The result revealing that tourists have different risk perceptions related to the use of mobile devices while visiting a destination suggests that tourist managers should include risk variables when planning their destinations in order to gain competitiveness through sustainable practices. However, the analysis of perceived risk when using mobile devices has scarcely been taken into account from the point of view of sustainability. Therefore, a first research contribution of our work is that it can open up an interesting field of research into this issue. A second contribution of this article to the topic of sustainability is the identification of technological risk as a strategic indicator for smart tourism destinations that want to promote competitiveness through sustainability [74, 75] . Consumers are influenced by a destination's sustainability conditions when deciding where to go on holiday [76] . An inappropriate use of technology, if it jeopardises consumers' privacy, can negatively impact on tourist satisfaction. The creation of indicators for technological risks would help to limit unsustainable practices such as the introduction of invasive marketing products, services or practices using mobile devices, which increases tourists' perceived risk.

A second contribution of this article to the topic of sustainability is the identification of technological risk as a strategic indicator for smart tourism destinations that want to promote competitiveness through sustainability.

Consumers are influenced by a destination's sustainability conditions when deciding where to go on holiday.


In addition, perceived privacy risk associated with the hedonic and future use of mobile devices was not found to be significant. In other words, tourists who were concerned about the risk of privacy when using mobile devices did not find their use more or less enjoyable and stated that they would use mobile devices in the future despite the risk. This finding is similar to conclusions drawn from other empirical studies regarding the use of smartphones among non-tourists [31] . We found that privacy risk was perceived to be higher when the use of mobile devices was for functional purposes, but the perceived privacy risk was lower when the use was for fun. Thus, this result suggests that tourists are more unaware of risks when enjoying the use of mobile phones than when they use them for practical purposes or as an instrument to solve a travel concern. It is also clear that low perceived privacy risk and high dependence on mobile devices combine to form high intention of future use values. In conclusion, because of tourists' high dependence on them, mobile devices form part of tourism instruments and will continue to do so in the future despite the perceived privacy risk.

This finding is similar to conclusions drawn from other empirical studies regarding the use of smartphones among non-tourists.


Privacy risk was associated significantly with the perceived usefulness of mobile devices and satisfaction with the travel experience. Thus, tourists positively evaluated the usefulness of their mobile devices despite the perceived risk. Indeed, privacy risk in regard to geolocation was correlated with the utility value tourists gave to mobile devices. These results support other research stating that people are less concerned about their location being tracked as long as they find the service useful [49] . Finally, perceived privacy risk due to an inappropriate use of personal data by others was negatively correlated with tourists' satisfaction with the tourist experience. In this case, the results did not support the thesis that tourists tend to underestimate risk when using their mobile devices in a leisure and tourism context [10] . Dependence was positively correlated with the four regression models. Thus, dependence on mobile devices does correlate with a positive perception of these devices. Unlike privacy risk, dependence is also correlated positively with hedonic use and future intention to use mobile devices. This is consistent with the fact that tourists with a high dependence on mobile devices also have a highly positive perception of mobile devices as a tool for enjoying holidays and leisure time, as well as a useful substitute for traditional tourism tools (maps, guide books, video camera, etc.). Our results are aligned with the results of several studies that point out the emotional (passionate) use of smart phones [21] .

These results support other research stating that people are less concerned about their location being tracked as long as they find the service useful.

In this case, the results did not support the thesis that tourists tend to underestimate risk when using their mobile devices in a leisure and tourism context.

Our results are aligned with the results of several studies that point out the emotional (passionate) use of smart phones.


To continue with the analysis, Table 3 shows the average of each variable by clusters; scores over four are highlighted. The first nine variables are related to the use and perception of technology. Among these questions, we can find questions that focus on the experience of using mobile devices, perception of privacy risks, and questions about the perception of risk and over-dependence on technology. The last 13 questions are related to the perceived utility value of the devices, their perceived hedonic value, and tourists' intention to continue using them in the future [66, 70, 71] . The following conclusions can be made by analysing the averages by variables and clusters.

The last 13 questions are related to the perceived utility value of the devices, their perceived hedonic value, and tourists' intention to continue using them in the future.


The rotating disk is mainly prepared by sputtering the desired layers on a fused silica disk substrate. The layers on the fused silica disk are deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. The 5 nm thick chromium layer is first deposited as an adhesive layer. Next, the TeO x -based PCM is deposited [8] . The typical thickness of PCM is about 20-30 nm. The sputtering target of PCM is a solid mixture of TeO 2 , Te, and Pd with weight percentages of 80%, 10%, and 10%, respectively. Since the sputtering chamber contains argon and oxygen, the percentages of constituents in the fabricated PCM are expected to be different from that of the sputtering target. An additional chromium adhesive layer with thickness about 2 nm is deposited on top of the PCM layer. Then a silicon nitride (SiN x ) layer with thickness about 4 nm is deposited. During the sputtering process, the series of layers is deposited without breaking the vacuum inside the chamber to ensure the quality of PMC layer and avoid oxidation. After the sputtering process, about 1 nm thick perfluoropolyether (PFPE) lubricant layer is coated on the top surface of the rotating disk. The combination of PFPE lubrication and SiN x disk overcoat can protect the PCM layer from damage during the lithography process.

Next, the TeO x -based PCM is deposited.


A significant portion of the energy from the strong electric field at the center aperture converts to heat inside the PCM and chromium adhesive layers, which have relatively larger absorption indices. When temperature increases to a certain threshold, phase change starts inside the PCM. At this point, the desired patterns are created in the phase-changed region inside the PCM layer. A subsequent development process removes the phase-changed region to create a permanent pattern on the PCM layer [9] . The size and depth of the developed patterns have been measured by atomic force microscopy, which are about 20 nm and 1 nm, respectively, for similar experimental conditions [5] . A microscope image of the plasmonic lithography pattern array is shown in Fig. 4 . It can be seen from this figure that the pattern size increases (seen as a brighter pattern) as the laser power increases. This characteristic will be compared with model results in the Results and Parametric Study section.

A subsequent development process removes the phase-changed region to create a permanent pattern on the PCM layer.

The size and depth of the developed patterns have been measured by atomic force microscopy, which are about 20 nm and 1 nm, respectively, for similar experimental conditions.


It has been performed a recruitment of citizens with low financial incomes, without assigned diagnoses, particularly concerning neurological and/or psychiatric disorders, which integrates a convenience sample. The participants provided previous written, free and informed, consent. This is a transversal, quantitative, correlational, not experimental, study. The questionnaires and psychometric scales used are validated for Portuguese population. It has been performed a spectral analysis, with fast Fourier transform, of heart rate, during five minutes per participant, and evaluated the components/parameters of their heart rate variability (HRV), in accordance with standard procedures, as established by the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology, in order to study the impact of stress, related with/caused by economic insufficiency (poverty), on cardiovascular function/health [52] .

It has been performed a spectral analysis, with fast Fourier transform, of heart rate, during five minutes per participant, and evaluated the components/parameters of their heart rate variability (HRV), in accordance with standard procedures, as established by the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology, in order to study the impact of stress, related with/caused by economic insufficiency (poverty), on cardiovascular function/health.


The water content of the biomass of 93.0 ± 1.0% (n = 113) on average, which is high in comparison with energy crops such as maize or grain, is useful if a mixed silage of aquatic plants and straw with a suitable dry matter content is created [10] . The TS generation per square meter does not show a clear extension between June and September due to the annual radiation curve. This might be explained by saturated growth. Further research on this topic is necessary.

The water content of the biomass of 93.0 ± 1.0% (n = 113) on average, which is high in comparison with energy crops such as maize or grain, is useful if a mixed silage of aquatic plants and straw with a suitable dry matter content is created.


However, the aquatic plant biomass has to be removed at regular intervals to safeguard human interests such as flood protection for flowing water bodies and to allow lakes to be used for leisure purposes. Up to now, the only effective method of accomplishing this has been to cut and remove the plant material [2] . The harvested aquaticplant biomass is generally disposed of without being put to further use, sometimes left to rot on the banks of drainage channels and smaller rivers. The latter approach often has the negative effect that nutrients, which are released when the biomass decomposes, flow back into the water bodies and promote renewed eutrophication.

Up to now, the only effective method of accomplishing this has been to cut and remove the plant material.


Historically, the Java programming language did not offer any built-in support for the definition of versioned modules with explicit dependency management [41] . This led to the emergence of OSGi, a module system and service framework for Java standardized by the OSGi Alliance organization [42] . Initially, one of the primary goals of OSGi was to fill the lack of proper support for modular development in the Java ecosystem (popularly known as the "JAR hell"). OSGi rapidly gained popularity and, as of today, numerous popular software of the Java ecosystem, including IDEs (e.g., Eclipse, IntelliJ), application servers (e.g., JBoss, GlassFish), and application frameworks (e.g., Spring) rely internally on the modularity capabilities provided by OSGi.

Historically, the Java programming language did not offer any built-in support for the definition of versioned modules with explicit dependency management.

This led to the emergence of OSGi, a module system and service framework for Java standardized by the OSGi Alliance organization.


Thin film deposition by magnetron sputtering enables the control of different parameters that can improve physical-chemical properties, microstructure and film adhesion on the substrate. The substrate negative bias is a strategy used for increasing the kinetic energy of the ions striking the film surface during the deposition [11] . In this work, the effects of pulsed bias in the microstructure of TiO 2 :Nb films deposited on stainless steel substrate were analysed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).

The substrate negative bias is a strategy used for increasing the kinetic energy of the ions striking the film surface during the deposition.


The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) arrays give origin to the nucleolus, the nuclear organelle that is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and ribosome biogenesis [1] . The rRNAs constitute the vast majority of cellular RNAs and are encoded from two kinds of tandemly repeated ribosomal DNA (rDNA) arrays [2] [3] [4] [5] . The 45S rDNA array is localized on five human chromosomes, is transcribed by Pol I, encodes the 45S rRNAs that are processed into three rRNAs (18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs), and organizes the formation of the nucleolus [6] . The 5S rDNA array is exclusive to human chromosome 1, encodes the Pol III transcribed 5S rRNA, and localizes, together with dispersed tRNAs, at the periphery of the nucleolus. Stunningly high transcription of the rRNAs is required to supply ribosomes, essential cellular machines with tightly controlled and strikingly complex biogenesis involving products transcribed by all three RNA polymerases (Pol). Indeed, the human ribosome is composed of about 80 cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins (cRP) and four ribosomal RNAs (rRNA; 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S components), responsible for protein production and the translation of all protein-coding mRNAs. Modulation of rRNA synthesis during the cell cycle is critical for cell growth and proliferation [7] [8] [9] . To initiate rRNA transcription, proteins such as UBF and TIF are required to facilitate Pol I binding onto the rDNA promoter -a region that includes the upstream control element (UCE) and the core sequence. The protein components of the cytoplasmic ribosomes, cRPs, are co-expressed to ensure stoichiometric balance [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . Moreover, hundreds of other proteins and several snoRNAs are needed for the cleavage, modification, transport, and assembly of rRNAs, and the maturation of ribosome in the nucleolus and nucleoplasm.

The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) arrays give origin to the nucleolus, the nuclear organelle that is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and ribosome biogenesis.

The rRNAs constitute the vast majority of cellular RNAs and are encoded from two kinds of tandemly repeated ribosomal DNA (rDNA) arrays.

The 45S rDNA array is localized on five human chromosomes, is transcribed by Pol I, encodes the 45S rRNAs that are processed into three rRNAs (18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs), and organizes the formation of the nucleolus.

Modulation of rRNA synthesis during the cell cycle is critical for cell growth and proliferation.

The protein components of the cytoplasmic ribosomes, cRPs, are co-expressed to ensure stoichiometric balance.


Methane emissions are the second highest non-water greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The methane concentration in the atmosphere has risen by 151% during the last 250 years [1] . Coal mine methane (CMM) is a major source of anthropogenic methane emissions. To ensure mine safety, CMM is usually diluted by ventilation to degasify the air in the mine. Approximately 64% of CMM emissions come from ventilation air methane (VAM) [2] . The pure methane emissions from VAM during coal mining totaled 16.1 billion cubic meters in 2008 in China [3] . The capture and utilization of VAM represent a great challenge because of the large volume and low methane concentration, typically 0.3 vol % to 0.75 vol %, of VAM.

The methane concentration in the atmosphere has risen by 151% during the last 250 years.

Approximately 64% of CMM emissions come from ventilation air methane (VAM).

The pure methane emissions from VAM during coal mining totaled 16.1 billion cubic meters in 2008 in China.


One of the most important features of LGM D2 is that, its looming sense is selective fo r only light-to-dark lu minance change, for examp le, a dark target approaching or a light target receding [12] [13] . Early research have shown a limitat ion of LGMD1, wh ich it will be activated, no matter the luminance increases or decreases. So LGMD1 always considers an object receding as a collision in error [9] . As a result of the selective responds to the different visual stimulus, LGM D2 can well discriminate target approach fro m receding in most daily cases (in daylight navigation). Another defect in LGMD1 models is that, the neurons are too sensitive to the X-Y planes stimulus (translation). On the contrary, LGMD2 is always inhibited very soon after translation starts, and early before the end of movement [12] . Co mpared to LGM D1, a more obvious hyper-polarization always occurs in LGM D2 with respect to cut down feed forward excitation, after continuous activations [12] .

One of the most important features of LGM D2 is that, its looming sense is selective fo r only light-to-dark lu minance change, for examp le, a dark target approaching or a light target receding.

So LGMD1 always considers an object receding as a collision in error.

On the contrary, LGMD2 is always inhibited very soon after translation starts, and early before the end of movement.

Co mpared to LGM D1, a more obvious hyper-polarization always occurs in LGM D2 with respect to cut down feed forward excitation, after continuous activations.


The sample data employed for cost estimation in this paper comes from a research report of residential building construction cost analyses made in Turkey [8] . As a developing country, Turkey experiences rapid population growth, and parallel to this an increasing demand for housing. Residential building construction constitutes 72.8% of the construction market [9] . Eightytwo percent of these buildings are 4-8 storey apartment blocks with reinforced concrete structural systems [9] . With these considerations, the cost of the structural system becomes an increasingly important issue in developing countries such as Turkey.

The sample data employed for cost estimation in this paper comes from a research report of residential building construction cost analyses made in Turkey.

Residential building construction constitutes 72.8% of the construction market.

Eightytwo percent of these buildings are 4-8 storey apartment blocks with reinforced concrete structural systems.


The objective of this paper is to develop and test a model of cost estimating for the structural systems of reinforced concrete skeleton buildings in the early design phase via the application of artificial neural networks (ANN). An ANN model can help the designers to make informed decisions at the early phases of the design process. It should be pointed out that with an ANN model, it is possible to obtain a fairly accurate prediction, even when adequate information is not available in the early stages of the design process [23] . This approach encourages a feedback process that may help designers to reach an optimum solution.

It should be pointed out that with an ANN model, it is possible to obtain a fairly accurate prediction, even when adequate information is not available in the early stages of the design process.


We also saw that an interesting modification of SPJQM, which we called SPJQM b , is equal to the NPA set Q 1+AB . The necessary change is to require that for any joint measurement behaviour allowed by the physics, its branching extension is also physical. Including branching measurements, where the outcome of one measurement determines which future measurement is performed, imposes more conditions because the quantum measure must restrict to a probability measure, and therefore decohere, on a larger collection of measurement subalgebras. The set SPJQM b is therefore "closed under wiring" meaning that any behaviour created by applying "classical operations" -coarse-graining measurement choices and/or outputs, post-selection, composition or "branching" as described above -to a collection of behaviours in the set is also in the set [43] . It is not yet known whether SPJQM b is strictly contained in SPJQM or whether they are equal. We will assume the former is the case, for the sake of the following discussion.

The set SPJQM b is therefore "closed under wiring" meaning that any behaviour created by applying "classical operations" -coarse-graining measurement choices and/or outputs, post-selection, composition or "branching" as described above -to a collection of behaviours in the set is also in the set.


We have found close relations between the NPA hierarchy of sets of experimental behaviours, and sets of behaviours of interest in quantum measure theory. In particular a quantum non-contextuality condition, SPJQM, was defined, subsuming the previous definition for the CHSH scenario [35] . This condition was found to be intermediate in strength between Q 1 and Q 1+AB . Thus, if Q 1+AB is strictly larger than Q, as indicated by the computational evidence, then non-local correlations beyond those achievable in ordinary quantum mechanics are achievable within strongly positive quantum measure theory. However, it is possible that additional constraints may arise within this framework as it is developed.

In particular a quantum non-contextuality condition, SPJQM, was defined, subsuming the previous definition for the CHSH scenario.


Engineering materials possess microstructural features across a wide spectrum of lengthscales that determine the property responses. Figure 1 shows the approximate lengthscales at which material properties (e.g., elastic modulus, creep, and fatigue) are controlled and the corresponding volume element size necessary to characterize them. The range in requisite volume element sizes is rooted in the types, sizes, and variation in the microstructures that dictate the material property responses. The property responses can be categorized as one of the following: (1) structure insensitive -properties mainly being described by the atomistic characteristic of the material, (2) dependent on the 'mean' structure -due the fact that they are dependent on the aggregate microstructural features and are relatively 'flaw insensitive', and (3) having dependence on the 'extremes' of microstructures -these are properties that depend on microstructures that are statistically rare and require very large material volume element sizes, sophisticated combinations of volume element sampling, or may require volumes entirely too large to quantify. In the case of properties such as fatigue, which may rely on very rare microstructural features, extreme value statics can be employed [22, 23] .

In the case of properties such as fatigue, which may rely on very rare microstructural features, extreme value statics can be employed.


The Crigler-Najjar syndrome is extremely rare genetic disease affecting the metabolisms of bilirubin, resulting in a form of non-hemolytic jaundice [1] . This disease is caused by lack of expression of UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1-A1. Hence, there is no response to treatment with phenobarbital. The only available treatment is phototherapy, which involves radiation of patients with the blue light for an extensive time every day, usually whole night. Similar treatment is used for jaundice in new born babies. However, the blue light treatment is fully effective only with babies and youngsters, as with older people the blue light skin penetration is decreasing. Thus, there is a need for alternative treatments for Crigler-Najjar syndrome.

The Crigler-Najjar syndrome is extremely rare genetic disease affecting the metabolisms of bilirubin, resulting in a form of non-hemolytic jaundice.


The output power of photovoltaic (PV) systems is generally nonlinear, particularly when influenced by rapidly changing environmental conditions. Additionally, the power-voltage characteristic (P-V curve) of a PV system exhibits a unique maximum power point (MPP), which is affected by solar irradiance and ambient temperature. To ensure the maximum power is harvested, various MPP tracking (MPPT) algorithms have been designed to operate a PV system at the MPP. However, when partial shading conditions (PSCs) occur, PV modules receive different amounts of solar irradiance due to shadows. Under PSCs, the P-V curve exhibits multiple local maximum power points (LMPPs), thereby causing difficulties for conventional MPPT methods in identifying the global maximum power point (GMPP) from the LMPPs [1] [2] [3] .

Under PSCs, the P-V curve exhibits multiple local maximum power points (LMPPs), thereby causing difficulties for conventional MPPT methods in identifying the global maximum power point (GMPP) from the LMPPs.


A new human induced environmental change affecting fresh water systems is from climate change, which may have significant impacts on the water cycle and water quality [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . The projected future increasing temperatures and decreasing flows in summer are the main concerns in the UK and Europe [14, 15] . This is because intensive water resource use is often constrained by the lack of natural low flow, and low flow rivers are more affected by effluent discharges from cities, industries, and agriculture. For example, effluent from sewage treatment works can contribute significant inputs of nutrients to lowland rivers in the UK and nutrient concentrations are high during the summer low flow months, when dilution is at its lowest and biological activity is at its highest [16] [17] [18] .

A new human induced environmental change affecting fresh water systems is from climate change, which may have significant impacts on the water cycle and water quality.

The projected future increasing temperatures and decreasing flows in summer are the main concerns in the UK and Europe.

For example, effluent from sewage treatment works can contribute significant inputs of nutrients to lowland rivers in the UK and nutrient concentrations are high during the summer low flow months, when dilution is at its lowest and biological activity is at its highest.


There are a number of generation technologies that may be used in a typical microgrid, such as a diesel engine, microturbine, photovoltaic (PV) system, and wind power generation [2] . They may generally be categorized into conventional and renewable generation systems. Recently, increasing concerns about climate change, improved manufacturing technology, and cost reduction have been the major drivers toward integration of wind and PV power generation systems as distributed energy resources (DER).

There are a number of generation technologies that may be used in a typical microgrid, such as a diesel engine, microturbine, photovoltaic (PV) system, and wind power generation.


The reliability of a microgrid in terms of generation adequacy depends on a variety of factors, such as system configuration, generation system capacity and characteristics, and load types [3] . The capability of a microgrid to operate in both connected and isolated mode provides an opportunity to minimize the interrupted duration of the loads and thereby improve system reliability [4] . In fact, reliability of a microgrid is improved by including multiple generation assets as power suppliers of the system loads [5] . On the other hand, the integration of intermittent renewable generation may adversely affect the reliability of a microgrid. Wind and PV power generation systems do not have power following capability and, therefore, are not considered dispatchable [3] . As a result, higher capacities of intermittent generation would be required to provide the same level of reserve margin and reliability fulfilled by conventional generation.

The reliability of a microgrid in terms of generation adequacy depends on a variety of factors, such as system configuration, generation system capacity and characteristics, and load types.

The capability of a microgrid to operate in both connected and isolated mode provides an opportunity to minimize the interrupted duration of the loads and thereby improve system reliability.

In fact, reliability of a microgrid is improved by including multiple generation assets as power suppliers of the system loads.

Wind and PV power generation systems do not have power following capability and, therefore, are not considered dispatchable.


Chromatography is an analytical technique which has been used for isolation, purification and separation of organic and inorganic compounds including qualitative and quantitative estimation of compounds. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs), poly-aromatic hydrocarbon and pesticides have been analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric technique (Sukesh and Bhatnagar, 2012) . In this study, Gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) is used for quantification of presence of formalin and ethepon in some selected fruits. The main objectives of this study were to explore the existing condition of fruits (Apple, Mango and Banana) in local market and to quantify chemical contamination in samples.

The volatile organic compounds (VOCs), poly-aromatic hydrocarbon and pesticides have been analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric technique.


Finally, what advice might we give principals on the basis of this research? As working under competitive and complex circumstances becomes an essential feature of educational systems, the success of schools fundamentally depends on teachers' willingness to go above and beyond the call of duty to attain their school's objectives and goals. The present study implies that the organization's characteristics and practices play a crucial role in teachers' willingness to engage in OCB. Teachers who do or do not display OCB do not do so in a vacuum, and the organizational context most likely serves to encourage or discourage them (DiPaola & Tschannen-Moran, 2001; George & Jones, 1997) . By specifying behaviors that are deemed important in the organization, principals define the "shoulds" and the "oughts" of organizational life (Veiga, Lubatkin, Calori, & Very, 2000) . Accordingly, by emphasizing the values of collaboration and social responsibility, principals may encourage the spread of goodwill, and provide opportunities for teachers to engage in the kind of OCB that makes the difference between a mediocre school and an excellent school (Somech & Bogler, 2002) .

Teachers who do or do not display OCB do not do so in a vacuum, and the organizational context most likely serves to encourage or discourage them.

By specifying behaviors that are deemed important in the organization, principals define the "shoulds" and the "oughts" of organizational life.

Accordingly, by emphasizing the values of collaboration and social responsibility, principals may encourage the spread of goodwill, and provide opportunities for teachers to engage in the kind of OCB that makes the difference between a mediocre school and an excellent school.


We look across three films to examine patterns of representation as sites in which symbols link with broader ideologies within a system of power. For example, within minutes of being introduced to an African American character in Sizzle, the audience learns that the character did not receive a higher education. By itself, a lack of education as a construct does not do anything; yet when this appears within an ideological context that values education, which is the case in the mainstream US culture, marking characters as black and uneducated contributes to a system of power based on unequal agency. The continual linking of these constructs results in reductive stereotypes (Dyer, 1984) .

The continual linking of these constructs results in reductive stereotypes.


The PAR available to plants in the unshaded environment (1025 ± 150 µE/m 2 per sec) was equivalent to one-half that of sunlight. The photosynthetic rate of potato leaves responds to light asymptotically and saturation is achieved at an irradiance of ≈850 µE/m 2 per sec; further increases in light level do not increase photosynthetic rate (Ku et al., 1977) . Full sunlight plus sky PAR provide ≈2000 µE/m 2 per sec. Consequently, plants in the shaded environment had ≈32% (272 ± 37 µE/m 2 per sec) of the PAR necessary for saturation.

The photosynthetic rate of potato leaves responds to light asymptotically and saturation is achieved at an irradiance of ≈850 µE/m 2 per sec; further increases in light level do not increase photosynthetic rate.


In conventional transient liquid phase bonding (TLP) technologies usually boron and/or silicon are used as melting point depressants [7, 16] . Elements such as phosphorus, hafnium and zirconium are also possible to lower the melting point in nickel based materials, however, the use of these elements is of lesser extent [16] . It is observed that an epitaxial bridging of braze gaps in single crystalline alloys can be achieved within long hold times in the range of several hours in combination with high temperatures. The braze microstructure in the gap is similar to that of the base material consisting of γ' cubes in a γ matrix [7, 18] . Furthermore, a homogenization between filler and surrounding base material takes place. A concentration of the melting point depressant below the solubility boundary is assured. Because of its high diffusivity in nickel, shortest brazing times are achieved with boron containing filler alloys. However, due to its poor solubility, insufficient hold times lead to brittle secondary phases, serving as nucleation sites for stray grains. In case of incomplete epitaxial growth solidification is finished by an eutectic reaction resulting in a multiphase and polycrystalline microstructure. High temperatures and long hold times cause a coarsening of the base material with the result of deteriorating mechanical properties, specially the stress rupture behavior is influenced [7, 18] . Altogether, the problem of conventional TLP is, that either the base material looses its mechanical properties or insufficient hold times involve weak polycrystalline braze gaps [7] .

In conventional transient liquid phase bonding (TLP) technologies usually boron and/or silicon are used as melting point depressants.

Elements such as phosphorus, hafnium and zirconium are also possible to lower the melting point in nickel based materials, however, the use of these elements is of lesser extent.

The braze microstructure in the gap is similar to that of the base material consisting of γ' cubes in a γ matrix.

High temperatures and long hold times cause a coarsening of the base material with the result of deteriorating mechanical properties, specially the stress rupture behavior is influenced.

Altogether, the problem of conventional TLP is, that either the base material looses its mechanical properties or insufficient hold times involve weak polycrystalline braze gaps.


The second and the third brazing cycle induced dendritic solidification because the cooling rate was increased compared to the first cycle (Figs. 8 (a), 9 (a) ). It is concluded that a change from planar to dendritic solidification front took place, as it occurs during single crystalline fabrication (Bridgman process) during sufficiently high supercooling [18, 21] . In case of a dendritic structure, a complete solution annealing is difficult: Because of concentration differences between the dendrite arms and the interdendritic regions, varying amounts of γ' precipitate. The Ti-concentration within the dendrites is lower than in-between, a lower γ' fraction is precipitated which results in a lower γ' solvus temperature. At the same time, the solidus temperature within the interdendritic regions is lower, due to the higher amount of Ti. Therefore, a full solution annealing is not possible, since incipient melting within the interdendritic regions occurs [18] . With regard to the third cycle, the differences of the γ/γ' microstructure within the dendrites and the interdendritic regions still has to analyzed more accurately. However, since no primary γ' is visible within the gap, it is concluded that the solution annealing at 1353 K caused a complete γ' solution. The concentration differences seem to be relatively small, hence, the dendritic and interdendritic γ' solvus temperature and the liquidus temperature do not differ very much.

It is concluded that a change from planar to dendritic solidification front took place, as it occurs during single crystalline fabrication (Bridgman process) during sufficiently high supercooling.

Therefore, a full solution annealing is not possible, since incipient melting within the interdendritic regions occurs.


The most informativity is achieved by using of the method of eddy current multi-frequency measurements, which are followed by the construction and analysis of hodographs of the "probe e specimen" system. Such hodographs plot the combined effect of almost all factors important for the inspection and testing of materials. The main problem with multifrequency measurements is that their result depends on the combined action of a very large number of factors. Upon reaching sufficient precision, the experimental hodographs allow to separate the effect of various factors. One way of solving this problem is to employ new methods of digital processing of signals from an eddy current measuring system [10, 11] .

One way of solving this problem is to employ new methods of digital processing of signals from an eddy current measuring system.


The experiments were performed at ambient conditions. Only permeability (k) and injection rate (q) were varied and all the other parameters were kept constant. The red dyed n-heptane-rich phase (CO 2 ) was injected into the model which was fully saturated with the glycerol-rich phase (aquifer brine). Table 2 lists the properties of fluids used in experiments. The porosity of the model was measured to be 0.39 which was consistent with theoretical value for the glass beads poured into a bed (random packing) [8] . Two different sizes of glass beads were used: 0.2 mm and 0.4 mm.

The porosity of the model was measured to be 0.39 which was consistent with theoretical value for the glass beads poured into a bed (random packing).


The next contribution of this paper is situated in detecting possible differences depending on the environmental context of respondents (Greek versus Belgian respondents). Those countries are chosen for this research because they both experience the consequences of the financial crisis occurring in Europe, but they are different due to the fact that the Greeks experience far more severe costs of this crisis than the people living in Belgium. In line with the priming story, the living conditions can be seen as a broader environmental context according to which the perception and effectiveness of a message can differ. Looking at the results of the study, we see that Greek respondents feel less threatened by the message than Belgian respondents, and the latter also indicate to have higher efficacy appraisals. In line with those findings, the intention to get a flu shot is also higher for the Belgian respondents, which is logical given the fact that they experience the threat as more severe, find themselves susceptible to the threat and also capable of doing something about the threat (Witte & Allen, 2000) . In this study, a significant interaction effect could be revealed between the prime and the environmental context. Priming apparently only seemed to affect the perceived severity of the Greek respondents and not the Belgian ones, which points to the importance of considering this broader context when looking at the impact of priming and threat appeals.

In line with those findings, the intention to get a flu shot is also higher for the Belgian respondents, which is logical given the fact that they experience the threat as more severe, find themselves susceptible to the threat and also capable of doing something about the threat.


Nonetheless, significant relations are found between the other threat appraisal (i.e., perceived severity) as well as both the efficacy appraisals and the intention to get a flu shot, which is in line with previous research and partly confirms the EPPM (Witte & Allen, 2000) . Another significant path was found between perceived severity and evoked fear, confirming that if one finds the threat severe, the respondent will experience more feelings of fear. The evoked fear supplementary affects the intention to get a flu shot. This underlines the importance of evoking some fear amongst receivers of threat messages in order to persuade people into preventing diseases like flues.

Nonetheless, significant relations are found between the other threat appraisal (i.e., perceived severity) as well as both the efficacy appraisals and the intention to get a flu shot, which is in line with previous research and partly confirms the EPPM.


The Big Data is an emerging area applied to manage datasets whose size is beyond the ability of commonly used software tools to capture, manage, and timely analyze that amount of data. The quantity of data to be analyzed is expected to double every two years (IDC, 2012) . All these data are very often unstructured and from various sources such as social media, sensors, scientific applications, surveillance, video and image archives, Internet search indexing, medical records, business transactions and system logs. Big data is gaining more and more attention since the number of devices connected to the so-called "Internet of Things" (IoT) is still increasing to unforeseen levels, producing large amounts of data which needs to be transformed into valuable information. Additionally, it is very popular to buy on-demand additional computing power and storage from public cloud providers to perform intensive data-parallel processing. In this way, security and privacy issues can be potentially boosted by the volume, variety, and wide area deployment of the system infrastructure to support Big Data applications.

The quantity of data to be analyzed is expected to double every two years.


Schwannomas account for 2~7% of mesenchymal GIT neoplasms and the stomach is the most common site [1] . In fact, More than 80% of benign esophageal tumors are leiomyomas [5] . Esophageal schwannomas are exceedingly rare, benign, and do not recur after complete excision [6] . Schwannoma has several morphologic variants, that is, conventional, cellular, microcystic/reticular, plexiform, and melanotic schwannoma. Schwannoma of the esophagus occur more frequently in women than in men and is usually encountered in the upper or mid esophagus. Recently, endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy has been shown to be useful for preoperative diagnosis [5] .

Schwannomas account for 2~7% of mesenchymal GIT neoplasms and the stomach is the most common site.

In fact, More than 80% of benign esophageal tumors are leiomyomas.

Esophageal schwannomas are exceedingly rare, benign, and do not recur after complete excision.

Recently, endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy has been shown to be useful for preoperative diagnosis.


Cellular wireless communication is facilitated by BTSs which have an appropriate spatial distribution. Cell planning is a fundamental and challenging part of cellular network design process. The automatic techniques that lend a helping hand to locate the optimal number of cell sites in a specified area are indispensable due to non-uniform user locations and traffic fluctuations [11] . The goal of planning primarily focuses on selection of BTS sites to maximize coverage while considering numerous baseline issues, e.g., traffic demand to cover a specific region, availability of BTS +sites, available channel capacity at each BTS and the service quality at various potential Traffic Demand Areas (TDAs). The exact size of the cells actually vary significantly due to several factors, including the topography of the land, anticipated number of calls in a particular area, number of obstacles, and traffic pattern of mobile users [11] .

The automatic techniques that lend a helping hand to locate the optimal number of cell sites in a specified area are indispensable due to non-uniform user locations and traffic fluctuations.

The exact size of the cells actually vary significantly due to several factors, including the topography of the land, anticipated number of calls in a particular area, number of obstacles, and traffic pattern of mobile users.


Benady collected the clinical findings of 50 children with intermediate and mild forms of SMA (SMA type II and III). There were mostly young children in this study, their ages at the last examination ranging between 13 months and 18 years. Benady de scribes ankle joint contractures with equinus deformity in 45% (21 of 47) of the children. Seven and five children respectively presented with knee and hip flexion contractures [5] .

Seven and five children respectively presented with knee and hip flexion contractures.


The naphthalene moiety has been used by Kim to prepare two very similar chemosensors, compounds 5 and 6 [137, 138] . The hydrazide functional group was utilized, as it readily undergoes a Schiff base condensation reaction, to prepare a tridentate binding site (shown in red). The binding group is shown to be ideal for Zn 2+ ions and the compounds coordinated in a 2:1 fashion. In both examples, the fluorescent mechanism was due to inhibition of C=N isomerization and ESIPT, upon the addition of Zn 2+ ions, which drastically increased the emission intensity, via a CHEF mechanism. The calculated β values were 1 × 10 9 M −2 in a DMSO-buffer and DMF-buffer for compounds 5 and 6, respectively.

The naphthalene moiety has been used by Kim to prepare two very similar chemosensors, compounds 5 and 6.


The market reach of goods and services is ever increasing today -both in the business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B) sector, transactions are performed on a regional, national or even global scope [22] . The global markets demand global business processes in order to handle those transactions efficiently. However, when looking at global markets, it would be a costly over-abstraction to consider the associated business processes as centralized entities [19] . Rather, they involve distributed teams, distributed service provisioning, and distributed repositories. This environment places higher demands on the infrastructure, coordination, communication and cooperation of the involved parties, all of which affect the suitable process models substantially ( [10] , [20] ). As illustrated in the examples of the Iridium software process and housing industry processes, distribution affects both processes and data.

The market reach of goods and services is ever increasing today -both in the business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B) sector, transactions are performed on a regional, national or even global scope.

However, when looking at global markets, it would be a costly over-abstraction to consider the associated business processes as centralized entities.

This environment places higher demands on the infrastructure, coordination, communication and cooperation of the involved parties, all of which affect the suitable process models substantially (,).


As water production becomes a policy priority, private forest landowners may benefit from the development of stronger markets for forest-based water production. More sources for water provision and investment in cost efficient technologies would also improve the sustainability of water production, while reducing water costs for the end users [49] . However, the development of this new market on the producer side may be slow. Furthermore, as demand pressures are expected to increase both water prices and freshwater withdrawals in Florida, these factors could incentivize the development of more efficient technologies, which could mitigate the demand effects [56] .

More sources for water provision and investment in cost efficient technologies would also improve the sustainability of water production, while reducing water costs for the end users.

Furthermore, as demand pressures are expected to increase both water prices and freshwater withdrawals in Florida, these factors could incentivize the development of more efficient technologies, which could mitigate the demand effects.


The implications of managing slash pine forests for water yield are apparent when considering the water use requirements of large metropolitan areas in Florida. At the state-wide level, the total amount of water withdrawals for public consumption was around 3,169,295 million liters per year in 2012 [53] . If all of Florida's slash pine forests were managed for water production, the difference in water yield between thinned and unthinned slash pine forests-approximately 125,400 million liters-would contribute roughly 4% of the total withdrawal of water for public use (Please note that these aggregated estimates of forest water yield production need to be understood within the context of: (1) all Florida slash pine hectares following the same forest management treatments from Table 2 ; and (2) all Florida slash pine hectares having the same optimal harvest ages found in Tables S1 and  S2 ). This would be a significant increase in water available for consumptive water use (e.g., to support water-constrained cities) and for environmental flows. These estimates can also be used to help gauge sustainability in the context of population and forest cover in the state. Given the state's current population and annual water use, on a per-capita basis it would take 2.93 ha of slash pine managed for water yield to provide adequate water based on current consumption patterns. Using this number as a guide, the state's slash pine forests, if managed for water yield, would provide additional water nearly equal to water use by the people of the state's most populous city-Jacksonville (with over 820,000 residents).

At the state-wide level, the total amount of water withdrawals for public consumption was around 3,169,295 million liters per year in 2012.


It is imperative that we develop adequate water valuation models that inform policy decisions, and include both demand-and supply-side values. To date, much of the valuation work related to water and ecosystems has relied on stated preferences approaches (e.g., asking consumers what they would be willing to pay) [21] . The use of production functions (benefit transfer methods) and hedonic prices, combined with biophysical measurements, are also suitable techniques to estimate the monetary value of forest based water production [23, 24] . Given the extent of privately-owned forests in the Southeastern U.S., it is necessary to consider not just the benefits of managing forests for ecosystem service benefits to society, but also costs to the forest landowner of providing these services, and the role of policies and programs to provide adequate incentives and help mitigate these costs to ensure the provision of these services.

To date, much of the valuation work related to water and ecosystems has relied on stated preferences approaches (e.g., asking consumers what they would be willing to pay).

The use of production functions (benefit transfer methods) and hedonic prices, combined with biophysical measurements, are also suitable techniques to estimate the monetary value of forest based water production.


The objective of this paper is to determine the economic implications of payments for increased water yield on the profitability and optimal forest management of slash pine in Florida. Slash pine is a fast growing species, native to the southern U.S., that has been planted on more than 4.2 million hectares, 79% of which occurring in Florida and Georgia [26] . With roughly 6.2 million hectares, these timberlands support approximately 80,000 jobs and generate around $16.3 billion for the State of Florida [27] . With increased population growth and its commensurate utilization of natural resources, the vital role that forests can play in the hydrological cycle may become an essential element of a comprehensive water conservation strategy [14] . In the case of Central and North Florida, private and state forests could provide up to 50% of total water supply [4] .

Slash pine is a fast growing species, native to the southern U.S., that has been planted on more than 4.2 million hectares, 79% of which occurring in Florida and Georgia.

With roughly 6.2 million hectares, these timberlands support approximately 80,000 jobs and generate around $16.3 billion for the State of Florida.

With increased population growth and its commensurate utilization of natural resources, the vital role that forests can play in the hydrological cycle may become an essential element of a comprehensive water conservation strategy.

In the case of Central and North Florida, private and state forests could provide up to 50% of total water supply.


It is important to point out that slash pine forests can also provide other ecosystem services such as pine-straw production or carbon sequestration, and landowners might have different management objectives that are not consistent with income maximization. Our findings are bound to the assumptions depicted in our model and should be carefully interpreted as such. For example, for either low-to-moderate or high water prices, the use of thinnings would likely reduce the supply of pulpwood at the moment of the final harvest, which may cause upward pressure on the price of this forest product if enough landowners do the same. This could be another factor that may augment the sustainability of Florida's forests, namely, the positive effects on pine pulpwood prices as a result of forest water management practices may support the already strong trends of high stumpage prices for this forest output since 2010-an existing trend that is due to increased production from the packing industry and reinforced by high stumpage prices for pine pulpwood since 2010 [43] .

This could be another factor that may augment the sustainability of Florida's forests, namely, the positive effects on pine pulpwood prices as a result of forest water management practices may support the already strong trends of high stumpage prices for this forest output since 2010-an existing trend that is due to increased production from the packing industry and reinforced by high stumpage prices for pine pulpwood since 2010.


Implementing real-time data into the simulation and using the feedback loop helped in creating a more realistic model. Future development of this system should include multiple crews competing for resources. Of particular interest would be studying a crew that does not interact with each other but shares the same workspace. In terms of safety applications, the developed system may provide the advantages of continuous simulation over traditional event-based simulation methods, especially when studying interaction among resources (Teizer et al. 2015) . Continuous simulation generates spatio-temporal data for resources for each instance, which can be analyzed as if it had been collected from a real construction site. For such cases, workspace conflicts and the effect of one crew on work site productivity, due to congestion or other project risks, could be analyzed. The developed system could assist decision makers in regards to advancing resource Fig. 18 Cross validation with EZStrobe allocation and site layout planning. It could also be used as a training tool to allow project managers to become familiar with the effects of changing resource quantity levels on site.

In terms of safety applications, the developed system may provide the advantages of continuous simulation over traditional event-based simulation methods, especially when studying interaction among resources.


Maintaining a comfortable temperature inside a building requires a significant amount of energy, for which heating and cooling systems are often used. The energy required to operate such systems generally comes from electricity, fossil fuels and biomass, which indicates a drastic increment in their consumption from year to year. Generally, global energy consumption in the building sector accounts for more than 35% of the world's total energy demand, of which 75% is for space heating and domestic water heating [1] [2] [3] [4] . However, electricity consumption in Malaysia includes 29% of final annual electricity consumption for space cooling alone. Heating is not necessary in Malaysia and in similar countries located in the equatorial region such as Singapore, Northern Brazil, Somalia, Kenya, Ecuador and Indonesia.

Generally, global energy consumption in the building sector accounts for more than 35% of the world's total energy demand, of which 75% is for space heating and domestic water heating.


Prescriptions for long-term treatment in Estonia are provided as a set of three prescriptions for two months and can be purchased at the time or after every two months -thus we decided to analyse drug utilization annually. Drug utilization was analysed by the use of the defined daily dosages (DDD) concept [8] . The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults. The purpose of the DDD system is to serve as a tool for drug utilization research in order to improve quality of drug use. The total amount of drugs from each drug group reimbursed during the study period was presented as DDD to minimize confusion from different drugs and doses. This total was divided by life days per 12 months (365 days) of follow-up period to demonstrate drug utilization. Medicines reimbursed and DDDs used in calculations were as follows: metoprolol 150 mg, bisoprolol 10 mg, atenolol 75 mg, nebivolol 5 mg, captopril 50 mg, enalapril 10 mg, lisinopril 10 mg, perindopril 4 mg, ramipril 2.5 mg, quinapril 15 mg, fosinopril 15 mg, zofenopril 30 mg, imidapril 10 mg, losartan 50 mg, eprosartan 600 mg, valsartan 80 mg, irbesartan 150 mg, candesartan 8 mg, telmisartan 40 mg, olmesartan 20 mg, simvastatin 15 mg, pravastatin 20 mg, fluvastatin 40 mg, atorvastatin 10 mg, rosuvastatin 10 mg [8] . At least one reimbursed prescription for a particular drug group was needed to define a patient as a particular drug group user or treated patient. All drugs reimbursed were considered as used by the patient.

Drug utilization was analysed by the use of the defined daily dosages (DDD) concept.

Medicines reimbursed and DDDs used in calculations were as follows: metoprolol 150 mg, bisoprolol 10 mg, atenolol 75 mg, nebivolol 5 mg, captopril 50 mg, enalapril 10 mg, lisinopril 10 mg, perindopril 4 mg, ramipril 2.5 mg, quinapril 15 mg, fosinopril 15 mg, zofenopril 30 mg, imidapril 10 mg, losartan 50 mg, eprosartan 600 mg, valsartan 80 mg, irbesartan 150 mg, candesartan 8 mg, telmisartan 40 mg, olmesartan 20 mg, simvastatin 15 mg, pravastatin 20 mg, fluvastatin 40 mg, atorvastatin 10 mg, rosuvastatin 10 mg.


The formation and growth of metastases at a distant site is the principal cause of death for most cancer patients, particularly those with breast cancer [1] . Metastases from the breast commonly occur in the sentinal and axillary lymph nodes, the controlateral breast, lungs, spinal cord, brain and bones [2] . Ironically, it has been suggested that less than 0.1% of neoplastic cells in a primary tumor have the ability to successfully form metastases at distant sites [1] . The inability of the majority of tumor cells to successfully form metastases results from single or multiple phenotypic deficiencies [3] [4] [5] .

The formation and growth of metastases at a distant site is the principal cause of death for most cancer patients, particularly those with breast cancer.

Metastases from the breast commonly occur in the sentinal and axillary lymph nodes, the controlateral breast, lungs, spinal cord, brain and bones.

Ironically, it has been suggested that less than 0.1% of neoplastic cells in a primary tumor have the ability to successfully form metastases at distant sites.

The inability of the majority of tumor cells to successfully form metastases results from single or multiple phenotypic deficiencies.


The development of a stable process providing biomass and a reliable product outcome is a crucial step for a viable algae production facility. The process control should allow the exploitation of physiological properties of the target species. The maximum photosynthetic rate is a marker for the overall efficiency of the photon capture and possible damage to the photosystem reaction centers (Grobbelaar 2009) .

The maximum photosynthetic rate is a marker for the overall efficiency of the photon capture and possible damage to the photosystem reaction centers.


Our study showed that reperfusion status after IAT has an additional prognostic value over baseline clinical and radiological characteristics, which has utility to provide patients and their families with a more accurate prognosis of functional dependence. Moreover, we found a substantial difference in clinical outcome between patients with a reperfusion status of eTICI 2B versus eTICI 2C, demonstrated by a large difference in PPV for good clinical outcome, favoring a cutoff at ≥2C. It has been previously suggested that TICI scores incorporating 2C would better correlate with patient outcome and may positively influence an IAT procedure [25] . A previous study stated that using eTICI ≥2C as opposed to ≥2B as the definition of successful reperfusion was a better predictor of outcome, especially of mRS 0-1 [26] . Our study results seem in line with those findings. Another recent study suggested that the outcome of patients with eTICI 2C is not clearly worse than patients with eTICI 3, whilst outcomes of both groups are significantly better than with eTICI 2B [32] .

It has been previously suggested that TICI scores incorporating 2C would better correlate with patient outcome and may positively influence an IAT procedure.

A previous study stated that using eTICI ≥2C as opposed to ≥2B as the definition of successful reperfusion was a better predictor of outcome, especially of mRS 0-1.

Another recent study suggested that the outcome of patients with eTICI 2C is not clearly worse than patients with eTICI 3, whilst outcomes of both groups are significantly better than with eTICI 2B.


The general assumption of most clustering protocols for WSNs is that sensor nodes are stationary and hence the network topology is simple and static. Static clustering protocols minimize the signaling overhead of the network because there is no need to maintain and manage the location information of the sensor nodes. Consequently, the sensor nodes can save more energy and extend their lifetime. On the other hand, there are many applications that demand mobility in WSNs components like habitat monitoring, animal tracking, and search and rescue [6] . The Potential Field Force (PFF) is one of the approaches that support mobility of the wireless sensor nodes by means of the applied virtual forces.

On the other hand, there are many applications that demand mobility in WSNs components like habitat monitoring, animal tracking, and search and rescue.


In order to shed light on the interplay between the quantum driving and the dissipation we study numerically the dissipative dynamics of an open chain of N = 8 atoms initialised in the pure state |ψ 0 = |ggggeggg , i.e. with the 5th atom being excited. We consider a van der Waals coefficient of C 6 = 160. We keep the generalised blockade radius Eq. (7) constant at r G = 3.566 (which stems from choosing γ = 0.1 and Ω = 0.01 for the case γ/Ω = 10), and we consider different ratios of γ/Ω, as shown in Fig. 3 . In this Figure we report the quantum average of the density of excitations operator N e (t) = Tr N k=1 n k ρ(t) as a function of time for each case considered. In the coherent case (γ = 0) the density of excitations oscillates strongly for all times which is a consequence of the coherent nature of the evolution and the small system size. Larger systems would display relaxation towards a stationary state value [45, 46, 47, 48] . In the dissipative cases, the density of excitations grows towards a stationary value corresponding to the stationary density matrix and excitation number of ρ st ≡ 2 −N ⊗ k I k and N st e = N/2, respectively, regardless of the system size. Before reaching the stationary state and for very strong dissipation, i.e. in the classical limit, the system is known to display an algebraic regime where the number of excitations grows as N e (t) ∼ t 1/α [32, 20, 34] . This power law behaviour originates from the way the system is approaching its stationary state. The blockade excitations tend to be created as far away from each other as possible which leads to a hierarchical and in fact self-similar relaxation dynamics. As a result the system"looks the same" at different times, with only the length scale changing continuously [34] . The exponent α which characterises the density growth depends on the dimensions of space and the power of the interaction. In one dimension and for van der Waals interactions one expects α ≈ 13.

Larger systems would display relaxation towards a stationary state value.

Before reaching the stationary state and for very strong dissipation, i.e. in the classical limit, the system is known to display an algebraic regime where the number of excitations grows as N e (t) ∼ t 1/α.

As a result the system"looks the same" at different times, with only the length scale changing continuously.


In the dissipative case, however, we observe that after an initial period of anticorrelation C(∆r = 3, t) drifts towards positive values. The reason is that the dissipative system allows transitions which are "energetically forbidden" in the closed system. In fact this is necessary to ultimately reach the uncorrelated stationary state in which excited atoms can appear at any distance. As a consequence the blockade is dynamical in the sense that the effective blockade radius is shrinking with time [34] . Note that, as in Fig 3, for sufficiently large ratio γ/Ω the results are reasonably well reproduced by classical Monte Carlo simulations (see the case γ/Ω = 30).

As a consequence the blockade is dynamical in the sense that the effective blockade radius is shrinking with time.


First, the foraging tasks we chose for this study forced zebra finches to solve problems similar to those they might encounter in a natural environment. The ability to remove obstacles and to navigate around barriers to find hidden foods, and the flexibility to switch to foraging on novel food sources in times of regular food source scarcity, seem ecologically relevant survival skills in the nomadic life of the wild zebra finch living in semiarid Australia (Zann, 1996) . Our finding that performance correlated positively across these novel foraging tasks in our domesticated zebra finch males seems to suggest that we obtained relatively robust measures of their tendency to tackle novel foraging problems in a social context. However, precisely what 'cognition' is required to solve these and similar novel foraging problems remains to be determined (Healy, 2012; Thornton & Lukas, 2012) .

The ability to remove obstacles and to navigate around barriers to find hidden foods, and the flexibility to switch to foraging on novel food sources in times of regular food source scarcity, seem ecologically relevant survival skills in the nomadic life of the wild zebra finch living in semiarid Australia.

However, precisely what 'cognition' is required to solve these and similar novel foraging problems remains to be determined.


The second potential explanation for our negative findings is that any underlying relationship between song complexity and problem-solving performance was obscured by the social context of our study. Previous studies on various species suggest that a range of cognitive and 'noncognitive' factors might underlie problemsolving performance in social contexts, such as social rank, neophobia, motivation, scrounging, and asocial and social learning processes. In small flocks of starlings, for example, dominant and neophilic individuals were the first to engage in a series of novel foraging tasks, whereas dominant birds, which also turned out to be the fastest asocial learners, were most likely to solve the novel tasks (Boogert, Reader, et al., 2008) . In flocks of blue tits presented with a novel foraging task and a conspecific trained to demonstrate the solution, individuals' novel problem-solving success in isolation predicted their latency to adopt the demonstrated foraging task solution in the flock. Sex, age and dominance rank also affected social learning latencies, but neophobia and body condition did not (Aplin et al., 2013) . In groups of wild meerkats, Suricata suricatta, presented with a novel foraging task and conspecifics demonstrating the solution, individuals' task-solving behaviour was determined by a mix of asocial and social learning processes, as well as motivation and socially facilitated perseverance (Hoppitt, Samson, Laland, & Thornton, 2012) . Together these studies show that various factors affect animals' problem-solving performance when tested in social groups.

In small flocks of starlings, for example, dominant and neophilic individuals were the first to engage in a series of novel foraging tasks, whereas dominant birds, which also turned out to be the fastest asocial learners, were most likely to solve the novel tasks.

Sex, age and dominance rank also affected social learning latencies, but neophobia and body condition did not.

In groups of wild meerkats, Suricata suricatta, presented with a novel foraging task and conspecifics demonstrating the solution, individuals' task-solving behaviour was determined by a mix of asocial and social learning processes, as well as motivation and socially facilitated perseverance.


In general, ferritic stainless steels have inferior mechanical properties in comparison to austenitic [6] . In contrast, the ferritic stainless steels are considered to resist better to stress corrosion cracking [7] . The 25Cr-6Mo-5Ni stainless steels have a good combination of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance due to their dual crystal structure. The mechanical properties of duplex stainless steels strongly depend on various factors such as microstructure (volume fraction and morphology of retained austenite, grain size), ferritic phase mechanical properties, crystallographic texture, grain boundary and local strain distribution. The retained austenite grains that transform into martensite during deformation increases ductility of material by consumption of stored energy.

In general, ferritic stainless steels have inferior mechanical properties in comparison to austenitic.

In contrast, the ferritic stainless steels are considered to resist better to stress corrosion cracking.


BPH is a multifactorial disease characterized by non-cancerous enlargement and an imbalanced proliferation of smooth muscle and epithelial cells of the prostatic tissue. Clinically, BPH results in LUTS, an age-related detrusor dysfunction with a significant unsatisfactory impact on the quality of life of the patient [24] . BPH progression is dependent on several factors such as stromal-epithelial interactions, adrenergic stimulation, and apoptotic processes, which drive the proliferation [25, 26] . The presence of testicular androgens is a well-known risk factor for BPH because androgens, including testosterone and DHT, play a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation and death in the prostate. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of CWW on BPH in a testosterone-induced BPH rat model. We found that the extract was effective in slowing the progression of BPH induced by testosterone.

Clinically, BPH results in LUTS, an age-related detrusor dysfunction with a significant unsatisfactory impact on the quality of life of the patient.

BPH progression is dependent on several factors such as stromal-epithelial interactions, adrenergic stimulation, and apoptotic processes, which drive the proliferation.


The existence, uniqueness and continuity for exact solution are three general requirement of well-posed problems, which for initial value problem were rigorously treated by Cauchy and Walter [1] . Traditional discrete numerical methods partition the interval of interest, [t 0 , t m ], by introducing a mesh t 0 < t 1 < · · · < t N = t m and generate a discrete approximation x i ≈ x(t i ) for each associated mesh-point. There must be iterative approximation error while adopting numerical methods [7] . Moreover, the more mesh-points are selected, the smaller error and more cost will be. The most important reason for estimating error is to gain some confidence in the numerical solution.

The existence, uniqueness and continuity for exact solution are three general requirement of well-posed problems, which for initial value problem were rigorously treated by Cauchy and Walter.

There must be iterative approximation error while adopting numerical methods.


However, there is an important difference between contemporary and 'classic' energy security studies. In the 1970s and 80s, energy security meant stable supply of cheap oil under threats of embargoes and price manipulations by exporters (Colglazier and Deese, 1983; Yergin, 1988) . In contrast, contemporary energy security challenges extend beyond oil supplies and encompass a wider range of issues (Yergin, 2006) . Moreover, energy security is now closely entangled with other energy policy problems such as providing equitable access to modern energy and mitigating climate change (Goldthau, 2011) . Thus the concept of energy security implicit in the classic studies has become a subject of intense re-examination.

In the 1970s and 80s, energy security meant stable supply of cheap oil under threats of embargoes and price manipulations by exporters.

In contrast, contemporary energy security challenges extend beyond oil supplies and encompass a wider range of issues.

Moreover, energy security is now closely entangled with other energy policy problems such as providing equitable access to modern energy and mitigating climate change.


Recently, the author has attempted BFO-based PID and I-PD tuning for a class of TDUP [22] . In this work, ISE minimization (single-objective function) is highly prioritized as a performance measure and it monitors the BFO until the controller parameters converge to a minimized value. From the work it has demonstrated that a BFO-based PID controller tuning can be performed for the unstable system when the "d/τ" ratio is below 0.2. PID-based tuning results large overshoot which tends to increase the ISE value, when the d/τ ratio is greater than 0.2. This phenomenon disrupts the convergence of BFO algorithm. In order to overcome the problem, an I-PD structure is employed to obtained better results. They have also presented a comparative study with the Particle-Swarm-Optimization-(PSO-) based controller tuning and classical controller tuning methods with a simulation study. The BFO-based controller tuning approach shows improved performance of the process in terms of time domain specification, error minimization, disturbance rejection, setpoint, and multiple setpoint tracking than the PSO and classical tuning methods.

Recently, the author has attempted BFO-based PID and I-PD tuning for a class of TDUP.


Although, 65.4% predication accuracy is low; for an exploratory study this is a satisfactory accuracy value since lower values have been recorded in other studies (Mui and Fu, 1980; Zambon et al., 2006) . Moreover, previous studies reported that accuracy varies with different splitting methods of data sample, the larger the training sample the more accuracy is achieved (Jonsdottir et al., 2008; Doyle et al., 2011) . Good error estimates are difficult to achieve with small sample sizes (Jonsdottir et al., 2008) . Therefore, future research can improve prediction accuracy with larger sample size.

Although, 65.4% predication accuracy is low; for an exploratory study this is a satisfactory accuracy value since lower values have been recorded in other studies.

Moreover, previous studies reported that accuracy varies with different splitting methods of data sample, the larger the training sample the more accuracy is achieved.

Good error estimates are difficult to achieve with small sample sizes.


Frequencies of seropositive animals for protein p80 increased from the fifth month of life, which is the same moment that was observed declined of neutralizing maternal antibody titers. At this moment, the median observed for neutralizing antibody titers was 50. Researchers demonstrated that calves with antibody titers above 16 developed mild disease after experimental infection with BVDV [1] . The presence of others management-related risk factors could justify the high frequency of positive animals for BVDV presenting higher antibody titers than those protectors.

Researchers demonstrated that calves with antibody titers above 16 developed mild disease after experimental infection with BVDV.


Mutation testing is a fault-based testing technique that has been proposed to measure the effectiveness of test suites. A mutation operator defines a modification to be made in the source code. The resulting programs are called mutants [14] . Test cases are used to execute these mutants with the goal to generate an incorrect outPermission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org.

The resulting programs are called mutants.

Abstracting with credit is permitted.


While the word frail is common to many health care settings, the actual diagnosis of frailty is complex due to varied presentations and causes [1] . Frailty is often defined as a physiologic syndrome characterized by decreased reserve and resistance to stressors, resulting from a cumulative decline across multiple physiologic systems; causing vulnerability to adverse outcomes [2] . It is generally associated with multi-system (e.g., mobility, cognition, function, endurance) deterioration, and typically impacts the geriatric population. Persons experiencing frailty are highly susceptible to adverse events such as falls, hospitalization, disability, dependence, placement in long-term care facilities and death [2, 3] . Since frailty is a robust marker of vulnerability it is important to accurately identify those who are frail, so they can be better managed with early identification and appropriate interventions that reduce adverse events [4, 5] .

While the word frail is common to many health care settings, the actual diagnosis of frailty is complex due to varied presentations and causes.

Frailty is often defined as a physiologic syndrome characterized by decreased reserve and resistance to stressors, resulting from a cumulative decline across multiple physiologic systems; causing vulnerability to adverse outcomes.

Persons experiencing frailty are highly susceptible to adverse events such as falls, hospitalization, disability, dependence, placement in long-term care facilities and death.

Since frailty is a robust marker of vulnerability it is important to accurately identify those who are frail, so they can be better managed with early identification and appropriate interventions that reduce adverse events.


Although PLS examines parameters among latent variables and relationships between measured variables and latent variables simultaneously, the model analysis and explanation of PLS must engage in both measurement model and structural model analyses. This helps one to analyse relationships among latent variables and predictability of the model more precisely (Haffer & Kristensen, 2008; Hulland, 1999) . Therefore, this study performed the measurement model analysis for evaluating reliability and validity of latent variables first, and then performed the structural model analysis for examining the research hypotheses and the explanatory power of the model.

This helps one to analyse relationships among latent variables and predictability of the model more precisely.


In order to alleviate this constraint, several authors proposed a technique called pre-integration of the transfer function [3] [14] . Based on the assumption that the scalar function is linear between the two sample points s 1 and s 2 , the volume integral is determined analytically in this interval. The integral values are pre-computed and can be accessed via a lookup table for all values of s 1 and s 2 . In this way high frequency behavior of the transfer function can be absorbed and the sampling rate can be reduced [5] .

In order to alleviate this constraint, several authors proposed a technique called pre-integration of the transfer function.

In this way high frequency behavior of the transfer function can be absorbed and the sampling rate can be reduced.


On the other hand, direct and insured economic losses increased over the same time period [33, [38] [39] [40] . Unfortunately, many loss studies center on a single (or few) hazard type(s) making it impossible to capture the cumulative impact of natural hazards due to the sporadic nature of events [41] [42] [43] . While such studies are crucially important to advance our understanding of specific hazards and their spatial and temporal effects, they are inadequate in capturing how much natural hazards cost society as a whole.

On the other hand, direct and insured economic losses increased over the same time period.

Unfortunately, many loss studies center on a single (or few) hazard type(s) making it impossible to capture the cumulative impact of natural hazards due to the sporadic nature of events.


To understand future hazards and to identify effective adaptation strategies, it is imperative to devise a broader and more comprehensive approach to loss estimations that captures and informs current state of hazards and hazard policies. Examples exist, such as work on normalized losses or modeled losses of past events under today's social, economic, and/or environmental conditions [45] [46] [47] [48] . Additionally needed are: (a) comparative research across space and time to reveal differential impacts; (b) new and more comprehensive approaches for loss estimation; (c) augmentation of public data repositories with loss measures beyond direct impacts; and (d) policy evaluations connecting natural hazard losses to spending on hazard mitigation, public and individual disaster assistance, and post-disaster recovery costs. This paper speaks partially to (a) and (d) by investigating direct loss trends in total as well as relative terms across space and time and by comparing direct losses to federal disaster assistance payments and insured losses.

Examples exist, such as work on normalized losses or modeled losses of past events under today's social, economic, and/or environmental conditions.


Another empirically contested area is the possible impact of climate change on natural hazards and associated losses [41] . While a legitimate research subject, it is extremely difficult to predict losses and to distinguish between social and climatic drivers of future losses when current losses are barely understood. Despite their intellectual merit in terms of communicating potential future loss, modeled loss predictions are highly unreliable given the shortcomings of existing loss data and methods in addition to challenges associated with predicting changes in social vulnerability and down-scaling climate change effects [19, 25, 26, 44] .

Another empirically contested area is the possible impact of climate change on natural hazards and associated losses.

Despite their intellectual merit in terms of communicating potential future loss, modeled loss predictions are highly unreliable given the shortcomings of existing loss data and methods in addition to challenges associated with predicting changes in social vulnerability and down-scaling climate change effects.


This study contributes to the debate about teaching foreign languages in primary schools in Saudi Arabia. Arguments about the impact of learning other languages on children's performance in Arabic might reflect much bigger debates in Saudi Arabia. These debates relate to how Saudi society and culture should respond to foreign ideas and influences. As mentioned previously in the introduction, many of the articles that were for or against teaching foreign languages in Saudi primary government schools were not based on empirical studies. Both sides of the debate use English as an example that represents the type of culture that they want or that they are against. Furthermore, many people suspect that investors in commercial language schools might have played a role in the current campaign for the necessity of learning English at the primary level and its importance for future jobs (Al-Naser, 1991; Husain, 2002) . The findings of this study and any other studies in the same field are not expected to stop the argument, although they do add empirical data that may inform the debate.

Furthermore, many people suspect that investors in commercial language schools might have played a role in the current campaign for the necessity of learning English at the primary level and its importance for future jobs.


The NRL FTIR spectra showed the isoprene absorption peaks at 2956 and 2915 cm −1 due to CH 2 asymmetric stretching, at 2851 cm −1 it is due to CH 2 symmetric stretching, at 1662 cm −1 it is due to C=C stretching, at 1371 cm −1 it is due to CH 3 asymmetric deformation, and at 840 cm −1 it is due to =CH out-of-plane bending [32] . Furthermore, functional groups of phospholipids and proteins have also been found at 1584, 1217, and 1036 cm −1 that are related to N-H bending, C-O, and -O-O-, respectively [28] . The FTIR spectra of the NRL incorporated with CIP showed interaction. The overlapped band in the region of 3700-3200 cm −1 and the slight shift of the bands attributed to the carbonyl group indicate some interaction, most likely by hydrogen bonding, which were also observed on chitosan [29] .

The NRL FTIR spectra showed the isoprene absorption peaks at 2956 and 2915 cm −1 due to CH 2 asymmetric stretching, at 2851 cm −1 it is due to CH 2 symmetric stretching, at 1662 cm −1 it is due to C=C stretching, at 1371 cm −1 it is due to CH 3 asymmetric deformation, and at 840 cm −1 it is due to =CH out-of-plane bending.

Furthermore, functional groups of phospholipids and proteins have also been found at 1584, 1217, and 1036 cm −1 that are related to N-H bending, C-O, and -O-O-, respectively.

The overlapped band in the region of 3700-3200 cm −1 and the slight shift of the bands attributed to the carbonyl group indicate some interaction, most likely by hydrogen bonding, which were also observed on chitosan.


Many numerical attempts have been made to investigate the internal behavior of asphalt mixture or to estimate the test indices that can represent the macro phenomena under certain conditions [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . But these researches consider the asphalt mixture as being homogenous material with equivalent properties. When using these homogenous numerical models, the influences of the microstructure such as angularity of the aggregates, percentage of the air voids, and distributions of the asphalt mastic are not taken into account. The mechanical behavior of asphalt mixture strongly depends on the particular components including aggregates, asphalt mastic, and air voids. In order to gain accurate predictions of the mechanical behavior for asphalt mixture, particular attention has to be paid to the study of its microstructure and to the mechanical behaviors of its different phases.

Many numerical attempts have been made to investigate the internal behavior of asphalt mixture or to estimate the test indices that can represent the macro phenomena under certain conditions.


The nondestructive X-ray CT technique is used as an effective method to capture images of the internal microstructure of asphalt mixture. There have been a number of recent attempts to use X-ray CT images to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D) finite element specimen to predict the mechanical properties of asphalt mixture [16] [17] [18] [19] . The image-based finite element method requires the image analysis techniques in order to segment the CT slices consisting of different compositions, the mechanical properties of different phases, and the use of mechanical testing to identify the material parameters. The majority of these microstructure numerical samples for asphalt mixture faces challenges with regard to accurate geometry of different phases and precise description of asphalt mastic behavior.

There have been a number of recent attempts to use X-ray CT images to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D) finite element specimen to predict the mechanical properties of asphalt mixture.


Despite little variations in the amount of N 2 O released, the amount of the emission is relatively higher for immature palms < 5 years, i.e. 22 kg N 2 O-N/ha compared to ~19 kg N 2 O-N/ha for mature palms (Fig. 4b) , suggesting that N 2 O emissions may decrease as oil palms develop maturely to more than 20 years. Note that the relatively higher N 2 O emission during the immature stage may be attributed to several factors such as 5 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 stage of palm development is essential to ensure favorable growth conditions and to catalyze the rapid growth of the palm (Sugiyama et al., 1984; Greef, 1994; Sawan et al., 2001) . On the other hand, the resulting CO 2 -eq emission is relatively higher for oil palms aged between 5-20 years ( Fig. 4c) , which is mainly due to the greater amount of N-fertilizer applied, coupled with the fraction of N 2 O contribution, as discussed earlier. Therefore, it can be seen that the contribution from the N-fertilizer applied is very important, since it reflects the overall CO 2 -eq emissions resulting from N-related emissions. Despite this, there is no clear relationship between N 2 O or CO 2 -eq emissions and the age of the oil palms.

Note that the relatively higher N 2 O emission during the immature stage may be attributed to several factors such as 5 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 stage of palm development is essential to ensure favorable growth conditions and to catalyze the rapid growth of the palm.


The emissions from carbon stock changes within Kempas Estate were estimated for assessing the impact of land use change in the plantation development. The estate was transformed into an oil palm plantation from a previous rubber plantation area because rubber is no longer a profitable crop compared to oil palm (Henson, 2005) . The estimated emissions are presented in Figure 2a , b.

The estate was transformed into an oil palm plantation from a previous rubber plantation area because rubber is no longer a profitable crop compared to oil palm.


Signal processing in the optical domain provides the potential for very wide band operation, as the bandwidth of the modulated signal is very small compared with optical carrier frequency [1] . Photonics also provides improved electro-magnetic interference (EMI) and electro-magnetic compatibility (EMC) performance over traditional electronic systems, thereby providing more options for cable routing. The inherent opto-isolation of signals within a photonics-based processor provides tactical advantages through the reduction of re-radiated signals.

Signal processing in the optical domain provides the potential for very wide band operation, as the bandwidth of the modulated signal is very small compared with optical carrier frequency.


Evidently, modern agricultural entrepreneurship performance would be highly connected with the level of formal education literacy and technological skills which the entrepreneur farmer has acquired. These are fundamental factors which affect, and impact on the farmer's entrepreneurial behaviour, performance and decision-making capabilities amongst others (Grwambi et al., 2006) . In Uganda, this dynamic was identified and corrective measures taken by encouraging partnership between the farming community and institutions of higher learning, for example, the Gulu University "hands-on-training of farmers" in the Gulu and Amuru districts in northern Uganda provides critical framework in the development of Agri-business and entrepreneurial skills and competence of farmers in that part of the country (Mugonola & Baliddawa, 2013 .

These are fundamental factors which affect, and impact on the farmer's entrepreneurial behaviour, performance and decision-making capabilities amongst others.


In the present paper we report a numerical and experimental study of the effect of pump depletion on the propagation characteristics of Stokes pulses and on their spectrum in a Brillouin fiber laser. In this laser the Stokes pulses are generated from the spontaneously (Brillouin) scattered light and evolve into a coherent emission when the pump power exceeds the SBS threshold [4] . Simulation and experimental results show that, in the limit of high-gain above the SBS threshold, Stokes pulses are (re)accelerated and that, as a consequence, the resonant cavity modes shift towards higher frequencies. In the following, we first briefly review the theory of slow light as it is applicable in a low-gain medium such as a Brillouin amplifier [12] [13] [14] . We then present experimental results in the high-gain limit of a Brillouin laser. Finally, we outline our numerical model, present the simulation results, and compare them with the experimental ones.

In this laser the Stokes pulses are generated from the spontaneously (Brillouin) scattered light and evolve into a coherent emission when the pump power exceeds the SBS threshold.

In the following, we first briefly review the theory of slow light as it is applicable in a low-gain medium such as a Brillouin amplifier.


Although increased precursor frequency would in theory improve antitumor efficacy in our model, recent studies suggest a more complex association between dose upon adoptive transfer and tumor response [34] . In our model, we found that efficacy was not significantly altered as a function of doses (5610 3 -10 6 cells) resembling equivalents spanning both natural and supraphysiological precursor frequencies (data not shown). Thus, we believe that precursor frequencies may not play a critical role in the context of MA TMZ.

Although increased precursor frequency would in theory improve antitumor efficacy in our model, recent studies suggest a more complex association between dose upon adoptive transfer and tumor response.


Later, VLR problem was given a new approach namely relationship-learning-based SR (RLSR) approach [20] . The RLSR algorithm has significantly reduced the effect of the VLR problem. RLSR algorithm is a type of algorithm which defines a mapping (called relationship) from the VLR image space to the HR image space for HR image reconstruction. Humans can identify the images and machines may also need to identify the images. Each requires different approaches. For humans to identify the image, the image quality needs to be good. In order to achieve that, RLSR algorithm has introduced a new constraint and in case of machine based recognition, a discriminative constraint is used as to enable the machines to identify the images. It is based on discriminative features.

Later, VLR problem was given a new approach namely relationship-learning-based SR (RLSR) approach.

Each requires different approaches.

It is based on discriminative features.


The lack of class toilets meeting children's requirements (dirty and insufficient toilets) has been cited by previous researchers [6, 7, 14] . Toilet facilities in this kindergarten did not reach the standard recommended by Vietnamese regulations. A bad smell of urine, no water to clean toilets, insufficient toilets and limited privacy meant children were unable to be comfortable to urinate or defecate in the relaxed manner necessary. This differed from what the children were used to from home. This bad standard was regarded as a big problem by everyone involved, children, teachers and parents were concerned that facilities to encourage good toilet habits in kindergarten were lacking.

The lack of class toilets meeting children's requirements (dirty and insufficient toilets) has been cited by previous researchers.


Quantum devices require quantum transport so that information can be effectively handled. Here, we concentrate on the feasibility of quantum transport via the coherent tunnelling adiabatic passage (CTAP) protocol [11] . Specifically, we focus on strategies for constructing a three-donor device in phosphorus in silicon, which is intended to test the CTAP protocol. The CTAP protocol is reviewed in section 2, along with new analytical results that enable efficient determination of the required timescales in non-optimal geometries. These results lead to efficient criteria to determine the theoretical device yields used later. Progress towards a 3 scanned aperture system to perform the implants is described in section 3. In sections 4 and 5, we ask whether devices at the levels of perfection required to exhibit three-state quantum coherent behaviour are possible, or indeed practical, to make by using deterministic doping methods. Our answer is very clearly positive. Although demonstrating CTAP is an important outcome for solid-state quantum information, its demonstration will also highlight the levels of control that are possible, and open new vistas for small quantum information processing tasks.

Here, we concentrate on the feasibility of quantum transport via the coherent tunnelling adiabatic passage (CTAP) protocol.

Our answer is very clearly positive.