Royalty-based contracts have been the main mechanism to incentivize operational performance in triadic relationships. For example, call center service providers can pay a 'use fee' to the buying company based on call volume while the buying company shares the cost of call center staffing to align their interests (Ren and Zhou 2008) . This is similar to franchise contracts that incentivize franchisees with a share of residual profits based on revenue.

For example, call center service providers can pay a 'use fee' to the buying company based on call volume while the buying company shares the cost of call center staffing to align their interests.


In present study, abnormalities were diagnosed in 53.6% cases. Additionally finding endometrial calcification was also seen in 12.5% cases, thus in effect reducing the abnormal pathology rate to 40.9% only. Among different abnormal pathologies diagnosed by hysteroscopy, 6/18 previous studies (33.3%) reported polyps to be the diagnosis while 9/18 (50%) reported hyperplasia to be the most common abnormal pathologies. In present study, endometrial polyps were the most common abnormal pathologies (16.1%) followed by submucous fibroma (10.7%), necrotic mass (7.1%), adhesions (5.4%) and forgotten IUCD (1.8%), respectively. Although in present study, no case of endometrial carcinoma was diagnosed, a sizeable number of cases (7.1%) were diagnosed to have necrotic mass reflective of a progression towards malignancy [10] . These findings are in accordance with the observations of a number of other studies that did not report a single case of endometrial carcinoma in their series. Endometrial cancer is a rare finding in AUB cases with only few studies reporting its prevalence in the range of 1.7-4.1% [11, 12] .

Although in present study, no case of endometrial carcinoma was diagnosed, a sizeable number of cases (7.1%) were diagnosed to have necrotic mass reflective of a progression towards malignancy.

Endometrial cancer is a rare finding in AUB cases with only few studies reporting its prevalence in the range of 1.7-4.1%.


A typical closed-circuit subsonic horizontal wind tunnel has a motor powered fan which blows air around a looping tube [14] . The settling chamber usually contains a honeycomb flow straightener followed by several wire mesh screens to reduce turbulence [15] . Following the settling chamber, and just prior to the test section, is a contraction in the tube, which increases air speed. The test section is where the test article is placed and data is collected. A diffuser, which is a gradually diverging section of tube, is placed after the test section to decrease the velocity and thus decrease power requirements. Curved vanes guide air around corners [16] . The disadvantage of using a closed-circuit is that more space and materials are required to construct the back loop of the circuit. The curved vanes are complex features and an additional expense in the construction. Heat exchangers are often needed to keep the tunnel at the desired temperature, since the same air is being re-circulated through the circuit many times and may deviate significantly from the ambient air temperature [16] .

A typical closed-circuit subsonic horizontal wind tunnel has a motor powered fan which blows air around a looping tube.

The settling chamber usually contains a honeycomb flow straightener followed by several wire mesh screens to reduce turbulence.

Curved vanes guide air around corners.

Heat exchangers are often needed to keep the tunnel at the desired temperature, since the same air is being re-circulated through the circuit many times and may deviate significantly from the ambient air temperature.


The nonlinear characteristics of many industrial and commercial loads such as power converters, fluorescent lamps, computers, light dimmers, and variable speed motor drives (VSDs) used in conjunction with industrial pumps, fans, and compressors and also in air-conditioning equipment have made the harmonic distortion a common occurrence in electrical power networks. Harmonic currents injected by some of these loads are usually too small to cause a significant distortion in distribution networks. However, when operating in large numbers, the cumulative effect has the capability of causing serious harmonic distortion levels. These do not usually upset the end-user electronic equipment as much as they overload neutral conductors and transformers and, in general, cause additional losses and reduced power factor [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Large industrial converters and variable speed drives on the other hand are capable of generating significant levels of distortion at the point of common coupling (PCC), where other users are connected to the network [6, 7] .

These do not usually upset the end-user electronic equipment as much as they overload neutral conductors and transformers and, in general, cause additional losses and reduced power factor.

Large industrial converters and variable speed drives on the other hand are capable of generating significant levels of distortion at the point of common coupling (PCC), where other users are connected to the network.


The modern-day power grid aims at providing reliable and quality power, which requires careful monitoring of the power grid against catastrophic faults [1] . The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) based Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) was instituted for providing the time synchronized measurements pertaining to the health of the power system [2] . The timely detection of the faults and the subsequent contingency measures are not only dependent on the PMU but also on the underlying synchrophasor communication system (SPCS) [3] . It is analogous to the nervous system in the body. Just as the nervous system connects the various sensory organs to the brain and enables the interaction between them, the SPCS connects the PMUs to the Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) or to the control center resulting in the exchange of data and control commands. Hence, the SPCS is considered as the edifice of the WAMS. The researchers have explored several PMU based monitoring and control schemes with the assumption that the underlying communication system is inherently capable of meeting the desired performance requirements. However, the subject matter of the SPCS is relatively less explored as compared with that of the Security and reliability are the most important requirements of a communication system. The data flowing through the communication system should be inaccessible to unauthorized agents and the failure rate of the communication infrastructure should be as low as possible in order to facilitate the implementation of real-time monitoring and control actions.

The modern-day power grid aims at providing reliable and quality power, which requires careful monitoring of the power grid against catastrophic faults.

The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) based Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) was instituted for providing the time synchronized measurements pertaining to the health of the power system.

The timely detection of the faults and the subsequent contingency measures are not only dependent on the PMU but also on the underlying synchrophasor communication system (SPCS).


Second, we further spatially median binned the data into 1 km×1 km bins to provide similar scales to those associated with ocean color satellites. Spatial binning avoided over-weighing relatively large datasets collected over nearly two days during Tara Oceans stations conducted near one location while the in-line system was on. The 1 km × 1 km global grid was generated using the SeaWiFS equal area gridding scheme (Campbell et al., 2013) . In the analysis requiring uncertainties we only use 1 km 2 bins where at least three 1 min spectra were located, and their standard deviation is used as the measure of uncertainty.

The 1 km × 1 km global grid was generated using the SeaWiFS equal area gridding scheme.


Phenotyping was conducted on the F2 population at the grain-filling stage. Panicle exertion, is the exertion of Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for Awn the panicle above the flag leaf sheath after anthesis [24] . The degree of panicle exertion was measured as the distance from the flag leaf ligule to the panicle node (cm). The positive and negative values indicated complete and incomplete panicle exertion, respectively [24] . The proportions of incomplete and complete panicle exertion were then calculated as the total number of incomplete exertions divided by the total number of observed panicles, which was used to represent the proportion of panicle exertion. This proportion will have a value ranging from 0 to 1. A '0' value means that complete panicle exertion predominates, and a '1' value indicates the dominancy of incomplete panicle exertion.

Panicle exertion, is the exertion of Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for Awn the panicle above the flag leaf sheath after anthesis.

The positive and negative values indicated complete and incomplete panicle exertion, respectively.


The problem has been analytically studied taking into account the case of the semi-infinite solid [22] [23] [24] . An analytical solution for the transient temperature distribution in a semi-infinite solid is known only for three surface conditions: constant surface temperature, constant surface heat flux, and surface convection. To the best of our knowledge, there is not an exact analytical law to predict the indoor thermal behavior in enclosures where a varying temperature is applied at least on one external surface and the indoor temperature is free to evolve.

The problem has been analytically studied taking into account the case of the semi-infinite solid.


Biomass energy has been the forefront of solutions to substitute the over reliant and ever growing demand of fossil fuel which attributes to the increase of the atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Biomass can be considered as carbon neutral as the carbon emitted to release its energy is sourced from the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide, CO2 through photosynthesis process [1] . The energy source within the biomass can be obtained either through biological or thermochemical conversion. Biological conversion involves the usage of microorganisms such as anaerobic digestion and fermentation. Thermochemical conversion involves the application of heat and chemicals in the production of energy. Thermochemical conversion can be divided into combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. Among the thermochemical conversion, pyrolysis is considered the most efficient process due to its high feed to fuel ratio in comparison to combustion and gasification process [2] . The rationality of utilizing thermochemical decomposition of biomass through pyrolysis can be explained with the expected dominant role of bio-oil as a substitute for crude oil due to its significant potential for production of energy. Bio-oil can be suitable for engine application after upgradation of bio-oil is performed. Another product of pyrolysis is the volatile gases for methanol, power and heat production.

Biomass can be considered as carbon neutral as the carbon emitted to release its energy is sourced from the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide, CO2 through photosynthesis process.

Among the thermochemical conversion, pyrolysis is considered the most efficient process due to its high feed to fuel ratio in comparison to combustion and gasification process.


The Internet is a decentralized system that links billions of interconnected devices to improve communication, access to information, and economic possibilities for people across the globe. However, despite its distributed nature, giant technology companies (such as Google, Facebook, Apple, Microsoft and Amazon) have used the underlying technical protocols to build layers of proprietary applications that capture and control massive amounts of personal data. Under the current system, individuals lack control over how data brokers collect, analyze, protect and use their personal data. Over the years, different revenue models have emerged evaluating how users can monetize their personal data [1] . Additionally, governmental bodies and consumer rights organizations, especially in the European Union, are trying to maintain an appropriate balance between transparency, personal arXiv:2001.08832v2 [cs.CR] 31 Jan 2020 data use and data access. The prevailing data ecosystem misallocates data's value away from the owner -the individual-and prevents society from effectively tackling many of its biggest challenges. Privacy advocates therefore claim that the time has come for citizens to regain control over their personal data and benefit from the value it creates, which sometimes results in new legislation [2] .

Over the years, different revenue models have emerged evaluating how users can monetize their personal data.

Privacy advocates therefore claim that the time has come for citizens to regain control over their personal data and benefit from the value it creates, which sometimes results in new legislation.


Comparative photocatalytic studies were carried out using materials developed alongside naked Au NPs and Au NPs supported on P25 catalyst (Au@P25) and results were shown in Figs. 3(a) and 4(a) . The chemical catalysis effect of Au NPs was trivial because naked Au NPs were found inactive in both cases. Commercial P25 and TiO 2 HSs showed the poor catalytic activity with both MB and phenol (i.e., < 7% conversions after 180 min illumination) suggesting that the plasmon-enhanced light absorption and plasmonic sensitisation of Au NPs indeed improved the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 materials. Au@TiO 2 HSs showed better activities than Au@P25 in both photocatalytic model reactions. This is attributed to the high specific surface area of TiO 2 HSs (187 m 2 /g) providing abundant active sites for converting the probing molecules, while only 36 m 2 /g for commercial P25 (Table S1 ). In addition, the light harvesting and scattering ability were also improved by the HSs structure as explained in the previous work [17] . For the Au-based TiO 2 hybrid nanomaterial, the decolorisation of MB and degradation of phenol were improved for the same period of the time, following the order of activity as: Au@Au(TiO 2 > Au@TiO 2 HSs > yolk-shell Au(TiO 2 .

In addition, the light harvesting and scattering ability were also improved by the HSs structure as explained in the previous work.


Diabetes has become an increasingly important health problem across the world today due to its frequency and the problems arising from it. With the rapid changes in life styles, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in particular increases rapidly in the entire developed and developing countries and studies demonstrate that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes also increases in childhood. Approximately 90% of all diabetic persons suffer from type 2 diabetes. One of the major reasons for this increase is the growing obesity and physical inactivity resulting from life style changes that are induced by population growth, aging and urbanization [1] - [3] .

One of the major reasons for this increase is the growing obesity and physical inactivity resulting from life style changes that are induced by population growth, aging and urbanization.


The Einstein-Rosen models are important among other things because many of the non-perturbatively exact superstring backgrounds constructed from the gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) models admit two Abelian isometries [6] . Hence, given our current knowledge of string cosmology and conformal field theory, the G 2 Einstein-Rosen cosmologies derived within the context of the low energy effective action represent a set of models that is closely related to many exact string solutions in four dimensions. Moreover, the Einstein-Rosen solutions include a number of spatially homogeneous Bianchi models as special cases and certain G 2 models may be viewed as inhomogeneous generalizations of those Bianchi cosmologies.

The Einstein-Rosen models are important among other things because many of the non-perturbatively exact superstring backgrounds constructed from the gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) models admit two Abelian isometries.


Over the past few decades, neutrino physics has entered the precision era and is steadily approaching a full description of the three neutrino oscillation picture [1] . Although the next generation of long-baseline experiments such as DUNE and Hyper-Kamiokande will play a key role in settling the open issues, some degeneracies are likely to remain. Moreover, beyond the challenges associated to the three-neutrino parameters, such as the atmospheric octant, the presence of leptonic CP violation, the neutrino mass ordering, and the absolute scale of the neutrino mass, there are a number of less standard, but important, neutrino properties to pin down.

Over the past few decades, neutrino physics has entered the precision era and is steadily approaching a full description of the three neutrino oscillation picture.


Our results indicated that the RNASEL Arg462Gln polymorphism may be associated with increased prostate cancer in African descendants (under homozygote comparison and the recessive genetic model) and Hispanic Caucasians (under allelic contrast, homozygote comparison, and the recessive genetic model), but not in Asian descendants and Non-Hispanic Caucasians. Furthermore, in a stratified analysis by source of control, the RNASEL Arg462Gln variant was found to increase prostate cancer risk in hospital-based studies (under the recessive genetic model). Nevertheless, several caveats limit generalization of these results. First, detailed information, such as age, prognostic parameters, environmental factors, and life-style, were not considered. Second, because different types of prostate cancer influence susceptibility, we tried to assess the effect of this polymorphism to different types of prostate cancer but not all data was compatible. Third, positive findings may be published faster than that those with "negative" results, which may result in a time-lag bias [34] . In addition, more environmental interactions, such as smoking habits, dietary factors, hormone exposure, toxins, and infectious agent, need to be added to the meta-analysis in the future.

Third, positive findings may be published faster than that those with "negative" results, which may result in a time-lag bias.


Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is predominantly released from the ventricles in response to myocardial stretch and as such has been found to be instrumental in determining structural heart disease [9, 17] . It promotes diuresis, natriuresis, arterial vasodilatation and attenuates the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system [9] . The frequent co-existence of structural heart disease and atrial fibrillation prompted us to explore the correlation between the N-terminal fragment of the brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) and AF in the patient population undergoing CABG. NT-pro-BNP is released when the inactive prohormone is split into the active BNP and the inactive NTpro-BNP.

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is predominantly released from the ventricles in response to myocardial stretch and as such has been found to be instrumental in determining structural heart disease.

It promotes diuresis, natriuresis, arterial vasodilatation and attenuates the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.


Theorem 1 (Kalton & Roberts [6] ). Let X be a Boolean algebra and f : X → R a function satisfying |f (x ∨ y) − f (x) − f (y)| 1 for x, y ∈ X with x ∧ y = 0. Then there exists a map g : X → R such that g(x ∨ y) = g(x) + g(y) for x, y ∈ X with x ∧ y = 0 and |f (x) − g(x)| < 45 for every x ∈ X.

Theorem 1 (Kalton & Roberts).


A variable expression level of mutant EGFR proteins by immunoscoring was observed in the same tissue for all patients, indicating intratumoral heterogeneity. This observation is in line with literature which provides that abundance of EGFR mutation differs within each tissue [11] . For this purpose, we used H-score which takes in account this heterogeneity. There are two methods for immunoscoring, automated and manual, and two types of score, Q and H. We choose to use manual method to calculate H-score, although it is more difficult to compute, because Q-score ignores variable intensity of staining.

This observation is in line with literature which provides that abundance of EGFR mutation differs within each tissue.


The plasma modification of polymer surfaces has further increased their fields of applications. For instance, specific plasma treatments have been explored in the food packaging industry as a means to add missing barrier functionalities to polymer materials in addition to their intrinsic properties towards oxygen and water vapour permeation [5] . In medical surgery, plasma-treated polymer-composite materials such as poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)-poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT), ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) have been widely used for applications such as bone fracture repair, joint replacements, dental bridges, vascular prosthesis with blood compatibility enhancement [6, 7] .

For instance, specific plasma treatments have been explored in the food packaging industry as a means to add missing barrier functionalities to polymer materials in addition to their intrinsic properties towards oxygen and water vapour permeation.

In medical surgery, plasma-treated polymer-composite materials such as poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate)-poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEOT/PBT), ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) have been widely used for applications such as bone fracture repair, joint replacements, dental bridges, vascular prosthesis with blood compatibility enhancement.


There are many studies comparing e-learning methods. However, one of the problems is that the results of studies directly comparing technology-assisted education with traditional teaching often conflict and often do not demonstrate or propose best practices [4, 5] . Critical evaluation of the quality and efficiency of e-learning is warranted [6] . Therefore, there is a need to develop a consensus-based quality assurance standard for postgraduate medical e-learning [7, 8] .

However, one of the problems is that the results of studies directly comparing technology-assisted education with traditional teaching often conflict and often do not demonstrate or propose best practices.

Critical evaluation of the quality and efficiency of e-learning is warranted.

Therefore, there is a need to develop a consensus-based quality assurance standard for postgraduate medical e-learning.


History and sociological considerations indicate that the most practical means of ensuring everyone's access to the goods of the earth is some system of private property (Weber, 1946) . Such right to private property is derived from the collective right of the human race to use the good of the earth. Workers can maintain such private property by offering their labour power to get wages or salaries as reward (Marx, 1964) . These wages/salaries enable workers to satisfy their direct needs for daily subsistence (Best, 1999) .

History and sociological considerations indicate that the most practical means of ensuring everyone's access to the goods of the earth is some system of private property.

Workers can maintain such private property by offering their labour power to get wages or salaries as reward.

These wages/salaries enable workers to satisfy their direct needs for daily subsistence.


In Nigeria, rather than provide the means by which workers can satisfy their lower order needs such as food, clothing and shelter, the deprivation of physiological needs are encouraged through salary insecurity, over taxed and delay in the payment of salaries or fringe benefits, and this have behavioural consequences. The phenomenon has inevitably resulted in high level of bureaucratic corruption, inefficiency and low morale among workers. Workers adopt any possible means to meet their basic needs even if it entails running down their organizations (Ushie, 2002) .

Workers adopt any possible means to meet their basic needs even if it entails running down their organizations.


The properties and performance of the antenna have been predicted and optimized through electromagnetic simulation software in Agilent ADS 2009 environment [19] . The method of moments (MoM) was used for analysis and the Green's vector function was chosen as the basis function to demonstrate the performance of the wide band configuration. The characteristics of the fabricated antenna have been measured using the Advantest R3767CG network analyzer.

The properties and performance of the antenna have been predicted and optimized through electromagnetic simulation software in Agilent ADS 2009 environment.


Recently, a new method was developed to prove the universality of the ratio of the AdS planar black holes in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theories [19] . It was shown that the identity (1.1) of the boundary field theory is duel to the bulk generalized Smarr relation. It turns out that the effective Lagrangian of the AdS planar black holes has a global scaling symmetry.

Recently, a new method was developed to prove the universality of the ratio of the AdS planar black holes in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theories.


The generalized Smarr relation is a manifestation of the corresponding Noether charge. In this paper we extend the proof to more general class of theories that admit planar black holes whose effective Lagrangians have the scaling symmetry. We find that the Noether charge builds a bridge between shear viscosity and the entropy density, which enables us to confirm the universality of the viscosity bound. On the other hand, evaluating the Noether current on both the horizon and asymptotic infinity in the bulk leads to the generalized Smarr relation [19] .

On the other hand, evaluating the Noether current on both the horizon and asymptotic infinity in the bulk leads to the generalized Smarr relation.


In this paper, we report a novel approach to automatically translate the English software requirements specifications to SBVR [4] specification. The SBVR representation not only generate accurate and consistent software models but also machine process-able as SBVR has a pure mathematical foundation [4] . In this paper, we present a java implementation of the presented approach and also present a solved case study using our tool and report the results of the case study to evaluate the performance of the tool.

In this paper, we report a novel approach to automatically translate the English software requirements specifications to SBVR specification.

The SBVR representation not only generate accurate and consistent software models but also machine process-able as SBVR has a pure mathematical foundation.


Given the fact that both monetary and fiscal policies impact on economic growth and development, it is not surprising that they are entwined. This relationship has been explicitly explained thus; Fiscal and monetary policies are inextricably linked in macroeconomic management; developments in one sector directly affect developments in the other. Undoubtedly, fiscal is central to health of any economy, as government's power to tax and to spend affects the disposable income of citizens and corporations, as well as the general business climate. In this regard, the interrelationship between public spending and private sector performance is of paramount importance (Ekpo, 2003) .

In this regard, the interrelationship between public spending and private sector performance is of paramount importance.


The study presented in this paper was conducted during the academic year 2012-2013 in the Department of Technology Management at the University of Macedonia in Greece within the elective course "Network-Centric Software", which is taught during the eighth semester. This course aims at familiarizing students with various aspects of the network-centric programming language Java for developing desktop applications, applets and web applications based on servlets and Java Server Pages. The programme of studies includes two additional programming courses in previous semesters: "Computer Programming" based on the imperative programming language C at the second semester and "Object-Oriented Design and Programming" based on Java at the third semester (Xinogalos, 2012) . Therefore the students who participated in the study had already had basic knowledge of object oriented programming and the programming language Java.

The programme of studies includes two additional programming courses in previous semesters: "Computer Programming" based on the imperative programming language C at the second semester and "Object-Oriented Design and Programming" based on Java at the third semester.


Self-assembly of polysaccharide nanoparticles is also possible through electrostatic interaction of ionic polysaccharides of opposite charges [17] . Ionic complexes are attractive for their simplicity and because their selfassembly is responsive to pH and ionic strength. Polysaccharide DDSs can be made responsive to other stimuli, including heat, magnetism, and light [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . In many cases, this response to environmental change is often reversible, thus, a "switching" effect can be built into the polymer nanostructure that will respond to stimulation in vivo. This review discusses selected examples of stimulisensitive polysaccharide nanoparticles.

Self-assembly of polysaccharide nanoparticles is also possible through electrostatic interaction of ionic polysaccharides of opposite charges.

Polysaccharide DDSs can be made responsive to other stimuli, including heat, magnetism, and light.


The conjugation of a hydrophobic drug with a hydrophilic macromolecule not only increases the plasma concentration of the drug but also increases its plasma circulation time. When a drug molecule is conjugated with the synthetic hydrophilic polymer, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), its survival through the first-pass metabolism in the liver has been found to improve greatly [3, 4] . Furthermore, the rate of hepatic breakdown of the PEG-conjugated drug decreases with an increase in the molecular weight of PEG. Hydrophilic nanoparticle carriers increase the plasma circulation half-lives of hydrophilic therapeutics as well. Water-soluble molecules of sufficiently low molecular weight can pass through the glomerular membrane of the kidney and are thereby eliminated by renal excretion. Conjugation with a polymer lowers filterability of the drug through the glomerular capillary because of an increase in molecular size.

When a drug molecule is conjugated with the synthetic hydrophilic polymer, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), its survival through the first-pass metabolism in the liver has been found to improve greatly.


Self-assembly is the spontaneous disorder-to-order transition of molecules driven by noncovalent interactions, such as the van der Waals and hydrogen bonding forces, and the hydrophobic effect. Over the past few decades, the concept of self-assembly has been successfully used in the design of drug delivery systems (DDSs) that are capable of releasing bioactive compounds at therapeutically effective rates and concentrations. Several interesting strategies using nanostructured synthetic polymers have been reported [1] .

Several interesting strategies using nanostructured synthetic polymers have been reported.


The problem of placement with symmetry modules has been extensively studied in the literature [2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14] . Most of these works used the simulated annealing algorithm in combination with floorplan representations to handle symmetry constraints. We can classify these representations into two categories: (1) the absolute representation and (2) the topological representations.

The problem of placement with symmetry modules has been extensively studied in the literature.


Plant tissue culture techniques have been developed for more than one century [1] . The integration of in vitro culture with molecular biology techniques has become routine in plant research and crop improvement applications, such as plant transformation, and has recently been extended to genome editing [2] [3] [4] . These applications critically rely on efficient regeneration, a process of growing plants in vitro from a single cell or group of cells [5] . Although progenies from micropropagation are supposed to be identical at the genetic level, i.e., genetic clones, variations frequently occur. For losses are random in the genome and occur during tissue culture and not transformation. These studies suggest that DNA methylation changes during in vitro culture may contribute to somaclonal variation. Nevertheless, the dynamics of methylome and transcriptome profiles during dedifferentiation and re-differentiation stages remain undetermined.

Plant tissue culture techniques have been developed for more than one century.

The integration of in vitro culture with molecular biology techniques has become routine in plant research and crop improvement applications, such as plant transformation, and has recently been extended to genome editing.

These applications critically rely on efficient regeneration, a process of growing plants in vitro from a single cell or group of cells.


In the previous research, what kinds of scenery and experiences people evaluate highly has been intensively studied. However, the spatial distribution of photo-taking locations has not yet been sufficiently analyzed. In detail, if such an analysis is possible, the spatial evaluation structure of the tourist areas can be clarified from the perspectives of visitors, and it will be useful for management. Many researchers have used disposable cameras for VEP, but digital cameras have become popular nowadays. An image taken by a digital camera contains Exif format data, which can record various types of information such as the photo-taking time and name of the camera's manufacturer and model. Moreover, geographic coordinates can be recorded if GPS data can be combined. If photo-taking locations are managed as point data on a geographical information system (GIS), they can have various usages. On the Internet, photo-based community sites such as Flickr have been created. Many people enjoy such sites by sharing their photos taken on WebGIS [12] . It is also possible to extract point data on desktop-based GIS such as ArcGIS. This software is a strong tool for spatial analysis and visualization of geographical and spatial events. Therefore, this study focuses on a spatial analysis and visualization of photo-taking locations using digital cameras, GPS loggers, and GIS, and clarifies the relation between visitor's scenic perception and its spatial tendency.

Many people enjoy such sites by sharing their photos taken on WebGIS.


The type of space and scenery that people evaluate highly in leisure space is an important topic for the design and management of tourist destinations. Tourist experiences are generated via a process of perceiving and recognizing a variety of sensory information obtained within a landscape [1] . Visual experiences particularly impress on people the characteristics of the environment. Therefore, knowing which sceneries people evaluate as positive is useful to understand their experiences. This type of study, as human-environment perception research, has developed in various fields such as geography, tourism and recreation, environment psychology, and landscape studies [2] . In relation to it, some researchers point out the importance of study based on on-site experiments [3, 1] .

Tourist experiences are generated via a process of perceiving and recognizing a variety of sensory information obtained within a landscape.

This type of study, as human-environment perception research, has developed in various fields such as geography, tourism and recreation, environment psychology, and landscape studies.

In relation to it, some researchers point out the importance of study based on on-site experiments.


Non-negativity has long been a subject studied in various research fields. Previous studies reveal that non-negativity could naturally induce sparsity and, in most cases, better interpretability (Lee and Seung, 1999) . In many NLP-related tasks, nonnegativity constraints are introduced to learn more interpretable word representations, which capture the notion of semantic composition (Murphy et al., 2012; Luo et al., 2015a; Fyshe et al., 2015) . In this paper, we investigate the ability of non-negativity constraints to learn more accurate KG embeddings with good interpretability.

Previous studies reveal that non-negativity could naturally induce sparsity and, in most cases, better interpretability.

In many NLP-related tasks, nonnegativity constraints are introduced to learn more interpretable word representations, which capture the notion of semantic composition.


Colorectal surgery carries inherent perioperative risks, particularly for elderly patients with multi-morbidity [1] . Accurate risk stratification is essential to inform discussions with patients in order to facilitate informed consent, to enable surgical planning, and to anticipate the need for high dependency and intensive care support. Several models have been devised to predict postoperative mortality following general surgical operations.

Colorectal surgery carries inherent perioperative risks, particularly for elderly patients with multi-morbidity.


C. albicans possesses well developed mechanisms of adaptation, which can significantly enhance their pathogenicity. One of such mechanisms is forming the biofilms on tissues and abiotic surfaces and implants that dramatically increase 2 Journal of Chemistry the pathogen's resistance to antifungal agents [5, 6] . Within the biofilm, fungal cells are protected from the immune system of the host, antimycotics, and antiseptic agents. In biofilms, the specific fungal populations survive with the most resistant and virulent phenotypes formed due to a prolonged action of biological and chemical agents. As a result, the cells released from biofilms often cause acute fungal infections highly resistant to the treatment. Candidiasis commonly occurs on mucous membranes of mouth, vagina, and other organs, where C. albicans forms rigid biofilms, which have been considered as one of the critical factors providing fungal resistance to traditional antimycotic drugs, including azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins [7] .

One of such mechanisms is forming the biofilms on tissues and abiotic surfaces and implants that dramatically increase 2 Journal of Chemistry the pathogen's resistance to antifungal agents.

Candidiasis commonly occurs on mucous membranes of mouth, vagina, and other organs, where C. albicans forms rigid biofilms, which have been considered as one of the critical factors providing fungal resistance to traditional antimycotic drugs, including azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins.


In the last decades, there is drastic increase of diseases caused by microscopic fungi. Among them, dermatomycetes, such as Trichophyton spp., which are the main causative agents for dermatomycoses in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, become a serious clinical problem. The widespread distribution of microscopic fungi in the natural environment results in multiple direct contacts of humans with the pathogens. The anthropogenic factors also contribute to accumulation of hazardous fungal strains in the environment and to an increased number of immunodeficient people prone to secondary mycoses caused by conditionally pathogenic fungi including Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Candida, and Rhodotorula [1] .

The anthropogenic factors also contribute to accumulation of hazardous fungal strains in the environment and to an increased number of immunodeficient people prone to secondary mycoses caused by conditionally pathogenic fungi including Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Candida, and Rhodotorula.


In order to assess the aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics of both baseline and optimized geometries, coupled URANS simulation and farfield prediction based on an integral Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings approach were carried out. Both aerodynamic and acoustic computational methods used by DLR and Onera have been cross-checked on a reference CROR geometry. The aerodynamic and acoustic solutions obtained by both partners are very close, building confidence in the trends observed. It is also worth noting that an assessment of Onera aerodynamic and aero-acoustic tools for open rotors has been performed using an experimental database generated by TsAGI on a reference geometry [29] . These tools have been used by Onera to evaluate the optimized geometry V2.1.a. The results clearly show a decrease of the noise radiated by the final optimized geometry V2.1.a compared to the phase 3 reference, V2.0. Since both geometries generate the same thrust, the gain is only obtained on interaction noise which is dominant at TO condition. A deeper analysis of the near field pressure fluctuation however showed that some interaction tones could be overestimated by the acoustic prediction due to the shielding by the front propeller. The obtained results show that the acoustic cost function implemented and finetuned to drive the optimization studies may be regarded as a cost-effective way to incorporate noise-related aspects into the design intent. Several geometries incorporating innovative 3D shapes came out of WP3.2 studies and were judged mature enough to become candidates for rig tests in TsAGI T104 low speed facility. Both V2.0 and selected concept V2.1.a will hence be tested at TsAGI beginning 2011.

It is also worth noting that an assessment of Onera aerodynamic and aero-acoustic tools for open rotors has been performed using an experimental database generated by TsAGI on a reference geometry.


In §7, we illustrate our formulae by explicitly computing examples of zeta functions of groups, rings, and modules, old and new. While such computations can be carried out by hand in small cases, the true strength of our approach (the topological part, in particular) lies in its machine-friendly form. Indeed, based on Theorem 6.7, the author has developed a practical method for computing topological zeta functions associated with nilpotent groups, not necessarily associative rings, modules, as well as various Igusa-type zeta functions under non-degeneracy assumptions. A detailed account of the computational techniques and extensions needed to transform the present theoretical work into such a practical method will be the subject of a separate article [44] . As an illustration, our method allows us to compute the previously unknown topological subring zeta function of the nilpotent Lie ring Fil 4 , see (7.8) . In contrast, according to [24, §2.13] , the p-adic subring zeta functions of Fil 4 have so far resisted "repeated efforts" to compute them. As explained in §7.3, this particular example concludes the determination of the topological subgroup zeta functions of all nilpotent groups of Hirsch length at most 5.

A detailed account of the computational techniques and extensions needed to transform the present theoretical work into such a practical method will be the subject of a separate article.


Zirconia has been used for over 40 years for industrial purposes and for about 20 years in dentistry. Its composition is basically zirconium dioxide (approximately 95%), and it is stabilized with yttrium and enriched with alumina to prevent the leaching of the yttrium oxide. This composition ensures the longevity of zirconia restorations, and the sintering process at 1200-1500°C provides high flexural strength and hardness. Another advantage of using zirconia is its translucency properties that allow light to pass partially through the material, resulting in good esthetic effects [1] [2] [3] . Although zirconia has good mechanical properties and biocompatibility, the low surface energy confers poor adhesion of resin cements to their surfaces. Treatment of the surface and the use of adhesive primers have been suggested as methods to overcome the poor adhesion [4] [5] [6] .

Another advantage of using zirconia is its translucency properties that allow light to pass partially through the material, resulting in good esthetic effects.

Treatment of the surface and the use of adhesive primers have been suggested as methods to overcome the poor adhesion.


As a surface treatment, atmospheric pressure plasma is an option, since the reactive species created with the interaction between the ions and electrons of argon plasma and the micro-atmosphere around the treatment zone may improve the reactive level of the zirconia surface [7, 8] . When these highly reactive species reach the sample surface, they break weak bonds stabilized with radicals, promoting the formation of polar groups at the surface and opening up the chemical sites to future bonding. In summary, plasma treatment destabilizes the surface, rendering it reactive [9] .

As a surface treatment, atmospheric pressure plasma is an option, since the reactive species created with the interaction between the ions and electrons of argon plasma and the micro-atmosphere around the treatment zone may improve the reactive level of the zirconia surface.

In summary, plasma treatment destabilizes the surface, rendering it reactive.


The relatively high original contact angle, upper 50˚ (Table 1) , indicates the poor adhesion properties of zirconia ceramics. Plasma bonding pretreatment is a possible clinical technique to improve the bond strength of polar resins to zirconia, because of the increase in surface wettability after plasma exposure. Katana zirconia presented a lower contact angle than Lava, even after plasma treatment. ZirCAD is a pre-sintered yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide CAD/CAM block, whereas Katana is made of non pre-sintered oxidized yttrium ceramic for use as CAD/CAM milling blanks, which influences the contact angle, since the surface may be more porous before and after the sintering process than Lava. Also, the polar fraction (f p ) and non-polar fraction (f np ) from the Katana zirconia surface are approximately 34% and 66%, respectively. For Lava, the polar fraction is slightly lower, and thus the non-polar fraction is higher. According to the theoretical simulation, the presence of a majority of non-polar groups in the zirconia surface explains the low hydrophilic properties and the low surface energy of zirconia ceramics [21] [22] [23] [24] .

According to the theoretical simulation, the presence of a majority of non-polar groups in the zirconia surface explains the low hydrophilic properties and the low surface energy of zirconia ceramics.


A simple technique to measure the reactive level of a surface is the contact angle. It consists of placing water droplets on the surface and observing their shape. If the droplets are spherical, this indicates a low surface energy of the zirconia surface, and hence, poor adhesion. However, if the drop spreads over the surface, this indicates a high surface energy and high adhesion. The measurement of the angle between the surface and the drop of water is called the contact angle [10, 11] . After plasma treatment, the contact angles are commonly lower than that obtained with the natural surface, because of the insertion of polar groups at the surface. As dictated by the first law of thermodynamics, matter seeks a state of lowest possible energy; thus, the instability promoted by the plasma treatment loses efficiency over time because the surface will try to recover the original low surface energy [12] [13] [14] .

The measurement of the angle between the surface and the drop of water is called the contact angle.

As dictated by the first law of thermodynamics, matter seeks a state of lowest possible energy; thus, the instability promoted by the plasma treatment loses efficiency over time because the surface will try to recover the original low surface energy.


Bots and editing applications. Bots are an integral part of Wikipedia because they provide automation to repetitive and mundane tasks, but their contributions are often ignored in research or by the Wikipedia community [9] . For example, activities of some bots do not appear on the list of recent changes provided by Wikipedia [9] . The prolific editing activity of bots and their discreetness have lead to mistrust by some editors because the perceived aggressiveness of bots in completing their task without regards to the social dynamics of the editing communities surrounding each article [9] . Interruptions of bots in tasks such as detecting vandalism can greatly increase exposure and longevity of vandalism, but they also show the resilience of Wikipedia to eventually restore order [10] . The importance of bots to Wikipedia is seen through their editing contributions and their influence on the editing culture of Wikipedia through interactions with users across many languages of Wikipedia [7] .

Bots and editing applications.

Bots are an integral part of Wikipedia because they provide automation to repetitive and mundane tasks, but their contributions are often ignored in research or by the Wikipedia community.

For example, activities of some bots do not appear on the list of recent changes provided by Wikipedia.

The prolific editing activity of bots and their discreetness have lead to mistrust by some editors because the perceived aggressiveness of bots in completing their task without regards to the social dynamics of the editing communities surrounding each article.

Interruptions of bots in tasks such as detecting vandalism can greatly increase exposure and longevity of vandalism, but they also show the resilience of Wikipedia to eventually restore order.

The importance of bots to Wikipedia is seen through their editing contributions and their influence on the editing culture of Wikipedia through interactions with users across many languages of Wikipedia.


Plastic is a kind of material that is commonly used in everyday life in many forms. Most of plastics are made from petroleum oil, they are normally non-biodegradable materials. The use of petroleum-based plastics leads to big problem, because they accumulate in landfills and threaten the environment. The ecological drawbacks of petroleum-based plastics have pushed scientists to investigate and develop biodegradable plastics [1] .

The ecological drawbacks of petroleum-based plastics have pushed scientists to investigate and develop biodegradable plastics.


Yangia sp. ND199 is a halophilic bacterium isolated from mangrove forest soil. The bacterium was able to produce PHA from various substrates such as glucose, fructose, glycerol, sugarcane molasses, and high fructose corn syrup [5] . Fed batch cultivation for production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) using pure glycerol, crude glycerol and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) was investigated. However, the cell density was low resulted in low PHA concentration and PHA volumetric productivity [5, 6] . In order to improve cell density and PHA volumetric productivity, fed-batch fermentation with different feeding strategies was investigated.

The bacterium was able to produce PHA from various substrates such as glucose, fructose, glycerol, sugarcane molasses, and high fructose corn syrup.

However, the cell density was low resulted in low PHA concentration and PHA volumetric productivity.


Head-up tilt table testing has been used for over 50 years by physiologists and physicians for many purposes. This includes the study of the human body's heart rate and blood pressure adaptations to changes in position, for modeling responses to hemorrhage, as a technique for evaluating of orthostatic hypotension, as a method to study hemodynamic and neuroendocrine responses in congestive heart failure, autonomic dysfunction and hypertension, as well as a tool for drug research [7, [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . It also has become a useful device in the mobilization of spinal cord and traumatic brain injured patients, as well as in patients suffering from stroke [15] . The key feature of a tilt table is the continuously adjustable position of a patient from horizontal to vertical. This represents an orthostatic challenge, because blood pools in the lower extremities, with the danger that in susceptible individuals vasovagal syncope could occur within approximately 20 minutes. The afferent end of this reflex pathway may be mediated by left ventricular or right atrium mechanoreceptors that are activated during vigorous contraction around under-filled chambers, in a situation similar to severe hemorrhage. Information from these mechanoreceptors travels along vagal afferent C fibers to the brainstem, which mediates the efferent response consisting of withdrawal of sympathetic vasomotor tone and by the vagal system [16, 17] .

This includes the study of the human body's heart rate and blood pressure adaptations to changes in position, for modeling responses to hemorrhage, as a technique for evaluating of orthostatic hypotension, as a method to study hemodynamic and neuroendocrine responses in congestive heart failure, autonomic dysfunction and hypertension, as well as a tool for drug research.

It also has become a useful device in the mobilization of spinal cord and traumatic brain injured patients, as well as in patients suffering from stroke.

Information from these mechanoreceptors travels along vagal afferent C fibers to the brainstem, which mediates the efferent response consisting of withdrawal of sympathetic vasomotor tone and by the vagal system.


In general, the linear stability analysis gives the initial tendency to grow or decay of the various coupled flow-morphology patterns. Thus, it is useful to identify positive feedback mechanisms between flow and morphology giving rise to the observed bed patterns and to give an indication of the relevant time and space scales. However, the assumption of infinitesimal amplitude of the linear analysis precludes any fully reliable comparison with field observations, since it is never verified by the observed bars. When the finite amplitude of the features is accounted for in a nonlinear stability analysis, the conclusion is sometimes that some of the predictions (shape, spacing, etc.) of the linear stability prevail for the finite-amplitude regime, but sometimes do not (Calvete & de Swart 2003) . Thus, while the linear stability gives a suggestion, any true verification that morphodynamic instability is responsible for the formation of bars requires nonlinear stability analysis. In particular, any information on the final amplitude of the bars requires nonlinear analysis.

When the finite amplitude of the features is accounted for in a nonlinear stability analysis, the conclusion is sometimes that some of the predictions (shape, spacing, etc.) of the linear stability prevail for the finite-amplitude regime, but sometimes do not.


In conclusion, 5-FU induced apoptosis in corneal endothelial cells occurs through activation of intrinsic mitochondrial and extrinsic caspase-8 apoptotic pathways, as well as by up-regulation of Bax, p21-, and p53-dependent signal transduction pathways. Although evidence suggests that 5-FU is less toxic than mitomycin-C to Tenon's fibroblasts, high dose 5-FU may result in the apoptosis of ocular cells [7] . The appearance of apoptotic characteristics in corneal endothelial cells may extend the chronic toxicity of 5-FU to cells. Thus, the use of 5-FU may also need to be carefully monitored for adverse changes in corneal endothelial cell.

Although evidence suggests that 5-FU is less toxic than mitomycin-C to Tenon's fibroblasts, high dose 5-FU may result in the apoptosis of ocular cells.


It is not easy to detect drug-induced damage of corneal endothelial cells unless the side effects of 5-FU are severe enough to interfere with normal cellular physiological function. Many side effects of 5-FU may occur after a particular period of clinical use. The endothelial cell loss 7% -8% has been reported with 5-FU after trabeculectomy compared with preoperative count [32] . However, counting cell numbers is not equal to cellular function. Thus, the cell count method alone is not suitable for estimating the toxic effect of 5-FU on corneal endothelial cell. Our data showed that the mitochondria of corneal endothelial cells are damaged in the presence of 0.05 mg/ml 5-FU for 15 h. The efficiency of corneal pump may be affected after a period of 5-FU use especially in cases of accidental access of 5-FU into the anterior chamber of eye and/or a reduction in the aqueous turnover rate.

The endothelial cell loss 7% -8% has been reported with 5-FU after trabeculectomy compared with preoperative count.


Flood routing has a series of methods to estimate the future flood in downstream cross-section of the river which relates to the flood in upstream cross-section, the theory of it is the flood wave law in the river. These methods can be divided into hydraulic way and hydrology way [1] . For the hydraulic way, flood wave movement can be described by full Saint Venant equations which has rigorous theoretical basis. However, these equations are too complicated to be calculated, and this way requires a lot of detailed river topography information. Therefore, a simplified form of full Saint Venant equations should be chosen. A lot of studies have found that the diffusion wave equation can reflect the characteristics of flood wave movement well [2] . Diffusion wave equation solution is a method which has sufficient accuracy and easy to be solved, it is a good selection to describe the flood wave movement in the river.

These methods can be divided into hydraulic way and hydrology way.

A lot of studies have found that the diffusion wave equation can reflect the characteristics of flood wave movement well.


The present study seeks to gain a deeper understanding of how Chinese people perceive service failure and/or recovery incidents, with a focus on tourism and hospitality product experiences. Ethnic Chinese dominate the population of China and Singapore and represent a large minority in Malaysia, ranking high in these countries' socio-economic ladder (FitzGerald, 2002; Phang, 2000) . Thus, as a growing travel population, they are likely to dominate the outbound travel numbers and, as such, deserve further investigation.

Ethnic Chinese dominate the population of China and Singapore and represent a large minority in Malaysia, ranking high in these countries' socio-economic ladder.


To measure the three-dimensional surface of the weld pool, a sensing system was developed at the University of Kentucky using a specific high shutter speed camera system and a specific optic grid which consists of a grid and frosted glass [12, 13] . A recent study has been done to mathematically model this sensing system in order to optimize the design [14] . While this measurement system can visualize the three-dimensional pool surface by the deformed laser stripes projected through the specific optic grid, it requires a specific camera system whose shutter is synchronized with a pulsed laser so that the intensity of the laser stripes is much stronger than that of the arc during imaging. The acquired quality image of the weld pool surface makes this system suitable for laboratory studies, but the high capital investment of the specific camera system affects its affordability in realtime control applications. To develop a cost-effective system for real-time control applications, this paper proposes a novel sensing technique which only uses a high-speed digital camera and laser and requires no synchronization between the camera and laser. Band pass filters centred at the laser beam's wavelength are mounted on the camera to prevent the arc light and other light sources from entering the camera. This paper is organized as follows: section 2 provides a description of the sensing technique. In section 3, the mathematical model of the weld pool will be ascertained. In section 4, the optical flow tracking method will be introduced. Section 5 will use the optical flow concepts from image processing to analyse the optical points moving in the plane. The reflected points will be used to calculate the slope field of the weld pool surface and the 3D surface reconstructed from the slope field in section 6. Section 7 will conclude all of the above work and present ideas for future work.

To measure the three-dimensional surface of the weld pool, a sensing system was developed at the University of Kentucky using a specific high shutter speed camera system and a specific optic grid which consists of a grid and frosted glass.

A recent study has been done to mathematically model this sensing system in order to optimize the design.


Welding has become an indispensable tool for many industries because of the basic role of joining of materials in the manufacturing industry. Some welding techniques, such as gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), produce high quality welds. For critical and accurate joining where the weld quality must be ensured such as for the root pass and for the welding of advanced materials, GTAW is often used to produce a highquality weld because of its capability in precision control of the fusion process [1] .

For critical and accurate joining where the weld quality must be ensured such as for the root pass and for the welding of advanced materials, GTAW is often used to produce a highquality weld because of its capability in precision control of the fusion process.


Many factors have influence on temporal and spatial variations of nitrogen compounds concentration in the soil-water environment [27] [28] [29] [30] . Ammonia is water-soluble, which is why it is deposited in land and vegetation very quickly. When ammonia reacts with acid gases, it can be transported over long distance from the source of emission and deposited much slower.

Many factors have influence on temporal and spatial variations of nitrogen compounds concentration in the soil-water environment.


Functional textiles are also called as industrial textiles. Although recent literatures usually named the medical, protective and environmental textiles as functional textiles, these textiles mostly pursue the comfort and health care as the mainstream of clothing textiles. The product development easily observes that its function mostly derives from the fibrous materials but not from the final product [1] [2] [3] .

The product development easily observes that its function mostly derives from the fibrous materials but not from the final product.


The association between home ownership (a proxy for socioeconomic status) and IPV has been less clear. Data from the NCVS revealed that women who lived in rental housing were victimized by an intimate partner at more than 3 times the rate of women who lived in owned homes (Rennison & Welchans, 2000) . Among Black women specifically, renters were more likely to report emotional abuse than women who lived in households where the homes were owned or in the process of being purchased. Yet the link between renting and emotional abuse was no longer significant when age and marital status were considered (Christy-McMullin, 2005) .

Data from the NCVS revealed that women who lived in rental housing were victimized by an intimate partner at more than 3 times the rate of women who lived in owned homes.

Yet the link between renting and emotional abuse was no longer significant when age and marital status were considered.


Besides the abiotic surfaces which are colonized by various microorganisms, some researchers claim that CWs beneficial habitat is mainly provided by plant roots, due to the nature of their surface and exudates such as amino acids, simple sugars, complex carbohydrates and oxygen released close to the rootwater interface (Gersberg et al., 1986; Brix, 1997; Stottmeister et al., 2003) . Nevertheless, there are no empirical data or models that accurately describe the impact of plant roots, in terms of their relative contribution to the water purification process, versus inert surfaces such as a gravel bed colonized or uncolonized by bacterial biofilm. Therefore, it is not clear whether the 'rhizosphere effect' significantly contributes to water treatment in CW systems; detailed insight into this aspect of CWs still needs to be developed. This study was designed to tackle this question by calculating the relative contribution of each system component (root, gravel and water), with or without their associated bacteria, to overall phenol removal. Phenol was chosen as it is a common pollutant and because extensive knowledge already exists on its biodegradation chemistry (Van Schie and Young, 2000) .

Besides the abiotic surfaces which are colonized by various microorganisms, some researchers claim that CWs beneficial habitat is mainly provided by plant roots, due to the nature of their surface and exudates such as amino acids, simple sugars, complex carbohydrates and oxygen released close to the rootwater interface.

Phenol was chosen as it is a common pollutant and because extensive knowledge already exists on its biodegradation chemistry.


Along with mutation, selection owing to competition for antigen binding forms the other key part of the affinity maturation process. Inference of selective pressures in this context is complicated by nucleotide context-dependent mutation, leading some authors to proclaim that such selection inference is not possible [13] . Indeed, if one does not correct for contextdependent mutation bias, interactions between those motifs and the genetic code can lead to false-positive identification of selective pressure. Previous work has developed methodology to analyse selection on sequence tracts in this context (reviewed in §3b), but no methods have yet achieved the goal of statistical per-residue selection estimates. This has, however, been recently identified as an important goal [11] . Such selection estimates could be used to better direct generation of synthetic libraries of antibodies for high-throughput screening. Another application would be to the engineering of antibody Fc regions with specific properties, such as for bispecific monoclonal antibodies or antibody-derived fragments, while preserving overall stability.

Inference of selective pressures in this context is complicated by nucleotide context-dependent mutation, leading some authors to proclaim that such selection inference is not possible.

This has, however, been recently identified as an important goal.


Trust management using reputation models are based on prior history of users and/or feedback gathered from other entities. Shmatikov and Talcott proposed a formal model that precisely defined the notion of reputation, and can be used to reason about trust [6] . Based on the license-based digital rights language, they used licenses to formalize both "good" and "bad" behaviors, which specify obligations and forbidden actions, respectively. Selcuk and his colleagues proposed a reputation based trust management protocol for P2P networks, where users rate the reliability of other parties, and share this information with their peers [7] . Recently, reputation based trust management has been applied to sensor networks. For example, Ganeriwal and Srivastava proposed a reputation-based framework for sensor networks (RFSN), which allows development of a community of trustworthy sensor nodes based on their behaviors, and can maintain the reputation for sensor nodes and evaluate their trustworthiness [8] .

Shmatikov and Talcott proposed a formal model that precisely defined the notion of reputation, and can be used to reason about trust.

Selcuk and his colleagues proposed a reputation based trust management protocol for P2P networks, where users rate the reliability of other parties, and share this information with their peers.

For example, Ganeriwal and Srivastava proposed a reputation-based framework for sensor networks (RFSN), which allows development of a community of trustworthy sensor nodes based on their behaviors, and can maintain the reputation for sensor nodes and evaluate their trustworthiness.


Assuming that the cardiovascular monitoring algorithm is offered equally in both SI-SU and MST-ICU, the study supports the hypothesis that the benefits of specialized SUs are explained by elements other than intense cardiovascular monitoring. Given the current stroke care environment, a randomized trial to prove the effectiveness of the SI-SU, although theoretically needed, would likely be unethical. In this context, we attempted to better understand the effectiveness of an organized comprehensive stroke center in a real-world setting (of high developed medical countries) in which acute stroke patients may be hospitalized in an ICU for monitoring if a monitored Stroke Unit is not available. Monitoring of physiological parameters in the acute phase of ischemic stroke is an important management tool that can improve significantly the quality of care provided: this monitoring allows easier detection and correction of complications, consequently having a favorable effect on outcome. Because of this, monitoring has been established as a fundamental component of SU care and benefits [9, 20] . Although the importance of monitoring is not debated, this study tells that the effects of the SI-SU are likely to be driven by additional elements, which are missing in an MST-ICU management. The main differences between SI-SU and MST-ICU (see table 1 ) are (1) the primary medical responsibility (neurologist in SI-SU and intensive care physicians in MST-ICU; (2) the presence of an on-site vascular neurology team in SI-SU (versus a consulting role in MST-ICU); (3) a more developed acute neuro-rehabilitation program in SI-SU with regular neuro-rehabilitation team visits on site (2/week) and a regular stroke team and rehabilitation meeting (1/week); and (4) in SI-SU the stroke training/update conferences are more frequent (>10/year) along with stroke-focused nursing programs. As a consequence, likely factors in the SI-SU are a continuity of the primary neurology team and a harmonized neuro-rehabilitation program. A structured acute neurorehabilitation program with regular neuro-rehabilitation team visits, on-site speech and language therapists, regu- lar multidisciplinary stroke-rehabilitation team meetings and personalized neuropsychology consulting contribute to more cohesive care. This may be influenced by more training/updates on stroke, a stroke-focused nursing program, and active stroke research. In our study, the augmented numbers of thrombolysis and transfers from regional hospitals seemed to be indicative of this trend. We can speculate that the creation of an SI-SU is associated with a 'new perception and culture of stroke care'.

Because of this, monitoring has been established as a fundamental component of SU care and benefits.


Unfortunately, these high performance techniques difficult the calculation of the WCET (Worst Case Execution Time) of real-time tasks. A major concern is to guarantee the deadline constraint of a real-time task executed by a thread when it has to concurrently run with other threads [11, 2] . A simple solution, like running the real-time tasks alone to guarantee predictability, can degrade dramatically the overall performance [5] . To deal with these aspects, the scheduler should be able to control more precisely the sharing of processor's internal resources by real-time tasks.

A major concern is to guarantee the deadline constraint of a real-time task executed by a thread when it has to concurrently run with other threads.

A simple solution, like running the real-time tasks alone to guarantee predictability, can degrade dramatically the overall performance.


Pharmacokinetics involves the application of mathematical principles to describe drug behaviour within the body. The most important competencies for students to acquire in this field are the ability to calculate dosing regimens, recover patient specific parameters and apply pharmacokinetics concepts in lieu of, or in support of, mathematical calculations [1] . To reinforce the development of these competencies students need immediate experience applying course content to strengthen their learning and give relevance and value to the information received.

The most important competencies for students to acquire in this field are the ability to calculate dosing regimens, recover patient specific parameters and apply pharmacokinetics concepts in lieu of, or in support of, mathematical calculations.


This relation links the activation energy to TCR. With the calculated values of , the TCR of the TiO films can be deduced from equation (3), and the absolute values of TCR are found to increase from 1.2% for to 2.3% as the pO 2 increase from 1% to 5.5%, respectively. This is due to the fact that the increase in oxygen during deposition can result in its direct incorporation into the films. Accordingly, an increased oxidation state could be expected to compensate the oxygen deficiency in the TiO films, and the electron concentration in the film decreases, which will cause an increase of the activation. As a result, absolute value of TCR increases [21] .

As a result, absolute value of TCR increases.


In fact, for TiO 2 semiconductor thin films having broad energy gap about 3.0 eV, the contribution of impurity band conduction may become significant [22] . Mardare TiO thin films containing a mixed phase of anatase and rutile, and they point out that at high temperatures ( > 300 K), the measured conductivity of TiO thin films can also be explained in terms of the simple thermally activated conduction mechanism, but at low temperatures ( < 300 K), the conductivity takes place through the electrons' variable range of hopping (VRH) between the localized states, and the activation energy of hopping is much smaller than that of the simple activated conduction [18] . However, they did not investigate the electrical transport properties of the aTiO thin films, and the conduction mechanism is not clear yet. From the linear characteristics of the curves plotted as ln versus 10 3 / in Figure 5 , the mechanism of electrical conduction in a-TiO thin films can be explained according to the thermally activated mode in the temperature domain 293 K to 373 K, as illustrated by equation (1b).

In fact, for TiO 2 semiconductor thin films having broad energy gap about 3.0 eV, the contribution of impurity band conduction may become significant.

Mardare TiO thin films containing a mixed phase of anatase and rutile, and they point out that at high temperatures ( > 300 K), the measured conductivity of TiO thin films can also be explained in terms of the simple thermally activated conduction mechanism, but at low temperatures ( < 300 K), the conductivity takes place through the electrons' variable range of hopping (VRH) between the localized states, and the activation energy of hopping is much smaller than that of the simple activated conduction.


This section is a review of concepts developed by Thayer, Herzog and Guttman [25] . First, we explain the notion of terms that are used to represent the messages in the protocols. Then, we explain the notion of strands, strand spaces and bundles, and show how to represent protocols using strands. Finally, we give the formal description of the penetrator model.

This section is a review of concepts developed by Thayer, Herzog and Guttman.


Interaction between smoking, eNOS genotype and CAD has been reported (Mayer, 1997) . Smoking is known to induce oxidative stress, which is a potent suppressor of eNOS activity. Also, others found an association between genetic variation in the eNOS gene and diabetes in CAD, therefore in this study all subjects selected were non-smoker and non-diabetic.

Interaction between smoking, eNOS genotype and CAD has been reported.


Nitric oxide (NO) plays an essential role in regulating vascular tone and hemodynamic. NO stimulates endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis, thereby playing an important role in wound healing and microcirculation. In addition, NO inhibits the release of endothelin-1 (a vasoconstrictor) (Ignarro et al., 1999) . Besides being an endothelium derived vasodilator molecule, NO also has important physiological and pathological effects. It can be synthesized in most tissue and cells. Its most prominent roles in cardiovascular system are blood pressure regulation, inhibition of thrombocyte aggregation, leukocyte adhesion, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and LDL oxi-dation. The decreases in production and bioavailability are associated with events that accelerate development of atherosclerosis such as vasoconstriction, thrombocyte aggregation, migration of monocytes to the vascular wall, oxidized LDL and foam cell production. The main hypothesis of our study was that increased oxidative stress could reduce NO synthesis. Although patients with CAD had increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, no significant correlations were determined between MDA and NO. NO levels were tended to be higher than those of the control group (Elizalde et al., 2000) .

In addition, NO inhibits the release of endothelin-1 (a vasoconstrictor).

NO levels were tended to be higher than those of the control group.


When caught in a snare, an animal usually reacts by trying to pull the snare from its substrate, which causes the wire to tighten and to cut deeper into the flesh (Noss 1998) . Although larger primates can separate the snare from the substrate, the wire often remains tightly wrapped around the affected body part, causing obstruction in blood circulation, infections, necrosis, loss of function, and mutilation. Although not directly targeted, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are sometimes accidentally caught in snares, which can cause severe and permanent mutilations (Waller 1995) . These injuries are a substantial problem in many chimpanzee communities. For example, in Budongo Forest, Uganda, an estimated third of the entire chimpanzee population suffers from some form of snare injury (Reynolds 2005) .

When caught in a snare, an animal usually reacts by trying to pull the snare from its substrate, which causes the wire to tighten and to cut deeper into the flesh.

Although not directly targeted, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are sometimes accidentally caught in snares, which can cause severe and permanent mutilations.

For example, in Budongo Forest, Uganda, an estimated third of the entire chimpanzee population suffers from some form of snare injury.


Research has shown, that V ce is the dominant monitoring parameter to detect the degradation of the IGBT module [5] [6] [7] . V ce is main temperature dependent parameter and it increases with the corresponding increase in junction temperature. Typically, the V ce is measured offline due to high degree of accuracy needed for this measurement and high voltage input range to the measurement circuit. The online V ce measurement technique can be used to predict the wear out status of IGBT modules during normal converter period.

Research has shown, that V ce is the dominant monitoring parameter to detect the degradation of the IGBT module.


McKinley Paper Mill (New Mexico, USA), which produces linerboard from 100% recycled board and old corrugated containers, uses a MF+RO system to recycle all the effluent within the mill. This paper mill is nowadays consuming only 1.2 m 3 of freshwater per tonne of produced paper. This water consumption is mainly produced by evaporation during paperboard drying [13] .

This water consumption is mainly produced by evaporation during paperboard drying.


The triterpene saponosides are either pentacyclic or tetracyclic [42] . The latter are often endowed with very interesting therapeutic properties with the example of the ginsenoside isolated from the ginseng root (Panax ginseng). It is both Figure 9 . Structures of Ginsenoside and of Vernonioside F1 (R=H) and Vernonioside F2 (R=β=D-Xylopyranosyl).

The triterpene saponosides are either pentacyclic or tetracyclic.

It is both Figure 9 .


The frequently applied highly resistant materials used for cladding processes consist of WC/Co, WC/Ni, WC/Stellite, WC/W 2 C and WC/NiCr powder mixtures [7] [8] [9] [10] . The participation of tungsten carbide (WC) particles in the manufactured clads causes mainly the improvement of its hardness, wear resistance and toughness. Unfortunately, the materials based on hard and brittle tungsten carbide particles are extremely difficult to cut. Therefore, the development of the productive and economic cutting technology of these materials is of high importance.

The frequently applied highly resistant materials used for cladding processes consist of WC/Co, WC/Ni, WC/Stellite, WC/W 2 C and WC/NiCr powder mixtures.


The enhanced activity of the Cu 2 O-decorated NAFs observed in our experiments can be attributed to the combined effect of several factors. Firstly, under simulated sunlight, TiO 2 can be excited by UV light, and Cu 2 O can be excited by visible light, which will generate more electrons and holes for photocatalytic reactions as compared to undecorated TiO 2 NAF. Secondly, the combination of TiO 2 with Cu 2 O will lead to a reduced recombination of the photoexcited electrons and holes due to the difference between the band edges of Cu 2 O and TiO 2 semiconductors. As shown in Figure 8 , the electron excited under visible light may transfer from the conduction band of Cu 2 O to that of TiO 2 since the conduction band edge for Cu 2 O is higher than that of TiO 2 [23] . As a result, the recombination probability of the photoexcited electrons and holes will be reduced, leading to an improvement in photocatalytic activity.

As shown in Figure 8 , the electron excited under visible light may transfer from the conduction band of Cu 2 O to that of TiO 2 since the conduction band edge for Cu 2 O is higher than that of TiO 2.


In the province of Córdoba (Andalusia, Spain) the most arable land is used for olives. The olive tree flowers in Córdoba during the spring (April-June). Olive pollen is one of the most important airborne pollen types recorded in the Mediterranean region, particularly in Andalusia, due to the abundance of this crop in the area. The pollen season usually starts in the second half of April, although the date depends on temperatures over the preceding period. The tree requires an average of 2108 heat units to flower, calculated as growing degree days, over a threshold temperature of 12.5 8C (Galán et al., 2001a) . Annual pollen emission is highly variable, and depends first on rainfall, particularly in March, and secondly on temperature (Galán et al., 2001b) .

The tree requires an average of 2108 heat units to flower, calculated as growing degree days, over a threshold temperature of 12.5 8C.

Annual pollen emission is highly variable, and depends first on rainfall, particularly in March, and secondly on temperature.


A final note that bears on the verge of conservation measures and policies must be made. Previous work has suggested that artificial lightning might provide disorienting or confounding cues to adult turtles or their hatchlings while crawling on the beach. So, it is recommendable to dictate norms aimed at preventing as much as possible the occurrence of this disturbing element near turtle natal beaches. In contrast, nothing has been said about potential harms that human developments could impose on olfactory and magnetic ambient cues. A recent geophysical survey carried out by our group supports that Colola beach provides magnetic cues that might be useful for turtles to perform beach identification, magnetic imprinting and nest-site selection [8, 9] . Because some of the natural sources of magnetic cues are not located within the protected limits of Colola beach, our behavioral study calls for the relocation of the boundaries of this natural reserve.

A recent geophysical survey carried out by our group supports that Colola beach provides magnetic cues that might be useful for turtles to perform beach identification, magnetic imprinting and nest-site selection.


Another important observation is that 85mT magnets rendered turtles less disoriented than 350mT magnets. This may signify that the magnetoceptive system in turtle hatchlings has a dynamic range of functioning (i.e., discrimination threshold), as it must be expected for a sensory system. Previous behavioral data have led to the conclusion that sea turtle hatchlings rely on magnetic information to orient their navigation only until they reach the ocean [11, 12] . Our results support, nonetheless, that the ability of perceiving magnetic information is already in place by the time of hatching and that magnetic information is also used by hatchlings to complement visual and olfactory cues to orient their movements on the beach in their way to the sea. This result is not unexpected because turtles are highly precocial species that provide no parental care to their offspring, so hatchlings must be ready to cope with the environmental challenges as soon as they hatch.

Previous behavioral data have led to the conclusion that sea turtle hatchlings rely on magnetic information to orient their navigation only until they reach the ocean.


Previous studies support that the visual scenery provides cues for marine turtle hatchlings to orient their crawling towards the sea [1] [2] [3] [4] . The profound disorientation observed in blindfolded hatchlings, in the presence of intact olfactory and magnetosensory senses, confirms this conception. Our results, however, support that olfactory and magnetic cues also are used by marine turtle hatchlings to define their seaward crawling routes. This conclusion is supported by the finding that olfactory deprivation or magnetic field distortion rendered most hatchlings disoriented even though they are visually competent. It is this very set of observations what supports that multisensory cues are used by, and that multisensory integration is taking place in, turtle hatchlings while crawling towards the sea. The fact that they cannot compensate immediately the acute, transient lack of a sensory modality must not be surprising because sensory compensation responses normally take place after hours, days or even weeks following deprivation [10] . An interesting observation is that most of the hatchlings exposed to 350mT magnets attached to their carapaces crawled following inadequate orientation routs. In this group, none of the hatchlings reached the sea. Although it can be argued that weight-loading could have prevented them to orient correctly and accomplish their goal within the time frame set, clearly overweight was not the cause of disorientation since hatchlings carrying similar weights made of diamagnetic materials also failed to reach the sea, but always crawled following correct directions.

Previous studies support that the visual scenery provides cues for marine turtle hatchlings to orient their crawling towards the sea.

The fact that they cannot compensate immediately the acute, transient lack of a sensory modality must not be surprising because sensory compensation responses normally take place after hours, days or even weeks following deprivation.


In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) generation has attracted increasing global attention due to its economic and environmental benefits. The ability to forecast the output of PV generation in the ultra-short term (0-4 h into future) is a key issue to allow a high-level penetration of the PV generation into the grid. Besides, accurate ultra-short-term forecast of PV generation is required for regulating and dispatching of the power grid. However, this task still faces great challenges because the performance of PV generation is heavily influenced by frequently fluctuating weather types and meteorological conditions. China has been facing fog and haze (F-H) weather since 2012. Especially in autumn and winter, large-scale emergence of F-H weather frequently affected the eastern China, and the involved area has gradually increased. In 2013, more than 100 cities in 25 provinces in China, which represent 25% of the national territorial area, were covered by F-H [1] . On 7 December 2015, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on NASA's Aqua satellite captured an image of eastern China being inundated by F-H, seen in gray area of Figure 1 . On 6 December 2015, in Beijing, the Chinese government issued a first-ever "red alert" for the city, which resulted in school and factory closures and the forcing of motorists from the roads.

In 2013, more than 100 cities in 25 provinces in China, which represent 25% of the national territorial area, were covered by F-H.


Physical methods try to obtain an accurate forecast using a white box model, and the accuracy is determined by the parameters of physical equations. As for the prediction of solar irradiance, some clear sky irradiance models have been proposed, such as Bird, Ineichen, ASHRAE, and REST2, which depend on the solar zenith angle, and a limited number of parameters, whose role is to describe the local and current atmospheric and environmental conditions [8] . Among these parameters, aerosol optical depth (AOD) has been improved to be the primary influencing factor for forecasting results when the sun's disk is not obscured [9] . Therefore, it is quite important to accurately obtain the AOD in real time for the prediction of solar irradiance.

As for the prediction of solar irradiance, some clear sky irradiance models have been proposed, such as Bird, Ineichen, ASHRAE, and REST2, which depend on the solar zenith angle, and a limited number of parameters, whose role is to describe the local and current atmospheric and environmental conditions.

Among these parameters, aerosol optical depth (AOD) has been improved to be the primary influencing factor for forecasting results when the sun's disk is not obscured.


The additional cost of the battery, maintenance thereof and the concern of environment while disposing of are the major barrier to market the cooking PV module. However, for the heating purpose (mainly household cooking), the variation of the maximum power of solar array due to change of irradiation (G) and temperature (T) will not affect the efficiency and reliability of the system too much. Hence for cooking purposes, the solar power can be used without a battery. However, to harvest maximum solar power, PV panel must be operated at its maximum power point (MPP) with the help of a suitable MPP tracker (Esram & Chapman, 2007; Ishaque & Salam, 2013; Mohapatra, Nayak, Das, & Barada, 2017; Mohapatra, Nayak, & Mohanty, 2014; Salas, Olías, Barrado, & Lázaro, 2006) . This requires selection of dc-dc converter, which is interfaced between the PV panel and heating load (Villalva, de Siqueira, & Ruppert, 2010) . The duty ratio of the converter can be controlled in such a way that the input voltage of the converter must be equal to the voltage at maximum power point (V MPP ), which changes with a change of irradiation and temperature. To achieve the V MPP point and to track the maximum power, the PV panel internal resistance at MPP must be equal to the equivalent load resistance (load resistance referred to an input side of the converter). Hence, the selection of dc-dc converter depends on load resistance. In standalone mode, the battery is essential for management of the power flow if the load demands a constant power. But in some application like heating and cooking where the change in the load power will not affect the reliability of the system too much. In those applications, the battery may not be used to avoid the cost, frequent maintenance and environmental issues caused by battery usages. Table 1 depicts the usage of PV panel basically for rural areas for different applications.

However, to harvest maximum solar power, PV panel must be operated at its maximum power point (MPP) with the help of a suitable MPP tracker.

This requires selection of dc-dc converter, which is interfaced between the PV panel and heating load.


Other aspects of chromatin topology may also impact on gene expression. Transcriptionally inactive genes generally become de-condensed upon transcriptional activation, subsequently occupying a larger nuclear volume [5] . Chromatin also occupies preferential positions relative to the nuclear periphery, such that transcriptionally active regions occupy more interior positions whereas inactive regions tend to locate towards the periphery and the nuclear lamina [6, 7] . These phenomena have been observed at the scale of whole chromosomes and for specific loci, yet it remains unclear whether transcription is upstream or downstream of changes in either chromatin de-condensation or radial positioning [8] .

Transcriptionally inactive genes generally become de-condensed upon transcriptional activation, subsequently occupying a larger nuclear volume.

Chromatin also occupies preferential positions relative to the nuclear periphery, such that transcriptionally active regions occupy more interior positions whereas inactive regions tend to locate towards the periphery and the nuclear lamina.

These phenomena have been observed at the scale of whole chromosomes and for specific loci, yet it remains unclear whether transcription is upstream or downstream of changes in either chromatin de-condensation or radial positioning.


GAMtools provides a quality control (QC) module that can calculate 11 different metrics of sample quality ( Table 1 ). The user can provide GAMtools with a set of rules to use for automated inclusion or exclusion of NPs. By default, GAMtools excludes NPs with less than 15% mapped reads, as this has been shown to adequately discriminate good quality from poor quality NPs in a published GAM dataset from mouse embryonic stem cells [9] . GAMtools default settings also exclude samples with a lower percentage of reads mapping to the reference genome than to common contaminant genomes, as low levels of contamination can be difficult to avoid when working with sub-picogram amounts of input DNA. Other possible QC measures, including average sample sequencing quality, overrepresentation of mono-and di-nucleotide repeats and the percentage of orphaned windows (positive windows without positive neighbours, which are more likely to represent noise) are reported since sample quality control may present different challenges in different organisms.

By default, GAMtools excludes NPs with less than 15% mapped reads, as this has been shown to adequately discriminate good quality from poor quality NPs in a published GAM dataset from mouse embryonic stem cells.


LATW is a complex process, as there is a diverse interaction of the involved physics such as optics, heat transfer, phase changes, polymer interdiffusion during consolidation and solid mechanics. The temperature at the nip-point plays a key role for the polymer bonding during the process. The optical phenomena involved in the laser heating needs to be understood and defined well to be able to predict the laser irradiation and reflection on the substrate and tape. The laser light that is reflected, absorbed or transmitted depends on several factors such as material properties, laser wavelength and fibre orientation [1] . The temperature prior to the nip-point drops significantly due to the shadows on the substrate and tape.

The laser light that is reflected, absorbed or transmitted depends on several factors such as material properties, laser wavelength and fibre orientation.


Laser assisted tape winding (LATW) is an automated process to produce tubular or tube-like continuous fibre-reinforced parts by winding a tape around a mandrel or liner. A schematic view of the process, which is very similar to laser assisted tape placement (LATP), is depicted in Fig. 1 . The thermoplastic tapes are deposited onto a substrate (laminate) or tooling in an automated way using robotics. The laser radiation is absorbed by the substrate and tape during the winding process, melting the material before the nip point. In-situ consolidation takes place at the nip point by a compaction roller. The in-situ consolidation is one of the main advantages of the LATW process, since it eliminates the process step and additional energy consumption of autoclave post-consolidation [1] .

The in-situ consolidation is one of the main advantages of the LATW process, since it eliminates the process step and additional energy consumption of autoclave post-consolidation.


Green composites are alternatives for previously used petroleum base plastics. These plastics were one of the great inventions in human history. Production and use of these plastics may exist primarily due to their cheap cost. However, it has been known such synthetic plastics cause a high rate of CO 2 emissions and require the use of fossil fuel for disposal therefore new, renewable materials must be found. Plant based resources are increasing being harnessed to produce materials that aimed at replacing fossil origin resources. Environmental and cost concerns are at the center of extensive research and currently being undertaken worldwide to develop new materials that would replace the fossil origin materials. Green composites can reduce CO 2 emissions and be used as sustainable materials [1] [2] . Currently green composites are not used in common industrial material due to its lack of stability and durability for industrial level. This study carried out on green composites not only developed as new materials but also modified their character for industrial level use.

Green composites can reduce CO 2 emissions and be used as sustainable materials.


At the IMF Research Conference in November 2013, Lawrence Summers delivered a speech in which he suggested that secular stagnation might be "the de…ning issue of our age" (Summers, 2013) . He argued that the natural real interest rate in the U.S. may have declined, reaching negative levels since at least the early 2000s, in the order of 2% or 3%. The fact that in this period actual long-term real rates have instead remained positive would explain why, despite the recurrent formation of bubbles in the …nancial and housing markets, capacity utilization has never been under any pressure, unemployment has not been remarkably low, and in ‡ation has been entirely quiescent. In this situation, not only a rate hike by the Federal Reserve in the near term could turn out to be premature, but even zero nominal interest rates could inhibit current and future economic activity, holding the U.S. economy below its potential.

At the IMF Research Conference in November 2013, Lawrence Summers delivered a speech in which he suggested that secular stagnation might be "the de…ning issue of our age".