In order to calculate the price of a European call option with strike price K and maturity T of the model (7) for which its fractional stochastic volatility satisfies Eq. 8, we consider the approximate model (10) Denote k = log (K) the logarithm of the strike price. Secondly, we now refer to SDE (11) , since this approximate model is driven by a semimartingale t B ε and hence there is no opportunity of arbitrage (for more details (Thao, 2006) ). This is the advantage of our approximate approach and we will use this model for pricing the European call option instead of SDE (8).

Secondly, we now refer to SDE (11) , since this approximate model is driven by a semimartingale t B ε and hence there is no opportunity of arbitrage (for more details).


The Irrespective of a type of polyethylene film covering the tunnel and year, the plants fed with nitrate N form contained significantly more Mg which could be resulted from antagonism between ammonium and magnesium ions (Starck 2002) . The effect of light intensity in all stages of growth on Mg content was not significant, except in flowering, in year 2008, when the plants grown in type 2 tunnel (polyethylene film of higher light and PAR permeability) accumulated significantly more Mg. W okresie uprawy liście poddano analizie na zawartość suchej masy i makroskładników. Materiał roślinny pobrano w trzech fazach wzrostu, tj.: intensywny wzrost wegetatywny, kwitnienie i pełnia owocowania.

The Irrespective of a type of polyethylene film covering the tunnel and year, the plants fed with nitrate N form contained significantly more Mg which could be resulted from antagonism between ammonium and magnesium ions.


Adult mate recognition trials.-In the second stage of the experiment, females from all three treatment groups were assigned at random to one of two adult treatment groups: 1) conspecific male (S. ocreata females n 5 41; S. rovneri females n 5 40); 2) heterospecific male (S. ocreata females n 5 46; S. rovneri females n 5 38). Testing began 7-14 days following each female's final molt to standardize receptivity level (Norton & Uetz 2005; Uetz 2000) . Based on their assigned treatment group, females were randomly paired with either an adult heterospecific or conspecific male. Female S. ocreata were placed in a rectangular test arena (19.5 cm 3 12.5 cm; Fig. 1A ) and female S. rovneri were placed in the same cylindrical apparatus used for juvenile exposure (Fig. 1B) . During the first five minutes of every trial the male and female were separated by a clear barrier so that female receptivity could be measured without tactile and/or chemical stimuli from the male. At the end of five minutes the clear barrier was removed and interactions between the male and female were observed for an additional five minutes to determine whether the pairing would result in copulation. Trials were videotaped for later analysis of female behavior.

Testing began 7-14 days following each female's final molt to standardize receptivity level.


It is important to remark that in the generic case, that the Hamiltonian does not vanish, the physically relevant metric is defined on the extended phase space, which includes time as a parameter. Since the decoherence functional is constructed from the metric and the phase space action, our construction provides a stepping stone for a geometric quantisation algorithm for histories, which can be naturally generalised to include parameterised systems, such as the relativistic particle we considered in section 5. For this reason it might prove relevant in the histories quantisation of general relativity [44] . In fact, the search for a geometric procedure for the quantisation of histories has been one of the main motivations of this work.

For this reason it might prove relevant in the histories quantisation of general relativity.


Real-time estimation of the travel time between locations in city can help the individuals and transporters to plan their trips more accurately. Meanwhile, people are more likely to choose public transportation if they can know in advance that the practically quickest driving route to a destination would be still slower than the public transportation such as subway. It may affect their travels and schedules very much. Therefore, travel time prediction is important for both end users and governments aiming to ease traffic and protect environment [1] .

Therefore, travel time prediction is important for both end users and governments aiming to ease traffic and protect environment.


Apart from the possibility to attack molecules directly by electrons, the indirect reactions by radicals were examined by the radical simulation. Radical species such as OH, e -aq (aqueous electron), H 3 O + and H were taken into account. The thermal diffusion coefficients for each radical have been given in pure water [20, 21] . As a typical radical having a minimum value of diffusion coefficient among the above species, we adopted OH radical to see the diffusion behavior. Figure 4 shows the AI for OH radical formation originating from the electron tracks for initial electron energies, 10 keV and 1 keV, as a function of time. Here, the radical production rate was assumed to be one OH radical per event (ionization or excitation) at each event's location. The results for both cases show that two arbitrary OH radicals produced along the electron track spread out from each other more than 10 nm by diffusion at least in 0.1 s, leading to the Poisson configuration in the lifetime of the radical (~1 s). The results in Fig.4 have statistical variations because these computations are subject to one track history. However, the trials for some histories showed the same tendency in regard to the time dependence. The result of this radical spatial formation may imply that the possibility of the inter-track damage of DNA is negligible even though the radical processes are taken into account. A problematic issue of this simulation is the validity of the diffusion coefficient because the value used here is for pure water while the real situation of radicals is in bound (by hydrogen bonding) water with a variety of proteins and other materials. It is well known that the mobility of radicals is much impaired in the bound water by some orders of magnitude [27] . Therefore, further consideration is necessary for the radical diffusion in the real cell condition filled with bound water.

The thermal diffusion coefficients for each radical have been given in pure water.

It is well known that the mobility of radicals is much impaired in the bound water by some orders of magnitude.


NAFLD is related to metabolic syndrome with a constellation of comorbidities including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia [16] [17] [18] [19] . If not properly managed NAFLD can progress to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis with outcomes including hepatocellular carcinoma [20] . For bench research to attract the attention of clinicians and clinical researchers their questions need to align with issues that are associated with improving the care of patients.

NAFLD is related to metabolic syndrome with a constellation of comorbidities including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.

If not properly managed NAFLD can progress to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis with outcomes including hepatocellular carcinoma.


There is much yet to be learned about the response of fabrics to ballistic impacts. The work reported here is intended as a contribution to this effort. Additional experiments and analysis are in progress. Walker has already extended his model to include fabrics with resin, with excellent results [4] . Work is also in progress to include the effects of slack in Walker's model.

Walker has already extended his model to include fabrics with resin, with excellent results.


Since the 1990s miRNAs have been proved to be involved in almost all metabolic and cellular processes. Several evidence showed that alteration in lipid metabolism regulation can lead to metabolic associated diseases [15] . Beside the known regulators of transcription, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) and liver X receptors (LXRs), miRNAs have an essential role in regulating post-transcriptionally essential genes associated with lipid regulation, one of these miRNAs is miRNA370 [16] . Evidence from several studies have showed that several miRNAs, especially miRNA 370, have essential roles in regulating lipid metabolism [17] . In case of CAD, miRNA 370 showed positive association with dyslipidemia including total cholesterol (TC), triacyglycerol (TAG), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLc), all of which can lead to the development of CAD [16] .

Several evidence showed that alteration in lipid metabolism regulation can lead to metabolic associated diseases.

Beside the known regulators of transcription, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) and liver X receptors (LXRs), miRNAs have an essential role in regulating post-transcriptionally essential genes associated with lipid regulation, one of these miRNAs is miRNA370.

Evidence from several studies have showed that several miRNAs, especially miRNA 370, have essential roles in regulating lipid metabolism.

In case of CAD, miRNA 370 showed positive association with dyslipidemia including total cholesterol (TC), triacyglycerol (TAG), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLc), all of which can lead to the development of CAD.


The blood-brain barrier（BBB）forms the anatomical and physiological interface separating the brain from the blood and protecting the microenvironment of the central nervous system（CNS）via controlling the passage of endogenous substances and xenobiotics into and out of the CNS. Meanwhile, it is the most important factor limiting the development of new drugs for the CNS [1] . The majority of patients with CNS disorders could not benefit from the improvement of the CNS pharmaceutical industry because 100% of large-molecule drugs and more than 98% of small-molecule drugs do not cross the BBB [1] . Just as William M. Pardridge said, the BBB is the bottleneck in brain drug development and is the single most important factor limiting the future growth of neurotherapeutics [2] .

Meanwhile, it is the most important factor limiting the development of new drugs for the CNS.

The majority of patients with CNS disorders could not benefit from the improvement of the CNS pharmaceutical industry because 100% of large-molecule drugs and more than 98% of small-molecule drugs do not cross the BBB.

Just as William M. Pardridge said, the BBB is the bottleneck in brain drug development and is the single most important factor limiting the future growth of neurotherapeutics.


While the angiogenesis, the neural tube is undergoing an orderly developmental program [32] . In the mouse or rat cerebral cortex, neurogenesis commences around E12, peaks around E15, and finishes around birth. Oligodendroglia progenitor cells are first observed at E19 and migrate throughout the cortex by birth. The formation of astrocytes and the subsequent ensheathment of vessels by astrocytes start postnatally. Once angiogenic blood vessels invade the CNS, the BMECs and the pericytes begin to form intimate associations with the neural stem cells and various neural precursors in response to the cues provided by the developing CNS [30] . That is, the onset of the BBB formation occurs within a special microenvironment where the BMECs contact with a mixture of neural stem cells (NSCs) and already committed neural precursors. It has been proved that differentiated human neural progenitor cells can also induce BBB properties in rodent BMECs [33] . So the BBB formation appears to be initiated by signals from neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells.

While the angiogenesis, the neural tube is undergoing an orderly developmental program.

Once angiogenic blood vessels invade the CNS, the BMECs and the pericytes begin to form intimate associations with the neural stem cells and various neural precursors in response to the cues provided by the developing CNS.

It has been proved that differentiated human neural progenitor cells can also induce BBB properties in rodent BMECs.


In short, there is an ongoing effort to develop in vitro cultured cell models for assessing the in vivo BBB properties [6, 20] . However, the barrier properties of the existing in vitro models are still very remote from those found in vivo. For example, the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of in vivo BBB has been reported to be 1500-2000 Ωcm 2 , but the majority of the existing in vitro models show TEER < 300 Ωcm 2 . The transendothelial permeability coefficient (Pe) of in vivo BBB to sucrose can be as low as < 0.03x10 -6 cm/s, but most in vitro models present Pe > 3x10 -6 cm/s [4, 6, 7, 15, 21] . On the other hand, the correlation between the permeability of in vivo BBB and most in vitro models is still rather low [20, 22] . It could be speculated that the current methods to reconstitute in vitro BBB models may have overlooked one or more key factors in the induction and the maintenance of the BBB.

In short, there is an ongoing effort to develop in vitro cultured cell models for assessing the in vivo BBB properties.

The transendothelial permeability coefficient (Pe) of in vivo BBB to sucrose can be as low as < 0.03x10 -6 cm/s, but most in vitro models present Pe > 3x10 -6 cm/s.

On the other hand, the correlation between the permeability of in vivo BBB and most in vitro models is still rather low.


The BBB is a multicellular complex consisting of the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) and the neighboring perivascular cells including astrocytic endfeet, basal lamina, pericytes, microglia and neurons. Because of the distinctive structure of the BBB and the multiple factors in vivo influencing the BBB, in vitro cell-culturebased models have been the main tool to explore the physiology, pathology and pharmacology of the BBB. About 90% of the BBB researches have been based on in vitro BBB models. Thus, in vitro BBB model has been compared to the holy grail of rapid screening of BBB transport by Pardridge [3] . How to establish in vitro models mimicking the characteristics of the BBB has been a hot pot of BBB research area.

Thus, in vitro BBB model has been compared to the holy grail of rapid screening of BBB transport by Pardridge.


The risk of developing the disease in women increases in direct proportion to age and doubles with each decade after the age of 65 years. It is estimated that worldwide osteoporosis affects 200 million women, and 20-25% of them will suffer an injury in the form of a bone fracture. Taking into account the increasing longevity of American, European, as well as Polish women, it should be noted that over 30 years of a woman's life now constitutes the postmenopausal period when the risk of having broken bones is greater because of greater bone mass loss [9] .

Taking into account the increasing longevity of American, European, as well as Polish women, it should be noted that over 30 years of a woman's life now constitutes the postmenopausal period when the risk of having broken bones is greater because of greater bone mass loss.


Fejes Tóth, L. [2, p.261.] examined the area of circles with common centre in the following way. Let C(r) be the area enclosed by the circle of radius r. If a > 0, then lim r→∞ C(r+a)−C(r) C(r) is equal to 0 in the Euclidean plane but it is e a − 1 in the hyperbolic plane. This fact inspired several mathematicians to deal with the structure of hyperbolic space ( [3] , [5] , [8] , [10] , [12] ).

This fact inspired several mathematicians to deal with the structure of hyperbolic space (,,,,).


Supercritical water fluidized bed reactor (SCWFBR) is a new member of fluidized bed family [1] . It can effectively gasify wet biomass and efficiently produce hydrogen. SCWFBR uses supercritical water (SCW) as fluidization medium, quartz sand as bed materials [2] . Free convection heat transfer from particles in SCW is one of the main heat transfer modes. Due to thermal physical properties of SCW vary sharply in pseudo-critical zone, as shown in Fig.1 , the heat transfer characteristics of SCW have to consider the effect of variable properties. However, little work has been published regarding the influence of each thermal physical property on the free convection heat transfer process from sphere in SCW flow.

Supercritical water fluidized bed reactor (SCWFBR) is a new member of fluidized bed family.

SCWFBR uses supercritical water (SCW) as fluidization medium, quartz sand as bed materials.


Conventional two-dimensional remote sensing techniques, such as aerial photography or radar sensors, have been widely applied for acquiring forest distribution and mapping land-cover patterns (Wulder 1998) . Moreover, the use of light detection and ranging (lidar), which provides three-dimensional information of forest characteristics, has significantly increased in the last decade. The measurement operates by emitting pulses from the sensors and determining the elapsed time between the return signals from the target surfaces (Lefsky et al. 2002a) . Laser sensors can directly measure the vertical distribution of tree canopies and provide highly accurate estimates of vegetation height, cover, and canopy structure.

Conventional two-dimensional remote sensing techniques, such as aerial photography or radar sensors, have been widely applied for acquiring forest distribution and mapping land-cover patterns.

The measurement operates by emitting pulses from the sensors and determining the elapsed time between the return signals from the target surfaces.


Our second requirement is a suitable error measure. In this paper we review a number of measures in use in the literature and identify potential weaknesses. Based on this analysis, we propose a contour mapping measure which can 1 49 978-1-4244-7030-3/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE be seen as a particular form of elastic matching [3] . This simple measure finds the optimal mapping between the two point cycles forming the boundaries of the 2D shapes being compared, where optimality is defined in terms of the sum of Euclidean distances between corresponding points. While the correspondence must be monotonic, respecting the ordering of the points, it need not be 1:1, thus allowing for differences in level of detail. We demonstrate how the method addresses issues arising with previous measures. Finally, employing a test database of human and algorithm segmentations, we psychophysically evaluate and compare the proposed measure against 4 other measures from the literature.

Based on this analysis, we propose a contour mapping measure which can 1 49 978-1-4244-7030-3/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE be seen as a particular form of elastic matching.


Canopy cover (B 5 20.03, x 2 5 4.72, df 5 1, P 5 0.03) and ground cover (B 5 20.1, x 2 5 24.48, df 5 1, P , 0.001) at a model location were both negatively related to the model's probability of being attacked. After accounting for their influence, attack frequency did not differ among the four lizard model shapes (x 2 5 1.38, df 5 3, P 5 0.71). Based on identifiable marks left on the models, lizards attacked models almost twice as frequently as birds (Table 3 ), but the difference was not significant (x 2 5 2.79, df 5 1, P 5 0.09). Lizards and birds did not differ in their attack frequencies on the four model shapes (G 5 2.56, df 5 3, P 5 0.46; Table 3 ). The head was the most frequent location of predator attacks (x 2 5 52.20, df 5 3, P , 0.001) regardless of the model shape (Table 4) or the predator class (Table 5) . DISCUSSION Stationary lizard models should be attacked by primarily visually oriented, active foraging predators (Huey and Pianka, 1981) . These predators would be able to detect prey more easily in open habitats because they would have a clearer line of sight and because prey lack cover (Denno et al., 2005) . Thus, I predicted that predator attack frequency would be negatively related to habitat structural complexity. Of the three habitats, the recently burned cerrado sensu stricto queimado was considered the least structurally complex because of the lack of herbaceous cover, and therefore was expected to have the highest attack frequency. Attacks on models, however, were most frequent in cerrado sensu stricto, the most structurally complex site.

DISCUSSION Stationary lizard models should be attacked by primarily visually oriented, active foraging predators.

These predators would be able to detect prey more easily in open habitats because they would have a clearer line of sight and because prey lack cover.


Conventional air-drying is a simultaneous heat and mass transfer process and it is a high cost process. Moreover, it brings about substantial reduction in weight and volume, minimising packing, storage and transportation costs and enabling storability of the product under ambient temperatures [6] . However, during drying foods undergo physical, structural, chemical and nutritional changes that cause quality degradation [7] .

Moreover, it brings about substantial reduction in weight and volume, minimising packing, storage and transportation costs and enabling storability of the product under ambient temperatures.

However, during drying foods undergo physical, structural, chemical and nutritional changes that cause quality degradation.


There are currently many types of rail pads such as highdensity polyethylene (HDPE) pads, resilient rubber pads, and resilient elastomer pads, all of which have different surface profiles and distinctive engineering properties. Figure 1 features the selected types of pads, namely the HDPE and studded-profile rail pads. The dynamic behaviour of rail pads is generally represented by two important parameters: dynamic stiffness and damping coefficient. Sometimes, more variables are needed and a nonlinear dynamic model or socalled 'state-dependent viscoelastic model' might be adopted. To obtain such properties, the dynamic testing of rail pads in the laboratory or on the track is required. From the dynamic response measurements, both linear and nonlinear properties can be estimated by optimizing the objective formulations of the desired dynamic model. Modeling rail pads as a 'spring and viscous dashpot in parallel' seems to be a very practical means for the railway industry. The parameters can be obtained conveniently, and this model is often applied to various studies on vertical vibrations of railway tracks [1, 2, 6, 7] .

The parameters can be obtained conveniently, and this model is often applied to various studies on vertical vibrations of railway tracks.


In order to validate the algorithm for cardinality estimation of semantic queries presented here, we obtained two XML data sets using the eFetch utility from the Entrez Gene website maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Both datasets contains data from the Gene database; the dataset #1 contains data for a geneId of 2, while dataset #2 contains data for a sample set of six ATP-binding cassette transporter genes. Additionally, we also used an XML dataset obtained from a collection form in a mental health assessment system [15] . Each of these three datasets was odeled as an ontology in these cases, the data model of the ontology is equivalent to the ontology itself. Experimental analysis was then carried out over these models, to determine the validity of the cardinality estimation algorithm over both structural query pattern paths and value constraints.

Additionally, we also used an XML dataset obtained from a collection form in a mental health assessment system.


Within the respective SI classes, vasopressors were used more frequently in TBI patients. Regardless of the presence of TBI, vasopressors should be applied cautiously in addition to volume therapy to maintain the target arterial pressure [2] . In patients with a severe TBI a mean arterial pressure ≥ 80 mmHg is recommended while in bleeding Non-TBI patients a systolic blood pressure of 80-90 mmHg should be targeted [2] . This could explain the observed difference between both groups. The increased use of vasopressors influences directly the SI and the consequent SI class by raising the blood pressure. This might result in a false-low SI class and therefore in an underestimation of the extent of hypovolemic shock and the resulting transfusion requirements. However, the demonstrated comparison of applied blood products showed no differences within the respective SI classes (Fig. 1) . Therefore, the theoretically false-low SI class due to the use of vasopressors does not seem to influence the applicability of the proposed SI based classification in the rapid assessment of the need of blood products at ED admission. This study has limitations, as it is a retrospective study of register-data with all the shortcomings associated. We have to rely on recorded data and are not able to verify the validity. The administration of blood products and MT is based on clinicians' judgments rather than based on an objective measurement of haemorrhage. However, both parameters are well established and serve as surrogates for critical bleeding. We avoided formal statistical testing comparing TBI and Non-TBI patients within the respective SI classes, since due to the large sample size even minor differences would result in highly significant results. This might mislead to over-interpretation and a careful reflection of the differences between the observed groups regarding their clinical relevance is needed. In spite of these restrictions, we are confident that the SI based classification is a feasible tool to assess patients in hypovolemic shock and at risk for blood product transfusions.

Regardless of the presence of TBI, vasopressors should be applied cautiously in addition to volume therapy to maintain the target arterial pressure.

In patients with a severe TBI a mean arterial pressure ≥ 80 mmHg is recommended while in bleeding Non-TBI patients a systolic blood pressure of 80-90 mmHg should be targeted.


As a result of the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) caused by the Great East Japan earthquake on 11 March 2011, a large amount of radionuclides-such as cesium ( 134 Cs, 2.06-year half-life; 137 Cs, 30.2-year half-life) and iodine ( 131 I, 8.04-day half-life)-were released into the environment (Chino et al. 2011) . Of major concern is the presence of radiocesium ( 137 Cs), which has a long half-life and thus has a continuing presence in the environment. However, the long-term nuclide migration of 137 Cs in the environment is not well understood.

As a result of the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) caused by the Great East Japan earthquake on 11 March 2011, a large amount of radionuclides-such as cesium ( 134 Cs, 2.06-year half-life; 137 Cs, 30.2-year half-life) and iodine ( 131 I, 8.04-day half-life)-were released into the environment.


To overcome the above deficiencies, nonlinear acoustoultrasonics has been increasingly attempted, to take advantage of the nonlinear features of AU waves associated with fatigue damage. This has been motivated by the fact that dislocations of a fatigue crack give rise to nonlinearity, shifting the incident AU wave energy from the excitation frequencies to other frequency bands. The key approaches can be grouped into three categories in general: (1) based on high-order harmonic or sub-harmonic generation Fatigue damage causes a certain shift of incident AU wave energy from the driving to other frequency bands, leading to sub-harmonic or high-order harmonic generation [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . In particular, second harmonic generation has been widely used because the nonlinear effects at the third or higher-orders are often imperceptible. By scrutinizing either sub-harmonic or high-order harmonic generation, the existence of fatigue damage can be detected.

The key approaches can be grouped into three categories in general: (1) based on high-order harmonic or sub-harmonic generation Fatigue damage causes a certain shift of incident AU wave energy from the driving to other frequency bands, leading to sub-harmonic or high-order harmonic generation.


Amongst various types of NDE and SHM, acoustoultrasonics, a combination of acoustic-emission and ultrasonic characterization, has proven its effectiveness in achieving a reasonable compromise among resolution, practicality and detectability [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Of particular interest are Lamb waves, acousto-ultrasonic (AU) waves confined in thin sheet-like structures. Possessing features including strong penetration, fast propagation, omnidirectional dissemination and high sensitivity to damage, Lamb waves have been intensively employed to develop diverse acousto-ultrasonics-based NDE and SHM [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . Most existing approaches rely substantially on linear macroscopic wave scattering (e.g., wave attenuation, reflection, transmission or mode conversion) upon the incident waves interacting with damage. They can be used to evaluate gross damage (e.g., through-hole, open crack or void) with dimensions comparable to the AU wavelength.

Amongst various types of NDE and SHM, acoustoultrasonics, a combination of acoustic-emission and ultrasonic characterization, has proven its effectiveness in achieving a reasonable compromise among resolution, practicality and detectability.

Possessing features including strong penetration, fast propagation, omnidirectional dissemination and high sensitivity to damage, Lamb waves have been intensively employed to develop diverse acousto-ultrasonics-based NDE and SHM.


Limitations of our study relate to the thermodilution technique. Even with extended isolation of the set-up, volumes were overestimated using thermodilution. The pressure wires are normally used in coronary arteries to measure flow with thermodilution. These wires are very thin and ideal in our in-vitro set-up but not used for larger blood volume measurement. Thus, this correlation cannot be extrapolated in-vivo. Further research will be needed to compare CEUS and evaluate the margin of error with clinically used thermodilution methods for volume measurement, such as PiCCO® (Pulsion Medical Systems, Munich, Germany), and to estimate its value as a minimally-invasive and bedside-applicable technique in the ICU and operating room [3, 30] .

Further research will be needed to compare CEUS and evaluate the margin of error with clinically used thermodilution methods for volume measurement, such as PiCCO® (Pulsion Medical Systems, Munich, Germany), and to estimate its value as a minimally-invasive and bedside-applicable technique in the ICU and operating room.


The performance of our model during this exercise, while somewhat encouraging, may not predict performance in future influenza seasons. The 2015-2016 influenza season was atypical relative to other recent influenza seasons, with a late start and relatively low impact [20] . The mechanisms underlying these atypical dynamics are not clear, but better understanding of the impact of between-season variation in predominating circulating strain, and vaccine match and uptake, may in turn permit more accurate and timely model projections. This project focused on the ability to forecast influenza epidemics in real time, but better understanding of factors influencing model performance will likely also need to include historical data from well characterized influenza seasons, and we are currently engaged in such work.

The 2015-2016 influenza season was atypical relative to other recent influenza seasons, with a late start and relatively low impact.


Given the fact that LANs are extremely cost-sensitive, to significantly reduce the OOFDM transceiver cost, the use of directly modulated vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (DM-VCSELs) in OOFDM transceivers is of great importance for practical implementation, since, in addition to their low-cost and low power consumption due to small threshold currents applied, VCSELs also have unique properties such as high reliability, long lifetime, easy packaging and testing [10] - [12] . Moreover, the availability of multiwavelength and multidimensional VCSEL arrays may further improve, in a cost-effective manner, the network flexibility and scalability. The significant challenge associated with DM-VCSEL-based legacy MMF systems is low modulation bandwidths of commercially available VCSELs and the very narrow system frequency responses of legacy MMF systems, both of which can, however, be exploited through the spectrally efficient and adaptive OOFDM modulation scheme [10] , [12] , [13] .

Given the fact that LANs are extremely cost-sensitive, to significantly reduce the OOFDM transceiver cost, the use of directly modulated vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (DM-VCSELs) in OOFDM transceivers is of great importance for practical implementation, since, in addition to their low-cost and low power consumption due to small threshold currents applied, VCSELs also have unique properties such as high reliability, long lifetime, easy packaging and testing.

The significant challenge associated with DM-VCSEL-based legacy MMF systems is low modulation bandwidths of commercially available VCSELs and the very narrow system frequency responses of legacy MMF systems, both of which can, however, be exploited through the spectrally efficient and adaptive OOFDM modulation scheme.


How to understand the Cauchy problems (1.7)-(1.9) and their well-posedness? There are several difficulties already at the fundamental level for such problems: first of all, in general, impossibility of multiplying distributions due to the famous Schwartz' impossibility result [38] . Second, even if we could somehow make sense of the product aq being a distribution by, e.g. imposing wave front conditions, we would still have to multiply it with u(t, x) which, a priori, may also have singularities in t, thus leading to another multiplication problem. Moreover, another difficulty [for the global in space analysis of (1.7)] is that the coefficients of H increase in space thus leading to potential problems at infinity if we treat the problem only locally.

There are several difficulties already at the fundamental level for such problems: first of all, in general, impossibility of multiplying distributions due to the famous Schwartz' impossibility result.


This review has shed light on: (1) the complexity of GABAergic neurotransmission and its development, (2) the control of brain development from early neuronal sculpting to adult neurogenesis conferred by GABAergic neurotransmission, (3) the transcriptional regulation of GABAergic neurons in prenatal state, and more comprehensively (4) important epigenetic regulatory marks of GABAergic neurotransmission [26, 42, 133] . The paper then discussed the potentials of epigenetic marks as the therapeutic targets in the treatment of neurological disorders [134, 135] . Due to its conserved nature and wide range of functions during neurogenesis, it is not surprising that the GABA neurotransmission is highly regulated, genetically and epigenetically, during the development as well as the postnatal stage. GABAergic neuron formation and migration are mediated by different sets of transcription factors in certain brain regions, including the Dlx family, TAL1/2, GATA and Pfta1 [42] . Additionally, in the postnatal stage of brain development, there are various epigenetic modulations involved in GABAergic neurotransmission such as DNMT-mediated methylation that causes transcriptional silencing and histone modification marks that increase or decrease gene expressions. Studies on neurological disease mice models and SZ, ASD and Rett's syndrome patients show disruptions in these epigenetic modifications, including an increased expression of the gene silencing epigenetic mark H3K27me, mutations in MeCP2 or a blockade of the SET domain in MeCP2. These deregulations result in a decreased expression of important GABAergic genes, including GAD1, BDNF and RELN, and cause disturbance of normal GABAergic neurotransmission and normal brain development, including synaptic plasticity and neuronal integrations.

This review has shed light on: (1) the complexity of GABAergic neurotransmission and its development, (2) the control of brain development from early neuronal sculpting to adult neurogenesis conferred by GABAergic neurotransmission, (3) the transcriptional regulation of GABAergic neurons in prenatal state, and more comprehensively (4) important epigenetic regulatory marks of GABAergic neurotransmission.

The paper then discussed the potentials of epigenetic marks as the therapeutic targets in the treatment of neurological disorders.

GABAergic neuron formation and migration are mediated by different sets of transcription factors in certain brain regions, including the Dlx family, TAL1/2, GATA and Pfta1.


Vegetable amaranths are very popular in Indonesia (Grubben 1994) . They are frequently traded in Indonesian traditional markets and are ranked as the third most-consumed leafy vegetables after 'kangkong' (Ipomoea aquatica Forsskal; further referred as 'kangkong') and cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta) (Maulana and Sayaka 2007) . They are commonly sold in bundles of 10-20 plants and can be harvested within 3 weeks, with a yield ranging from 2 to 5 tonnes ha -1 per harvest season (Hadisoeganda 1996) . Approximately 65,723 and 152,334 tonnes of amaranths were produced in 2000 and 2010, respectively (Indonesian Central Statistic Bureau, cited in December 2011 at http://www.bps.go.id). Amaranths are considered as economically important in Indonesia, as they allow rapid income generation and support small farmers' livelihood.

Vegetable amaranths are very popular in Indonesia.

They are frequently traded in Indonesian traditional markets and are ranked as the third most-consumed leafy vegetables after 'kangkong' (Ipomoea aquatica Forsskal; further referred as 'kangkong') and cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta).

They are commonly sold in bundles of 10-20 plants and can be harvested within 3 weeks, with a yield ranging from 2 to 5 tonnes ha -1 per harvest season.


Despite their popularity in Indonesia, there has been no efforts to improve the nutritional value and productivity of A. tricolor L. as the major cultivated vegetable species. Its average protein content in general is approximately 12 % (Shukla et al. 2010) . Moreover, the yield noted with leaf production per plant is quite low when compared with other vegetables available in Indonesia; such as cassava and ''kangkong'' leaves (Wargiono et al. 2002; Westphal 1994) . Indonesia is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot in the tropics, and many varieties of amaranths (e.g., vegetable, weedy, and ornamentals) exist. Thus, weedy amaranths bear great potential as good resources for nutritional enhancement as some A. blitum L. was reported to have as much as 38 % protein (Grubben 2004) . Moreover, many weedy types showed a great deal of variation with favorable crop morphology (high leaf number, many branches). In the remote highland areas of Takengon in Sumatra, local people have utilized some weedy types closely resemble with the vegetable amaranths as famine food, while the other types have been used as traditional medicine (personal communication). Thus, taking into account the gaps in knowledge of the extent of the Indonesian resources, a thorough assessment of these with the rest of the accessions with regard to nutritional and agronomic features is urgently required.

Its average protein content in general is approximately 12 %.

Moreover, the yield noted with leaf production per plant is quite low when compared with other vegetables available in Indonesia; such as cassava and ''kangkong'' leaves.

Thus, weedy amaranths bear great potential as good resources for nutritional enhancement as some A. blitum L. was reported to have as much as 38 % protein.


Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-most commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide [1] . Colorectal adenoma is a premalignant lesion, and removal of these adenomas can reduce mortality rates associated with CRC [2] . It is important to identify individuals who have a high risk for CRC. Interestingly, cardiovascular disease (CVD) shares common risk factors with CRC, such as old age, cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle, high-fat diet, and presence of metabolic syndrome. Recently, many studies have reported the significant association between CVD and CRC [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Carotid artery disease has been associated with CVD and an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events [8, 9] . Carotid artery sonography has been commonly used as a noninvasive test that can predict the risk of CVD and may be another test for the identification of these risk factors. Intima-media thickness (IMT) of the internal carotid artery (ICA) reportedly adds value to the Framingham risk score [10] . Measuring carotid IMT (CIMT) has been shown to predict CV risk in multiple large studies. Carotid plaque is a more powerful predictor of CV risk compared with CIMT alone [11] . Furthermore, adding a thick CIMT to carotid plaque increases the prognostic power for cardiac events [12] . The aim of this study was to analyze the association between carotid atherosclerosis and colorectal adenoma as a risk factor for CRC based on screening colonoscopy and carotid artery sonography findings.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-most commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide.

Colorectal adenoma is a premalignant lesion, and removal of these adenomas can reduce mortality rates associated with CRC.

Recently, many studies have reported the significant association between CVD and CRC.

Carotid artery disease has been associated with CVD and an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events.

Intima-media thickness (IMT) of the internal carotid artery (ICA) reportedly adds value to the Framingham risk score.

Carotid plaque is a more powerful predictor of CV risk compared with CIMT alone.

Furthermore, adding a thick CIMT to carotid plaque increases the prognostic power for cardiac events.


Engine pistons were regarded as an important part of an engine, and new geometries, materials, and manufacturing techniques are always being proposed for pistons [13] . Notwithstanding these studies, a huge number of damaged pistons were reported, among which thermal fatigue and mechanical fatigue played an important role and was analysed by Silva. Stresses at the piston crown and pin holes, as well as stresses at the grooves and skirt as a function of land clearances were presented. Thermal fatigue cracks were easy to identify as some visible fatigue cracks on the areas with cyclic thermal gradients could be seen on brake disks and other components. Two reasons were considered through which thermal gradients act on stressed, i.e., vertical distribution of the temperature along the piston, and temperature difference at the head of the piston due to the flow of the hot air or fuel impingement [13] .

Engine pistons were regarded as an important part of an engine, and new geometries, materials, and manufacturing techniques are always being proposed for pistons.

Two reasons were considered through which thermal gradients act on stressed, i.e., vertical distribution of the temperature along the piston, and temperature difference at the head of the piston due to the flow of the hot air or fuel impingement.


Use of the rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for perineal defects was first described in 1984 [4] . This flap, supplied by the inferior epigastric artery, reaches any defect of approximately 25 cm from the groin such as those of the perineum, sacrum and vagina [5] . The rectus abdominis flap, which is voluminous and well-vascularized, is easily accessed through a midline incision. Perineal wound complications after reconstruction using the rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap have been reported as being from 0 to 30% [6] . In addition, preoperative chemoradiation has been reported as a negative factor for perineal wound complications.

Use of the rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for perineal defects was first described in 1984.

This flap, supplied by the inferior epigastric artery, reaches any defect of approximately 25 cm from the groin such as those of the perineum, sacrum and vagina.

Perineal wound complications after reconstruction using the rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap have been reported as being from 0 to 30%.


Our findings also reveal more about the nature of civic and political activities that Black youth engage in throughout adolescence and young adulthood. Among our sample, only 15% of participants had no civic or political engagement within 12 months prior to survey administration and over 4% of youth had completed at least half of all possible civic activities that were probed. This finding is encouraging, as this indicates a high rate of civic participation and political interest among Black youth. Even more, there was considerable variation in the types of civic engagement that Black youth pursued. The most popular mode of civic engagement was talking with family and friends about politics, with over 69% of all participants engaged in that activity. Similarly, half of the participants had participated in volunteer community service work. Other frequent modes of civic engagement included petitioning and blogging or emailing about political issues. Most notably, almost a fourth of all Black youth in this study had engaged in boycotting. Boycotting is an economic boycott against companies and products that do not align with one's social or political values. Thus, a substantial amount of Black youth are asserting monetized social and political control and voicing political opinion through fiscal decision making. There were also differences in civic engagement between adolescents (15-17 years old) and young adults (18-25 years old). Overall, adolescents participated in more civic activities than young adults did. This was surprising, given that young adults have more autonomy over their time and can make active decisions to participate, where adolescents may need parent consent or facilitated opportunities to participate. One of the most surprising findings was that adolescents protested and engaged in boycotts more than young adults. Young adults, on the other hand, contacted public officials more than adolescents. Our work shows that even prior to the age of voting eligibility adolescents are interested in and engaging sociopolitical systems. These findings support the growing body of research that is investigating early predictors of civic engagement, beginning in childhood and early adolescents. These scholars suggest that one particularly important developmental transition period for civic development is during early adolescence-generally between the end of elementary school and the beginning of high school, between the ages of 10 and 14 years old (Eckstein, Noack, & Gniewosz, 2012; Mitra & Serriere, 2012) .

These scholars suggest that one particularly important developmental transition period for civic development is during early adolescence-generally between the end of elementary school and the beginning of high school, between the ages of 10 and 14 years old.


Our findings also suggest the importance of civic education in relation to civic engagement. Youth who reported taking a civics course during high school were involved in more civic and political activities, ranging from voluntary community service work, political discussions and campaigning, to boycotting. This is promising, as it suggests that mere presence of civic education has a positive association with civic engagement. However, it is noteworthy that approximately 40% of our sample reported not receiving any civics education. According to the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning & Engagement (CIRCLE), all 50 states and the District of Columbia have social studies standards than include topics of power, authority, and government, but only 42 have a standard of real-world application and only nine states have an assessment requirement (Godsay et al., 2012) . While 48 states (as well as the District of Columbia) have a social studies requirement for graduation, only 40 states specify that an American government or civics course fulfill that requirement. Given the emphasis on literacy and math in standardized tests, social studies have been demoted with regard to curricular decisions; however, it is clear from this work that lack of civic education is meaningful contributor to decreases in civic engagement among Black youth.

According to the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning & Engagement (CIRCLE), all 50 states and the District of Columbia have social studies standards than include topics of power, authority, and government, but only 42 have a standard of real-world application and only nine states have an assessment requirement.


Sout and Murray originally described hemangiopericytoma (HPC) as a distinct entity in 1942. The medical community has long presumed that HPC originates from the pericytes of Zimmeran [1] . Therefore, HPC can occur anywhere throughout the body, but most frequently occurs in the lower extremities, pelvic fossa, and retroperitoneum [2] . Accounting for only 0.2% of intracranial neoplasms, intracranial HPC remains a rare event.

The medical community has long presumed that HPC originates from the pericytes of Zimmeran.

Therefore, HPC can occur anywhere throughout the body, but most frequently occurs in the lower extremities, pelvic fossa, and retroperitoneum.


The linear model that omits the initial leaf mass proved more suitable in explaining the variance of our data and predicting the persistence time of leaves in water. The exponential model predicts a much longer persistence than we have observed. The exponential model better predicts the breakdown only when fine mesh bags are used (Bedford, 2004; Gulis et al., 2006) .

The exponential model better predicts the breakdown only when fine mesh bags are used.


Compared to the linear cases, the chemotactic system with degenerate diffusion and chemotactic sensitivity is more complex and challenging. Since the first equation of (1) As we all know, for random walk equations, u(x, t) > 0 for t > 0 and any x ∈ R N , thus a linear diffusion process predicts a non-zero number of the tumour cells for arbitrarily large displacements at arbitrarily small time, namely, the underlying propagation speed is infinite [20] . This means that these models are valid for large time and describe the dynamics of tumour cells when they spread to all parts of body. Since most cancers develop at one anatomical site as primary tumour and then go on to metastasis, it is vital to study the mechanism of tumour cell migration at the early stage of cancer development when tumour progression begins and proceed to yield a cancerous mass [32] .

Since the first equation of (1) As we all know, for random walk equations, u(x, t) > 0 for t > 0 and any x ∈ R N , thus a linear diffusion process predicts a non-zero number of the tumour cells for arbitrarily large displacements at arbitrarily small time, namely, the underlying propagation speed is infinite.

Since most cancers develop at one anatomical site as primary tumour and then go on to metastasis, it is vital to study the mechanism of tumour cell migration at the early stage of cancer development when tumour progression begins and proceed to yield a cancerous mass.


Knowing the instantaneous load profile is equally important as knowing the weather parameters of each component in order to identify the actual operating temperature history and therefore being able to determine the cable ageing. Therefore, real-time line ratings or time varying thermal ratings (TVTR) have been investigated by different researchers [3, [6] [7] [8] . However, studies have mainly focussed on overhead lines as a single component with limited considerations on the impacts on an entire system. There is one study that examines the impact of DTR on wide network performance but dwells on bare overhead lines in transmission systems [18] . Furthermore, studies considering the loadability levels, which the operator can implement during contingent situations, consider "pseudo TVTR" which is based on current instead of temperature as the limiting parameter and ignore the heat capacity of the component.

Therefore, real-time line ratings or time varying thermal ratings (TVTR) have been investigated by different researchers.

There is one study that examines the impact of DTR on wide network performance but dwells on bare overhead lines in transmission systems.


To increase mechanical protection and more importantly allow more circuits to share a common trench, UGCs are often installed in duct banks. These duct systems are made of different types of materials having different thermal resistivity from the surrounding native soil affecting the heat dissipation and in extension the ampacity of the buried cable. Total thermal resistance of the cabling system is also affected by the characteristics of the backfill, installation depth, the position of the cables as well as the instantaneous load profile [1] .

Total thermal resistance of the cabling system is also affected by the characteristics of the backfill, installation depth, the position of the cables as well as the instantaneous load profile.


Probabilistic assessment methods and risk analysis during contingent situations have been successfully utilized to examine the relative merits of alternative schemes for distribution networks planning and operation. This also includes cases without any reinforcements [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . Probabilistic network analysis is used to identify the risk of feeder failures based on acceptable maximum power interruptions in a year due to cable repairs and in order to develop a cable replacement policy [14] . Another study utilises the cable failure risk based on the contribution of a cable failure probability and the expected energy loss of the failure [13] . However, in most cases analyses do not consider the plant properties but rather only the fixed cable properties. This paper proposes a method for assessing the operational reliability of a network by utilizing network's operating loading profiles and properties along with network's components properties. The use of this methodology allows assessing the reliability of a cabled distribution network based on a proposed risk of cable ageing index (RCAI). The overall goal is to provide a new reliability assessment technique that allows evaluating the status of most critical cables of the network assuming an all cables distribution network based on temperatures rather than currents for planning decisions.

This also includes cases without any reinforcements.

Probabilistic network analysis is used to identify the risk of feeder failures based on acceptable maximum power interruptions in a year due to cable repairs and in order to develop a cable replacement policy.

Another study utilises the cable failure risk based on the contribution of a cable failure probability and the expected energy loss of the failure.


We have voluntarily limited the number of explanatory variables derived from the DTM to six. This has focused attention on a small number of topographic variables accounting for temperature. However, other variables could have been introduced into the analyses, such as the north-south (cosine) and east-west (sine) components of hillslope aspect, distance to the nearest ridgeline, distance to the nearest thalwegs. Statistics show that these additional variables sometimes play a part in the spatial distribution of temperatures. But often it is not easy to derive any physical interpretation from them [9] . Their inclusion in this study would have clouded the results in many instances, although they can be usefully included in interpolation models where the aim is to exploit the maximum number of significant variables.

But often it is not easy to derive any physical interpretation from them.


Postulating the classical Lagrangian of the Standard Model in rigid Minkowski spacetime proved to be a very efficient starting point for computing quantum corrections. However, beyond this Standard Model, theories sometimes admit a gravitational origin. In particular, considering N = 1 supergravity models in dimension d = 4, where local supersymmetry is spontaneously broken in flat space, and restricting the Lagrangians to the relevant operators gives renormalizable classical field theories in rigid Minkowski spacetime, where supersymmetry is softly broken [1] . In that case, consistency of the picture should imply the possibility to commute the order of the above operations, namely first computing quantum corrections and then decoupling gravity.

In particular, considering N = 1 supergravity models in dimension d = 4, where local supersymmetry is spontaneously broken in flat space, and restricting the Lagrangians to the relevant operators gives renormalizable classical field theories in rigid Minkowski spacetime, where supersymmetry is softly broken.


Similarly, positive relation of growth can be explained through trade-off theory that argued that during high growth periods, firms deploy less debt due to increasing risk. On the contrary pecking order theory postulates that during high growth opportunities, internal funds become insufficient and firms deploy more debt to get benefits from available opportunities (Köksal & Orman, 2015) . The trade-off theory also postulates positive relation of tangibility as more tangible firms can deploy more debt to gain tax benefits at low cost by using their assets as collateral. However, pecking order theory postulates that high tangible firms contain less asymmetric information that makes the equity finance as more feasible option (Harris & Raviv, 1990) . Trade off theory also predicts that in case of availability of alternative tax shield such as depreciation, firms deploy less debt to gain tax benefits (Ghosh et al., 2011) . Table 2 provides the results of these determinants. One can find positive and negative relation of size and liquidity in most of developing countries. This implies that in general, larger firms are deploying more debt while more liquid firms are doing conversely in developing countries. It is because larger firms contain less asymmetric information and get better access to the debt market. However, more liquid firms contain more internal funds that are used as first preferred financing option. So, better access to the debt market and available internal funds can be the reason of positive and negative relation of size and liquidity respectively. Conversely, growth, tangibility and non-debt tax shield are showing more variations among different developing countries. So, it is difficult to draw general conclusion about these three determinants in case of developing economies.

On the contrary pecking order theory postulates that during high growth opportunities, internal funds become insufficient and firms deploy more debt to get benefits from available opportunities.

However, pecking order theory postulates that high tangible firms contain less asymmetric information that makes the equity finance as more feasible option.

Trade off theory also predicts that in case of availability of alternative tax shield such as depreciation, firms deploy less debt to gain tax benefits.


The taxonomy of Euglossini is mostly based on the analysis of male traits (Roubik and Hanson 2004) . Detailed morphological revisions of male Euglossini have resulted in the discovery of several sibling and cryptic species (Oliveira and Nemésio 2003; Ramírez 2006; Rasmussen and Skov 2006; Nemésio and Bembé 2008; Hinojosa-Díaz et al. 2011 Nemésio and Engel 2012) . These types of revisions can make use of the additional information obtained from morphometric multivariate methods and molecular plus biochemical tools (Eltz et al. 2011; Pokorny et al. 2014) .

The taxonomy of Euglossini is mostly based on the analysis of male traits.

Detailed morphological revisions of male Euglossini have resulted in the discovery of several sibling and cryptic species.

These types of revisions can make use of the additional information obtained from morphometric multivariate methods and molecular plus biochemical tools.


A natural next step in this line of thought is to cut the maximum number of propagators which factorizes the amplitude into the simplest building blocks [5] . The most elementary case occurs when all factors are three-point amplitudes. As we will describe in a moment, these are rather special due to the particular features of threepoint kinematics. In this scenario we talk about on-shell diagrams [12] .

A natural next step in this line of thought is to cut the maximum number of propagators which factorizes the amplitude into the simplest building blocks.

In this scenario we talk about on-shell diagrams.


Perhaps the least surprising outcome of the study was that student-athletes who have experienced a coaching change are more likely to experience higher perceptions of psychological contract breach. Major organizational changes have been found to increase perceptions of psychological contract breach (Chaudhry et al., 2011; Freese et al., 2011) . In terms of an intercollegiate sports team, turnover at head coach can be considered a monumental change for student-athletes to endure. The goals and culture of the team may be altered, the role of student-athletes may be altered, and the new coach may have little or no knowledge of promises made by individuals who are no longer part of the team or staff.

Major organizational changes have been found to increase perceptions of psychological contract breach.


On the other hand the TL approximation cannot provide a complete solution for the excitation of a given wire configuration by an incident field if the wavelength of the electromagnetic field exciting a wire structure is comparable to or less than the transverse electrical dimensions of the structure. Namely, the TL model fails to predict resonances and accounts for the presence of a lossy ground only 2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation approximately [1] . One of the serious problems with TL approach occurs due to the fact that current grows to infinity at resonant points as there are no losses and radiation resistance to limit its flow [8] . The full wave approach, based on the wire antenna theory and related integral equations, is more rigorous and should be used whenever the aboveground transmission lines of the finite length are considered. However, a serious drawback of AT approach is rather long computational time required for the calculations pertaining to long lines. This paper deals with the analysis of electromagnetic field coupling to overhead wires in either frequency or time domain by using both antenna model and transmission line approach, respectively.

Namely, the TL model fails to predict resonances and accounts for the presence of a lossy ground only 2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation approximately.

One of the serious problems with TL approach occurs due to the fact that current grows to infinity at resonant points as there are no losses and radiation resistance to limit its flow.


Behavioral changes, canal compression (micro-CT measurement parameters), and changes of intraoperative CSEP are associated with histopathological changes. The histological findings in our study, including the loss of motor neurons of gray matter, demyelination and cavitation of white matter, were consistent with a previous study on chronic compression of spinal cord (Kraus, 1996) . There was similar functional and histological change in the rat model with the chronic compression of clinical patients. Our data indicate that this model results in chronic and precise thoracolumbar cord compression. The measurable deficits seen in neurological measurements will be useful for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of decompressive surgery and other treatment approaches. A novel animal model of chronic thoracolumbar spinal cord compression was created by progressive screw compression with a CT-compatible plastic screw. Changes in the dysfunction of the spinal cord, degree of canal compression, CSEP, neurobehavioral assessment, and histopathology were significant and progressive over time. This model is a clinically relevant useful animal model for investigating thoracolumbar spinal cord compression, which may provide experimental data for determining the time of surgical decompression.

The histological findings in our study, including the loss of motor neurons of gray matter, demyelination and cavitation of white matter, were consistent with a previous study on chronic compression of spinal cord.


A characteristic example of biomimetic actuation has been the Pneumatic Muscle Actuator (PMA), which is characterized by a decrease in the actuating length when pressurized, while possessing similar properties with those of the organic muscle, combined with several advantages as the ability to provide high power outputs, with relatively light weights and inherent compliance [4] . These characteristics are turning the PMA into a promising actuator choice in anthropometric technologies, while a variety of such applications have already been appeared in the literature [5] . Moreover, PMA meets the need for safety, simplicity and lightness that human-robot interaction requires and justifies its expanding utilization in medical and biorobotic applications.

A characteristic example of biomimetic actuation has been the Pneumatic Muscle Actuator (PMA), which is characterized by a decrease in the actuating length when pressurized, while possessing similar properties with those of the organic muscle, combined with several advantages as the ability to provide high power outputs, with relatively light weights and inherent compliance.

These characteristics are turning the PMA into a promising actuator choice in anthropometric technologies, while a variety of such applications have already been appeared in the literature.


Facing the distinct traffic-aware demand, we first develop optimal solutions for the simple case of one source node, both with single and multiple traffic flows. We show that the general form of the deployment problem however is quite difficult. Indeed, even without traffic considerations, the relay node deployment problem is already NP-hard with heuristics being developed [27] . Unfortunately, our analysis shows that their approaches are far from optimized in our scenario. To this end, we show that the general problem can be transformed into a generalized euclidean Steiner Minimum Tree (ESMT) problem and develop a hybrid algorithm that successfully returns optimal results with all test cases that can be verified within acceptable time frames. Nevertheless, we face further challenges as the solution of ESMT is in the continuous domain and may yield fractional numbers of relay nodes. We show that a simple rounding of the solution may result in significant degradation of the performance. We then develop algorithms for discrete relay node assignment, together with local adjustments that yield high-quality practical solutions.

Indeed, even without traffic considerations, the relay node deployment problem is already NP-hard with heuristics being developed.


For the past two decades, concrete encased steel columns are used in tall buildings. They have the rigidity and stiffness of concrete, as well as, the strength and ductility of the steel section. They also reduce the cross sectional dimensions which in turn makes them more slender and easy to erect. Composite columns can be classified as either hollow sections filled with concrete or steel sections encased in concrete. The latter one is considered in this paper. It offers high strength, ductility, fire protection for the steel section, and simplified beam to column connections. Different methods for the design of composite columns exist in codes of practice [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . A composite column may be treated in some methods as a steel column strengthened by concrete. On the other hand, it may be treated as a reinforced concrete column with special reinforcement. Furthermore, the strength of a composite column may be evaluated as the sum of strengths of both components, concrete and steel reinforcements. Existing code differences may be attributed to difference in design philosophy; i.e., strain distribution and compatibility. This discrepancy is referring to the differences in allowable material properties, limiting dimensions and safety factors [6] [7] [8] .

Different methods for the design of composite columns exist in codes of practice.

This discrepancy is referring to the differences in allowable material properties, limiting dimensions and safety factors.


Many studies show that transmission control protocol (TCP) cannot perform well in multi-hop ad hoc networks [1] [2] [3] . This is because TCP cannot allow the source node to quickly learn the exact congestion situation in wireless networks so that no proper action can be taken immediately to both ongoing and released congestions. Moreover, some characteristics of wireless networks, such as unreliable radio links, shared media, and terminal mobility, cause some networking functions such as routing to perform poorly, which further degrades TCP performance.

Many studies show that transmission control protocol (TCP) cannot perform well in multi-hop ad hoc networks.


There are two main control strategies for flexible mechanical systems. These can be classified as feed-forward (open-loop) and feedback (closed-loop) control schemes. The feedback control strategies use measurements and estimations of the system states to eliminate vibrations. Mostly, feedback control systems can be expensive and difficult to implement, as they require the system to be equipped with sensors. Furthermore, they can require significant computing power and raise the possibility of unstable system behaviour [1] . Feed-forward techniques for vibration suppression involve developing the control input through consideration of the physical and vibrational properties of the system so that system vibrations at response modes are reduced. This method does not require any additional sensors or actuators and does not account for changes in the system once the input is developed [2] .

Furthermore, they can require significant computing power and raise the possibility of unstable system behaviour.

This method does not require any additional sensors or actuators and does not account for changes in the system once the input is developed.


According to Central Statistical Offi ce of Poland (CSO) data, SME sector enterprises operating in Poland generate almost three fourth of Polish GDP. Result at a level of 71.8% in 2011, after a small drop in share in 2010, can mean a return to an upwards trend observed during the years 2006-2009. If we look at the enterprises' GDP share structure, it turns out that SME generate every second zloty (47.3%), including the smallest enterprisesevery third (29.4%). Medium entities' share is three times smaller (10.1%) than the one of micro enterprises, whereas, in case of small enterprises -almost four times (7.8%). In 2011, in comparison with 2010, the share of big companies in creating enterprises' GDP increased, whereas, the one of micro and medium enterprises -dropped, and in case of small ones -remained at a similar level [22] .

In 2011, in comparison with 2010, the share of big companies in creating enterprises' GDP increased, whereas, the one of micro and medium enterprises -dropped, and in case of small ones -remained at a similar level.


Preferences for particular sources decide on the choice between internal and external capital [28] . From the point of view of the enterprise's development, the ownership structure of the capital, including own and foreign capital, has a signifi cant meaning while selecting a fi nancing source. It has a crucial meaning in the context of possible decisions taken by the enterprise in order to obtain external fi nancing sources, credit rating assessment and others.

Preferences for particular sources decide on the choice between internal and external capital.


Despite the existence of RAS as a biomarker for selecting possible responders, one would require other predictive markers to select patients prone to experience a more robust clinical benefit [23] . Future perspectives for breaking of a patent protection applied to the reference MoAbs and the development of biosimilars with cheaper prices, could contribute a significant impact on the findings of this study as our sensitivity analysis indicates that our model is sensitive mainly to the drug costs. Until this occurs and while there is no evidence of better clinical outcomes, only a reduction in price by 60% for cetuximab and 55% for panitumumab could lead to favorable ICERs in the current Brazilian public health scenario.

Despite the existence of RAS as a biomarker for selecting possible responders, one would require other predictive markers to select patients prone to experience a more robust clinical benefit.


Finally, the pairwise approach may be considered computationally expensive. However, with modern technology, O(n 2 ) complexity (where n is the number of sentences in a document) is feasible. PTK is efficient and can be made faster with recent reverse kernel engineering work (Pighin and Moschitti, 2010; Pighin and Moschitti, 2009) .

PTK is efficient and can be made faster with recent reverse kernel engineering work.


In this article we consider the impact of changes in the relative weighting of two merit criteria in college admissions for equalizing educational opportunity and increasing diversity. We document the shifting meritocracyover time institutions have relied more heavily on standardized test scores to screen applicants. This shift occurred despite the mounting evidence that test scores have low predictive validity for future academic success, particularly when compared with performancebased measures like grades or class rank (Bridgeman et al. 2000; Camara and Echternacht 2000; Crouse and Trusheim 1988; Geiser and Studley 2002; Rothstein 2004; Stricker et al. 1991) .

This shift occurred despite the mounting evidence that test scores have low predictive validity for future academic success, particularly when compared with performancebased measures like grades or class rank.


All demographic groups participated in these changes, but disparities in college destinations persist. For both cohorts, white and Asian students were more likely than blacks and Hispanics to pursue postsecondary education. Hispanic high school graduates benefited from the expansion of two-year colleges-where nearly half enrolled in 1992-up from about 31 percent in 1982. That black students were most (Bennett and Xie 2003) .

That black students were most.


Here we note that even with the values in stoichiometry and the concentration of shallow acceptors remaining constant, that is, solely at the expense of an increase in the concentration of Zn, resistivity must rise in CZT compared with CdTe. We obtained additional data for analysing defects from deep-level PL. Fig. 5 depicts a typical PL spectrum from the middle of the ingot. We assume that there is an abundance of defects, such as VC,~, Tei and Teed, in CZT, as was predicted for CdTe crystals grown from a Te-rich melt [28] . Consequently, the concentrations of these defects should increase to the end of the crystal growth due to prevailing Cd evaporation from the melt [29] . While Teed is a deep donor with an electronic There are frequent assertions in the literature that the DoWAoX ratio is more than unity in spectroscopic-grade CZT [2] . The concentration of shallow-level impurities invariably is much greater than that of the deep ones; thus, the DoWAoX ratio more precisely reflects the deviation from stoichiometry. Materials in which the DoWAoX ratio is above unity are closer to stoichiometry than the typically grown low resistive p-CZT in which this relation is always very low. We suppose that a lesser deviation from stoichiometry establishes a nearly equal concentration of shallow donors and shallow acceptors, and, under such conditions, a lower concentration of the deep levels can stabilize the precise compensation condition.

We assume that there is an abundance of defects, such as VC,~, Tei and Teed, in CZT, as was predicted for CdTe crystals grown from a Te-rich melt.

Consequently, the concentrations of these defects should increase to the end of the crystal growth due to prevailing Cd evaporation from the melt.

While Teed is a deep donor with an electronic There are frequent assertions in the literature that the DoWAoX ratio is more than unity in spectroscopic-grade CZT.


The theory of Superunification also states that weightless QST penetrates all weighable (material) bodies. In this case, all weighable bodies represent an integral part of weightless QST. The body mass is formed as a result of the spherical deformation (bending according to Einstein) of weightless QST by elementary particles making up the body. In this case, the body mass represents an integral part of the elastic quantized medium, its energy cluster (Leonov, 2010a) .

In this case, the body mass represents an integral part of the elastic quantized medium, its energy cluster.


Leonov experimentally ascertained a ponderomotive (force) interaction between electromagnetism and gravity. Anti-gravity effects were discovered. According to the results of experimental studies, external fields can interact with the QST structure, resulting in stable anti-gravity effects. We can consider the outer space as an elastic super energy-dense medium having an electromagnetic structure with overall support and sufficient energy. We should learn how to interact with the medium and manage this interaction (Leonov, 1997) .

Anti-gravity effects were discovered.

We should learn how to interact with the medium and manage this interaction.


These changes will, however, be affected by complex human interactions and feedbacks which are difficult to forecast. In river systems that experience decreasing or more variable hydrological regimes, water withdrawals are likely to increase, further exacerbating the hydrologic changes (Alcamo et al., 2007; Kundzewicz et al., 2008) . Tropical regions predicted to suffer the greatest water stress for human populations include southern Mexico, northeastern Brazil, parts of northern and southern Africa, and India, driven particularly by increased human demands, with climate change a secondary factor that alleviates increased demand in some cases (Alcamo et al., 2007) . Important stressors that can act synergistically with climate change include population increases and urbanisation. These need to be considered in developing strategies for adaptation to climate change (Palmer et al., 2008) .

In river systems that experience decreasing or more variable hydrological regimes, water withdrawals are likely to increase, further exacerbating the hydrologic changes.

Tropical regions predicted to suffer the greatest water stress for human populations include southern Mexico, northeastern Brazil, parts of northern and southern Africa, and India, driven particularly by increased human demands, with climate change a secondary factor that alleviates increased demand in some cases.

These need to be considered in developing strategies for adaptation to climate change.


Post operative infection was also shown to be of prognostic value in patients undergoing surgery for osteosarcoma. A study of 412 patients with osteosarcoma has shown that the ten-year survival of 85% for patients with infection was significantly better compared to 62% in the non-infected group [10] . Controversially, this data could not be confirmed by another report on 31 infected patients out of a total cohort of 347 after matched control group analysis and the authors attributed positive effects of infection on survival to clinical characteristics of infected patients rather than to an anti-tumour effect of infection itself [11] . Our study did not find a significant impact of infection on survival (see Fig. 2 ). Patients with infection had even lower pre-operative CRP levels compared to noninfected patients (not significant; see Table 1 ), which leaves the impact of infection unclear.

A study of 412 patients with osteosarcoma has shown that the ten-year survival of 85% for patients with infection was significantly better compared to 62% in the non-infected group.

Controversially, this data could not be confirmed by another report on 31 infected patients out of a total cohort of 347 after matched control group analysis and the authors attributed positive effects of infection on survival to clinical characteristics of infected patients rather than to an anti-tumour effect of infection itself.


Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a radical but risky treatment for hematopoietic diseases. For HSCT, alkylating agent cyclophosphamide (CY) is one of the mainstay drugs, used in high doses during most conditioning regimens [1] . Recently, administration of posttransplantation CY (PTCy) in high doses has also been attracting attention as a novel strategy for preventing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) [2, 3] .

For HSCT, alkylating agent cyclophosphamide (CY) is one of the mainstay drugs, used in high doses during most conditioning regimens.

Recently, administration of posttransplantation CY (PTCy) in high doses has also been attracting attention as a novel strategy for preventing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).


It has been already conjectured in several studies that the characteristic contours in a P-UPS image are a unique encryption of the local elastic material properties [25, 26, 28, 29, [32] [33] [34] [35] . Nevertheless this statement has not yet been comprehensively investigated, nor verified, which immediately defines the scope of the present paper. We investigate numerically as well as experimentally the possibility to extract the local material characteristics from an amplitude recorded P-UPS.

It has been already conjectured in several studies that the characteristic contours in a P-UPS image are a unique encryption of the local elastic material properties.


Let us also comment that on the lattice we identify a contribution to the entanglement entropy, which arises due to the Gauss law constraint. This contribution given in eq. (6.28), goes like log(g), where g is the coupling constant of the theory, and is the analogue of a term known to arise in the toric code model for discrete gauge theories [26] . In turn, this contribution to the entanglement entropy gives rise to a term in the topological entanglement entropy, S top , eq. (6.28), although there are other contribution to S top as well, due to the presence of massless degrees of freedom.

This contribution given in eq. (6.28), goes like log(g), where g is the coupling constant of the theory, and is the analogue of a term known to arise in the toric code model for discrete gauge theories.


The entanglement entropy in the extended Hilbert space definition agrees with the electric centre choice [1, 3] . Other definitions for the entanglement can also be given, these will not agree with the replica trick path integral we have obtained. On the other hand, the extractable entanglement is physical , since it has an operational significance in terms of extractable Bell pairs. We also expect, for the same reasons, that the extractable entanglement is invariant under electro-magnetic duality.

The entanglement entropy in the extended Hilbert space definition agrees with the electric centre choice.


The findings of the review could briefly be summarized from three main perspectives. Firstly, climate change adaptation in Bangladesh is overwhelmingly viewed as a structural and technical approach ignoring its socio-cultural attachments with human and nature [46, 78] . As a result, EbA approaches are still an underappreciated measure throughout the decision making stages. Secondly, the findings highlight vast differences in adaptation priorities and understanding at national and sectoral level [79, 80] . EbA is certainly not a top priority of sectoral adaptation activities, evident in sectoral policies and projects. Thirdly, it appeared that policy makers at both national and sectoral levels remain uninformed and unaware regarding the potential of the EbA approach [14, 81] . This is why potential ESS scopes, e.g., DRR, urban and water, are often ignored or undervalued.

Firstly, climate change adaptation in Bangladesh is overwhelmingly viewed as a structural and technical approach ignoring its socio-cultural attachments with human and nature.

Secondly, the findings highlight vast differences in adaptation priorities and understanding at national and sectoral level.

Thirdly, it appeared that policy makers at both national and sectoral levels remain uninformed and unaware regarding the potential of the EbA approach.


Results reveal a significant discontinuation of EbA consideration at both policy formulation and implementation stages or horizontal mainstreaming level. In the current policy making system in Bangladesh, much of the sectoral development work is carried out by respective ministries and associated sectors through sectoral strategies and projects [75, 76] . Analysis of most vulnerable and pertinent sectors to EbA, i.e., agriculture, coastal, DRR, forestry, water, biodiversity, urban, wetland and livelihood sectors, revealed rather an unimpressive picture in terms of EbA mainstreaming. Except for the coastal sector, all other sectoral development policies trivially reflected the prospects of EbA, and, in many instances, completely ignored them. Adaptation projects at the implementation level, likewise, demonstrated even more conservative adaptation approaches preferring to invest more in hard approaches overlooking the EbA potentials. In addition, climate change adaptation and ecosystem approaches are seen as competing elements, and sectors, rather than complementing one another, which is identified as one of the major challenges to promoting EbA [77] .

In the current policy making system in Bangladesh, much of the sectoral development work is carried out by respective ministries and associated sectors through sectoral strategies and projects.

In addition, climate change adaptation and ecosystem approaches are seen as competing elements, and sectors, rather than complementing one another, which is identified as one of the major challenges to promoting EbA.


Globally, there are clear research gaps in understanding the governance and other social-ecological challenges to uptake and implement EbA approaches. Much of the research is still very much skewed to developing and evaluating different EbA techniques and technologies [82] . Therefore, the rarity of the published literature made it difficult to explain the reasons behind the slower pace of EbA mainstreaming. Horizontal mainstreaming, which is important to bring changes at sub-national and local levels, occurs at a considerably slower scale and pace than vertical mainstreaming at the national level. Reviews of existing adaptation literature on Bangladesh mainly pointed out three structural flaws of current adaptation policy making: (i) adaptation ideologies; (ii) policy making process; and (iii) awareness and mainstreaming.

Much of the research is still very much skewed to developing and evaluating different EbA techniques and technologies.


To address these challenges, hazardous materials transportation monitoring is required using lowcost, easy-deployment and long term monitoring devices. To this end, wireless sensor networks provide a promising solution to realize real-time transportation monitoring, multi-status coverage, on-site data processing, and rapid information delivery [6] . Specifically, WSNs can be easily deployed so that sensors are quickly and efficiently placed in the target area. After a wireless sensor network is deployed, the networked sensors can collaboratively collect real-time information such as pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and goods status.The gathered information is then preprocessed, aggregated/compressed, and transmitted to a remote control center, where sophisticated forecasting models can utilize this information to initiate corresponding pre-warnings.

To this end, wireless sensor networks provide a promising solution to realize real-time transportation monitoring, multi-status coverage, on-site data processing, and rapid information delivery.


Another unique feature of the local traffic is the fact that most drivers are not native and come from a wide spectrum of ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Currently, there are 3.9 million active driving licenses in Saudi Arabia, out of which 56% are for expatriate drivers [1] . Such heterogeneous driver population with different driving habits and linguistic communication problems adds to the severity of the congestion problem. Local traffic authorities are currently addressing the congestion problem by planning a massive mass transport system of underground networks. The local authorities are also trying to adopt the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) as a possible immediate means for mitigating the congestion problem. Variable Message Signs (VMS) is an ITS technique recently introduced in the country to inform the drivers about the instantaneous traffic conditions and to advise them how to cope with it. Usually, such effort enhances traffic operation and improves safety.

Currently, there are 3.9 million active driving licenses in Saudi Arabia, out of which 56% are for expatriate drivers.


Recent research into the causes of musty tastes and odours in the upper SLR have determined that both geosmin (5 to 20 ng/l) and MIB (10 to 60 ng/L) can be found during periods of musty-earthy taste events . MIB concentrations in the SLR are typically three to four times those of geosmin. Geosmin and MIB can be found in Eastern Lake Ontario but the predominant sources of these compounds appear to be in the river itself. Concentrations of both compounds were found to increase from the river mouth at Alexandria Bay, peak in the river near Brockville and decrease gradually near Cornwall in September in 1998 (Ridal et al. 2000) .

Concentrations of both compounds were found to increase from the river mouth at Alexandria Bay, peak in the river near Brockville and decrease gradually near Cornwall in September in 1998.


Topical therapy and phototherapy are first--line modalities for the management of PP and PPP. However, the majority of patients eventually require treatment with systemic medications [3] . Traditionally, agents such as oral retinoids, methotrexate, and cyclosporin have been utilized, but these medications carry risks of adverse effects that may limit their use in clinical practice.

However, the majority of patients eventually require treatment with systemic medications.


Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) investigations increasingly combine the measurement of multiple analytical signals as a function of probe position with post-facto computational analysis [1] . In a scan, the number of local signal measurements is usually much greater than the number of significantly distinct microstructural elements and this redundancy may be harnessed during analysis, for example by averaging signals over like regions to improve signal to noise. Unsupervised machine learning techniques automatically exploit data redundancy to find patterns with minimal prior constraints [2] . In analytical electron microscopy, such methods have been applied to learn representative signals corresponding to separate microstructural elements (e.g. crystal phases) and to unmix signals comprising contributions from multiple microstructural elements sampled along the beam path [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . These studies have primarily applied linear matrix decompositions such as independent component analysis (ICA) and non-negative matrix factorisation (NMF).

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) investigations increasingly combine the measurement of multiple analytical signals as a function of probe position with post-facto computational analysis.

Unsupervised machine learning techniques automatically exploit data redundancy to find patterns with minimal prior constraints.

In analytical electron microscopy, such methods have been applied to learn representative signals corresponding to separate microstructural elements (e.g. crystal phases) and to unmix signals comprising contributions from multiple microstructural elements sampled along the beam path.


The ability of Soldiers to perform duties while carrying backpack loads is important for the success of military operations. Biomechanics and physiology studies focused on walking gait have shed some light on the effects of carrying loads and the ability of the soldier to accomplish marches and perform duties (e.g., grenade throwing, weapon firing) after prolonged marching (Knapik, Harman, and Reynolds, 1996) . However, other facets of human movement, such as balance, may significantly affect the capability of Soldiers carrying loads to accomplish marches, negotiate obstacles, perform individual movement techniques, maneuver through Military Operations in Urbanized Terrain (MOUT) scenarios (e.g., climb stairs, execute quick turns, enter through windows), as well as throw objects and fire a weapon. Balance impairments may contribute to injury risk and interfere with a Soldier's ability to successfully accomplish mission tasks and duties.

Biomechanics and physiology studies focused on walking gait have shed some light on the effects of carrying loads and the ability of the soldier to accomplish marches and perform duties (e.g., grenade throwing, weapon firing) after prolonged marching.


A cross-sectional study (n = 521) in Taiwan reported similar findings. Specifically, nurses being under 30 or working nights increased the odds of verbal abuse, while bullying also correlated with anxiety. An association held between physical violence and reporters holding a bachelor's degree [11] . The prevalence of verbal abuse and physical violence came in at 51.4% and 19.6%, respectively.

An association held between physical violence and reporters holding a bachelor's degree.


Extinction of certain groups of plant species led to a higher biodiversity loss than expected by chance. However, the simulated loss of pollinators and dispersers led to different changes of plant phylogenetic and functional diversity, depending on the animal group extinguished. Evolutionary history can be preserved in the face of substantial species losses if extinction is random with respect to the phylogenetic position of species, but usually this is not the case (Purvis et al. 2000) . Extinction of species that belong to the same clade is one possible explanation to a higher loss of phylogenetic diversity than expected by chance (Purvis et al. 2000) . In this case, no closely related species remains in the phylogeny -a whole evolutionary branch is lost. Another process that could produce a great loss of phylogenetic diversity is the preferential loss of species with high originality values. Both processes mentioned above appear to explain the extinction patterns observed. The great loss of evolutionary history observed in the simulated extinction of beetle-pollinated plants may be explained by the loss of species (Annona crassiflora and Duguetia furfuracea) that belong to the same ancient family (Annonaceae), and thus contributed significantly to the phylogenetic diversity of the whole community. In our dataset, species of Annonaceae were amongst the most original (Appendix D). So in this case an entire clade composed of very original species was lost. The greater loss of phylogenetic diversity when moth-pollinated species were extinguished was mainly explained by the loss of closely related species (i.e. an entire clade comprised by all Apocynaceae and Strychnos pseudoquina), but also by the loss of Roupala montana, which had a high originality value ( Figure 1a , Table 1 ).

Evolutionary history can be preserved in the face of substantial species losses if extinction is random with respect to the phylogenetic position of species, but usually this is not the case.

Extinction of species that belong to the same clade is one possible explanation to a higher loss of phylogenetic diversity than expected by chance.


Layered silicates are made up from two basic building blocks: a sheet of edgesharing [SiO 4 ] units, the tetrahedral sheet, and another one of edge-sharing [MO 6 ] units, the octahedral sheet. Muscovite is a mica in which a charged layer results from the isomorphic substitution of silicon by aluminium in the tetrahedral sheet [1] . The structure of muscovite is depicted at the left of Fig. 1 . The figure at the right shows an illustration of the interlayer space of muscovite. It can be observed that both surfaces of the upper and lower tetrahedral sheets are formed by the basal oxygen atoms from the [SiO 4 ] tetrahedra, which form a rough hexagonal honeycomb structure. The interlayer balancing sheet is therefore sandwiched in between, potassium occupying the dimples left at the center of each pair of hexagonal cells. Each potassium ion is surrounded by six other potassium ions in the interlayer sheet with a ditrigonal symmetry. Essentially, in both clay minerals and mica, [SiO 4 ] tetrahedra are linked into infinite two-dimensional networks by sharing three oxygens.

Muscovite is a mica in which a charged layer results from the isomorphic substitution of silicon by aluminium in the tetrahedral sheet.


Our interest in this paper will be in the computability-theoretic properties of generics for the above forcing. A similar analysis for the special case when I consists just of the computable sets was undertaken by Cholak, Dzhafarov, Hirst, and Slaman [2] . As we shall see, this situation differs from the general one in a number of important ways. For instance, given a non-computable set A, it is always possible to choose a generic for Mathias forcing over the computable ideal that does not compute A. We characterize those sets A and ideals I that have this property, and construct ones that do not. Thus, we show there are ideals I over which every Mathias generic contains some common non-computable information.

A similar analysis for the special case when I consists just of the computable sets was undertaken by Cholak, Dzhafarov, Hirst, and Slaman.