilized to explain the hysteresis effect suggests that, in a condition of elevated water quantity, almost all sorption sites from the material's molecular structure are filled with adsorbed water. After drying, available sorption sites are reduced along with the product shrinkage. This trend leads to a reduction of water bonding capacity for a future adsorption (Mohsenin, 1986) . Since a limit factor of mass transfer mechanism is water diffusion on the capillary of the products, there is a reduction of pore diameter during shrinkage. Smaller pores lead to a lower mass transfer rate, which leads to a lower velocity of water removal at final stages of desorption or initial stages of adsorption.

This trend leads to a reduction of water bonding capacity for a future adsorption.


Castor beans, like most agricultural products, have the capacity to gain or lose moisture from the environment. If the moisture content increases, the risk of fungi development is higher, compromising the product's quality. Reduction of moisture content may provide economic loss due to weight loss. These moisture content changes continue until the product enters in equilibrium with the air conditions. When this occurs, it is called equilibrium moisture content or hygroscopic equilibrium. This information is useful, relating directly with drying and storage (Hessini et al., 2015) .

This information is useful, relating directly with drying and storage.


The children made clinically significant gains in reading comprehension, mathematics reasoning, and nonverbal reasoning but not in word reading or recall of mathematical facts. For example, Child #4 and Child #5 received interventions to address deficits with decoding, reading fluency, and sight word recognition. Neither child showed changes in word reading scores after receiving interventions. Although other factors such as the appropriateness of the interventions, age, and the severity of cognitive and learning deficits may have impacted their progress, the metacognitive training did not influence improvements in their basic reading skills. Additionally, Child #1 showed gains in applied mathematics, an area requiring abstract reasoning, but not in arithmetic. Studies have suggested that metacognition contributes to flexible representation of information that can be integrated and adjusted to solve problems (Crowley, Shrager, & Siegler, 1997; Siegler & Chen, 2008) . Other interventions are needed to improve automatic recall of information (Siegler & Chen, 2008) . Based upon the outcomes, careful consideration of cognitive processes in relation to the context of a skill is required when developing interventions.

Studies have suggested that metacognition contributes to flexible representation of information that can be integrated and adjusted to solve problems.

Other interventions are needed to improve automatic recall of information.


Researchers in the United States developed the Math Interactive Learning Experience (MILE) to address neurocognitive mathematical impairments and deficits in mathematics in children ages 3 through 10 affected by prenatal alcohol exposure. Interventions used in MILE were based on practices used in cognitive rehabilitation and early childhood education programs (Kable, Coles, & Taddeo, 2007) . Similar to models used by effective cognitive rehabilitation programs, MILE developed interventions to habilitate cognitive deficits within the context of a functional skill that are affected by the impairment (Ylvisaker et al., 2005; Kable, Coles & Taddeo, 2007) . Interventions using this model are shown to increase generalization of skills (Kable, Coles & Taddeo, 2007; Ylvisaker et al., 2005) .

Interventions used in MILE were based on practices used in cognitive rehabilitation and early childhood education programs.

Similar to models used by effective cognitive rehabilitation programs, MILE developed interventions to habilitate cognitive deficits within the context of a functional skill that are affected by the impairment.

Interventions using this model are shown to increase generalization of skills.


Children assigned to the intervention group received 6 weeks of individualized instruction. Their caregivers were given information about neurocognitive deficits associated with the affects from prenatal alcohol exposure. Also, caregivers were provided weekly mathematic activities and directions on how to use the "Plan-Do-Review Process" when working with their children at home (Kable, Coles, & Taddeo, 2007; Coles, Kable, & Taddeo, 2009) .

Also, caregivers were provided weekly mathematic activities and directions on how to use the "Plan-Do-Review Process" when working with their children at home.


Although studies have shown that deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure impact learning and meeting the demands of school, minimal research has been completed to investigate interventions to address difficulties directly related to academic and school performance (Bertrand, 2009; Kable, Coles, & Taddeo, 2007; Adnams et al., 2007) . Two studies examined interventions for children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure that implemented metacognitive training within instruction to improve basic reading or mathematics (Adnams et al., 2007; Kable, Coles, & Taddeo, 2007; Coles, Kable, & Taddeo, 2009; Bertrand, 2009) . A pilot study conducted in South Africa examined classroom interventions adapted from cognitive control therapy to improve metacognitive skills of 10 children of low socioeconomic status affected by prenatal alcohol exposure (Adnams et al., 2007; Riley et al., 2003) . The interventions focused on increasing engagement to tasks, organizing thoughts, and awareness of actions. The participants showed no gains in overall academic skills. However, scores on post-test measures of behavior trended toward clinical significance. The children were reported to show improvements with regulating emotional reactions, cooperating with adults, and in their attitude and motivation toward school (Riley et al., 2003) . The findings suggested that metacognitive training showed promise to improve classroom behaviors (Adnams et al., 2007; Riley et al., 2003; Kodituwakku & Kodituwakku, 2011) .

Although studies have shown that deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure impact learning and meeting the demands of school, minimal research has been completed to investigate interventions to address difficulties directly related to academic and school performance.

Two studies examined interventions for children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure that implemented metacognitive training within instruction to improve basic reading or mathematics.

A pilot study conducted in South Africa examined classroom interventions adapted from cognitive control therapy to improve metacognitive skills of 10 children of low socioeconomic status affected by prenatal alcohol exposure.

The children were reported to show improvements with regulating emotional reactions, cooperating with adults, and in their attitude and motivation toward school.

The findings suggested that metacognitive training showed promise to improve classroom behaviors.


A review of the cases suggests that training to improve elements of executive functioning within instruction to address academic deficits shows potential to remediate learning difficulties of children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure. The outcomes indicate that four out of the five children who participated in the Saturday cognitive habilitation program showed clinically significant gains in learning and academics. Gains were made in as few as 12 sessions. Similar to findings from studies examining efficacy of MILE, the children in the Saturday program benefitted from the interventions to increase problem solving skills and awareness of the learning process (Kable, Coles, & Taddeo, 2007; Adnams et al., 2007; Siegler, 1995) . The results suggest that the strategies used in MILE could be adapted for use with older children to address learning problems in a community-based program.

Similar to findings from studies examining efficacy of MILE, the children in the Saturday program benefitted from the interventions to increase problem solving skills and awareness of the learning process.


Specific strategies used in MILE were adapted from the High Scope/Perry Preschool program (Hohmann & Weikart, 1995) . That program was developed to study the long-term influence of a quality, educational program on the development of at risk, low income children. The program provided direct instruction to improve planning, decision making, concept development, and learning readiness skills. A longitudinal study comparing the outcomes of children who participated in the High Scope/Perry Preschool program showed improvements in educational and social responsibility as adults when compared to the control group (Weikart, 1998) .

Specific strategies used in MILE were adapted from the High Scope/Perry Preschool program.

A longitudinal study comparing the outcomes of children who participated in the High Scope/Perry Preschool program showed improvements in educational and social responsibility as adults when compared to the control group.


Let us see how the theorem follows in surfaces of general type. We first prove (see proposition 4.1) that the leaves of minimal sets are hyperbolic, i.e. covered by the unit disc. The arguments rely on the negative curvature of S, the foliated adjunction formula and Ahlfors currents. We then endow the leaves with the Poincaré metric. On one hand, from the presence of a simply connected leaf, the Kaimanovich entropy is equal to 1. On the other hand, the Lyapunov exponent belongs to ] − 1, 0[. The exponent is indeed very related to the geometry of the surface: it is equal to the cohomological intersection between the harmonic current and the normal bundle of the foliation [13] . In surfaces of general type, the negative curvature of the tangent bundle forces the leaves to stay appart from each other.

On the other hand, the Lyapunov exponent belongs to ] − 1, 0[. The exponent is indeed very related to the geometry of the surface: it is equal to the cohomological intersection between the harmonic current and the normal bundle of the foliation.


The evaluation of students' progress is a very important part of any educational system. Making the decision to let a student pass or fail is difficult especially if the teacher is supposed to decide only by the final exam results. The performance of the student can be influenced by many factors and the teacher has limited time to assess the acquired knowledge and other required skills. The difficulty of the decision is compounded by the fact that students need time to learn, so mistakes are to be expected (Scanlan et al., 2001) . Failing a student is stressful both for the student and for the teacher (DeBrew & Lewallen, 2014) .

The difficulty of the decision is compounded by the fact that students need time to learn, so mistakes are to be expected.

Failing a student is stressful both for the student and for the teacher.


The reality in addition to the absence of an objective measure of student learning further faces a number of difficulties regarding empirical methodology (Beleche et al., 2012) . The grades are never totally objective. Their variation arises from three sources: the student, the teacher, and ''nature'', which reflects random and unmeasured factors (Grant, 2007) .

The reality in addition to the absence of an objective measure of student learning further faces a number of difficulties regarding empirical methodology.

The grades are never totally objective.

Their variation arises from three sources: the student, the teacher, and ''nature'', which reflects random and unmeasured factors.


One of the unmeasured factors is often the item difficulty. An assessment can contain some easy items as well as some difficult items, but the overall difficulty of the assessment should be adjusted to the level of the student population taking the assessment. An assessment should have a certain level of difficulty, enabling an average student to pass. Average students can be defined as those who are generally sufficiently prepared for participation in the classes and have confidence in their own capacities to study for the assessment (van de Watering & van der Rijt, 2006) .

Average students can be defined as those who are generally sufficiently prepared for participation in the classes and have confidence in their own capacities to study for the assessment.


There is but a small proportion of students who had failed at the first attempt and then succeeded at the second or third. Those are the students who underestimated their preparation for the exam or students who simply had "bad luck" at the first attempt though they might have the ability and knowledge to succeed otherwise. It is necessary to bear in mind some random and unmeasured factors including the student's possible health or other problems (Grant, 2007) . More attempts can eliminate the current indisposition and other random factors which can affect the final result if there only one personal contact with the teacher.

It is necessary to bear in mind some random and unmeasured factors including the student's possible health or other problems.


In contrast, not much work has been done in the direction of visible decay, where the final decay products involve active neutrinos, which can be detected. In oscillation experiments, this manifests itself as an additional contribution to invisible decay. We refer to the addition of both visible and invisible contributions as full decay. Nevertheless, in order to describe the visible contribution, one needs an expression for the differential width, so it is not possible to carry out this analysis in a completely model-independent way. Models for fast neutrino decay usually involve the coupling of two neutrinos with a massless scalar, called a Majoron [71] [72] [73] [74] . This interaction can proceed through scalar (g s ) or pseudoscalar (g p ) couplings. As we shall see in this paper, both couplings can be related to the α decay constant by g 2 s,p ∼ 16πα/m 2 , where m is the neutrino mass. It is then of our interest to understand how such an interaction affects the results of oscillation experiments, for both possible kinds of coupling.

Models for fast neutrino decay usually involve the coupling of two neutrinos with a massless scalar, called a Majoron.


Let X be a smooth projective curve. A Belyi map is a finite cover f : X → P 1 that is branched exactly at 0, 1, ∞. In this paper we restrict to the special case that X = P 1 , allowing for iteration of f and the study of dynamical behavior. We write f n for the nfold composition of f with itself. If we further insist that f ({0, 1, ∞}) ⊆ {0, 1, ∞}, then all iterates f n are also Belyi maps. These maps have been called dynamical Belyi maps [13] , [19] . Dynamical Belyi maps are the central objects of study in the present work. These maps are a special class of post-critically finite (PCF) maps; a map f : P 1 → P 1 is PCF if each ramification point has a finite forward orbit. The study of PCF maps has a long history in complex and arithmetic dynamics, starting from Thurston's topological characterization of these maps in the early 1980s and continuing to the present day [1] , [2] , [6] , [10] .

Let X be a smooth projective curve.

These maps have been called dynamical Belyi maps.

The study of PCF maps has a long history in complex and arithmetic dynamics, starting from Thurston's topological characterization of these maps in the early 1980s and continuing to the present day.


For extracting 32-direction gradient feature, the size of normalized image is set to 36 × 36 pixels. On each of 32 direction maps, 4 × 4 feature values are extracted in each block, and thus each image is divided to 9 × 9 blocks. Then, down sampling by Gaussian filtering is applied to reduce both the number of blocks and number of directions, and finally the feature dimensions is 400 (5 horizontal blocks × 5 vertical blocks × 16 directions) [6] .

Then, down sampling by Gaussian filtering is applied to reduce both the number of blocks and number of directions, and finally the feature dimensions is 400 (5 horizontal blocks × 5 vertical blocks × 16 directions).


Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), commonly observed in elderly patients, is characterized by impaired concentration, memory, and learning following surgery. POCD may be persistent over long durations of time or even progress into serious central nervous system diseases [1] . However, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying POCD still remain unclear, and no diseasemodifying or prophylactic therapies are currently available. Hence, unraveling the fundamental neuropathogenesis of POCD is an important challenge. Several studies have demonstrated that neuroinflammation caused by surgery is involved in the development of POCD [2, 3] . The initiation and propagation of neuroinflammation appear to rely very much on the interaction between microglia, immune cells, and neurons, with the microglia-immune cell connection being poorly explored thus far.

POCD may be persistent over long durations of time or even progress into serious central nervous system diseases.

Several studies have demonstrated that neuroinflammation caused by surgery is involved in the development of POCD.


We start with a recently introduced irrotational geodesic fluid model whose energy-momentum tensor (EMT) in the frame comoving with the fluid is dust-like with nontrivial energy flux [3] . Then we pass over to the noncomoving energy frame (vanishing energy flux [4] ). Here the same EMT contains besides dust only radial pressure. We consider the resulting Einsteins field equations together with the matter equations in static spherically symmetric coordinates. These equations are self-contained (four equations for four unknowns). We solve them analytically except for a resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) for the gravitational potential.

We start with a recently introduced irrotational geodesic fluid model whose energy-momentum tensor (EMT) in the frame comoving with the fluid is dust-like with nontrivial energy flux.

Then we pass over to the noncomoving energy frame (vanishing energy flux).


Lead user innovation can also be analysed as the co-creation of a new product or business by different companies and it is in this way a particular form of open innovation. During the last two decades, an increasing number of large firms have abandoned the closed innovation system in favour of a more 'open' innovation model (Arora et al., 2001; Arora, 2002; Chesbrough, 2003; Chesbrough et al., 2006) . Large, industrial firms nowadays use flexible innovation strategies relying heavily on externally sourced technology. As a result, corporate venturing investments, strategic alliances and technology licensing play a crucial role in boosting innovation success. These firms use open innovation to improve the performance of their existing business, but they also tap into external technology sources to create new businesses or to transform the company in line with the corporate strategy. Science based, radical technological innovations are a major source of new business developments and business transformation. Innovating companies are progressively building the required knowledge base in cooperation with external partners (O'Connor, 2006; O'Connor et al., 2008) .

During the last two decades, an increasing number of large firms have abandoned the closed innovation system in favour of a more 'open' innovation model.

Innovating companies are progressively building the required knowledge base in cooperation with external partners.


Feature selection is a process of finding an optimal feature subset, removes irrelevant or redundant feature. Feature selection is one of the important steps in machine learning especially for recognition tasks. The performance of recognition algorithms are usually dependent on the quality of the feature set. If the feature set contains redundant or irrelevant features, the algorithm may produce a less accurate or a less recognition rate. The feature selection problem has been studied by the statistics and machine learning communities for many years [1] [2] [3] [4] . The feature selection algorithms can be categorized as filter, wrapper, and embedded methods based on the criterion functions. Filter methods uses statistical properties for evaluating feature subsets. The advantages of filters methods are fast and efficient to process high dimensional datasets, however filters approach do not consider the feature dependencies. Wrapper methods use a learning algorithm for evaluating the selected feature subsets. Embedded methods are similar to wrapper methods, but less computationally expensive and considering feature dependencies [5] . Feature extraction can be viewed as finding a subset of raw data while reducing the dimensionality.

The feature selection problem has been studied by the statistics and machine learning communities for many years.

Embedded methods are similar to wrapper methods, but less computationally expensive and considering feature dependencies.


At last but not least, parsing performance is an important factor since the acceptance of a parser generator relies definitively on practical performance. In this light, Nez can generate three types of differently implemented parsers, based on the traditional source generation, the grammar translation, and the parsing machine [11] . From the perspective of open grammars, we highlight the latter parsing machine that enables a PCRE-style parser library that loads a grammar at runtime. To achieve practical performance, Nez operators are assembled into low-level virtual instructions, including automated state modifications when backtracking, transactional controls of AST construction, and efficient memoization in packrat parsing. We will demonstrate that the resulting parsers are portable and achieve very competitive performance compared to other existing standard parsers for Java, JavaScript, and XML.

In this light, Nez can generate three types of differently implemented parsers, based on the traditional source generation, the grammar translation, and the parsing machine.


The other explanation for our findings is that patients with short diabetes duration may have significant beta-cell reserve more than what was originally thought. It is unlikely that diabetes remission occurs if 50% or more of beta-cell function is lost at the time of diagnosis. It is worth mentioning that the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), which created that concept, was not originally designed to evaluate beta-cell function [21] . The study used a rough technique (HOMA calculation) to retrospectively calculate beta-cell function and create a hypothetical graph that indicates a progressive decline of beta-cell function [17] . The impossibility of acquiring pancreatic biopsies from living individuals with type 2 diabetes limits our knowledge about the actual beta-cell volume and function in living humans. Although several indirect methods have been developed over years, they all have major limitations [22] .

It is worth mentioning that the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), which created that concept, was not originally designed to evaluate beta-cell function.

The study used a rough technique (HOMA calculation) to retrospectively calculate beta-cell function and create a hypothetical graph that indicates a progressive decline of beta-cell function.

Although several indirect methods have been developed over years, they all have major limitations.


Active noise control (ANC) is intended to suppress an external noise in an active way that an anti-noise with opposite phase and same magnitude cancels the external noise [1] [2] [3] . Feedforward ANC, which is the typical ANC scheme, captures a reference signal with a microphone at noise source to provide the input of the ANC system, which drives the anti-noise. Unlike the feedforward ANC, feedback active noise control (FBANC) does not need a microphone or sensor to install at noise source for a reference signal but utilizes a feedback mechanism to internally generate a reference signal. The structure of the feedback ANC is considered as one of the typical internal model control (IMC) in the sense that the estimated model of the secondary path is used for the generation of a reference signal [2] . For this structural nature, in applications where noise sources are many and propagation paths of noises are unspecified, e.g., ANC headphones, the feedback ANC is preferred to be implemented rather than the feedforward scheme, in which independent reference sensors need to be installed [4] [5] [6] .

Active noise control (ANC) is intended to suppress an external noise in an active way that an anti-noise with opposite phase and same magnitude cancels the external noise.

The structure of the feedback ANC is considered as one of the typical internal model control (IMC) in the sense that the estimated model of the secondary path is used for the generation of a reference signal.

For this structural nature, in applications where noise sources are many and propagation paths of noises are unspecified, e.g., ANC headphones, the feedback ANC is preferred to be implemented rather than the feedforward scheme, in which independent reference sensors need to be installed.


Another appropriate frequency response approach for stability analysis of the feedback system is the Nyquist stability determining technique [12, 13] . In the Nyquist criterion, a feedback system's stability is guaranteed when the polar plot of the open loop frequency response does not enclose the Nyquist point (−1, 0) for any frequency. The Nyquist technique is basically considered as a trial-and-error based approach, in which the stability bound can be obtained through direct drawing of polar plots by changing the values of the parameters.

Another appropriate frequency response approach for stability analysis of the feedback system is the Nyquist stability determining technique.


Tree breeding research has identified a number of traits, such as growth rate, straightness, branch habit, wood properties, and dothistoma resistance, that can be genetically controlled (Burdon 1992) . This provides an opportunity for creating "designer trees" to produce specific products (Carson 1996) . A number of breeding improvement programmes have been developed but, as they were developed to benefit the forest grower, until recently they have largely focussed on the growing of logs rather than on end-products (Shelbourne et al. 1997) .

Tree breeding research has identified a number of traits, such as growth rate, straightness, branch habit, wood properties, and dothistoma resistance, that can be genetically controlled.

This provides an opportunity for creating "designer trees" to produce specific products.

A number of breeding improvement programmes have been developed but, as they were developed to benefit the forest grower, until recently they have largely focussed on the growing of logs rather than on end-products.


Splash erosion, sheet erosion (the previous two types are also called interrill erosion), rill erosion, and gully erosion are generally recognized as the main types of soil erosion by water [18] . Splash erosion marks the beginning of other types of soil erosion involving raindrop impact, splash of soil particles, and formation of craters [19] . It is called sheet erosion when a thin layer of soil is removed by raindrop impact and shallow surface flow from the whole slope. When rainfall exceeds the rate of infiltration, water accumulates on the surface of gently sloped land and moving water concentrates along tiny channels called rills that are less than 30 cm deep [18] . Gully erosion begins when runoff concentrates in channels and rills develop, which may grow into gullies deeper than 30 cm over short time periods [20] .

Splash erosion, sheet erosion (the previous two types are also called interrill erosion), rill erosion, and gully erosion are generally recognized as the main types of soil erosion by water.

Splash erosion marks the beginning of other types of soil erosion involving raindrop impact, splash of soil particles, and formation of craters.

When rainfall exceeds the rate of infiltration, water accumulates on the surface of gently sloped land and moving water concentrates along tiny channels called rills that are less than 30 cm deep.

Gully erosion begins when runoff concentrates in channels and rills develop, which may grow into gullies deeper than 30 cm over short time periods.


The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in the water adsorption capacity (expressed as EMC) and the difference in the chemical composition between undecayed and brown-rot (C. puteana) decayed Scots pine heartwood. Moreover, we investigated whether the change in the chemical composition of decayed wood distorts the negative correlation between the result of the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the decay resistance (Harju and Venäläinen, 2006) . The wood material covered a wide range of heartwood extractive concentrations and, accordingly, a wide range in the stage of decay attained in a 7-week decay test. High air humidity (RH ∼100%) was used in the adsorption experiment because wooden structures are often unintentionally exposed to high humidity.

Moreover, we investigated whether the change in the chemical composition of decayed wood distorts the negative correlation between the result of the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the decay resistance.


Regarding the limitations of the present study's results, it is necessary to mention the most recent findings of Hopwood and Donnellan on personality inventories' internal structure evaluation using CFA (Hopwood & Donnellan, 2010) . The researchers claim that CFA may not always be an appropriate method for personality inventories' model evaluation. In their study none of the well known personality trait inventories demonstrated good model fit. Although JSS is not a personality trait inventory, it is based on subjective employees' feelings towards their job. Therefore using only CFA is not sufficient for the final conclusions about the test.

Regarding the limitations of the present study's results, it is necessary to mention the most recent findings of Hopwood and Donnellan on personality inventories' internal structure evaluation using CFA.


Hopwood and Donnellan do not claim that CFA is generally inappropriate method; however they propose to avoid global evaluations. They suggest to use multiple factor analytic methods (CFA as well as EFA) and to consider the substantive and practical implications of model modifications designed to improve fit. They acknowledge that the results of their study could motivate development in personality inventories' measurement with a better structure definition which might improve results using CFA (Hopwood et al., 2010) .

They acknowledge that the results of their study could motivate development in personality inventories' measurement with a better structure definition which might improve results using CFA.


One of the explanations of the unsatisfactory fit of the primary model may be insufficient number of the "strong" (well related to the latent construct being measured) and (almost) non-overlapping items in survey's subscales. JSS subscales, consisting only of 4 items each, in some cases may not reflect the phenomenon under research well. The solution may be to use more items for a subscale, or to replace some items with other ones that are more informative and better reflect the measured construct. Kenny advocated that "Two might be fine, three is better, four is best, and anything more is gravy" (Kenny, 1979, p.143 ). Yang acknowledged this opinion saying that using lengthy ordinal scales can pose serious challenges for structural equation modeling (Yang, Nay & Hoyle, 2010) . However, these four items must be really good, if only four.

Yang acknowledged this opinion saying that using lengthy ordinal scales can pose serious challenges for structural equation modeling.


The interpretation of results from dark matter (DM) direct detection experiments is significantly affected by uncertainties in the local DM density and velocity distribution [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . While the assumed value for the local DM density only affects the determination of the overall DM scattering cross section, the assumed halo velocity distribution f (v) enters in the predicted event rate in a complicated way and changes the shape of the predicted recoil spectrum. Indeed, a nuclear recoil of energy E R can originate from any DM particle which has a speed greater than a minimum value v min (E R ), and experiments are then sensitive to the velocity integral g(v min ) = v>v min f (v)/v d 3 v.

The interpretation of results from dark matter (DM) direct detection experiments is significantly affected by uncertainties in the local DM density and velocity distribution.


Such analyses have several disadvantages. In particular, as they only consider constraints from one experiment at a time, and at one point in velocity space at a time, they do not yield quantitative statements about the net amount of agreement or disagreement in the data. Even the direct comparison of two experiments is only possible if the two experiments probe the same region of v min -space [24, 34] . Moreover, since for given DM parameters no aggregate test statistic is computed, it also follows that it is not possible for these methods to quantitatively compare different choices of DM parameters or to determine an allowed DM parameter region. Our approach, on the other hand, allows us to use all the information available in v min -space in order to not only find the best-fit values for the DM parameters, but also to determine how well the proposed model actually fits the data.

Even the direct comparison of two experiments is only possible if the two experiments probe the same region of v min -space.


Although this is the first report on iNOS production by bovine articular chondrocytes treated with BCP crystals, iNOS expression has been consistently described in chondrocytes treated with various inflammatory cytokines, including interferon-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β [43, 62, 63] . IL-1β seems to be the key cytokine in the induction of cartilage catabolism and plays a pivotal role in the cartilage destruction typical of OA [64] . In our experiments using IL-1 receptor antagonist, we found that, although OCP crystals induced IL-1β mRNA, iNOS mRNA expression induced by OCP crystals were in part independent from IL-1β. In contrast, iNOS mRNA expression and NO production induced by IL-1β were inhibited by IL-1 receptor antagonist. These results are in agreement with MSU crystal induced iNOS expression, as observed by Liu and Lioté [37] .

Although this is the first report on iNOS production by bovine articular chondrocytes treated with BCP crystals, iNOS expression has been consistently described in chondrocytes treated with various inflammatory cytokines, including interferon-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β.

IL-1β seems to be the key cytokine in the induction of cartilage catabolism and plays a pivotal role in the cartilage destruction typical of OA.

These results are in agreement with MSU crystal induced iNOS expression, as observed by Liu and Lioté.


This study is the first to examine anthropometric, training, and experience variables and their association with ultra-marathon performance for male and female ultramarathon athletes in the same race. This is important, as most of the previous ultra-marathon performance research has focused on male athletes, and female participation is rising [1] . It is important for women to be considered as a separate group, since, as we can see from above, their performance predictors are different from those of men.

This is important, as most of the previous ultra-marathon performance research has focused on male athletes, and female participation is rising.


As the study was designed to identify the needs and capabilities of disabled individuals, it was decided to employ the ever-more popular research method of qualitative methodology, where in the last 10 years its use has tripled [12] . Qualitative research allows for a more insightful look in identifying what problems disabled individuals have, mainly by allowing participants to freely express themselves unencumbered by research restrictions. In addition, it provides a broader context of the difficulties that arise in the lives of those who are disabled [7, 13] .

As the study was designed to identify the needs and capabilities of disabled individuals, it was decided to employ the ever-more popular research method of qualitative methodology, where in the last 10 years its use has tripled.

In addition, it provides a broader context of the difficulties that arise in the lives of those who are disabled.


However, an interesting change was observed in the attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities. Our research has shown that the partners gradually noticed the abilities of the athletes on their teams and, as a result, changed their perception about their disabled colleagues. This change was narrowed down to the increase in the abilities of the disabled athletes on the field, which later expanded into other spheres of life. This is particularly important, as change in this area signifies one of the most important goals that underline the idea of unified sports. This idea is based on the assumption that this change is the result of having contact with individuals with intellectual disabilities [17] .

This idea is based on the assumption that this change is the result of having contact with individuals with intellectual disabilities.


Given these results and the respondents' opinion, it is clear the Unified Sports program contributes to the creation of optimal conditions for individual development. Such an environment allows a disabled individual to take advantage of their environment in such a way that it can maximize their own personal resources while only minimally experiencing the encumbrances of their disability. In such a way, these individuals can build upon their self-efficacy and trust more in themselves and their environment. Sport and physical activity allows these individuals to further explore and build their own relationships; it provides them with the right means to take control of their personal, social and environmental conditions [29] . Thanks to a greater sense of ability, disabled individuals become more resistant to stigmatization while also being able to independently self-assess themselves and their actions free from outside opinion. Such a form of independence encourages them to undertake new activities while also building the perseverance needed to overcome difficulties stemming from their disability.

Sport and physical activity allows these individuals to further explore and build their own relationships; it provides them with the right means to take control of their personal, social and environmental conditions.


It can be concluded that the Unified Sports program, based on the opinions of its participants, has a significant impact on personal development. Participation in the programs allows individuals to develop their communication skills, confidence, common experiences, knowledge of people and places, and physical fitness. It allows the participants to use these facets as tools that can contribute to their active involvement in life as well as the unconscious inclusion of individuals with intellectual disabilities. The program's partners declared major developmental changes in their understanding of individuals with intellectual disabilities and their change in attitude towards such individuals. This can be considered particularly important as peer attitudes towards disabled individuals depends on the success of the social inclusion process [32] .

This can be considered particularly important as peer attitudes towards disabled individuals depends on the success of the social inclusion process.


The process by which members of a marginalized group are able to change their perception of themselves, develop skills, increase their abilities to act independently, gain greater control over their lives and become more active in improving their standard of living is frequently relegated as empowerment [30, 31] . This process always takes place in a specific social context, which itself may be a factor in supporting or hindering empowerment. When taking into consideration the presented results, it can be unequivocally stated that Unified Sports is entirely conducive in the development of this process.

The process by which members of a marginalized group are able to change their perception of themselves, develop skills, increase their abilities to act independently, gain greater control over their lives and become more active in improving their standard of living is frequently relegated as empowerment.


Unripe, green R. uva-crispa (which in Hungary is the preferred form for consumption) had the relatively lowest phenol content (Table 2 ) and also the weakest antifungal effect. Our results however, indicate no significant relationship between phenol content and anticandidal activity (the linear correlation of the two sets of data was very poor; R 2 =0.4468). Literature on the antifungal activity of fruits is limited and most published research deals with the action of etheric oils from herbs and medicinal plants. However, there has been some recent publications on antimicrobial, including anticandidal, activity of nordic berries and phenolic extracts [17, 18] . Growth inhibition on C. albicans was observed with cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus), raspberry (Rubus ideaeus) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), but not with R. nigrum, supporting the results presented here. Published data on the antifungal activity of berries against other Candida species appears to be absent in the current literature.

However, there has been some recent publications on antimicrobial, including anticandidal, activity of nordic berries and phenolic extracts.


In the aftermath of the oil crisis in the late 1970s, a fiscal crisis hit the Scandinavian countries in the 1980s and 1990s (Kuhnle and Hort 2004) . Increases in the number of elderly and unemployed people put pressure on the budget, and the growth in welfare benefits slowed down. Perhaps as a consequence, there was a wave of privatisation of public services in the 1990s and a focus on new public management. With the budget constraints followed an increasing emphasis on value for money and an interest in evidence on which interventions were the most effective.

In the aftermath of the oil crisis in the late 1970s, a fiscal crisis hit the Scandinavian countries in the 1980s and 1990s.


The accuracy and efficiency of multiscale approaches depend to a great extent on the boundary condition transfer (BCT) method that constrains the atomistic region to the continuum conditions. The problem of imposing macroscopic conditions on a molecular system is a very challenging task and has not yet been addressed for a general case [16, 18] . The main difficulty is the disparity between degrees of freedom modelled by the atomistic and continuum models. This paper investigates mesoscale methods for applying macroscopic boundary conditions to a microscopic system, in particular temperature enforcement. However, the anticipated impact of this work is broader as these techniques can be implemented to other multiscale problems. In the simulation problems presented in this paper, MD is used within the PWC for obtaining macroscopic properties either near the boundary of the continuum domain or at specific points inside the flow domain. The paper is organised as follows. Sec. 2 provides a brief description of MD, the PWC coupling scheme and the methods for enforcing the continuum states in the MD domain. The results for liquid flow cases are presented in Sec. 3.1 and Sec. 3.2. In Sec. 3.3 the results of gaseous flow simulations are discussed. The conclusions are summarised in Sec. 4.

The problem of imposing macroscopic conditions on a molecular system is a very challenging task and has not yet been addressed for a general case.

The paper is organised as follows.


With the above motivation, we have developed a methodology called guarded software upgrading (GSU) [6] . To ensure low development cost, we take advantage of inherent system resource redundancies as the means of fault tolerance. Specifically, from the software perspective, we make use of an earlier version in which we have high confidence due to its long onboard execution time as a backup to protect the system when the new version enters mission operation; from the hardware perspective, we make use of the processor that otherwise would be idle during a noncritical mission phase during which onboard software upgrade takes place, allowing concurrent execution of the new and old versions of the application software component which is undergoing an upgrade. To mitigate the effect of residual faults in an upgraded software component that executes in a distributed computing environment, we take a crucial step in devising error containment and recovery methods by introducing the ªconfidence-drivenº notion. This notion complements the message-driven (or ªcommu-nication-inducedº) approach employed by a number of existing checkpointing protocols for tolerating hardware faults [7] , [8] . The resulting error containment and recovery protocol is thus both message-driven and confidence-driven (MDCD). In particular, the MDCD protocol is based on a two-tiered approach: First, we discriminate among software components with respect to our confidence in them and, second, during onboard execution time, we adjust our confidence in the processes that are created from those software components, according to our knowledge about potential process state contamination caused by errors in a low-confidence component and message passing. The latter implies that we judge the ªtrustworthinessº of a process in a dynamic fashion.

With the above motivation, we have developed a methodology called guarded software upgrading (GSU).

This notion complements the message-driven (or ªcommu-nication-inducedº) approach employed by a number of existing checkpointing protocols for tolerating hardware faults.


Regarding the multi-class classification problem, a variety of strategies for the combination of a multi-class classification, using SVM, have been proposed and widely used, for example 1-v-r (one-versus-rest) SVM, 1-v-1 (one-versus-one) SVM and Decision Tree SVM [12, 13] . In order to make the SVM algorithm less sensitive to outliers and noise, a variant of SVM, fuzzy SVM (FSVM), was introduced to improve the performance of the conventional SVM [14, 15] . For an N-class problem, N(N-1)/2 SVMs need to be trained in the 1-v-1 SVM algorithm and N SVMs need to be trained in the 1-v-r SVM algorithm, while N-1 SVMs need to be trained in the Decision Tree SVM. Although the 1-v-1 SVM algorithm performs with a superior performance, it may require a high computing cost for many realistic problems. The 1-v-r SVM algorithm has less accuracy and demands a higher computing cost [16, 17] . The Decision Tree SVM includes the Skewness Decision Tree SVM and the Normal Binary Decision Tree SVM. The Skewness Decision Tree SVM is widely applied because it usually has higher efficiency and accuracy [18, 19] . The classification order of the conventional Skewness Decision Tree SVM is determined by the class label sort. The hardest category may be separated first in the conventional SDTSVM algorithm, which would decrease the classification accuracy [20] . In order to improve the classification accuracy, an improved Skewness Decision Tree SVM was proposed by determining the classification order using the Euclidean distance between the nearest sample vectors of the multi-class samples [21] . However, the nearest sample vectors of the multi-class samples may be an interference point, which would decrease the classification accuracy. In order to address such a limitation, an improved SDTSVM algorithm has been proposed with the classification order determined by the sum of the Euclidean distances between the multi-class sample centers. The ISDTSVM algorithm can improve the classification accuracy and overcome the influence of interference point by considering the distribution characteristics of the samples.

Regarding the multi-class classification problem, a variety of strategies for the combination of a multi-class classification, using SVM, have been proposed and widely used, for example 1-v-r (one-versus-rest) SVM, 1-v-1 (one-versus-one) SVM and Decision Tree SVM.

In order to make the SVM algorithm less sensitive to outliers and noise, a variant of SVM, fuzzy SVM (FSVM), was introduced to improve the performance of the conventional SVM.

The 1-v-r SVM algorithm has less accuracy and demands a higher computing cost.

The Skewness Decision Tree SVM is widely applied because it usually has higher efficiency and accuracy.

The hardest category may be separated first in the conventional SDTSVM algorithm, which would decrease the classification accuracy.

In order to improve the classification accuracy, an improved Skewness Decision Tree SVM was proposed by determining the classification order using the Euclidean distance between the nearest sample vectors of the multi-class samples.


The food industry often uses the unit operations of heat transfer (insertion or removal) in order to reduce the water content or make it unavailable for degradation processes such as Maillard reactions, oxidation or microbial growth (Levine & Slade, 1995) . Thus, the processed food can be preserved for longer times. Among the unit operations, the drying process has the advantage of reducing the volume to be transported and permit the incorporation of more accurate formulations. Dne method of drying is the atomization process, conducted in an equipment called spray dryer. In these dryers, the food powder is obtained by the atomization of the feed material in a drying chamber when in contact with hot air in temperatures ranging from 150 to 250 °C (Islam et al., 2016) .

The food industry often uses the unit operations of heat transfer (insertion or removal) in order to reduce the water content or make it unavailable for degradation processes such as Maillard reactions, oxidation or microbial growth.

In these dryers, the food powder is obtained by the atomization of the feed material in a drying chamber when in contact with hot air in temperatures ranging from 150 to 250 °C.