Gas turbine components undergo a myriad of thermal and mechanical loads and typically exhibit creep deformation. This plastic deformation reduces the operational lifetime of components and must be accounted for. Components of particular importance are gas turbine blades. Turbine blades experience high temperatures, fuel and air contamination (in marine turbine chlorine due to salt water), and foreign object damage (FOD) within a corrosive environment. High stress due to centrifugal forces, dynamic flutter and vibrations, flexural stresses due to combustion gases interfacing with blade surface area, and thermal gradient induced thermal stresses impart a complex state of stress on gas turbine blades [1] . Stress concentrations near the blade root are the frequent location of crack initiation. Fatigue, creep damage and the interactions of both are the principal cause of microstructural damage leading to eventual failure [2] . In the case of IGT turbine blades where the cycle duration and maintenance intervals can in the thousands of hours, DS materials have been implemented to minimize intergranular (brittle) creep cracking by alignment of longitudinal grains (L) with the first principal stress direction [3] . However, the regulation of thrust to produce lower or higher power output and the regular fluctuations in combustion exit exhaust velocity coupled with the existence of inherit vibration issues can result in a first principal stress direction not aligned with the enhanced (L) material orientation.

High stress due to centrifugal forces, dynamic flutter and vibrations, flexural stresses due to combustion gases interfacing with blade surface area, and thermal gradient induced thermal stresses impart a complex state of stress on gas turbine blades.

Fatigue, creep damage and the interactions of both are the principal cause of microstructural damage leading to eventual failure.

In the case of IGT turbine blades where the cycle duration and maintenance intervals can in the thousands of hours, DS materials have been implemented to minimize intergranular (brittle) creep cracking by alignment of longitudinal grains (L) with the first principal stress direction.


Artificial seeds offer many advantages and opportunities especially in cross pollinating species where seed production and germination is difficult and expensive [24] . Therefore, the present investigation was carried out for the purpose of germplasm storage, delivery and conservation of the threatened medicinal orchid Cymbidium aloifolium through artificial seeds. Both MS and Kn C media have been found suitable for artificial seed germination and regeneration of plantlets. The germination time of artificial seeds was found to be different with media and growth conditions. Although all tested media were successfully supported the conversion of encapsulated protocorms into whole plantlet with shoot, leaf and root growth showed varied responses. It might be due to the compositional variation of two different media including plant hormones. Many shoot buds were regenerated directly from a single encapsulated protocorm which later developed into a whole plant (Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b) ). Though earlier germination was observed on hormone-free Kn C medium, healthy and chlorophyllous shoots and roots were developed earlier on hormone free full strength of MS medium (Figure 1(c) ). It could be due to the low amount of macro and micro nutrients present in Kn C medium. Whereas MS medium was enriched with high concentration of nutritional compounds which made the suitability for efficient regeneration of healthy plantlet from artificial seed of Cymbidium aloifolium. Hence, MS medium was significantly more effective for germination and seedling development rather than Kn C medium. In this medium, shoot buds were developed by cracking the alginate beads of artificial seeds of protocorms after 8 weeks of inoculation; complete plant with shoot and root were developed after 14 -15 weeks of culture (Figure 1(d) ).

Artificial seeds offer many advantages and opportunities especially in cross pollinating species where seed production and germination is difficult and expensive.


In both years, only fertilization at the highest rate (300 kg ha -1 ) increased the P concentration in the plant shoots (Table 2) . This means that, aside from promoting higher growth, P fertilization may also increase the concentration of this nutrient in the plant (Cihacek et al., 1993) . In each year, the Ca and Mg concentrations decreased after fertilization (Table 2) , probably due to a dilution effect caused by the increased DM production in response to fertilization (Table 1) . With regard to S levels, the concentration of this nutrient in plants after NPK fertilization increased only in the second year, regardless of the fertilizer rate. In both years the soil S-SO 4 2-concentrations were considered high (Raij et al., 1997) .

This means that, aside from promoting higher growth, P fertilization may also increase the concentration of this nutrient in the plant.

In both years the soil S-SO 4 2-concentrations were considered high.


Urbic horizon (UR) is the horizon formed synlithogenically (concurrently with the parent material addition) in the course of biogenic transformation of organomineral natural and/or artificial substrate under the effect of human activities in the settlements. The volume of artefacts in it exceeds 10%. It is dark in color, has a weak structure, rather light texture and varying carbon content. Its particular feature is the elevated concentration of phosphates, toxicants and pathogenic bacteria, alkaline to neutral pH values. The problem of the horizons definition is the variation of properties depending on the zonal position and place in the functional zone of the city, share of the cultural layer material, age of the horizon, etc. Carbon content and humus composition vary in a broad range dependent on climatic conditions, moisture regime, vegetation and content of carbonates. Therefore, it was suggested to make part of the definition of urbic horizon relative to the reference soil. For example, in the urban soils of the forest zone, their topsoils are always less acid than those in the reference soils owing to the input of carbonate-enriched construction wastes; this pH shift was not recorded in the urban soils of the subarid regions (Privalenko and Bezuglova, 2003) . The criterion of artefacts is universal while that of texture is less important, and the elevated content of toxicants may be efficient for one or several groups of compounds (PAHs, HMs). Typical for urbic horizon is the human-induced addition of material, as with dust and aerosols, so with the surface runoff or through application of sand or organic fertilizers.

For example, in the urban soils of the forest zone, their topsoils are always less acid than those in the reference soils owing to the input of carbonate-enriched construction wastes; this pH shift was not recorded in the urban soils of the subarid regions.


The substrate-and function-oriented classifications of urban surface bodies should be somehow integrated into the new substantive-genetic Russian classification system (RC) with its priority of soil properties implemented in diagnostic horizons and genetic properties (Shishov et al., 2004) . It is worth explaining the hierarchy of the RC. The substrate formation/pedogenesis ratio is addressed to at the highest level of this system trunks being responsible for grouping soils into synlithogenic and postlithogenic (pedogenesis is simultaneous with the mineral substrate formation or occurs on a ready material, respectively), and organogenic trunks (Shishov et al., 2004) . The diagnostic horizons become important for the second level orders identified by common pedogenetic processes producing horizons inherent to Integrating the systematic of urban soils into the new Russian soil classification system (Tonkonogov and Lebedeva, 1999) . When trying to find the due place for the urban soils there, we faced problems concerning the principles and terminology, and they were solved by accommodating the former and preserving old names as synonyms for the latter. The first solution was more difficult to be reached, though it was facilitated by the common idea of horizons priority. The difference in principles concerns first of all the perception of soil. In RC, soils are defined as (quasi)natural surface bodies composed of genetic horizons; if there are artificial layers instead of horizons, the body is qualified for a TSF. The second group of problems was more terminological than conceptual: it was necessary to consider the existing official documents for Moscow with the functional-genetic soil names, as well as many publications substantiating these names (Stroganova and Prokof¢eva, 2000; Stroganova, 1998) .

The substrate-and function-oriented classifications of urban surface bodies should be somehow integrated into the new substantive-genetic Russian classification system (RC) with its priority of soil properties implemented in diagnostic horizons and genetic properties.

The substrate formation/pedogenesis ratio is addressed to at the highest level of this system trunks being responsible for grouping soils into synlithogenic and postlithogenic (pedogenesis is simultaneous with the mineral substrate formation or occurs on a ready material, respectively), and organogenic trunks.

The diagnostic horizons become important for the second level orders identified by common pedogenetic processes producing horizons inherent to Integrating the systematic of urban soils into the new Russian soil classification system.

The second group of problems was more terminological than conceptual: it was necessary to consider the existing official documents for Moscow with the functional-genetic soil names, as well as many publications substantiating these names.


The approaches proposed in the literature were typically based on an iterative DG penetration increase in a given bus, until operating limits were violated. Thermal limits of transformers and lines, steady-state voltage limits and rapid voltage changes among various technical operating constraints were taken into account (Bollen and Häger, 2005; Deuse et al., 2006) . Voltage profile violation is one of the performance indices that mostly limits the HC of the network. In this study a method is proposed to determine the enhanced utilization of voltage control resources for DG, in order to meet the requirements and objectives of DSO. Indeed, the capability of the actual distribution network to accommodate new DG plants (HC) considerably increases by means of this new decentralized voltage control.

Thermal limits of transformers and lines, steady-state voltage limits and rapid voltage changes among various technical operating constraints were taken into account.


The comparison of WIWNU before and after CMP experiments in different slurries is shown in Fig. 1 . The trend in the WIWNU after CMP is indicated by arrows. It is interesting to see that the WIWNU is reduced by 30% using the Y 2 O 3 slurry. Using the commercial SiO 2 slurry, on the contrary, it shows an increase in the WIWNU by 48%. Meanwhile, the wafer polished using the Y 2 O 3 slurry also has better surface quality. As shown in Fig. 2 , wafers polished using the Y 2 O 3 slurry have lower arithmetic averaged surface roughness than that polished with the SiO 2 slurry. To understand the effects of abrasives on WIWNU and surface roughness, frictional and rheological results are shown in Figs. 3 and 4 , respectively. In Fig. 3 , it is observed that the Y 2 O 3 slurry has lower friction coefficient than the SiO2 slurry. In Figs. 4(a) and 4(b), it is clear that the SiO 2 slurry with higher concentration has the larger slope in shear stress-shear rate plots. With the increase in SiO 2 concentration, the slurry becomes more viscous. Viscosity is directly related to the friction and mass transfer among fluid layers [15] . The change in slope of the shear stress-rate plots implies movement of one fluid layer respect to another with significant mass transfer. This is the evidence of a turbulent flow [16] . With the same concentration, the shear stress in SiO 2 slurry changes at a faster rate against the shear rate than the Y 2 O 3 slurry, as shown in Fig. 4(c) . It is interesting to observe in Fig. 4(d) that the ratio of shear stress to shear rate in water is not affected by the addition of Y 2 O 3 NS. The unchanged slope of the shear stress-rate plots indicates the movement of one fluid layer past another with little matter transfer. This is the evidence of a laminar flow [17] . It is concluded from rheological measurements that SiO 2 NPs increases the viscosity of slurries while Y 2 O 3 NS shows no effects.

Viscosity is directly related to the friction and mass transfer among fluid layers.

This is the evidence of a turbulent flow.

This is the evidence of a laminar flow.


Based on frictional behaviors and rheological properties of slurries, mechanisms in reduction of WIWNU are proposed in schemes illustrated in Fig. 5 . When wafer is polished using the SiO 2 slurry, spherical NPs (see inset of Fig. 5(a) ) can embed in the wafer and abrade it through particle-wafer contact mode ( Fig. 5(a) ) [18, 19] . Such abrasion through 3-body and 2-body wear is believed to be responsible for materials removal in CMP. On the contrary, when square Y 2 O 3 NS (see inset of Fig. 5(b) ) is used, it enables them to have larger contact area. The increased contact leads to a uniform distribution of the down force and the reduced contact pressure. When the applied pressure is low, a fluid film will be able to form between the pad and wafer ( Fig. 5(b) ) [20, 21] . As a result, the uniformed contact and improved slurry transport lead to more effective lubrication [22, 23] . This is confirmed by the friction results. Accordingly, polishing under lubricative condition can reduce the WIWNU after CMP [24] . In addition, when slurries entered the interface between the pad and wafer, Y 2 O 3 NS can be deemed as parallel layers whereas SiO 2 NPs distribute chaotically and stochastically. As demonstrated by rheological experiments (Fig. 4) , a laminar flow and a turbulent flow were believed to form in Y 2 O 3 and SiO 2 slurries, respectively. A laminar slurry flow that has low viscosity with little flow fluctuation leads to uniform distributions of relative velocity and abrasive movement trajectories [5, 25] . In such the WIWNU is decreased.

When wafer is polished using the SiO 2 slurry, spherical NPs (see inset of Fig. 5(a) ) can embed in the wafer and abrade it through particle-wafer contact mode ( Fig. 5(a) ).

When the applied pressure is low, a fluid film will be able to form between the pad and wafer ( Fig. 5(b) ).

As a result, the uniformed contact and improved slurry transport lead to more effective lubrication.

Accordingly, polishing under lubricative condition can reduce the WIWNU after CMP.

A laminar slurry flow that has low viscosity with little flow fluctuation leads to uniform distributions of relative velocity and abrasive movement trajectories.

In such the WIWNU is decreased.


The particle-in-cell (PIC) method, when combined with Monte Carlo (MC) treatment of collision processes, is a self-consistent kinetic approach that has become a predominant numerical approach to investigate the properties of the low pressure capacitively-coupled discharge. This approach is commonly referred to as particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision (PIC/MCC) method. The basic idea of the PIC method is to allow typically a few hundred thousand computer-simulated particles (superparticles) to represent a significantly higher number of real particles (density in the range of 10 14 -10 18 m −3 ) [4] [5] [6] . In a PIC simulation, the motion of each particle is simulated and the various macro-quantities are calculated from the position and velocity of these particles. The particle interaction is handled through a macro-force acting on the particles, which is calculated from the field equations at points on a computational grid. This method allows us to follow the spatio-temporal evolution of the various plasma parameters such as particle density, particle energy, particle fluxes, and particle heating rates.

The basic idea of the PIC method is to allow typically a few hundred thousand computer-simulated particles (superparticles) to represent a significantly higher number of real particles (density in the range of 10 14 -10 18 m −3 ).


In an earlier study, we explored the role of including an energy-dependent secondary electron emission yield for both O + and O + 2 -ions and O and O 2 neutrals in an oxygen discharge [22] . We noted that this had a significant influence on the discharge properties, including increased electron and ion densities and decreased sheath width. Here, we study systematically how the secondary electron emission and the electron reflection from the electrodes influence the charged particle profiles, the electron heating processes, the electron energy probability function (EEPF), and the effective electron temperature, in a single frequency voltage-driven capacitively-coupled oxygen discharge by means of numerical simulation, for a fixed discharge voltage, while the discharge pressure is varied from 10-50 mTorr. The simulation parameters and the cases explored are defined in Section 2, and the simulation results found by including and excluding the ion-induced secondary electron emission and electron reflection are compared in Section 3. We give a summary and concluding remarks in Section 4.

In an earlier study, we explored the role of including an energy-dependent secondary electron emission yield for both O + and O + 2 -ions and O and O 2 neutrals in an oxygen discharge.


The botanical composition results described here clearly demonstrate the high degree of variability which can occur between paddocks within whole farmlets and across variable seasons. This is to be expected as it is well known that factors such as the original composition, climate, soil type, fertiliser and degree of disturbance, such as sowing of introduced species and grazing management, can all impact on botanical composition (Garden et al. 2000a) . As shown by the frequent significance of farm management interventions at the paddock level in this trial, such as sowing and fertilising, botanical composition needs to be managed on a paddock-by-paddock basis (Dowling et al. 2005) .

This is to be expected as it is well known that factors such as the original composition, climate, soil type, fertiliser and degree of disturbance, such as sowing of introduced species and grazing management, can all impact on botanical composition.

As shown by the frequent significance of farm management interventions at the paddock level in this trial, such as sowing and fertilising, botanical composition needs to be managed on a paddock-by-paddock basis.


Soil respiration was measured in plots (20 m × 20 m) with three replications for each stand age and forest type. Three randomly-located soil respiration PVC collars (subplots) were established in each plot. The PVC collars with a height of 10 cm and an inside diameter of 10 cm were inserted 5 cm into the soil after clipping live plants. The PVC collars were left in the same location (free of green vegetation) throughout the study period. The two types of plantations were initially established on bare land and received no management, such as irrigation and fertilization. The soil type of each site is classified as a Haplustalf according to the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Taxonomy [35] . Moreover, similar climate and soil type provide ideal stand age classes and forest types for studying their effects on soil respiration.

The soil type of each site is classified as a Haplustalf according to the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Taxonomy.


The pH of ureteral urine of desert iguanas (7.15-7.28) suggests that urate exists predominantly as a mono-urate salt. The large quantities of potassium present suggest that the pellets are primarily monopotassium urate. Lesser amounts of monosodium urate must also be present. The way in which these salts are formed is unknown, but comparison of the ureteral and discharged urine may give some clues. The ureteral urine of desert iguanas is always a dilute fluid, containing moderate quantities of potassium, a small amount of sodium and chloride and very little precipitated uric acid. Because of its low solubility product, very little uric acid must be in solution. However, moderate quantities of uric acid may be present in colloidal form. This has been demonstrated in the urine of pigeons (McNabb & Poulson, 1968) . The discharged urine of desert iguanas, however, consists of a precipitated pellet of insoluble potassium urate containing very little water. Apparently the urine is modified in some manner by the cloaca. Preliminary work in my laboratory suggests that sodium chloride and water are reabsorbed in the cloaca, causing precipitation of potassium urate. The cloaca of snakes appears to function in this manner (Junqueira et al., 1966) . In addition, if colloidal urate is present, the colloid may be dispersed in the cloaca.

This has been demonstrated in the urine of pigeons.

The cloaca of snakes appears to function in this manner.


Eletriptan hydrobromide is a novel, orally active, selective serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist and is second gen eration antimigraine drug [1] . Eletriptan hydrobromide is chemically designated as (R)-3-[(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) methyl]-5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indole monohydrobromide ( Figure 1 ). Eletriptan hydrobromide is used for the treatment of acute migraine headaches. Its pharmacological effects include the constriction of cerebral blood vessels and neuropeptides secretion blockade which eventually relieves the pain [2] . The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of eletriptan have been investigated in rats, dogs and humans. In all three species, eletriptan was rapidly absorbed and extensively cleared by metabolism. The pathways of eletriptan metabolism are similar in rats, dogs and humans and principal routes include pyrrolidine N-demethylation to Ndesmethyl eletriptan, together with N-oxidation, oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring, and formation of tetracyclic quaternary ammonium metabolites [3] .

Eletriptan hydrobromide is a novel, orally active, selective serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist and is second gen eration antimigraine drug.

Its pharmacological effects include the constriction of cerebral blood vessels and neuropeptides secretion blockade which eventually relieves the pain.

The pathways of eletriptan metabolism are similar in rats, dogs and humans and principal routes include pyrrolidine N-demethylation to Ndesmethyl eletriptan, together with N-oxidation, oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring, and formation of tetracyclic quaternary ammonium metabolites.


Identifying people by their ear has newly obtained important concentration in the literature. More than a few reasons report for this trend: first, ear recognition does not suffer from some problems related with other non contact biometrics, such as face recognition; second, it is the most promising candidate for combination with the face in the framework of multipose face recognition; and third, the ear can be applied for human recognition in surveillance videos where the face may be occluded entirely or in part. Besides to deviation in illumination, other open research problems comprise hair occlusion; ear print forensics; ear symmetry; ear categorization; and ear uniqueness. Multimodal ones contain obviously benefits comparing with single biometric verification technologies. Multimodal biometric is proficient to incorporate different single biometric verification and employs of the merits of all types of single biometrics to develop the concert of the system and attain a more robust system (Yang, 2010) .

Multimodal biometric is proficient to incorporate different single biometric verification and employs of the merits of all types of single biometrics to develop the concert of the system and attain a more robust system.


Biometrics is the science and technology of calculating and examining biological information of human body, removing a feature set from the gained data and comparing this set against to the template set in the database (Gudavalli et al., 2012) . Biometric refers to recognizing a person on the basis of his physiological or behavioral features. It comprises fingerprint, hand geometry, palm print, voice, face and iris recognition, etc., (Khan and Zhang, 2008) . To develop human recognition, biometric researchers are investigating the employ of ancillary features such as scars, marks, tattoos and height and body shape in conjunction with primary characteristics like the face (Ross and Abaza, 2011) . A conventional biometric system functions in one of the two subsequent modes, that is, enrollment and proof mode (Chin et al., 2011; Raghavendra et al., 2010) . The use of biometric data is a famous technique for authentication, but the doubt that occurs due to the need of distinctiveness in biometrics has direct there to be a great deal of attempt invested into multimodal biometrics (Maple and Schetinin, 2006) .

Biometrics is the science and technology of calculating and examining biological information of human body, removing a feature set from the gained data and comparing this set against to the template set in the database.

It comprises fingerprint, hand geometry, palm print, voice, face and iris recognition, etc..

To develop human recognition, biometric researchers are investigating the employ of ancillary features such as scars, marks, tattoos and height and body shape in conjunction with primary characteristics like the face.

A conventional biometric system functions in one of the two subsequent modes, that is, enrollment and proof mode.

The use of biometric data is a famous technique for authentication, but the doubt that occurs due to the need of distinctiveness in biometrics has direct there to be a great deal of attempt invested into multimodal biometrics.


During the past two decades, drug discovery has mainly focused on the single-target paradigm (single keys for specific locks), pursuing exquisitely selective ligands to drug targets with the hope of avoiding unwanted side effects. Thanks to the advances in molecular biology that enable researchers to define a key target for a particular disease, this paradigm has achieved considerable success and will continue being pursued in the future. However, the single-target drugs are limited in the treatment of complex diseases such as cancer, depression, and Alzheimer's disease (AD), because complex diseases have multiple pathogenic mechanisms and are not likely to result from a single defect. Attempts to develop more effective treatments for complex diseases by discovering highly selective drugs have been largely unsuccessful [1] . Taking anti-AD drugs as an example, in the past 10 years, none of the developing anti-AD drugs survived Phase 3 clinical trials due to the lack of efficacy in improving the cognitive deficits in AD patients [2] .

Attempts to develop more effective treatments for complex diseases by discovering highly selective drugs have been largely unsuccessful.

Taking anti-AD drugs as an example, in the past 10 years, none of the developing anti-AD drugs survived Phase 3 clinical trials due to the lack of efficacy in improving the cognitive deficits in AD patients.


Our particular interest is the generation of ultra-low phase noise microwave tones and waveforms using a frequency-stabilized mode-locked laser comb [6] , [7] , [9] - [12] . For this application, we employ photodetection to convert the optical signals to electronic signals for use in and analysis with standard electronic devices. While additional noise contributions from components in the system can have a significant effect on the overall timing precision of these ultra-low noise signals, excess noise in the photodetection process cannot be neglected. Besides the fundamental shot noise of the photocurrent, the conversion of laser amplitude noise into electronic phase noise during photodetection has been previously identified as a limiting noise source for some applications [13] - [19] . We note that some alternative electrooptic techniques for extracting microwave signals from a mode-locked laser pulse train have recently been developed to address issues related to excess noise in photodetection [6] , [20] .

Our particular interest is the generation of ultra-low phase noise microwave tones and waveforms using a frequency-stabilized mode-locked laser comb.

Besides the fundamental shot noise of the photocurrent, the conversion of laser amplitude noise into electronic phase noise during photodetection has been previously identified as a limiting noise source for some applications.

We note that some alternative electrooptic techniques for extracting microwave signals from a mode-locked laser pulse train have recently been developed to address issues related to excess noise in photodetection.


The form factor used in this work can be expanded to higher orders in k to compute the O(k 2 ) part of the density-density correlations. Finally, computing S(k, ω) for higher values of k by including excitations with more particle-holes remains a challenging task that is postponed to future works. Such pursuit is highly relevant due to importance of the dynamic structure factor for the Bragg scattering experiments with 1d cold atomic gases [5, 6, 7] . On the other hand the small k behavior of S(k, ω) also deserves a more extensive analysis, as it has recently shown to have surprising connections with the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation [53] .

Such pursuit is highly relevant due to importance of the dynamic structure factor for the Bragg scattering experiments with 1d cold atomic gases.

On the other hand the small k behavior of S(k, ω) also deserves a more extensive analysis, as it has recently shown to have surprising connections with the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation.


Pressure swirl atomizer is used for liquid atomization in many industries. Liquid atomization is a process to change any liquid to droplets and this is at many applications including fuel injection in combustion systems, spray dispersion of consumer products, manufacturing of pharmaceutical products, detergent and food drying in process industries, and also in agricultural sprays [1] . Atomization characteristics are normally reflected by the spray discharge coefficient. The discharge coefficient (C d ) is defined as the ratio between actual and theoretical flow as in Equation (1). The actual discharge is the discharge that occurs and which is affected by friction as the flow passes through the orifice. The theoretical discharge would be the discharge achieved without friction. The coefficient of discharge is heavily related to the volumetric flow rate of the fluid flow and the cross sectional area of the orifice. For well designed injector, the coefficient is very close to unity at high Reynolds numbers [2] . Reynolds number can be express as Equation (2).

Liquid atomization is a process to change any liquid to droplets and this is at many applications including fuel injection in combustion systems, spray dispersion of consumer products, manufacturing of pharmaceutical products, detergent and food drying in process industries, and also in agricultural sprays.

For well designed injector, the coefficient is very close to unity at high Reynolds numbers.


For pressure-driven microflows, with electrokinetic effects, exclusion of the streaming potential induced convective transport of ions from the flow hydrodynamics model results in erroneous predictions of the flow characteristics, and is one of the major limitations of traditional electroviscous analysis [8] . Hence, the prime focus of the present work is to analyse, probably for the first time, the alterations, in the associated thermal characteristics of ionic power-law fluid flows through closed narrow confinements, triggered by the modification in the underlying flow physics due to included streaming potential effects. Temperature and Nusselt number profiles are derived semi-analytically considering the electrokinetic effects, by going beyond the Debye-Hückel linearization, as well as the effect of viscous dissipation, which further broadens the scope of the present work. A parametric study is performed to delineate the interesting features of the thermal characteristics.

For pressure-driven microflows, with electrokinetic effects, exclusion of the streaming potential induced convective transport of ions from the flow hydrodynamics model results in erroneous predictions of the flow characteristics, and is one of the major limitations of traditional electroviscous analysis.


We have recently reported the fabrication of (Hf-Ta-Zr-Ti)C and (Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb)C high entropy Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic (UHTC) carbide compositions via ball milling and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) [20] . We found that the lattice parameter mismatch of the component monocarbides is a key predictive factor for determining solid solution formation, and hence the (Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb)C composition formed a single phase solid solution more readily than the (Hf-Ta-Zr-Ti)C composition. The indentation modulus of the single phase (Hf-Ta-ZrNb)C system was found to be slightly higher (598 GPa) than the corresponding rule of mixtures modulus calculated from the individual component carbides while a significant enhancement in hardness was observed due to solid solution strengthening, giving a value of 36.1 GPa, equating to a ~30% increase in comparison to the corresponding rule of mixtures prediction.

We have recently reported the fabrication of (Hf-Ta-Zr-Ti)C and (Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb)C high entropy Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic (UHTC) carbide compositions via ball milling and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS).


Last but not least, we should emphasize that our studybased on hypothetical product reviews and incentivized, but ultimately hypothetical, choices between pairs of consumer products-cannot approximate the rich motivational structure of actual consumer choice. The goals of people buying consumer products of the type used here (e.g., camcorders) will differ from those of our participants. First, a consumer may focus on a single product (rather than two or more products) and is likely to compare products along numerous potentially incommensurable dimensions. Second, as a consumer typically purchases only one, say, camcorder, he or she may aim to minimize the maximum loss (the purchase of a "lemon") or to satisfy an aspiration level for each purchase. In contrast, in our study implementing 10 choices, a bad outcome in one choice can be compensated by a good outcome in another; hence, the participant can aggregate theriskoverchoicesbracketedtogether (Read,Loewenstein,& Rabin, 1999) . Therefore, the robustness of the present results should next be tested in settings with real product ratings, real consumer products, and real choices. Notwithstanding these issues, however, it is worth noting that the description-experience gap obtained in monetary gambles, and replicated here, has also been found in (hypothetical) choices in which people relied on a minimax heuristic (thus avoiding the worst possible outcome), namely, in choices between drugs with different uncertain side effects (Lejarraga, Pachur, Frey, & Hertwig, 2014) . Furthermore, individual choice problems in a collection of problems are often played as if they were faced in isolation (Wulff, Hills, & Hertwig, 2014) . These results raise the possibility that the gap between choices in the laboratory and consumer choices is perhaps smaller than it might first appear.

In contrast, in our study implementing 10 choices, a bad outcome in one choice can be compensated by a good outcome in another; hence, the participant can aggregate theriskoverchoicesbracketedtogether.

Notwithstanding these issues, however, it is worth noting that the description-experience gap obtained in monetary gambles, and replicated here, has also been found in (hypothetical) choices in which people relied on a minimax heuristic (thus avoiding the worst possible outcome), namely, in choices between drugs with different uncertain side effects.

Furthermore, individual choice problems in a collection of problems are often played as if they were faced in isolation.


Since data is a key driver in business and science, its integrity is of obvious importance [53] . Relational database schemas help to ensure the validity of data through integrity constraints [1] . However, mistakes can be made while specifying schemas, or by misunderstanding the dialect of SQL understood by the DBMS of concern. Therefore, it is important to test relational schemas, as has been recently recommended by industrial practitioners [11] . Since test cases for database schemas may not be equally capable at finding faults, mutation analysis offers a way to evaluate the "strength" of test suites by inserting potential defects and then checking to see if the tests can find them [12] , [13] .

Since data is a key driver in business and science, its integrity is of obvious importance.

Relational database schemas help to ensure the validity of data through integrity constraints.

Therefore, it is important to test relational schemas, as has been recently recommended by industrial practitioners.

Since test cases for database schemas may not be equally capable at finding faults, mutation analysis offers a way to evaluate the "strength" of test suites by inserting potential defects and then checking to see if the tests can find them.


In guidance law designs, not only achieving acceptable miss distance values, but also considering impact angles has become an increasingly important necessity. In some applications, it is desirable to control the path angle of missiles such as antitank missiles and antiship missiles to a proper impact angle to enhance warhead effectiveness and lethality [1] . On the other hand, maintaining missile seeker's lock-on during the engagement is critical for successful interception, especially for narrower FOV seekers such as strapdown seeker [2, 3] .

In some applications, it is desirable to control the path angle of missiles such as antitank missiles and antiship missiles to a proper impact angle to enhance warhead effectiveness and lethality.

On the other hand, maintaining missile seeker's lock-on during the engagement is critical for successful interception, especially for narrower FOV seekers such as strapdown seeker.


Going forward, there are important policy implications to consider. Over the past decade, major food companies in the United States have received extensive scrutiny for advertising unhealthful products, particularly to children. In response, there have been both industry-and government-led initiatives proposed to restrict or reduce advertising to children. Only the former have been successfully implemented. Specifically, the Better Business Bureau has established the Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI) to provide a framework for food industry companies to voluntarily self-regulate their advertising to children (see http://www.bbb.org). The target objectives of the CFBAI focus on regulating when ads can be shown (during children's programming vs. prime time) and the type of programming during which the ads can be shown based on audience composition (young children vs. adolescents). Prior research has questioned, however, the effectiveness of the CFBAI at actually limiting how much advertising children see for unhealthful products (Berning, Huang, and Rabinowitz, 2014; Berning and McCullough, 2013; Huang and Yang, 2013) . The results of this research provide more insight, to both industry and government, regarding ways to make advertising restrictions more impactful. In particular, future efforts may want to give greater attention to other forms of package advertising and cobranding that are related, and likely complementary, to television advertising. Further, targeted advertising to children appears to be very different than advertising to adults or even teens. Although this suggests greater emphasis on child-targeted advertising, it is important to acknowledge how adults, the purchase decision makers, are also targeted.

Prior research has questioned, however, the effectiveness of the CFBAI at actually limiting how much advertising children see for unhealthful products.


Employing these data sets, we estimate the relationship of product characteristics and advertising GRPs while controlling for sample selection of firms that choose when to advertise. Controlling for sample selection allows us to explicitly deal with intermittent advertising behavior generally referred to as pulse advertising (Feinberg, 1992; Simon, 1982) . As such, we are able to separate out the extensive and intensive advertising margin, the latter identifying the intensity of firms that choose to advertise their cereal to children. Our results reveal that a cereal's nutritional profile, package attributes, and cobranding correspond to television advertising targeted to specific audiences.

Controlling for sample selection allows us to explicitly deal with intermittent advertising behavior generally referred to as pulse advertising.


The breakfast cereal industry is ideal for examining targeted advertising for several reasons. First, breakfast cereal is a heavily consumed product in the United States, and competing firms in the industry rely on vast amounts of product differentiation. The product category includes several consumer segments (children, adults, etc.) and offers a wide variety of flavor profiles (chocolate, fruity, etc.) and nutritional content (high fiber, high sugar, etc.) within each segment. Consistent with such large-scale product differentiation, the breakfast cereal industry also employs a significant amount of television advertising. In fact, cereal companies spent $264 million on advertising in 2011 (http://cerealfacts.org). Advertising in the cereal industry has been documented to have an advertising-to-sales ratio four to six times higher than other food industries (Nevo, 2001) . Cereal has also been consistently the second most advertised product (following fast-food restaurants) to children aged 2-11 from 2004 to 2015 (Frazier and Harris, 2016) .

Advertising in the cereal industry has been documented to have an advertising-to-sales ratio four to six times higher than other food industries.

Cereal has also been consistently the second most advertised product (following fast-food restaurants) to children aged 2-11 from 2004 to 2015.


Targeted advertising allows firms to reach specific market segments using media specifically designed to be of interest to these consumers. By showing a Breakfast Cereal Advertising 3 particular advertisement to the most receptive audience, advertising effectiveness is improved and advertising waste is reduced (Anand and Shachar, 2009; Chandra and Kaiser, 2014) . Targeted advertising also suggests a more complex promotional strategy than just making a discrete decision to advertise or not. It suggests that product characteristics correspond to promotional activities targeted to specific audiences. That is, products with certain brand-packaging characteristics are more likely to have advertising targeted at specific market segments. By examining the relationship between product characteristics and targeted advertising, we obtain a richer understanding of firm marketing strategies.

By showing a Breakfast Cereal Advertising 3 particular advertisement to the most receptive audience, advertising effectiveness is improved and advertising waste is reduced.


In addition to nutritional quality differentiation, breakfast cereals utilize their brand packaging to an extent that few other products do. Breakfast cereal packaging is often covered in brand characters, promotional opportunities, nutritional claims, and other engaging marketing strategies. Product brand images such as Toucan Sam, the Trix rabbit, and Cap'n Crunch are identifiable characters that entice young consumers. Consequently, products that have certain brand profiles may be ideal products to advertise to specific target audiences. This is an issue that is not just isolated to food products as it has been documented that tobacco advertisers had been known to use characters to appeal to young audiences (Kelly et al., 2000) . This practice subsequently ended with tobacco manufacturers being subject to legal agreements and government policies prohibiting such marketing practices.

This is an issue that is not just isolated to food products as it has been documented that tobacco advertisers had been known to use characters to appeal to young audiences.


The storage quality of 'Braeburn' apples is limited by the development of brown heart (BH) within the fruit flesh. The symptoms of BH include browning of the flesh and formation of cavities. Initially browning areas tend to be concentrated in the calyx end of the fruit and in the midcortex, and in severely affected fruit they are visible throughout the cortical tissues. Cavities may be present within the brown tissue regions of either the core or cortical areas of the fruit, being generally dry when cut, and presumably forming when the brown tissues become dehydrated [1] .

Cavities may be present within the brown tissue regions of either the core or cortical areas of the fruit, being generally dry when cut, and presumably forming when the brown tissues become dehydrated.


However, the demonstration of the LH properties of a metamaterial is not as straightforward as it seems, and showing that permittivity and permeability are separately negative over a similar frequency band does not imply that they remain so when the rods and SRRs are combined into a unique geometry. One of the first observations of the LH nature of these metamaterial structures was inferred by observing transmission and reflection coefficients over a wide frequency band. For the separate geometries (rods only or SRRs only), no transmission occurs because of an imaginary wave number. In the frequency band where the two parameters are simultaneously negative, transmission occurs when the combined geometry is considered. This band-pass phenomenon was indeed observed in these metamaterials [1] . However, as mentioned before, this transmission is not sufficient to conclude that the material is exhibiting LH behavior, since the interaction between the SRRs and rods could result in a positive permittivity and permeability, which would also yield transmission. A more rigorous test to demonstrate the LH nature of a material is therefore to either directly measure the phase inside the material (this can be done numerically, as will be shown later, but is very difficult to realize practically), or to measure the index of refraction of a prism. Snell's law dictates that the angle of transmission into or out of any right-handed (RH, with positive permittivity and permeability) material must be on the opposite side of the surface normal with respect to the incident angle. For LH materials, however, the angle of transmission is on the same side of the normal, which has been theoretically demonstrated and experimentally verified [3, 8] . Note that recent work has suggested another rigorous way of calculating the index of refraction of a LH slab by measuring the lateral shift of an incident Gaussian beam [9] .

This band-pass phenomenon was indeed observed in these metamaterials.

For LH materials, however, the angle of transmission is on the same side of the normal, which has been theoretically demonstrated and experimentally verified.

Note that recent work has suggested another rigorous way of calculating the index of refraction of a LH slab by measuring the lateral shift of an incident Gaussian beam.


Materials exhibiting negative permittivity and permeability are a popular topic of current research due to their recent physical realization as metamaterials [1] . Recent research has focused both on the behavior of these metamaterials as well as on the incorporation of negative permittivity and permeability into electromagnetic theory [2] . The key theoretical aspects and some applications were first investigated by Veselago in 1968 [3] . In his pioneering work, Veselago introduced the nomenclature 'left-handed (LH) materials', to refer to the left-handed dyad formed by the electric field (E), magnetic field (H), and wave vector (k). Veselago predicted LH properties such as a reversed Doppler effect, reversedČerenkov radiation, and a negative index of refraction. To date, the range of imaginable applications extends to the field of antenna design, vehicle coatings for altering radar cross section properties, and lenses [4] .

Materials exhibiting negative permittivity and permeability are a popular topic of current research due to their recent physical realization as metamaterials.

Recent research has focused both on the behavior of these metamaterials as well as on the incorporation of negative permittivity and permeability into electromagnetic theory.

The key theoretical aspects and some applications were first investigated by Veselago in 1968.

To date, the range of imaginable applications extends to the field of antenna design, vehicle coatings for altering radar cross section properties, and lenses.


This work examined three techniques to localize and demonstrate the LH behavior of a metamaterial. First, the possible frequency band of LH behavior was determined by calculating the transmitted power of a wideband pulse through the metamaterial. In that frequency band, the backward phase velocity in a slab of metamaterial was then verified, and the index of refraction was calculated. At the same frequencies, a negative index of refraction was demonstrated by calculating the direction of power leaving a metamaterial prism. The two methods of calculating the index of refraction of the metamaterials gave consistent results. The FDTD model in this work uses two different SRR geometries, one that is optimal for the uniform Cartesian grid, and the other that is a model of geometries used in previous experiments [8] . The numerical study enables a greater understanding of the phenomena that leads to LH behavior in metamaterials, and can be easily changed to examine new metamaterial geometries in the future. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the LH properties of metamaterials have been verified and studied using a full wave numerical model of an entire experimental geometry.

The FDTD model in this work uses two different SRR geometries, one that is optimal for the uniform Cartesian grid, and the other that is a model of geometries used in previous experiments.


Another factor that significantly affects the participation of husbands in the examination of pregnancy and childbirth is the occupation of the wife and the husband. Characteristics of respondents in this study indicate that the number of percentage of wives and husbands who work and participate in the examination of pregnancy is greater than the number of husbands and wives who do not work. This suggests that the economic conditions affect the role of the husband in participating in the wife's pregnancy examination. The higher the economic conditions affect the husband's support during pregnancy [18] . Family income will affect the behavior of a person in using health services as the lower the family income, the lower the family activity on the health of pregnant women. This is due to the high cost of daily living that they prioritize, compared with the maternal health of pregnant women.

The higher the economic conditions affect the husband's support during pregnancy.


The number of children also significantly influenced the participation of husbands in the examination of pregnancy and childbirth, and the results of this study are that most of the new couples have less than two children. Having less than two children indicates the experience of pregnancy and childbirth is still less, so that the husband participates in the examination of pregnancy with the aim to learn together about the condition of his pregnant wife, and this can hopefully play an active role in keeping the wife safe during pregnancy. Experience effect on one's behavior [17] . This is in accordance with the results of the Marina research that the husband who did not provide support SIAGA occurs in multigravida, meaning that the husband has a lot to learn to have a smooth pregnancy experience with his wife.

Experience effect on one's behavior.


The government has made various efforts to prevent and reduce maternal mortality. Some government efforts include Making Pregnancy Safer (MPS). One of the MPS strategies of encouraging the empowerment of women and families, and the expected output of the strategy is to establish family involvement in promoting maternal health and enhance the family's active role in pregnancy and childbirth. In addition, the government also launched the Birth Planning and Complication Prevention Program (P4K), where the general objective of P4K is to increase coverage and the quality of health services for pregnant women and new infants through enhancing the active role of families and communities in planning a safe delivery and preparing for complications, and maternal obstacles for giving birth to healthy babies [5] .

In addition, the government also launched the Birth Planning and Complication Prevention Program (P4K), where the general objective of P4K is to increase coverage and the quality of health services for pregnant women and new infants through enhancing the active role of families and communities in planning a safe delivery and preparing for complications, and maternal obstacles for giving birth to healthy babies.


The wife's working status also becomes one of the factors influencing husband participation during childbirth. Within this research, wives who work have a tendency to be accompanied during labor. One of the factors that influence the accompaniment of the husband during childbirth is socioeconomic [16] . The higher the socioeconomic person, the better the husband in accompanying the wife during the labor process. Wives who work in a family can help the family economy, so tend to have a better economic level, compared with wives who do not work.

One of the factors that influence the accompaniment of the husband during childbirth is socioeconomic.


The study also had some limitations. First, the result from African American participants in Atlanta may have limitations in generalizing to African Americans in other communities or to other racial minorities. Second, the effectiveness of the educational session was evaluated by surveys with multiple-choice questions. Although the pre-post-session surveys were developed based on a theoretical framework, using a validated instrument to confirm our findings in further studies is needed. Finally, recent research suggested that willingness to participate does not reflect actual participation as participants may be more likely to answer positively about willingness to participate due to a tendency to exhibit pleasing and socially accepted behavior [34] .

The study also had some limitations.

Finally, recent research suggested that willingness to participate does not reflect actual participation as participants may be more likely to answer positively about willingness to participate due to a tendency to exhibit pleasing and socially accepted behavior.


In recent years, polymer nanofibres have gained considerable attention as promising materials with many possible areas of application, due to their unique properties such as a high specific surface area, small pore diameters, high surface to weight ratio, good barrier characteristics against microorganisms and fine particles, high surface energy, good strength per unit weight, and covering effects [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . There are several methods to produce fibres at a nanoscale [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . Electrospinning is one of these methods. In the electrospinning method, a polymer solution is forced through a hollow needle, and a high voltage is applied to the polymer solution coming out at the needle tip ( Figure 1 ).

In recent years, polymer nanofibres have gained considerable attention as promising materials with many possible areas of application, due to their unique properties such as a high specific surface area, small pore diameters, high surface to weight ratio, good barrier characteristics against microorganisms and fine particles, high surface energy, good strength per unit weight, and covering effects.

There are several methods to produce fibres at a nanoscale.


The outline of the paper is as follows. In section 2, we start with a more detailed description of the considered problem and state the main result. In section 3, we construct the complex geometrical optics solutions by following the idea of Haberman and Tataru [9] . Then we deduce a useful boundary integral estimate in section 4. The detailed proof of the main theorem is presented in section 5.

The outline of the paper is as follows.

In section 3, we construct the complex geometrical optics solutions by following the idea of Haberman and Tataru.


Professionals often do not recognise scars of abuse and misdiagnose them as impairment related (Brandon et al, 2011; Hibbard and Desch, 2007) . This disagnostic overshadowing can thwart child protection and support, and cause disbelief when disabled victims seek help and disclose their experiences of violence. Being silenced and unsupported has psycho-emotional consequences that the victims can carry with them for the rest of their lives. Hence it is paramount that violence against disabled children is recognised as such and included in the official definitions of child abuse used by child protection systems.

Professionals often do not recognise scars of abuse and misdiagnose them as impairment related.


Cognitive radio wireless sensor network (CR-WSN) is a collection of wireless mobile sensor devices called cognitive radio wireless sensors (CRWS) [1] . These sensors have cognition capability with limited broadcast range and resources. A network of these devices collaborates for researches, industrial, and consumer applications such as environmental monitoring, surveillance, agriculture, and wildlife monitoring. When CR-WSNs are deployed in an ad hoc fashion, CRWS nodes may be inactive for long periods and whenever something is detected, they have to be activated immediately. These characteristics of CR-WSNs and applications motivate a medium access control (MAC) protocol that is different from traditional CR-MAC protocols.

Cognitive radio wireless sensor network (CR-WSN) is a collection of wireless mobile sensor devices called cognitive radio wireless sensors (CRWS).


Many types of fruit must be processed to maintain their quality because they are seasonal, and their shelf life is limited (Ścibisz & Mitek, 2007) . The apricot is one of these fruits due to its high respiration rate and rapid ripening process (Fratianni et al., 2013) . To extend the shelf life of this fruit, several conservation methods have been improved, such as drying, canning, packing in a controlled/modified atmosphere, and processing to produce fruit juice, fruit puree, jam, marmalade or pestil (Elmacı et al., 2008; Özler et al., 2008; Jiménez et al., 2008; Igual et al., 2011; Ihns et al., 2011; Suna et al., 2014) .

Many types of fruit must be processed to maintain their quality because they are seasonal, and their shelf life is limited.

The apricot is one of these fruits due to its high respiration rate and rapid ripening process.

To extend the shelf life of this fruit, several conservation methods have been improved, such as drying, canning, packing in a controlled/modified atmosphere, and processing to produce fruit juice, fruit puree, jam, marmalade or pestil.


To increase the shelf life of foods, drying is the oldest process (Cakmak & Yıldız, 2011) . Dried fruits and vegetables have been considered as an alternative fat-free snack and have gained much more attention recently (Devahastin & Niamnuy, 2010) . Due to its benefits to human health, there is an increasing demand for dried apricots worldwide. Moreover, there is a remarkable interest in polyphenols and carotenoids in this fruit due to their antioxidant activity and ability to prevent chronic diseases (Rice-Evans et al., 1997; Gardner et al., 2000) .

To increase the shelf life of foods, drying is the oldest process.

Dried fruits and vegetables have been considered as an alternative fat-free snack and have gained much more attention recently.

Moreover, there is a remarkable interest in polyphenols and carotenoids in this fruit due to their antioxidant activity and ability to prevent chronic diseases.


The goal of this paper is to obtain the shape and phase of the amplified signal and idler optical pulses. Because of their large amplification bandwidth, chirped quasi-phasematched (QPM) gratings are potential candidates for short-pulse optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs). It is therefore important to understand the behavior of the amplified pulses. For several high-peak-power applications, effects such as prepulsing are undesired, and a precise knowledge of the pulse shape is required. This paper is divided into three main sections. The first one is a review of the uniform medium. We derive the Green's functions for the amplified waves, following the work of Bobroff and Haus [9] . We also discuss the nature of the instability in the copropagating and counterpropagating situations. This overview serves as a preparation to the study of the nonuniform medium, which comes next. We derive the Green's functions for a linear nonuniform phase-matching profile, show how to recover the uniform-medium limit and discuss the nature of the instability. The last third of this paper is dedicated to obtaining the pulse shape. We consider two regimes: those of long and short pulses.

We derive the Green's functions for the amplified waves, following the work of Bobroff and Haus.


This paper is the second of a series on optical parametric amplification in nonuniform phase-matched media. The first paper treated the problem in the frequency domain, relying heavily on the WKB technique [1] . In this paper we present the time-domain analysis, which provides insight into the shape of the amplified pulse.

The first paper treated the problem in the frequency domain, relying heavily on the WKB technique.


Three decades ago Spain was a country of emigrants, with more than three million workers abroad (around 10 per cent of the total population), whose remittances financed around 10 per cent of imports, contributing to alleviate serious balance of payments constraints (Oporto del Olmo, 1992) . Dwarfing all expectations, in barely ten years, this country has witnessed a gargantuan increase in the number of immigrants. According to the Spanish Censuses, the proportion of the population born abroad rose from less than 2 per cent in 1996 to roughly 12 per cent in 2008, which made Spain the country undergoing the third largest increase in non-native population in the European Union during the last decade, after Greece and Ireland (Eurostat, 2006) . However, there has been not only a radical shift in migration flows, but also a substantial change in the composition of the immigrant population, which is now predominantly composed of individuals born in countries less developed than Spain. The emergence of such a different reality makes it interesting to look at how immigrant workers are performing in the Spanish labour market, characterized by a high employment creation in construction and low-productivity services but also a high degree of segmentation and fixed-term contracts.

Three decades ago Spain was a country of emigrants, with more than three million workers abroad (around 10 per cent of the total population), whose remittances financed around 10 per cent of imports, contributing to alleviate serious balance of payments constraints.

According to the Spanish Censuses, the proportion of the population born abroad rose from less than 2 per cent in 1996 to roughly 12 per cent in 2008, which made Spain the country undergoing the third largest increase in non-native population in the European Union during the last decade, after Greece and Ireland.


Nowadays, effective water management becomes more vital all over the world [1] . Due to the effects of climate change and population growth, reservoirs play a more and more important role in water resources management. Reservoirs can be used for multiple-purposes such as irrigation, municipal and industrial water supply, hydropower generation, flood protection, water quality management, recreation, low flow augmentation and so on. Therefore, the management of a multipurpose reservoir is complex due to conflict interest between these objectives. Thus, in optimal operation of a network of multipurpose reservoirs it is important to address trade-offs between multiple objectives to achieve the water management goals.

Nowadays, effective water management becomes more vital all over the world.


Students often complaint they do not have enough time to complete all the tasks assigned to them. In trying to read all the books and chapters assigned, meet paper deadlines, and participate in extracurricular activities, university students may become overwhelmed with feelings that there is not enough time to complete all their work adequately. Besides that, a university environment's flexibility and freedom can derail students who have not mastered time management skills. Time management has a significant impact on the lives of the students especially for those who are studying in the higher education institutions where there is no existence of parent and teacher supervision [7, 9] . There are other quite considerable studies were carried out to use mathematical/statistical technique [11, 12, 13, 14] .

Time management has a significant impact on the lives of the students especially for those who are studying in the higher education institutions where there is no existence of parent and teacher supervision.

There are other quite considerable studies were carried out to use mathematical/statistical technique.


Time is a priceless resource and continues to pass by without coming back. The secret to achieve success in life is effectively managing this resource that everyone possesses equally and paying sufficient emphasis to plan [1] . The high performance required by competitive conditions forces organizations and directors to use time effectively and stipulates the search to control time [2] . The rival environment nowadays encourages people to plan and manage time effectively as early as to start from their elementary education.

The secret to achieve success in life is effectively managing this resource that everyone possesses equally and paying sufficient emphasis to plan.

The high performance required by competitive conditions forces organizations and directors to use time effectively and stipulates the search to control time.


In this study, the samples collected by using rule of equally allocation of stratified random sampling and there needs 50 respondents from each faculties. There were few techniques used for data analysis in this study. Factor analysis was employed to analyze the factors associated with the time management. Besides that, hypothesis testing, Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to assess the significant difference in time management score based on demographic characteristics such as gender, race, year of study and faculty. In addition, Spearman Rank Correlation coefficient was applied to identify the relationship of time management and academic achievement. It was also adopted to determine the most significant correlated time management factor toward academic achievement of students [10] .

It was also adopted to determine the most significant correlated time management factor toward academic achievement of students.


Short-term experiments in tree species exposed to elevated CO 2 levels have shown increased photosynthetic rate up to 40-80% in pine seedlings (29) . A 110% increased annual total net photosynthesis in elevated CO 2 than in an ambient CO 2 level [30] . Short-term exposure of C3 plants to elevated CO 2 concentrations generally stimulates plant photosynthesis (31) and a proportional increase in biomass as a result of the improved competitiveness of CO 2 over O 2 as a substrate for the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (32) . Compared to Melia, greater stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated CO 2 was observed in neem suggesting that this species might possess enhanced physiological regulation mechanisms at elevated CO 2 ( Table 2 ). Increased stomatal conductance and photosynthetic responses under short and long term exposure of neem are indicative of the fact that neem has the ability to adapt to elevated CO 2 levels. Melia showed stability during short-term exposures while the long-term exposure observations warrants further and elaborate studies in the species with respect to gas exchange studies over longer periods of time to understand the acclimation mechanism in the species.

Short-term experiments in tree species exposed to elevated CO 2 levels have shown increased photosynthetic rate up to 40-80% in pine seedlings.

A 110% increased annual total net photosynthesis in elevated CO 2 than in an ambient CO 2 level.

Short-term exposure of C3 plants to elevated CO 2 concentrations generally stimulates plant photosynthesis (31) and a proportional increase in biomass as a result of the improved competitiveness of CO 2 over O 2 as a substrate for the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.


The corrosion of steel in aqueous environments containing hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is of great interest to the oil and gas industry [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Unlike carbon dioxide corrosion, H 2 S corrosion always involves the formation of corrosion products that are predominantly iron sulfide (FeS) compounds with various phases. These corrosion product films should be characterized to illustrate the corrosion mechanism. It has been reported that the formation of the FeS generally controls the H 2 S corrosion [6] . However, there is still debate on how the initial corrosion product layers form.

The corrosion of steel in aqueous environments containing hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is of great interest to the oil and gas industry.

It has been reported that the formation of the FeS generally controls the H 2 S corrosion.


It is well known that surface scale formation is one of the most important factors that influences the corrosion rate [7] . The scale slows down the corrosion process by presenting a diffusion barrier for the species involved in the corrosion process and by covering and preventing the underlying steel from further dissolution. The scale growth depends primarily on the kinetics of scale formation [8] .

It is well known that surface scale formation is one of the most important factors that influences the corrosion rate.

The scale growth depends primarily on the kinetics of scale formation.


The laser device employed for the experimental setup is a commercial time-of-flight range scanner (Sick, 2002) . It has the following maximum features: 180º field-of-view, ∆α= 0.5º of angular resolution, up to D= 50 m range, and ±4cm range error. With these values, scan time is 26 ms. A serial port interface transmits range data at the maximum rate of 500 Kbaud to the computer.

The laser device employed for the experimental setup is a commercial time-of-flight range scanner.

With these values, scan time is 26 ms.


Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can significantly weigh and cost less than human-driven aircrafts, while eliminating pilots in risky situations. Recent technological advances have promoted the employment of aero-modelling-like vehicles as smallscale mobile robots (Amidi, 1996) . Thus, they are increasingly being incorporated into applications such as disaster response, urban search, exploration missions, or in combination with another mobile robots.

Recent technological advances have promoted the employment of aero-modelling-like vehicles as smallscale mobile robots.


This pilot study in primary care of a psychoeducational intervention with ASSA showed promising results for patients on sick-leave due to depression, anxiety, or fibromyalgia. Feasibility, measured as participation rate, was high compared to results from other studies where individual or group based CBT, or psychoeducational interventions were tried [27, 28, 31] . Our hypothesis that increased emotional awareness could decrease psychological and somatic symptoms was supported, but not proven since our study was uncontrolled.

Feasibility, measured as participation rate, was high compared to results from other studies where individual or group based CBT, or psychoeducational interventions were tried.


Firstly, a hydrodynamic chronoamperometric study of the transfer of tacrine cation from the flowing solution to the membrane was made. LiCl solutions (5x10 -2 M) without and with 5x10 -5 M THCl were pumped. Fig. 1 shows the corresponding hydrodynamic chronoamperograms obtained for a single voltage pulse (∆E = 200 mV, ∆t = 0.5 s) followed by the regenerating time (1s). The difference in current between both curves, also shown, corresponds to the transfer of tacrine cation TH + from the flowing solution to the membrane. The positive current observed during the application of the pulse corresponds to the ingress of TH + into the membrane. Because a portion of the current response at short times is apparently non-Faradaic, pulses shorter than 0.2 s are not recommended for a sensor containing a membrane with the same plasticizer to PVC ratio used [17] [18] . A pulse duration of 0.5s was selected for the present work. The negative current observed when the potential is again lowered to the base potential corresponds to the egress of TH + from the membrane. As can be seen, the current returns to zero after 1 s and therefore this was the selected time between the end of a pulse and the beginning of the next one. E f = 500 mV; τ = 0.5s; ∆t = 1.5s.

Because a portion of the current response at short times is apparently non-Faradaic, pulses shorter than 0.2 s are not recommended for a sensor containing a membrane with the same plasticizer to PVC ratio used.

E f = 500 mV; τ = 0.5s; ∆t = 1.5s.


Recently, the SDR concept has for the first time been introduced to immobilized enzymatic reactions as a novel rotating reactor system: the spinning cloth disc reactor (SCDR). Previous work has proven the feasibility of the SCDR in tributyrin emulsion hydrolysis, and its high efficiency in terms of reaction rates, conversion and stability was highlighted in comparison to the conventional batch stirred tank reactor (BSTR) [23] . Based on the principles of the SDR, the SCDR also uses centrifugal forces to allow the spread of a thin film across a spinning horizontal disc; however this disc has a cloth (with thickness of 1.5 mm) with immobilized enzyme resting on top of it. The SCDR therefore produces a flow of thin film both on top of, as well as through the cloth, thus providing more effective surfaces for reaction. The cloth is critical to increasing the potential of immobilized enzymes in a variety of reactions, since it should produce accelerated reaction rates due to high mass transfer rates and rapid mixing on top of and within the cloth, with the cloth potentially helping protect the attached enzymes from excessive hydrodynamic forces, as well as providing an additional structure that can promote mixing and turbulence at the appropriate spinning speeds and flow rates. Therefore, the SCDR has characteristics of both the SDR and RPB: the cloth spins on the disc and is fed liquid like an SDR, but the liquid flow is interrupted by the cloth mesh, giving the flow on the disc characteristics that may be more like that in a RPB. Consequently both systems will be used in the analysis of the SCDR in this work.

Previous work has proven the feasibility of the SCDR in tributyrin emulsion hydrolysis, and its high efficiency in terms of reaction rates, conversion and stability was highlighted in comparison to the conventional batch stirred tank reactor (BSTR).


Orlistat has been used to promote weight loss and plasma TG content normalization in NAFLD and obesity patients [56, 57] . It has also been reported as a specific intestinal lipase that breaks down TG, thus resulting in a decrease in fat absorption [58] . As orlistat treatment can promote the inhibition of dietary fat absorption and fatty acid synthesis, we utilized a different mechanism of activity than GENS to assess whether the combination of low-dose GENS and orlistat affected obesity characteristics in HFD-fed mice. We found that the combination was effective in weight-gain prevention in HFD-fed mice. More importantly, the combined treatment with low-dose GENS and orlistat significantly inhibited the expression of C/EBPα and PPARγ in white adipose tissue. It was reasonable to assume that the beneficial effect of GENS and orlistat on adipose tissue mass in HFD-fed mice was through the inhibition of adipogenesis since there was a significant difference in this variable between the HFD group, the orlistat group, and the low-dose GENS + orlistat group. As the highest level of reduction in hyperglycemia and plasma TG content was achieved with the combination of low-dose GENS and orlistat in HFD-fed mice, this combination seems ideal to reduce obesity features. In addition, we noticed that in these mice, the thermogenic genes AMPK, PRDM16, and UCP-1 were also synergistically activated by the combination treatment. This might indicate that an active UCP-1 protein is a heat generator that in mice contributes to loss of energy in the form of heat. The animal study was performed at 20-24 • C, whereas thermoneutrality for mice is 28-30 • C. Therefore, the UCP-1 protein would be expected to be active in the mice housed under the conditions used in the present study. As the GENS mice had less adipose tissue, both subcutaneous and abdominal, they also have less insulating material. This could mean that these mice had to generate more heat through UCP-1 activation. Obviously, this would contribute to less adipose tissue mass as observed, but the mechanism could be independent of any effect of GENS or orlistat. Under these circumstances, a reduced fat absorption would contribute to less available energy, and hence accentuate the mobilization of fatty acids from white adipose tissue for UCP-1 heat generation. Although the mechanisms of action of GENS and orlistat are distinct, we have provided partial evidence that GENS and orlistat can act synergistically in HFD-fed mice.

Orlistat has been used to promote weight loss and plasma TG content normalization in NAFLD and obesity patients.

It has also been reported as a specific intestinal lipase that breaks down TG, thus resulting in a decrease in fat absorption.


Nutrient intakes can be estimated through the use of various tools, which differ depending on study objectives, design and resources. Typically, food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) are used in a clinical screening setting or in epidemiologic studies to assess dietary intakes, often in relation to the development of a disease [12] . A thorough review of the utilization of FFQs revealed that randomized controlled trials, cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies have all incorporated FFQ outcome measures (assessment of food, food groups, or nutrient intakes) into research protocols [12] . The dietary information derived from FFQs allows researchers to characterize a cohort based on nutrient intake, examine the relationships between diet and disease, and diet and other study outcome measures, such as biochemical and functional measures [12] [13] [14] . Regardless of the setting or purpose, the questionnaire should be validated and compared to a gold standard diet analysis technique for the specific population under study. In particular, it should be country-specific, age-specific and include a comprehensive list of food items to capture the study population's eating patterns, food choices and diet variability [12, 15, 16] .

Typically, food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) are used in a clinical screening setting or in epidemiologic studies to assess dietary intakes, often in relation to the development of a disease.

A thorough review of the utilization of FFQs revealed that randomized controlled trials, cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies have all incorporated FFQ outcome measures (assessment of food, food groups, or nutrient intakes) into research protocols.

The dietary information derived from FFQs allows researchers to characterize a cohort based on nutrient intake, examine the relationships between diet and disease, and diet and other study outcome measures, such as biochemical and functional measures.

In particular, it should be country-specific, age-specific and include a comprehensive list of food items to capture the study population's eating patterns, food choices and diet variability.


Anderson and Woll propose a concurrent wait-free version of a sequential algorithm, namely linking by rank with pathhalving [18] . They claim a total work bound of Θ(m(l + α(m, 0))) for m operations executed by l processes. Here α is a functional inverse of Ackermann's function (defined in Section 2), constant for all practical purposes. The bound for the corresponding sequential (one-process) algorithm is Θ (m · α(n, m/n)) where n is the number of nodes. Thus, if we consider a situation in which l processes of equal speed are kept active simultaneously through an execution, the total time taken by Anderson and Woll's multiprocessor algorithm to do m operations would be asymptotically the same as the total time taken by a sequential algorithm to do the same m operations up to a factor of α. Thus, we say that Anderson and Woll's algorithm has insignificant speedup. Also, to obtain their result they add a level of indirection to the data structure and add an extra computation to the union operation, both of which complicate the algorithm. Furthermore, their justification for their claimed work bound is flawed. Even assuming their work bound (and their morecomplicated results based on it) are correct, there remains the question of whether there is a simple concurrent algorithm with linear or close-to-linear speedup. Indeed, they leave this question as an open problem. We answer it in the affirmative given a certain independence assumption.

Anderson and Woll propose a concurrent wait-free version of a sequential algorithm, namely linking by rank with pathhalving.


Magnetic field strongly changes the character of interaction of electromagnetic radiation of free carriers in semiconductors. For instance, in strong magnetic fields, the propagation of circularly polarized helicon waves along its direction is possible [7] . Investigation of reflection and transmission features of these waves can be a way to determine the electric parameters of the material [7] [8] [9] . This idea can serve as a basis in constructing relevant devices for material characterization [10, 11] .

For instance, in strong magnetic fields, the propagation of circularly polarized helicon waves along its direction is possible.

Investigation of reflection and transmission features of these waves can be a way to determine the electric parameters of the material.

This idea can serve as a basis in constructing relevant devices for material characterization.


Investigation of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with semiconductors is in a particular focus of many scientists as it allows one not only to obtain information on the crystalline structure of these materials, but, also to employ their features in designing and fabricating new devices. In 1960, J. Požela suggested to use the microwave radiation to study the properties of semiconductors in strong electric fields [1] . Absorption of the microwaves by free carriers increases their mean energy, and, as a result, the electron temperature becomes higher than the lattice one. Such nonequilibrium carriers -so-called 'hot electrons' -exhibit new features in transport phenomena since their kinetic coefficients -diffusion coefficient and mobility -change under the influence of the electric field.

In 1960, J. Požela suggested to use the microwave radiation to study the properties of semiconductors in strong electric fields.


It is important to point out that the prerequisite for risk formation is object (or system) vulnerability (Cardona, 2004) . In other words, when the brand has become vulnerable, it becomes unprotected from risk. The latter attitude allows stating that it is important for the organizations understand brand vulnerability concept and factors that influence brand vulnerability. The identification of the latter aspects of brand vulnerability would create the premises to manage the brand so that brand risk would be decreased at the maximum.

It is important to point out that the prerequisite for risk formation is object (or system) vulnerability.


TiO 2 has been used in different forms as a photocatalyst in photocatalytic oxidation reactors (PCO) (Vincent et al., 2007; Moa et al., 2009; An et al., 2012) . Photocatalytic reactors can be employed to eliminate pollutants from water and air streams. Coating of TiO2 on walls of the reactor as a thin film, and on the bed particles (silica gel, activated carbon, and alumina), are two common forms of TiO2 use in PCO reactors. The reactors which use TiO2 coated particles can be categorised into two separate classes: packed and fluidised bed reactors. Since exposure of photocatalyst with UV light and good contact between reactants and photocatalyst are vital factors in the PCO reactions, the fluidised bed reactor is preferred to the packed bed one (Nelson et al., 2007; Dashliborun et al., 2013) .

TiO 2 has been used in different forms as a photocatalyst in photocatalytic oxidation reactors (PCO).

Since exposure of photocatalyst with UV light and good contact between reactants and photocatalyst are vital factors in the PCO reactions, the fluidised bed reactor is preferred to the packed bed one.


The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in renal transplant recipients is significantly higher than in the general population. Prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and left ventricular hypertrophy is approximately 15 and 50%, respectively [2] . The high prevalence of CAD is partly explained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking and diabetes mellitus [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . In addition, risk factors that are specific to the situation of renal insufficiency or damage, e.g. proteinuria, chronic inflammation, increased oxidative stress, thrombogenic factors, hyperhomocysteinemia and anemia, may affect the incidence of CVD in both chronic renal failure and end-stage kidney disease [2, 8] . Moreover, it has been documented that immunosuppressive drugs may modulate the estimated risk of CAD by affecting blood pressure, cholesterol and blood glucose in transplant patients [9] .

Prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and left ventricular hypertrophy is approximately 15 and 50%, respectively.

The high prevalence of CAD is partly explained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking and diabetes mellitus.

In addition, risk factors that are specific to the situation of renal insufficiency or damage, e.g. proteinuria, chronic inflammation, increased oxidative stress, thrombogenic factors, hyperhomocysteinemia and anemia, may affect the incidence of CVD in both chronic renal failure and end-stage kidney disease.

Moreover, it has been documented that immunosuppressive drugs may modulate the estimated risk of CAD by affecting blood pressure, cholesterol and blood glucose in transplant patients.


Despite evidence for some connections between self-referencing effects in memory and mindwandering, they do not seem to rely on a single common mechanism. When considering the other conditions in the present study, the relationships vary: the recall of words judged for self-reference differs from the recall of words judged for commonness, but mind-wandering reports do not differ for the self and common conditions. Thus, the results indicate complex interrelationships amongst self-focus, mind-wandering, and memory. Another unusual result of this study involves the pattern of recall and mind-wandering for the Einstein and common conditions. Surprisingly, recall performance in younger adults was higher in the common condition than in the Einstein condition, which contrasts findings from a number of studies on recognition memory in which making judgments about Albert Einstein leads to higher levels of memory performance than making commonness judgments (Gutchess, Kensinger, Yoon, & Schacter, 2007; Gutchess, Kensinger, & Schacter 2010) . This pattern may indicate that prompting for self-reported mind-wandering can change the ways in which the encoding conditions operate. For example, perhaps the interpretation of the commonness condition is contaminated by self-focus when awareness is heightened to the content of one's internal thoughts by prompting participants to report any task-unrelated thought. We speculated about such effects in our prior work suggesting that young adults may be more prone than older adults to spontaneously infuse self-referencing into control conditions (Gutchess, Kensinger, Yoon, & Schacter, 2007) . Interestingly, it was the younger adults, but not the older adults, who show the unusual pattern of numerically higher performance in the commonness condition than in the Einstein condition.

Surprisingly, recall performance in younger adults was higher in the common condition than in the Einstein condition, which contrasts findings from a number of studies on recognition memory in which making judgments about Albert Einstein leads to higher levels of memory performance than making commonness judgments.

We speculated about such effects in our prior work suggesting that young adults may be more prone than older adults to spontaneously infuse self-referencing into control conditions.


The yeast monoplast is a model eukaryote for studies in molecular and cellular biology. It has been used in fundamental and applied research for many years and is a genetically tractable organism, amenable to modifications such as gene marking, gene disruption, gene mutation and gene-dosage effects. A comparison of the human and yeast genomes revealed that almost 30% of known genes involved in human disease have a homology within yeast [1] . Up to now, advances in genome-wide screening have facilitated the use of this model for medical research [2] .

A comparison of the human and yeast genomes revealed that almost 30% of known genes involved in human disease have a homology within yeast.

Up to now, advances in genome-wide screening have facilitated the use of this model for medical research.


Most often the available techniques for removal of dyes from wastewaters are ineffective (or poorly employed), expensive, complicated, time-consuming and require highly-skilled personnel especially when the levels of dissolved dyes are in the range of 1 -100 mg/L. This has stimulated the search for cheaper and easy to use alternatives [11] . Adsorption techniques (either batch or dynamic) have been found to be promising for pollutant removal from wastewaters [12] [13] . Thus, this work aimed at studying the adsorption behavior of neem leaves for the removal of Congo Red (CR) and Methyl Orange (MO) dyes.

Most often the available techniques for removal of dyes from wastewaters are ineffective (or poorly employed), expensive, complicated, time-consuming and require highly-skilled personnel especially when the levels of dissolved dyes are in the range of 1 -100 mg/L. This has stimulated the search for cheaper and easy to use alternatives.

Adsorption techniques (either batch or dynamic) have been found to be promising for pollutant removal from wastewaters.


The electricity used by data centers has increased by 56% worldwide between the years 2005 and 2010 [10] . This increase highlights the need for energy-aware resource management for these data centers. Many of these data centers form heterogeneous computing environments that utilize a mixture of different machines to execute workloads with diverse computational requirements. In this work, we assume that nodes are heterogeneous in both performance and power consumption, where the performance of individual nodes in the cluster are inconsistent in the following sense: if machine A is faster than machine B for a given task, machine A may not be faster for all tasks.

The electricity used by data centers has increased by 56% worldwide between the years 2005 and 2010.


With the population increase in urban areas, the supply of apartment units has also been growing. In previous studies, there has been a lack of research on the actual conditions of the thermal environment within apartment complexes. Moreover, even though apartment housing constitutes the highest ratio among the buildings in cities, there have been few studies on improvement plans. Unlike an indoor environment, the outdoor thermal environment is formed by several physical factors, including the wind speed, heat, humidity, and radiation. Therefore, using the PMV and PET evaluation indices is inadequate for evaluating the summer environment, when the radiation environment is the most acute. There are several relevant studies on the performance of heat island mitigation technologies [33] . However, if one considers how the thermal environments of outdoor spaces can be affected by the architecture's cooling condition, insulation condition, and its window ratios, there are not enough previous studies that have engaged in the comparative analysis of the effects of surface material variables of outdoor spaces and architectural planning variables, in a comprehensive and quantitative manner. In this study, research on the actual conditions of the thermal environment (field study and numerical simulation) was conducted on existing apartment complexes to identify problems related to the artificial covering of the building exterior and outdoor surface spaces. Numerous design factors were selected to quantitatively analyze the effects of the characteristics of the building skin and outdoor space surface on the outdoor thermal environment in an apartment complex. A numerical simulation was performed to quantify the effects on the outdoor thermal environment and thermal comfort, and to aid in the formulation of improvement plans. In addition, by examining the correlation between the heat island phenomenon and thermal comfort in the outdoor space for each design element, useful data were collected for an architectural design that considers the heat island phenomenon. The mean radiant temperature (MRT) was used to evaluate the thermal comfort and outdoor thermal environment in terms of the thermal radiation and heat island potential (HIP) evaluation index, and thus the effect on the urban heat island.

There are several relevant studies on the performance of heat island mitigation technologies.


The approach of averaging patterns has proved to be rather advantageous, with respect to identi®cation and localization of signals otherwise hardly accessible. This applies not only to signal detection across modalities (MEG and EEG), using templates from one data group to identify corresponding patterns in the other, but also to facilitating access to signals from deep sources (particularly from the mesial temporal lobe) that are dif®cult to obtain with MEG (Shigeto et al., 2002) . Compared with the often rather scattered dipole clusters resulting from single pattern analysis, localizations of averaged signals, due to decreased variability, clearly mark the centre of SED generation.

This applies not only to signal detection across modalities (MEG and EEG), using templates from one data group to identify corresponding patterns in the other, but also to facilitating access to signals from deep sources (particularly from the mesial temporal lobe) that are dif®cult to obtain with MEG.


Furthermore, it has been reported that atoms also absorb TEM waves with frequency 69.9 Hz [2] . These TEM waves are called gravity waves in the present paper. These gravity waves are then re-emitted uniformly into space, whereby some are absorbed by other atoms. This creates a mutual flow of synchronized TEM waves between atoms, resulting in a mutual force of attraction, i.e. gravity.

Furthermore, it has been reported that atoms also absorb TEM waves with frequency 69.9 Hz.


The approaches in this class that are central to our interest are those that rely on some form of entropy measure as the basis of the categorization effort. The initial approach along these lines appeared in the same paper that introduced the four-class Wolfram classification [8] . Essentially, what it does is to consider the probability distribution of space-time blocks as they occur during the evolution of cellular automata for a fixed update rule f and then use this distribution to define the desired entropies.

The initial approach along these lines appeared in the same paper that introduced the four-class Wolfram classification.


The characterization of the water vapor profile, particularly in the stratosphere and mesosphere, is important to understand many chemical processes. Polar water vapor is directly involved in the ozone chemistry as the main source of the OH radical in reactions that cause the ozone destruction (Solomon, 1999) . It is also related to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) that grant the catalytic surfaces on which heterogeneous reactions take place.

Polar water vapor is directly involved in the ozone chemistry as the main source of the OH radical in reactions that cause the ozone destruction.