Some studies have adopted a microview on the parking modeling on how the individual car searches for parking spaces. These are called microsimulation or agentbased models. The main problem with the microsimulation approach is that the computation time that makes their use limited to small-size cases [26, 34] . There are a huge number of parameters needing calibration involved in such models. The calibration requires costly and time consuming surveys to determine specific driver behavior in the area.

The main problem with the microsimulation approach is that the computation time that makes their use limited to small-size cases.


With respect to parking supply, we introduce two sets of constraints which provide a more realistic model: (i) parking occupancy cannot exceed the capacity of parking lots; let us call it parking capacity constraint (PCC); (ii) some parking spaces may have been assigned to serve specific demand such as VIP parking space, parking permits, different parking duration (short term, long terms), disabled parking, and private parking lots; let us call this category of constraints parking rationing constraint (PRC). Some studies have addressed the former constraint (PCC) [8, [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . Considering the latter PRC constraint in the presence of the PCC constraint is a unique feature of this study.

Some studies have addressed the former constraint (PCC).


Managing multispecies fisheries are a challenging task; therefore, continuous effort has been made over the years to develop new models to manage complex fisheries system. To examine biological and economic over fishing of fish stocks, detailed scientific data on stock levels, regeneration, and catch are prerequisite. However, less costly methods such as observing certain indicators like catch per unit of effort, changes of price, changes in market supplies, and a percentage composition change of species or size over time can also be good references to address overfishing in data poor system [30] . Thus, traditionally CPUE had been used as an index of stock abundance assessments [31] . CPUE for fish showed an increasing trend immediately after the 1990s and started to decline from the late 2000s which is believed to be continued. The initial CPUE increase is most probably due to the increase of modernized fishing fleets in the coastal and marine water of BOB. The BOB fishery is assumed to be characterized by smaller pelagic and smaller demersal fishery in the recent decades [11] . This could be an indication of "fishing down the food web" and a corresponding low CPUE. Therefore, effort pressure that is exerted on small fish, which does not contribute a lot in terms of total weight in yield, consequently takes part in lower CPUE.

However, less costly methods such as observing certain indicators like catch per unit of effort, changes of price, changes in market supplies, and a percentage composition change of species or size over time can also be good references to address overfishing in data poor system.

Thus, traditionally CPUE had been used as an index of stock abundance assessments.

The BOB fishery is assumed to be characterized by smaller pelagic and smaller demersal fishery in the recent decades.


Moreover, fishing zones and fish production in the coastal area of Bangladesh are declining gradually over the years and those attributed to the sea level rise, pollution, increase of salinity in the coastal belt, frequent cyclone, and changes in pH and oceanic current pattern [38] . Freshwater discharge has found to be a significant factor in the recruitment of juveniles and distribution of marine and estuarine species in the Bakkhali river estuary of Bangladesh [39] . Since a number of rivers have found their final way to BOB, it is assumed that these river estuaries could play significant role in recruitment of valuable commercial marine species. Consequently, under changing environmental conditions, the natural recruitment process may face severe problems.

Moreover, fishing zones and fish production in the coastal area of Bangladesh are declining gradually over the years and those attributed to the sea level rise, pollution, increase of salinity in the coastal belt, frequent cyclone, and changes in pH and oceanic current pattern.

Freshwater discharge has found to be a significant factor in the recruitment of juveniles and distribution of marine and estuarine species in the Bakkhali river estuary of Bangladesh.


Property enhancement is usually achieved by fiber reinforcement but some studies show that mechanical properties can improve with the addition of particulate fillers Particulate fillers have played a vital role in the development of commercially viable polymers. Not only do they provide a significant cost reduction but certain fillers may improves various properties of the materials such as mechanical strength, modulus and heat deflection temperature, material processing and its optical properties. In general the mechanical properties of particulate filled polymer composites depend strongly size, shape and distribution of filler particles in the matrix polymer and good adhesion the filler-polymer interface. Numerous inorganic fillers like fly ash, mica, talc, calcium carbonate, hollow glass bead etc. have been incorporated in polymer matrix [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .

Numerous inorganic fillers like fly ash, mica, talc, calcium carbonate, hollow glass bead etc. have been incorporated in polymer matrix.


Expansion of trapped volatile matter can also cause the particles to expand to form a hollow cenospheres; however minerals with high melting points may remain relatively unchanged. The heating and cooling cycle have a significant effect on the composition and morphology of each particle. Fly ash cenospheres are a waste by-product of coal combustion and, as such, are available at very low cost. These are hollow thin-walled spheres of sizes several tens of micron to 500 μm. According to their chemical compositions, these materials belong to the multicomponent systems with a SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 + Fe 2 O 3 content of approximately 90 wt%. These are formed during the coal burning process by evolution of gas becoming trapped in a viscous molten glass matrix, can be reclaimed from fly ash readily and are relatively inexpensive as a bulk product. They are considered a waste product, so any use of them decreases the strain on the environment [10] [11] [12] [13] .

They are considered a waste product, so any use of them decreases the strain on the environment.


Besides the cited references, there are some related papers available where perturbation of a network process is different from the principles described here. In these investigations the speed of service for the nodes is changed by the same factor as the arrival intensities are changed. It follows that the steady-state probabilities and the other first-order characteristics are unchanged (as we also require), although it can be shown that the internal dependencies of the processes can considerably differ [2] , [22] . Such additional perturbations can be considered in our framework as well.

It follows that the steady-state probabilities and the other first-order characteristics are unchanged (as we also require), although it can be shown that the internal dependencies of the processes can considerably differ.


In this paper, we investigate IIB matrix model with (and without) Myers terms [17] . By introducing a Myers term, we can construct non-commutative gauge theory on fuzzy sphere at classical level [19] . In our previous work, we have investigated quantum corrections of matrix models on fuzzy sphere up to the two loop level [20] . By modifying the Myers term, we can construct higher dimensional manifolds. In this paper, we investigate the simplest of such 4 dimensional manifolds, namely S 2 × S 2 .

In this paper, we investigate IIB matrix model with (and without) Myers terms.

By introducing a Myers term, we can construct non-commutative gauge theory on fuzzy sphere at classical level.

In our previous work, we have investigated quantum corrections of matrix models on fuzzy sphere up to the two loop level.


We found that the adult Siberian chipmunks of the study population differed consistently in their propensity to enter traps, often taken as an index of boldness (Boyer et al. 2010; Patterson and Schulte-Hostedde 2011; Montiglio et al. 2012) . We also showed that the variation in trappability was associated with a variation in 1 component of fitness, ARS, but that the direction of this association fluctuated between years according to food availability. We shall now discuss the use of trappability as an index of boldness, the relationship between trappability and ARS, and finally, the implication of fluctuating selection on trappability.

We found that the adult Siberian chipmunks of the study population differed consistently in their propensity to enter traps, often taken as an index of boldness.


Despite these encouraging results, the available data attesting to the convergence of scores on the PNSE-Perceived Autonomy subscale with a conceptually relevant external marker of need satisfaction (namely, IMI-PC) is weak. In Study 2, scores derived from the PNSE-Perceived Autonomy subscale exhibited comparable relationships with both perceived choice and perceived competence, which fail to offer convincing evidence of convergence between PNSE-Perceived Autonomy scores and the corresponding external marker used in this study. One explanation for these aberrant fi ndings is the relatively low internal consistency estimates observed for IMI-PC scores (α = 0.78), which can attenuate the value of the convergent validity coeffi cients (Crocker & Algina, 1986) . Correcting the coefficients for attenuation due to unreliability indicated no substantial changes in the validity coefficients (r PNSE-Autonomy.IMI-PC = 0.38 and r PNSE-Competence.IMI-PC = 0.34) and suggests that the unreliability hypothesis is not tenable in the present data.

One explanation for these aberrant fi ndings is the relatively low internal consistency estimates observed for IMI-PC scores (α = 0.78), which can attenuate the value of the convergent validity coeffi cients.

IMI-PC = 0.38 and r PNSE-Competence.


Two alternative explanations for the observed relationship between PNSEPerceived Autonomy and the proxy markers of psychological need satisfaction can be offered. First, the weak relationships could be attributable to a lack of content representation inherent in the IMI-PC items with reference to autonomy. Recent research suggests autonomy is comprised of perceived volition, internal locus of causality, and perceived choice (Reeve, Nix, & Hamm, 2003) . Considering Reeve and colleaguesʼ contentions, it seems the magnitude of the observed relationships might have been expected given that the IMI-PC captures only a portion of the content associated with perceived autonomy. An alternative explanation for the present fi ndings concerns the presence of methods effects generated from positive and negatively phrased IMI-PC items. Previous research indicates that the use of items with reverse polarity within the same scale can attenuate relationships between the variables under study (Motl, Conroy, & Horan, 2000; Motl & DiStefano, 2002) . Although defi nitive conclusions on this matter await further research, the evidence highlighting the effects of polarity in item wording contained in the same subscale renders this explanation plausible.

Recent research suggests autonomy is comprised of perceived volition, internal locus of causality, and perceived choice.

Previous research indicates that the use of items with reverse polarity within the same scale can attenuate relationships between the variables under study.


Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy induced hypertensive disorder which manifests after 20 weeks of gestation and till date its etiology is not well understood [1] . A number of placental abnormalities have been associated with PE pregnancies, such as insufficient spiral artery remodeling, shallow invasion, and reduced villous number, diameter and surface area. Placental function gets affected by these abnormalities, and ultimately deprives the developing fetus of the nutrients required for optimal growth [2, 3] . Nutrients like fatty acids are not only required by the developing fetus but also metabolized by the placenta for its growth and development [4] .

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy induced hypertensive disorder which manifests after 20 weeks of gestation and till date its etiology is not well understood.

Placental function gets affected by these abnormalities, and ultimately deprives the developing fetus of the nutrients required for optimal growth.

Nutrients like fatty acids are not only required by the developing fetus but also metabolized by the placenta for its growth and development.


Chemical modification changes the material properties of wood. Covalent bonds between chemicals and the hydroxyl groups of cell-wall polymers can be formed or compounds of high molecular mass can be deposited within the cell wall. Usually, the aim of chemical modification is to improve the dimensional stability and decay resistance and thereby prolong the service life. The treatment may, however, negatively affect mechanical properties, particularly dynamic strength such as impact bending. Strength losses are induced by the hydrolysis of cell-wall polysaccharides or the deposition of chemical agents within the cell wall. In the latter case, wood becomes brittle, since the deposits reduce the freedom of movement among the polysaccharides and impart a more rigid structure to the cell wall matrix (Rowell 1998) .

In the latter case, wood becomes brittle, since the deposits reduce the freedom of movement among the polysaccharides and impart a more rigid structure to the cell wall matrix.


Treatment of thin veneer strips with DMDHEU enhanced the weathering resistance in an artificial weathering tester (QUV). Tensile strength losses (measured in the zero-span mode) of DMDHEU-treated veneers were lower after weathering than those of untreated veneers. DMDHEU treatment, however, had a deleterious effect on the tensile strength of the veneers, possibly associated with the presence of magnesium chloride catalyst in the treatment solution (Xie et al. 2005) . In a very few other studies, the effect of DMDHEU treatment on the mechanical properties of wood is discussed, but the authors only refer to reduced bending strength without considering possible reasons for this reduction in any detail (Nicholas and Williams 1987; Nurmi et al. 1999) . The bending strength can be influenced by factors such as the strength of single fibres (tracheids in softwood) and of the adhesion between the fibres, and the compression strength of wood (Winandy and Rowell 2005) . In contrast, the tensile strength of thin veneer strips measured in a zero-span mode is only determined by the strength of single fibres and, thus, by the degree of polymerisation of their cellulosic constituents (Derbyshire and Miller 1981) .

DMDHEU treatment, however, had a deleterious effect on the tensile strength of the veneers, possibly associated with the presence of magnesium chloride catalyst in the treatment solution.

In a very few other studies, the effect of DMDHEU treatment on the mechanical properties of wood is discussed, but the authors only refer to reduced bending strength without considering possible reasons for this reduction in any detail.

The bending strength can be influenced by factors such as the strength of single fibres (tracheids in softwood) and of the adhesion between the fibres, and the compression strength of wood.

In contrast, the tensile strength of thin veneer strips measured in a zero-span mode is only determined by the strength of single fibres and, thus, by the degree of polymerisation of their cellulosic constituents.


In general, chemical modification processes include a curing step at temperatures up to 1208C. Elevated temperatures can lead to oxidative degradation or hydrolysis, particularly when the modification is catalysed by a Lewis acid (or protons) or base (hydroxyl ions, amines). When heat treatment is applied alone in thermal wood processes, the elasticity and tensile strength may be considerably reduced. In such processes, the dimensional stability and durability of wood increase; however, the strength properties generally decrease with increasing temperature and process duration (Militz 2002) . The major causes of strength losses are hydrolytic and oxidative degradation of hemicellulose and lignin; the degradation of cellulose has only a minor effect (Tjeerdsma et al. 1998) .

In such processes, the dimensional stability and durability of wood increase; however, the strength properties generally decrease with increasing temperature and process duration.

The major causes of strength losses are hydrolytic and oxidative degradation of hemicellulose and lignin; the degradation of cellulose has only a minor effect.


The European silver eel is known to encounter hydrostatic pressure (HP) during its migration to the supposed spawning area, the Sargasso Sea (Tesch, 1977) . Such a physical performance requires an ef cient aerobic metabolism because the slow aerobic muscles are the ones most used. Silver eels, which have begun to metamorphose in view of imminent migration, exhibit an improvement in aerobic metabolism, mainly in red muscles (Bostrom and Johansson, 1972; Egginton, 1986) .

The European silver eel is known to encounter hydrostatic pressure (HP) during its migration to the supposed spawning area, the Sargasso Sea.

Silver eels, which have begun to metamorphose in view of imminent migration, exhibit an improvement in aerobic metabolism, mainly in red muscles.


Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are a form of nicotine delivery intended to provide an alternative to traditional cigarettes. These products were introduced for the first time in 1988, in the USA, as "Premier" from R.J. Reynolds [1] . As in the case of electronic cigarettes, this technology initially did not gain wide popularity and was discontinued shortly after its introduction. Recently, the tobacco industry has made another attempt to introduce HTPs to the market [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .

These products were introduced for the first time in 1988, in the USA, as "Premier" from R.J. Reynolds.

Recently, the tobacco industry has made another attempt to introduce HTPs to the market.


A commonly used technique for eliciting preferences is the discrete choice experiment (DCE), in which respondents are asked to choose between alternatives, which are described by a number of attributes [15] . Statistical analysis is then used to quantify the weight of each attribute in the choices of the respondents. In health economics, one of the most widely applied methods to analyze data from such experiments is McFadden's conditional logit, otherwise known as multinomial logit (MNL) [16] [17] [18] . One of the assumptions of this technique, however, is the absence of unobserved preference heterogeneity across respondents [19] . When this assumption is violated-in other words, when some respondents have consistently different preferences than do others, which cannot be adjusted for in the analysis-the model may lead to biased results.

A commonly used technique for eliciting preferences is the discrete choice experiment (DCE), in which respondents are asked to choose between alternatives, which are described by a number of attributes.

In health economics, one of the most widely applied methods to analyze data from such experiments is McFadden's conditional logit, otherwise known as multinomial logit (MNL).

One of the assumptions of this technique, however, is the absence of unobserved preference heterogeneity across respondents.


Communication systems demand a large number of basestation filters that not only excellent in performance of low loss, but also a good out-of-band spurious performance. A high performance resonator is an important element in many microwave circuits such as filters, amplifiers, couplers, and antennas. There are variety of geometrical resonators have been reported by Virdee [1] . The Dielectric resonator (DR) offers a lot of advantages in increasing the performance of RF and microwave devices which make it an ideal candidate for wireless application; low design profile and wide bandwidth application [2] . However, the performance of the most distributed resonators is limited due to the use of effective dielectric constant and discontinuity of the transmission line. Strip line structures have grasped substantial research interests due to the advantages such as ease of realization both in series or shunt stubs and without require any via holes [3] [4] [5] . The design procedure of bandpass filter microstrip lines is well documented in literature [6] .

There are variety of geometrical resonators have been reported by Virdee.

The Dielectric resonator (DR) offers a lot of advantages in increasing the performance of RF and microwave devices which make it an ideal candidate for wireless application; low design profile and wide bandwidth application.

Strip line structures have grasped substantial research interests due to the advantages such as ease of realization both in series or shunt stubs and without require any via holes.

The design procedure of bandpass filter microstrip lines is well documented in literature.


Dielectric resonators are mainly designed to replace resonant cavities in microwave circuits such as filters and oscillators. Dielectric resonator filters are preferable for wireless base stations due to their superior characteristics of a high quality Q-factor and miniaturization. The advantages of dielectric resonators are high temperature stability and ease to be applied. Moreover they can be amenable in multitechnology such as printed circuit and surface mounts technology. Dielectric resonators are also usually shielded to prevent radiation as well as maintain a high-Q that required by filter and oscillator circuits [7] .

Dielectric resonators are also usually shielded to prevent radiation as well as maintain a high-Q that required by filter and oscillator circuits.


The most famous filter in microwave applications is the bandpass filter [3] . The filter can be narrow-or wide-bands depend on the applications. A narrow-band bandpass device is designed for stringent specifications of passband insertion loss and stopband rejection. While a wide-band bandpass filter is normally used for high data transmission involving a lot of video and data communications [6] . Their practical realization are varies depend on the applications. For a solution to be practically useful, it needs to be easily manufactured, reliable, add little or no extra cost to the system in a mass production. The solutions also add only a minimum insertion loss to the filter since this attenuation will directly limits the performance of the wireless system. The DR filters are good for mobile and satellite communications. A typical DR filter consists of a number of dielectric resonators that are mounted in a planar configuration to obtain a good resonant frequency [7] . The relative dielectric constant of the DR in microwave filters generally was chosen from a higher value compared to the base substrate. The primary advantage in using a high dielectric constant is to miniaturize the filter size. The size of DR filter is considerably smaller than the dimension of waveguide filters operate at the same frequency. Furthermore, these DR filters are employed to replace waveguide filters in applications such as satellite communication systems where the planar filters cannot be used due to the inherent of high loss.

The most famous filter in microwave applications is the bandpass filter.

While a wide-band bandpass filter is normally used for high data transmission involving a lot of video and data communications.

A typical DR filter consists of a number of dielectric resonators that are mounted in a planar configuration to obtain a good resonant frequency.


However, the result that the consumption rate of I was much lower than those of II and IV cannot be explained by this rationale, since the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups on these molecules is the same. As another factor affecting the consumption rates of the oxidation of monolignol dimers was thought to be the oxidation potentials, the monolignol dimers were subjected to CV analysis. The results showed that the oxidation potential of the phenolic hydroxyl group on different monolignol dimers have similar values. Therefore, the difference in the consumption rates among the dimers must be due to another factor, such as the substrate specificity of the enzyme. Recall that, in this study, we used HRP as the enzyme for dehydrogenative polymerization. It was previously reported that HRP and Arabidopsis thaliana peroxidase A2, which is 95 % identical to HRP A2, catalyzes the dehydrogenative polymerization of CA, although this enzyme did not efficiently polymerize sinapyl alcohol, probably due to steric hindrance [26, 27] . Steric hindrance between substrates and HRP was not only due to amino acid residue on the entrance to the active site, but was also due to the molecular volume of the substrate [28] . In the case of sinapyl alcohol, steric hindrance occurs between the methoxy group of sinapyl alcohol and the backbone atoms of Ile138 and Pro139 residues which are located in the active site of HRP and other plant peroxidases belonging to class III peroxidase [26, 27] . These findings were obtained in studies conducted on monolignols, not monolignol dimers. However, they are useful for the discussion of the oxidation activity of HRP with both monolignol dimers and oligomers. Earlier in this paragraph, it was suggested that the substrate specificity of HRP is related to the steric structure of the substrate. The steric structures of the three monolignol dimers used in this study in aqueous solution are different. Therefore, their accessibilities to the enzyme should also be different. This difference probably affected the consumption rate of each monolignol dimer.

It was previously reported that HRP and Arabidopsis thaliana peroxidase A2, which is 95 % identical to HRP A2, catalyzes the dehydrogenative polymerization of CA, although this enzyme did not efficiently polymerize sinapyl alcohol, probably due to steric hindrance.

Steric hindrance between substrates and HRP was not only due to amino acid residue on the entrance to the active site, but was also due to the molecular volume of the substrate.

In the case of sinapyl alcohol, steric hindrance occurs between the methoxy group of sinapyl alcohol and the backbone atoms of Ile138 and Pro139 residues which are located in the active site of HRP and other plant peroxidases belonging to class III peroxidase.


Monolignol dimers I, II, and III derived from CAs were oxidized in the presence of HRP and H 2 O 2 , resulting in the formation of monolignol oligomers by radical coupling reactions. There was a significant difference in the consumption rates of these dimers. The consumption rate of III was the highest among the three dimers. One of the causes of this result is likely that III contains twice the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups as I and II. There was very little difference in the oxidation potentials measured for the dimers, which implied that the reaction rate of the dimers was not related to the oxidation potential. After conducting the reaction for 3 h, both the single-component and mixed-component reactions produced monolignol tetramers and hexamers derived from the monolignol dimers, as detected by LC-MS analyses. Furthermore, monolignol octamers were detected in the products of the reaction systems containing II. The monolignol tetramers were identified in the products of single-component reaction systems, and were shown by MS analysis to be formed by 5-5 and 5-O-4 couplings between the monolignol dimer units. HRP-catalyzed oxidation reactions utilizing a mixture of dimers indicated that monolignol dimers can function as radical mediators. In plant cell wall biosynthesis, cellulose and hemicellulose are synthesized first, and then the cell walls are lignified [39] [40] [41] . The reaction mechanism that proceeds via radical mediation is thought to be an effective and efficient process by which lignification can occur in the narrow space between polysaccharides.

In plant cell wall biosynthesis, cellulose and hemicellulose are synthesized first, and then the cell walls are lignified.


The direction-dependence and distance-dependence observed here might be caused in part by the fact that the AV-discrepancy was not constant at 30% due to technical limitations of our presentation systems (as illustrated by the circles in Figure2a, some LEDs were a bit further and some a bit closer than the desired location). However, these deviations were relatively small, and they were accounted for in the magnitude plots in Figure 2b . Therefore, it is unlikely that the dependences were caused by the technical limitation. Instead, it is more likely that they are influenced by non-uniformity in the auditory and visual distance representations. Future research will be required to address the impact of offset variability in this paradigm.. In summary, we showed that ventriloquism effect and aftereffect can be induced over a range of distances, but that the strength of the effect varies with target distance and V-shift-direction, even when the AV discrepancy is kept approximately constant. The most surprising finding was that while the ventriloquism effect is stronger in the V-Closer condition, the aftereffect is stronger in the V-Further condition. These results are likely due to non-linearities in the visual and auditory distance representations, as well as due to biases in judgements (illustrated here by the baseline data in Figure 2a which are consistent with the "auditory horizon" phenomenon observed in other auditory distance experiments (Zahorik et al., 2005) ). However, further research will be necessary to examine these processes. Finally, the effectiveness of the ventriloquism aftereffect demonstrated here suggests that visual training might be usable as a tool to improve the accuracy of auditory distance judgments under natural conditions, in virtual auditory displays for the hearing impaired.

These results are likely due to non-linearities in the visual and auditory distance representations, as well as due to biases in judgements (illustrated here by the baseline data in Figure 2a which are consistent with the "auditory horizon" phenomenon observed in other auditory distance experiments).


Here we only consider the adaptation data (runs 4-8) and the pre-adaptation baseline data (runs 2-3). Responses were expressed in logarithmic units since response variance is uniform after this transformation. The ventriloquism effect and aftereffect was defined as (log{dist_resp}-log(dist_A-stim) ) / (log{dist_V-stim}-log(dist_A-stim) ) and expressed in %. Pre-adaptation baseline responses were averaged across both sessions. Three-way repeated-measures ANOVA with the factors of condition, distance and ventriloquism was performed to evaluate the significance of the effects (using CLEAVE software; (Herron, 2005) ). Figure 2 presents the results of the experiment. Panel (a) shows the raw responses plotted relative to the A-stimulus location. In the baseline condition, shown by the thick black dashed line, the subjects slightly overestimated the locations of A-only targets for distances of up to 184 cm and their responses were accurate at larger distances.

Three-way repeated-measures ANOVA with the factors of condition, distance and ventriloquism was performed to evaluate the significance of the effects (using CLEAVE software;).


In the short run, when marginal costs of production and/or retailing are increasing, this size e¤ect is likely to lead to higher prices. Rising marginal costs is a sensible possibility in the Israeli experience because of the large, rapid and unexpected increase in the number of consumers. This e¤ect is not expected to be long-lasting: prices should return to their original levels or decline when entry and/or production adjust to the larger market size depending on the type of competition prevailing among stores (Campbell, 2005) .

This e¤ect is not expected to be long-lasting: prices should return to their original levels or decline when entry and/or production adjust to the larger market size depending on the type of competition prevailing among stores.


Fuzzy control method is fit for the case of the mathematical model of the system is difficult to obtain or very complex. In addition, to determine the fuzzy rules, it is generally the same parameters, so the system does not have parameters or parameters are relatively small. If the system uncertain parameters or the system with large process parameters is difficult to get good results, to compensate for these shortcomings, the adaptive control scheme proposed should be fuzzy control method. In 1950's, Professor Whithei presents the model reference adaptive system (MRAS), which is currently a set of matured theory and design method of adaptive control system. MRAS can play a better role for the control of many industry control objects with the environment and parameters of controlled object change. However, there are more complex adaptive mechanisms, large amount of design work and hard for computer implementation and other difficulties [1] . Since Ichikawa put forward the innovative design of model reference adaptive fuzzy control, many scholars have made progresses on the application of fuzzy theory to design model reference adaptive system [2, 3] .

However, there are more complex adaptive mechanisms, large amount of design work and hard for computer implementation and other difficulties.

Since Ichikawa put forward the innovative design of model reference adaptive fuzzy control, many scholars have made progresses on the application of fuzzy theory to design model reference adaptive system.


Behavioural finance paradigm advocates that various behavioural risks distort investor full rational decision making. This causes deviation on assets fundamental valuation and induces market inefficiency. Sentiment is one of important behavioural risks reflected in the stock market. Since its discovery in 1980s, a growing body of follow-up research has shown that sentiment influences investor, asset prices, and market behaviours. The role of investor sentiment on the stock market activity and return generating process is important, but remains theoretically vague and empirically disputable. In behavioural finance worldviews, understanding sentiment is important for theory, investment practice, and policy. In theory, sentiment cannot be ignored in the true risk assessment because market participants rely on heuristics and sentiment (Dow, 2011) . In investment practice, behavioural risks have a role to play because the stock prices are much too variable than the fundamental (Akerlof & Shiller, 2009) . In policy perspective, Alan Green remarks that failure to anticipate financial crisis is partly due to insufficient development to model changes in sentiment (Dow, 2011) . As such, a theory of investor sentiment warrants further scrutiny to validate its theoretical foundations and to defend its empirical claims.

In theory, sentiment cannot be ignored in the true risk assessment because market participants rely on heuristics and sentiment.

In investment practice, behavioural risks have a role to play because the stock prices are much too variable than the fundamental.

In policy perspective, Alan Green remarks that failure to anticipate financial crisis is partly due to insufficient development to model changes in sentiment.


Maritime communications play an essential role in providing variety of services to users aboard. These services include ship navigation, ship traffic management, location, and all other entertainment-related information for passengers [1] . The demand for safe and stable maritime communications has been increased due to the increase in number of marine users. Existing maritime communication systems are based on high frequency (HF), very high frequency (VHF), and ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radios which are currently insufficient for growing maritime requirements [2] . To fulfill the increasing needs of maritime communication systems, licensed spectrum can be used opportunistically by unlicensed users while keeping the licensed users safe [3] . A stable wireless communication link is essential for maritime communications with the availability of spectrum. Therefore, a new technique is required to provide stable link for cognitive maritime communications by ensuring cooperation among marine users.

These services include ship navigation, ship traffic management, location, and all other entertainment-related information for passengers.

Existing maritime communication systems are based on high frequency (HF), very high frequency (VHF), and ultrahigh frequency (UHF) radios which are currently insufficient for growing maritime requirements.

To fulfill the increasing needs of maritime communication systems, licensed spectrum can be used opportunistically by unlicensed users while keeping the licensed users safe.


The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 the known results for Markovian models containing only one satellite station, which is a bottleneck station, are recalled, and then in the same section the same result is obtained under our more general assumption for this simple model that the service times in the hub are state dependent and satisfy (1) . In Section 3, the general model containing a bottleneck station and several non-bottleneck stations is studied. In Section 4, the main results of this paper related to continuity of queueing network are obtained.

In Section 2 the known results for Markovian models containing only one satellite station, which is a bottleneck station, are recalled, and then in the same section the same result is obtained under our more general assumption for this simple model that the service times in the hub are state dependent and satisfy.


Much effort has been devoted to the multiband internal antenna during the past decade, such as planar inverted-F antennas (PIFA), inverted-F antennas (IFA), patch antennas and loop antennas [1] . The conventional PIFA, IFA, and their variants have become popular in most handsets and portable devices for mobile phone applications. This is mainly due to their miniature size, easy fabrication, and low cost [2, 3] . To achieve a wide bandwidth in the GSM850/900 band, the system ground plane of a PIFA or IFA acts as part of the antenna, thereby improving the bandwidth and gain performance [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . This is necessary, especially as the mobile device is quite small. However, the current variation due to the device being hand-held and the resulting body proximity effect degrades antenna performance since the resonating currents are spread out over the system ground plane [1, 10] . To avoid degrading antenna performance, a printed loop antenna is another candidate for the mobile phone since the current induced on the ground plane is small [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] .

Much effort has been devoted to the multiband internal antenna during the past decade, such as planar inverted-F antennas (PIFA), inverted-F antennas (IFA), patch antennas and loop antennas.

This is mainly due to their miniature size, easy fabrication, and low cost.

To achieve a wide bandwidth in the GSM850/900 band, the system ground plane of a PIFA or IFA acts as part of the antenna, thereby improving the bandwidth and gain performance.

However, the current variation due to the device being hand-held and the resulting body proximity effect degrades antenna performance since the resonating currents are spread out over the system ground plane.

To avoid degrading antenna performance, a printed loop antenna is another candidate for the mobile phone since the current induced on the ground plane is small.


Similar results were seen in another study, in which a total of 52 patients with OSCC were selected for immunohistochemical analysis of EGFR and phosphorylated EGFR (p-EGFR) detection. Positive EGFR and p-EGFR staining was present in 92.3% (48/52) and 98.0% (51/52) of all cases, respectively. High EGFR and p-EGFR expression was present in 63.4% (33/52) and 69.2% (36/52) of all cases, respectively [9] . EGFR and p-EGFR expression did not correlate with the clinical factors tumor stage, regional lymph node metastasis, or distant metastasis. However, a statistically significant correlation was identified between high EGFR expression and the pathologic factor tumor invasion. The majority of OSCCs highly express EGFR and p-EGFR, indicating the importance of studying the efficacy of anticancer therapy targeting these signal factors [9] . In this study, it was found that the majority of these tumors expressed EGFR and high expression of EGFR did not correlate with clinical factors. Furthermore, a statistically significant correlation between high EGFR expression and the pathologic factor tumor invasion was identified [9] . EGFR expression levels in the premalignant lesions appear to be a sensitive factor in predicting the neoplastic potential of dysplastic tissues. This suggests that EGFR may serve as a biological marker to identify high-risk subgroups and guide prophylactic therapy. Such therapy could theoretically include monoclonal antibodies against EGFR, such as those used in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma. Expression of EGFR is a useful prognostic indicator which can be employed in the prediction of the survival of the patients with OSCC. One of the goals of this study was to identify regulatory markers that might be useful for assessing the risk of tumor development in histologically normal but carcinogen-exposed tissue and in leukoplakia. The results reported here were based on studies of leukoplakia in individuals with 100% risk of developing tumors (i.e., they had leukoplakia adjacent to squamous cell carcinomas). The studies presented here suggest that a determination of EGFR dysregulation might be not only a useful marker for the identifying individuals at risk of tumor development but also a marker for an intermediate end point at which EGFR expression may be regulated by chemopreventive agents.

High EGFR and p-EGFR expression was present in 63.4% (33/52) and 69.2% (36/52) of all cases, respectively.

The majority of OSCCs highly express EGFR and p-EGFR, indicating the importance of studying the efficacy of anticancer therapy targeting these signal factors.

Furthermore, a statistically significant correlation between high EGFR expression and the pathologic factor tumor invasion was identified.


The level of risk for malignant transformation of leukoplakia is associated with the lesion histology [5] . The ability to identify oral leukoplakia patients at increased risk of cancer development is critical for improving control of oral cancer. Once identified, the highest risk individuals could be offered more aggressive treatment options and more intensive followup. The leukoplakia is not only more than just a premalignant lesion but also a marker for increased cancer risk throughout the upper aerodigestive tract [5] . Recently, attempts were being made to identify specific molecular event(s) as prognostic markers to identify oral leukoplakia with higher malignant potential.

The level of risk for malignant transformation of leukoplakia is associated with the lesion histology.

The leukoplakia is not only more than just a premalignant lesion but also a marker for increased cancer risk throughout the upper aerodigestive tract.


The purpose of this study was to better understand the role of EGFR expression in head and neck tumorigenesis. It was seen that EGFR expression in the histologically normal-appearing epithelium adjacent to the tumors was twice as high as that in the normal control epithelial tissues in individuals. The second important observation of this study is that EGFR expression remained elevated through all of the premalignant stages of tumorigenesis and further increased in the change from dysplastic lesions to squamous cell carcinomas. This finding supports the concept of multistep tumorigenesis in the head and neck region. However, EGFR deregulation may control cell proliferation in this particular situation. That progression toward the malignant phenotype is accompanied by an accumulation of genetic damage in the exposed tissue that culminates in autocrine loop stimulation necessary for cell proliferation. It may take longer time period for the cells to transform from the genetically altered but histologically normal epithelium to the frank malignant phenotype. In the scheme of the multistep process of tumorigenesis, many genotypic and phenotypic alterations may be involved. Among these, a specific gene alteration may give a "hit" to the premalignant cells to transform toward the malignant phenotype. EGFR amplification and/or over expression may play this role in some cases; in other cases, the cells may be transformed at transcriptional regulation during the carcinogenesis process. A comparative study was done to see EGFR expression, and it was found that in OSCCs, EGFR is 69 times more than that in normal mucosa [12] .

A comparative study was done to see EGFR expression, and it was found that in OSCCs, EGFR is 69 times more than that in normal mucosa.


The H T distributions for inclusive jet multiplicities of 1 to 4 are shown in Fig. 5 . The H T distributions are best modeled by the NNLO prediction for an inclusive jet multiplicity of 1, and by MADGRAPH5+PYTHIA6 and MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLO+PYTHIA8 for inclusive jet multiplicities of 1 and 2. For higher jet multiplicities, the MADGRAPH5+PYTHIA6 and MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLO-+PYTHIA8 predictions underestimate the data at low values of H T (below 200 GeV). The SHERPA 2 predictions for H T consistently overestimate the data for all inclusive jet multiplicities and display a harder H T spectrum. The BLACKHAT+SHERPA prediction underestimates the data H T distribution for N jets ≥ 1, as expected because the NLO prediction for H T for N jets ≥ 1 is a fixedorder prediction with up to two real partons, and contributions from higher jet multiplicities are missing [52] .

The BLACKHAT+SHERPA prediction underestimates the data H T distribution for N jets ≥ 1, as expected because the NLO prediction for H T for N jets ≥ 1 is a fixedorder prediction with up to two real partons, and contributions from higher jet multiplicities are missing.


Finally, the average number of jets, N jets , is shown as a function of H T , ∆y(j 1 , j 2 ), and ∆y(j F , j B ) in the inclusive two-jet events in Fig. 15 . In the high-H T region, which is particularly sensitive to higher-order processes, the average number of jets plateaus around a value of 3.5. Although MADGRAPH5+PYTHIA6 tends to underestimate N jets and SHERPA 2 tends to overestimate it, the deviations are not significant and both generators appear to adequately reproduce the data. Good agreement is observed between the data and all predictions for the dependence of N jets on the p T -ordered and rapidity-ordered rapidity differences. These measurements provide an important test of the implementation and modeling of wide-angle gluon emission in the MC generators and NLO calculations. Overall, the accuracy of the predictions for N jets is much better than was found at the Tevatron [10] . Stat uncert Figure 12 : Cross sections differential in ∆φ(j 1 , j 2 ) (left) and ∆φ(j F , j B ) (right) for an inclusive jet multiplicity of 2, compared to the predictions of MADGRAPH, MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLO, SHERPA 2, and BLACKHAT+SHERPA (corrected for hadronization and multiple-parton interactions). Black circular markers with the gray hatched band represent the unfolded data measurements and their total uncertainties. Overlaid are the predictions together with their uncertainties. The lower plots show the ratio of each prediction to the unfolded data. Figure 15 : Average number of jets N jets as a function of H T for inclusive jet multiplicities 1-2 (top row) and as a function of ∆y(j 1 , j 2 ) and ∆y(j F , j B ) for an inclusive jet multiplicity of 2 (bottom row), compared to the predictions of MADGRAPH, SHERPA 2, and BLACKHAT+SHERPA (corrected for hadronization and multiple-parton interactions). Black circular markers with the gray hatched band represent the unfolded data measurements and their total uncertainties. Overlaid are the predictions together with their uncertainties. The lower plots show the ratio of each prediction to the unfolded data.

Overall, the accuracy of the predictions for N jets is much better than was found at the Tevatron.


The HURRAN (hurricane analog) technique was developed at the National Hurricane Center in Miami prior to the 1969 hurricane season and used operationally on an experimental basis during the 1969 season. The technique attempts to make maximum possible use of past tracks of Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes since 1886. The complete record of all storms is stored on magnetic tape; and (utilizing a computer) all those with designated characteristics in common with an existing storm are identified. These characteristics relate to the geographical location, direction and speed of movement, and the date. The appropriate cases having been identified are listed, and their hourly positions from the initial hour to 72 hr are compu ted. Probability ellipses, assuming tt bivariate normal distribution of the latitude and longitude components, are computed from the arrays a t 12,24,36,48, and 72 hr after the initial time, and a tape is computer-generated from which to plot the ellipses and appropriate section of map on an offline x, y, (CALCOMP) plotter. Examples of these plots are shown in figures 1 and 4. By integrating the probability density function, the probability contained in an offset circle or ellipse within any portion of the probability ellipse can be obtained. The computer program, by computing the necessary variables, expedites the use of tables that evaluate this integral (Groenewoud et al. 1967) .

The computer program, by computing the necessary variables, expedites the use of tables that evaluate this integral.


A great emphasis was placed on modelling finger pad asperities and the profile of the stratum corneum due to its impact on magnitude of the electrostatic force, as even when the bodies are brought into contact, the air gaps are still present, arising from the difference between gross and real contact area [25] . Under infinite plate capacitor model with parallel dielectrics, an air layer between the finger pad and the plate also acts as a dielectric and contributes to the total electrostatic force. Although the relative permittivity of the air is in range with relative permittivity of the insulator, but relatively small when compared to the relative permittivity of the stratum corneum, the numerical analysis of light touch exploration shows that neglecting the air influence may lead to significant difference (cca. 20 %).

A great emphasis was placed on modelling finger pad asperities and the profile of the stratum corneum due to its impact on magnitude of the electrostatic force, as even when the bodies are brought into contact, the air gaps are still present, arising from the difference between gross and real contact area.


In 1978, DeMillo and colleagues proposed a seminal piece of work in the area of software testing; "Hints on Test Data Selection: Help for the Practicing Programmer" [12] . This work is mostly known for introducing mutation analysis as a novel test assessment criterion, stronger than code coverage, and for the whole literature that has followed. Meanwhile, our work is more inspired by the paper's intention to provide "hints on test data selection". In particular, the following concluding remark is a key motivation for our work: mutation analysis "yields advice" to be used in generating test data for similar programs". While this quote dates from four decades back, there has been very little work that pursued this idea of "advice" extraction from mutation analysis. Our work explores this opportunity further, in the context of extreme transformations.

In 1978, DeMillo and colleagues proposed a seminal piece of work in the area of software testing; "Hints on Test Data Selection: Help for the Practicing Programmer".


The amounts spent on share repurchases have increased dramatically over the last decade. Empirical evidence on the motivation for share repurchases generally shows that share repurchase announcements are accompanied by positive announcement returns, and that these returns are more evident over three to four years (Ikenberry, Lakonishok & Vermaelen, 1995) . An increase in the share price subsequent to a share repurchase announcement (accompanied by a reduction in the number of shares) benefits not only the remaining shareholders, but also executives when their remuneration is linked to share price and earnings per share (EPS) performance. The large amounts spent on share repurchases are now raising concerns about whether companies are utilising cash resources wisely and whether future growth and job creation are still a priority when deciding on utilising excess cash (Lazonick, 2014) .

Empirical evidence on the motivation for share repurchases generally shows that share repurchase announcements are accompanied by positive announcement returns, and that these returns are more evident over three to four years.

The large amounts spent on share repurchases are now raising concerns about whether companies are utilising cash resources wisely and whether future growth and job creation are still a priority when deciding on utilising excess cash.


The levels of attributes were defined as follows (see Table 2 ). FREEDAYS, symbolizing the change in the number of episode-free days from a baseline value of 180 days per year (Pauwels et al 1997) . Increases are to 200 and 220 days, decreases are to 160 and 140 days, respectively. EXACERBATION varies between 6%, 10%, and 16%, indicating the share of patients who develop mild to severe exacerbation. A recent study with adults has shown that mild to moderate asthmatic exacerbation causes a marked decrease of well-being (Jongste et al 2002) . This is assumed to hold true in preschool children. In INFORMATION on long-term effects specifically in children between 4 and 14 years of age, a study has found that caregivers are concerned if information is lacking about the long-term effects of asthma treatment in preschool children (Gibson et al 1995) . Finally, EXPENSES ranges from $10, $30, to $50. Status quo treatment (see Table 3 ) was defined as having 180 episode-free days per year and a 10% risk developing mild to severe exacerbation of asthma with information provided by FDA and a monthly out-of-pocket cost of $20.

FREEDAYS, symbolizing the change in the number of episode-free days from a baseline value of 180 days per year.

A recent study with adults has shown that mild to moderate asthmatic exacerbation causes a marked decrease of well-being.

In INFORMATION on long-term effects specifically in children between 4 and 14 years of age, a study has found that caregivers are concerned if information is lacking about the long-term effects of asthma treatment in preschool children.


Given the significance of energy costs in operating expenses, efficiency of energy production and use must be improved in the energy-intensive mining sector [3] . Governments and mining associations recognize the importance of improving energy efficiency, and are working together to implement more energy-efficient technologies. Energy efficiency makes sense for mining operations because it can reduce production cost while simultaneously realizing additional benefits including reduction in the greenhouse gas emissions.

Given the significance of energy costs in operating expenses, efficiency of energy production and use must be improved in the energy-intensive mining sector.


According to some estimates, pumping systems alone account for nearly 20% of the world's electrical energy demand [1] . In a number of industrial applications, pumping systems account for 25%-50% of the total electrical energy used in the process. Therefore, it is important to carry out the second law analysis of a pipeline transportation system to determine the extent to which exergy is OPEN ACCESS destroyed due to irreversibilities in the pumping process. In long distance pipeline transportation of fluids, the consequences of high rate of exergy destruction are: (a) an increase in capital cost to establish more pumping stations and (b) an increase in operating cost due to high consumption of electricity.

According to some estimates, pumping systems alone account for nearly 20% of the world's electrical energy demand.


This article is related to exergy destruction in pipeline flow of surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions. Emulsions are encountered in a variety of engineering applications and systems [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Emulsions can be classified into two broad groups: (a) oil-in-water (designated as O/W) emulsions where oil droplets are dispersed in a continuum of water phase; and (b) water-in-oil (designated as W/O) emulsions where water droplets are dispersed in a continuum of oil phase.

Emulsions are encountered in a variety of engineering applications and systems.


Media portrayals are one potential influence shaping young people's views of various behaviours. However, it has been demonstrated that portrayals of substance use in films are often unrealistic, as has been well documented for smoking [16] [17] [18] . They often glamourise smoking and make smoking appear to be more prevalent than contemporary figures support. Thus, despite the dramatic fall in adult smoking in the UK and USA since the 1950s, it has been suggested that smoking in films was as common in 2002 as in 1950 [19] . Smoking imagery declined in top US box office hits between 1996 and 2004, but not within films intended for youth audiences [20] . Similar findings have been reported for the most popular films in the UK, showing that despite a substantial fall between 1989 and 2008 overall, tobacco imagery appeared in 70% of all films, and predominantly in films categorised as suitable for children and young people [21] . This has alerted health professionals and policy-makers to the potential of media images to shape substance use in young people [22] . Evidence is now building to suggest a causal link between viewing images of smoking in films and young people's initiation of smoking [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] . To date, little attention has been paid to the influence of film images of other behaviours, such as alcohol and illicit drug use, on young people's own use of these substances.

However, it has been demonstrated that portrayals of substance use in films are often unrealistic, as has been well documented for smoking.

Thus, despite the dramatic fall in adult smoking in the UK and USA since the 1950s, it has been suggested that smoking in films was as common in 2002 as in 1950.

Smoking imagery declined in top US box office hits between 1996 and 2004, but not within films intended for youth audiences.

Similar findings have been reported for the most popular films in the UK, showing that despite a substantial fall between 1989 and 2008 overall, tobacco imagery appeared in 70% of all films, and predominantly in films categorised as suitable for children and young people.

This has alerted health professionals and policy-makers to the potential of media images to shape substance use in young people.

Evidence is now building to suggest a causal link between viewing images of smoking in films and young people's initiation of smoking.


In addition to the search terms and inclusion criteria, one major source of potential bias is simply the fact that evaluators often do not have intellectual property rights to the data gathered as part of an evaluation. Many evaluation sponsors can, and often do, prohibit distribution and publication of evaluation findings (Henry, 2009) . Another potential source of bias is the exclusion of grey and fugitive literatures and non-English-language book chapters and journal articles as well as unpublished examples such as might be found in doctoral dissertations, technical reports and white papers, and conference presentations and proceedings (Johnson et al., 2009; Reed & Baxter, 2009) .

Many evaluation sponsors can, and often do, prohibit distribution and publication of evaluation findings.

Another potential source of bias is the exclusion of grey and fugitive literatures and non-English-language book chapters and journal articles as well as unpublished examples such as might be found in doctoral dissertations, technical reports and white papers, and conference presentations and proceedings.


Beyond the strategies employed by RAPID to increase access, a number of factors appear instrumental in increasing awareness and uptake of the Service. The first relates to the way in which people identified RAPID. Nearly a third of all clients, and almost half of first-time users, used the internet to identify a site for testing. A substantially smaller number of people, particularly among first-time testers, accessed RAPID after seeing an advertisement on a dating app. These results highlight the importance of a strong on-line presence, but consistent with broader evidence, suggest limited value in relying on advertising through dating apps as a way to increase testing uptake [37, 38] .

These results highlight the importance of a strong on-line presence, but consistent with broader evidence, suggest limited value in relying on advertising through dating apps as a way to increase testing uptake.


Previous techniques to allow sufficient laxity to cover large cheek defects have involved mobilizing large, anteriorly based rotation or advancement flaps. The incision lines descend the anterior border of the trapezius muscle crossing the clavicle onto the chest wall, becoming a cervicothoracic flap [14] . Flap elevation is noted to facilitate exposure when a parotidecotmy or neck dissection is required, as with many patients with malignant cheek lesions [18] . The flaps provide acceptable aesthetic results with scars hidden in the hairline and along natural contours. However, we believe that the cervicothoracic flap is not the optimal reconstructive technique for most moderate to large sized cheek defects. The infraclavicular elevation is time consuming to dissect, and we found it to be unnecessary in all of the cases in our series.

The incision lines descend the anterior border of the trapezius muscle crossing the clavicle onto the chest wall, becoming a cervicothoracic flap.

Flap elevation is noted to facilitate exposure when a parotidecotmy or neck dissection is required, as with many patients with malignant cheek lesions.


The reactor anti-neutrino flux was recently recalculated for the latest generation of θ 13 measurements [1] . Comparison of these newly calculated fluxes with measurements from the 1980s and 1990s revealed a deficit, the so-called reactor anomaly [2] . A similar deficit was measured when intense radioactive sources were used to calibrate the SAGE and GALLEX solar neutrino experiments, the Gallium anomaly [3] .

The reactor anti-neutrino flux was recently recalculated for the latest generation of θ 13 measurements.

Comparison of these newly calculated fluxes with measurements from the 1980s and 1990s revealed a deficit, the so-called reactor anomaly.

A similar deficit was measured when intense radioactive sources were used to calibrate the SAGE and GALLEX solar neutrino experiments, the Gallium anomaly.


Polyurethanes are prepared by the polyaddition processes between poly isocyanates and polyols to form urethane linkages. Rigid polyurethane foam is one of the most important insulating materials used in the construction industry, refrigerators and freezers [1] . Polyurethane foams have unique characteristics the consist of adherence to materials such as steel, wood, thermosetting resins and fibers, varied density ranging 20 to 3000 kg/m 3 , resistance to petroleum, oils, and other nonpolar solvents [2] . PU foams were considered as structural-thermal material in the appliance and construction industry due to both their thermal insulation and mechanical properties.

Rigid polyurethane foam is one of the most important insulating materials used in the construction industry, refrigerators and freezers.

Polyurethane foams have unique characteristics the consist of adherence to materials such as steel, wood, thermosetting resins and fibers, varied density ranging 20 to 3000 kg/m 3 , resistance to petroleum, oils, and other nonpolar solvents.


Foaming process kinetics Table 3 shows foaming process of PU samples obtained from CG and CG/PEG based liquefaction. Foaming characterizations are typically followed by the cream time, rise time, and tack-free time [4] . At the beginning of the foaming process, the color of mixture changes because of gas bubbles formation introduced cream time. The rise time is the time required for foam to reach to its maximum height. At the tack free time the outer surface of the foam loses its stickiness. The polyol viscosity decrease let to the foam mobility and kinetic rate increase. So, lower viscosity polyols had the longest foaming times. Foam 1 (bio polyols of CG based liquefaction) having polyols with the lowest viscosity, showed the shortest cream and tack free time. On the other hand, adding PEG to CG in liquefaction process declined foaming reaction times through the decreasing polyol viscosity caused more foaming efficiency. Therefore for foams derived from liquefaction by binary solvent, the foam prepared from bio polyols of higher ratio of PEG to CG showed lower reaction times. It could be ascribed to higher reactivity of hydroxyl groups of PEG than that of synthesized bio polyols.

Foaming characterizations are typically followed by the cream time, rise time, and tack-free time.


Iron(III) molybdate is usually prepared by precipitation from concentrated solutions of an iron(III) salt and molybdate [8] [9] [10] . However, the catalyst thus prepared is contaminated with iron(III) oxide as the individual phase which reduces the selectivity of methanol oxidation. It is well established that high selectivity performance of iron(III) molybdate is in contrast to the selectivity performance of Fe 2 O 3 , which shows essentially zero selectivity across the temperature range 200-400°C and the dominant product is always CO 2 [9, 11, 13, 14] . In order to remove the iron oxide a long (up to 48 h) heat treatment of catalyst precursor at 500°C is required [9, 10] . The solid-phase reactions proceeding between oxides of iron (III) and molybdenum(VI) upon annealing result in removal of impurities of iron oxide compounds from the catalyst [3] . Evidently, to reduce the cost of this stage of the synthesis, the content of impurities of iron oxide compounds must be minimal even at the stage of the iron molybdate deposition.

Iron(III) molybdate is usually prepared by precipitation from concentrated solutions of an iron(III) salt and molybdate.

It is well established that high selectivity performance of iron(III) molybdate is in contrast to the selectivity performance of Fe 2 O 3 , which shows essentially zero selectivity across the temperature range 200-400°C and the dominant product is always CO 2.

In order to remove the iron oxide a long (up to 48 h) heat treatment of catalyst precursor at 500°C is required.

The solid-phase reactions proceeding between oxides of iron (III) and molybdenum(VI) upon annealing result in removal of impurities of iron oxide compounds from the catalyst.


In this paper, we propose a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm supporting multi-rate data flow across the network using GA. The algorithm approximates Pareto front by generating a set of non-dominated solutions. Multiple services can be formulated as a multi-objective model [12] . Our model assumes that complete knowledge about the network is available to all the nodes present inside the region.

Multiple services can be formulated as a multi-objective model.


Metastatic spread of cancer to bone is a prevalent extension of many malignancies. Over one-fourth of all cancer patients demonstrate some degree of metastatic disease to bone. Patients with breast and prostate cancer are particularly at risk for metastatic bone disease: >75% of these patients may ultimately have bone metastases of their primary malignancy (Roodman, 2012) .

Patients with breast and prostate cancer are particularly at risk for metastatic bone disease: >75% of these patients may ultimately have bone metastases of their primary malignancy.


Despite recent improvements in fracture management, delayed union and nonunion remain as intractable complications following surgical reduction and fixation of long-bone fractures. It is estimated that 5-10% of all fractures show impaired healing [1] . Surgical management is usually preferred in the treatment of an established nonunion, especially in those fractures that are accompanied by infection, deformity, shortening or bony defect. Otherwise, nonsurgical methods are considered for delayed union to facilitate osteogenesis, osteoinduction, as well as osteoconduction and thus stimulate the healing process [2, 3] . Among the reported therapeutic methods, the use of biophysical interventions, such as pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy, has attracted the attention of clinicians in the past decades, because of their noninvasive characteristics [4, 5] .

It is estimated that 5-10% of all fractures show impaired healing.

Otherwise, nonsurgical methods are considered for delayed union to facilitate osteogenesis, osteoinduction, as well as osteoconduction and thus stimulate the healing process.

Among the reported therapeutic methods, the use of biophysical interventions, such as pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy, has attracted the attention of clinicians in the past decades, because of their noninvasive characteristics.


At present, a definitive reason for the occurrence of a delayed union remains far from conclusive [31] . Both systemic and local factors are believed to be involved [23, 32] . In our study, strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were set with reference to previously published clinical trials to rule out the interference of confounding variables such as metabolic disease, medication, smoking, alcohol abuse, infection, and unfavorable reduction or fixation from previous operations [11, 18, 20] . However, there were several factors constrained by practicality that may have influenced the outcome. For instance, the degree and extent of local damage caused by the accident or previous operation was difficult to trace. Further, patient activity levels, as a subject-related factor, could not be standardized during the study period, despite our recommendations for protected weight bearing. Another limitation of the present study was the relatively small numbers of patient for each fracture site or fixation method. We therefore could only draw an overall conclusion. Besides, serum biochemical markers were not measured in this study, which may potentially shed light on the biological mechanism of the early application of PEMF treatment.

At present, a definitive reason for the occurrence of a delayed union remains far from conclusive.

Both systemic and local factors are believed to be involved.

In our study, strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were set with reference to previously published clinical trials to rule out the interference of confounding variables such as metabolic disease, medication, smoking, alcohol abuse, infection, and unfavorable reduction or fixation from previous operations.


Dairy markets around the world have been strictly regulated for many years (OECD, 2005) . Internal measures like public interventions and export subsidies stabilized markets and reduced milk price volatility (Keane and O'Connor, 2009) . As a consequence, milk prices charged by major dairy exporters used to oscillate around long term trends, with seasonality as the only driver of price volatility. Together with the deregulation of national dairy markets, milk prices became much more volatile (see Fig. 1 ). As a result, farmers became exposed to swings in profitability which induced the phenomenon of cyclicality to milk markets.

Dairy markets around the world have been strictly regulated for many years.

Internal measures like public interventions and export subsidies stabilized markets and reduced milk price volatility.


Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a group II-IV semiconductors, which is suitable for a wide range of scientific and technological applications. It has a wide band gap of 3.3 eV and an excitation binding energy of 60 meV at room temperature [1] . ZnO can potentially be used in solar cells, gas sensors and optical wave guides because of its excellent electrical and optoelectronic properties [2] . It can also be used in the fabrication of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, piezoelectric transducers and film bulk acoustic resonators [3] . ZnO is commonly deposited via a sputtering system because this requires a relatively simple apparatus, low substrate temperature, high deposition rate, good surface flatness, high transparency and dense layer formation [4] .

It has a wide band gap of 3.3 eV and an excitation binding energy of 60 meV at room temperature.

ZnO can potentially be used in solar cells, gas sensors and optical wave guides because of its excellent electrical and optoelectronic properties.

It can also be used in the fabrication of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, piezoelectric transducers and film bulk acoustic resonators.

ZnO is commonly deposited via a sputtering system because this requires a relatively simple apparatus, low substrate temperature, high deposition rate, good surface flatness, high transparency and dense layer formation.


Studies about students' learning styles go back to the decades of the 1940s and 1950s. Subsequently, and based on what was reported by the findings of the first studies, research focused on cognitive styles [6] . In the seventies, along with the development of cognitive styles arose the concern of educators and pedagogues to conduct research and studies on how students learn and how this can help in the design of methods and strategies and in the effectiveness of the student's learning [7] , [15] . The study was conducted at the Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí University (ULEAM). In the institution, the careers of Systems Engineering, Electromechanical Engineering, Electronic Engineering and Renewable Energy Engineering are taught. One of the objectives of the race is to look for alternatives that translate into a better academic development of the students [8] . For this reason, as a strategy to improve the academic performance of its students, the race was considered as a priority to make a diagnosis of the learning styles of its students, as part of an institutional commitment, raised in the educational model of the technological system, implemented in 2003, which demands that students of technological education institutions be comprehensive, of high quality and that promotes autonomous learning [9] .

Subsequently, and based on what was reported by the findings of the first studies, research focused on cognitive styles.

In the seventies, along with the development of cognitive styles arose the concern of educators and pedagogues to conduct research and studies on how students learn and how this can help in the design of methods and strategies and in the effectiveness of the student's learning.

One of the objectives of the race is to look for alternatives that translate into a better academic development of the students.

For this reason, as a strategy to improve the academic performance of its students, the race was considered as a priority to make a diagnosis of the learning styles of its students, as part of an institutional commitment, raised in the educational model of the technological system, implemented in 2003, which demands that students of technological education institutions be comprehensive, of high quality and that promotes autonomous learning.


The emergence of the global economy and the growing competition among organizations means that the sustainable development of organizations has become the focus of managers and researchers in organizational research. The sustainable development of organizations ensures that organizations can survive and realize their expected goals in an increasingly competitive environment for a long time into the future. Organizational development is generally measured based on organizational performance, organizational efficiency, organizational innovation, and organizational strategy, but previous studies have mainly considered factors related to employees (e.g., ability and motivation), where the research results are clear and abundant. However, some researchers consider that employees can be negatively influenced by their work situation when they are willing and able to complete one task [1] . For example, the decisions made by managers in the General Motors Corporation were constrained by their reward system from the 1930s to the 1980s, and the behavior of David Gonzalez who worked as a duty manager in Taco Bell restaurant was hindered greatly by strict institutional constraints [2] . Therefore, individual factors do not fully explain organizational performance and the organization itself also plays an important role in its sustainable development. Furthermore, few studies have considered the direct or indirect relationships between organizational constraints and sustainability.

However, some researchers consider that employees can be negatively influenced by their work situation when they are willing and able to complete one task.

For example, the decisions made by managers in the General Motors Corporation were constrained by their reward system from the 1930s to the 1980s, and the behavior of David Gonzalez who worked as a duty manager in Taco Bell restaurant was hindered greatly by strict institutional constraints.


In science and technology studies, the co-occurrence of words is regarded as the carrier of meanings across different fields [12] . The co-word analysis method is associated with content analysis, which can be used mainly for status analysis, trend analysis, comparative analysis and citation analysis. Co-word analysis can be used to analyze the research status and trends of certain subjects or research fields by exploring the relationships among keywords or subject headings extracted by co-occurrence analysis for specific terminologies. The basis of co-word analysis is frequency analysis. First, some keywords or subject headings that are closely related to certain subjects or research fields are extracted from the literature (the frequency should usually exceed a certain critical value). A co-word matrix should then be established by developing statistics of the co-occurrence of high-frequency words in the same document. Finally, deep analysis should be performed based on the co-word matrix.

In science and technology studies, the co-occurrence of words is regarded as the carrier of meanings across different fields.


Classical continuum methods consider a continuous material to be made up of an assemblage of points that can displace linearly in the direction of the stress. This behavior is described by the Cauchy stress tensor and assumes that a force moves through the material in a vector-like fashion. It neglects couple stresses and does not consider the moments induced by locally varying strain conditions. Such description may not be sufficient for certain physical phenomena. For example, particle rotations and the associated frictional work have been shown to dominate the behavior of granular materials. Therefore, to accurately describe the behavior of granular materials, one needs to deal with not only discrete translation but also discrete rotation. Micropolar hypoplasticity has been used successfully to model many characteristic behaviors of granular materials, including those associated with particle rotation [33, 34] .

Micropolar hypoplasticity has been used successfully to model many characteristic behaviors of granular materials, including those associated with particle rotation.


Measurement of the temperature field of a micro-object by an infrared camera has a number of peculiarities. The small diameter of the tube causes a substantial amount of infrared radiation from the background. If the background has a temperature different from that of the small-sized object, the surface temperature of the device will be measured with an uncertainty due to background radiation. The problem of careful account of background influence on the object temperature measurement received attention in the handbook by Zissis [15] .

The problem of careful account of background influence on the object temperature measurement received attention in the handbook by Zissis.


We studied both the average and the local heat transfer behaviour depending on the Reynolds number. The time and space averaged heat transfer coefficients grow steadily in the whole range of the Reynolds number. The dependence Nu = f (Re) (figure 7) may be divided into two regions. In the first, 100 < Re < 450, the rise of Nusselt number Nu is fairly weak and may be presented as Nu ∼ Re 0.65 . This value agrees well with previous studies on heat transfer in microchannels [7] . If the Reynolds number increases further the Nusselt number approaches the theoretical value Nu = 4.36 in laminar flow with constant heat flux. On the other hand, the heat transfer coefficient is drastically decreased in the range 10 < Re < 100.

This value agrees well with previous studies on heat transfer in microchannels.


The work at PNNL has focused on bench-scale testing in a continuousflow reactor system in which the biocrude was recovered by gravity separation without the requirement of solvent handling. The work has been performed as part of the National Alliance for Advanced Biofuels & Bioproducts (NAABB), whose mission is to lay the technical foundations for a scalable, responsible and affordable renewable biofuel industry based on algae feedstocks [19] . The results reported here were performed as part of NAABB as an outgrowth of the original scope of work on hydrothermal gasification [20] .

The work has been performed as part of the National Alliance for Advanced Biofuels & Bioproducts (NAABB), whose mission is to lay the technical foundations for a scalable, responsible and affordable renewable biofuel industry based on algae feedstocks.

The results reported here were performed as part of NAABB as an outgrowth of the original scope of work on hydrothermal gasification.


Alloy 625 is used as superheater tubes and ammonia cracker tubes in many ammonia plants and in chemical industries and the components, made of this alloy are expected to have a design life of about 100,000 hours at an operating temperature in the range of 450° C to 700° C. Since the availability of nickel is scarce and the alloy is very expensive, attempts are being made to extend the service life of components made of this alloy by different methods [11] . Tensile and creep properties of resolutioned Alloy 625 has been reported recently [12, 13] . One such option being considered is to resolution the material and use it again. In order to implement this option, the data about the ageing behaviour of the resolutionised material under service conditions vis a vis that of fresh material is necessary. The present paper reports the comparison of the results of ageing studies carried out on resolutionised and virgin Alloy 625 material. The results are rationalized on the basis of changes in matrix composition as a result of service exposure (ageing), the different phases that precipitate and also their stability.

Alloy 625 is used as superheater tubes and ammonia cracker tubes in many ammonia plants and in chemical industries and the components, made of this alloy are expected to have a design life of about 100,000 hours at an operating temperature in the range of 450° C to 700° C. Since the availability of nickel is scarce and the alloy is very expensive, attempts are being made to extend the service life of components made of this alloy by different methods.

Tensile and creep properties of resolutioned Alloy 625 has been reported recently.


In this work we describe a configuration of hierarchical 2D metamaterial that is produced by a self-similar generation of a rectangular perforated topology with in-plane negative Poisson's ratio ratio behaviour. The topology 3 is derived by configurations identified by Sigmund when developing through Topological Optimization cellular configurations with in-plane weak shear stiffness [33] . The in-plane stiffness, negative Poisson's ratios and shear of this perforated rectangular configuration has been evaluated by Slann and co-workers both from the experimental and numerical point of view [34] .

The topology 3 is derived by configurations identified by Sigmund when developing through Topological Optimization cellular configurations with in-plane weak shear stiffness.

The in-plane stiffness, negative Poisson's ratios and shear of this perforated rectangular configuration has been evaluated by Slann and co-workers both from the experimental and numerical point of view.


In 1834, the first vehicle, actually a tricycle, powered by battery, was developed. But with the improvement in the internal combustion engine (ICE), ICE vehicles (conventional vehicles) have occupied an absolute share in the market; pure electric vehicles (PEVs) have almost disappeared since 1930's. First, let us investigate the global growth of population and vehicles in the next 50 years [1] . We can see from Figure 1 that the global population will increase from 6 billion in 2000 to 10 billion in 2050, and Figure 2 illustrates the global vehicles will increase from 700 million to 2.5 billion consequently. If all vehicles are powered by internal combustion engines, the gasoline and diesel oil will be depleted quickly, and the emission will result in green house effect. So, the energy conservation and environmental protection are growing concerns around the world.

First, let us investigate the global growth of population and vehicles in the next 50 years.


Due to their excellent mechanical properties and thermal and chemical stability, fiber reinforced polymer composites play an important role for high-end applications in various industrial sectors. Due to their prominent tensile mechanical properties and relatively low cost as compared to carbon fibers, E-glass fibers (GF) are often used to reinforce polymer matrices [1] [2] [3] . However, such composites have limitations for some applications due to a higher density and low electrical and thermal conductivities.

Due to their prominent tensile mechanical properties and relatively low cost as compared to carbon fibers, E-glass fibers (GF) are often used to reinforce polymer matrices.


In addition, EIS spectra are used to compare the electronic transportation properties of the TNTs electrode and the Ag-TNTs samples electrode ( Figure 5 ), which is an effective tool for probing the photogenerated charge separation and transport properties [24] [25] [26] . The equivalent circuit contains 1 , PE , and 2 , where 1 is the bulk resistance of the electrolyte and electrodes and PE and 2 are the capacitance and the resistance formed at the interfaces of the electrodes, respectively. The arc radius of Ag-TNTs samples is smaller than TNTs, which shows that the capacitance ( PE ) and the resistance ( 2 ) of Ag-TNTs are larger and smaller than TNTs. A smaller arc radius indicates that the transfer rate and the separation rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs on the Ag-TNTs arrays' surface become higher due to the appearance of Ag on the surface of TNTs [19] . These results suggest that the photocatalytic Ag-TNTs are higher than TNTs. EIS results are fully consistent with the results of photocatalytic property tests in Figure 4.

In addition, EIS spectra are used to compare the electronic transportation properties of the TNTs electrode and the Ag-TNTs samples electrode ( Figure 5 ), which is an effective tool for probing the photogenerated charge separation and transport properties.

A smaller arc radius indicates that the transfer rate and the separation rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs on the Ag-TNTs arrays' surface become higher due to the appearance of Ag on the surface of TNTs.


Unfortunately it is also the case that applying standard H 1 conforming finite element methods leads to shear-locking in the thin limit, since the finite element spaces are unable to properly represent the zero shear-strain γ = 0 constraint asymptotically enforced within the mathematical model as the thinness parameter goes to zero. A similar problem arises in shell problems whenever pure bending displacements are non-inhibited: H 1 conforming finite element methods for such bending-dominated shells suffer of membrane-locking [28, 86, 87] . In other words, the discrete spaces are incompatible with the structural models.

A similar problem arises in shell problems whenever pure bending displacements are non-inhibited: H 1 conforming finite element methods for such bending-dominated shells suffer of membrane-locking.


Bartter's syndrome (BS) is a rare and heterogeneous group of tubulopathies with recessive and dominant autosomal inheritance, due to impairment of sodium and chloride resorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop [1] . These tubular alterations frequently lead to polyuria, polydipsia, failure to thrive, water and electrolyte imbalance, and nephrocalcinosis [2, 3] . In Brazil, the diagnosis of BS is frequently late and, for this reason, patients are inadequately managed [4] . Therefore, the Pediatric Nephrology Unit at Federal University of Minas Gerais has a specialized outpatient clinic to diagnose and follow up patients with renal tubular disorders. A multidisciplinary team including pediatric nephrologists, nutritionists, psychologists and dentists evaluates all patients with confirmed tubulopathies.

Bartter's syndrome (BS) is a rare and heterogeneous group of tubulopathies with recessive and dominant autosomal inheritance, due to impairment of sodium and chloride resorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop.

These tubular alterations frequently lead to polyuria, polydipsia, failure to thrive, water and electrolyte imbalance, and nephrocalcinosis.

In Brazil, the diagnosis of BS is frequently late and, for this reason, patients are inadequately managed.


The dental evaluation of our BS patients detected 2 cases with typical features of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). AI is usually the result of many inherited defects of enamel formation that impair quantity and quality of enamel [5] . It might affect all or some teeth in the deciduous and/or permanent dentition. AI has been reported as an isolated or syndromic finding with an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance [6] . Many genes have been associated with isolated AI, such as genes of amelogenin, enamelin, enamelysin, KLK4, WDR72, FAM83H and FAM20 [6] [7] [8] . AI as part of a syndrome was already identified in cases of amelo-onycho-hypohidrotic syndrome, Kohlschutter syndrome, oculo-dento-osseous dysplasia, and epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria, among others [9, 10] . The rare syndrome associating AI and nephrocalcinosis, also called enamelrenal syndrome, was first reported by MacGibbon in 1972 and, since then, another 10 reports in the literature were found [9] . Nephrocalcinosis is the result of calcium salts precipitation in renal tissue, found in cases with hypercalcemia and/or hypercalciuria such as renal tubular acidosis, BS, medullary sponge kidney, and hyperoxaluria [4] . No previous study reported the occurrence of defects in enamel formation in patients with BS. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to report 2 unrelated cases of BS showing typical features of AI.

AI is usually the result of many inherited defects of enamel formation that impair quantity and quality of enamel.

AI has been reported as an isolated or syndromic finding with an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance.

Many genes have been associated with isolated AI, such as genes of amelogenin, enamelin, enamelysin, KLK4, WDR72, FAM83H and FAM20.

AI as part of a syndrome was already identified in cases of amelo-onycho-hypohidrotic syndrome, Kohlschutter syndrome, oculo-dento-osseous dysplasia, and epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria, among others.

The rare syndrome associating AI and nephrocalcinosis, also called enamelrenal syndrome, was first reported by MacGibbon in 1972 and, since then, another 10 reports in the literature were found.

Nephrocalcinosis is the result of calcium salts precipitation in renal tissue, found in cases with hypercalcemia and/or hypercalciuria such as renal tubular acidosis, BS, medullary sponge kidney, and hyperoxaluria.


The association between vesicovaginal fistula and difficult labour was made more than 1000 years ago. Although the literature on this subject is extensive, anecdotal reports, small retrospective case series, and subjective views rather than facts still dominate the available data [1] . One of the most confusing aspects in the literature is the classification of these lesions, and there are more than 20 classification systems proposed for genitourinary fistulas [2] . Unfortunately, these classification systems are neither standardized nor associated with any prognostic factor or outcome measure.

Although the literature on this subject is extensive, anecdotal reports, small retrospective case series, and subjective views rather than facts still dominate the available data.

One of the most confusing aspects in the literature is the classification of these lesions, and there are more than 20 classification systems proposed for genitourinary fistulas.


A proper classification system should contain mainly prognostic factors rather than anatomical descriptions of the lesions. Terms such as simple or complex should not be used because they are very subjective and depend on the skill of the surgeon. The size of the fistula does not directly show prognostic significance but it may represent the involvement of areas which affect the prognosis. Factors which must be included in a surgical prognostic classification system are shown in Table II . Perhaps the most important aspect in the need of a classification system of prognostic value lies in the field of patient information. A surgeon who does not have any scientific evidence about the best surgical approach for any given OF cannot adequately inform the patient about the outcome and/or possible complications. These victims from impoverished rural backgrounds, waiting months or even years to be cured, are divorced or abandoned by their husband, socially isolated and depressed because of loss of their babies (Table I) . In these regions of the world, diagnostic facilities are lacking and patients are often diagnosed very late in the course of their illness when irreversible changes and progressive deterioration have already occurred [8] . They may desperately give consent to undergo operations that they do not really understand, offered by surgeons who in fact do not have any reliable information about the outcomes of their approach. This is ethically unacceptable.

In these regions of the world, diagnostic facilities are lacking and patients are often diagnosed very late in the course of their illness when irreversible changes and progressive deterioration have already occurred.

This is ethically unacceptable.


Formation of CL-like structures (Corpus luteum-like structures) : CL-like structures were mainly developed from the puncture of large follicles. During OPUs, the development of CL-like structures caused practical difficulties since they are highly vascular. Passage through the CL-like structure resulted in blood entering the tubing system, which caused a risk for coagulation and difficulty in searching for oocytes (Petyim et al., 2000) .

Passage through the CL-like structure resulted in blood entering the tubing system, which caused a risk for coagulation and difficulty in searching for oocytes.


A recent linguistic survey has identified 500 languages being used on Twitter that include Gamilaraay, an Australian indigenous language with three remaining speakers [3] . Further surveys have identified the increased use of social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter by students who say they feel comfortable contacting each other to discuss homework, assignments and exams. Sites such as these have allowed people to connect online and use their languages in a natural way [4] . They are also seen as effectively engaging young people who are often considered to be crucial to language revitalization efforts [1, 2, 4, 5] .

A recent linguistic survey has identified 500 languages being used on Twitter that include Gamilaraay, an Australian indigenous language with three remaining speakers.

Sites such as these have allowed people to connect online and use their languages in a natural way.

They are also seen as effectively engaging young people who are often considered to be crucial to language revitalization efforts.


Another aspect to consider is the repowering of wind farms, i.e. the replacement of existing wind turbines by newgeneration wind turbines [15, 16] . The replacement of those first generation turbines has several advantages. For example, modern wind turbines often include control systems of reactive power and immunity to voltage dips, which are very important for the electrical system operation. But the increase of wind power penetration can reach a limit due to an insufficient capacity of the network in which the energy is injected.

Another aspect to consider is the repowering of wind farms, i.e. the replacement of existing wind turbines by newgeneration wind turbines.