However, it is worthwhile to note that we will only consider balanced urn schemes. For S countable (finite or infinite), it means that if R := ((R (i, j))) i,j∈S denotes the replacement matrix, that is, R (i, j) ≥ 0 is the number of balls of color j to be placed in the the urn when the color of the selected ball is i, then for a balanced urn, all row sums of R are constant. In this case, without loss of any generality, it is somewhat customary to assume that that R is a stochastic matrix [8, 9] . For more general S we refer to the next subsection for further details.

In this case, without loss of any generality, it is somewhat customary to assume that that R is a stochastic matrix.


Virtually all credit buyers are businesses operating in a wide variety of locations across the world, dealing with consumers, media, and governments. These businesses represent public and private entities and operate for profit as well as not for profit purposes. Organisations operating at various geographical scales vary in terms of accessing and utilising knowledge in business management (Berkes, 2009) . Previous studies on environmental attitudes of business managers have indicated that a business's environmental response is significantly influenced by the perceptions, attitudes, and values of managers and executives (Brust and Liston-Heyes, 2010) . Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that business organisations in the market for carbon credits may have different preferences for credits sourced from various types of carbon projects. Urban forest carbon credits could potentially represent a credit type that is particularly desired by businesses for corporate image purposes. For example, purchases of carbon credits generated by storing carbon in urban trees could help local governments in managing their trees and green heritage and benefit residents with aesthetic beauty, recreation, and other ecosystem services (Chaudhry and Gupta, 2010) . Furthermore, urban forests are typically of a small project nature, and could prove useful in maintaining biodiversity and foster local development through revenue generation from carbon credit sales.

Organisations operating at various geographical scales vary in terms of accessing and utilising knowledge in business management.

Previous studies on environmental attitudes of business managers have indicated that a business's environmental response is significantly influenced by the perceptions, attitudes, and values of managers and executives.

For example, purchases of carbon credits generated by storing carbon in urban trees could help local governments in managing their trees and green heritage and benefit residents with aesthetic beauty, recreation, and other ecosystem services.


To examine and transform marginalizing education systems with local stakeholders necessitates building strategic and sustained equity-oriented coalitions among researchers, practitioners, students, families, and community members (Soja, 2010) . While engaging in historical-materialist inquiries on disabling education systems, an emancipatory imagination for minoritized communities' joy and prosperity is also necessary (Freire, 2000; Giroux, 2014; Leonardo, 2009; Marx & Engels, 1998; West, 1988) . Such radical-realism may challenge the impractical dichotomies in education research (e.g., human|context, individual|social, knowledge|action, and equity| efficiency). It may also go beyond acontextual technicalism as well as mental criticism that offer an endless chain of abstraction on abstraction and often result in cynicism, despair, and inaction.

To examine and transform marginalizing education systems with local stakeholders necessitates building strategic and sustained equity-oriented coalitions among researchers, practitioners, students, families, and community members.

While engaging in historical-materialist inquiries on disabling education systems, an emancipatory imagination for minoritized communities' joy and prosperity is also necessary.


Trigeminal autonomic reflex (TAR) (consists of a brainstem connection between trigeminal nerve and facial parasympathetic outflow) is considered essential for the manifestations of the trigeminal autonomic pain syndromes. Activation of trigeminal autonomic reflex is responsible for the acute attacks of TACs. The triggering factor for the activation of this reflex is probably situated in the hypothalamus or a closely related structure [20] . However, the duration and frequency of headache attacks depend on what side (or type of neuron) of the hypothalamus is activated [20] . In CH hypothalamic activation occurs ipsilateral to the side of the headache while in PH hypothalamic activation occurs contralateral to the side of headache [20] . Activation of two different sites may be a possible explanation for variability in the duration of attacks in our patient.

The triggering factor for the activation of this reflex is probably situated in the hypothalamus or a closely related structure.

However, the duration and frequency of headache attacks depend on what side (or type of neuron) of the hypothalamus is activated.

In CH hypothalamic activation occurs ipsilateral to the side of the headache while in PH hypothalamic activation occurs contralateral to the side of headache.


The performance of this estimator, however, cannot be calibrated by quantum Cramér-Rao bound in the finite regime as with limited number of measurements it is usually biased. This is also the case for many other estimators including the commonly used maximum likelihood estimator [27] [28] [29] [30] . In this article we derive an optimal biased bound (OBB) which sets a valid lower bound for all estimators in quantum parameter estimation, either biased or unbiased. This bound works for arbitrary number of measurements, thus can be used to gauge the performances of all estimators in quantum parameter estimation. And the difference between this bound and the quantum Cramér-Rao bound also provides a way to gauge when quantum Cramér-Rao bound can be safely used, i.e., it provides a way to gauge the number of measurements needed for entering the asymptotical regime that the quantum Cramér-Rao bound works. The classical optimal biased bound has been used in classical signal processing [35, 36] .

This is also the case for many other estimators including the commonly used maximum likelihood estimator.

The classical optimal biased bound has been used in classical signal processing.


These recommendations have been introduced in the European Union and in Poland. The recommended standards of the amount of nitrite in water intended for human consumption were applied primarily to prevent methemoglobinemia (cyanotic). These compounds are mainly harmful for infants, but in some rare cases also for adults (Fan and Stienberg, 1996) . The purpose of this work was to investigate the possibility of applying carbon adsorbents for the separation and enrichment of nitrite, nitrate, and ammonium ions from aqueous solutions. The solid phase extraction (SPE) was applied as the method of enrichment of the determined ions.

These compounds are mainly harmful for infants, but in some rare cases also for adults.


In the recent era, Photovoltaic (PV) plants, an integral renewable source, have gained enormous popularity around the world [1] . Even developing countries are striving hard to exploit the extensive potential of the PV source [2] . A robust PV model is essential to assess the performance and efficiency of plant [3] . The model can also play an important role in deciding the economic viability, tariff analysis, and pay-back time of investments.

In the recent era, Photovoltaic (PV) plants, an integral renewable source, have gained enormous popularity around the world.

Even developing countries are striving hard to exploit the extensive potential of the PV source.

A robust PV model is essential to assess the performance and efficiency of plant.


For surface water sources, conventional methods of primary disinfection for public water supplies are: (i) ultraviolet radiation; (ii) ozonation; and (iii) chlorination. The first two methods do not generate significant residuals when compared with chlorine. Thus, they fail to protect consumers if any contamination enters the distribution system after disinfection has been carried out (at the source of water supply). Moreover, the first two products are costly and thus not suitable for public water supplies (dealing with large volumes of water) in developing countries (Haider, 2006) . On the other hand, chlorine produces residuals that remain in the distribution system till the water reaches the consumers. It is relatively easy to handle, requires low capital and operational costs, and is simple to operate, measure and control (Freese and Nozaic, 2004) .

Moreover, the first two products are costly and thus not suitable for public water supplies (dealing with large volumes of water) in developing countries.

It is relatively easy to handle, requires low capital and operational costs, and is simple to operate, measure and control.


The model we have presented is capable of incorporating a time-varying energy cost share, by allowing a low elasticity of substitution between energy and the other factors of production (labor and capital). Of course, alternative explanations of the data need to be considered. One possibility is change in the structure of production. Looking at the sectors included in GDP we see that no sector of the economy today has as high an energy cost share as the economy as a whole did in 1800. In 1800 Agriculture was the largest sector at 40% of GDP followed by services and manufacturing industry (Krantz and Schön, 2007) . This mix changed little over most of the rest of the 19 th Century. However, in the 19 th Century a large part of the economy consisted of subsistence activities such as growing crops for on-farm consumption and collecting firewood, not all of which are included in GDP. Since many tasks in the economy were carried out in the household and since workers needed to be kept alive, all this energy should be included in a full account of energy and economic growth, and it is incorporated in our estimates of energy use and our measure of gross output. This sector of the economy was very energy-intensive. The share of the household sector in total energy use declined in the 19 th Century though it was fairly constant in the 20 th Century (Kander, 2002) . Furthermore, the share of economic activity that occurred within the home vs. in formal markets has also increased. So this structural change may explain part of the reduction in the cost share of energy. However, the share of consumer expenditure represented by energy has also declined considerably so that the shift of economic activity from households to the market cannot explain the entire decline in the energy cost share.

In 1800 Agriculture was the largest sector at 40% of GDP followed by services and manufacturing industry.

The share of the household sector in total energy use declined in the 19 th Century though it was fairly constant in the 20 th Century.


Then, the passive noise reduction with the perforated blade was proposed for the contra-rotating fan [5] . It is important to clarify the influence of the wake from the front rotor to the rear rotor and the potential interaction between the front and rear rotors to increase the performance and to reduce the fan noise [6] . The blade row distance between the front and rear rotors is a key parameter to consider the wake and potential interaction for the contra-rotating fan. The influence of the blade row distance between the front and rear rotors and pressure fluctuations on the casing wall were investigated for the counter rotating fan with fan diameter D = 375 mm [3] [7] . On the other hand, the conventional design method and the theory for the turbomachinery should be modified for small-sized axial fans because small-sized axial fans applied to electrical devices belong to extremely small size field in the turbomachinery [8] . Therefore, there is the strong demand to establish the design method for small-sized axial fans based on the internal flow. Then, the internal flow condition was investigated using the numerical models having different blade row distance L = 10 mm and 30 mm at the design flow rate [9] . Regarding the conventional axial flow fan, the relative velocity vectors and streamlines at off-design flow rate points with the deep stall condition were computed using the downstream flow resistance method [10] . Unsteady flow in axial skewed fans was measured at off-design conditions using a hot-wire anemometer, to investigate the effect of sweep on the performance and flow condition [11] . On the other hand, the internal flow condition of the contra-rotating axial flow fan at off-design flow rate point is not known well. Then, the internal flow condition at partial flow rate was investigated by a pitot-tube and numerical analysis, and it was clarified that the back flow associated with the tip leakage flow occurred at the inlet tip of both front and rear rotors [12] . It is difficult to measure the internal flow condition at low flow rate and there is no literature related to the internal flow condition of the contra-rotating small sized axial fan at low flow rate. Therefore, the internal flow condition at the low flow rate was investigated by the numerical analysis.

Then, the passive noise reduction with the perforated blade was proposed for the contra-rotating fan.

It is important to clarify the influence of the wake from the front rotor to the rear rotor and the potential interaction between the front and rear rotors to increase the performance and to reduce the fan noise.

The influence of the blade row distance between the front and rear rotors and pressure fluctuations on the casing wall were investigated for the counter rotating fan with fan diameter D = 375 mm.

On the other hand, the conventional design method and the theory for the turbomachinery should be modified for small-sized axial fans because small-sized axial fans applied to electrical devices belong to extremely small size field in the turbomachinery.

Then, the internal flow condition was investigated using the numerical models having different blade row distance L = 10 mm and 30 mm at the design flow rate.

Regarding the conventional axial flow fan, the relative velocity vectors and streamlines at off-design flow rate points with the deep stall condition were computed using the downstream flow resistance method.

Unsteady flow in axial skewed fans was measured at off-design conditions using a hot-wire anemometer, to investigate the effect of sweep on the performance and flow condition.

Then, the internal flow condition at partial flow rate was investigated by a pitot-tube and numerical analysis, and it was clarified that the back flow associated with the tip leakage flow occurred at the inlet tip of both front and rear rotors.


Natural language processing and machine learning techniques were employed in order to find clickbait headlines. Logistic regression was employed to create supervised clickbait detection system over 10000 headlines [7] . They tried to detect clickbait in Twitter using common words occurring in the Tweets through mining of some other tweets' specific features.

Logistic regression was employed to create supervised clickbait detection system over 10000 headlines.


Increasing coverage of HIV testing and early detection of seroconversion among people living with HIV is essential for effectively responding to the HIV pandemic. Early detection of HIV and initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) significantly reduces HIV-related morbidity and mortality, and can improve the quality of life for people living with HIV while also eliminating the risk of onward HIV transmission [1] [2] [3] . Similarly, awareness of one's negative HIV serostatus is important for prioritizing prevention strategies especially in the context of increasing availability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) [4, 5] . HIV self-testing (HIVST) is emerging as an important tool to potentially increase the uptake and the frequency of HIV testing in populations at increased risk for acquiring HIV such as key populations who may avoid HIV testing services because of stigma and criminalization of their sexual practices, orientation, or occupation, or even the criminalization of HIV transmission [6] . Approximately 48 countries have established an HIVST supportive policy and far more countries have policies under development, including several across sub-Saharan African [7, 8] . Given the rapid adoption of HIVST globally, WHO guidelines have been developed to support the implementation and scale-up of ethical, effective, acceptable, and evidence-based approaches to HIVST [9] .

Early detection of HIV and initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) significantly reduces HIV-related morbidity and mortality, and can improve the quality of life for people living with HIV while also eliminating the risk of onward HIV transmission.

Similarly, awareness of one's negative HIV serostatus is important for prioritizing prevention strategies especially in the context of increasing availability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

HIV self-testing (HIVST) is emerging as an important tool to potentially increase the uptake and the frequency of HIV testing in populations at increased risk for acquiring HIV such as key populations who may avoid HIV testing services because of stigma and criminalization of their sexual practices, orientation, or occupation, or even the criminalization of HIV transmission.

Approximately 48 countries have established an HIVST supportive policy and far more countries have policies under development, including several across sub-Saharan African.

Given the rapid adoption of HIVST globally, WHO guidelines have been developed to support the implementation and scale-up of ethical, effective, acceptable, and evidence-based approaches to HIVST.


Optimal HPV vaccine recommendations should be universal at the targeted age, not risk-based, to complete vaccination before sexual debut (Dempsey, 2008) . Providers in our study reported urgency about recommending HPV vaccination on suspected patient sexual activity, consistent with other research (Perkins et al., 2014; Gilkey and McRee, 2016a) . However, we also found that providers may gradually increase the strength of their recommendations as their patients are aging out of pediatric care or at risk of inconsistently accessing health services as they transition out of high school. This concern about access to care is not without empirical basis, as young adults have lower levels of health service use than adolescents (Park et al., 2014) . Future interventions should explore messaging that motivates providers to recommend HPV vaccination well before anticipated care transitions.

Optimal HPV vaccine recommendations should be universal at the targeted age, not risk-based, to complete vaccination before sexual debut.

Providers in our study reported urgency about recommending HPV vaccination on suspected patient sexual activity, consistent with other research.

This concern about access to care is not without empirical basis, as young adults have lower levels of health service use than adolescents.


Among the elite junior soccer players, only 10% were born in the fourth quarter of the year, while at the regional and school levels, they accounted for 21.2% and 22.9% of the players, respectively. That indicates that the level of competition directly influenced the prevalence of RAE. A similar association between the level of competition and the prevalence of RAE was observed in our study. At the same time, in smaller countries where the number of children interested in sports is fewer, coaches are forced to be more flexible, and open-door policies result in a lower prevalence of RAE [26] . Most likely, the inversion of RAE only occurs in African teams. Andrade-Souza found that the African junior national teams were predominantly composed of the players born in the fourth quarter of the year. They tied it to the fact that in these countries the selection for soccer teams is primarily based on emotional, technical, and tactical aspects and not overall physical prowess [27] . Typically, it has been argued that a change would be required in the way the age groups were formed, with the selection window being narrowed and shifted. Several other options have been proposed, among them the calculation of the mean age of the team which should not exceed certain limits, introduction of quotas for "late-born" children, and the modification of the selection process corresponding to a specific set of parameters of physical development calculated for each age group [28, 29] . In addition, a database of the key anthropometric and physiological parameters of the leading soccer players of different age would allow to better estimate the potential of the players taking their positions into account [30] . Furthermore, it should be considered that genetically predetermined qualities are of utmost importance in sports such as soccer and may ultimately predetermine the level of success in adult sports [31] .

At the same time, in smaller countries where the number of children interested in sports is fewer, coaches are forced to be more flexible, and open-door policies result in a lower prevalence of RAE.

They tied it to the fact that in these countries the selection for soccer teams is primarily based on emotional, technical, and tactical aspects and not overall physical prowess.

Several other options have been proposed, among them the calculation of the mean age of the team which should not exceed certain limits, introduction of quotas for "late-born" children, and the modification of the selection process corresponding to a specific set of parameters of physical development calculated for each age group.

In addition, a database of the key anthropometric and physiological parameters of the leading soccer players of different age would allow to better estimate the potential of the players taking their positions into account.

Furthermore, it should be considered that genetically predetermined qualities are of utmost importance in sports such as soccer and may ultimately predetermine the level of success in adult sports.


On the international level, the particular environmental policy we consider is the noncooperative formation of an international emission permits market (Helm 2003) . Our choice for non-cooperative climate policies is twofold. On the one hand, the interna- Thus, we analyze the political economy of international climate policy in a framework comprising two countries and two stages. In the first stage, governments in each country decide whether to join an international permit market or not. If both countries agree to form a permit market, the decision on the number of permits is taken in the second stage. If no agreement has been reached in the first stage, governments decide upon national emission targets in the second stage. In both stages, governments are subject to 1 political influence by national interest groups. As a consequence, governments are supposed to maximize a weighted sum of national social welfare and lobby contributions.

On the international level, the particular environmental policy we consider is the noncooperative formation of an international emission permits market.


These interesting biological properties made them the subject of research. In order to recognize the properties of lactones, such compounds may be isolated from natural sources, chemically synthesized and also prepared by biotransformation. One of the most desirable processes is the obtaining of new lactones and their additional functionalization involving the regioselective hydroxylation. Our team is working on obtaining the lactones by biotransformation and their microbiological functionalization in order to develop compounds of higher biological activity [21, 22] . In this paper, we present the results which we have received for the group of bicyclic lactones with a methyl group.

Our team is working on obtaining the lactones by biotransformation and their microbiological functionalization in order to develop compounds of higher biological activity.


However, calcium phosphates exist in different forms exhibiting different crystal structures and Ca/P ratios such as hydroxyapatite, octacalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate (TCP), dicalcium phosphate dehydrate and dicalcium phosphate (DCP) [5] . Different phases of calcium phosphate ceramics are used by the modern health care industry, depending upon whether a resorbable or bioactive material is desired [6] [7] . Two phases that are stable at body temperature and in contact with body fluid are DCP (CaHPO 4 .2H 2 O) at pH<4.2, and HA (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) at pH>4.2. Clearly, HA is the stable phase in the pH range ~7.3 and also the ideal phase for applications inside the human body [8] [9] . It was found that in most of the sintered samples, HA decomposed completely into β-TCP and CaO. The presence of ZrO 2 had a greater influence on phase changes in HA at different temperatures than that observed with pure HA. At sintering temperatures higher than 1000ºC, calcium from the HA diffused into the ZrO 2 phase, and the HA decomposed to TCP. Above about 1200ºC, CaZrO 3 was formed [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . Meanwhile, phase transformation of partially stabilized ZrO 2 from tetragonal to cubic structure can diminish the mechanical properties of these composite. Decomposition of HA and phase transformation of partially stabilized ZrO 2 from tetragonal to cubic structure result in changes in the physical and chemical properties of the material and thus affects the performance of implant material in a living body [15] [16] [17] [18] . Restraining decomposition of HA, preventing phase transformation of ZrO 2 from tetragonal to cubic structure and thermal reaction between HA and ZrO 2 , are, therefore, important problems both from a scientific and a biomedical application viewpoint.

However, calcium phosphates exist in different forms exhibiting different crystal structures and Ca/P ratios such as hydroxyapatite, octacalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate (TCP), dicalcium phosphate dehydrate and dicalcium phosphate (DCP).

Different phases of calcium phosphate ceramics are used by the modern health care industry, depending upon whether a resorbable or bioactive material is desired.

Clearly, HA is the stable phase in the pH range ~7.3 and also the ideal phase for applications inside the human body.

Above about 1200ºC, CaZrO 3 was formed.

Decomposition of HA and phase transformation of partially stabilized ZrO 2 from tetragonal to cubic structure result in changes in the physical and chemical properties of the material and thus affects the performance of implant material in a living body.


Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been used for the regeneration of damaged and defective hard tissues. HA is one of the most extensively used synthetic calcium phosphates for bone replacement because of its chemical similarities to the inorganic component of bone and tooth [1] [2] . Although HA has excellent biocompatibility properties, it is limited in use due to its brittle nature. Composites of HA and ZrO 2 can combine the biocompatibility of HA and the high strength of ZrO 2 to be used in orthopedic applications. This composite has shown promising improvements in strength, hardness and toughness as compared to HA itself [3] [4] .

HA is one of the most extensively used synthetic calcium phosphates for bone replacement because of its chemical similarities to the inorganic component of bone and tooth.

This composite has shown promising improvements in strength, hardness and toughness as compared to HA itself.


Calculation and measurement results for air temperature rise with distance from the green area are shown in Figures 5 and 6 . The results in both isotropic and non-isotropic diffusion models are shown. In the isotropic diffusion model, the horizontal and vertical eddy viscosity coefficients νt are given by Equation (6) . In the non-isotropic diffusion model, the eddy viscosity coefficient νt in the vertical direction is given by the formula of Equation (7) when considering the buoyancy effect. Distance from the green area and the heat flux component of the calculation result, at 13:00 in the mesh near the ground surface, is shown in Figure 7 . In the incorporated buoyancy model, the sensible heat flux supplied from the ground surface is transported in the vertical direction due to the vertical diffusion effect, so air temperature in the mesh near the ground surface does not rise.

In the isotropic diffusion model, the horizontal and vertical eddy viscosity coefficients νt are given by Equation.


Calculation and measurement results for air temperature rise with distance from the green area are shown in Figures 5 and 6 . The results in both isotropic and non-isotropic diffusion models are shown. In the isotropic diffusion model, the horizontal and vertical eddy viscosity coefficients ν t are given by Equation (6) . In the non-isotropic diffusion model, the eddy viscosity coefficient ν t in the vertical direction is given by the formula of Equation (7) when considering the buoyancy effect. Distance from the green area and the heat flux component of the calculation result, at 13:00 in the mesh near the ground surface, is shown in Figure 7 . In the incorporated buoyancy model, the sensible heat flux supplied from the ground surface is transported in the vertical direction due to the vertical diffusion effect, so air temperature in the mesh near the ground surface does not rise. The part of the Climate 2017, 5, 60 7 of 12 urban area more than 50 m from the green area is dominated by the diffusion effect in the vertical direction over the advection effect.

In the isotropic diffusion model, the horizontal and vertical eddy viscosity coefficients ν t are given by Equation.


Forest and other ecosystems provide many goods and services to support human life on Earth. These goods and services, such as food, round wood, firewood, water, fresh air, fossil fuels, shelter, climate regulation, flood protection, disease control, waste treatment, soil formation, nutrient cycling, soil and water conservation, can be defined as the benefits that human beings obtain from ecosystems [1] . Various studies have clarified the ecosystem service concept [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .

These goods and services, such as food, round wood, firewood, water, fresh air, fossil fuels, shelter, climate regulation, flood protection, disease control, waste treatment, soil formation, nutrient cycling, soil and water conservation, can be defined as the benefits that human beings obtain from ecosystems.

Various studies have clarified the ecosystem service concept.


The definition of ecosystem services is essential to highlight and guide tradeoffs in natural resource management and policy decisions, and it might draw a framework for the influence on human welfare in order to avoid both over-and under-estimations for valuation studies [5] . Ecosystem services can be classified as intermediate ecosystem services and final ecosystem services [4] . Final ecosystem services have direct benefits for human well-being, while intermediate services, such as carbon sequestration, are not consumed directly [6] .

The definition of ecosystem services is essential to highlight and guide tradeoffs in natural resource management and policy decisions, and it might draw a framework for the influence on human welfare in order to avoid both over-and under-estimations for valuation studies.

Ecosystem services can be classified as intermediate ecosystem services and final ecosystem services.

Final ecosystem services have direct benefits for human well-being, while intermediate services, such as carbon sequestration, are not consumed directly.


The voltage rise is one of the major issues experienced in LV grids with high share of PVs [7] . The voltage rise due to active power injection and small X/R ratios in LV feeders restrict the amount of power to be installed in a hosting network. As a result, customers located at the end of the line will suffer from undesired overvoltage, as shown in Fig. 1 , which may result inverters stopping operation, as defined by some grid codes, e.g., VDE AR-N 4105 [8] . Hence, the system operators acquire more services from the solar inverters connected to the grid in order to increase the penetration level and facilitate the operation.

The voltage rise is one of the major issues experienced in LV grids with high share of PVs.

As a result, customers located at the end of the line will suffer from undesired overvoltage, as shown in Fig. 1 , which may result inverters stopping operation, as defined by some grid codes, e.g., VDE AR-N 4105.


Binary Signal Quantization in SRAM The SRAM cell operates as a bistable circuit with two distinct stable states during Read and Retention periods (Fig. 1 ). This mode of circuit operation translates into a requirement of 3 distinct roots of the Static voltage characteristics of cell storage nodes [13] [14] . During a Write operation (Fig. 2) , a low BL voltage pulls down the voltage characteristic of the cell node on the same side permitting only one root -corresponding to the intended data on the BL. The Write Noise Margin (WNM) equals the smaller of the 2 squares that can fit between the cell static characteristics during a Write operation (Fig 3) . Inability to maintain 3 distinct roots during a Read or inability to limit to only 1 root during a Write leads to DC Failure (Fig. 4) Fig. 8b enable DC fail statistics to be calculated for any array that uses the same cell (Fig 9) . Fluctuations in the Read0 and Write0 voltages (defined in Fig  1b, 3) Figure 16 demonstrates the very high sensitivity of fail count to operating voltage -which can be used to advantage, instead, by biasing cell terminal voltages optimally.

This mode of circuit operation translates into a requirement of 3 distinct roots of the Static voltage characteristics of cell storage nodes.


A total of 476 subjects were enrolled in the study and provided baseline and 6-week follow-up [2] . Of these subjects, 298 had complete data and were included. Subjects included in the analysis did not differ in age, sex, body mass index, comorbidities, heart failure symptoms, or baseline health status compared to the total cohort (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Subjects were mainly elderly, male, overweight, and had a significant history of other comorbidities (Table 1) . Most subjects were in NYHA class II and III heart failure indicating moderate to severe heart failure symptoms. Overall, baseline scores indicate subjects reported substantial deficits in their HRQL consistent with the clinical indicators of their condition ( Table 2) .

A total of 476 subjects were enrolled in the study and provided baseline and 6-week follow-up.


HRQL measures have been commonly used in the clinical trial setting in the evaluation of new treatment strategies, and more recently are even used as the primary outcome assessment for clinical trials [7, 8] . When used as the primary outcome, identification and quantification of subtle changes in a patients' health status is critical since the success or failure of the trial depends entirely on the HRQL measure. It is therefore essential that the HRQL measure be sensitive to small, but important, changes to determine if the treatment under study is effective or potentially harmful to the patient.

HRQL measures have been commonly used in the clinical trial setting in the evaluation of new treatment strategies, and more recently are even used as the primary outcome assessment for clinical trials.


The analysis does not take quality of life into account, nor does it take into account the pain and suffering related to transplantation surgery and its complications. A contrary argument is that patients should have a choice to take a greater risk of early death for uncertain benefits. This study shows that even in patients with high mortality rates there will always be a small percentage that derives benefit. Some individuals tend to be conservative in their choice of risky interventions and may prefer an existing health state to an uncertain outcome. This paper does not address different individual levels of risk aversion or risk loving. In addition, this is a simulation exercise to consider an alternative perspective to the net benefit model, it is not meant to be definitive. Future registry analysis of large data sets using this approach would be useful. Finally, the concept of 'harm' may be strong wording. In some cases early death may be unavoidable and related neither to dialysis nor transplantation. Tamura, Tan and O'Hare examined decision making in the elderly based on numbers needed to treat to prevent death on the wait list [19] . Unfortunately their model examined age rather than mortality rate, assumed time to equivalent percent survival was the same as time to equivalent life years and assumed that time to equivalent survival did not change with increasing age. Nonetheless, their findings also suggest that the likelihood of transplantation benefiting patients with reduced life expectancies (whether from age or co-morbidity) is low as demonstrated by large numbers needed to be treated to prevent one death.

Tamura, Tan and O'Hare examined decision making in the elderly based on numbers needed to treat to prevent death on the wait list.


Acer ginnala Maxim (Amur Maple) is a species of maple native to northeastern Asia from easternmost Mongolia east to Korea and Japan, and north to southeastern Siberia in the Amur River valley. It is a deciduous spreading shrub or small tree growing to 3 to 10 m tall, with a short trunk up to 20 to 40 cm diameter and slender branches. The leaves turn brilliant orange to red in autumn, and are on slender, often pink-tinged, petioles 3 to 5 cm long (Rushforth, 1999) . Medicinally, A. ginnala has a variety of uses. The young leaves were used as a tea substitute (Kunkel, 1984) . High yields of polyphenol were obtained from A. ginnala Maxim (Carr, 1985) .

The leaves turn brilliant orange to red in autumn, and are on slender, often pink-tinged, petioles 3 to 5 cm long.

The young leaves were used as a tea substitute.

High yields of polyphenol were obtained from A. ginnala Maxim.


The nadir thrombocyte count and consequently the severity of thrombocytopenia for the patients in the study correlated significantly with the volume of red bone marrow that received a dose in the range 2 -6 Gy, which we use to define the dose bath (emphasised in Figure 2 ). As a comparison, TD 50/5 for bone marrow has been estimated to 4.5 Gy [18] . The strongest correlation was seen for 3 Gy (Figure 3a ). The results also showed significant correlation between the severity of leukopenia for the HT patients and the relative volume of body that received a dose of more than 2 Gy. No such correlation was found for the 3DCRT patients, which can be due to the large difference in the irradiated volumes between the techniques (bottom of Figure 1 ). Elsworthy and Plowman has previously reported that they found no significant difference in the severity of lymphopaenia for patients treated with HT compared to 3DCRT, for prostate cancer [10] . However, the volumes exposed to the dose bath are considerably smaller for prostate cancer treatment compared to CSI. We have not investigated any possible difference in behaviour of neutrophils or lymphocytes values during treatment. The results in this study also showed significant correlation between the severity of anaemia for the HT patients and the relative volume of body that received a dose in the range 3 -4 Gy. The erythrocytes circulate in the blood for about 120 days before they are eliminated from the blood circulation. Hence, the true nadir value might not be reached until well after the radiotherapy treatment is finished , which makes the nadir values reached during treatment (used in this study) somewhat questionable as an evaluation parameter. However, it is the haemoglobin values during treatment that are of interest with regards to the effect of the radiotherapy treatment. Furthermore, two of the HT patients and five of the 3DCRT patients did not receive concomitant chemotherapy. On the other hand, its influence on the haemoglobin values is expected to be negligible.

As a comparison, TD 50/5 for bone marrow has been estimated to 4.5 Gy.

Elsworthy and Plowman has previously reported that they found no significant difference in the severity of lymphopaenia for patients treated with HT compared to 3DCRT, for prostate cancer.


In this paper we study solutions of the Einstein equations with positive cosmological constant coupled to the Vlasov equation describing collisionless matter. Under the assumption of plane or hyperbolic symmetry we show that the solutions are future geodesically complete and we obtain a detailed description of their late time behaviour, which is similar to that of the de Sitter solution. The proof is built on the local existence theorem and continuation criterion previously proved by Tchapnda and Noutchegueme [11] .

The proof is built on the local existence theorem and continuation criterion previously proved by Tchapnda and Noutchegueme.


The barrier requirements of edible films and coatings depend on their application and the properties of the food that is to be protected. Films or coatings for fresh fruits and vegetables should have low water vapor permeability (WVP) in order to reduce desiccation rates, while oxygen permeability (O 2 P) should be low enough to retard respiration, but not too low to create anaerobic conditions favorable to ethanol production and off-flavor formation (Lin and Zhao 2007) . Films or coatings for nuts, as another example, should have low O 2 P in order to reduce lipid oxidation rates, and low WVP to reduce water absorption and loss of crunchy texture.

Films or coatings for fresh fruits and vegetables should have low water vapor permeability (WVP) in order to reduce desiccation rates, while oxygen permeability (O 2 P) should be low enough to retard respiration, but not too low to create anaerobic conditions favorable to ethanol production and off-flavor formation.


With regard to adaptive immunity, the discovery of Th17 cells was a major step in our understanding of CD4 + T cell responses to H. pylori infection. The early events in the immune response of immunized and challenged mice include the recruitment of T cells. In murine systems, Th17 cell differentiation depends on the presence of IL-6, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1), and CCL20, which are significantly increased in H. pylori-stimulated macrophages. Subsequently, IL-23 that is increased in patients with H. pylori gastritis will promote Th17 cell proliferation via the STAT3 pathway [33, 34] . The NF-κB pathway participates in the production of these inflammatory mediators in response to H. pylori [35] . In a similar way to that found with the previously described chemokines, the expression of this set of cytokines was also increased in our infected mice (TGF-β was not measured) and decreased significantly after treatment with curcumin. It is worth noting that gastric epithelial cells stimulated by IL-17 also lead to production of chemokines, including CCL25, chemotactic factor for macrophages, activated monocytes, and DCs. In our study, we found an increase in the expression of this cytokine, probably reflecting IL-17 stimulation, the level of which returned to normal after curcumin therapy.

Subsequently, IL-23 that is increased in patients with H. pylori gastritis will promote Th17 cell proliferation via the STAT3 pathway.

The NF-κB pathway participates in the production of these inflammatory mediators in response to H. pylori.


To obtain maximum efficiency in applying advanced on-site diagnosis to a large number of different cable sections, a certain pre-selection is necessary. This pre-selection could be done in different ways, e.g. using failure history, position in the network or on the basis of an on-line diagnosis [6] . In particular, to support the off-line diagnosis by prioritising particular cable sections on the one hand, and after an on-site inspection to trend the discharge process in a suspicious cable section the on-line PD diagnostics is becoming more and more interesting. Unfortunately, in contrast to offline PD diagnosis, the sensitivity of on-line PD detection as well as the interpretation of measuring results is strongly dependent on local external disturbances and operation conditions of the cable section. Finally, based on systematic laboratory and filed investigations between off-line and online PD diagnosis transferability rules have to be developed supporting field application of both techniques.

This pre-selection could be done in different ways, e.g. using failure history, position in the network or on the basis of an on-line diagnosis.


Cryogels are macroporous polymeric materials that can be synthesized by free radical polymerization. Briefly, free radical polymerization is controlled by the composition of initiating system in the reaction mixture. Concentrations of the initiator ammonium persulphate (APS) and activator N, N, N, N-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) has a major impact on the polymerization rate as well as on molecular weight of the resulting polymers. These processes take place at sub-zero temperatures [1] . The solvent (water) is frozen while the dissolved chemicals (monomers, cross-linkers and initiators/activator system) are concentrated in small nonfrozen regions, referred to as 'non-frozen liquid micro phase' where polymerization occurs. Formation of the gel occurs in the liquid phase and the ice crystals of frozen solvent serve as pore agent. After melting the ice crystals, the shape and size of the ice crystals determine the shape and size of the pores formed, hence a system of large interconnected pores is formed [2] . Macroporous monolithic cryogels with large interconnected pore size range between 10 µm and 200 µm are heterophase systems where solvent (water) is present both inside interconnected pores and bound to the polymer network [3] [4] [5] .

These processes take place at sub-zero temperatures.

After melting the ice crystals, the shape and size of the ice crystals determine the shape and size of the pores formed, hence a system of large interconnected pores is formed.

Macroporous monolithic cryogels with large interconnected pore size range between 10 µm and 200 µm are heterophase systems where solvent (water) is present both inside interconnected pores and bound to the polymer network.


Presently, there is a rising interest in macroporous polymer cryogels due to their distinctive various open porous structures, which considerably increases their equilibrium sorption properties and allows unrestricted diffusion of solutes, nano -and even microparticles [10] [11] [12] . Macroporous cryogels have previously been used for biomedical applications and protein purification [3, [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . Cryogels have a unique combination of properties such as interconnected pores of 10 -200 µm size, porosity exceeding 90%, high mechanical and chemical stability, elasticity and sponginess, drying and rehydrating without impairing pore structures [1, 18] .

Presently, there is a rising interest in macroporous polymer cryogels due to their distinctive various open porous structures, which considerably increases their equilibrium sorption properties and allows unrestricted diffusion of solutes, nano -and even microparticles.

Macroporous cryogels have previously been used for biomedical applications and protein purification.

Cryogels have a unique combination of properties such as interconnected pores of 10 -200 µm size, porosity exceeding 90%, high mechanical and chemical stability, elasticity and sponginess, drying and rehydrating without impairing pore structures.


The health promoting schools (HPS) framework utilises health promotion concepts and incorporates three synergistic elements: curriculum learning and teaching, the ethos and environment of a school, and links with parents and the wider community [4, 5] . This shift in approach from standalone health education to health promotion across many schools and their wider communities worldwide has placed accountability on schools, teachers, and management to foster environments, relationships, and policies that sustain HPS [6] . Within the sphere of stakeholder participation in effective school-based health promotion, parental involvement is a highly important success factor [1, 5, 6] . In the case of students' nutritional health, for instance, parents play a vital role as caregivers and food providers. Developing effective partnerships with parents, however, has been identified as the most challenging part of bringing the necessary collaborative impetus to school-based health promotion [7] .

The health promoting schools (HPS) framework utilises health promotion concepts and incorporates three synergistic elements: curriculum learning and teaching, the ethos and environment of a school, and links with parents and the wider community.

This shift in approach from standalone health education to health promotion across many schools and their wider communities worldwide has placed accountability on schools, teachers, and management to foster environments, relationships, and policies that sustain HPS.

Within the sphere of stakeholder participation in effective school-based health promotion, parental involvement is a highly important success factor.

Developing effective partnerships with parents, however, has been identified as the most challenging part of bringing the necessary collaborative impetus to school-based health promotion.


The interviews with principals, teachers, and students were audio-taped and transcribed. Transcripts were analysed following the coding procedures and identification of themes detailed by Miles and Huberman [29] . This process was completed using the QSR N6 qualitative data management software package. In the reporting of findings, schools are identified as schools A-E and pseudonyms are used for principals' , teachers' , and students' names to preserve anonymity. The parents' questionnaires were coded and analysed using the SPSS software package.

Transcripts were analysed following the coding procedures and identification of themes detailed by Miles and Huberman.


The study reported here is part of a larger case study research project on health promotion [28] . Six diverse primary schools in the Auckland area of New Zealand were recruited for the study. Four of these schools were contributing primary schools, catering for students from year 0 to year 6 (ages 5-11), and two were full primary schools, which also include students in years 7 and 8 (ages [11] [12] [13] . In order to ensure the representation of different socioeconomic sectors, two of the selected schools were classified as low decile, two as middecile, and two as high decile. Eligible schools were invited by letter to participate and once the researcher had received responses from six schools, the list of participating schools was confirmed.

The study reported here is part of a larger case study research project on health promotion.

Four of these schools were contributing primary schools, catering for students from year 0 to year 6 (ages 5-11), and two were full primary schools, which also include students in years 7 and 8 (ages.


The health promoting schools (HPS) initiative maintains that in order to successfully promote the long-term health and wellbeing of their students, schools must work closely with parents and the local community [1] . Ultimately, home and school are the two major realms for promoting healthy lifestyles among students. Moreover, if the schools health education classes are to be effective, classroom learning must be reflected and supported in other settings such as the home. Evaluations of health promotion activities and events that have been based solely in the school have, in the past, reported disappointing outcomes. Although student knowledge has increased, long-term behavioural changes have not been evident [2, 3] .

The health promoting schools (HPS) initiative maintains that in order to successfully promote the long-term health and wellbeing of their students, schools must work closely with parents and the local community.

Although student knowledge has increased, long-term behavioural changes have not been evident.


The segmentation is usually accomplished in several stages: skin distribution modelling, which includes a training process, usually supervised, followed by several morphological operations for noise removal until no further segmentation is required to create an accurate representation model of skin colour. State-of-the-art skin detection approaches do not usually include a justification of their colour space choice. This is probably because there is no colour space that can fully remove the changing lighting conditions, shadows and complex background containing surfaces and objects with skin-like colours, factors which can affect the accuracy of skin colour detection [13] . However, a colour space more suited to discriminate skin from non skin colour values can make it easier to build an accurate classifier.

This is probably because there is no colour space that can fully remove the changing lighting conditions, shadows and complex background containing surfaces and objects with skin-like colours, factors which can affect the accuracy of skin colour detection.


Antifungal drugs are mainly classified into five major classes: azoles, polyenes, allylamines, thiocarbamates and fluoropyrimidines and they are used alone or associated in combination therapy [6] [7] [8] . Azole antifungals, featuring either an imidazole (e.g., miconazole, econazole, ketoconazole, and clotrimazole) or a 1,2,4-triazole moiety (e.g., fluconazole) as the pharmacophore, are the most widely used antifungal agents due to their high therapeutic index. They inhibit ergosterol synthesis, the main sterol constituent of fungal membranes, by blocking the cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme lanosterol 14--demethylase [9] .

Antifungal drugs are mainly classified into five major classes: azoles, polyenes, allylamines, thiocarbamates and fluoropyrimidines and they are used alone or associated in combination therapy.

They inhibit ergosterol synthesis, the main sterol constituent of fungal membranes, by blocking the cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme lanosterol 14--demethylase.


At this point, the demographic variables in this study are; gender, qualification, and teaching experience. Gender is the psychological experience of one's sex (Gentile, 1993) . It refers to the role of male and female. Certain roles are stereotyped to males and females. It appears that principals may perceive stress and management of stress differently therefore the study of gender and its relationship with stress in this research is necessary.

Gender is the psychological experience of one's sex.


The total area of the ACBRs increased from 66,815 to 71,537 km 2 . We note that while this is higher than the current best resolution area of ice-free Antarctica (45,886 km 2calculated from the ADD 'high resolution' V7 rock outcrop layer, excluding oceanic islands and removing duplicate or merging overlapping polygons), the medium resolution is more practical for spatial planning purposes and provides a small buffer around the actual edges of the ice-free areas, in keeping with the intent of the original delineation (Terauds et al., 2012) . Most of the increase (99%) was attributable to the addition of the 16th ACBRhereafter known as the Prince Charles Mountains (ACBR 16). The delineation of this bioregion, together with the process of updating and correcting the original layer, resulted in the new ACBR layer covering all ice-free land in Antarctica (Fig. 1) . The multiple tests performed here all confirmed significant differences in community composition across the 16 ACBRs: VEGAN::ADONIS (F = 4.6, P < 0.001, 10,000 permutations); VE-GAN::ANOSIM (ANOSIM R = 0.23, P < 0.001, 10,000 permutations) and MVABUND (Test statistic = 68.9, P = 0.011). In addition to these broad differences, the detailed MVABUND::-MANYGLM analyses showed that the new ACBR (ACBR 16 -Prince Charles Mountains) was significantly different to each of the other ACBRs in the multivariate model (Wald statistic range: 2.1-12.7; P < 0.05 in each case), clearly justifying its inclusion in the updated version.

We note that while this is higher than the current best resolution area of ice-free Antarctica (45,886 km 2calculated from the ADD 'high resolution' V7 rock outcrop layer, excluding oceanic islands and removing duplicate or merging overlapping polygons), the medium resolution is more practical for spatial planning purposes and provides a small buffer around the actual edges of the ice-free areas, in keeping with the intent of the original delineation.


Generative methods have been used to create large synthetic datasets. The analysis of these datasets allows us to better understand the building performance phenomena (Granadeiro et al., 2013; Rodrigues et al., 2015) . The methodology used in the present work follows a procedure where in the first stage a reference room was created with a window placed in one of the widest exterior walls. Then, the room was replicated 180 times and rotated in such a way that the window faced a specific orientation in a two degree step. In the second stage, a parametric evaluation was carried out by incrementally testing every window dimension.

The analysis of these datasets allows us to better understand the building performance phenomena.


Abdominal obesity is well recognized as a major risk factor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes [11] . Although anthropometric measurements such as BMI and waist circumference are widely used to estimate abdominal obesity, distinguishing between visceral and subcutaneous fat or between fat and lean mass cannot be ascertained. Moreover, anthropometric measurements are subject to intra-and inter-examiner variations.

Abdominal obesity is well recognized as a major risk factor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.


Research work on the use of recycled materials is mainly focussed on the use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and its influence on the properties of the fresh and hardened recycled concrete [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . RCA is different from virgin aggregate only due to the adhered old cement and/or mortar that is attached to the natural aggregate present at the core. The volume fraction of adhered mortar in a RCA decreases with the increase in the nominal size of RCA [12] . It was reported that for RCA with sizes of 4-8 mm, 8-16 mm and 16-32 mm, the volume fraction of mortar is about 60%, 40% and 35%, respectively [13] . Although it has been a long history to use RCA as granular material in pavement design, extensive research on the performance of RCA in structural applications is only very recent [14] . The use of RCA in high performance concrete has not been widely accepted, primarily due to the reduction in both mechanical and durability properties found in recycled aggregate concretes [15] . The statistical analysis showed that RCA derived from crushed concrete consists of 65-80 vol.% of natural coarse and fine aggregates and 20-35 vol.% of old cement paste [16] . It was reported that the mortar in RCA contributes to a lowered relative density and higher water absorption than virgin aggregate [17] [18] [19] . The higher portion of attached mortar and weaker interface between aggregate and mortar in RCA lead to lower concrete quality such as low compressive strength and poor durability. It was also reported that the use of RCA leads concrete to have higher shrinkage and creep strains [20] . It was suggested that a good RCA should meet certain criteria in order to be suitable for use in reinforced concrete [21] . These include an aggregate relative density of 2.3 or higher, a maximum mortar content of 50%, and a maximum water absorption of 3%. Some practice codes restrict the use of RCA with water absorption capacity greater than 7-10% to be used in structural concrete.

Research work on the use of recycled materials is mainly focussed on the use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and its influence on the properties of the fresh and hardened recycled concrete.

The volume fraction of adhered mortar in a RCA decreases with the increase in the nominal size of RCA.

It was reported that for RCA with sizes of 4-8 mm, 8-16 mm and 16-32 mm, the volume fraction of mortar is about 60%, 40% and 35%, respectively.

Although it has been a long history to use RCA as granular material in pavement design, extensive research on the performance of RCA in structural applications is only very recent.

The use of RCA in high performance concrete has not been widely accepted, primarily due to the reduction in both mechanical and durability properties found in recycled aggregate concretes.

The statistical analysis showed that RCA derived from crushed concrete consists of 65-80 vol.% of natural coarse and fine aggregates and 20-35 vol.% of old cement paste.

It was reported that the mortar in RCA contributes to a lowered relative density and higher water absorption than virgin aggregate.

It was also reported that the use of RCA leads concrete to have higher shrinkage and creep strains.

It was suggested that a good RCA should meet certain criteria in order to be suitable for use in reinforced concrete.


The paper is outlined as follows. First, we sketch the contours of one of the most spectacular projects of its time -the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge between 1933 and 1937. In the following section, this project is used to elucidate the theoretical framework employed in our analysis: the Activity Domain Theory (Taxén, 2003; 2005) . Next, we analyse traditional and alternative images using the construct of activity modalities in the Activity Domain Theory as a "screening grid". Activity modalities are suggested as basic dimensions of human activity coordination; dimensions that can ultimately be traced to the phylogenetic evolution of mankind.

The paper is outlined as follows.

In the following section, this project is used to elucidate the theoretical framework employed in our analysis: the Activity Domain Theory.


It is sometimes claimed that only theoretical research can advance the state of PM (Turner, 2006) . Other researchers have taken the opposite stance (Blomquist et al., 2006) . Our findings are quite clear on this point; innovations in PM are always derived from pressing needs on the practical battlefield. It is virtually inconceivable that the alternative images would have emerged in academia. From an activity domain point of view, this is quite natural since the enactment process is inherently tied to the work object and the motive of the domain. However, theoretical research has an important role to play in analyzing and explaining events, and making informed suggestions on how to transfer findings to other contexts. Also, theoretical development may indicate ways of improving practice. Thus, the interplay between theory and practice should be the solid ground for advances in PM.

It is sometimes claimed that only theoretical research can advance the state of PM.

Other researchers have taken the opposite stance.


Coordination and communication are at the core of managing projects. Coordination is necessary to achieve the objectives of the project, and communication is needed to disseminate new knowledge and solve problems between development teams, customers and other involved actors. Almost all projects are embedded in an organizational setting (Engwall, 2002) . This increases the need for communication and coordination, especially since most development projects are not detached from the permanent organization as suggested in theory. Rather, they are often interacting with the permanent organization and surrounding projects.

Almost all projects are embedded in an organizational setting.


VIRTIS-M-IR data have been recently extensively used for self-consistent retrievals of mesospheric temperature profiles (58-85 km) and cloud structure between 48 and 75 km in the northern and southern hemisphere of Venus (Haus et al., 2013; 2014) . The 2.3 µm transparency window has been utilized in the new retrieval procedures to calculate cloud mode 3 particle abundances in the lower cloud deck at around 55 km. Measured spectra in the whole spectral range of this window (2.2-2.5 µm) are strongly influenced by cloud opacity, but the signatures of different spectral sub-ranges in the longwavelength part (2.3-2.5 µm) additionally depend on minor gas abundances.

VIRTIS-M-IR data have been recently extensively used for self-consistent retrievals of mesospheric temperature profiles (58-85 km) and cloud structure between 48 and 75 km in the northern and southern hemisphere of Venus.


Unit commitment (UC) involves scheduling the on/off states of generating units to minimize the operating cost for a given time horizon. The committed units must meet the system's forecasted demand and spinning reserve requirement at minimum operating cost, subject to a large set of operating constraints. The UC problem, one of the most important tasks in short-term operation planning of modern power systems, has a significant influence on the secure and economic operation of power systems [1] . Optimal commitment scheduling cannot only save millions of dollars for power companies, it also ensures system reliability by maintaining the proper spinning reserve. The UC problem is mathematically formulated as a nonlinear, largescale and mixed integer combinatorial optimization problem [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . The number of combinations of 0-1 variables grows exponentially for a large-scale UC problem. Therefore, the UC is one of the most difficult problems in the area of power system optimization.

The UC problem, one of the most important tasks in short-term operation planning of modern power systems, has a significant influence on the secure and economic operation of power systems.

The UC problem is mathematically formulated as a nonlinear, largescale and mixed integer combinatorial optimization problem.


Conventional heat sink-fan air coolers in electronics packages are becoming inadequate for use in faster, compact, and more powerful multitasked microprocessors that generate large quantities of attendant heat. This has led current research to focus on high-performance and compact thermal solutions [1] . Heat pipes have been extensively researched and applied in various embodiments for electronics cooling ranging from simple cylindrical geometries to complex configurations [2] . FPHPs in particular have high-heat transfer capability, can maintain a uniform temperature over the evaporator surface when densely packed with heat-generating components, and decrease the thickness of finned heat sinks base material [3] [4] [5] [6] .

This has led current research to focus on high-performance and compact thermal solutions.

Heat pipes have been extensively researched and applied in various embodiments for electronics cooling ranging from simple cylindrical geometries to complex configurations.

FPHPs in particular have high-heat transfer capability, can maintain a uniform temperature over the evaporator surface when densely packed with heat-generating components, and decrease the thickness of finned heat sinks base material.


Transfusion use may be a barrier to preventing HSCT patient access to hospice. The cause of the shorter time to last transfusion in non-hospice patients cannot be determined based on the study design. However, we speculate that HSCT patients may be more willing to enroll in hospice if transfusion requirements are low and/or palliative benefit from blood products is minimal. Active palliative transfusion requirements to prevent spontaneous bleeding or to target a symptom (e.g., dyspnea, chest pain) may prevent HSCT patients from enrolling in hospice. Alternatively, this may reflect that HSCT patients enrolled in hospice are more willing to forgo transfusions despite ongoing transfusion needs. Yet, as data in hematologic malignancy and HSCT EOL care continues to grow, we continue to recognize how unique hematologic malignancy patients are from those with solid tumors [17] . Not only do HSCT patients have unique treatments and related side effects, but they have different symptoms and thus different palliative and hospice needs. Perhaps the next step in bridging the gap between palliative and hospice care in HSCT patients is the expansion of the hospice benefit to permit blood transfusions necessary to palliate symptoms highly prevalent in HSCT patients. We aim to work collectively with other researchers in this area to explore the barriers to hospice enrollment for HSCT patients and ultimately advocate for policy change to promote the optimal care of these patients.

Yet, as data in hematologic malignancy and HSCT EOL care continues to grow, we continue to recognize how unique hematologic malignancy patients are from those with solid tumors.


The concepts of category and range proved to be very effective quality metrics for the bi-objective TSP, and the generalization of these concepts can be easily made for any instance of the MOTSP. Besides, they can be used in any MOP without definition changes. Although these concepts seem to be very similar, range showed better results. Category, range, mean distance to the population and distance to the nondominated frontier experimentally demonstrated to be correlated, showing the topological characteristic of global convexity. These metrics could be used for the study of global convexity in other MOPs, where metaheuristics, as ACO or EA, have shown to be very efficient, and for the creation of new metaheuris-tics that could exploit this type of structure. However, since the results were obtained experimentally, it is not certain that this structure holds for every instance of the bi-objective TSP. Nevertheless, for the single-objective case, no instance was found without a globally convex structure [6] .

Nevertheless, for the single-objective case, no instance was found without a globally convex structure.


Here we showed for the first time a similar pattern for eukaryotic plankton composition using molecular data. The observed pattern can probably also be driven by a combination of other factors such as availability of micronutrients and composition of dissolved organic matter that covary with salinity across the gradient, but it is well established that salinity differences per se is a major barrier for species to cross (Logares et al., 2009) . A recent study shows that the bacterioplankton inhabiting the Baltic Proper are not locally adapted freshwater or marine populations, but are rather members of a global brackish metacommunity that most likely adapted to brackish conditions before the Baltic Sea was formed . Whether this also holds true for protists inhabiting this sea remains to be investigated. For endosymbiotic protists, isolated from the surrounding water and protected from osmotic stress, the distribution patterns are likely mainly determined by the salinity preference of the host.

The observed pattern can probably also be driven by a combination of other factors such as availability of micronutrients and composition of dissolved organic matter that covary with salinity across the gradient, but it is well established that salinity differences per se is a major barrier for species to cross.


However, in this paper, wc [15] . Thus, our primary goal is to select module implementations so that we minimize the maximum delay of a given circuit. For the sake of simplicity, we focus on the Timing-Driven General Circuit Implementation (TDGCI) model, where the module implementations are selected without considering the area of each implementation. However, the heuristic solutions presented in this paper can be easily extended to consider a bound on the total area of the implemented circuit.

However, in this paper, wc.


Commonly, the solution to the vibration isolation problem is to use anti-vibration mounts or viscoelastic coatings on structural elements to enhance the damping [2] . These solutions lead to weight and cost penalties and the effectiveness of such measures diminishes with increasing levels of vibration, making increasingly stringent noise and vibration targets more difficult to meet [3] . The damping materials are also unable to maintain their properties in harsh environments due to their temperature dependence, making them impractical for space applications.

Commonly, the solution to the vibration isolation problem is to use anti-vibration mounts or viscoelastic coatings on structural elements to enhance the damping.

These solutions lead to weight and cost penalties and the effectiveness of such measures diminishes with increasing levels of vibration, making increasingly stringent noise and vibration targets more difficult to meet.


In recent years a number of active and passive vibration isolation solutions have been proposed and tested [4] . Some of the more successful solutions include Hexapod or Stewart Platforms, dual-chamber pneumatic springs, passive D-strut systems, zero-spring-rate mechanisms, voice coil actuators, open/closed cell foam designs, smart structures and shape memory alloy isolators. Perhaps, one of the most effective designs has been the SoftRide MultiFlex whole-spacecraft vibration isolation system which consists of a series of identical isolator elements [5] . This system has proved to be a very effective means of reducing spacecraft response due to broadband structure-borne launch vibration and the low-frequency launch loads. Further improvements have been obtained by employing a multi-axis system, which inserts flexibility and damping in three orthogonal axes between the launch vehicle and the satellite.

In recent years a number of active and passive vibration isolation solutions have been proposed and tested.

Perhaps, one of the most effective designs has been the SoftRide MultiFlex whole-spacecraft vibration isolation system which consists of a series of identical isolator elements.


The eight abilities expected from students in nursing education are basic skills, ability to think, problem solving skills, interpersonal skills, professional skills, information literacy, global capabilities, and voluntary spirit [11] . Of the abilities expected from students in nursing education, effective communication ability and interpersonal relationships are suggested as the most important qualities required for professional nurses in the department of nursing graduates [12, 13] . Therefore, programs that can develop such capabilities should be included in curriculums. The study recognized communication and interpersonal relationship abilities very importantly in hospital practice environment where various professionals work together in terms of work efficiency promotion. The study applied action learning-based team project teachinglearning strategies and confirmed effect for problem solving capability development required for nursing team members who need to implement nursing practice in the face of problem solving related to hospital environment, administrative systems, and subject. The researcher, as a profession of nursing management practice training, finds actual problems in nursing practice of details of planning, organization, personnel, command and control area, which were learned in theoretical curriculum, and applied to the problem solving process, and design and operate action learning-based teaching-learning strategies that help learning problems and problem solving process. Action learning is a process where learners organize teams to learn the detail aspects of tasks and aspects of task implementation process together with a learning coach based on tasks [14] . The study confirmed a significant increase in subjects of metacognitive, initiative in problem solving, understanding of interpersonal relationships, and team efficacy capability after participating in action learning-based team project activities.

The eight abilities expected from students in nursing education are basic skills, ability to think, problem solving skills, interpersonal skills, professional skills, information literacy, global capabilities, and voluntary spirit.

Of the abilities expected from students in nursing education, effective communication ability and interpersonal relationships are suggested as the most important qualities required for professional nurses in the department of nursing graduates.

Action learning is a process where learners organize teams to learn the detail aspects of tasks and aspects of task implementation process together with a learning coach based on tasks.


The study led to a range of exciting questions that are currently investigated. Thus, from an algorithmic point of view, it would be interesting to merge steps (1) and (2), e.g. by using the output of Talky-G (i.e., the IT-tree of all FGs) as a starting point for the FCI-mining, hence avoiding step (3). A further challenge lays in the computation of the FCI precedence order that underlies some of the association rule bases from the literature. We plan to join Touch with our previous algorithm Snow [22] . Snow allows us to easily compute precedence order using hypergraph theory. Once we have a concept lattice whose nodes are labeled with generators, it is possible to produce all kinds of MN R rules, including approximate association rules too.

We plan to join Touch with our previous algorithm Snow.


According to Karakaya's research, barriers to the adoption of photovoltaic systems fall into four categories: sociotechnical barriers, management barriers, economic barriers, and policy barriers [54] . Hong Kong is a high-income economy with high quality of life, which means sociotechnical issues are not a barrier. The biggest obstacle to the wide application of PV systems in Hong Kong is the expensive installation cost, which is nearly 2.5 times higher than in Germany and 4 times higher than in Mainland China, so that is an economic barrier [55, 56] . The higher installation cost for PV systems also results in a higher levelized cost of PV electricity, than 2 HKD/kWh, while the domestic tariff of electricity in Hong Kong varies from 0.81 HKD/kWh to 1.75 HKD/kWh depending on the monthly electricity consumption. Although the global market cost of PV electricity has already dramatically decreased, it is still not profitable in Hong Kong due to the very high installation costs. In conjunction with their high cost in initial capital, PV systems are not profitable without policy support. For this reason, policy measures are of vital importance for the rapid diffusion of environmentally friendly innovations including PV systems. Especially in the case of Hong Kong, the lack of participation of stakeholders or members of the community in energy policy planning and the lack of incentives to support the adoption are the greatest barriers [57] .

According to Karakaya's research, barriers to the adoption of photovoltaic systems fall into four categories: sociotechnical barriers, management barriers, economic barriers, and policy barriers.

The biggest obstacle to the wide application of PV systems in Hong Kong is the expensive installation cost, which is nearly 2.5 times higher than in Germany and 4 times higher than in Mainland China, so that is an economic barrier.

Especially in the case of Hong Kong, the lack of participation of stakeholders or members of the community in energy policy planning and the lack of incentives to support the adoption are the greatest barriers.


According to the Global Future Report 2013, it is estimated that global solar PV capacity could reach 400-800 GW as soon as 2020 and as much as 8000 GW by 2050, which will save more than 53 million tons of CO 2 emissions [51, 52] . By the end of 2015, the Chinese mainland, the largest and fastest developing region in the world, reached 43.5 GW cumulative installed capacity as compared to only 19.2 GW in 2013. In the meantime, Germany and Italy have reached 39.7 GW and 18.9 GW, representing the largest PV penetration of the electricity demand (7.1% and 8.0%) in the world. Japan and the USA were positioned third and fourth in the list, having reached 34.4 GW and 25.6 GW with 11 GW and 7.3 GW annual installed capacity in 2015 [53] . However, PV application has not yet been well developed in Hong Kong in recent years. Although its solar energy resources are above the world average, the total PV installed capacity is less than 3 MWp and the actual PV electricity generation only accounts for a negligibly small share of the total energy end use in Hong Kong.

According to the Global Future Report 2013, it is estimated that global solar PV capacity could reach 400-800 GW as soon as 2020 and as much as 8000 GW by 2050, which will save more than 53 million tons of CO 2 emissions.

Japan and the USA were positioned third and fourth in the list, having reached 34.4 GW and 25.6 GW with 11 GW and 7.3 GW annual installed capacity in 2015.


The application of sustainable and renewable energy in Hong Kong could be a promising way of reducing the financial and environmental costs of fossil fuel. Carbon intensity in the power sector can be reduced by reducing coal use and by increasing the use of lower carbon content fuels, such as natural gas, nuclear, and renewable energy. The proportion of each energy source in the chosen fuel mix depends on local availability and infrastructure as well as economic affordability. For a more holistic perspective, it would be prudent to also consider the life cycle carbon emissions of each Currently, the most pressing problem that engineers focus on is the size of batteries, which is a roadblock to commercial use even though many models t were established to improve the system's economy [27] [28] [29] [30] . However, research focused on energy storage for single-family dwellings indicated that integrated storage may increase by more than 100% annual PV self-consumption [31] . In addition, recent research shows that the PV-battery storage integrated system is still not ready for commercial rollout because suitable PV-batteries are sensitive to all the parameters and the battery will only have a positive impact on Net Present Value (NPV) at a low installation cost (e.g., below 750 USD/kWh) [32] .

For a more holistic perspective, it would be prudent to also consider the life cycle carbon emissions of each Currently, the most pressing problem that engineers focus on is the size of batteries, which is a roadblock to commercial use even though many models t were established to improve the system's economy.

However, research focused on energy storage for single-family dwellings indicated that integrated storage may increase by more than 100% annual PV self-consumption.

In addition, recent research shows that the PV-battery storage integrated system is still not ready for commercial rollout because suitable PV-batteries are sensitive to all the parameters and the battery will only have a positive impact on Net Present Value (NPV) at a low installation cost (e.g., below 750 USD/kWh).


A final way to reduce the lifetime cost of a PV system is recycling of PV modules [45] . From an economic point of view, energy payback time (EPBT) studies have shown great potential savings from recycling the low-efficiency module [46] . Currently there are three kinds of major recycling pathways focused on by researchers, including recycling of manufacturing waste, recycling of end-of-life or used module material, and module remanufacturing and reuse [47] . However, most PV modules are still lack the economic motivation to recycle [48] .

A final way to reduce the lifetime cost of a PV system is recycling of PV modules.

From an economic point of view, energy payback time (EPBT) studies have shown great potential savings from recycling the low-efficiency module.

Currently there are three kinds of major recycling pathways focused on by researchers, including recycling of manufacturing waste, recycling of end-of-life or used module material, and module remanufacturing and reuse.

However, most PV modules are still lack the economic motivation to recycle.


The transport sector is one of the major contributors of hazardous emissions to the environment in recent years. Many researches have been done on energy consumption analysis and fuel types were compared with each other including alternative fuel systems which are leading to more development in fuel technology [1] . This development can in turn reduce the oil consumption for transport [2] . There are two approaches in dealing with vehicle emissions problem. The first approach is the fuel type which can be addressed by either enhancing the quality of conventional fuel or by using alternative fuel systems. The second approach is upgrading the engine technology which includes in-use vehicles emission and the new vehicles emission standards.

Many researches have been done on energy consumption analysis and fuel types were compared with each other including alternative fuel systems which are leading to more development in fuel technology.

This development can in turn reduce the oil consumption for transport.


Higher order thinking skills is an important aspect in teaching and learning. Thinking skills are fundamental in educational process. A person thought can affect the ability of learning, speed and effectiveness of learning. Therefore, thinking skills is associated with learning process. Students who are trained to think demonstrate a positive impact on the development of their education. The findings of Resnick's studies have reported an improvement in reading comprehension and the average grades, therefore an increase in the settlement of problems of Mathematics and Science which have undergone a training program to think [6] . This has shown that thinking skill is important for a student to solve problems in their learning process thus fostering a competitive student's thought, developing students' intellectual and helping to avoid errors in thinking.

The findings of Resnick's studies have reported an improvement in reading comprehension and the average grades, therefore an increase in the settlement of problems of Mathematics and Science which have undergone a training program to think.


A question to be answered or a problem to be solved cannot be done through routine application of previously acquired knowledge [5] . But it can be solved only when expanded use of mind occurred that a person must interpret, analyze or manipulate information. This is because higher order thinking is characterized as non algorithmic, complex, self regulative, meaningful, effortful and providing multiple solutions, nuanced judgments, multiple criteria and uncertainty [6] .

A question to be answered or a problem to be solved cannot be done through routine application of previously acquired knowledge.

This is because higher order thinking is characterized as non algorithmic, complex, self regulative, meaningful, effortful and providing multiple solutions, nuanced judgments, multiple criteria and uncertainty.


Emerging cloud based computational platforms such as Google Earth Engine (GEE) now provide handy and easy-to-use tools to extract information from remotely sensed data. GEE is a cloud-based platform "that makes it easy to access high-performance computing resources for processing very large geospatial datasets, without having to suffer the IT pains currently surrounding either" (Gorelick et al., 2017) . Users can now use publicly available satellite imagery together with any available source of location-specific reference data to map LC/LU at any location on Earth and in any point in time.

GEE is a cloud-based platform "that makes it easy to access high-performance computing resources for processing very large geospatial datasets, without having to suffer the IT pains currently surrounding either".


While the problem of fraudulent customers also exists with cash or credit cards, Bitcoins allow fraud on a whole different level. The main issue are so-called double-spend attacks [5, 18] . Our coffee consumer may simply spend the same money multiple times. In addition to signing the transaction for our barista, the customer may concurrently sign another transactions spending the same Bitcoins but with the customer himself as beneficiary. While the barista is injecting her transaction into the Bitcoin network, the customer is injecting his transaction into the Bitcoin network as well, quickly and with as many peers as possible. Both the original and the double transactions will spread in the Bitcoin network, but the double-spend was injected at multiple vantage points, so it will spread more quickly. A professional fraudulent customer will manage that the doublespend transaction is orders of magnitude more present in the Bitcoin network than the original transaction. As such the double transaction will be much more likely to end up in a block, and ultimately in the blockchain.

The main issue are so-called double-spend attacks.


Many code compression approaches use special hardware support to assist in the compression. One simple hardware extension is the echo instruction, which is in essence a lightweight procedure call [16] . The echo instruction indicates where the abstracted instructions can be found and the number of instructions to be executed. Unlike using a conventional procedure call to abstract a sequence of instructions, a return instruction is not needed at the end of the abstracted sequence. Another advantage of this approach is that abstracted sequences of instructions can overlap. However, there is still overhead due to transfers of control to the common code sequences, and reduced spatial locality for machines with a memory hierarchy.

One simple hardware extension is the echo instruction, which is in essence a lightweight procedure call.


There are many alternatives to explore to increase the effectiveness of the IRF. These alternatives include changing the architecture, adding additional compiler optimizations, or both. We can dynamically load instructions into the IRF at various points in the execution to more effectively pack instructions in applications with widely varying phases. Similar to the SPARC register windows, we can explore the effects of greater IRF sizes using an approach where an IRF window pointer can be switched on function calls and returns [24] . Storing opcodes and operands separately has improved standard code compression, so it is likely that this approach would increase IRF packing flexibility [1] . Compiler optimizations can be developed to schedule instructions within a basic block to improve packing. We could determine a DAG of dependences between instructions in a basic block and use more aggressive packing algorithms to exploit alternative orderings. The IRF can also facilitate the design of new dual ISAs, where MISA instructions reduce code size and RISA instructions improve execution time.

Similar to the SPARC register windows, we can explore the effects of greater IRF sizes using an approach where an IRF window pointer can be switched on function calls and returns.

Storing opcodes and operands separately has improved standard code compression, so it is likely that this approach would increase IRF packing flexibility.


Differently, model-based methods deal with the problem of prognostics by building mathematical models which can describe the deterioration process. The model-based approaches can be generally divided into two categories, physics model-based methods and statistical model-based methods [11] . Physics model-based methods construct the models based on the failure mechanisms of equipment [12] . The Paris law is one of the most commonly used physics model in describing the degradation process of machinery, and many investigations employed it and its variants for RUL prediction [6, 7, 13] . Besides, other physics models were also used in prognostics, such as the Forman law and the Norton 2 Shock and Vibration law [14, 15] . The physics model-based techniques can forecast the RUL accurately when there is enough knowledge about the physics of damage. However, it is difficult to completely understand the failure mechanisms of some complex systems and new equipment.

The model-based approaches can be generally divided into two categories, physics model-based methods and statistical model-based methods.

Physics model-based methods construct the models based on the failure mechanisms of equipment.

The Paris law is one of the most commonly used physics model in describing the degradation process of machinery, and many investigations employed it and its variants for RUL prediction.

Besides, other physics models were also used in prognostics, such as the Forman law and the Norton 2 Shock and Vibration law.


In addition, no model can perfectly describe the stochastic degradation process of a specific system due to various uncertainties resulting from the materials, load, environment, and sensors [32, 33] . Uncertainties due to different factors can be reflected by the model parameters, and, by updating the parameters with the real-time observations, reliable prognostics results can be obtained. In general, it is more appropriate to include all the parameters related to various uncertainties as multiple states in state space modeling and update them simultaneously.

In addition, no model can perfectly describe the stochastic degradation process of a specific system due to various uncertainties resulting from the materials, load, environment, and sensors.


The condition-based maintenance (CBM) is a widely used maintenance policy which schedules the maintenance for components or systems according to the condition monitoring data [1] . Generally, the CBM focuses on two aspects of work: diagnostics and prognostics [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . The condition monitoring data, such as vibration, current, acoustic emission, and temperature, can be utilized to implement the CBM. Diagnostics attempt to detect and identify faults in a specified system, while prognostics are detecting changes in system states and predicting the remaining time before the occurrence of failure [1, 7] . Therefore, reasonable maintenance policies often schedule maintenance plans according to prognostics results to avoid unnecessary maintenances or replacements, which can significantly reduce the overall life-cycle costs and increase the reliability and availability of mechanical systems. As a result, more and more importance is attached to the prediction of remaining useful life (RUL), and it triggers a certain amount of research in this area.

The condition-based maintenance (CBM) is a widely used maintenance policy which schedules the maintenance for components or systems according to the condition monitoring data.

Generally, the CBM focuses on two aspects of work: diagnostics and prognostics.

Diagnostics attempt to detect and identify faults in a specified system, while prognostics are detecting changes in system states and predicting the remaining time before the occurrence of failure.


Welding is a labor intensive operation and automation is a major way to assure and help improve its productivity and quality. However, welding is also an operation which requires high skills especially for critical applications. While current welding robots can provide consistent motion to help assure productivity and quality, they lack the level of intelligence/judgment capabilities that skilled human welders possess. Being more intelligent is the ultimate direction for next generation automated welding machines. Since skilled human welders can only concentrate on observing the weld pool (surface) (but they can still make quality welds as long as they can maintain their concentration!), the weld pool surface must contain sufficient information about the weld quality. In addition, the weld pool surface can help better observe and understand the complex welding process/phenomena and provide critical experimental data to validate numerical models of welding processes. Hence, the measurement of the threedimensional weld pool surface is a fundamental capability that next generation automated welding machines and welding researchers must possess, and a number of early efforts have been devoted to sense weld pool related parameters using a few methods including machine vision, x-radiation, ultrasonic and acoustic emission, etc [1] [2] [3] [4] .

Hence, the measurement of the threedimensional weld pool surface is a fundamental capability that next generation automated welding machines and welding researchers must possess, and a number of early efforts have been devoted to sense weld pool related parameters using a few methods including machine vision, x-radiation, ultrasonic and acoustic emission, etc.


Expectations, and therefore demands, on the quality of systems are ever increasing. More and more systems become software-intensive systems, in which software plays a crucial role in the delivery of the required functionality. Consequently, the quality of these systems is greatly influenced by the quality of the software. Software architectures offer the ability to predict the expected quality of a software system before it is actually implemented or changed [1] . This architectural analysis gives engineers a tool to find out which kind of software system is optimal for their system needs, without implementing the (changes to the) software beforehand.

Software architectures offer the ability to predict the expected quality of a software system before it is actually implemented or changed.


Message credibility includes specific features of the message content, including information quality; language intensity; and message discrepancy (Hellmueller and Trilling, 2012) . As we are interested in the relative quality of news websites, rather than messages within a website, message credibility will not be relevant to our study. However, it has been shown that the credibility of one piece of content influences the way credibility judgements are made for other content on the same page (Thorson et al., 2010) . Though the more closed systems on the spectrum do have content from multiple authors on a single page, this is far more common on the more open systems. This may impact on the credibility of the systems to the right of the spectrum.

Message credibility includes specific features of the message content, including information quality; language intensity; and message discrepancy.

However, it has been shown that the credibility of one piece of content influences the way credibility judgements are made for other content on the same page.