The travel behaviors of urban residents worldwide have changed dramatically in recent years from favoring active transport modes such as walking or cycling to private vehicle use. The change in travel behavior also leads to more physical inactivity among older adults, who are the most sedentary segment of the population (King et al., 2013) . There is compelling evidence that active transport has many benefits for older adults, such as preventing and treating chronic illnesses and improving physiological and psychological health (Sener et al., 2016) . Walking constitutes the most popular habitual physical activity because it requires no special equipment or clothing, and can be done alone or in the company of others and at any time, so it can easily be incorporated into daily personal routines (Hamdorf et al., 2002; Tudor-Locke et al., 2002) . Therefore, in the context of developing sustainable and healthy cities, encouraging active transport behaviors for older adults should be a key public policy priority (Sun et al., 2017) .

The change in travel behavior also leads to more physical inactivity among older adults, who are the most sedentary segment of the population.

There is compelling evidence that active transport has many benefits for older adults, such as preventing and treating chronic illnesses and improving physiological and psychological health.

Walking constitutes the most popular habitual physical activity because it requires no special equipment or clothing, and can be done alone or in the company of others and at any time, so it can easily be incorporated into daily personal routines.

Therefore, in the context of developing sustainable and healthy cities, encouraging active transport behaviors for older adults should be a key public policy priority.


Most age management research has so far focused on single-country studies, and either considered the national or organisational level. A multi-level analysis, however, leads to a better understanding of behaviour as well as of decision-making and implementation dynamics between levels (Hitt et al., 2007) . Furthermore, institutional effects should be taken into consideration when examining the dynamics of organisational strategies (Jackson and Deeg, 2008) . This study therefore takes a multi-level perspective to explore the factors that influence age management at the national, industry and organisational levels. We employ a qualitative case study approach to maximise external validity by providing bi-polar examples 7 of cases (Eisenhardt, 1989) . Case studies were chosen purposively to identify HR policies and practices, that were country-and/or industry-specific.

A multi-level analysis, however, leads to a better understanding of behaviour as well as of decision-making and implementation dynamics between levels.

Furthermore, institutional effects should be taken into consideration when examining the dynamics of organisational strategies.

We employ a qualitative case study approach to maximise external validity by providing bi-polar examples 7 of cases.


Demographic characteristics that are frequently found to be associated with child neglect, such as children's sex, parental education, family economic status and structure, were also observed to be associated with child neglect in the present study. A study from Israel found that male children were more commonly involved in all types of maltreatment (including the neglect and abuse) [26] . However, the data from 50 states in United States in 1999 showed no difference between boys and girls with regards to child neglect [32] . In the current study however, we observed that that boys were less likely to experience physical neglect than girls. Our finding may indicate that the traditional culture in which boys tend to be more valued than girls seems to be still operating in Chinese one-child families. Additionally, our results show that children with physical problems were more likely to suffer emotional neglect. Another study reveals that 68% of children with body dysmorphic disorder were emotionally neglected [27] . Our finding that the child's cognitive impairment is associated with all neglect subtypes might imply that parents from one-child families consider the child as their "only hope", thereby putting greater expectations to make them culturally desirable. A previous study has indicates that children with physical and cognitive disabilities were 3.4 times more likely to be maltreated than their nondisabled peers [28] .

A study from Israel found that male children were more commonly involved in all types of maltreatment (including the neglect and abuse).

However, the data from 50 states in United States in 1999 showed no difference between boys and girls with regards to child neglect.

Another study reveals that 68% of children with body dysmorphic disorder were emotionally neglected.

A previous study has indicates that children with physical and cognitive disabilities were 3.4 times more likely to be maltreated than their nondisabled peers.


The only symmetry that can forbid the sort of corrections discussed above is a shift symmetry, i.e. one assumes that the action is invariant under a transformation like φ → φ+const. We will refer to a field possessing this symmetry (at least to some approximate level) as an axion. The first model of axion inflation was proposed a long time ago and named natural inflation [5] . Since then several other models have been proposed and studied exploiting the protection of the shift-symmetry. We will discuss these models in section 2. One scale that plays an important role in all axion models is the axion decay constant f . This can be though of as determining the strength of the least irrelevant shift-symmetric coupling, such as the dimension five coupling to gauge ‡ In this discussion by "Planck scale" we mean the scale at which our effective four-dimensional description of gravity plus one or more scalar fields breaks down. Depending on the models under consideration this could be some Kaluza-Klein scale, the string scale or something even more exotic. The main point is that there is some scale of new physics and it has to be at or below the (reduced) Planck mass M P l ≡ (8πG N ) −1/2 . If this scale is below M P l , our arguments about UV-sensitivity become even stronger.

The first model of axion inflation was proposed a long time ago and named natural inflation.


Consistent with our previous coherent motion study, the peak response latency and amplitude did not significantly vary with motion directions. The results were apparently inconsistent with the previous EEG study that showed the response amplitude for the N170 component was significantly varied with coherent motion directions [7] . This discrepancy could be due to the difference in the stimulus presentation conditions and the response measurement methods (EEG or MEG). It is well-known that the response waveforms for MEG tend to vary between subjects much more than those for EEG [16] . In the MEG study, the effect of motion direction on the response amplitude might have been obscured by the subjective difference of the response waveform.

The results were apparently inconsistent with the previous EEG study that showed the response amplitude for the N170 component was significantly varied with coherent motion directions.

It is well-known that the response waveforms for MEG tend to vary between subjects much more than those for EEG.


It should be noted that the mean response latency for the apparent motion was similar to that for coherent motion, indicating that the time to reach maximum IE after the stimulus onset was actually increased for the appar- ent motion. There are two possible reasons for this delay: one is that the lower stimulus intensity due to the short presentation time for the apparent motion compared to the longer presentation time for the coherent motion. The other reason is that the neural process for the apparent motion perception is different from that for the continuous apparent motion. The former possibility may be negated because of the finding of higher response amplitude for the apparent motion as discussed above. We consider the latter possibility to be more plausible than the former possibility. This is because the previous MEG studies using different apparent motion stimuli suggested that the neural process for the perception of apparent motion and the process for the perception of non-motion (blink of the dot pattern in this study) occur at the same time [1, 9, 17] . After the random dot pattern shift, the process for the integration of the local motions has to interact or compete with the process for the integration of the non-motion blinks for the final perception image during the calculation of the correspondence noise between two possible dots [6] . Such a competitive process might be negligible for the perception of coherent motions because low correspondence noise information is available continuously. However, such information is provided instantaneously in an apparent motion stimulus even though the correspondence noise level for the apparent motion used in this study (shift of 0.17˚) might be similar to that for the coherent motion.

This is because the previous MEG studies using different apparent motion stimuli suggested that the neural process for the perception of apparent motion and the process for the perception of non-motion (blink of the dot pattern in this study) occur at the same time.

After the random dot pattern shift, the process for the integration of the local motions has to interact or compete with the process for the integration of the non-motion blinks for the final perception image during the calculation of the correspondence noise between two possible dots.


Our five subjects in this study participated also in our previous study that examined the direction information in the response to continuous coherent motions [8] . Using these data, we examined whether there was any difference in the representation of direction information between apparent motion (AM) and continuous coherent motion (CM). The data for CM were the response data sets for the same subjects and locations at the speed of 7.0˚/s. Twelve response data sets for each motion (AM and CM) were used to compare the maximum IE, delay, peak response amplitude, and peak response latency. The results are shown in Figure 5 . Paired t-tests revealed that the delay and the peak amplitude for AM were significantly larger than those for CM (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the maximum IE or peak latency.

Our five subjects in this study participated also in our previous study that examined the direction information in the response to continuous coherent motions.

The results are shown in Figure 5 .


The peak response amplitude (20 to 30 fT/cm) and latency (160 to 170 ms) data for the apparent motion (Figure 1) were similar to those for the coherent motions noted in our previous studies [8] . The results were rather surprising considering the stimulus durations: the coherent motions were presented for 0.5 s but the apparent motion stimulus was the frame change in 16.7 ms because the refresh rate was 60 Hz. Our previous study, Figure 5 . Comparison of the data between apparent motion (AM) and coherent motion (CM). Twelve response data sets (48 response waveforms) for five subjects were used to examine the difference in direction information representation in the response waveform between AM and CM. The maximum mutual information entropy (IE) and the peak latency (Latency) for AM were not significantly different from those for CM. The latency when maximum IE occurred relative to the peak response latency (Delay) for AM was significantly larger than that for CM. The peak response amplitude (Amplitude) for AM was also significantly larger than that for CM.

The peak response amplitude (20 to 30 fT/cm) and latency (160 to 170 ms) data for the apparent motion (Figure 1) were similar to those for the coherent motions noted in our previous studies.

Our previous study, Figure 5 .


The performance of an injection-moulded part is the result of a complex interaction of the inherent material properties and selected processing conditions. To increase stiffness and strength and reduce thermal expansion, short fibres are often incorporated in the resin. Glass fibre is by far the most widely used reinforcement, with practically all injection-moulded thermoplastic resins available in glass-reinforced grades [2] [3] [4] . However, a key aspect of these fibre-reinforced materials is the complicated fibre orientation distribution produced during injection moulding. The mixture of glass fibres and molten polymer is injected under high pressure into a mould cavity, which fills in a matter of seconds. The resulting velocity fields and distributions of shear stresses that are generated during this mould-filling process have been shown by several studies to have a profound influence on the fibre orientation structure, and thus the mechanical behaviour of such composites [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Typically, a layered structure is found throughout the thickness of the moulding, and the orientation of each is highly dependent on the fibre characteristics, the melt flow pattern within the mould, and the conditions used in the moulding process [11] . The number and depth of each layer has been the topic of a number of studies. In general, most agree that five layers exist forming a skin-shell-core structure [11, 12] . However, some researchers have discovered the formation of up to nine layers from surface to surface [13] .

Glass fibre is by far the most widely used reinforcement, with practically all injection-moulded thermoplastic resins available in glass-reinforced grades.

The resulting velocity fields and distributions of shear stresses that are generated during this mould-filling process have been shown by several studies to have a profound influence on the fibre orientation structure, and thus the mechanical behaviour of such composites.

Typically, a layered structure is found throughout the thickness of the moulding, and the orientation of each is highly dependent on the fibre characteristics, the melt flow pattern within the mould, and the conditions used in the moulding process.

In general, most agree that five layers exist forming a skin-shell-core structure.

However, some researchers have discovered the formation of up to nine layers from surface to surface.


Statecharts are diagrams comprised of elements that can improve visually the modeling of reactive system behaviors (Harel 1987) . They extend conventional state diagrams with the notions of hierarchy, concurrency and communication. We are particularly motivated by the possibility of using statecharts to support the modeling of system interactions in Systems of Systems (SoS), which are compositions of complex, useful, independent, and interoperable systems that cooperate to achieve objectives that could not be achieved by any of the member systems individually (Boardman and Sauser 2006; Malakuti 2014) . Modeling compositions by means of visual elements can increase their understanding and motivate discussions about interactions before they are effectively designed, possibly reducing risks and costs associated to system misbehaviors discovered in advanced stages of the development process.

Statecharts are diagrams comprised of elements that can improve visually the modeling of reactive system behaviors.

We are particularly motivated by the possibility of using statecharts to support the modeling of system interactions in Systems of Systems (SoS), which are compositions of complex, useful, independent, and interoperable systems that cooperate to achieve objectives that could not be achieved by any of the member systems individually.


The results obtained showed that, in the first session, involuntary families differed from voluntary ones both in individual and group family alliance. Furthermore, they diverged in all specific dimensions of the alliance. These were expected results. Families who experienced pressure to attend therapy and are referred by a third party (involuntary group) emerged as being significantly less engaged, less emotionally connected to the therapist and less safe within the therapeutic context. As a family, they showed less shared sense of purpose than voluntary families. In other words, the present study shows that, at the beginning of the therapy, involuntary clients establish significantly weaker alliances than voluntary ones. These results corroborate the idea that most clients who initiate a therapeutic process unintentionally are less open to therapy, less cooperative and less motivated to change (Miller and Rollnick, 2002; Rooney, 1992) . Although these results are very interesting and reinforce the idea that it is challenging to establish therapeutic alliances with involuntary families, particularly at the beginning of therapy, it is important to remember that in our sample there were more dropouts in the involuntary group than in the voluntary one. To some extent this was expected because some research has shown that dropouts are frequent among clients for whom therapy is mandated (Rempel and Destefano, 2002) . In fact, the aim of this study was not to predict dropouts from the initial motivational conditions of clients, but to study (through behavioural observation) how the alliance works in a sample of involuntary versus voluntary families. The point was to analyse how therapy works with involuntary clients who are obliged to be in therapy, so those who choose not to start or not to enter or remain in the therapy were not our focus. If we had eliminated the dropout cases this would have biased the sample and might have weighted the results towards the less involuntary families in the involuntary group! It seems to us that future research on the dropout issue requires a deeper discussion of the concept (such as clarifying the criteria for establishing dropping out, such as whether to use the number of sessions as the cutoff or basing it on a clinical criteria defined by the therapist).

These were expected results.

These results corroborate the idea that most clients who initiate a therapeutic process unintentionally are less open to therapy, less cooperative and less motivated to change.

To some extent this was expected because some research has shown that dropouts are frequent among clients for whom therapy is mandated.


Industrial applications or strategic installations After the industrialization process of cities, they have been consciously or unknowingly responsible for a large percentage of urban utilities. In the event of accidents, such consequences as explosion, fire and other related incidents have been caused by collateral applications and have increased the magnitude of urban destruction and human casualties, in particular, this use with residential homes, Hospitals, and schools, and may endanger the human nature by introducing new threats and endangering human environments [1] . Environmental contamination is a minor and unintended product of various industrial activities that has caused the environment to become more threatened [2] . Today, environmental crises, the move towards sustainable development, the removal of non-tariff barriers to the economy, the prevention of waste and waste of resources, and the creation of conditions for understanding tariffs and economic issues can be among the causes. Environmental management systems [3] . In this view, the coordination of quality, environmental, safety and health promotion is the criterion for choosing services and products in a civilized human society [4] . Therefore, the management of the organization should be based on safety and environmental protection and quality should be considered as the main axis of each organization and the establishment of such a system should be considered by the proper planning and proper recognition of these systems. So far, various methods have been used to identify, classify, and evaluate risk. The method of analysing the failure scenarios and its effects is one of these methods, which is itself a new method of evaluation and risk management in oil and petrochemical industries [5] . The assessment of environmental risk, the process of qualitative analysis of potential risks and the coefficient of actualization of the potential risks in the project as well as the sensitivity or vulnerability of the perimeter environment. Accordingly, in addition to studying and analysing various aspects of risk, with the full knowledge of the environment of the region, the sensitivity of the environment is affected, as well as the environmental values of the region in the risk analysis [6] . The main purpose of the analysis and evaluation of risk is to determine the degree of uncertainty of the studied system and its cost and provide solutions for its reduction as well as the cost of the cost of the corresponding solution [7] . The method of analysing the failure states and its effects on the environment Biology is a qualitative assessment method for environmental impacts that aims to provide a tool for facilitating the work of companies, so that the development of production is considerably Environment [8] . Among the risk assessment techniques, the FMEA methodology is the only analytical method in risk assessment that can better assess the potential risks in the range and also identify the causes and effects associated with it, and rank the advantages of this method can be the appropriateness of the quantitative risk assessment and the reliability of this method for predicting problems and identifying the most effective risk prevention solution [8] .

In the event of accidents, such consequences as explosion, fire and other related incidents have been caused by collateral applications and have increased the magnitude of urban destruction and human casualties, in particular, this use with residential homes, Hospitals, and schools, and may endanger the human nature by introducing new threats and endangering human environments.

Environmental contamination is a minor and unintended product of various industrial activities that has caused the environment to become more threatened.

Environmental management systems.

In this view, the coordination of quality, environmental, safety and health promotion is the criterion for choosing services and products in a civilized human society.

The method of analysing the failure scenarios and its effects is one of these methods, which is itself a new method of evaluation and risk management in oil and petrochemical industries.

Accordingly, in addition to studying and analysing various aspects of risk, with the full knowledge of the environment of the region, the sensitivity of the environment is affected, as well as the environmental values of the region in the risk analysis.

The main purpose of the analysis and evaluation of risk is to determine the degree of uncertainty of the studied system and its cost and provide solutions for its reduction as well as the cost of the cost of the corresponding solution.

The method of analysing the failure states and its effects on the environment Biology is a qualitative assessment method for environmental impacts that aims to provide a tool for facilitating the work of companies, so that the development of production is considerably Environment.

Among the risk assessment techniques, the FMEA methodology is the only analytical method in risk assessment that can better assess the potential risks in the range and also identify the causes and effects associated with it, and rank the advantages of this method can be the appropriateness of the quantitative risk assessment and the reliability of this method for predicting problems and identifying the most effective risk prevention solution.


Gravity waves (GWs) are known to play a key role in global climate and weather dynamics by transporting energy and momentum from the lower to the upper atmosphere, transport which is essential for determining the general circulation and temperature structure in the stratosphere and mesosphere (e.g., mesosphere wind reversal, quasi-biennial oscillation, etc.). GWs are of particular importance for wave dynamics in the summer hemisphere in the stratosphere where planetary waves are weak, and are important in the entire mesosphere. As an example, model simulation results suggest that the mesosphere summer easterlies would arrive one month late without including gravity wave drag (GWD) in the model (Scaife et al., 2002) . GWs also affect weather and chemistry. For example, temperature fluctuations associated with GWs can lead to formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in a synoptically warm condition and susequently affect ozone depletion (Hamill and Toon, 1991) .

As an example, model simulation results suggest that the mesosphere summer easterlies would arrive one month late without including gravity wave drag (GWD) in the model.

GWs also affect weather and chemistry.

For example, temperature fluctuations associated with GWs can lead to formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in a synoptically warm condition and susequently affect ozone depletion.


The goal of this paper is to analyze the benefits of BIM technologies application in design companies. Specifically, the application of ROI approach to measuring BIM efficiency is studied based on the current body knowledge. An applicable ROI calculation model is also proposed. Regarding the research methods, the authors first performed the analysis of the scientific literature on the ROI concept and on measuring BIM efficiency [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Then, the logical construction approach is used to propose a specific ROI calculation method. Finally, the application of the method is presented based on the data from a Lithuanian design company.

Regarding the research methods, the authors first performed the analysis of the scientific literature on the ROI concept and on measuring BIM efficiency.


Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology has radically altered the organization of construction operations. Building information models and digital construction allow for assessing building structure and to identify its advantages and disadvantage, taking into account technological, economic, and environmental aspects. It is widely believed that the popularization of BIM should have a positive impact on the sustainability of the whole construction sector [1] . Representatives of the construction industry base their decisions to invest in BIM on its expected impact on the construction project performance. Therefore, the evaluation of quantitative and qualitative benefits of BIM is necessary. In this paper, the analysis of the concept of Return on Investment (ROI) and of ROI calculation methodologies are carried out. Significance of the criteria of the ROI is assessed. Data on cost reduction thanks to BIM implementation is scarce, with design data confidentiality being one of the primary reasons. Published studies are often criticized for scope, accuracy, calculations, objectivity, and general bias (in cases when studies are published by companies selling BIM-related software and services) [2] .

It is widely believed that the popularization of BIM should have a positive impact on the sustainability of the whole construction sector.

Published studies are often criticized for scope, accuracy, calculations, objectivity, and general bias (in cases when studies are published by companies selling BIM-related software and services).


Upper respiratory viruses cause significant global mortality and morbidity each year [1] . Influenza virus is of particular public health concern due to its association with severe infections and deaths, and its propensity of causing large scale seasonal epidemics and pandemics. Local and national prospective influenza and influenza-like illness surveillance systems provide important and timely information to policy makers and public health practitioners for monitoring trends and disease burden, planning, implementing, and evaluating appropriate prevention and control interventions, and allocating resources [2] . Recent decades have seen dramatic improvements in influenza surveillance systems [3] . Surveillance websites serve as an excellent tool for communicating timely information about disease activity to health care professionals, the media and the general public.

Upper respiratory viruses cause significant global mortality and morbidity each year.

Local and national prospective influenza and influenza-like illness surveillance systems provide important and timely information to policy makers and public health practitioners for monitoring trends and disease burden, planning, implementing, and evaluating appropriate prevention and control interventions, and allocating resources.

Recent decades have seen dramatic improvements in influenza surveillance systems.


Similarly, effector recognition studies are dependent on the discovery of cognate avirulence genes which are not available for all NLRs, are limited by suitable expression systems that work in all host genotypes, and can suffer from a lack of specific plant responses (Vleeshouwers et al., 2011) . For example, the presence of Rx in some varieties including Cara and Picasso precludes the use of the often preferred PVX Agroinfection assay (Du, Rietman and Vleeshouwers, 2014) . Similarly, as shown for the cross between Alouette and Vitalia, some plants are more recalcitrant to A. tumefaciens-based effector delivery ( Supplementary  Table 3 ). The observed responses to Avr-vnt1 and/or Avr8 co-infiltration with Rpi-R8 in the cross revealed a spectrum of responsiveness that was measured on a score from 0-2. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct multiple independent inoculations to obtain reproducible results. In addition, these assays typically need special glasshouses, licences and risk assessments.

Similarly, effector recognition studies are dependent on the discovery of cognate avirulence genes which are not available for all NLRs, are limited by suitable expression systems that work in all host genotypes, and can suffer from a lack of specific plant responses.

For example, the presence of Rx in some varieties including Cara and Picasso precludes the use of the often preferred PVX Agroinfection assay.


It is known that respiration is the inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide for energy metabolism and maintain homeostasis. This type of respiration, termed metabolic breathing, is generated in the respiratory centre located in the brainstem. Breathing also includes the so-called behavioral breathing which is different from metabolic breathing [1] . Behavioral breathing is elicited by various internal or external environmental changes. Breathing altered by emotional changes (emotional breathing) is included in behavioral breathing and the center for the so-called emotional breathing has recently been shown to be located in the amygdala in the limbic system [2] . Autonomic breathing rhythm is not only generated by metabolic demands, but it is also elicited by constantly responding to changes of emotions, such as anxiety, fear, sadness and happiness. Anticipatory anxiety, has been defined as the time between the warning presentation and stimulation, increases the respiratory rate [3] .

Breathing also includes the so-called behavioral breathing which is different from metabolic breathing.

Breathing altered by emotional changes (emotional breathing) is included in behavioral breathing and the center for the so-called emotional breathing has recently been shown to be located in the amygdala in the limbic system.

Anticipatory anxiety, has been defined as the time between the warning presentation and stimulation, increases the respiratory rate.


The open architecture suggested in this paper extends an earlier architecture that was based on the ADAGE framework [6, 7] . It provides extended analysis features owing to the ability to integrate complex event processing services to detect patterns of interest from event data. This allows event pattern detection to occur in real time. Through applying these capabilities to stock market data and other relevant data sources, market participants can detect current or emerging insights into support trading and operational decisions.

The open architecture suggested in this paper extends an earlier architecture that was based on the ADAGE framework.


In the case of RO-RO vessels, due to their characteristics and operational needs, they are especially relevant when talking about scouring action. These vessels usually perform short voyages, so they dock and undock frequently, at the same harbours and quays. Moreover, these vessels need a L-shaped quay to allow their ramping mechanisms to be used during the port operations. Thus, during the manoeuvre, there is at least one main propeller which is throwing the wash perpendicularly to the vertical stern-quay. This effect, which is continuously repeated, can be compared with the effect of a constant wash impacting on the structure [8] .

This effect, which is continuously repeated, can be compared with the effect of a constant wash impacting on the structure.


A tightly coupled system is difficult to change and extend to meet the dynamic B2B interaction requirements. The current trend in the information system is moving away from tightly coupled systems and towards systems of loosely coupled, dynamically bound components [11] . From a traditional software engineering view, the software design cycle starts from business requirements to software component implementation and deployment. But so long a cycle cannot meet the dynamic requirements. CBSE (Component Based Software Engineering) approaches provide a possible solution. Components can be composed, reused, removed and replaced to support component based system configuration. The component-based approach potentially provides a good basis for support of dynamic B2B interactions. This paper proposes a component-based system framework to support dynamic B2B interaction. A B2B transaction is divided into two parts, the external part and internal part. The external part describes the B2B interaction and the internal part describes the steps for handling the incoming request. B2B interaction components are proposed for implementing the B2B protocol to support the execution of the external part of the transaction. Service components are used to implement business services to support the internal part of the transaction. When the enterprise information system has to interact with a new party's system that supports a different B2B protocol, some new B2B interaction components are developed, deployed and integrated into the existing system. The service components can be high level business components that implement a business process or a business activity or low level and generic software component that provide basic functions. A high level service component is a composite component created by combining low level components.

The current trend in the information system is moving away from tightly coupled systems and towards systems of loosely coupled, dynamically bound components.


We implement our project centralization solution as a four-pass transformation tool. The centralization tool transforms the Java bytecode by using the ASM bytecode library [12] . Before centralization starts, the centralizer parses a user-defined script into a Java startup class file which defines how each process starts. The centralizer transforms all the classes of all projects as described in the script, as defined in previous work [1] , [17] . After transformation, the centralized program can be executed from the synthesized startup program.

The centralization tool transforms the Java bytecode by using the ASM bytecode library.

The centralizer transforms all the classes of all projects as described in the script, as defined in previous work.


Because orientation responses are dependent on one another (the responses for three orientations determine responses for the fourth), it was necessary to conduct a series of binary logistic regression analyses using the relative frequency of the four orientations (Cohen, Cohen, West, & Aiken, 2003; Fox, 1997) . We first examined whether regulatory focus predicted differences in social orientation and then tested whether it predicted economic orientation within each social orientation. Interdependence orientations were classified as prosocial (0) or proself (1). Regulatory focus did not predict social orientation, b = -.14, p = .65, r equiv =.06.

Because orientation responses are dependent on one another (the responses for three orientations determine responses for the fourth), it was necessary to conduct a series of binary logistic regression analyses using the relative frequency of the four orientations.


The salesperson manipulation successfully affected social motivation: prosocial orientations (averaged together) were preferred more when the salesperson was helpful (M=4.86, In Study 3, we presented participants with a real economic offer in a highly controlled context -the ultimatum game (Guth, et al., 1982) . The offer had positive absolute value (participants would get $1) but poor relative standing (the other party would get $9). Accepting the offer thus represented a preference for absolute over relative outcomes whereas rejecting the offer represented a preference for relative over absolute outcomes. We predicted that a prevention focus would lead to higher rejection rates than a promotion focus. We also tested our proposed mechanism for this effect, i.e., whether a prevention focus leads to greater concern with relative outcomes because of greater concern with status.

The salesperson manipulation successfully affected social motivation: prosocial orientations (averaged together) were preferred more when the salesperson was helpful (M=4.86, In Study 3, we presented participants with a real economic offer in a highly controlled context -the ultimatum game.


Speech is one of the oldest human tools which are used for interaction among each other. Therefore it is one of the most natural ways to interact with the computers as well [1] . A typical speech signal consists of two main parts: one carries the speech information, and the other includes silent or noise sections. The verbal (informative) part of speech can be further divided into three categories: (a) The voice speech (b) unvoiced speech (c) silence. Voiced speech consists mainly of vowel sound. It is produced by forcing air through the glottis, proper adjustment of the tension of the vocal cords results in opening and closing of the cords, and a production of almost periodic pulses of air. These pulses excite the vocal tract. Psychoacoustics experiments show that this part holds most of the information of the speech and thus holds the keys for characterizing a speaker. Unvoiced speech parts are generated by forcing air through a constriction formed at a point in the vocal tract (usually toward the mouth end), thus producing turbulence. The last category is Silence, when there is no vibration of the vocal cords after the air is discharged from the lungs [2] . Speech recognition is the ability of a machine or program to identify words and phrases in spoken language and determine the emotions of the speaker such as normal, anger, happiness and sadness. The founder of modern philosophy "René Descartes", identified six simple and primitive emotions wonder, love, hatred, desire, joy, and sadness.

Therefore it is one of the most natural ways to interact with the computers as well.

These pulses excite the vocal tract.

The last category is Silence, when there is no vibration of the vocal cords after the air is discharged from the lungs.


In this paper, we study f (T ) gravity which is a generalization of TEGR, analogous to the f (R) generalization of the Einstein-Hilbert action. We focus on the construction of static solutions, with spherical or toroidal isometries. In TEGR , it is the vielbein that is treated as fundamental fiends. While f (T ) gravity is invariant under the general coordinate transformations, it is not invariant under the local Lorentz transformation of the tangent spacetime [4] . This implies that for a given metric ansatz, there are six-parameter worth of inequivalent vielbein choices.

While f (T ) gravity is invariant under the general coordinate transformations, it is not invariant under the local Lorentz transformation of the tangent spacetime.


In gauge theory/gravity correspondences, a saddle point in the gauge theory path integral is expected to represent the space-time geometry in gravity. Since the saddle point is determined by the dynamics of the gauge theory, the space-time is said to be emergent. A notable example of such a phenomenon is the emergence of the sphere of the dual AdS 5 × S 5 geometry from the matrix quantum mechanics governing the strong coupling dynamics of the constant modes of the scalars of N = 4 super YangMills compactified on a S 3 [1] .

A notable example of such a phenomenon is the emergence of the sphere of the dual AdS 5 × S 5 geometry from the matrix quantum mechanics governing the strong coupling dynamics of the constant modes of the scalars of N = 4 super YangMills compactified on a S 3.


In Fig. 4d , a homogeneous, featureless and compact reaction layer with a thickness of about 1.5 mm appears adjacent to the SiO 2 -BN ceramic. According to the composition analysis (see Table 1 ) and XRD result (see Fig. 5b ), the reaction layer determined is TiNeTiB 2 , which is consistent with that brazed with AgeCueTi alloy [13] . It is assumed that the amorphous SiO 2 in the SiO 2 -BN ceramic could not react during brazing, while h-BN phase could react with Ti to form TiNeTiB 2 layer bordering the SiO 2 -BN ceramic.

According to the composition analysis (see Table 1 ) and XRD result (see Fig. 5b ), the reaction layer determined is TiNeTiB 2 , which is consistent with that brazed with AgeCueTi alloy.


Transdermal delivery of biomolecules and drugs has several advantages over other delivery routes. First, it is painless and therefore a boon to patients who require frequent drug administration. Second, the cream is simple to apply and particularly useful for treating asthmatic infants who cannot be given drugs easily or safely by oral, intranasal or inhalational routes. A transdermal cream to administer the chitosan-conjugated nanocomplexes is expected to be safe and effective and may have advantages over electroporation or particle-mediated epidermal delivery of DNA/ NPRA knockout prevents allergic airway inflammation RNA in which transient skin irritation was observed [24, 25] . The capability of biocompatible chitosan nanoparticles for transdermal delivery of siRNA makes chitosan a very promising agent for treating asthma and other diseases especially in children. The nanocomplexation with chitosan may contribute to easier penetration of siRNA through the outermost barriers of the skin and may also provide longer duration of siRNA in vivo.

A transdermal cream to administer the chitosan-conjugated nanocomplexes is expected to be safe and effective and may have advantages over electroporation or particle-mediated epidermal delivery of DNA/ NPRA knockout prevents allergic airway inflammation RNA in which transient skin irritation was observed.


The results contained in here are extracted from a more detailed presentation in the dissertation [20] . The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 introduces the setting and recalls a number of results from the literature, chiefly, an explicit expression for the variance of the reweighted particle approximation. Section 3 shows how to derive error bounds from suitable stability properties of the Feynman-Kac propagator associated with the model. Section 4 shows how to derive these stability properties from mixing conditions of the MCMC dynamics. Section 5 gives more explicit statements of our error bounds in terms of the constants in Poincaré and Logarithmic-Sobolev inequalities. Finally, Section 6 gives a brief discussion of the dependence of the algorithm's error on the dimension of the state space in light of our results.

The results contained in here are extracted from a more detailed presentation in the dissertation.


This paper contributes to the literature on error bounds and stability analysis of Sequential MCMC. Specifically, we are interested in proving explicit non-asymptotic error bounds which are well-suited to the high-dimensional and non-compact state spaces prevalent in many applications of Monte Carlo Methods. Our two main results can be summarized as follows: Theorem 3.2 provides a generic way for deriving non-asymptotic bounds on the mean squared integration error from suitable stability properties of the Feynman-Kac propagator associated with the particle system. The bound of the theorem applies to the so-called unnormalized particle approximation but immediately implies a bound for the actual particle approximation provided by the algorithm, see Lemma 2.2. The bound in the theorem is sharp in the sense that the leading error term corresponds to the asymptotic variance of the unnormalized particle approximation found, e.g., in the central limit theorem of Del Moral and Miclo [9] . Theorem 4.5 derives L p -stability bounds for the Feynman-Kac propagator which can be applied in the framework of Theorem 3.2. Specifically, we derive stability in L p from sufficiently good mixing of the MCMC dynamics in the sense of a sufficiently large spectral gap and from uniform upper bounds on relative densities. L 2p -L p -bounds, which we need in our error bound for Sequential MCMC, follow under an additional assumption of hyperboundedness for the MCMC dynamics.

The bound in the theorem is sharp in the sense that the leading error term corresponds to the asymptotic variance of the unnormalized particle approximation found, e.g., in the central limit theorem of Del Moral and Miclo.


Lightning is the main reason for outages in transmission and distribution lines [3] . When lightning strikes a power line, it is like closing a "big switch" between a large current source and the power line circuit. The sudden closing of this "big switch" causes an abrupt change in the circuit conditions, creating a transient. There is also the case when the lightning strikes the vicinity of the power line and the large magnetic field generated from the lightning current cause mutual coupling between the power line and the lightning. The event alters the conditions of the power line circuit, as a result, produce an electrical transient [4] .

Lightning is the main reason for outages in transmission and distribution lines.

The event alters the conditions of the power line circuit, as a result, produce an electrical transient.


It is similar to the dielectric breakdown of a huge capacitor. The voltage of a lightning stroke may start at hundreds of millions of volts between the cloud and earth. Although these values do not reach the earth, millions of volts can be delivered to the buildings, trees or distribution lines struck. In the case of overhead distribution lines, it is not necessary that a stroke contact the line to produce overvoltages dangerous to equipment. This is so because "induced voltages" caused by the collapse of the electrostatic field with a nearby stroke may reach values as high as 300 kV [1] .

This is so because "induced voltages" caused by the collapse of the electrostatic field with a nearby stroke may reach values as high as 300 kV.


Secondary relaxations are the only dynamic processes active on a measurable time scale in the glassy state. Its importance is two folds: usually the secondary relaxation is the main mechanism of glasses for dissipating external stresses, [1] [2] [3] [4] . Moreover, from the dynamic point of view secondary relaxation is a suitable easily accessible source of information about the glassy state. Despite this importance, the investigation about secondary relaxation has been usually limited to the description of its temperature and pressure dependences, but scarce attention has been devoted to other characterizations, [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . For example, the secondary process is usually investigated in the glassy state, which is a non equilibrium state of materials, but not too much is known about its dependence on the history of formation of the glass, [12, 13] . The consequence of the non equilibrium nature of glasses on the thermodynamic and structural properties has been largely studied, and interpretations in terms of phenomenological models have been proposed. Recently thermodynamic history dependence was noted in some secondary processes, as for example, different relaxation frequencies of secondary processes are observed consequently to cooling with different rates, or after verifications combining different sequences of cooling and compression steps. The reason why secondary processes are influenced by the thermodynamic history of the glass is not clear at all, and the microscopic mechanisms at the basis of such dependence are unknown. The situation is even more complicated since the molecular mechanisms at the basis of secondary process are not clear at all. A greater sensitivity to the thermodynamic history is expected for secondary processes of intermolecular origin, Johari-Goldstein (JG) but experimental data lack. In this work, we present experimental studies varying pressure and temperature pressures of secondary processes in several glass formers. Also, we will present the study of the influence of thermodynamic history on the secondary process of different molecular glass formers, namely Poly[(phenyl glycidyl ether)-co-formaldehyde], (PPGE), 1,18-bis (p methoxyphenyl) cyclohexane (BMPC).

Its importance is two folds: usually the secondary relaxation is the main mechanism of glasses for dissipating external stresses.

Despite this importance, the investigation about secondary relaxation has been usually limited to the description of its temperature and pressure dependences, but scarce attention has been devoted to other characterizations.

For example, the secondary process is usually investigated in the glassy state, which is a non equilibrium state of materials, but not too much is known about its dependence on the history of formation of the glass.


In this study, we proposed a new method for epileptic seizure detection by using feature extraction based on sample entropy (SampEn) followed by two non-linear classification models, namely, back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and extreme learning machine (ELM) which is a recently-proposed classification model [17] . The proposed scheme was tested using clinical electroencephalogram (EEG) signals obtained from five healthy subjects and five epileptic patients during both interictal and ictal periods. The results showed that the proposed scheme (SampEn + ELM) was capable of detecting epileptic seizures not only with a high accuracy but also with a very fast speed, which demonstrates its potential for real-time implementation in an automated epilepsy detection and diagnosis support systems. Up to now, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study in the literature related to the assessment of classification performance using sample entropy based feature extraction followed by ELM classification model when applied specifically to the normal/interictal/ictal discrimination problem. Figure 1 shows the schematics of the proposed diagnosis expert system.

In this study, we proposed a new method for epileptic seizure detection by using feature extraction based on sample entropy (SampEn) followed by two non-linear classification models, namely, back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and extreme learning machine (ELM) which is a recently-proposed classification model.


Another important requirement of any diagnostic test for TB to be used in developing countries is that it should have the ability to distinguish between individuals with clinical disease and individuals who may be infected but do not have clinical TB. The PPD-skin test-positive control subjects included in the present study were recent immigrants from countries where TB is endemic and were all antibody negative. However, these individuals could have become skin test positive because of BCG vaccination or exposure to M. tuberculosis. The 6 PPD-skin testpositive individuals from the US had not received BCG vaccination and, therefore, were likely to be PPD-skin test positive because of previous infection and also were all antibody negative. Moreover, none of the 19 household contacts of smear-positive patients with TB had anti-GlcB antibodies present. Although larger cohorts need to be tested to validate the high specificity obtained with GlcB, our data, as well as studies from other laboratories, suggest that the presence of anti-GlcB antibodies is associated with clinical disease [4] [5] [6] [7] 26] .

Although larger cohorts need to be tested to validate the high specificity obtained with GlcB, our data, as well as studies from other laboratories, suggest that the presence of anti-GlcB antibodies is associated with clinical disease.


One way to work around the problem of incorporating the data alignment technique into a library routine is to copy the arrays into a separate memory space with the padding inserted, similar to the Copy Optimization technique [6] , [13] . However, the overhead of copying the arrays is usually quite significant [13] , [8] . In our experiment on the FFT, program copying resulted in a 6 percent improvement in performance over the original code in Fig. 1a , in contrast to the 15 percent improvement for Fig. 1c . It is interesting to note the performance improvement of 6 percent in spite of the copy overhead.

One way to work around the problem of incorporating the data alignment technique into a library routine is to copy the arrays into a separate memory space with the padding inserted, similar to the Copy Optimization technique.

However, the overhead of copying the arrays is usually quite significant.


Examination of average observed temperature and MAS aerosol backscatter profiles collected during the campaign (Fig. 2) provides information about the general vertical structure of the TTL over West Africa. Figure 2 (left panel) shows the average temperature profile as a function of potential temperature acquired south of 17.5 • N. The average cold point tropopause can clearly be seen at around 375 K although it varied by ±5 K between different flights. Analysis of data collected over Costa Rica during TCSP/TC4 showed similar results as did tropical radiosonde data ). The total number of observations at a given theta level ( Fig. 2 central panel) shows that the lower TTL was the most heavily sampled during the campaign. The right panel shows the fraction of observations in cloudy/hazy air masses derived from volume backscatter ratios greater than 1.2 measured with MAS (Adriani et al., 1999) . There is a bimodal distribution with peaks at 320 K and 350 K representing main convective outflow altitudes. Above this level there is a small percentage (around 0.01%) of cloud/haze observations up to about 410 K suggesting that tropospheric influence may not have extended much above this level during the campaign over West Africa although some evidence for convective overshooting has been found (Khaykin et al., 2009) . A thin aerosol layer was also observed in the LS at 475 K related to the presence of volcanic aerosols For the purposes of this analysis we use the following definitions: top of TTL at 425 K (70 hPa, 18.5 km) above which air is essentially stratospheric, the mid-TTL as the boundary between the upper and lower TTL at 370 K (100 hPa, 16.5 km) just below where the cold point tropopause is located, and the lower TTL between the mid-TTL and the lower boundary defined by the altitude of maximum of convective outflow at 350 K (200 hPa, 12.5 km). The layer above the altitude of maximum convective outflow (355 K, 150 hPa, 14 km) is also of interest.

The right panel shows the fraction of observations in cloudy/hazy air masses derived from volume backscatter ratios greater than 1.2 measured with MAS.

Above this level there is a small percentage (around 0.01%) of cloud/haze observations up to about 410 K suggesting that tropospheric influence may not have extended much above this level during the campaign over West Africa although some evidence for convective overshooting has been found.


Transport of pollutants into the upper troposphere over Asia by deep convection followed by westward transport has been identified as a source of carbon monoxide over West Africa (Barret et al., 2008) . Analysis of Microwave Limbs Sounder (MLS) data and global model results showed an influence from this source above 150 hPa over West Africa with maximum concentrations around 25 • N. Convective uplift of moist air masses over the Bay of Bengal and China Sea followed by dehydration during transport towards northwest India (around the upper level anticyclone associated with the Asian monsoon) has also been used to explain the water vapour maximum observed in MLS water vapour data at 100 hPa over the Himalayas (James et al., 2008) . Analysis of water vapour data collected on the M55 during SCOUT-AMMA in August 2006 have been linked to this convective uplift followed by westward transport leading to enhanced water vapour concentrations over West Africa .

Transport of pollutants into the upper troposphere over Asia by deep convection followed by westward transport has been identified as a source of carbon monoxide over West Africa.

Analysis of Microwave Limbs Sounder (MLS) data and global model results showed an influence from this source above 150 hPa over West Africa with maximum concentrations around 25 • N. Convective uplift of moist air masses over the Bay of Bengal and China Sea followed by dehydration during transport towards northwest India (around the upper level anticyclone associated with the Asian monsoon) has also been used to explain the water vapour maximum observed in MLS water vapour data at 100 hPa over the Himalayas.


In conclusion, it has been hypothesized that heritabilities for reproductive fitness traits are nonlinear, and higher in the low fitness direction. Two predictions of this hypothesis have been validated. Firstly, culling on fitness has been shown to be effective in alleviating fitness declines in lines selected for another trait (Frankham et al. 1988) . Secondly, responses to selection for fitness traits have been shown to be consistently asymmetrical, with greater response in the direction of lowered fitness.

Firstly, culling on fitness has been shown to be effective in alleviating fitness declines in lines selected for another trait.


Strengths of our study were the prospective and single centre design, which allowed us to collect information systematically and to uniformly verify both the qualifying event as well as the outcome. Furthermore, our study has one of the longest follow-up ever reported and the largest cohort compared with other studies investigating epilepsy after a stroke in young adults. In addition, our study has a high external validity, when comparing baseline characteristics to other studies [28] .

In addition, our study has a high external validity, when comparing baseline characteristics to other studies.


Focus-group interviews were selected as an appropriate method of data collection for this study. Focus group interviews allow in-depth information to be gained from a range of perspectives [30] . Focus groups also allow for dynamic interaction within the group, offering coaches an opportunity to share their experiences in a way that provides direct evidence of similarities and differences between experiences [31] .

Focus group interviews allow in-depth information to be gained from a range of perspectives.

Focus groups also allow for dynamic interaction within the group, offering coaches an opportunity to share their experiences in a way that provides direct evidence of similarities and differences between experiences.


At the start of each focus group, participants were provided with a verbal and written explanation of the study. Issues regarding confidentiality were discussed and written informed consent was gained. A definition of stress and stressors was provided to ensure participants understood the use of these terms [10, 33] . The focus groups ranged from 35 to 84 minutes (M = 56 minutes, SD = 12 minutes).

A definition of stress and stressors was provided to ensure participants understood the use of these terms.


Recently, there has been a focus upon developing a more in-depth understanding of coaching stress in college and adult sport through the use of qualitative methods [7, 14] . Such qualitative studies have not been conducted with youth-sport coaches, thus parents have not been discussed. However, these qualitative studies have highlighted the complexity of coaching stressors and the importance of understanding coaches' perceptions of their stressors as opposed to simply obtaining a list of demands related to their profession [7] .

Recently, there has been a focus upon developing a more in-depth understanding of coaching stress in college and adult sport through the use of qualitative methods.

However, these qualitative studies have highlighted the complexity of coaching stressors and the importance of understanding coaches' perceptions of their stressors as opposed to simply obtaining a list of demands related to their profession.


A semi-structured questioning route, based upon the coaching stress, parent-coach relationship, and sport parenting literature was employed to moderate the focus groups. The questioning route comprised opening, introductory, transition, key, and ending questions [30] . Opening questions were designed to gain demographic information and encourage participation. The introductory and transition questions aimed to stimulate initial discussion regarding tennis parents and allowed time for participants to become familiar with the topic. Key questions focused upon coaches' perceptions of parents as stressors in relation to training situations (e.g., during individual or group training sessions), the competition context (e.g., in relation to or at tournaments), and external factors (e.g., aspects external to the coaches "on-court role", such as schooling). Finally, the ending questions asked the coaches to summarize the stressors they experience in relation to parents. The second author reviewed the questioning route and a pilot interview (74 minutes) with three specializing coaches was conducted. Necessary modifications were then made, including the removal of two questions and the addition of questions regarding injuries and other hobbies. A copy of the questioning route can be obtained from the first author.

The questioning route comprised opening, introductory, transition, key, and ending questions.


Three dimensions of parent-related stressors were derived from the data. These dimensions accounted for stressors arising directly from coaches' contact with parents, indirectly through parents' interactions with their child, and organizational and cultural factors coaches perceived to moderate parent-related coaching stressors. The wide range of stressors and means through which these stressors are experienced provide some indication of the complexity of the parent-coach relationship [9] . This study also offers further support for the importance of qualitative studies to fully understand the stressors experienced by coaches [7] .

The wide range of stressors and means through which these stressors are experienced provide some indication of the complexity of the parent-coach relationship.

This study also offers further support for the importance of qualitative studies to fully understand the stressors experienced by coaches.


It may be worth highlighting that the CRT provides not only a measure of cognitive abilities, but also of impulsiveness and, possibly, other individual unobservable characteristics. For instance, the number of correct answers in the CRT has been shown to be positively correlated with numerical literacy, mathematical skills, and various psychological dimensions (Morsanyi et al., 2014; Toplak et al., 2011; Borghans et al., 2008a) . This means that the CRT alone cannot reveal the cognitive and psychological mechanisms underlying individual heterogeneity in economic behavior. For instance, it is possible that subjects performing high in the CRT are closer to risk neutrality because they are less impulsive or because they better understand the decision problems at stake. This is why, in this paper, we look closely at the relationship between CRT performance and physiological, psychological and socio-demographic characteristics (Section 3). In addition, we also relate CRT scores to alternative measures of cognitive ability, such as financial literacy and consistency in risky choices (Section 6).

For instance, the number of correct answers in the CRT has been shown to be positively correlated with numerical literacy, mathematical skills, and various psychological dimensions.


Smart structures are used in several shape and vibration control applications. Micro positioning, satellite antenna shape control, space structure shape correction, and automatic flow control valves are some of the practical examples of shape control applications. Vibration control applications include active suspension systems for vehicles and active vibration control in aircraft such as the control of aeroelastic instabilities like flutter, divergence, and aircraft vibration [13, 14] .

Vibration control applications include active suspension systems for vehicles and active vibration control in aircraft such as the control of aeroelastic instabilities like flutter, divergence, and aircraft vibration.


RECOGNITION of complex patterns has met with difficulties that are often expressed in terms of the complexity of a recognition process. Various recognition paradigms have their own sets of difficulties, but it seems that there always is a step in the recognition process that is exponentially or combinatorially complex. A wellknown term used in this regard is "the curse of dimensionality" [4] . This designates a phenomenon of exponential (or combinatorial) increase in the required number of training samples with the increase of the dimensionality of a pattern recognition problem. The curse of dimensionality is characteristic of adaptive algorithms and neural networks.

A wellknown term used in this regard is "the curse of dimensionality".


Here we place a bound on a broad range of microscopic measures of superposition size by asking the following direct question: how many electrons behave distinguishably differently in the two branches | and | ? We first outline the microscopic analysis of the superposition state that is necessary to estimate this quantity and then we present the bound for electrons in superpositions of flux states. This bound derives from an operational measure for superposition size that is determined by the degree of distinguishability of the two branches by an n-particle measurement [15] . We will show that for all experimentally realistic flux qubits, this bound results in an estimate of superposition state size that is considerably smaller than the number of electrons carrying the supercurrent but that is also significantly larger than the trivial size of 1-2 estimated from the macroscopic description. Our microscopic analysis reveals that the Fermi statistics play a critical role in reducing the number of electronic degrees of freedom that participate in the quantum superposition to well below simple estimates of the number of current carrying electrons. We further discuss the questions raised by such an estimate of size in terms of microscopic constituents, for a system whose macroscopic behavior can also be fully described by a single collective variable.

This bound derives from an operational measure for superposition size that is determined by the degree of distinguishability of the two branches by an n-particle measurement.


Students come to physics course with their own well-developed preconceptions with explanatory power, which are inconsistent with the accepted scientific concepts. These preconcepts are usually product of students' interactions with their natural and social environment, and are usually the basis of the future misconceptions, which are highly resistant to change, strongly influence new learning, and even cause students to misperceive laboratory events and classroom demonstrations (Stylos et al, 2008; Wenning, 2008; Gönen, 2008) . Surprisingly, some of students' misconceptions are supported and reinforced by physics textbooks and teachers who have no physics education background, but teach basic physics concepts in some other subjects (Gönen, 2008) . For example, in the fourth grade mathematics, general teachers teach measuring time, distance, mass and volume of liquids. Also in the fourth grade, in the frame of the subject called Nature, same teachers teach heat, temperature, sound and using scales for measuring mass. In the sixth grade, math teachers again teach measuring distance, mass, time, temperature, area and volume and their units.

These preconcepts are usually product of students' interactions with their natural and social environment, and are usually the basis of the future misconceptions, which are highly resistant to change, strongly influence new learning, and even cause students to misperceive laboratory events and classroom demonstrations.

Surprisingly, some of students' misconceptions are supported and reinforced by physics textbooks and teachers who have no physics education background, but teach basic physics concepts in some other subjects.


The experimenter explained that the target forenames would always be located on the fixation cross. On each trial, the fixation cross appeared for 1000 ms, then a forename and a flanking stimulus appeared simultaneously on the screen. The forename remained on the screen for 2000 ms or until the participant responded. The flanking stimulus was presented for 184 ms, then erased. The interstimulus interval was 1000 ms. The forenames and flanking stimuli were black and were drawn in Apple's Geneva font. The forenames were centered both horizontally and vertically on the fixation cross (which was erased immediately before the forename appeared). The flankers were also horizontally centered on the screen. However, they were positioned either above or below the forename at one of two locations such that the topmost pixels of an upper flanker were either 0.7°or 1.7°o f visual angle above the fixation cross and the bottommost pixels of a lower flanker were either 0.7°or 1.7°of visual angle below the fixation cross. These stimulus configurations created the near and far flanker conditions (Eriksen, 1995) . Presentation of the stimuli was randomized for each participant by computer software and participants made their responses by pressing one of two labeled keys (i.e., ''male'' or ''female''). The meaning of the response keys was counterbalanced across the experiment and the computer recorded the latency and accuracy of each response. Upon completion of the task, participants were debriefed, paid, thanked for their participation, and dismissed.

The interstimulus interval was 1000 ms.

These stimulus configurations created the near and far flanker conditions.


Item-classification task. The dependent measure of interest was time taken by participants to classify the forenames. There were no errors on this task. Prior to the statistical analysis, a log transformation was performed on the data. For ease of interpretation, however, the untransformed means are reported. Participants' classification times were submitted to a single factor (item type: old-near or old-far or new) repeated-measures ANOVA. This revealed an effect of item type on participants' classification times, F(2, 11) ϭ 7.52, p Ͻ .004. Post hoc Tukey tests confirmed that participants offered faster responses both to old-near (M ϭ 568 ms) and old-far (M ϭ 561 ms) items than they did to entirely new forenames (M ϭ 619 ms, both ps Ͻ .01). In other words, in the classification task there was an advantage for old forenames, regardless of their previous flanker location (Roediger & McDermott, 1993) . Taken together, then, these findings confirm that participants do indeed process the distant flankers. As these items fall outside the spotlight of attention, however, they do not produce category activation and hence do not give rise to flanker interference (Eriksen, 1995) .

Item-classification task.

There were no errors on this task.

In other words, in the classification task there was an advantage for old forenames, regardless of their previous flanker location.

As these items fall outside the spotlight of attention, however, they do not produce category activation and hence do not give rise to flanker interference.


Our intention in the present article was to demonstrate how basic limitations in the resolution of visual attention may moderate the process of category activation. We were generally successful in this regard. Only when triggering verbal labels fell within the spotlight of attention did category activation occur, thereby confirming the conditional automaticity of this process (Gilbert & Hixon, 1991; Macrae et al., 1997) . Of course, were mental life to unfold in any other way, it is difficult to imagine how social perceivers could begin to make sense of others. The limits of visual attention ensure that irrelevant perceptions or sensations rarely overwhelm us (Broadbent, 1982; James, 1890) . If all unattended visual stimuli (including people) were afforded a complete semantic analysis, life as we know it would grind to a shuddering halt. That psychological paralysis is avoided so effortlessly is testimony to the power of selective attention-through its silent workings, selective attention inoculates the mind from the specter of cognitive debilitation. Social cognition, of course, is no exception to this rule. Where people are concerned, we may frequently see more than we can know.

Only when triggering verbal labels fell within the spotlight of attention did category activation occur, thereby confirming the conditional automaticity of this process.

The limits of visual attention ensure that irrelevant perceptions or sensations rarely overwhelm us.


In this paper we present a stacked membrane generator configuration which allows the fabrication of self-supporting generators that do not require rigid frames. The stacked configuration also allows a large quantity of generator material to be fabricated onto a much smaller footprint than that achievable using a single thin membrane. Another advantage of the stack generator configuration is that, when compressed, the generator membranes take on a state that is equivalent to equi-biaxial tension. Equi-biaxial tension has been shown to be an ideal deformation mode for DEG because, for a given area stretch, it maximizes the capacitance change [6] . This paper describes the manufacturing process used to fabricate the stack generator; a model of the energy harvesting cycle is then presented which determines operating conditions to maximize energy output using our charge control strategy. Experimental results, which use the optimized control strategy, are then presented.

Equi-biaxial tension has been shown to be an ideal deformation mode for DEG because, for a given area stretch, it maximizes the capacitance change.


The internet of things is revolutionizing the way we interact with objects, and the way in which objects themselves interact [1] . One exciting subset of the internet of things is wireless sensor networks. With applications such as sensors monitoring the health of a building or bridge, the activity and performance of an athlete, or transducers to monitor wildlife populations, wireless sensor networks provide an opportunity to obtain an enhanced awareness of both our local and remote environments. One major advantage of a wireless sensor network is that the cost and inconvenience of wiring between nodes is eliminated [2, 3] .

The internet of things is revolutionizing the way we interact with objects, and the way in which objects themselves interact.

One major advantage of a wireless sensor network is that the cost and inconvenience of wiring between nodes is eliminated.


With reference to our circuit in figure 4 , the generator's input voltage V in and the breakdown voltage of the zener array need to be carefully chosen because they dictate the charge state of the DEG. The energy harvesting cycle produced using the circuit is schematically described on the voltage charge plane in figure 5 . The greater the area of the energy harvesting cycle, the more energy is harvested [5, 16, 17] . We were interested in optimizing the amount of energy that we can harvest from a specific generator.

The greater the area of the energy harvesting cycle, the more energy is harvested.


The output of a non-mode-locked &-switched solid-state laser consists typically of a pulse of 10-50 X lo-' second with a peak power of up to a few hundred megawatts. In these lasers, mode locking has been obtained by inserting a saturable absorber inside the cavity [7] , [81. A saturable absorber is an element whose optical transmission is an increasing function of the intensity of the incident beam. Pulses whose duration is -10-l' second as short in ruby lasers and -second in Nd:glass lasers with peak intensities in excess of lo9 watts have been observed by using this technique.

In these lasers, mode locking has been obtained by inserting a saturable absorber inside the cavity, [81.


The relaxation time of the anisotropic molecular liquid can be adjusted by controlling its temperature. For the optimum value of T given above, nitrobenzene with a room temperature relaxation time of 50 X second requires heating, while carbon disulfide with a room temperature relaxation time of second requires cooIing. The dependence of mode locking on the proper value of the molecular orientation time 7 and its manipulation by temperature has been verified experimentally' [9] , [lo] .

The dependence of mode locking on the proper value of the molecular orientation time 7 and its manipulation by temperature has been verified experimentally', [lo].


The finite element analysis (FEA) of the hierarchical model of softwood was developed as an effective model to predict deformation and stress concentration in the cell wall that might become the sites of later damage initiation [16] [17] [18] . Qing and Mishnaevsky found that the hierarchical model could predict the distribution of regions of maximum principal stress in the cell wall that corresponds to different loading cases [17] . However, it is still unclear how to correlate the modelled stress concentration regions in the cell wall with the actual initial crack location, which is important for the practical application of the model. The presented work is to develop a softwood hierarchical model to simulate the stress concentration regions of the cell wall, and the predicted results are verified through experimental results of initial fracture and its propagation. Finally, the influences of the microstructures, including the chemical contents and the microfibril angles (MFAs), on the fractures of the cell walls of softwood were also analyzed.

The finite element analysis (FEA) of the hierarchical model of softwood was developed as an effective model to predict deformation and stress concentration in the cell wall that might become the sites of later damage initiation.

Qing and Mishnaevsky found that the hierarchical model could predict the distribution of regions of maximum principal stress in the cell wall that corresponds to different loading cases.


The maximum single dose of IBP is relatively high (800 mg) and for this reason IBP's Do is always bigger than one: Do ¼ 290 at pH ¼ 2 (approximate conditions in the stomach) and Do ¼ 1.4 at pH ¼ 7.5 (maximum pH value in the small intestine). Thus we see that the IBP concentration in the stomach fluids, after oral administration of 800 mg IBP, is 290 times higher than the equilibrium IBP solubility under these conditions. As a result, IBP is characterized by poor water solubility and is classified as Class ІІ drug according to BCS [17] .

As a result, IBP is characterized by poor water solubility and is classified as Class ІІ drug according to BCS.


Normally, a stirred reactor is used as the reaction vessel for continuous alkali-catalyzed biodiesel production. However, ultrasonic irradiation has proved to be a useful tool for strengthening the mass transfer of immiscible liquids. It can cause cavitation of bubbles near the phase boundary between immiscible liquid phases and then the asymmetric collapse of the cavitations bubbles disrupts the phase boundary and causes emulsification. Micro jets, which are formed by impinge one liquid to another, lead to intensive mixing of the system near the phase boundary and thus reactants can be produced more quickly [12, 13] . Therefore, assisted with ultrasound, the reaction time may be reduced dramatically and the high reaction temperature may be lower than in traditional mechanical stirring production process. That would reduce the production cost of biodiesel and save more energy.

Micro jets, which are formed by impinge one liquid to another, lead to intensive mixing of the system near the phase boundary and thus reactants can be produced more quickly.


To sum up, we offered a general overview of the average intellectual profiles associated with the most common SLD subtypes. Although it appears that all subtypes are characterized by a heterogeneous profile, marked by a fundamental GAI-CPI discrepancy, they have also some specificities (Cornoldi et al., 2014; Poletti, 2016) . The data reported here suggest that considering the pattern of similarities and specificities across SLD subtypes is important on theoretical grounds, and may have consequences for the assessment and intervention with children with SLD.

Although it appears that all subtypes are characterized by a heterogeneous profile, marked by a fundamental GAI-CPI discrepancy, they have also some specificities.


Despite its important theoretical and clinical implications, this study has a number of limitations that should be addressed in future research. A first limitation is that we relied on the diagnoses made by different clinicians, and the exact achievement scores obtained by the children were not available. Future research should also investigate the specific relationship between a particular intelligence profile and the related learning achievement, with comparisons both between and within SLD subtypes. Second, in Italy the diagnosis of SLD does not apply to children with impairments in reading comprehension, written expression, and mathematical reasoning skills; however, it would be interesting to also analyze these profiles. Finally, as a new version of the Wechsler scale (i.e., the WISC-V) is now available in a few countries, it will be important to investigate how the present pattern of results may apply to it. In this new scale, for example, two new indexes have been included (i.e., visuospatial and fluid reasoning), and few new subtests had been introduced. Although there were some changes in the subtests and in the indexes, the structure of the WISC-V appears to be quite similar to the previous version. For this reason, a similar cognitive profile of children with SLD in the two versions of the scale (i.e., WISC-IV and V) can be hypothesized. However, caution must be applied as the two versions are not entirely identical. Finally, further research should examine the consequences of a possible earlier presence of a specific language impairment (SLI), which we did not consider; in fact, SLI and SLD have been sometimes considered as different manifestations of the same underlying problem, only differing in the severity or in the developmental stage (Bishop & Snowling, 2004) .

Finally, further research should examine the consequences of a possible earlier presence of a specific language impairment (SLI), which we did not consider; in fact, SLI and SLD have been sometimes considered as different manifestations of the same underlying problem, only differing in the severity or in the developmental stage.


Our result may also offer useful insight for clinical practice. As for the assessment, although the SLD diagnosis mainly focuses on the discrepancy between overall IQ and achievement, our results seem to indicate that the particular discrepancies within the intellectual profile should also be taken into account. Furthermore, when planning an intervention it is important to be aware of the specific strengths and weaknesses of each case. Knowing how intellectual strengths and weaknesses vary, partially but systematically, across SLD subtypes can be a first step in this direction. Indeed, previous research showed that cognitive indicators can predict the response of children with SLD to intervention and that they are more predictive than other variables such as achievement and demographic information (Compton et al., 2012) . One possible implication is that children with SLD and with different cognitive profiles can based respond to different treatments based on their cognitive profiles. However, caution should be exercised as the evidence is scarce on this, and future studies are warranted to address this issue.

Indeed, previous research showed that cognitive indicators can predict the response of children with SLD to intervention and that they are more predictive than other variables such as achievement and demographic information.


Awareness of different learning styles can be valuable to both teachers and students. Students will better understand why certain approaches are being used and how they can benefit from them, and, in turn, teachers should recognise the mix of learning styles among their students and tailor their teaching style to account for this (Kovacic, 2004) . If a student's preferred learning style is compatible with the teaching style of his teacher, he is likely to retain more information, achieve higher grades, and maintain a higher level of interest in a given subject (Felder, 1993) . That is not to suggest that students should only be exposed to a single pedagogical approach but that some understanding of their preferred learning styles would be worthwhile in any lesson planning process.

Students will better understand why certain approaches are being used and how they can benefit from them, and, in turn, teachers should recognise the mix of learning styles among their students and tailor their teaching style to account for this.

If a student's preferred learning style is compatible with the teaching style of his teacher, he is likely to retain more information, achieve higher grades, and maintain a higher level of interest in a given subject.


Globally, our education systems are at an inflection point; the rapidly changing economic and social environment in which we live and, more importantly, in which our children will live and work demands different skills and knowledge of productive citizens. Furthermore, a dominant feature of the emerging world our children will inhabit is the role and use of technology in the broadest sense of its meaning. Technology is, and will continue to be, omnipresent and ubiquitous. If the last five years is used as a benchmark we can only begin to imagine the extent that technology will impact on our lives over the next five years (Hallisey & Marshall, 2015) . In this context, there is a need to equip students, teachers, and schools for a rapidly changing world driven by emerging technologies. Moreover, we need to challenge our assumption about the nature of knowledge. As Bransford noted, it is easy to fall into the trap of assuming that all schools should teach what we learned when we grew up (Bransford, Darling-Hammond, & LePage, 2000) .

If the last five years is used as a benchmark we can only begin to imagine the extent that technology will impact on our lives over the next five years.

As Bransford noted, it is easy to fall into the trap of assuming that all schools should teach what we learned when we grew up.


The idea of the "flipped classroom", which involves assigning work to students in preparation for a class and then using the class time in a different way, is receiving attention in both the research literature and the popular media (Bergmann & Sams, 2012; Gerstein, 2011; Prensky, 2011; Tucker, 2012) . Flipping is not a new idea though. Set reading to be covered before class has been a common teaching technique since the advent of the textbook. It is an approach that can be used for a variety of courses and grade levels. However, the widespread availability of technology, which allows for the creation and distribution of video and other media, has added an extra dimension to this approach. Teachers can create, or find, online material for their students to view, and use class time for discussion, problem-solving, or group-work. This allows the student to work at their own pace, to repeat lessons if necessary and to take part in active learning during class time.

The idea of the "flipped classroom", which involves assigning work to students in preparation for a class and then using the class time in a different way, is receiving attention in both the research literature and the popular media.

Flipping is not a new idea though.


The findings for the strategic variables in Model I are buttressed by those in Model II. The specification for Model II includes both strategic and nonstrategic variables. The findings are reassuring. As hypothesized, the coefficients on Authorship and Winning are positive and either significant or highly significant. Affirm has a negative and highly significant effect. As for the control non-strategic variables, they are either significant or highly significant. Appearance of the Solicitor General before the Court increases the likelihood of a vote to grant. Likewise, a case with a civil rights issue or where a constitutional claim is made is more likely to be audited. The attitudinal variable, Lower Court Direction, also has a highly significant effect in the hypothesized direction and the same applies for Reversal on the Lower Court. The sole exception is Dissent on Lower Court, which is significant but in the opposite direction to that hypothesized. Figure 1 lends further support for the selection of SIMEX as the preferred estimation protocol and helps in the interpretation of the effect of the error (Carroll et al., 2006) . In this figure, the SIMEX results and the extrapolation for each of the estimates are presented. The extrapolated point estimates are for Authorship, Reversal and Winning in Model I. The values on the y-axis are for the estimates of the three independent variables and the constant as indicated. On the x-axis are values for !, the attenuation coefficient, which indicates the degree of contamination. The SIMEX Estimate and Naïve Estimate labels correspond to the values of −1 and 0 on the x-axis respectively. As well illustrated in Figure 1 , with multiple predictors, the naïve estimate may be biased in either direction .

The findings are reassuring.

Figure 1 lends further support for the selection of SIMEX as the preferred estimation protocol and helps in the interpretation of the effect of the error.


Strategic behavior during cert, the results indicate, is not limited to thinking about the final disposition. Justices' strategic calculations go beyond the dispositional majority, and pertain to their potential effect on the doctrinal outcome. When she is the opinion author, the justice is better positioned to influence the final outcome. Authorship allows her to closely monitor the development of doctrine and jurisprudence in the opinion (Bonneau et al., 2007) . Justices systematically make this type of calculation at the time of cert.

Authorship allows her to closely monitor the development of doctrine and jurisprudence in the opinion.


Our genome graph-based cancer classification provides novel links between specific genome integrity pathways and SV evolution. The significant enrichment of BRCA1 mutations in the DDT cluster suggests a previously unidentified link between homologous repair deficiency and templated insertion chains. Previous mouse model and cell line studies have linked BFBC evolution to TP53 loss (Bianchi et al., 2019; Gisselsson et al., 2000) . The enrichment of both inherited and acquired TP53 mutations in the poor-prognosis and esophageal adenocarcinoma-associated BR cluster provides some of the first evidence in human disease linking TP53 to the evolution of BFBC. Interestingly, the inclusion of BR cluster membership corrects for the negative prognos-tic impact of TP53 mutation status in our multivariate model of survival. These results may indicate that TP53 mutations may drive the evolution of a particularly aggressive subtype of esophageal adenocarcinomas, which is marked by the accumulation of rigma and BFBC.

Previous mouse model and cell line studies have linked BFBC evolution to TP53 loss.


The enrichment of tyfonas in acral but not cutaneous melanomas provides intriguing context for the observation that both of these melanoma subtypes are responsive to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) therapy (Shoushtari et al., 2016) . While the ICI responsiveness of cutaneous melanoma is attributed to the accumulation neoantigens arising from UV-driven SNVs, acral melanomas harbor few SNVs because they arise in sun-protected regions (e.g. feet). An intriguing possibility is that the massive degree of rearrangement and amplification induced by tyfonas events may serve to generate neoantigens and thus explain the responsiveness of acral melanomas to ICI. If so, the analysis of genome graphs and identification of tyfonas could be applied clinically in other tyfonas-harboring tumor types (e.g. small cell lung cancer) as a WGS biomarker to nominate patients for ICI therapy.

The enrichment of tyfonas in acral but not cutaneous melanomas provides intriguing context for the observation that both of these melanoma subtypes are responsive to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) therapy.


Our study demonstrates the importance of JCN and graph topology in the characterization of complex SV in cancer. However, a considerable fraction of the junctions in our dataset remained unclassified with respect to any of the 14 complex rearrangement event patterns that we have catalogued and/or introduced (40%, Fig. S5A ). Some of this gap can be attributed to missing junctions in short read WGS, which introduce loose ends into the graph and fracture the subgraph structure around copy number alterations. Missing junctions occur due to sampling (ie inadequate purity and/or read depth) or mappability limitations in the sequencing platform (junctions arising in repetitive sequence) and can be overcome with additional sequencing as well as longer molecules (Sedlazeck et al., 2018) .

Missing junctions occur due to sampling (ie inadequate purity and/or read depth) or mappability limitations in the sequencing platform (junctions arising in repetitive sequence) and can be overcome with additional sequencing as well as longer molecules.


Closely linked to transitioning is the issue of stress. None of the studies attempted to measure levels of stress both pre and post-intervention. Stress for first-years may be related to their academics. Medical students are traditionally known to be high achievers [37] [38] [39] . Often times the valuation of their personal brightness and intelligence is first put to the test during their first-year in medical school. If their effort is not in cognisance with outcomes or results, these first-year students experience a drop in self-worth and esteem [37, 40] . Stress may also arise from social factors like trying to adjust, and they may experience isolation and culture shock of the new school [4, 41] . Forming new friendships with the breaking of old ones is another common source of stress [42] . Problems with managing money, and also the combination of part-time work with their studies may also impact them negatively [33, 41] . Stress management is important because poor coping capabilities may result in later years in fitness to practice issues [43, 44] . The mental health status of firstyear medical students has an important role in maintaining professionalism [34, 44, 45] . A number of studies have shown that medical students, when compared with their contemporaries in other courses, experience higher levels of anxiety, distress and burnout [34, 38] . They have shown that the prevalence of depression and anxiety in medical students when compared to the general population is high [34, 44] . It has also been reported that there is a higher rate of depression among physicians than in the general population, and it is believed that this depression begins from medical school [34, 46] . In addition, medical students perceive themselves more likely to become ill than others [47] . However, as highlighted in these five studies, the provision of an effective peer mentoring scheme may help to address these issues.

Medical students are traditionally known to be high achievers.

If their effort is not in cognisance with outcomes or results, these first-year students experience a drop in self-worth and esteem.

Stress may also arise from social factors like trying to adjust, and they may experience isolation and culture shock of the new school.

Forming new friendships with the breaking of old ones is another common source of stress.

Problems with managing money, and also the combination of part-time work with their studies may also impact them negatively.

Stress management is important because poor coping capabilities may result in later years in fitness to practice issues.

The mental health status of firstyear medical students has an important role in maintaining professionalism.

A number of studies have shown that medical students, when compared with their contemporaries in other courses, experience higher levels of anxiety, distress and burnout.

They have shown that the prevalence of depression and anxiety in medical students when compared to the general population is high.

It has also been reported that there is a higher rate of depression among physicians than in the general population, and it is believed that this depression begins from medical school.

In addition, medical students perceive themselves more likely to become ill than others.