In the present study, we modeled the power transfer between the local magnetosphere interaction at Io and the UV emissions, based on our current knowledge of the interaction (Hess et al., 2010a) . This modeling was performed for different longitudes of Io in order to investigate the modulation of the brightnesses of the Io spots. We succeeded in explaining the average brightness of the spots, even though we could not match exactly the brightness of the northern spots which are about half as bright as the southern ones. This asymmetry is still under investigation and no explanations for it have been proposed yet. Still, the relative brightness of the different spots in each hemisphere is correctly predicted, despite the approximations we had to make to perform the computations.

In the present study, we modeled the power transfer between the local magnetosphere interaction at Io and the UV emissions, based on our current knowledge of the interaction.


Most of the features and solutions regarding this module are part of the Search by Example approach used in SWiPE [1] . One big difference in QPedia is that in SWiPE the user inputs the constraints within the HTML of the original infobox, which is a non trivial problem to solve given the fact that there is no markup to recognize the property position within the HTML, and RDF values do not necessarily match strings in the infobox. In our case, QPedia shows a structured list of properties that allows the user to input a constraint, therefore it is straight-forward to know which property the user was meaning to edit. On the other side, the properties should be shown where the user will expect to be, that is, in the same order as shown in the original infobox (which is one flick away from the advanced search view).

Most of the features and solutions regarding this module are part of the Search by Example approach used in SWiPE.


In this section, simulations are performed to investigate the effect of various operating parameters on the performance of the syngas fueled H-SOFC. The values of model parameters are summarized in Table 2 . As the cell in the simulation is short, both the fuel utilization and energy efficiency are expected to be low [23] . The practical consideration of the gas recycling is also not considered as the focus of the study is on the fundamental processes occurring in the cell.

As the cell in the simulation is short, both the fuel utilization and energy efficiency are expected to be low.


In the near term, both conventional coal and renewable biomass will be important energy sources. These fuels can be converted to syngas containing H 2 and CO, which can be subsequently used in SOFCs for power generation [9] [10] [11] . Considering the importance of syngas for power generation in SOFCs, this study is purposely designed to investigate the syngas fueled H-SOFC.

These fuels can be converted to syngas containing H 2 and CO, which can be subsequently used in SOFCs for power generation.


In this study, lactoferrin (Lf) was used as a specific ligand for gene delivery to hepatocyte. Lf belongs to the transferrin family of non-heme iron binding glycoprotein. Blood Lf originates from polymorphonuclear leucocyte which release Lf during exocytosis of specific granules. Since the liver rapidly clears Lf from circulation, the concentration of lactoferrin in the blood normally remain low, less than 20 nM (Imber and Pizzo, 1983) . Lf has at least two functions in blood. First, lactoferrin inhibits division of macrophage and granulocyte progenitor cells in bone marrow (Zucali et al., 1989) . Second, Lf may regulate iron retrieval and processing (MaAbee, 1995) . Hepatic cells ingest iron-lactoferrin complex and store the liberated iron with ferritin.

Since the liver rapidly clears Lf from circulation, the concentration of lactoferrin in the blood normally remain low, less than 20 nM.

Lf has at least two functions in blood.

First, lactoferrin inhibits division of macrophage and granulocyte progenitor cells in bone marrow.

Second, Lf may regulate iron retrieval and processing.


In recent years, there has been an increase in demand from industrial and scientific organizations for vibration monitoring and measurement techniques in applications such as high-precision manufacturing and micro electromechanical system (MEMS) [1] [2] [3] . Strain gauge, accelerometer and optical fiber sensor have been employed in the vibration measurements [3] [4] [5] [6] . However, these methods require direct contact with the sample and this may limit their applications. Recently, vibration and deformation have been successfully characterised using various non-contact optical interferometers techniques [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . Generally, the displacement is obtained from the phase change of the interferometric patterns, providing extremely high depth resolution (down to 10 À 12 m). However, the detection range is usually limited to half the wavelength of the laser source owing to the 2p phase ambiguity [11] . The detection range can be extended beyond the half wavelength limit by using phase shift/modulation techniques, at the cost of increased instrument complexity and decreased measurement accuracy (related to the inherent phase shift error) [13, 14] . On the other hand, laser Doppler vibrometre (LDV) directly measures the velocity of a sample although the displacement information can also be obtained by the integration of velocity along the time axis [6, 15] .

In recent years, there has been an increase in demand from industrial and scientific organizations for vibration monitoring and measurement techniques in applications such as high-precision manufacturing and micro electromechanical system (MEMS).

Strain gauge, accelerometer and optical fiber sensor have been employed in the vibration measurements.

Recently, vibration and deformation have been successfully characterised using various non-contact optical interferometers techniques.

However, the detection range is usually limited to half the wavelength of the laser source owing to the 2p phase ambiguity.

The detection range can be extended beyond the half wavelength limit by using phase shift/modulation techniques, at the cost of increased instrument complexity and decreased measurement accuracy (related to the inherent phase shift error).

On the other hand, laser Doppler vibrometre (LDV) directly measures the velocity of a sample although the displacement information can also be obtained by the integration of velocity along the time axis.


Microalgal biodiesel appeared to be the most promising renewable third-generational biofuel. Chlorella microalgae is considered as a promising for industrial-scale biodiesel production as it possessed elevated biomass, rapid growth lipid content and fatty acid productivity. In conventional one-factor time experiments, a single factor varies, keeping other factors constant, and the effect of interaction among the variables is disregarded. The RSM is a logical statistical design methodology aimed at exploring the interactions between design variables and responses in order to provide a better overall understanding with less number of experiments for optimum biomass and cellular lipid content. Lipid content, biomass, carbohydrate, chlorophyll, protein and biomass produced were studied under varied concentration of nutrients in BG11 media, nitrate (NaNO 3 , 10-750 mg mL −1 ), phosphate (K 2 HPO 4 , 40-120 mg mL −1 ), iron (ferric ammonium citrate 3-9 mg mL −1 ) with an aim to establish the actual potential of Chlorella pyrenoidosa under phototrophic nutrient stress conditions; we obtained lipid percentage (35.4 dcw%) and biomass yield (1.89 g L under nutrient stress condition of nitrogen, phosphorus and iron, which confirmed the validity of the predicted model. GCMS study revealed that palmitic 16:0, palmitoleic C16:1, stearic acid C:18, oleic acid C:18:1 were detected in FAME samples of Chlorella pyrenoidosa which makes it potential biodiesel-producing strain. Further, large-scale production of microalgal biodiesel at industrial applications prerequisites to resolve several environmental, economically and technological issues and microalgal oil productivity per acre can be improved by acquainting synthetic biology techniques, as well as refining the light source systems (Arudchelvam and Nirmalakhandan 2013) .

Further, large-scale production of microalgal biodiesel at industrial applications prerequisites to resolve several environmental, economically and technological issues and microalgal oil productivity per acre can be improved by acquainting synthetic biology techniques, as well as refining the light source systems.


Water resources in Vietnam are difficult to manage due to the high levels of precipitations. During the last decade groundwater was used intensively for different purposes due to the growing demands of a fast developing nation. After the reunion of North and South Vietnam in 1975, the country expanded more and more to a leader under the crop and vegetable exporting nations. In the course of this development groundwater extraction became an important factor e.g. for the irrigation of coffee plants. For example Dak Lak province is estimated to produce 405,000 t coffee per year for the world market [1] .

For example Dak Lak province is estimated to produce 405,000 t coffee per year for the world market.


One of the most common objectives of VANET communications is to contribute towards safer driving and provide timely information to drivers and other concerned authorities [2] . To accomplish this objective, it is imperative to develop broadcast message dissemination protocols for fast and reliable propagation of warning messages (in case of accidents, unexpected fog banks, dangerous road surface conditions and etc) to upcoming vehicles on the road. The alert messages should be delivered to the largest number of upstream vehicles in the shortest possible time. Flooding is one of the commonly used approaches in ad hoc networks to disseminate a message from one node to every other node in the network. But, flooding leads to significant amount of energy and bandwidth consumption as each node in the network is required to broadcast the message in its neighborhood [3] .

One of the most common objectives of VANET communications is to contribute towards safer driving and provide timely information to drivers and other concerned authorities.

But, flooding leads to significant amount of energy and bandwidth consumption as each node in the network is required to broadcast the message in its neighborhood.


Researchers working on discourse parsing have commented that intra-sentential (intra-S) discourse relations are, in general, easier to recognize than ones whose arguments are found in separate sentences (Joty et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2012; Feng, 2014) . They are also quite useful in Language Technology applications that exploit sentence-level relations. Thus, there is particular value in improving the quality of recognizers capable of determining what, if any, discourse relations hold between intra-S units.

Researchers working on discourse parsing have commented that intra-sentential (intra-S) discourse relations are, in general, easier to recognize than ones whose arguments are found in separate sentences.


Logistics network design provides an optimal platform for efficient and effective supply chain management (SCM). It is an important and strategic operations management problem in SCM, which usually involves multiple and conflicting objectives such as cost, service level, resource utilization, responsiveness etc. In general, logistics network design decisions include determining the numbers, locations, and capacities of facilities and the quantity of the flow between them [1] . Since opening and closing a facility is an expensive and time-consuming process, making changes in facility location decisions is impossible in a short run. Because tactical and operational decisions are determined after the strategic decisions, the configuration of logistics network will become a constraint for tactical and operational level decisions [2] .

In general, logistics network design decisions include determining the numbers, locations, and capacities of facilities and the quantity of the flow between them.

Because tactical and operational decisions are determined after the strategic decisions, the configuration of logistics network will become a constraint for tactical and operational level decisions.


In most of the past researches the design of forward and reverse logistics networks is considered separately which may lead to sub-optimal design, but due to the fact that the configuration of the reverse logistics network has a strong influence on the forward logistics network and vice versa; designing the forward and reverse logistics should be integrated [6] . Previous research in the area of forward, reverse, and integrated logistics network design is often limited to only considering a single capacity level for each facility and often has not addressed how facility capacity for reverse and forward activity can be determined [1] . Nevertheless, capacity levels are important decision variables in real-life applications due to their significant effect on logistics network efficiency.

In most of the past researches the design of forward and reverse logistics networks is considered separately which may lead to sub-optimal design, but due to the fact that the configuration of the reverse logistics network has a strong influence on the forward logistics network and vice versa; designing the forward and reverse logistics should be integrated.

Previous research in the area of forward, reverse, and integrated logistics network design is often limited to only considering a single capacity level for each facility and often has not addressed how facility capacity for reverse and forward activity can be determined.


The present study has limits, such as the limited number of patients treated (and fixtures inserted) and the short follow-up time. In addition, in this study, only implants placed and immediately loaded in the anterior maxilla have been included. The implants placed in the molar regions of the maxilla were excluded from this evaluation. This is not a trivial matter since in the posterior areas the prosthetic load is higher, and the quality of bone is generally lower: therefore, there may be a higher risk of implant failure, when the immediate functional loading protocol is performed [9, 15, 16] . Finally, it must be pointed out that in the present study in almost all cases of immediate postextraction implants, the provisional resin crowns were splinted with the neighbouring teeth, for a period of two weeks, in order to reduce the possible negative effects of loading (micromotion) at the bone-implant interface, in the first period of healing. In conclusion, the implants inserted in this study should be followed for a longer period of time, and further studies on a larger sample of patients (and possibly including fixtures placed and immediately loaded in the posterior maxilla) will be needed before drawing more specific conclusions.

This is not a trivial matter since in the posterior areas the prosthetic load is higher, and the quality of bone is generally lower: therefore, there may be a higher risk of implant failure, when the immediate functional loading protocol is performed.


Olive leaves have been used in traditional medicine in some regions around the Mediterranean Sea (Soler-Rivas et al., 2000; Mitsopoulos et al., 2010; El-Kholi et al., 2012) . Recent studies have shown that compounds, derivatives from the leaves and fruits of the olive tree are strong antioxidants (Kontogianni and Gerothanassis, 2012) . For the leaf extracts is proved antimalarial, anti-HIV action, vasomotor and hypoglycemic effects (Yang and Ouyang, 2012; Lafka et al., 2013) . Many reports indicate that olive leaves contain significant amounts of oleuropein and phenols possessing high antioxidant capacity (Mourtzinos et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2009; Abaza et al., 2011) .

Olive leaves have been used in traditional medicine in some regions around the Mediterranean Sea.

Recent studies have shown that compounds, derivatives from the leaves and fruits of the olive tree are strong antioxidants.

For the leaf extracts is proved antimalarial, anti-HIV action, vasomotor and hypoglycemic effects.

Many reports indicate that olive leaves contain significant amounts of oleuropein and phenols possessing high antioxidant capacity.


From the continuum thermodynamics point of view, the additive split of the free energy function leads to separate constitutive equations for the matrix and for the fibres. Each constituant is then treated separately. On the one hand, as the matrix is considered as isotropic, one can then take advantage of the formulations and the algorithmic treatments deeply investigated in the recent literature. On the other hand, for the fibre bundles, a simple onedimensional viscoelastic modelling framework is developed. The corresponding scalar-valued evolution equations result from the positiveness of the reduced dissipation function for each family of fibres. The directional responses of the fibres induce then an anisotropic behaviour of the whole composite in the equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamic regimes. The resulting framework is very similar to that of the anisotropic elastoplasticity at finite strains recently proposed by Klinkel, Sansour and Wagner [11] . In addition to its conceptual simplicity, the numerical effort is of the order of that devoted for an isotropic viscoelastic computation. Only a single-scalar valued resolution procedure is appended for each family of fibres, which results from the implicit integration of the scalar-valued evolution equation, and which renders the whole numerical procedure very efficient.

The resulting framework is very similar to that of the anisotropic elastoplasticity at finite strains recently proposed by Klinkel, Sansour and Wagner.


The changes in microbial populations may be due to a decrease in the quality of the grain. Although the ileal viscosity of birds was not measured in the present study, it is possible that there were major negative effects due to oven drying. However, in vitro viscosity has been measured using oven-dried grain in another study and no significant variation was found (Bhuiyan et al., 2010) . There was a significant effect on the number of lactobacilli with a higher lactobacilli population found in the diet without enzyme supplementation but only to a lesser extent. Carbohydrates that remain undigested in diets without microbial enzymes are fermented in the hind gut, leading to an increase in microbial populations. The populations of other species such as lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteria and C. perfringens were not affected by grain quality or enzyme supplementation, although the count of C. perfringens, the causative agent of necrotic enteritis, was slightly increased.

However, in vitro viscosity has been measured using oven-dried grain in another study and no significant variation was found.


In this paper we propose a new model of SUGRA hybrid inflation where a Nambu-Goldstone-like shift symmetry is applied to guarantee the flatness of the inflaton potential. In contrast to the "standard" models of hybrid inflation in SUGRA, our model has the novel property of having W = 0 during inflation. Due to this property, potentially dangerous couplings between the inflaton and the moduli sector are absent. In addition, the problem of having a large tachyonic mass at tree-level for the inflaton direction is also cured in our model. We point out that this model forms part of a larger class of models which have the same desirable property. Furthermore, we note that in this class of models the right-handed sneutrino is a natural candidate for being the inflaton [9] .

Furthermore, we note that in this class of models the right-handed sneutrino is a natural candidate for being the inflaton.


Due to the high cost and time consumption of experimentation, extensive research has been done to accurately model and simulate these systems mathematically. These models can be used to predict pull-in instability and the pull-in voltage [9, 10] . Investigations have been conducted for MEMS devices such as clamped-clamped microbeams at primary, superharmonic, and subharmonic resonances [7, 11] . These structures may experience hardening or softening effects depending on the excitation voltages and frequencies used [7] .

These models can be used to predict pull-in instability and the pull-in voltage.

Investigations have been conducted for MEMS devices such as clamped-clamped microbeams at primary, superharmonic, and subharmonic resonances.

These structures may experience hardening or softening effects depending on the excitation voltages and frequencies used.


Although only AC voltage is considered since mass sensing applications are of interest, this work can be extended to a combined DC and AC voltage. The DC component in some cases can alter the bifurcation types [15] . This work can be extended to nonaxisymmetric vibrations, higher natural frequencies, and experimental investigations.

The DC component in some cases can alter the bifurcation types.


The voltage-amplitude response for the effects of detuning frequency and damping are reported. It is found that an increase in frequency and/or damping results in a shifting from nonlinear behavior to linear behavior. Recent work using ROM for MEMS cantilevers was reported in the literature [36] .

Recent work using ROM for MEMS cantilevers was reported in the literature.


Major floods in China, for example, killed about 2 million people in 1887, nearly 4 million in 1931, and about 1 million in 1938. The 1993 flood on the upper Mississippi River and Midwest killed only 47 people, the total economic loss estimates were between 15 and 20 billion dollars, Nelson [1] . Catastrophic flash flooding has recently become very common in the Red Sea areas, particularly where storms hit large settlements, Masoud [2] .

The 1993 flood on the upper Mississippi River and Midwest killed only 47 people, the total economic loss estimates were between 15 and 20 billion dollars, Nelson.

Catastrophic flash flooding has recently become very common in the Red Sea areas, particularly where storms hit large settlements, Masoud.


Explicit recognition is given to the fact that a variety of both monetary and nonmonetary objectives may influence the decisions taken. MCA provides techniques for comparing and ranking different outcomes, even though a variety of indicators are used. MCA includes a range of related techniques, some of which follow this entry, Heun [4] .

MCA includes a range of related techniques, some of which follow this entry, Heun.


MCA describes any structured approach used to determine overall preferences among alternative options, where the options accomplish certain or several objectives. In MCA, desirable objectives are specified and corresponding attributes or indicators are identified. The actual measurement of indicators need not be in monetary terms, but are often based on the quantitative analysis (through scoring, ranking and weighting) of a wide range of qualitative impact categories and criteria, Heun [4] .

The actual measurement of indicators need not be in monetary terms, but are often based on the quantitative analysis (through scoring, ranking and weighting) of a wide range of qualitative impact categories and criteria, Heun.


There was no literature included in this review on physiotherapy and high flow nasal prongs, despite both treatments being a mainstay in rib fracture management [81, 82] . Other ventilation treatments including CPAP had limited evidence, and a comparison and definition of the appropriate CPAP and HFNP patient is required. Further randomised controlled studies are required into patient controlled analgesia and other analgesic techniques such as nerve blocks. Additionally, further research is needed into clinical pathways that take into account a greater number of risk factors [63, 64] .

There was no literature included in this review on physiotherapy and high flow nasal prongs, despite both treatments being a mainstay in rib fracture management.

Additionally, further research is needed into clinical pathways that take into account a greater number of risk factors.


This work is devoted to studying a scenario where the DM particle X is accompanied in the mass spectrum with a heavier partner Y which is colored and participates in the strong interaction. Both are odd under a Z 2 symmetry which is good enough so that the DM is cosmologically stable. Their quantum numbers are chosen such that a renormalizable interaction is allowed among the DM, its partner and a third generation SM quark. We will focus on the class of models where the DM is a gauge singlet under the SM so that if its partner is too heavy and decoupled it has no efficient annihilation channels and will be thermally overproduced. If the partner mass is nearby, the DM could obtain the observed relic abundance in the early universe through the so-called co-annihilation mechanism [1] . During the thermal freeze out the DM particles are most efficiently depleted by converting into the partner particles which can annihilate away through strong interactions. By adjusting the DM-partner mass difference (typically less than ∼ 100 GeV), the correct relic abundance can be explained for a wide range of DM mass from hundreds of GeV to multiple TeV scale. The co-annihilation picture can be implemented in many well motivated contexts of new physics such as supersymmetry, or extra dimension theories. Phenomenologically, such a scenario can be interesting because the current LHC constraint on the color particle mass is weaker (much less than a TeV) with a compressed spectrum.

If the partner mass is nearby, the DM could obtain the observed relic abundance in the early universe through the so-called co-annihilation mechanism.


In the present research, DM was implemented in the R software (http://www.r-project.org/) under the rminer library (Cortez, 2010) . R is an open-source computational environment and high-level language that integrates powerful statistical and graphical features for databases. R adopts a very flexible and objective-oriented design. The rminer library consists of several regression techniques, each one with its own advantages. MR is easy to interpret due to its additive nature; ANNs and the SVM require more computational resources, but are capable of modeling more complex data.

In the present research, DM was implemented in the R software (http://www.r-project.org/) under the rminer library.


We emphasize this result in particular and point to the restrictions of PES as a policy instrument that could achieve both their ecological objectives and an equitable distribution of resources, since none of the cases we discuss defines an anticipated outcome in terms of interdependence in social and ecological structures with regard to payment practices. This leads us directly to the perspective of sustainability research, which mostly aims to avoid false expectations [19, 75] . Here, it should be noted that the discourse on PES is thoroughly economic, tapping into the rhetoric of "sustainability", but failing to identify adequacy criteria for testing their assumptions. Likewise, no scenarios of changing conditions have been specified that could potentially lead to a reassessment of the payment practice, and no statements discuss the durability of a payment scheme. We can duly conclude that although PES projects necessarily touch upon issues of fairness and do reshape our perception of the future environment, ideals of justice more rarely feature in their agenda.

This leads us directly to the perspective of sustainability research, which mostly aims to avoid false expectations.


Data about the cases were collected through semi-structured interviews with project initiators, document analyses, project websites, media reports and project reports ( Table 1 ). The data was interpreted with content-analytical and hermeneutical methods [67, 68] . Each case, taken as a whole, was analyzed for the given conditions and the opportunities for deliberative decision-making. As we did not observe the decision-making processes themselves, we could not make any statements on the speech acts as such, but rather, we assessed the willingness, attitudes and formal conditions that played a role in sharing knowledge and power in the decision. Therefore, our study provides data from different cases to compare the involvement of different actors, as well as the reasoning and argumentation in debates over PES design processes. To analyze these processes, we differentiated between participatory elements and deliberative structures. Both were assessed in terms of the project design, which we could only assume in decision-making processes concerning the overall project goal or processes that significantly influence the project strategy. Participation therefore answers the question: Who was able to take part in the project design? We assessed whether only the initiating organization decided on the project design, whether potential ES providers and other persons of concern were involved and whether even a wider public was able to take part in decision-making.

The data was interpreted with content-analytical and hermeneutical methods.


Population migration such as rural-urban migration, forced displacement and the rise of ecotourism may extend the disease to new areas or may cause a shift in snail population especially when the migration is accompanied with some water development projects. Moreover, most of the foreign visitors to these areas, mostly in Ibb province, were from Saudi Arabia and many Yemeni immigrants to USA or UK. Although Saudi Arabia has achieved the elimination of schistosomiasis in 2002, new cases are still reported in southern region, border areas with Yemen [52] . Therefore, cross-border collaboration and regional control programmes are essential, with regular long-term surveillance to detect and treat any new or residual infections [52, 53] . A previous study among a group of 129 Israelis of Yemeni origin found that S. mansoni eggs and specific anti-S. mansoni IGE were reported positive in 12% and 37% individuals, respectively [54] . In earlier report among 218 Yemeni workers in the San Joaquin Valley of California, eggs of S. mansoni were detected in 56% of them with 16% and 27% had heavy and moderate infections, respectively [55] . The authors showed that those who returned to Yemen for short visits had significantly higher egg count compared to those who were away from Yemen for more than 5 years.

Although Saudi Arabia has achieved the elimination of schistosomiasis in 2002, new cases are still reported in southern region, border areas with Yemen.

Therefore, cross-border collaboration and regional control programmes are essential, with regular long-term surveillance to detect and treat any new or residual infections.

A previous study among a group of 129 Israelis of Yemeni origin found that S. mansoni eggs and specific anti-S. mansoni IGE were reported positive in 12% and 37% individuals, respectively.

In earlier report among 218 Yemeni workers in the San Joaquin Valley of California, eggs of S. mansoni were detected in 56% of them with 16% and 27% had heavy and moderate infections, respectively.


Next, based on the established LPV state space model, we determine a set of feasible operating set-points by solving off-line optimization problems. In detail, we compute feasible operating points that satisfy predetermined desired QoS nominal values, i.e., sets of desired response times for each application, allocated CPU capacities and percentages of admittance of requests. Moreover, we compute state feedback control laws which guarantee constraint satisfaction and convergence of the closed-loop system to the desired operating point. The control strategies are computed using quadratic Lyapunov functions [19] . Loosely speaking, a Lyapunov function is a distance metric that describes how far the states of the system are from the desired operating point. These functions are utilized to design controllers which guarantee that the distance from the operating point is strictly decreasing at each time instant. Since we obtain different controllers for each desired operating point, we propose a stabilizing switching scheme between such different operating points by computing and appropriately ordering their domains of attraction. The computational complexity of the controller implementation is small, since at every time instant a linear programming problem and a point location problem are required to be solved.

The control strategies are computed using quadratic Lyapunov functions.


As referred in section 1 much work has been done in this domain in the last years. A good overview is done in the Stranieri and Zeleznikow's book "Knowledge Discovery from Legal Databases" [33] . In this book several approaches to the legal information extraction problem are described, varying from machine learning techniques to natural language processing methodologies. A more general but relevant reference in the information extraction domain is the "Information Extraction" paper of J. Cowie and W. Lehnert [13] .

A good overview is done in the Stranieri and Zeleznikow's book "Knowledge Discovery from Legal Databases".

A more general but relevant reference in the information extraction domain is the "Information Extraction" paper of J. Cowie and W. Lehnert.


Voltage sags do not produce identical effects on all wind generation technologies [1] . Those based on doubly fed induction generators are vulnerable to voltage dips as the effects of these faults on the generator can be potentially harmful if no protective measures are adopted. Traditionally, in the event of a voltage dip, these generators were automatically disconnected from the grid, thus introducing additional disturbances to the grid. Recently, to avoid their disconnection, protection equipment, such as crowbar devices, has been designed to protect the machine rotor as well as the power electronics devices connected to it.

Voltage sags do not produce identical effects on all wind generation technologies.


There are other approaches that study machine behavior in detail during a voltage dip in order to propose an adequate modification of the machine's control during the mentioned fault. These last solutions have the great advantage of not requiring additional devices that increase maintenance and installation costs. For example, excess energy during a voltage sag can be drawn from the machine by allowing the turbine to accelerate, thus avoiding the use of external crowbar type devices [10] . However, wind turbines have a high inertia, which can hinder the rapid switching on/off required during the fault.

For example, excess energy during a voltage sag can be drawn from the machine by allowing the turbine to accelerate, thus avoiding the use of external crowbar type devices.


Based on over 10 years of research, the Florida Prostate Cancer Health Disparity Research (CaPHDR) group developed a Personal Integrative Model of Prostate Cancer Disparity (PIPCaD) for black men [4] [5] [6] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . The PIPCaD model (see Figure 1) hypothesises that a potential source of CaP disparity in black men is their personal behavioural factors such as lack of CaP risk reduction behaviours, and early CaP detection behaviours. The risk reduction behaviours include lifestyle factors such as healthy eating and exercise. Early detection behaviours include informed screening decision. The personal factors are in turn impacted by cognitive-behavioural factors (such as knowledge and health beliefs), cultural beliefs and values, and socio-demographic factors. Our central hypothesis is that an intervention programme based on a theoretical framework that predicts black men's behaviours will succeed in improving CaP risk reduction and early detection behaviours among black men. Based on this central hypothesis, we developed the 'W.O.R.D on Prostate Cancer Video' (https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=74NPk6u_wcw), a prostate cancer education video, designed to close the CaP disparities gap between black men and white men.

Based on over 10 years of research, the Florida Prostate Cancer Health Disparity Research (CaPHDR) group developed a Personal Integrative Model of Prostate Cancer Disparity (PIPCaD) for black men.


Figs are an interesting group in that they are found in all tropical habitats, have exceptionally numerous congeners in almost any mainland tropical forest, and show intra-population intra-tree asynchronous flowering, yet strong individual synchronous flowering (Janzen, 1979) . Flowering in figs should be synchronous within a tree, asynchronous between trees, random in the yearly cycle, and irregular from year to year (Damstra et al., 1996) . Trees of F. thonningii growing in a watered, a non-watered and an intermediate habitat were all generally deciduous between April and August. Watered trees conformed to the general model, but half the trees in the seasonally dry habitat flowered synchronously in the cool dry season (Damstra et al., 1996) .

Figs are an interesting group in that they are found in all tropical habitats, have exceptionally numerous congeners in almost any mainland tropical forest, and show intra-population intra-tree asynchronous flowering, yet strong individual synchronous flowering.

Flowering in figs should be synchronous within a tree, asynchronous between trees, random in the yearly cycle, and irregular from year to year.

Watered trees conformed to the general model, but half the trees in the seasonally dry habitat flowered synchronously in the cool dry season.


Service composition has been traditionally covered by powerful standards and technologies (such as BPEL), which however can be mastered by information technology experts only [30] . What makes mashups different from plain Web service composition is their potential as tools through which end users, not necessarily skilled in computer science, are empowered to develop their own applications. Mashups are indeed emerging as an alternative solution that can help realize the dream of a programmable Web even by non-programmer users [31] . This is due to the emphasis that such composition technology poses on the integration at the presentation layer, focusing on the synchronization of service user interface to create rich interactive Web applications. This aspect indeed has not been adequately investigated so far in more traditional fields of service and application integration.

Service composition has been traditionally covered by powerful standards and technologies (such as BPEL), which however can be mastered by information technology experts only.

Mashups are indeed emerging as an alternative solution that can help realize the dream of a programmable Web even by non-programmer users.


Technologies for Web services composition have been proposed since the 90's in the context of the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). More recently, we have been assisting to the proposal of platforms, based on mashup technologies, which claim to be more oriented towards end users. However, this claim revealed unrealistic because of the inadequacy, for end users, of the composition languages such platforms are based on [4] [5] [6] . Due to the strong need to empower people to compose their personal information spaces (PISs), which could improve their knowledge, productivity and collaboration behavior, service software construction has to be based on a composition paradigm suitable for end users. This implies that generality has to be relaxed to some extent while investigating how domain-dependent languages and tools can be effectively used by people to shape up software artifacts responding to the long tail of their varying needs. In order to identify adequate languages and tools, it is necessary to get a deep understanding of end users' social practices, considering all stakeholders' points of view and competences.

However, this claim revealed unrealistic because of the inadequacy, for end users, of the composition languages such platforms are based on.


A C-band pyramidal horn antenna (ATM PNR137-440-2, 5.85 GHz-8.2 GHz), which has a nominal antenna gain of 10 dBi, is included into the simulation model to reflect the actual setting of the fullfledge reflectarray. Measurements were carried out in free space. The Rohde & Schwarz SMB100A Signal Generator (100 kHz-12.75 GHz) is used to generate a microwave signal at the desired frequency, and it is connected to the feed horn of the reflectarray. It remains stationary throughout the measurement process. The transmitting signal is received by a similar receiving horn antenna which rotates around the reflectarray at a fixed far-field distance (R = 2.8 m), and the received power (|S refl 21 |) is recorded using the Advantest U3771 Spectrum Analyzer (9 kHz-31.8 GHz). The antenna gain of the reflectarray can be obtained by referencing the signal magnitude of the reflectarray to a horn and the procedure is elaborated here. By replacing the transmitting reflectarray by a similar ATM horn, the signal received by the receiving horn is read (|S born 21 |) and the antenna gain of the reflectarray can therefore be calculated as Gain (dBi) = |S refl 21 | − |S born 21 | − 20 log 10 (λ/4πR), where λ is the operating frequency and the final term is taking account of the free space loss. Figure 4 (a) illustrates the configuration of the proposed DRA reflectarray. As can be seen from the figure, the DRA radiating element that was described in Figure 1 is now arranged in an array of 7 × 7, summing up with a total of 49 radiating elements. The optimum spacing between any two of the reflectarray elements is usually in the range of 0.5 − 0.6λ [17] . In this paper, the element spacing d 1 = L is set to be 25.38 mm, which is 0.55λ at 6.5 GHz, and the distance d 2 between the element and the edge of the board is selected to be L/2 (or 12.69 mm) to make the edge element a complete cell. The board size D of the reflectarray is 177.69 mm. The feeding horn antenna is placed at f from the center of the grounded substrate with an inclination angle of 30 • with respect to the center (X 4 , Y 4 ). The use of side-feed scheme can minimize the blockage of signal at the broadside direction. For this design, an f /D ratio of 1.15 is used. Figure 5 shows the prototype of the 7 × 7 DRA reflectarray.

The optimum spacing between any two of the reflectarray elements is usually in the range of 0.5 − 0.6λ.


Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, with its clinical progression to AIDS, has become one of the leading causes of death in the world and the number one cause in Africa [1] . According to the World Health Organization, at least 42 million people are HIV-infected worldwide. The complex regimen of antiretroviral drugs that HIV-positive patients take to control the virus has been credited with the notable reduction in AIDS morbidity and mortality seen in the United States and other affluent nations, but in the developing world, where 90% of the HIV-infected people live, adequate means are not available for treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) [2] .

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, with its clinical progression to AIDS, has become one of the leading causes of death in the world and the number one cause in Africa.

The complex regimen of antiretroviral drugs that HIV-positive patients take to control the virus has been credited with the notable reduction in AIDS morbidity and mortality seen in the United States and other affluent nations, but in the developing world, where 90% of the HIV-infected people live, adequate means are not available for treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).


It has been known for years that corn requires large quantities of nitrogen (N), and that the fraction of nitrogen recovered is low, typically less than 50% [10] . In Chile, the most recent estimates of the efficiency of nitrogen use in corn range from 27% to 38% [11] . Moreover, the increasing need to reduce costs, improve efficiency in the use of nitrogen fertilizers and prevent nitrate pollution, requires the use of new tools for measuring the nutritional status of crops, especially if this can be done by non-destructive methods. The ideal solution will be to keep track of leaf nitrogen levels during the period of crop development, making it possible to correct deficiencies and improve crop yields.

It has been known for years that corn requires large quantities of nitrogen (N), and that the fraction of nitrogen recovered is low, typically less than 50%.

In Chile, the most recent estimates of the efficiency of nitrogen use in corn range from 27% to 38%.


Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal crops world-wide as well as an important source of feed, fibre, and biofuel. Potassium (K) as one of the essential nutrients for crop plays an important role in crop growth and development, metabolism and yield formation process [1] [2] . Because of long-term agricultural production of existing cultivated land, there is about 60% of massive arable land potassium deficiency, which inhibit crop yield and quality improvement [3] [4] . The leaf senescence shortens the duration of the photosynthesis after heading, and reduces the photosynthetic production accumulation [5] [6] . Potassium deficiency in plants usually induces brown scorching and curling of leaf tips as well as chlorosis (yellowing) between leaf veins, which accelerate leaf senescence. Leaf photosynthesis consists of the several physiological processes, including light harvesting, photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry and CO2 assimilation [7] . Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements have increasingly been used as a non-invasive tool in leaf ecophysiological studies. This method has been used extensively to investigate the response of plants to environmental stress, including the effects of low potassium on the photosynthetic apparatus of crops both in a controlled environment and in the field [8] [9] .

Potassium (K) as one of the essential nutrients for crop plays an important role in crop growth and development, metabolism and yield formation process.

Because of long-term agricultural production of existing cultivated land, there is about 60% of massive arable land potassium deficiency, which inhibit crop yield and quality improvement.

The leaf senescence shortens the duration of the photosynthesis after heading, and reduces the photosynthetic production accumulation.

Leaf photosynthesis consists of the several physiological processes, including light harvesting, photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry and CO2 assimilation.

This method has been used extensively to investigate the response of plants to environmental stress, including the effects of low potassium on the photosynthetic apparatus of crops both in a controlled environment and in the field.


The primary sources of CH 4 emissions from using power generation from natural gas are small leaks in the natural gas infrastructure, known as CH 4 leakage, or from incomplete combustion during engine operation, known as CH 4 slip. The GHG benefits of using natural gas as a fuel depend on minimizing CH 4 leakage and slip during the entire fuel pathway [13e15]. GHG emissions from centralized stationary power depend on the electrical generation mix, which varies regionally depending on the service provider. In the United States, the electrical generation mix varies considerably for the different subregions as defined by the eGRID (Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database) [16] . According to eGRID, GHG emissions from stationary power in the United States range from roughly 245 kg/MWh in the AKMS (Alaska) region, which has 63% hydropower, to a maximum of about 870 kg/MWh in the RMPA (Rocky Mountain) region, which uses 71% coal and 24% natural gas. Fig. 2 shows the average electrical generation mix assumed for the United States (US mix), which is about 45% coal, with a nearly even mix of nuclear and natural gas at around 20% each and the remainder being produced from hydroelectric, oil, biomass, wind, solar, and geothermal (listed in order of percentage of the mix) [16] .

In the United States, the electrical generation mix varies considerably for the different subregions as defined by the eGRID (Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database).

Fig. 2 shows the average electrical generation mix assumed for the United States (US mix), which is about 45% coal, with a nearly even mix of nuclear and natural gas at around 20% each and the remainder being produced from hydroelectric, oil, biomass, wind, solar, and geothermal (listed in order of percentage of the mix).


Invasive species are increasingly being used as model systems within which to study adaptation and plasticity (Lee, 2002) . Paradoxically, many invasive species appear to exhibit adaptive responses to new environments despite strong founder effects and an expected reduction in genetic diversity (Sakai et al., 2001; Allendorf & Lundquist, 2003; Kolbe et al., 2004; Lambrinos, 2004) . Given that successful invaders represent a biased sample of all potential invaders, it seems increasingly likely that the adaptive potential of invaders is strongly linked to their probability of success in a new environment (Thompson, 1998; Garcia-Ramos & Rodriguez, 2002; Parker, Rodriguez & Loik, 2003; Simons, 2003; Stockwell, Hendry & Kinnison, 2003) . Thus, understanding the evolutionary processes underlying successful invasions is of both broad theoretical and practical interest.

Invasive species are increasingly being used as model systems within which to study adaptation and plasticity.

Paradoxically, many invasive species appear to exhibit adaptive responses to new environments despite strong founder effects and an expected reduction in genetic diversity.

Given that successful invaders represent a biased sample of all potential invaders, it seems increasingly likely that the adaptive potential of invaders is strongly linked to their probability of success in a new environment.


As we see it, one key factor for integrating degrowth in the local setting would be to establish a more developed and concrete understanding of what degrowth can entail in a particular municipality, in this case Alingsås. The current Growth Program indicates that there is some criticism of mainstream development ideas among politicians and planners in the municipality. However, this criticism is not very strong, but rather low-key and fragmentary and it does not lead to the formulation of any alternative ways of thinking and acting regarding the development of the municipality. Given the advantage of the already established mainstream perspectives, it will remain difficult to develop a more thorough degrowth-oriented agenda at the local level as long as it is done primarily through critical formulations in policy documents. Based upon what we have seen in the case of Alingsås, and the promising examples of the Future Week and other arenas that provide space for formulating concrete alternatives, we conclude that a key strategy for integrating degrowth-related ideas at the local arena could be to put more effort into this type of initiatives. Developing concrete projects and experiments gives direct results in terms of an empirically grounded, concrete experience of degrowth in practice. If these initiatives prove to work, they could provide a basis a more general discussion of what a degrowth-oriented approach may mean for the strategic direction of the municipality. This suggestion is closely related to ideas that has been developed in the literature on climate change mitigation, where urban experiments have been a central theme in recent years of research [57] .

This suggestion is closely related to ideas that has been developed in the literature on climate change mitigation, where urban experiments have been a central theme in recent years of research.


NF-κB is known as the important mediator of inflammation associated with diabetes [27] . The expression of NF-κB lead to β cell dysfunction and cell death. The activation of NF-κB by oxidative stress stimulates the pro-inflammatory response, upregulation of endothelin, and apoptosis [28] . The expression of RAGE and NF-κB were increased in AGE-stimulated groups and the subsequent reduction was observed in ECH-and RES-treated cells ( Figure 5 ).

NF-κB is known as the important mediator of inflammation associated with diabetes.

The activation of NF-κB by oxidative stress stimulates the pro-inflammatory response, upregulation of endothelin, and apoptosis.


Colour image denoising is a topic which has been extensively studied in the fields of computer vision and digital image processing. The denoising (or filtering) step is essential for almost every computer vision system because noise can significantly affect the visual quality of the images as well as the performance of most automatic image processing tasks. Among the different sources of noise in digital imaging, probably the most common one is the so-called thermal noise, which is mainly due to CCD sensor malfunction and specially intense with inappropriate illumination conditions. This kind of noise is modeled as additive white Gaussian noise [1] .

This kind of noise is modeled as additive white Gaussian noise.


In the ninth month, these rapid-fire pummeling kicks appear even less as there's just no room for that. But as the baby turns over, it would definitely get the mother's attention. When the baby engages or drops headfirst down into the pelvis some time before delivery, such as two to three weeks before the due date, the activity patterns may change again. Activities during the last few weeks before delivery are highly dependent on the individual babies some move a bit less, while a few may surprise their mothers with energetic paces before the face to face introduction. These movements are categorized as startle, general body movements, hiccups, breathing movements, isolated arm and leg movements and colonic movements [9] .

These movements are categorized as startle, general body movements, hiccups, breathing movements, isolated arm and leg movements and colonic movements.


Temozolomide (TMZ) is a prodrug that is ultimately metabolized to an alkylating agent. Upon exposure to physiological pH, TMZ is spontaneously hydrolyzed to the intermediate 5-(3-methyl-triazen-1-yl) imidazole-4-carboxamide (MTIC). MTIC further fragments to 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide and the extremely reactive methyldiazonium cation, which methylates DNA at several nucleophilic sites. N 7 -guanine, N 3 -adenine, and O 6 -guanine [1] . Although the formation of O 6 -methylguanine accounts for a minority of DNA adducts formed, it is particularly cytotoxic and is correlated with TMZ-mediated cytotoxicity, resulting in mispairing during replication and subsequent strand breakage and tumor cell death. TMZ is FDA approved as a first-line treatment for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme alongside radiotherapy and as a second-line treatment for refractory anaplastic astrocytoma [2] .

N 7 -guanine, N 3 -adenine, and O 6 -guanine.

TMZ is FDA approved as a first-line treatment for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme alongside radiotherapy and as a second-line treatment for refractory anaplastic astrocytoma.


Although some drugs have shown modest efficacy, there is continued interest in studying the brain penetration of certain anti-glioma agents to improve therapeutic efficacy and clinical outcome. Intranasal delivery is one route being explored as a means to bypass the blood-brain barrier, as agents can undergo direct transport along the olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Studies are ongoing at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) using rhesus macaques as a nonhuman primate (NHP) model administering several agents in a variety of routes (intranasal, intravenous, oral) to understand the extent of drug penetration into different areas of the brain, and if intranasal administration improves brain penetration vs. systemic delivery. TMZ is being studied as one such agent, since existing research demonstrated relatively high brain penetration (20%-40%) [3, 4] .

TMZ is being studied as one such agent, since existing research demonstrated relatively high brain penetration (20%-40%).


One of the most hotly contested ideas in the study of financial economics relates to the notion that capital markets are efficient in an informational sense. Trading rules, based on the premise that historical data is information rich about the future direction of asset prices, defies the received academic position of the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH) (Fama, 1970) . However, one of the empirical challenges with tests of the EMH relates to the ambivalence that researchers have in rejecting the null hypothesis (in turn, providing acceptance to an extreme alternate hypothesis, that is, market inefficiency) and having employed a methodology limited by issues including: data mining, structural change and model instability; and, market volatility. It is our conjecture that it is this combination of an extreme alternate hypothesis (that is, market inefficiency), methodological limitations, and, the chance for profit, that has led to nothing short of a fascination regarding the topic of capital market efficiency by academe and practitioners alike.

Trading rules, based on the premise that historical data is information rich about the future direction of asset prices, defies the received academic position of the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH).


A large volume of wastewater continues to be discharged into natural watercourses leading to pollution of the coastal zones and drinking water reservoirs in India [1] . Disposal of partially treated and mostly untreated effluents into rivers and lakes and runoff from urban and agricultural areas are the two main reasons responsible for deterioration of drinking water resources [4] . In addition, the excessive withdrawal of water for agricultural and municipal utilities as well as use of rivers and lakes for religious and social practices, and perpetual droughts limits the capacity of river for dilution of wastes [2, 5] . On one hand the available water resources are rapidly depleted due to increased domestic water demands whereas the available water is getting deteriorated due to disposal of domestic and industrial effluents, on other hand. Although, the number of sewage treatment plants (STPs) have increased over the years in urban India, this increase is not adequate to keep pace with escalating generation of wastewater which results in a large volume of untreated or partially treated wastewater continues to be discharged into natural watercourses leading to pollution of the coastal zones and drinking water reservoirs in India [1, 3] .

A large volume of wastewater continues to be discharged into natural watercourses leading to pollution of the coastal zones and drinking water reservoirs in India.

Disposal of partially treated and mostly untreated effluents into rivers and lakes and runoff from urban and agricultural areas are the two main reasons responsible for deterioration of drinking water resources.

In addition, the excessive withdrawal of water for agricultural and municipal utilities as well as use of rivers and lakes for religious and social practices, and perpetual droughts limits the capacity of river for dilution of wastes.

Although, the number of sewage treatment plants (STPs) have increased over the years in urban India, this increase is not adequate to keep pace with escalating generation of wastewater which results in a large volume of untreated or partially treated wastewater continues to be discharged into natural watercourses leading to pollution of the coastal zones and drinking water reservoirs in India.


There are different types of NTSs practiced in India and the most experienced include, Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP), Sewage fed Aquaculture, Constructed Wetlands, Polishing Ponds, Duckweed Ponds, and Karnal Technolgy [5] . Sewage Fed Aquaculture system in conjunction with pisciculture is one such technology which has the potential of offering effective wastewater treatment besides providing economic returns as well as generating employment opportunities in the rural areas. The traditional practices of recycling effluent through agriculture, horticulture and aquaculture have been in used in several developed and developing countries in the world [6, 9] . The practices of using waste as a resource for the sustainable rural and urban development is not only help in treating the wastewater but also make the system long-lasting. Moreover, the practices of using wastewater for resources recovery not only reduces the pollution load into the natural water bodies but also make a continuous system of food production irrespective of any environmental disparity such as rainfall or drought.

There are different types of NTSs practiced in India and the most experienced include, Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP), Sewage fed Aquaculture, Constructed Wetlands, Polishing Ponds, Duckweed Ponds, and Karnal Technolgy.

The traditional practices of recycling effluent through agriculture, horticulture and aquaculture have been in used in several developed and developing countries in the world.


The conventional mechanised wastewater treatment systems turn out to be rather expensive in terms of both, the installation as well as O&M costs and hardly gave any resource out of the treatment process, whereas the NTSs provide opportunity to produce useful byproducts during the course of treatment. It is argued here that the newer solutions should be such that the peri-urban and small communities should be able to own and operate their wastewater treatment systems [4] . Interestingly, in the recent past, communities seem to accept the natural treatment systems (NTSs) that are capable of providing adequate treatment to wastewaters in conjunction with supplementing fish and nutrition to the food baskets of the fishing communities engaged in managing the systems as well as generating adequate water for irrigation of farms and agro-forests [3] . Also, the engineered NTSs blend well with the agricultural, peri-urban, and rural ecosystems.

It is argued here that the newer solutions should be such that the peri-urban and small communities should be able to own and operate their wastewater treatment systems.

Interestingly, in the recent past, communities seem to accept the natural treatment systems (NTSs) that are capable of providing adequate treatment to wastewaters in conjunction with supplementing fish and nutrition to the food baskets of the fishing communities engaged in managing the systems as well as generating adequate water for irrigation of farms and agro-forests.


The modest knowledge that we possess concerning planetary environments has been garnered primarily from space missions, which are highly demanding in both time and cost. Because of the obvious technical and economical limitations on in situ planetary exploration, laboratory simulations are one of the most feasible research options to make advances both in planetary science and in developing a consistent description of the origin of life. Therefore, the most general question of astrobiology concerns the understanding of life and the processes that lead to its origin, evolution and distribution, on Earth and elsewhere, as part of the evolution of the cosmos. Laboratory-based facilities are able to mimic the conditions found in the atmospheres and on the surfaces of the majority of planetary objects (e.g., Mars, Titan, Europa). Planetary-simulation chambers have experienced extraordinary improvement from the first methodological models and instrumental designs of the 1960s to the present [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . They have become extremely useful tools for assessing analytical protocols for instruments and sensors that operate outside the Earth's environment and for emulating various experiments that involve biological, geological and physico-chemical issues [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .

Planetary-simulation chambers have experienced extraordinary improvement from the first methodological models and instrumental designs of the 1960s to the present.

They have become extremely useful tools for assessing analytical protocols for instruments and sensors that operate outside the Earth's environment and for emulating various experiments that involve biological, geological and physico-chemical issues.


Since dielectrophoresis was first reported by H. A. Pohl in 1951, it has been employed as a biological particle manipulating tool in various fields (e.g. cell replacement therapy, drug screening, medical diagnostics, particle filtration and microfluidics) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Dielectrophoretic (DEP) phenomena occur when micro/nano-particles in a medium are exposed to a non-uniform electric field, causing polarization for particular particles according to their dielectric property [11, 12] . DEP force is classified into two types according to correlations of the dielectric properties of the particles and medium. Positive DEP (p-DEP) force pulls particles toward a higher electric gradient, and negative DEP (n-DEP) force repels particles away from the higher electric gradient. Therefore, various target cells with different dielectric properties can be manipulated by controlling the medium properties or the input voltage condition. In order to manipulate biological particles, consequently, various dielectrophoresis-based techniques, including DEP trapping, DEP field-flow fractionation (DEP-FFF), traveling wave DEP (TwDEP) force and DEP barrier, are performed within a micro fluid channel [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . DEP trapping techniques are mainly used to isolate particles within a still fluid utilizing p-DEP force [22] [23] [24] [25] . The TwDEP force, DEP-FFF and DEP barrier techniques are realized via angled or vertical electrode pairs, and they are generally implemented with n-DEP force within the micro channel with fluidic flow [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] . The latter techniques have a striking advantage in terms of throughput since the continuous loading of target cells along the fluidic flow allows for continuous cell separation. Therefore, there have been many studies on the separation of Open Access Dielectrophoresis activated cell sorters (DACSes) differ from conventional fluorescent activated cell sorters (FACSes) and magnetic activated cell sorters (MACSes) in that they do not require the additional financial and time expenditure necessary for immune-labeling [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] . In addition, DACSes achieve high separation efficiency owing to the continuous separation in the micro fluid channel. Nevertheless, there are still big hurdles to be overcome with respect to their low throughputs and recovery rates.

Since dielectrophoresis was first reported by H. A. Pohl in 1951, it has been employed as a biological particle manipulating tool in various fields (e.g. cell replacement therapy, drug screening, medical diagnostics, particle filtration and microfluidics).

Dielectrophoretic (DEP) phenomena occur when micro/nano-particles in a medium are exposed to a non-uniform electric field, causing polarization for particular particles according to their dielectric property.

In order to manipulate biological particles, consequently, various dielectrophoresis-based techniques, including DEP trapping, DEP field-flow fractionation (DEP-FFF), traveling wave DEP (TwDEP) force and DEP barrier, are performed within a micro fluid channel.

DEP trapping techniques are mainly used to isolate particles within a still fluid utilizing p-DEP force.

The TwDEP force, DEP-FFF and DEP barrier techniques are realized via angled or vertical electrode pairs, and they are generally implemented with n-DEP force within the micro channel with fluidic flow.

Therefore, there have been many studies on the separation of Open Access Dielectrophoresis activated cell sorters (DACSes) differ from conventional fluorescent activated cell sorters (FACSes) and magnetic activated cell sorters (MACSes) in that they do not require the additional financial and time expenditure necessary for immune-labeling.


The paradigm change of power systems has created a need to modify traditional power systems for efficient energy supply [1] . The use of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems allows for power transfer over longer distances with lower losses and improved power system controllability, and such systems are expected to become an essential technology in integrating renewable energy sources as transmission system backups [2] . In particular, multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) systems can simultaneously manage both active power and reactive power, and they provides a cost-effective solution for power system operation at each terminal independent of the direct current (DC) power transmission. In contrast to line-commutated converters (LCCs), a voltage source converter (VSC) is more suitable for establishing an MTDC system, because VSCs do not need reactive power demand and are able to control the reactive power to preserve the alternating current (AC) grid voltage as a generator [3] . However, VSC-MTDC power transmission systems cannot be independently adjusted in the steady state owing to the limited active power capability of the VSC-HVDC, even though the output voltage magnitude and phase angle can be controlled. Therefore, a need exists for further research on power system operation to determine a suitable method for supplying additional active power to maintain the stability and reliability of the power system.

The paradigm change of power systems has created a need to modify traditional power systems for efficient energy supply.

The use of high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems allows for power transfer over longer distances with lower losses and improved power system controllability, and such systems are expected to become an essential technology in integrating renewable energy sources as transmission system backups.

In contrast to line-commutated converters (LCCs), a voltage source converter (VSC) is more suitable for establishing an MTDC system, because VSCs do not need reactive power demand and are able to control the reactive power to preserve the alternating current (AC) grid voltage as a generator.


Some previous studies on automatic meeting summarization applied text summarization techniques to meeting transcriptions to extract important sentences for inclusion in meeting summaries [1] [2] [3] . Other studies applied a multimodal approach by combining prosodic information with the text features [2] . When a person is speaking at a high volume, this may be accompanied by larger bodily activity values. Such co-occurring behaviors may be perceived as salient and coherent characteristics of important utterances. This is not only the case for group meetings; many studies on multimodal interaction have asserted the usefulness of multimodal features [4, 5] . Moreover, a group meeting involves multiparty communication, where social dynamics in group discussions are also important aspects to be considered in creating a summary. For example, utterances highly attended by others may be accepted by the group as an important idea or opinion. Therefore, a group meeting is a multimodal multiparty interaction, and thus, it is necessary to consider the co-occurrence of not only behaviors exhibited by a participant but also those taking place among the participants. However, few studies have considered the correlation or co-occurrence between different modalities among different participants.

Some previous studies on automatic meeting summarization applied text summarization techniques to meeting transcriptions to extract important sentences for inclusion in meeting summaries.

Other studies applied a multimodal approach by combining prosodic information with the text features.

This is not only the case for group meetings; many studies on multimodal interaction have asserted the usefulness of multimodal features.


Another interesting observation from the reinforcement of PUs with coconut husk fibers is the appearance of two Tgs, which indicates a clear interference of the fibers with the condensation polymerization reaction. Similar effects have also been observed during the free radical polymerization of conjugated linseed oil in the presence of rice hulls, and have been attributed to the dispersion of co-monomers during the cure of the composite [44] . Similar to the change in [NCO]/[OH] molar ratios, an increase in filler load from 10 wt % to 20 wt % does not result in the expected increase in storage modulus. An uneven dispersion of the fibers throughout the composites may have led to such results. The dispersion of the fibers will be discussed later in the text. The foam aspect of the PUs and the size of the molds used made it impossible to conduct tensile tests. However, one can appreciate the reinforcing effect of coconut husk fibers when comparing the storage modulus of PUMO-11.3, PUMO-11.3-10, and PUMO-11.3-20 (Table 3 , entries 1, 4, and 5), as mentioned previously. Indeed, a minimum improvement of approximately 23% in E′ at 25 °C is obtained when incorporating coconut husk fibers in the PU matrix.

Similar effects have also been observed during the free radical polymerization of conjugated linseed oil in the presence of rice hulls, and have been attributed to the dispersion of co-monomers during the cure of the composite.


Only a portion of the conceptual framework proposed here has been implemented, namely, simulation of the inputs to E(RLW) and the values of E(RLW) for the WUI in Flathead County, Montana. Simulations were based on: (1) (4) climate projections corresponding to the IPCC A2 emission scenario [18] . Scenarios for economic growth, land use policy, and climate change were assumed to remain constant across the five subperiods. The remainder of this section reports subperiod simulation results for: (1) residential development in the WUI; (2) parcel burn probabilities; (3) four WUI metrics; and (4) E(RLW) for the entire WUI. Simulated areas of parcels required for and converted to the six residential housing density classes for each subperiod are given in Table 1 . Figure 3 illustrates the simulated growth in residential development for parcels in the WUI and the spatial extent of the WUI from 2010 to 2059 for Flathead County. Because rural, exurban, and agricultural development occurs at relatively low densities, between 98% and 99% of the land area converted to new residential properties occurred at those densities. As expected, the area required for and converted to residential development increases over subperiods. Areas required for and converted to residential housing are the same (apart from differences caused by the discrete size of parcels) for all housing density classes and subperiods except the agricultural housing density class in the last subperiod. In that case, area required is 6,139 hectares greater than area converted because of the lack of developable parcels suitable for residential development at the agricultural housing density.

Simulations were based on: (1) (4) climate projections corresponding to the IPCC A2 emission scenario.


Application of the proposed conceptual framework is complex, a feature that would discourage most forest managers from using it. One way to increase forest managers' access to and use of the framework is to incorporate it in a web-based, interactive, spatial decision support system. The latter is a computer-based system that integrates data, information, and models for the purpose of allowing decisionmakers to solve complex, spatial decision problems and evaluate the consequences of alternative scenarios [49] [50] [51] .

The latter is a computer-based system that integrates data, information, and models for the purpose of allowing decisionmakers to solve complex, spatial decision problems and evaluate the consequences of alternative scenarios.


The input pad is illuminated with a laser. There are two possible operation modes with this kind of chip [2] . The first is the angular tuning where the input angle θ in is varied and the intensity (eventually also the position) of the output beam is measured at a constant wavelength. The coupling angle is where the intensity is maximal. Then any changes of the refractive index or the thickness of the sensing biolayer lead to a change of the coupling angle of the input grating pad and can be detected. Alternatively it is also possible to measure the transmitted light at the cover side. When the coupling condition is fulfilled, the energy goes into the film and a minimum can be observed at the cover. The second operation is the so called WIOS principle (wavelength interrogated optical sensor) [3, 4] . The angle of the incident beam is maintained constant while the wavelength is changed (by some nanometers), while the intensity of the output beam is measured. Any change of the effective refractive index, e.g., due to the adsorption of biomolecules to the sensor surface, the resulting resonance curve shift will be monitored. In the following, only the angular interrogation will be investigated, mainly due to practical means like extended tuning range as well as stability and independence of the wavelength of the laser source. Nonetheless, the following calculations would also hold true for the wavelength interrogating sensing scheme.

There are two possible operation modes with this kind of chip.

The second operation is the so called WIOS principle (wavelength interrogated optical sensor).


A more complex method also exists for the simulation of band gap dielectric frequency-selective surfaces [21] . A similar method combined with the proposed procedure for obtaining the sensitivity could lead to a faster algorithm. Another solution would be to use the multiple scattering approach [9] .

A more complex method also exists for the simulation of band gap dielectric frequency-selective surfaces.

Another solution would be to use the multiple scattering approach.


Infrared cameras are being used in a wide range of applications such as temperature measurement, spectral-signature analysis, night vision, and predictive machinery maintenance. Infrared cameras collect the spectral information by means of imaging sensing devices called infrared focal plane arrays (FPAs). An infrared FPA is an integrated circuit composed of either a linear or a matrix of infrared photodetectors. An image is created after reading and properly assembling the infrared information collected by all the photodetectors in the array [1] . In theory, all the photodetectors in the FPA respond in exactly the same manner when a spatially uniform spectral object is placed in front of the array. Unfortunately practical FPA do not respond in such a way when a flat infrared input impinges the array.

An image is created after reading and properly assembling the infrared information collected by all the photodetectors in the array.


As noted in the background section, vocabulary acquisition is an area where research findings are both relatively well established and yet poorly applied. As Nation (2011: 532) notes, 'teachers do not think that vocabulary learning needs to be planned, and if it does the course book will take care of that. Usually, the course book does not'. L2 vocabulary acquisition research suggests that learning new words in a second language requires a variety of types of exposure to L2 forms and opportunities for production and practice, including input, output, attention to form and practice, both in contexts where learning is intentional and in others where incidental learning may take place (Nation and Chung 2009) . As implemented in the current study, VAD allows teachers to address a number of these requirements: learners receive contextualised input in pre-drama activities, are encouraged to produce output and reflect on their production in a safe context in drama and post-drama tasks, and have built-in opportunities for practice as they rehearse dramatic performances. VAD shares these advantages with more established communicative and task-oriented language teaching approaches, increasing our confidence in this explanation for its apparent effectiveness.

Usually, the course book does not'.

L2 vocabulary acquisition research suggests that learning new words in a second language requires a variety of types of exposure to L2 forms and opportunities for production and practice, including input, output, attention to form and practice, both in contexts where learning is intentional and in others where incidental learning may take place.


This small-scale research project was premised on the notion that vocabulary acquisition is a key, but neglected challenge in L2 teaching and learning, especially with younger learners (Milton 2013) . It explored the potential of applying drama techniques to L2 vocabulary teaching, although given the small scale of the project, we need to carefully consider the validity and reliability of the empirical results presented above before discussing some tentative conclusions. The results did show an advantage to the experimental groups, suggesting that VAD techniques are effective for L2 vocabulary acquisition with young beginners. If follow-up studies confirm our findings (and in particular rule out a novelty effect), what explanations might be offered for the efficacy of this approach?

This small-scale research project was premised on the notion that vocabulary acquisition is a key, but neglected challenge in L2 teaching and learning, especially with younger learners.


Instead, T1 implemented mainstream teaching methods to teach the target vocabulary to the control group, generally using slide presentations on the interactive whiteboard to improve students' oracy, reading and writing. Each class was taught a target vocabulary set of 21 words and 3 expressions of like/dislike from the school curriculum on the topic of food, in five lessons over a period of approximately one month. The learners in experimental groups E1 and E2 used the target words in various drama contexts, such as drama games (e.g. dance with props), dramatised settings (e.g. supermarket scene), filmmaking (e.g. online video clip creation using iPads), while the control group C learned the same words through course book activities and class interactions alone. This research design allows the comparison of the experimental groups using learning procedures based on the principles of VAD (interaction, discussion, creation, imagination, personalisation and recycling) with a control group using traditional methods. Following established protocols in educational research 'variables defining one or more "causes" [were] manipulated in a systematic fashion in order to discern "effects" on other variables' (Ross 2005: 3) , with all pupils tested in the same manner (Cohen, Manion and Morrison 2011) . The participants over the two-year period were 63 Welsh L2 learners, 21 in each of three intact Year 5 classes in the same primary school in Wales. Participation in the study was voluntary and informed consent was gained from all participants. All pupils attended every VAD lesson and took all pre-, post-and retention tests designed by a member of the research team. These evaluation results were not used for any other assessment purposes. Both class teachers were native speakers of English in their mid-40s, with similar teaching qualifications and experience in mainstream primary education. Neither had experience in teaching with VAD prior to the project.

Following established protocols in educational research 'variables defining one or more "causes" [were] manipulated in a systematic fashion in order to discern "effects" on other variables' (Ross 2005: 3) , with all pupils tested in the same manner.


The loss of biodiversity has serious consequences for species, ecosystem services and people who depend on environmental and natural resources for their livelihoods [17, 18] . For example, 12% of bird species, 25% of the mammals and 32% of the amphibians living in tropical forests are threatened with extinction over the next century [19] . Thus, biodiversity conservation has become an important global issue [20] . Although the main goal of traditional agricultural farms is to produce foods to meet the demands of the teeming population, it can also play an important role in conserving genetic resources on farms [21] . Thus, it is important to have knowledge of the diversity of crop varieties grown by farmers. The effectiveness of a genetic resources conservation strategy, especially over the long-term, depends on how agricultural environment is managed. For example, if date palm farmers choose to grow only one cultivar over time, it may lead to the extinction of other cultivars. This implies that the cooperation of farmers is required for genetic resources conservation efforts to be more effective, because their livelihood activities often have impacts on genetic resources [22, 23] . Thus, it is important to have knowledge about a genetic resources conservation strategy that can sustain the livelihoods of farmers, as well as help conserve genetic resources.

The loss of biodiversity has serious consequences for species, ecosystem services and people who depend on environmental and natural resources for their livelihoods.

For example, 12% of bird species, 25% of the mammals and 32% of the amphibians living in tropical forests are threatened with extinction over the next century.

Thus, biodiversity conservation has become an important global issue.

Although the main goal of traditional agricultural farms is to produce foods to meet the demands of the teeming population, it can also play an important role in conserving genetic resources on farms.

This implies that the cooperation of farmers is required for genetic resources conservation efforts to be more effective, because their livelihood activities often have impacts on genetic resources.


Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the most important tree crops in desert areas of Northern Africa, Southern Asia and the Middle East [1] . It is a multipurpose tree that provides food, materials for shelter, fuel and timber products in a harsh environment, where only few plants can grow [2] . Date palm fruit is a good source of carbohydrates, fiber, minerals and vitamins, as well as having anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties [3] [4] [5] . Date palm has varied medicinal uses. For example, the fruit is a good astringent remedy for intestinal problems. Syrups and pastes produced from date palm fruits are administered against colds, sore throat and bronchial cough, as well as to help relieve fever and abdominal aches; the roots are used for treating toothache [6] . Date palms often contribute in creating a microclimate in the desert environment that encourages the growth of cover crops and vegetables to sustain local people and their livestock. Its leaves are used for making mats, hats, trays and baskets, as well as fencing and livestock feeds [7] . Considering the multipurpose uses of date palm, it suffices to say that it has the potential to contribute in several ways to the sustainability of integrated farming systems and food security [8] .

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the most important tree crops in desert areas of Northern Africa, Southern Asia and the Middle East.

It is a multipurpose tree that provides food, materials for shelter, fuel and timber products in a harsh environment, where only few plants can grow.

Date palm fruit is a good source of carbohydrates, fiber, minerals and vitamins, as well as having anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties.

Date palm has varied medicinal uses.

Syrups and pastes produced from date palm fruits are administered against colds, sore throat and bronchial cough, as well as to help relieve fever and abdominal aches; the roots are used for treating toothache.

Its leaves are used for making mats, hats, trays and baskets, as well as fencing and livestock feeds.

Considering the multipurpose uses of date palm, it suffices to say that it has the potential to contribute in several ways to the sustainability of integrated farming systems and food security.


The findings of the study show that the most important factors to be considered in designing a genetic resources conservation strategy include farm location, uses of date palm produce, drought and education. Since the respondents in the River Nile State were less likely to grow many different cultivars, it may be that the cultivars available to the farmers in this State are not as diverse as those in the Northern State. Thus, farmers in the River Nile State have lesser incentive to grow many different cultivars. This suggests the importance of making more cultivars adapted to the environmental condition of the State more available to the farmers. Availability of more cultivars should motivate more farmers to grow different cultivars. People who grow date palm mainly for family consumption often have different tastes and are likely to grow different cultivars to meet their demand. Similar findings have been reported in another study by Lacy and others [10] . They found that subsistence farmers grow varieties of crops that have different tastes. This implies that if people who mainly grow date palm for family consumption get access to different cultivars with marked differences in quality attributes, they are likely to grow diverse date palm cultivars. Thus, these group of people need to be considered in designing a genetic resource conservation strategy.

Similar findings have been reported in another study by Lacy and others.


Linear viscoelasticity is defined by the Relations (1) . In the present paper, identification will be conducted on h i jkl (ω) by considering a rheological model betweenσ i j andε kl . Linear viscoelasticity of rheological models is written in terms of force and displacement: F(ω) = H(ω)X(ω), with H(ω), the complex stiffness of a viscoelastic material, equivalent toĥ i jkl (ω).

Linear viscoelasticity is defined by the Relations.


In this paper, we describe a protocol for Arabidopsis pin-fasten grafting that is modified from previous Arabidopsis seedling grafting [10, 11] . In pin-fasten grafting method, soil-grown scions were pin-inserted to graft onto epicotyls or hypocotyls of stocks. This method can be used under long-or short-day growth conditions or various developmental stages. The vascular connection between scions and stocks was confirmed by longitudinal sectioning and microscopy. We verified the symplastic connection between scions and stocks by using phloemlimited dye. Our approach provides a sterile-free and highly efficient method for grafting under a wide range of developmental stages.

In this paper, we describe a protocol for Arabidopsis pin-fasten grafting that is modified from previous Arabidopsis seedling grafting.


Leaf disk C gain (of nonstructural carbohydrates) was affected by day and night temperature at 87 DAI, and a significant D × N interaction also occurred at this time (Table 1) . Carbon gain showed a quadratic response to day temperature with nights at 14C, with a maximum for days at 22C (Fig. 3) . In contrast, C gain increased linearly with increasing day temperature with nights at 26C, with the maximum at 30C, and was relatively constant with nights at 18 and 22C. Carbon gain increased linearly with increasing night temperature when days were at 30C. The greatest C gain occurred at 22/14C, with the lowest at 30/14C (Fig. 3) . The 30/14C thermoperiod also resulted in the lowest shoot dry weight (Rowe et al., 1994) . Carbon gain was not affected by temperature 122 DAI (Table 1) .

The 30/14C thermoperiod also resulted in the lowest shoot dry weight.


In relationship marketing, a higher level of relationship commitment will lead to higher intention of the parties remaining in a relationship (Gronroos, 1990; Morgan and Hunt, 1994) . This present study borrows the concept from marketing literature, and investigates whether relationship commitment has a positive influence on student loyalty, and some of the determinants (relationship benefits, relationship termination costs, shared values, and trust) influencing relationship commitment in the SFTE context. This study attempts to test the applicability of marketing concepts within the SFTE industry. The main objectives of this study are twofold. Firstly, this study examines the main direct effect of relationship commitment on student loyalty. Secondly, this study also examines the determinants influencing relationship commitment in education context. This empirical study is conducted within the SFTE context in Hong Kong.

In relationship marketing, a higher level of relationship commitment will lead to higher intention of the parties remaining in a relationship.


In this work, we investigate 3s-DBR laser characteristics under direct modulation and demonstrate a novel chirp compensation scheme which can be used in the ONUs for the long reach TWDM-PON systems. An example of an asymmetric 40 Gb/s TWDM-PON system equipped with 3s-DBR lasers is shown in Fig. 1 . Four transmitters and receivers (TXs/RXs) units are used in the OLT, and each transmitter is directly modulated by 10 Gb/s signals. The ONUs are equipped with tunable transmitters and receivers, where 10 nm tuning range 3s-DBR lasers with 2.5 Gb/s direct modulation are used so that any of the four upstream wavelengths can be reached. To overcome the signal distortions resulting from the frequency chirp due to direct modulation, we extend on our novel idea of the frequency chirp compensation technology with inherent characteristics of DBR type tunable lasers [17] . For achieving the optimum compensation, the chirp characteristics of 3s-DBR lasers induced by direct modulation are investigated with extensive numerical simulations. Q-factors and ER for different system transmission lengths are analyzed and compared. Large dispersion tolerance of the system is demonstrated by using the chirp compensation. Results implicate that the proposed scheme might have promising applications in long reach TWDM-PON systems.

To overcome the signal distortions resulting from the frequency chirp due to direct modulation, we extend on our novel idea of the frequency chirp compensation technology with inherent characteristics of DBR type tunable lasers.


The only significantly new components in TWDM-PON are the tunable receivers and tunable transmitters employed at the ONU when compared with G-PON and XG-PON [6] . The ONU transmitter should be capable of being tuned to any of the upstream wavelengths. In this sense, tunable lasers are attractive. A number of novel widely tunable laser sources have been developed during the past two decades [7] - [9] . However, the complicated currents control and fabrication which requires electron beam or high resolution lithography for defining the gratings significantly increase the chip cost. Three section distributed Bragg reflector (3s-DBR) lasers are a good compromise. They generally provide more power than sampled-grating DBR (SG-DBR) lasers, super-structure-grating DBR(SSG-DBR) lasers, and digital supermode DBR (DS-DBR) lasers, a wider tuning range than the thermally tuned DFB laser, and importantly, they only require a simple technological process [10] , [11] . In addition, 3s-DBR lasers operating at 2.5 Gb/s were shown to be a good candidate for ONU transmitters in a hybrid 40 Gb/s G-PON system [12] .

The only significantly new components in TWDM-PON are the tunable receivers and tunable transmitters employed at the ONU when compared with G-PON and XG-PON.

A number of novel widely tunable laser sources have been developed during the past two decades.

They generally provide more power than sampled-grating DBR (SG-DBR) lasers, super-structure-grating DBR(SSG-DBR) lasers, and digital supermode DBR (DS-DBR) lasers, a wider tuning range than the thermally tuned DFB laser, and importantly, they only require a simple technological process.

In addition, 3s-DBR lasers operating at 2.5 Gb/s were shown to be a good candidate for ONU transmitters in a hybrid 40 Gb/s G-PON system.


Another important aspect of the hysteresis-based mechanism of pattern formation is related to the co-existence of different steady states. In particular, bistability in the dynamics of the growth factor controlling cell differentiation in the receptor-based models explains the experimental observations on the multiple head formation in Hydra, which is not possible to describe by using Turing-type models [6, 3] . Those observations showing importance and biological relevance of the rich structure of patterns in diffusion-ODE models have motivated the present work.

In particular, bistability in the dynamics of the growth factor controlling cell differentiation in the receptor-based models explains the experimental observations on the multiple head formation in Hydra, which is not possible to describe by using Turing-type models.