The requirements for testing thermal collectors are however much less stringent. Absorbers typically use a selective emissivity coating having high absorbance, over a wide spectral range, for wavelengths present in sunlight and then low absorbance for wavelengths characteristic of black-body radiation at the absorber temperature. The exact spectral distribution is of little interest. The illumination for a thermal panel simulator can therefore be provided by low-cost quartzhalogen bulbs (Shatat et al., 2013) . Typically these produce a spectrum with a lower colour temperature than sunlight i.e. a larger infra-red component.

The illumination for a thermal panel simulator can therefore be provided by low-cost quartzhalogen bulbs.


Numerous studies show that an increased burn size leads to higher mortality of burned patients [12, 13] . It was also implicated that the extent of burn size might be associated with the development of sepsis. It is now believed that along with the body's hyperinflammatory response designated to eliminate the invading pathogen, mechanisms primarily aimed at controlling this initial response are initiated, but may turn out to be deleterious with immune dysfunctions and even death. A similar state of immune suppression has been described after numerous forms of severe trauma [14] [15] [16] .

Numerous studies show that an increased burn size leads to higher mortality of burned patients.

A similar state of immune suppression has been described after numerous forms of severe trauma.


Technically, the Resource Description Framework (RDF) specification, which has become the recommended standard from World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at 1999, is the most dominant enabler of Semantic Web. RDF is actually the "semantic model" of Web. In the model, any assertions about propositions can be created with simple language [11] . By such simple and formal language, everything on the Web can be treated as individual "resource" with a set of "properties". Concepts about resources can be modeled as the "object-property-value" triple.

In the model, any assertions about propositions can be created with simple language.


In this highly competitive, extremely materialistic and up-to-date know how scenario, smart and optimal utilization of sources of energy has become essential. Exponentially increasing global and regional population, widening of gap between the production and demands of essential commodities, environmental pollution levels, and resulting adverse climatic changes, have become the matters of concern to individuals, engineers, environmentalists, and even politicians in the recent years. To conserve fossil fuel and combat the adverse effects of changing climatic conditions on the environment, clean and renewable sources of energy are being developed and utilized on global, regional, and local scales both onshore and offshore. Still, there are more than 2billion people who have not experienced the delight of grid connected electricity both in developed and developing countries [1] . Due to fast wind power generation technology development, commercial acceptability, robust design, ease of operation and maintenance, and economic compatibility with traditional sources of energy; power of the wind is being utilized globally for both grid connected utility scale and small isolated grid applications. It is very important and critical to conduct wind resources assessment of the site of interest because the energy output is highly dependent on the wind conditions of the geographical location [2] [3] [4] . Wind speed increases with height which means more power at higher hub heights [6] .

Still, there are more than 2billion people who have not experienced the delight of grid connected electricity both in developed and developing countries.

It is very important and critical to conduct wind resources assessment of the site of interest because the energy output is highly dependent on the wind conditions of the geographical location.

Wind speed increases with height which means more power at higher hub heights.


Coke is a crucial ingredient in blast furnace operation, used as a principal source of both fuel and reducing agent in smelting iron ore [1] . However, due to expensive coking costs it is now commonplace for alternative reductants, primarily coal, to be injected in order to limit coke requirements. Prior to injection, coal is ground to either pulverised or granulated specification. Pulverised coal is typically 60% < 75 μm, whilst granulated coal is coarser with top sizes of 1 to 2 mm [2] . Coal enters the blast furnace through injection lances within the tuyères causing the coal to be subjected to initial hot blast temperatures of around 1200°C and heating rates of 10 4 -10 6°C /s [3] [4] [5] .

Coke is a crucial ingredient in blast furnace operation, used as a principal source of both fuel and reducing agent in smelting iron ore.

Pulverised coal is typically 60% < 75 μm, whilst granulated coal is coarser with top sizes of 1 to 2 mm.

Coal enters the blast furnace through injection lances within the tuyères causing the coal to be subjected to initial hot blast temperatures of around 1200°C and heating rates of 10 4 -10 6°C /s.


The potential toxic risk of CPA to humans and animals was initially considered as low because it was less potent compared with other secondary metabolites of toxigenic microfungi (e.g. aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin) (Purchase, 1971) . Consequently, CPA did not attract the attention of the scientific community. Scientific interest in CPA increased five years later: in 1977, it was demonstrated that a prolific and important food and feed contaminant Aspergillus flavus could produce CPA. Gradually, CPA research focused on the co-occurrence of CPA and aflatoxin in the food and feed chain (Dorner et al., 1983 Gallagher et al., 1978; Luk et al., 1977; Morrissey et al., 1987) .

The potential toxic risk of CPA to humans and animals was initially considered as low because it was less potent compared with other secondary metabolites of toxigenic microfungi (e.g. aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin).

Gradually, CPA research focused on the co-occurrence of CPA and aflatoxin in the food and feed chain.


Unfortunately, there are several cases where such PMLs fail and lead to heavy instabilities. This is due to the presence of backward waves, i.e. waves whose phase and group velocities point in "opposite" directions with respect to the interface. In the case of non-dispersive media, a mathematical analysis has been performed and a necessary criterion of stability has been established: classical PMLs are stable only if there is no backward wave [3] . This result is obtained from an analysis of the dispersion relation and strongly relies on its homogeneity related to the absence of dispersion.

In the case of non-dispersive media, a mathematical analysis has been performed and a necessary criterion of stability has been established: classical PMLs are stable only if there is no backward wave.


To overcome these obstacles, this paper reports on the first fully unreleased MEM resonator, comprising a Resonant Body Transistor (RBT) at 39 GHz, bound on all sides by a thick SiO 2 layer (Figure 1 ). This resonator demonstrates the feasibility of direct integration into FEOL CMOS processing, making these devices an attractive Solid-mount Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) resonators have previously been demonstrated, using acoustic Bragg reflectors to isolate vibrations from the substrate underneath [3] . While these devices do not require any release step, they depend on free boundary conditions on 5 of 6 sides to operate. This necessitates special packaging and restricts solid-mount devices to MEMS-last design.

This resonator demonstrates the feasibility of direct integration into FEOL CMOS processing, making these devices an attractive Solid-mount Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) resonators have previously been demonstrated, using acoustic Bragg reflectors to isolate vibrations from the substrate underneath.


The signal increase with sensing gate voltage demonstrates signal amplification due to increasing transconductance g m of the FET, and validates that the signal originates from mechanical resonance. With the increase of V G2 from 3 V to 4.3 V, the resonance frequency shifts by 0.1 GHz and 0.2 GHz for 39 GHz and 41 GHz peaks respectively. The observed frequency shift results from local resistive heating due to increased DC drain current at higher gate voltage, which alters the Young's modulus of silicon. Engineering of the temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) has been demonstrated using composite Si-SiO 2 resonators to reduce temperature sensitivity well below 1 ppm/°C [7] . Similarly, the TCF of this unreleased resonator can be compensated and reduced by adjusting the oxide thickness, making the resonator temperature insensitive. In a technology with limited control over layer thickness, this can be achieved by strategically patterning material around the resonant structure.

Engineering of the temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) has been demonstrated using composite Si-SiO 2 resonators to reduce temperature sensitivity well below 1 ppm/°C.


Density matrix was calculated using a time dependent Schrodinger equation solution. The analytical solution of the Schrodinger equation can solve only a small number of ideal cases and it is difficult to determine all eigenvalues and wave functions for two or more particles due to complex and long-term mathematical needs [18] . To simplify it requires a simple and fast method in calculating the density matrix even for a single particle system that is by numerical method.

The analytical solution of the Schrodinger equation can solve only a small number of ideal cases and it is difficult to determine all eigenvalues and wave functions for two or more particles due to complex and long-term mathematical needs.


Aerosol particles may be emitted directly (primary particles) or form in the atmosphere by homogeneous nucleation (secondary particles). The fresh particles can then grow through condensation of vapours (e.g. sulfuric acid, ammonia and organics) and reach a size where they can have an impact on climate. For aerosol particles to be able to act as CCN in the atmosphere, they must have a diameter larger than 40-120 nm, depending on their hygroscopicity, and the ambient water supersaturation (Dusek et al., 2006) .

For aerosol particles to be able to act as CCN in the atmosphere, they must have a diameter larger than 40-120 nm, depending on their hygroscopicity, and the ambient water supersaturation.


Extensive energy consumption and environmental pollution have stimulated the development of renewable energy sources. Biodiesel, a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oil, is increasingly considered a promising alternative to petrodiesel because of its superior combustion properties, compatibility with diesel engines, and environmental benefits [1] [2] [3] [4] . Therefore, biodiesel is being produced globally to reduce the consumption of petrodiesel.

Biodiesel, a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oil, is increasingly considered a promising alternative to petrodiesel because of its superior combustion properties, compatibility with diesel engines, and environmental benefits.


The common method is acid-catalyzed esterification [16, 17, 21] . Although biodiesel is successfully produced from fatty acids through acid catalysis, this process retains several drawbacks such as equipment corrosion and negative environmental effects [10, 22, 23] . Esterification using lipase as a biocatalyst is considered a promising alternative for biodiesel production, because this method is ecofriendly and proceeds at mild reaction conditions, thus reducing the energy consumption and adverse environmental effects [10, 24, 25] . To improve the stability and reusability of lipase, immobilized lipases have been developed and used for the reaction [10, 14, 24] . However, the rate of the reaction catalyzed by immobilized lipase is relatively low because of the mass transfer limitation between the enzyme and substrate [26, 27] . Moreover, the high cost of immobilized lipase is the main drawback that limits its industrial application [28] .

The common method is acid-catalyzed esterification.

Although biodiesel is successfully produced from fatty acids through acid catalysis, this process retains several drawbacks such as equipment corrosion and negative environmental effects.

Esterification using lipase as a biocatalyst is considered a promising alternative for biodiesel production, because this method is ecofriendly and proceeds at mild reaction conditions, thus reducing the energy consumption and adverse environmental effects.

To improve the stability and reusability of lipase, immobilized lipases have been developed and used for the reaction.

However, the rate of the reaction catalyzed by immobilized lipase is relatively low because of the mass transfer limitation between the enzyme and substrate.

Moreover, the high cost of immobilized lipase is the main drawback that limits its industrial application.


Considering previous works and current TSO requirements, this paper describes a generic Type 3 wind turbine model developed in MATLAB/Simulink based on the IEC 61400-27-1 standard. The parameters of the model have been estimated to provide a dynamic response under voltage dips. Additionally, the results have been compared to those of other studies and simulations by manufacturers [21] [22] [23] . Extensive simulations have been conducted, modifying the parameters and discussing their effects on the wind turbine response in terms of active power and rotational speed. The contributions of the current paper focus on: (i) providing public parameter values and simulation results of a generic Type 3 wind turbine model; (ii) analyzing the influence of the parameter variations on the dynamic wind turbine response under voltage dips and describing the process of model tuning; (iii) contributing to the development of Edition 2 of IEC 61400-27-1.

Additionally, the results have been compared to those of other studies and simulations by manufacturers.


Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common preventable cause of death in adults affecting as high as 0.1% persons per year worldwide. Reported rate of DVT among African pregnant women was 48 cases per 100 000 births per year [5] . This incidence even rises in the postpartum period [6] . Furthermore, 41-95% of the emboli causing pulmonary embolism are derived from DVT [7] .

Reported rate of DVT among African pregnant women was 48 cases per 100 000 births per year.

This incidence even rises in the postpartum period.

Furthermore, 41-95% of the emboli causing pulmonary embolism are derived from DVT.


Critics of e-learning question the effectiveness of such a program, which depends heavily not only on the competence of the learner, but also on his or her motivation to set learning goals and realize the steps to achieve them [42] . While motivation did not seem to be a hindrance within the boundaries of our study, further studies need to be carried out to compare actual (as opposed to self-estimated) performance on the practical portion of the training. A possible way to achieve this would be to merge the current study with the THOLUUSE study as a blended learning concept: offering the theoretical portion as e-learning and comparing the results of the subsequent practical training with that of THOLUUSE and as a future expanded concept adding further trainee-centred tools such as work books, quizzes, training in scenarios, and postcourse trainer/trainee interaction.

Critics of e-learning question the effectiveness of such a program, which depends heavily not only on the competence of the learner, but also on his or her motivation to set learning goals and realize the steps to achieve them.


Agglomeration economies are widely believed to be beneficial for a person's development and productivity. This is, however, arguably only true to a certain point, when agglomeration diseconomies come into play and outweigh any arising benefits. These are the forces which enable cities to grow but keep them from becoming too large. While it is one of the core concepts within economics, surprisingly little is known about the efficient agglomeration size. There is also only limited empirical evidence on the magnitude of agglomeration economies and diseconomies (Cingano and Schivardi 2004) .

There is also only limited empirical evidence on the magnitude of agglomeration economies and diseconomies.


By building on the case of classical music, this paper makes a useful contribution to this literature. It provides an investigation of the causal effect on productivity of being located in cities of various composer population sizes. The data used covers 116 prominent classical composers -a homogeneous group of creative individuals -born between 1750 and 1899. There are several reasons for the selection of this specific sample. First, in the period analysed classical composers were independent artists with a remarkable entrepreneurial drive (Scherer 2001) .

First, in the period analysed classical composers were independent artists with a remarkable entrepreneurial drive.


At the start of this study, the chronically malnourished infants had lower seroprevalence against all three poliovirus serotypes than normally nourished infants despite having similar OPV vaccination history and age. The malnourished infants responded equally well to bOPV + IPV and to bOPV as the normal infants. Furthermore, a single dose of bOPV + IPV closed most of the remaining immunity gap against type 2 in both groups. In addition, the malnourished children reported more episodes of diarrhea occurring in the week prior to the enrollment. In Pakistan, chronic malnutrition is most likely a result of poor diet as well as poor environmental sanitation and hygiene leading to repeated episodes of intestinal infections and diarrhea [13, 22, 23] . Repeated episodes of intestinal infections and diarrhea lead to malnutrition and also contribute to lower OPV immunogenicity [10] .

In Pakistan, chronic malnutrition is most likely a result of poor diet as well as poor environmental sanitation and hygiene leading to repeated episodes of intestinal infections and diarrhea.

Repeated episodes of intestinal infections and diarrhea lead to malnutrition and also contribute to lower OPV immunogenicity.


Primary malignant mesenchymal tumors, also known as soft tissue sarcomas, rarely arise in the lungs. The estimated relative incidence of primary lung sarcoma to lung cancer is 0.4% [1] . Due to the limited number of cases, there are only few series describing the management of these tumors [1] [2] [3] [4] . Furthermore, descriptions of patients with 'primary pulmonary sarcomas', especially prior to 1975, are confusing. Many reports included lymphoproliferative disorders or carcinosarcomas in their cohorts. In this retrospective study, we review the experience accumulated while surgically treating patients with primary pulmonary sarcoma.

The estimated relative incidence of primary lung sarcoma to lung cancer is 0.4%.

Due to the limited number of cases, there are only few series describing the management of these tumors.


There have been comparatively fewer studies aimed at facilitating collaborative learning in the new environment of mobile cloud-based learning and there has been little research aimed at finding ways to enhance learners' teamwork performance in virtual teams. This paper is oriented towards, but not limited to, the delivery of university level online courses. The contribution of our research, is a service-oriented system, 'Teamwork as a Service' (TaaS). TaaS is designed to work in conjunction with current cloud-hosting LMSs. It follows the Kolb team learning experience (KTLE), which is an educational approach, to orchestrate a learning flow in order to refine the process of team learning sequentially [9] . During the execution of the learning flow, a computational optimization process is realized by a genetic algorithm (GA) in order to form appropriate teams and stimulate better teamwork performance.

It follows the Kolb team learning experience (KTLE), which is an educational approach, to orchestrate a learning flow in order to refine the process of team learning sequentially.


This study was a first-in-human, multi-center, randomized, open label, dose escalation, 2-panel phase I study investigating the safety, tolerability and spectrum of side effects associated with the AK-A inhibitor, MK-5108, administered as MT and CT with IV 60 mg/m 2 docetaxel in patients with advanced and/or refractory solid tumors. In prior preclinical and clinical studies involving AKIs, single agent AKI therapy induced apoptosis in a dose-and time-dependent manner and also potentiated antitumor activity when combined with taxanes by promoting cell death by apoptosis [7, [13] [14] [15] . In preclinical studies, MK-5108 robustly potentiated apoptosis when used in combination with docetaxel in HeLaS3 cells and also enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy of docetaxel in both HeLa-luc (human cervical adenocarcinoma) and docetaxel-resistant ES-2 (human ovarian carcinoma) xenograft rat tumors without increasing docetaxel-induced hematopoietic toxicity [9] . Hence this phase I study was designed to determine the MTDs and DLTs of MK-5108 MT and CT with docetaxel in human patients with advanced and/or refractory solid tumors.

In prior preclinical and clinical studies involving AKIs, single agent AKI therapy induced apoptosis in a dose-and time-dependent manner and also potentiated antitumor activity when combined with taxanes by promoting cell death by apoptosis.

In preclinical studies, MK-5108 robustly potentiated apoptosis when used in combination with docetaxel in HeLaS3 cells and also enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy of docetaxel in both HeLa-luc (human cervical adenocarcinoma) and docetaxel-resistant ES-2 (human ovarian carcinoma) xenograft rat tumors without increasing docetaxel-induced hematopoietic toxicity.


The observable macroscopic mechanical behavior of SMAs can be separated into two categories: the shape memory effect and pseudoelastic (superelastic) effect. In the shape memory effect, an SMA material exhibits a large residual strain after the loading and unloading. This strain can be fully recovered upon heating the material. In the pseudoelastic effect, the SMA material achieves a very large stain upon loading that is fully recovered in a hysteresis loop upon unloading [1] . SMAs show different mechanical behaviors at different temperatures. Some of the SMA stress-strain behaviors are illustrated in figure 1.

In the pseudoelastic effect, the SMA material achieves a very large stain upon loading that is fully recovered in a hysteresis loop upon unloading.


In order for the 3D approximation derived from plate theory to be valid everywhere, it should be completed by adding an approximation of the edge effects. A key issue is that the problem deduced from the plate theory residual at the edges must lead to a localized problem [31, 33, 1] . Otherwise, even using what one calls refined theories, the plate's interior solution would be meaningless for the orders of magnitude considered. This may be one of the reasons why the Reissner-Mindlin theory is the dominant approach today, even for composite structures. Another reason is, of course, that because it involves only first-order derivatives it is much easier to build finite elements based on this theory than, for example, on Kirchhoff-Love's. However, the Reissner-Mindlin theory includes an artificial edge effect which, if not handled properly, could pollute the recovery of the 3D solution near the edges [44] .

A key issue is that the problem deduced from the plate theory residual at the edges must lead to a localized problem.

However, the Reissner-Mindlin theory includes an artificial edge effect which, if not handled properly, could pollute the recovery of the 3D solution near the edges.


This paper deals with nonintrusive techniques for the simulation of structures assembled from large flat composite panels. In many such structures, one dimension is much smaller than the other two, so they can be modeled as plates. However, plate theories alone cannot take into account the 3D stress concentration states which occur near edges, geometric discontinuities or zones subjected to concentrated loads. These phenomena are important in the case of laminated composites because they are often responsible for the initiation and propagation of damage, e.g. in the case of delamination [20] . Therefore, a natural approach to dealing with large composite structures is to attempt, whenever necessary, to couple plate or shell models with 3D models [18] .

These phenomena are important in the case of laminated composites because they are often responsible for the initiation and propagation of damage, e.g. in the case of delamination.

Therefore, a natural approach to dealing with large composite structures is to attempt, whenever necessary, to couple plate or shell models with 3D models.


The findings of this study show for the first time the presence of fibrocytes in both DD tissue and blood. Nodular tissue from DD biopsies contained a significantly higher number of fibrocytes compared to cord and dermis. Moreover, the nodule derived fibrocytes were more resistant to SAP and Xiapex (CCH) compared to other tissue types. Fibrocytes have been shown to play an important role in wound healing and tissue regeneration. On the other hand, their malfunction and/or increased proliferation can lead to development of tissue fibrosis [35] [36] [37] . Dupuytren's disease provides a useful fibrotic model for identification and evaluation of the role of fibrocytes in progression of tissue fibrosis [38, 39] . Since serum can inhibit fibrocyte proliferation, due to the presence of SAP, we chose to grow cells obtained from blood and tissue in serum free media [23, 40] . Without SAP treatment, cells obtained from both DD and CT blood showed no significant difference in their fibrocyte differentiation (Figure, 4A ). However, serum has been shown to inhibit fibrocyte differentiation, of which SAP is the main inhibitory component [20, 23] . Thus, we chose to assess SAP concentration in both DD and CT patient's blood. Our analysis showed that there is no significant difference in SAP concentration between DD and CT blood (Figure 3) . Interestingly, 0.05 mg/ml treated SAP cultures, although not significant, compared to absence of SAP showed a noticeable growth. This effect has already been reported earlier where low SAP or low serum concentrations had shown to promote fibrocyte differentiation [41] .

On the other hand, their malfunction and/or increased proliferation can lead to development of tissue fibrosis.

Dupuytren's disease provides a useful fibrotic model for identification and evaluation of the role of fibrocytes in progression of tissue fibrosis.

Since serum can inhibit fibrocyte proliferation, due to the presence of SAP, we chose to grow cells obtained from blood and tissue in serum free media.

However, serum has been shown to inhibit fibrocyte differentiation, of which SAP is the main inhibitory component.

This effect has already been reported earlier where low SAP or low serum concentrations had shown to promote fibrocyte differentiation.


The quality of sanitary latrines improved from baseline to end line, but not all the sanitary latrines were being used hygienically. Improvement in hygienic use of latrines was found in the WASH intervention areas where households were strongly motivated by training and door-to-door visits by village WASH committees [25] . Increasing in the number of latrines alone cannot lead to improved public health if those latrines are not maintained and used hygienically [13] . Therefore, emphasis was placed on changing the households' behavior, such that quality of sanitary latrines improved.

Improvement in hygienic use of latrines was found in the WASH intervention areas where households were strongly motivated by training and door-to-door visits by village WASH committees.

Increasing in the number of latrines alone cannot lead to improved public health if those latrines are not maintained and used hygienically.


Compound 3, yellow powder, showed the molecular ion peak [M-H]at m/z 447 in the negative FAB/MS. The IR spectrum (KBr) showed absorbance bands consistent with a hydroxyl group (3432 cm −1 ), conjugated ketones (1660 cm −1 ), and double bonds (1445 cm −1 ). Thus, Compound 3 was assumed to be a monoglycoside of quercetin (1) based on spectroscopic data such as MS, 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR. Proton signals for one anomeric proton (δ H 5.32, d, J=1.2 Hz, H-1''), four oxygenated methines (δ H 3. 33~4.21, 4H, overlapped, H-2'', 3'', 4'', 5'') , and one methyl proton (δ H 0.92, 3H, d, J=6.0 Hz, H-6'') were also observed. The chemical shifts of glycosidic carbon signals [δ C 73.1 (C-4''), 72.0 (C-5''), 71.9 (C-3''), 71.8 (C-2''), 17.7 (C-6'')] and the coupling constant of the anomer proton (J=1.2 Hz) suggested the presence of an α-rhamnopyranosyl moiety. The connection between the anomer proton signal (H-1'', δ H 5.32) of the rhamnopyranosyl unit and the oxygenated olefin quaternary carbon signal (C-3, δ C 136.0) of the aglycone was verified by the cross-peak observed in the gHMBC spectrum. Therefore, compound 3 was identified as quercetin-3-O-α-Lrhamnopyranoside, quercitrin (Seo et al., 1978) .

Therefore, compound 3 was identified as quercetin-3-O-α-Lrhamnopyranoside, quercitrin.


Compound 1 was obtained as yellow powder and produced a molecular ion peak [M-H] − at m/z 301 in negative FAB/MS, thus, molecular weight of 1 was determined to be 302. The IR spectrum (KBr) showed absorbance bands consistent with hydroxyl groups (3446 cm −1 ), conjugated ketones (1666 cm −1 ), and double bonds (1518 cm −1 ). In the 1 H-NMR spectrum, three olefin methine proton signals [(δ H 7.78, d, J=2.0 Hz, H-2'), (δ H 7.67, dd, J=2.0, 8.8 Hz, H-6'), (δ H 6.92, d, J=8.8 Hz, H-5')] of a 1,2,4-trisubstitution benzene ring and two aromatic methine proton signals [(δ H 6.42, d, J=2.4 Hz, H-8), (δ H 6.22, d, J=2.4 Hz, H-6)] of a typical metacoupled pattern due to a 1,2,3,5-tetrasubstitution benzene ring were observed. Accordingly, compound 1 was assumed to be quercetin, a well-known flavonol. A multiplicity of fifteen carbon signals observed in the 13 C-NMR spectrum was determined through distortionless enhancement of polarization transfer (DEPT) experiments. The carbon signals in the low magnetic field region indicated the presence of conjugated ketone (δ C 174.6, C-4), seven oxygenated olefin quaternary carbons [δ C 165.4 (C-7), 162.3 (C-5), 158.1 (C-2), 158.0 (C-9), 148.9 (C-4'), 146.1 (C-3'), 137.1 (C-3)], two olefin quaternary carbons [δ C 124.0 (C-1'), 104.4 (C-10)], and five olefin methines [δ C 121.5 (C-6'), 116.1 (C-2'), 115.8 (C-5'), 99.1 (C-6), 94.3 (C-8)]. Compound 1 was identified as quercetin by comparison with published spectroscopic data (Li et al., 2009) .

Compound 1 was identified as quercetin by comparison with published spectroscopic data.


Endogenous metabolic processes in the human body might produce highly reactive free radicals, especially reactive oxygen species (ROS) capable of oxidizing biomolecules, including lipids, DNA, carbohydrates and proteins, resulting in cell death and tissue damage (Dubost et al., 2007) . On a cellular basis, damage provoked by these free radical formations was usually protected by oxidative enzymes as well as compounds such as ascorbic acid, tocopherols and phenolics. When the mechanism of antioxidant system becomes unbalanced by factors such as deterioration of physiological functions, this leads to diseases and accelerated aging. For that reason, the regular intake of natural antioxidants contribute to the protection against cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other aging-related diseases by reducing oxidative stress (Kris-Etherton et al. 2002) .

Endogenous metabolic processes in the human body might produce highly reactive free radicals, especially reactive oxygen species (ROS) capable of oxidizing biomolecules, including lipids, DNA, carbohydrates and proteins, resulting in cell death and tissue damage.

For that reason, the regular intake of natural antioxidants contribute to the protection against cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other aging-related diseases by reducing oxidative stress.


The design of screw conveyors requires a detailed consideration of the geometry of the screw and the properties of the bulk material; and the estimate of the performance is based on an empirical equation from the database of practical machines, and depended on a factor determined by a wide range of material characteristics [8] . While experimental data combined with dynamic similarity have provided a basis for practical conveyor design, the design procedure is somewhat limiting in view of the difficulty of examining the influence on performance of variations of screw geometry. It is only in more recent years that a numerical model named Discrete Element Method to predict the performance of screw conveying equipment has started to emerge [9, 10] .

The design of screw conveyors requires a detailed consideration of the geometry of the screw and the properties of the bulk material; and the estimate of the performance is based on an empirical equation from the database of practical machines, and depended on a factor determined by a wide range of material characteristics.

It is only in more recent years that a numerical model named Discrete Element Method to predict the performance of screw conveying equipment has started to emerge.


Screw conveyors are very effective conveying devices for dry particulate solids, giving good control over the throughput with the advantages of compact design, low maintenance, and the ability to transport materials continuously and safely [2] . They are composed of five major components: (1) a rotating screw (helical flight screw), (2) a driving shaft connected to a driving device, (3) a stationary screw casing (tubular, open or covered trough), (4) a hopper or bin, and (5) a discharge outlet. Bulk transport of solids within screw conveyors is based on the Archimedean principle of screw conveying, relying on the friction between materials and the rotating screw or the casing.

Screw conveyors are very effective conveying devices for dry particulate solids, giving good control over the throughput with the advantages of compact design, low maintenance, and the ability to transport materials continuously and safely.


We conducted eight sessions with a total of 192 subjects in the AIX laboratory for empirical economic studies at RWTH Aachen University. The participants consisted of 119 males and 73 females with an average age of 25 years in the range of 18 to 62 years. Sessions were conducted in September and October 2013 and were 9 computerized using the software z-tree (Fischbacher, 2007) . On average, a session lasted approximately one hour with an average payment of 12 Euro (16US$ at the time of the experiment), including a show up fee of 4 Euro. We used ECU as the currency for the experiment with an exchange rate of 75 ECU = 0.1 Euro. A translation of the originally German instructions is provided in Appendix 2. Participants played two different roles and were informed that both parts are paid out which we did in order to avoid potentially negative (or very low) amounts for those who are innocently punished. Since we gave no feedback between the two rounds and because judges receive a fixed income anyway, there are no concerns about income effects.

Sessions were conducted in September and October 2013 and were 9 computerized using the software z-tree.


Many techniques have been applied to identify damage in civil structures. Visual inspections have always been the most common approaches used in detecting damage on a structure (Abdul and Choi, 2001) . These methods are time consuming and cannot indicate that a structure is fault-free without testing the entire structure in detail. Furthermore, if damage is buried deep within the structure it may not be visible or detectable by these localized techniques.

Visual inspections have always been the most common approaches used in detecting damage on a structure.


Given the fact that people are not born as tolerant or intolerant and that both behavioural patterns need to be learned, people can quickly learn both and they are both necessary and useful. Perhaps in order to learn how to be tolerant not only certain general predispositions or learning environment are necessary, but also some prerequisites have to be fulfilled. One of such prerequisites is for instance empathy. It seems likely that a person who understands another person, despite of his background or race, can learn more easily to be tolerant than a person who considers other races as inferior, less sensitive or in any way different than he is [3] .

It seems likely that a person who understands another person, despite of his background or race, can learn more easily to be tolerant than a person who considers other races as inferior, less sensitive or in any way different than he is.


In this paper, we present an X-band GaN high-power amplifier MMIC whose efficiency and bandwidth performance are improved by third harmonic impedance tuning and lossy matching. The design specifications of the power amplifier MMIC are a linear gain of 20 dB or more, a saturated output power of 43 dBm or more, and a PAE of 35% at 9 to 10 GHz. The MMIC is fabricated using the 0.25 µm GaN HEMT foundry process of WIN semiconductors [13] .

The MMIC is fabricated using the 0.25 µm GaN HEMT foundry process of WIN semiconductors.


The second high temperature step of the typical mc-Si solar cell fabrication chain is the Phosphorus Diffusion Gettering (PDG) at about 800-900 ºC for several minutes. This step has been widely investigated and it has been highlighted that the gettering efficiency depends strongly on the as-grown iron concentration and distribution [6] [7] [8] . Some defect engineering tools have been developed recently based on this understanding to enhance the purification effect, such as the so-called extended gettering [9] [10] [11] . The phosphorus gettering efficiency using different temperature profiles has been successfully proved in solar-grade materials [12] .

This step has been widely investigated and it has been highlighted that the gettering efficiency depends strongly on the as-grown iron concentration and distribution.

Some defect engineering tools have been developed recently based on this understanding to enhance the purification effect, such as the so-called extended gettering.

The phosphorus gettering efficiency using different temperature profiles has been successfully proved in solar-grade materials.


There are several potential explanations for the observed association between self-reported dyspnea and non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes in participants without previously diagnosed disease. Although we had focused on participants without prevalent cardiopulmonary diseases, we cannot exclude the possibility of dyspnea being an expression of undiagnosed cardiovascular disease, even though the time lag between self-reported dyspnea and events (median of 11 to 13.8 years) may argue against it. Dyspnea may also be a surrogate marker of physical deconditioning due to low physical activity levels, which has been independently associated with cardiovascular outcomes [21] . Despite the adjustments for physical activity levels measured 2 years before dyspnea assessment, we cannot rule-out physical activity as a residual confounder or, alternatively, a mechanism through which dyspnea increase the risk of cardiovascular events. Finally, dyspnea may signal greater overall frailty, characterized by excess vulnerability to environmental stressors and reduced ability to maintain homeostasis after a destabilizing event [22] .

Dyspnea may also be a surrogate marker of physical deconditioning due to low physical activity levels, which has been independently associated with cardiovascular outcomes.

Finally, dyspnea may signal greater overall frailty, characterized by excess vulnerability to environmental stressors and reduced ability to maintain homeostasis after a destabilizing event.


Despite the suitability of attitudinal gender preference measures for cross-national examination, survey questions on women's ideal gender composition have been underutilized in cross-national studies. The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), which collects data on population and health measures from more than 75 lessdeveloped countries, have incorporated questions about gender preference attitudes in most surveys. Today, the DHS provides the largest and most recent data for crossnational comparisons of attitudinal measures of child gender preference. However, it appears that no scholars have explored these attitudinal variables from the DHS for comparative purposes since the publication of Arnold's 1997 report, which presents gender preference statistics from 17 DHS in 15 countries (Arnold 1997) . Since this attitudinal variable of interest has been added to most recent DHS, data on a much greater number of countries from various regions of the world are now available. Thus, the DHS is an excellent source for up-to-date cross-national comparisons.

However, it appears that no scholars have explored these attitudinal variables from the DHS for comparative purposes since the publication of Arnold's 1997 report, which presents gender preference statistics from 17 DHS in 15 countries.


Where ε = ω − ω 0 γ/2 ; γ and ω 0 being FWHM, and observed wavenumber of Fano transition respectively (reflected as peak position in Raman-Fano line-shape). Here the quantity q is known as Fano asymmetry parameter which measures the extent of Fano interference. A low value of |q| means strong Fano interaction and is inversely proportional to free charge carriers in the semiconductors [26] . In addition to asymmetry, a minimum in the line shape is also observed which is known as anti resonance and is a characteristic of the presence of Fano interaction in the system.

A low value of |q| means strong Fano interaction and is inversely proportional to free charge carriers in the semiconductors.


Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can be defined as tools that help in processing, communication and spread of information and knowledge through electronic devices. ICT tools offer opportunity for rapid and cost effective dissemination of fishery information and knowledge to remote locations and diverse population (Kapange, 2010) . ICT has given essential mechanism for disseminating knowledge and information as an input for modern fish farming (Jones & Garforth, 1997) .

ICT tools offer opportunity for rapid and cost effective dissemination of fishery information and knowledge to remote locations and diverse population.

ICT has given essential mechanism for disseminating knowledge and information as an input for modern fish farming.


The PLSPQ is in the form of the five point Likert scale, which is adapted from the original seven point Likert scale format of Gardner's attitude and motivation test ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. There are 30 questions with statements for each of the six learning style preferences: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile, group learning, and individual learning. The questions are all random (Reid, 1998) .

The questions are all random.


The electron-positron scattering process e + + e − → e + + e − is called Bhabha scattering, after Homi J. Bhabha, who calculated the differential cross-section to lowest order in 1935, [4] . This calculcation can be found in almost any textbook on quantum field theory and is now routinely relegated to the exercise sheets of the courses on the subject. At lowest order, there are two Feynman diagrams contributing to the amplitude of this process, called the scattering and the annihilation diagram.

The electron-positron scattering process e + + e − → e + + e − is called Bhabha scattering, after Homi J. Bhabha, who calculated the differential cross-section to lowest order in 1935.


Moreover, in some applications, such as interference from or to points off to one side or below the main lobe, the reduction in beam width is a more important consideration than the gain increase. In these applications, stacked Yagi antennas may be used to decrease the beamwidth [4, 9, 11] . However, unwanted large lobes may appear on each side of the main lobe with very low f/b ratio. These drawbacks can be overcome by the proposed antenna where beamwidth is reduced while maintaining a high f/b ratio with very low sidelobes level. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 contains the principle of the proposed antenna configuration. Measurement and simulation results are illustrated in Section 3. Also in this section, the proposed Yagi antenna is applied over a frequency range from 2.3 GHz to 2.5 GHz to account for its potential use in WLAN applications. Finally, conclusions are given in Section 4.

In these applications, stacked Yagi antennas may be used to decrease the beamwidth.

This paper is organized as follows.


The use of low-fat foods has been reported to be easily adopted and highly acceptable, and to be one of the most effective approaches to reduce fat intake (Keenan et al. 1996) . The present study confirmed for the first time using an RCT that in this British population the substitution model was most effective. A combination of strategies has also been considered likely to offer the best chance of successfully reducing levels of fat in the diet. However, in the present study this was not the case. Perhaps, this model may have proved difficult to comply with due to the greater complexity of the messages regarding dietary change. The absence of a significant difference between the change in percentage body fat for the substitution intervention v. the control group is in our view a type 2 error related to sample size. The control group subjects were not given any specific advice about alteration in diet or activity levels. There was no change in intake of total fat or saturated fat in the control group during the study (data not shown).

The use of low-fat foods has been reported to be easily adopted and highly acceptable, and to be one of the most effective approaches to reduce fat intake.


From the viewpoint of the mathematical formulation, the NDTP represents a Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) optimization problem. The NDTP can be highly combinatorial and non-convex optimization problem. The optimum solution of a complex and non-convex MINLP problem with a high number of discrete decisions is in general very difficult to obtain. Although the MINLP methods are expected to solve the NDTP to optimality, it is of little use if the optimum solutions are not available in time when decisions should be made. Therefore, a MINLP method which provides a good result within reasonable solution time, can be more useful in some cases (Lastusilta 2011) . In this way, the selection of a suitable MINLP method, by which a specific NDTP can be appropriately solved, is frequently a critical issue in obtaining valuable results.

Therefore, a MINLP method which provides a good result within reasonable solution time, can be more useful in some cases.


Step 3 fails (i.e. if S : q0 ∈ Γ does not hold), we should be able to use the computed type environment Γ in Step 1 for effectively deciding which open node should be expanded (to get more type information). Future work also includes the optimization discussed in Section 5, and an extension of our algorithm to deal with the full modal μ-calculus (or equivalently, alternating parity tree automata), based on Kobayashi and Ong's type system [20] . Actually, it is not difficult to adapt our algorithm to deal with the full modal μ-calculus in a naive manner, but the resulting algorithm is probably too slow: finding an efficient model-checking algorithm for the full modal μ-calculus remains a challenge.

Future work also includes the optimization discussed in Section 5, and an extension of our algorithm to deal with the full modal μ-calculus (or equivalently, alternating parity tree automata), based on Kobayashi and Ong's type system.


The power uncertainty exhibited by many Renewable Energy Sources (RES) as PV and wind represents a huge challenge for the stability, security, and reliability of integrated electricity systems [1] . PV power fluctuations depend on two factors: the first one is deterministic due to Earth's revolution around the Sun, while the second is stochastic and depends on atmospheric conditions as cloud cover, dust, pollution, or local shadows on PV modules [2] . In this frame, forecasting power production from RES can greatly help the management and the operation of modern energy systems as, for example, microgrids.

The power uncertainty exhibited by many Renewable Energy Sources (RES) as PV and wind represents a huge challenge for the stability, security, and reliability of integrated electricity systems.

PV power fluctuations depend on two factors: the first one is deterministic due to Earth's revolution around the Sun, while the second is stochastic and depends on atmospheric conditions as cloud cover, dust, pollution, or local shadows on PV modules.


Unique characteristics of laser radiation make it useful for material processing and characterization (Tirumala et al., 2005) . Laser techniques have been already used on concrete surfaces for several tasks. CO 2 laser can remove contaminated surface layers of concrete and modify the surface appearance as well as surface properties of cement-based materials. Laser treatments produce novel surfaces with textures, properties and appearance unique to treated materials (Lawrence et al., 2000) . Eff ects of laser radiation on the structure of cement paste or concrete have been reported a litt le. Using commercially batched ready-mix concrete, a linear relationship was established for compressive strengths at 28 days (wet-cured) and 6 h (microwavecured). The relationship is important because the impact of concrete mix adjustments is quickly appreciated, reducing the frequency and fi nancial severity of rework or litigation (Tumidajski et al., 2003) .

Unique characteristics of laser radiation make it useful for material processing and characterization.

Laser treatments produce novel surfaces with textures, properties and appearance unique to treated materials.

The relationship is important because the impact of concrete mix adjustments is quickly appreciated, reducing the frequency and fi nancial severity of rework or litigation.


Around 100°C the physiabsorbed moisture begins to evaporate and elasticity reduces by about 10-20%, but compressive strength remains unchanged. For temperatures above 300°C, the hydration water of silicates is released causing a contraction of cement paste but solid aggregates expand. Compressive strength decreases slowly between 450°C and 500°C, whereas at temperatures higher than 500°C it falls rapidly. Around 600°C, the crystals in the aggregate undergo a α-β-SiO 4 conversion increasing their specifi c volume. Calcium hydroxide begins to dehydrate deteriorating the concrete structure. As temperature approaches 900°C, calcium carbonate decomposes losing all free or bound water and the compressive strength falls to zero (Wei et al., 2000) .

As temperature approaches 900°C, calcium carbonate decomposes losing all free or bound water and the compressive strength falls to zero.


The commercial enzymes used for lactose hydrolysis are ␤-galactosidases of diverse origins [5, 6, 10] . Yeast and fungal enzymes have the greatest commercial interest. Many studies have been made with ␤-galactosidases obtained from Escherichia coli, although their use is not viable for products intended for human consumption [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .

The commercial enzymes used for lactose hydrolysis are ␤-galactosidases of diverse origins.

Many studies have been made with ␤-galactosidases obtained from Escherichia coli, although their use is not viable for products intended for human consumption.


The main methods for waste disposal in the 27 countries of the European Union (EU-27) are landfilling (about 48%) and recovery (about 47%). The data vary greatly from country to country, from Bulgaria, where 99% of the waste is dumped, to the Netherlands, where 83% is recovered. Denmark (23%), Belgium (15%), Finland (13%) and Sweden (10%) are above the European average in terms of energy recovery [1] .

Denmark (23%), Belgium (15%), Finland (13%) and Sweden (10%) are above the European average in terms of energy recovery.


In comparison to the traditional fossil and nuclear energy sources, solar energy is freely available, can be easily harnessed and is environmentally free. However, unlike the traditional energy sources, it is highly variable as it depends on the solar irradiance, cloud cover and other meteorological factors. This creates challenges for its mass integration in the electricity grid. The European Photovoltaic Industry Association has identified forecasting as one of the key factors enabling large-scale integration of solar power in the electricity grid [4] . Accurate forecasting ensures reliable supply, reduces the costs by allowing more efficient and secure management of electricity grids and also supports solar energy trading at electricity markets [4] .

The European Photovoltaic Industry Association has identified forecasting as one of the key factors enabling large-scale integration of solar power in the electricity grid.

Accurate forecasting ensures reliable supply, reduces the costs by allowing more efficient and secure management of electricity grids and also supports solar energy trading at electricity markets.


Jackfruit seeds are a good source of starch (22%) and dietary fiber (3.19%). Additionally, jackfruit seed contains lignans, isoflavones and saponins, which are all phytonutrients that have health benefits that are wide-ranging from anticancer to antihypertensive, antiaging, antioxidant and antiulcer (Omale & Friday, 2010) . Protein is another component that is present in jackfruit seeds with a composition that is 17.8-37% depending on the variety of jackfruit (Swami et al., 2012) .

Additionally, jackfruit seed contains lignans, isoflavones and saponins, which are all phytonutrients that have health benefits that are wide-ranging from anticancer to antihypertensive, antiaging, antioxidant and antiulcer.

Protein is another component that is present in jackfruit seeds with a composition that is 17.8-37% depending on the variety of jackfruit.


Jackfruit is composed of several berries having yellow pulp and brown seeds encased in a hard shell. Such fruits are oblong-cylindric in shape and typically 30-40 cm in length but can sometimes be up to 90 cm long. The fruit usually weighs 3.5-10 kg, although a weight of 25 kg has been reported. The residues after processing of jackfruit can constitute up to 70% of the total weight of the fruit. A portion of such residues is the seeds, which may constitute from 8% to 15% of the total weight of the fruit (Swami, Thakor, Haldankar, & Kalse, 2012) .

A portion of such residues is the seeds, which may constitute from 8% to 15% of the total weight of the fruit.


Besides these decision makers, also policy makers have to consider the impacts of policies and actions promoting the renovation of the existing building stock in several areas of the policy action such as health, employment, energy security or climate change [4] , [5] . Figure 1 illustrates the multiple benefits and co-benefits resulting from the intervention in existing buildings with measures to improve the energy performance and reduce carbon emissions. Figure 1 Direct benefits and co-benefits from cost effective energy and carbon emissions related building renovation Considering the described background and because existing standards do not take into account these co-benefits, the methodology developed within IEA EBC Annex 56 project in search for guidance for cost-effective energy and carbon emissions related building renovation of residential buildings towards nZEB, highlights the co-benefits resulting from a building renovation process and offers guidance on how to consider them in the decision making process [6] .

Besides these decision makers, also policy makers have to consider the impacts of policies and actions promoting the renovation of the existing building stock in several areas of the policy action such as health, employment, energy security or climate change.

Figure 1 Direct benefits and co-benefits from cost effective energy and carbon emissions related building renovation Considering the described background and because existing standards do not take into account these co-benefits, the methodology developed within IEA EBC Annex 56 project in search for guidance for cost-effective energy and carbon emissions related building renovation of residential buildings towards nZEB, highlights the co-benefits resulting from a building renovation process and offers guidance on how to consider them in the decision making process.


An advantage of rigid syntomic cohomology is that it is purely p-adically analytic. Thus it is useful for computations of p-adic regulators, and should relate directly with p-adic L-functions. Indeed, there are several results concerning the p-adic Beilinson conjecture which use rigid syntomic cohomology [2, 5, 7, 29] .

Indeed, there are several results concerning the p-adic Beilinson conjecture which use rigid syntomic cohomology.


Tailoring the physicochemical properties of adsorbents for water treatment and purification is relevant from an economical and technical point of view (Dastgheib et al., 2004) . Process efficacy and operational costs of the adsorption process highly depend on the characteristics of the adsorbent, especially its porous structure, and surface chemistry. The synthesis conditions have a significant impact on the physicochemical properties of the adsorbent and a key issue is to identify the best route for the desired application. However, this is not an easy task because several variables are involved in the synthesis (Rivera-Utrilla et al., 2011) . To date, several routes have been reported for the preparation of tailored adsorbents for the removal of both inorganic and organic pollutants, but these studies have mainly focused on activated carbons obtained from lignocellullosic precursors (Bhatnagar et al., 2013; Hokkanen et al., 2016; Rivera-Utrilla et al., 2011) . The assessment of alternative materials obtained from other sources and the analysis of their surface characteristics seem mandatory to identify promising adsorbents.

Tailoring the physicochemical properties of adsorbents for water treatment and purification is relevant from an economical and technical point of view.

However, this is not an easy task because several variables are involved in the synthesis.

To date, several routes have been reported for the preparation of tailored adsorbents for the removal of both inorganic and organic pollutants, but these studies have mainly focused on activated carbons obtained from lignocellullosic precursors.


The result of the numerical propagation in terms of density in the phase space is shown in Figure 11a : the domain is divided into cells with width equal to 25 km in semi-major axis and 0.005 in eccentricity; the plot shows the number of fragments N F in each cell. The plot on the left refers to the moment of band formation and it is easy to recognise the v-shaped distribution of eccentricity with semi-major axis, which is an alternative representation of the well known Gabbard diagram (Portree and Loftus, 1999) . The v-shaped curve is centred on the altitude of the parent orbit: the leg on the left represents the fragments whose orbits have the fragmentation location as apogee, the leg on the right those with the fragmentation location as perigee. The plot on the right refers instead to the cloud density at 1000 days after the band formation: the number of fragments is reduced and the fragments with low semi-major axis are on circular orbits, therefore one leg of the v-shaped distribution disappears.

The plot on the left refers to the moment of band formation and it is easy to recognise the v-shaped distribution of eccentricity with semi-major axis, which is an alternative representation of the well known Gabbard diagram.


The stage game was the PD in Table 1 Each session involved twenty subjects and five supergames consisting of an indefinite sequence of periods achieved by a random continuation rule (Roth and Murnighan, 1978) . At the end of each period, the computer drew an integer between 1 and 100 from a uniform distribution, and showed it to all participants. The supergame terminated simultaneously for all with a draw of 96 or higher. Hence, in each period the supergame was expected to continue for 19 additional periods.

The stage game was the PD in Table 1 Each session involved twenty subjects and five supergames consisting of an indefinite sequence of periods achieved by a random continuation rule.


Intraperitoneal dissemination is a common progression feature for colorectal cancer (CRC). For the past two decades, aggressive treatments of CRC peritoneal carcinomatosis (CRC-pc), such as cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, has improved long-term survival [1] . However, the majority of cases present widespread metastases which cannot be destroyed by systemic chemotherapy; therefore, the development of new strategies to prevent the progression of metastatic disease is imperative.

For the past two decades, aggressive treatments of CRC peritoneal carcinomatosis (CRC-pc), such as cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, has improved long-term survival.


For many years, malnutrition has been related to worse clinical outcomes and higher incidence of complications such as ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, infections and hepato-renal syndrome. Furthermore, protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) itself may accelerate deterioration of liver functions and adversely affects its clinical outcome (Plauth et al., 2000) . PCM considered a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality before and after transplantation as well as in abdominal surgery (Vulcano et al., 2013) .

Furthermore, protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) itself may accelerate deterioration of liver functions and adversely affects its clinical outcome.

PCM considered a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality before and after transplantation as well as in abdominal surgery.


Our study and prior available data, however, suggest that chronological age alone is probably insufficient to discriminate triage decisions on ICU admission. Rather, age probably represents an additive factor when coupled with frailty, physiologic reserve, burden of co-morbid illness, primary diagnosis, and illness severity. Prehospital disposition and/or functional status have been shown in numerous investigations to predict a worse clinical outcome [15, 23, 40] . This constellation of clin ical factors probably has important bearing not only on shortterm survival but also on long-term survival, neurocognitive performance, functional autonomy, and quality of life [6, 12, 15, 20, 29, [41] [42] [43] . Accordingly, very old patients developing critical illness -who are characterized by a low burden of co-morbid disease, good function status, and no measurable frailty -are likely to benefit from ICU support. These relatively fit older patients may be characterized by a unique phenotype that portends greater physiologic reserve and resilience during episodes of critical illness [44, 45] . We need more accurate and robust methods, however, for predicting quality-adjusted long-term survival and for optimizing therapeutic recovery in all patients ultimately admitted to the ICUparticularly very old patients, given their higher observed shortterm mortality.

Prehospital disposition and/or functional status have been shown in numerous investigations to predict a worse clinical outcome.

This constellation of clin ical factors probably has important bearing not only on shortterm survival but also on long-term survival, neurocognitive performance, functional autonomy, and quality of life.

These relatively fit older patients may be characterized by a unique phenotype that portends greater physiologic reserve and resilience during episodes of critical illness.


The flooding of a ship is a complex multiphase flow problem and also a fluid-structure interaction problem [1] . Once the hole is produced on the outer plate, the water may flow into the ship cabin rapidly and impact on the inner structures, meanwhile the air inside the ship will be compressed or pushed out. Due to the large deformation, splashing and breaking of free surface, air bubbles may be trapped in water and coalesced at the interface. Besides, for the rapid flooding case, the air cushion above the water level can be formed in an airtight cabin.

The flooding of a ship is a complex multiphase flow problem and also a fluid-structure interaction problem.


Lipid peroxidation can be defined as the oxidative deterioration of lipids containing any number of carbon-carbon double bonds (Ratledge, 1994) . The primary peroxidation products are hydroperoxides in which double bond(s) may have moved or/and changed configuration. These products may be structurally rearranged or converted into secondary peroxidation products, either smaller molecules by fission or bigger by dimerization. Some of the products of auto-oxidation have antibacterial properties that may kill the bacteria or cause bacterial stat. The toxicity of the byproducts of oil metabolism processes is known as well, and has been studied by many researchers (Ratledge, 1994) .

Lipid peroxidation can be defined as the oxidative deterioration of lipids containing any number of carbon-carbon double bonds.

The toxicity of the byproducts of oil metabolism processes is known as well, and has been studied by many researchers.


Let us mention at the end that currently a new method, called structure preserving MOR, is being researched by mathematicians [37, 38] . It seems to offer the possibility of reducing a subsystem without even decoupling an array. This method, as well as the reduction of shared node numbers, certainly deserves further research.

Let us mention at the end that currently a new method, called structure preserving MOR, is being researched by mathematicians.


In recent years, scholars have used different methods to measure the ecological risk of land use. Ecological risk indexes were established to assess ecological risk based on the land use structures and ecological risk intensity parameters [8, 12, 13] . Based on comprehensive index in ecological risk of LUCC, Yang, Sun, and Wang worked out that the mean ecological risk index in Shandong Province is 0.3, which belongs to middle level of risk [14] . In other proposed approaches, the exposure and effects of the risk sources and receptors are characterized to assess ERI in relative risk models [15, 16] . Bayliss, van Dam, and Bartolo combined both point-source mining risks and diffuse non-mining landscape-scale risks to show that non-mining landscape-scale risks were several orders of magnitude greater than risks from mine water contaminants in in Kakadu National Park, Australia [17] . In addition, landscape structure indexes have been applied to reflect the ecological risk levels of land use derived from ecosystem structures [11, 18] . The degree of ecosystem loss must be determined by a landscape disturbance index (E i ) and a landscape fragility index (F i ) that include a crush index (C i ), split index (S i ), and dominance index (D Oi ), and then the degree of ecological risk can be described by the division of risk subareas. Due to the highly concentrated landscape pattern information, the landscape pattern index can be used to quantitatively express and describe changes of the structural characteristics of the landscape [19] . For gaps in the accumulated historical ecological monitoring information, ecological risk analyses based on landscape patterns can also integrate evaluations of potential types of ecological influences and their cumulative consequences [20] . In addition, the high autocorrelation of the landscape pattern along a certain direction may indicate that certain ecological processes play an important role [21] . Spatial statistical analyses of ecological risk that include land use can accurately demonstrate spatial distributions and change gradients characteristics for various ecological influences [20] . This paper focuses on the middle reaches of the Heihe River as the study area. Landscape ecology theories, spatial statistical analysis methods, and GIS technology were used to construct a land use ecological risk assessment model capable of revealing the spatial and temporal characteristics of ecological risk from land use. We aimed to provide new insights and methods related to regional sustainable land use and ecosystem management.

Ecological risk indexes were established to assess ecological risk based on the land use structures and ecological risk intensity parameters.

Based on comprehensive index in ecological risk of LUCC, Yang, Sun, and Wang worked out that the mean ecological risk index in Shandong Province is 0.3, which belongs to middle level of risk.

In other proposed approaches, the exposure and effects of the risk sources and receptors are characterized to assess ERI in relative risk models.

Bayliss, van Dam, and Bartolo combined both point-source mining risks and diffuse non-mining landscape-scale risks to show that non-mining landscape-scale risks were several orders of magnitude greater than risks from mine water contaminants in in Kakadu National Park, Australia.

In addition, landscape structure indexes have been applied to reflect the ecological risk levels of land use derived from ecosystem structures.

Due to the highly concentrated landscape pattern information, the landscape pattern index can be used to quantitatively express and describe changes of the structural characteristics of the landscape.

For gaps in the accumulated historical ecological monitoring information, ecological risk analyses based on landscape patterns can also integrate evaluations of potential types of ecological influences and their cumulative consequences.

In addition, the high autocorrelation of the landscape pattern along a certain direction may indicate that certain ecological processes play an important role.

Spatial statistical analyses of ecological risk that include land use can accurately demonstrate spatial distributions and change gradients characteristics for various ecological influences.


For an ideal fish, which maintains in perfect equality the dimensions of its body in length and weight, the growth pattern follows the cube law (Le Cren 1951) . In such cases, fish grow isometrically and the b value (regression coefficient) of the relationship between length and weight is equal to 3. Under natural conditions, most fish do not follow the cube law, and b value could be significantly greater or lower than the ideal value 3, indicating that the growth pattern is allometric. There are many internal and/or external factors affecting the b value throughout the fish life, e.g. environmental conditions, food availability, gonad development, and fishing pressure, which can strongly influence this growth parameter (Le Cren 1951) .

For an ideal fish, which maintains in perfect equality the dimensions of its body in length and weight, the growth pattern follows the cube law.

There are many internal and/or external factors affecting the b value throughout the fish life, e.g. environmental conditions, food availability, gonad development, and fishing pressure, which can strongly influence this growth parameter.


The core instrument of EU climate policy is the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), currently the most comprehensive emission cap and trade system, which may pave the way for coordinated, worldwide climate actions (Ellerman and Buchner, 2007) . Even if the ETS covers not more than roughly half of all GHG emissions in the EU, it is set up in the spirit of least-cost abatement. Within ETS, a uniform emission price is established, which serves as a standard for the marginal costs of each potential abatement measure. A target for renewable energy interferes with this least-cost idea by exempting this particular group of abatement options from the common benchmark price. What is the motivation behind the special treatment of renewable energy?

The core instrument of EU climate policy is the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), currently the most comprehensive emission cap and trade system, which may pave the way for coordinated, worldwide climate actions.


In its climate policy strategy, the European Union has formulated greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets that are among the most ambitious worldwide. As an outcome of the European Council Spring Summit 2007, the EU committed itself to a 20% emission reduction in 2020, compared to 1990 levels, and even to a conditional 30% reduction objective, "provided that other developed countries commit themselves to comparable emission reductions" (EU Council, 2007) . Climate policy has never been seen as an isolated policy area in the EU, though. It always comes in tandem with other energy policy considerations and targets. The 2007 GHG reduction goals explicitly go under the heading of "An integrated climate and energy policy" (EU Council, 2007, p. 11) . The most prominent energy policy target is a share of 20% renewable energy in total EU energy consumption.

As an outcome of the European Council Spring Summit 2007, the EU committed itself to a 20% emission reduction in 2020, compared to 1990 levels, and even to a conditional 30% reduction objective, "provided that other developed countries commit themselves to comparable emission reductions".


In 1981, effective results of single injection of 100 or 200 mg/kg or daily injections of 20 or 50 mg/kg of schizophyllan after removal of the primary tumor markedly inhibited pulmonary metastases [28] . As in the murine tumor-bearing model, the incidence of metastasis was 100% in both the control and radiation therapy group, 80% in the group receiving MBGS treatment and 20% in the group receiving both MBGS treatment and radiation therapy. These results suggest that the glucans, such as MBGS acts as an effective adjunct therapy to radiation therapy in reducing metastatic potential of the primary tumor. This is further confirmed during the necropsy by the large numbers of metastatic tumor nodules found in the lung tissues from both groups that did not receive MBGS treatments. We believe that the increase of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity is highly associated with the protective effect in reducing the incidence of metastasis. As another marker for the treatment efficacy, we observed an increasing trend in the length of survival in the treatment groups, with the control group being the shortest (24 days) and the group receiving a combination of MBGS treatment and radiation therapy being the longest (35 days). Moreover, the group that received the combination treatments survived 7 additional days than those who received radiation therapy only (28 days), suggesting an improved posttreatment prognosis using MBGS as an adjunct therapeutic agent with radiation therapy to increase the length of survival.

In 1981, effective results of single injection of 100 or 200 mg/kg or daily injections of 20 or 50 mg/kg of schizophyllan after removal of the primary tumor markedly inhibited pulmonary metastases.


Variation among accessions. The high level of polymorphism corresponded to a high degree of genetic variation among these buffalograss accessions. Jaccard's similarity coefficients ranged from 0.30 to 0.89 (Table  2) . Because we observed no similarity coefficients value close to 1.0 between any two accessions, there were no likely redundant accessions among those sampled in our study. The highest similarity coefficient (0.89) was measured between accession No. 6 from the United States and No. 8 from Mexico. Accession No. 6 from the United States is a cultivar named '315', a female plant with dwarf growth habit and high turfgrass quality in the northern and transition zones of the United States (Riordan et al., 1995) . This relationship was supported by results from the cluster analysis, in which these two accessions were members of cluster B (Fig. 1) .

Variation among accessions.

Accession No. 6 from the United States is a cultivar named '315', a female plant with dwarf growth habit and high turfgrass quality in the northern and transition zones of the United States.


Quantum systems come in many forms, but we will focus on the quantum bit, or qubit, that is most prevalent in quantum information science [18] . This abstraction of a quantum mechanical two-level system is useful for information processing, but also serves as a model system for understanding the dynamical evolution of quantum coherent states exposed to noisy environments. We will frequently employ discussions of technical details derived from quantum information processing as it represents one of the best-known applications for quantum technologies to date.

Quantum systems come in many forms, but we will focus on the quantum bit, or qubit, that is most prevalent in quantum information science.


This section aims at presenting some results obtained from experiments on the proposed approach. We applied the proposed model to the cloud computing scenario presented in Section 3 and performed simulation-based evaluations regarding the system stability and scalability when dealing with several control loops. The evaluation regarding the optimization problems (e.g. QoS and energy consumption trade-off improvements) were already addressed in our previous works [11] . We first describe the experiment setup, then we present and discuss the results found.

The evaluation regarding the optimization problems (e.g. QoS and energy consumption trade-off improvements) were already addressed in our previous works.


For women regretting tubal sterilization there are two medical options: (i) surgical tubal reversal (TR) and (ii) IVF and embryo transfer. In most cases the choice between these two options is made by the preference of the patient and her doctor, or the costs involved. However, there is hardly any data available in the literature comparing TR and IVF for this indication. A cochrane protocol for the comparison of IVF versus TR has been initiated in 2003, however, so far the cochrane reviewers were unable to find any study on this subject in the literature on this topic (Yossry et al., 2003) . The only retrospective study that has been published so far compares results after IVF in these patients with historical data from TR, as found in the literature (Benadiva et al., 1995) . In this retrospective cohort study, we aimed to compare the results of the two treatment options for women who wished to have a child after tubal sterilization. Belgian patients have easily access to both treatments which are both financially supported by the Belgian national health system.

A cochrane protocol for the comparison of IVF versus TR has been initiated in 2003, however, so far the cochrane reviewers were unable to find any study on this subject in the literature on this topic.

The only retrospective study that has been published so far compares results after IVF in these patients with historical data from TR, as found in the literature.


In this section, the proposed RRA approach is applied in formal verification of grid workflows and its performance is compared with several well known verification methods [3] . These include the Symbolic Model Checking Algorithm (SMCA), SMCA with Cone of Influence (COI), SMCA with dynamic re-ordering of BDD (Binary Decision Diagram) variables (Dynamic), and Bounded Model Checking algorithm (BMC(k), where k is the setting of its length). All experiments are carried out using an IBM laptop with a Pentium IV 1.73GHz mobile CPU, 2.0GB RAM, Windows operating system and Eclipse development platform.

In this section, the proposed RRA approach is applied in formal verification of grid workflows and its performance is compared with several well known verification methods.


A nonhistological quantitative method that is generally easy to implement and often used for the evaluation of gonad development is the GSI (Lubet et al., 1991; Pazos et al., 1996; Ç ek & S¸ereflis¸an, 2006) . Because of the intertwined gonad and digestive gland in many molluscs, however, this becomes a challenge. The determination of the volume of the gonad in relation to the volume of other somatic tissues using serial sections across the entire organ may be a more accurate method for obtaining a GSI in a species such as D. polymorpha (Borcherding, 1992) . However, if it is necessary to use gonad and/or other tissue from the same individual in order to examine other parameters, morphometry is not possible. In this case this method can only provide a general gametogenic status for the population. Phenotypic anchoring to the individuals that serve for other analyses, however, will be impossible. Therefore, we aimed at separating the gonadal tissue from the somatic tissue. Since the colour and the structure of gonadal tissue are different from that of the digestive gland, the tissues can be pulled apart from each other and separated. If this is done thoroughly, the GSI accurately reflects the gonad growth, displaying the major gametogenic events. The GSI is thus a feasible method to establish a quantitative measure of gonad development both for females and males, even in molluscs with intertwined organs. Nevertheless, the separation of gonads from other tissue is timeconsuming and laborious. Moreover, the GSI by itself does not inform directly on the sex and the maturity of the oocytes/spermatozoids, so that it may need to be accompanied by some qualitative analysis.

A nonhistological quantitative method that is generally easy to implement and often used for the evaluation of gonad development is the GSI.

The determination of the volume of the gonad in relation to the volume of other somatic tissues using serial sections across the entire organ may be a more accurate method for obtaining a GSI in a species such as D. polymorpha.


The depletion of fossil fuels and increasing greenhouse gas emissions associated with their wide usage, especially in the transportation sector, have received growing attention from the public in recent decades. Extensive use of electric vehicles (EVs) instead of traditional internal combustion engine vehicles in the transportation sector is envisioned as one promising solution to mitigate the crisis, motivated by the lower operational costs and lower gas emissions of EVs. Nevertheless, the integration of large-scale EVs into existing power system is challenging due to the massive electricity demands of these emerging loads. Uncoordinated charging of large EV fleets in venues such as parking stations tends to impose significant risk on the power system in terms of transmission and/or distribution system overloading, power losses, and voltage deviations [1] .

Uncoordinated charging of large EV fleets in venues such as parking stations tends to impose significant risk on the power system in terms of transmission and/or distribution system overloading, power losses, and voltage deviations.


Lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) mean values indicate that the meat of Asturcelta pig breed provides darker, redder, and yellower meat than commercial pig breeds (Vieira et al. 2012) . The moisture content is lower and the fat content is higher than commercial pig breeds. Regarding WBSF, mean values obtained correspond with tender meat, in relation with pH values, they are within the range considered normal and characteristic of animals that have not undergone stress long before slaughter. Figure 1 shows the NIR mean spectra for the sample set as log 1/R, and after application of the SNV algorithm and first derivative, a normal shape and similar pattern for all samples at all the wavelengths is observed. As can be seen in Fig. 1 , water is the dominant tissue chromophore with specific absorbance of O-H bands around 1,940 nm (Osborne and Fearn 1986) . This spectral feature along with absorption band at 1,720 and 2,200 nm (related to fat content) is the most relevant (Garrido-Varo et al. 2004; Burns and Ciurczak 1992) . This constituent in pork meat represents near 75 % of total fresh matter.

Lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) mean values indicate that the meat of Asturcelta pig breed provides darker, redder, and yellower meat than commercial pig breeds.

As can be seen in Fig. 1 , water is the dominant tissue chromophore with specific absorbance of O-H bands around 1,940 nm.

This spectral feature along with absorption band at 1,720 and 2,200 nm (related to fat content) is the most relevant.


Our previous work on a questionnaire study of a wide variety of visualisations from di↵erent systems found that students expected structured visualisations such as visualizations of Prerequisites and of a Hierarchical Tree (from to best support the task of identifying what to work on next, but claimed to prefer simpler skill meters for comparing to peers (Bull, Brusilovsky, Araujo, & Guerra, 2016) . However, it was unclear why students might prefer these structured representations over other structured views such as concept maps. Furthermore, experienced OLM users have indicated a preference for having both simple and more complex OLM visualisations available (Bull, 2012) .

Our previous work on a questionnaire study of a wide variety of visualisations from di↵erent systems found that students expected structured visualisations such as visualizations of Prerequisites and of a Hierarchical Tree (from to best support the task of identifying what to work on next, but claimed to prefer simpler skill meters for comparing to peers.

Furthermore, experienced OLM users have indicated a preference for having both simple and more complex OLM visualisations available.


This paper presents our exploration of a finer-grain OLM for the domain of introductory programming. This area provides natural support for multi-level domain and learner modeling. On the one hand, programming knowledge for a language like Java could be considered at the level of broad topics such as variables, conditions, loops, etc. This is the way in which topics are presented in textbooks and courses (with a chapter or a lecture usually devoted to one such topic). On the other hand, knowledge analysis reveals many dozens of small domain concepts such as a specific operators, data types, etc., for which students can have di↵erent levels of knowledge. In our past work, we extensively explored personalization and OLM at the larger topic level (Sosnovsky & Brusilovsky, 2015) . We demonstrated that topic-level OLMs could guide students to the most appropriate topics, improve learning outcomes, and increase their engagement. However, we also observed several limitations of topic-level modeling. For example, averaging knowledge over relatively large topics, topic-level OLMs might hide treacherous knowledge "holes" -missing concepts within otherwise reasonably learned topics. It also o↵ers little support for guiding students to the most appropriate learning content within a topic. Indeed, in a topic-level learner model, it is not clear how the problems associated with a topic specifically contribute to the estimated topic knowledge. In contrast, finer-level modeling permits the distinction of problems that can help fill the knowledge "holes" (or gaps) from those that would push the student to practice already well-learned concepts.

In our past work, we extensively explored personalization and OLM at the larger topic level.


Children's early word learning biases promise to shed light on the kinds of initial conceptual and perceptual predispositions children bring to bear in language acquisition. Variations in the expression of such biases may reveal the effects of formal language features and sociocultural variation on early vocabulary. Therefore, there is much current interest in characterizing and explaining these early biases. One important claim that has received particular attention is the suggestion that young children learn nouns more readily than verbs (Gentner, 1982) . To the extent that children across languages preferentially learn nouns, the "noun bias" suggests that children have a conceptual predisposition early on to treat words as mapping onto objects. This argument would be particularly compelling if input factors (e.g., frequency) cannot explain this bias.

One important claim that has received particular attention is the suggestion that young children learn nouns more readily than verbs.


The use of in vitro culture techniques would multiply selected genotype on a large-scale and in short period ( Jain, 2012) . Somatic embryogenesis is commonly used for the rapid propagation of date palm cultivars. However, undesirable genetic variability was observed in the regenerated plants (Khierallah and Bader, 2007) . Regeneration through direct organogenesis has the advantage of using low concentrations of plant growth regulators and avoiding the callus phase, which minimize the risk of somaclonal variation among regenerants. However, the success of this technique is highly genotypic dependent ( Jain, 2012) .

The use of in vitro culture techniques would multiply selected genotype on a large-scale and in short period.

However, undesirable genetic variability was observed in the regenerated plants.

However, the success of this technique is highly genotypic dependent.


There exists another class of n-point functions that do not receive quantum corrections, the extremal correlators [26] . These correlation functions are such that the weights of the operators allow only very simple Feynman diagrams to contribute and exclude quantum corrections. Our constructions are based on a very different principle; the weights are completely arbitrary, but the type of operator is correlated with its space-time position. The simplicity is a consequence of the supersymmetry shared by all the operators.

There exists another class of n-point functions that do not receive quantum corrections, the extremal correlators.


Efficient dynamic resource provisioning mechanisms are necessary to the development and automation of Quality of Service networks. In telecommunication networks, resource allocation is performed mainly in a static way, on time scales on the order of hours to months. However, statically provisioned network resources can become insufficient or considerably under-utilized if traffic statistics change significantly [1] .

However, statically provisioned network resources can become insufficient or considerably under-utilized if traffic statistics change significantly.


One of the key factors in successful creation of an efficient subsurface heat exchanger is to predict the propagation of hydraulic fractures (HF) and their interaction with natural pre-existing fractures (NF). There are a number of numerical codes that can simulate interactions of HF and NF, e.g. UDEC [1] . However, not many of these codes are able to simulate the dynamic processes involved in the HF-NF interaction, i.e. evolution of seismicity in HF-NF interactions.

There are a number of numerical codes that can simulate interactions of HF and NF, e.g. UDEC.


Subjective well-being has been used as synonymous with the concept of happiness (Diener, 1984) . It is defined as the assessment of a person's own life in terms of cognitive and emotional aspects. These assessments may be directed towards short-lived life situations as well as long-term life situations (Diener, Lucas, Oishi & Suh, 2002) . Subjective well-being can be defined as frequent positive affect, rare negative affect, and high life satisfaction as a whole. Subjective well-being consists of affect (positive and negative affect) and cognitive (life satisfaction) components (Diener, Suh, Lucas & Smith, 1999) . While the affective component reflects positive emotions, joy, excitement, interest, emotions, alertness and trust, together with positive emotions; negative feelings defined as subjective distress and dissatisfaction reflect situations such as anger, fear, sadness, guilt, disdain and disgust (Ben-Zur, 2003) . The cognitive component, on the other hand, reflects life satisfaction for evaluating one's own life according to the subjective standards (Schimmack et al. 2002) . Subjective well-being involves frequent and high level of positive emotions, less frequent and low levels of negative emotions, and a high level of life satisfaction (Diener, Lucas, Oishi & Suh, 2002; Diener & Tov, 2007) . The first two include emotional evaluation, and life satisfaction involves cognitive appraisal (Diener & Tov, 2007) .

Subjective well-being has been used as synonymous with the concept of happiness.

These assessments may be directed towards short-lived life situations as well as long-term life situations.

Subjective well-being consists of affect (positive and negative affect) and cognitive (life satisfaction) components.

While the affective component reflects positive emotions, joy, excitement, interest, emotions, alertness and trust, together with positive emotions; negative feelings defined as subjective distress and dissatisfaction reflect situations such as anger, fear, sadness, guilt, disdain and disgust.

The cognitive component, on the other hand, reflects life satisfaction for evaluating one's own life according to the subjective standards.

Subjective well-being involves frequent and high level of positive emotions, less frequent and low levels of negative emotions, and a high level of life satisfaction.

The first two include emotional evaluation, and life satisfaction involves cognitive appraisal.


Another variable thought to be related to cyber victimization and bullying is social support. The concept of social support has attracted the attention of researchers since the mid-1970s (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet & Farley, 1988) . Social support is defined as information that emerges depending on the belief that the individual is loved, appreciated, and valued by others in a social network (Cobb, 1976) . According to another definition, social support includes a range of assistance provided by an individual as a result of social interaction with other individuals (Cooke, Rossmann, Mccubbin & Patterson, 1988) . Perceived social support is defined as the perception of the help the individual receives from the environment (Brausch & Decker, 2014) . Perceived social support resources were identified as family, friends, teachers and other important people (Yıldırım, 1997 (Yıldırım, , 2004 You & Lu, 2014; Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet & Farley, 1988) . In the context of this information, perceived social support can be defined as a situation in which a person perceives the level of support provided by various sources of social support. In this context, there may also be differences between the support provided by the source of social support and the perception of that support. A person may underestimate or on the contrary, overestimate it, while receiving a genuine strong support from social support resources.

The concept of social support has attracted the attention of researchers since the mid-1970s.

Social support is defined as information that emerges depending on the belief that the individual is loved, appreciated, and valued by others in a social network.

According to another definition, social support includes a range of assistance provided by an individual as a result of social interaction with other individuals.

Perceived social support is defined as the perception of the help the individual receives from the environment.

Perceived social support resources were identified as family, friends, teachers and other important people.


Subjective well-being is based on the individual's self-assessment, and this is differentiated from traditional clinical psychology. It is more important the person's own beliefs about the wellbeing. Evaluating an individual's life according to their own point of view can cause a serious problem for someone, even though they are not aware of it. Subjective well-being is not sufficient alone to define mental health. Because people can have a mental problem while they are happy. So subjective well-being is not synonymous with psychological well-being. The life satisfaction of a person with delusions can be overjoyed and happy but this person's mental health can not be considered to be intact. Likewise, a person who is functional in many ways in his life may be equally unhappy. Perhaps it can be said that subjective well-being constitutes only one dimension of psychological well-being (Diener, Suh & Oishi, 1997) .

Perhaps it can be said that subjective well-being constitutes only one dimension of psychological well-being.


The development of technology and the emergence of new means of communication have led to a rapid increase in the number of people who communicate using modern technologies (Privitera & Campbell, 2009; Eryaman, 2007) . Although technological advances have made their lives easier in a variety of ways, it has brought to new problems in the field of psychology. As a reflection of these, it has now begun to be seen in the virtual space by changing the form of bullying and exposure to bullying behavior (Raskauskas & Stoltz, 2007) . Individuals may be exposed to cyberbullying by someone else from miles away with mass media such as the internet, or they may bully someone else, or physically.

The development of technology and the emergence of new means of communication have led to a rapid increase in the number of people who communicate using modern technologies.

As a reflection of these, it has now begun to be seen in the virtual space by changing the form of bullying and exposure to bullying behavior.