Our purpose here is to apply the harmonic balance algorithm to the horizontally excited pendulum system such that we can examine the algorithm applicability on systems with chaotic whirling behavior and strong nonlinearity. Also, the single pendulum was investigated due to its simplicity in simulation and experiment verification. The identification method has been examined on smooth excitation single d. o. f. systems with simple nonlinearity [26] . However, the pendulum is a more complicated case, and the algorithm must be modified. In the following sections, the single pendulum system and the modified method will be introduced first. Pre-requirements of applying this method will be discussed, primarily regarding the phase plane reconstruction. In the last two sections, the simulation results will be presented and discussed.

The identification method has been examined on smooth excitation single d. o. f. systems with simple nonlinearity.


The proof by Raufi is rather sinuous and builds upon several tools from complex analysis and complex geometry. First he complexifies the problem, using C n in place of R n ; eventually he will use only functions that depend on the real parts of the variables. He introduces some complex "manifold", which is an (infinite dimensional) hermitian vector bundle (the fibers are weighted Bergman spaces) and reduces the problem to showing that this bundle has a negative Nakano curvature, extending to higher dimensions a result by Berndtsson [1] . He then introduces another bundle, with the help of Fourier transform , for which he needs to establish a vector valued description of Bergman spaces with log-concave weights over tube domains through Fourier transform; this step is probably of independent interest. The new bundle is isometric to the previous one, and finally, for this bundle, he proves the desired curvature estimate using vector valued versions of Hörmander's ∂-estimates. This long way brings several technical difficulties.

He introduces some complex "manifold", which is an (infinite dimensional) hermitian vector bundle (the fibers are weighted Bergman spaces) and reduces the problem to showing that this bundle has a negative Nakano curvature, extending to higher dimensions a result by Berndtsson.


Error is a single value indicating the difference between an individual measurement and the true quantity being measured. In practice, an observed measurement error is the difference between the observed value and a reference value (Ellison and Williams, 2012) . For measurement (x) of an arbitrary quantity (x), the observation can be expressed as x =x + ε x ± δ x , where ε x and δ x represent systematic (bias) and random errors, respectively. As far as possible, errors should be traced, and minimized when possible, and nevertheless accounted for by applying corrections, while resulting stochastic uncertainties associated with the precision of a measurement should be estimated and stated (Billesbach, 2011) . Measured fluxes are estimates of unknown quantities of air-surface exchange under field conditions and a reference technique for validating the estimates does not exist. Identified flux bias from side-by-side measurement was corrected for, while resulting uncertainties associated with the flux measurement were combined by standard Gaussian error propagation.

In practice, an observed measurement error is the difference between the observed value and a reference value.

As far as possible, errors should be traced, and minimized when possible, and nevertheless accounted for by applying corrections, while resulting stochastic uncertainties associated with the precision of a measurement should be estimated and stated.


However, this measure ignores certain dynamics of wayfinding [16] . For example, continuing straight at an intersection is arguably easier than turning left or right. These dynamics are reflected in Mark's measure of route complexity [21] . In this measure, slot values are attributed to wayfinding situations, depending on the complexity of an intersection (e.g., whether the intersection is a T-intersection or the convergence of six different streets) and the corresponding, possible actions (e.g., continuing straight or turning left). Higher slot values denote higher complexity.

However, this measure ignores certain dynamics of wayfinding.

These dynamics are reflected in Mark's measure of route complexity.


The latter is dominated by the former, however. Second, in about 75 percent of the firms, the controlling shareholders are involved in the firms' management as officers and directors. Also there are large number of firms that are totally controlled by a single family. In these firms, no other large shareholder exists who might perform monitoring activities. This type of firms accounts for about 34.81 percent of the firms in the sample (Wiwattanakantang, 1999) .

This type of firms accounts for about 34.81 percent of the firms in the sample.


Interoperability technology enables two or more organizations to participate in a workflow. The workflow crossing organizational boundaries is called interorganizational workflow, interworkflow for short [1] . The Workflow Management Coalition, WfMC for short, an international standardization organization on workflows, has given a protocol for interworkflows [2] . In the protocol, an interworkflow is constructed by connecting two or more existing workflows; and there are three models to connect those workflows: chained, nested, and parallel synchronized.

The workflow crossing organizational boundaries is called interorganizational workflow, interworkflow for short.

The Workflow Management Coalition, WfMC for short, an international standardization organization on workflows, has given a protocol for interworkflows.


The Perennial-GHG is a theoretical model that needs empirical data to be parametrized. Henceforth, most of the uncertainty and errors are linked with the variability of the empirical data and not with the model definition itself. Therefore, model uncertainty and sensitivity cannot be quantified in this paper because it depends on the existing empirical data. Most of our data sources did not show standard deviation of the empirical measurements, either for the biomass or decomposition values. For that reason, uncertainly was not specified and accounted for in this paper. Adding more empirical data and re-defining the parameters in a more precise way may improve the model and reduce uncertainty. Indeed, the Perennial-GHG model can be parametrized at farm level but this will require within-farm experiments and biomass measurements, which will incur additional costs. Additionally, it is important to bear in mind that GHGs from other overlooked sources, i.e. harvesting operations, machinery emissions, commodity transportation and storage or GHGs derived from plant reproduction, have been excluded in this analyses. To derive the total crop GHG balance, they should also be accounted for. As yield is not estimated in the model, for theoretical or research purposes crop-production models can be used to estimate yield, which can be then used as an input in the presented model. Examples of such models are the Miscanfor model for Miscanthus or the Yield-SAFE model for tree crops (van der Werf et al., 2007) .

Examples of such models are the Miscanfor model for Miscanthus or the Yield-SAFE model for tree crops.


Nevertheless we explore the consequences of the formulae for the index given by (1.5) and (1.6) in a significant number of examples and verify in many cases that the same result is obtained for both the electric and magnetic theories linked by Seiberg duality and its extensions, and hence develop the tests in [11] further. In general this requires non trivial identities for the group integrals in (1.6) for G and its dualG which are then equivalent to identities for q-hypergeometric elliptic integrals. In some cases the magnetic theory is such that the dual gauge groupG is trivial. The expression for the magnetic index then requires no group integration so that showing the index identity requires the evaluation of the integral defining the index in the electric theory.

Nevertheless we explore the consequences of the formulae for the index given by (1.5) and (1.6) in a significant number of examples and verify in many cases that the same result is obtained for both the electric and magnetic theories linked by Seiberg duality and its extensions, and hence develop the tests in further.


The situation when there is a superpotential, as in the Kutasov-Schwimmer case, is less clear. The operator spectrum is then constrained by equations of motion and the result for the index should be modified. Nevertheless we also verified that the naive formula for the index gave results which agreed in the large N limit and also showed that the leading finite N correction was also consistent. Perhaps physical considerations may suggest novel identities which have not yet been proved. Seiberg duality has been extended to a much wider class of N = 1 theories than those considered in this paper, including theories with exceptional gauge groups [24] .

Seiberg duality has been extended to a much wider class of N = 1 theories than those considered in this paper, including theories with exceptional gauge groups.


The rock covering thickness, a critical parameter to subaqueous tunnels, is no more than twice the tunnel span in general case [1] . Therefore, the subaqueous tunnel can be regarded as shallow-buried tunnel with ground load derived from the overlying water. Besides, effective reinforcement measures can substantially improve complex geological surrounding rock in mechanical properties such as continuity, homogeneity, and isotropy. For the abovementioned reasons, the solution of mechanical field for underwater tunnels can be simplified as a classical problem of an elastic half plane with a circular cavity, loaded arbitrarily on the horizontal boundary.

The rock covering thickness, a critical parameter to subaqueous tunnels, is no more than twice the tunnel span in general case.


Audiovisual telecommunication services like video on demand (VoD), Internet protocol television (IPTV), mobile television (MoTV), and videotelephony became broadly used multimedia services in the past two decades. In order to ensure a high level of user satisfaction, it is required to efficiently assess the quality of experience (QoE) with regard to the quality of service (QoS) through the variety of audiovisual services. The present study focuses on interactive video services like videotelephony and proposes to evaluate the audiovisual quality as subjectively perceived by the user. Perceived audiovisual quality stems from the cognitive processing of multi-sensory stimuli like the auditory and visual ones. In order to predict the quality of the perceived auditory and visual signals, instrumental models were developed. They are categorized depending on their inputs: parameterbased models use parameters from the application and the network layers; media-based models perform a quality analysis on the physical characteristics of the transmitted *Correspondence: ben.belmudez@gmail.com Quality and Usability Lab, Telekom Innovation Laboratories, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 7, Berlin 10587, Germany signal itself. Finally, hybrid models constitute a mixture of the media-based and bitstream-based models. For further information on the current state of the art on audio and video quality metrics, one can refer to exhaustive surveys on that particular topic [1] [2] [3] . The aforementioned models were developed in a passive paradigm and assume a single modality (audio or video).

For further information on the current state of the art on audio and video quality metrics, one can refer to exhaustive surveys on that particular topic.


The computational model is improved due to taking into account the torsional stiffness of the stiffener and the work done by the axial force in the stiffener. That makes it possible to represent, in a more accurate way, the actual stability behaviour of the thin-walled member section walls. The use of adopted deflection functions for the cantilever plate and the stiffener in the study allows the analysis of the distortional buckling of the plate -stiffener system, of the local buckling of the typical garland curves, as it is the case for m=0 [1, 14, 4, 9] . Therefore, the graphs do not unequivocally indicate the number of half-wavelengths of the reliable mode of local or distortional buckling which are generated over the length of the thin-walled bar segment.

The use of adopted deflection functions for the cantilever plate and the stiffener in the study allows the analysis of the distortional buckling of the plate -stiffener system, of the local buckling of the typical garland curves, as it is the case for m=0.


The computational model employed in the study, in which the degree of the wall elastic restraint and stress variation along the length of the thin-walled bar segment are taken into account, gives more accurate determination of the critical stress of the reliable buckling mode. That especially refers to cantilever plates with edge stiffener. For such plates, the reserves of the distortional critical resistance (i.e. critical resistance resulting from the condition of distortional buckling), which originate from the elastic restraint against rotation of the supported edge, are greater than for internal walls, elastically restrained on two sides, with intermediate stiffener [1, 9] .

For such plates, the reserves of the distortional critical resistance (i.e. critical resistance resulting from the condition of distortional buckling), which originate from the elastic restraint against rotation of the supported edge, are greater than for internal walls, elastically restrained on two sides, with intermediate stiffener.


In many load cases that are important from the technical standpoint, the stiffened flange of the supports that ensure the stiff section contour. A single or a double edge lip, or a welded stiffening element (e.g., a flat bar having the same or greater wall thickness) can act as a stiffener. In practice, such a flange can be analysed as a cantilever plate, elastically restrained against rotation, with the other edge stiffener which is susceptible to deflection [3, 4] .

In practice, such a flange can be analysed as a cantilever plate, elastically restrained against rotation, with the other edge stiffener which is susceptible to deflection.


It is believed that the development of these major failures will change the electrical and thermal behaviors of IGBTs. Therefore, if the variations of some electrical and thermal parameters of IGBTs can be monitored online accurately, the condition of the devices can be evaluated online and maintenance or replacement can be scheduled before a serious deterioration or breakdown occurs. It has been proposed to use the collector-emitter saturation voltage V CE(sat) , on-state resistance R ON , gate-emitter threshold gate voltage V GE(th) , and internal thermal resistance R th to monitor the degradation of IGBTs [4] , [5] . However, it is difficult or not cost-effective to measure these parameters accurately in real time for online monitoring of the health condition of IGBTs. For example, the V CE(sat) of an IGBT with a rated current of 1000 A has only approximately a 30 mV variation between healthy and degraded states. Accurately measuring V CE(sat) requires an additional complex circuit to generate a specific current, during which the IGBT has to be stopped [6] - [8] .

It has been proposed to use the collector-emitter saturation voltage V CE(sat) , on-state resistance R ON , gate-emitter threshold gate voltage V GE(th) , and internal thermal resistance R th to monitor the degradation of IGBTs.

Accurately measuring V CE(sat) requires an additional complex circuit to generate a specific current, during which the IGBT has to be stopped.


Power semiconductor devices are playing a more and more important role in modern industry. Among various power devices, the insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are dominant in the medium-and high-power applications because of their high input impedances and low on-state resistances. During the last two decades, the performance of IGBTs has been greatly improved. However, failures of IGBT modules are still one of the key reliability issues in modern power electronic systems [1] . Two major failure mechanisms observed in the IGBTs with the traditional direct bond copper (DBC) structure (see Fig. 1 ) are solder fatigue and bond wire wear-out. These failure mechanisms are caused by mismatch of the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of different materials in the chip package [2] . Particularly, bond wire damage is the root cause of most device failures, even though solder fatigue arises firstly in specific operating conditions [3] .

However, failures of IGBT modules are still one of the key reliability issues in modern power electronic systems.

These failure mechanisms are caused by mismatch of the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of different materials in the chip package.

Particularly, bond wire damage is the root cause of most device failures, even though solder fatigue arises firstly in specific operating conditions.


The different elements of these proof obligations have different origins, and thus different levels of trustworthiness, and a safety case should reflect this. The premises and the safety condition are inferred from the program by a trusted software component implementing the safety policy, and their construction can already be explained in a safety case [4] . In contrast, both the domain theory and the assumptions are manually constructed artifacts that require particular care. The main hazard that we address in the safety cases here, by making explicit the use of hypotheses, is the unintended introduction of logical inconsistencies that can be exploited by the ATPs to construct logically correct but vacuous proofs.

The premises and the safety condition are inferred from the program by a trusted software component implementing the safety policy, and their construction can already be explained in a safety case.


A fl uidized bed and spouted bed system are very important for the tar reduction. Because the contact effi ciency between tar and ash is high by blowing a gasifying agent, tar reduction by heterogeneous reaction also occur in these gasifi ers. The thermal decomposition and gasifi cation of biomass in a fi xed-bed system have been widely studied, but the heterogeneous reaction between tar and ash has not yet been studied [4] . The signifi cant catalytic effect of the ash can be evaluated using an experimental system that performs the heterogeneous reaction between tar and ash in a fl uidized bed gasifi er. It is well known that cellulose is a major component of wood and plant biomass [5] . Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine the thermal decomposition of cellulose by constructing an experimental device that performs the heterogeneous reaction in a fl uidized bed gasifi er. Since catalytic heterogeneous reaction of ash with tar was achieved, the thermal decomposition experiment of cellulose was carried out by adding the tar products to the ash contents. The yields of char were calculated from the results of the thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) experiment. The condensable products of tar were cooled down and collected in a test tube to measure the yields, and the yields of gas were measured by a gas chromatograph with a fl ame ionization detector (GC-FID) and a gas chromatograph with a thermal conductivity detector (GC-TCD). More detailed results in this study newly added the debate on the contents of the conference paper published in 4th International Conference on Energy and Sustainability [6] .

The thermal decomposition and gasifi cation of biomass in a fi xed-bed system have been widely studied, but the heterogeneous reaction between tar and ash has not yet been studied.

It is well known that cellulose is a major component of wood and plant biomass.

More detailed results in this study newly added the debate on the contents of the conference paper published in 4th International Conference on Energy and Sustainability.


The second contribution is the introduction of a new set of features to study the topological properties defined on the entire graph, i.e., global graph metrics. The global graph metrics provide information at the tissue level extending the local graph metrics that provide information at the cellular level [13] . In this work, the global metrics are used as the feature set, and artificial neural networks and Bayesian networks are used as the classifiers in the diagnosis of malignant glioma. These global graph metrics include the average degree, the clustering coefficient, the average eccentricity, the ratio of the giant connected component, the percentage of the end nodes, the percentage of the isolated nodes, the spectral radius, and the eigen exponent.

The global graph metrics provide information at the tissue level extending the local graph metrics that provide information at the cellular level.


In order to offer an alternative to the standard methods for calculating the chloride coefficient of diffusion for concrete, this paper presents a new procedure consisting of a new electrochemical test and a computational method. The principal aim of the paper is to present the theoretical basis of a new method. This new method consists of the experimental determination of the electrical current and the electrical membrane potential during a migration test similar to that proposed by ASTM C1202 [13] . The chloride transport related properties are determined with an integrated physical-neural network model. The computational model proposed uses the Nernst-Planck equation and accounts for the interaction of all the species involved by changing the membrane potential voltage in order to avoid any charge surplus inside the concrete sample. In addition, the model uses an artificial neural network to optimize the experimental results to calculate the chloride related properties. The validity of the new methodology was checked by comparing the chloride coefficients obtained from it with the chloride coefficients obtained with a traditional diffusion test.

This new method consists of the experimental determination of the electrical current and the electrical membrane potential during a migration test similar to that proposed by ASTM C1202.


The flavonoids present in mulberry leaves are a complex mixture containing a variety of compounds including rutin, quercetin, isolicorices, anthocyanins, and other flavonoids [8] . At present, the separation methods used to isolate flavonoids mainly include macroporous resin adsorption, silica gel column chromatography, ion exchange resin, and cellulose layer column methods [9] [10] [11] [12] . Macroporous resin adsorption has the advantages of a large specific surface area, high physical and chemical stability, a large adsorption capacity, and recyclability. Silica gel column chromatography has an advantage as the stationary phase is stable and does not easily decompose. Ion exchange resins have the advantages of a high exchange capacity, low regenerant consumption, and long service life.

The flavonoids present in mulberry leaves are a complex mixture containing a variety of compounds including rutin, quercetin, isolicorices, anthocyanins, and other flavonoids.

At present, the separation methods used to isolate flavonoids mainly include macroporous resin adsorption, silica gel column chromatography, ion exchange resin, and cellulose layer column methods.


Compared with the modest correlations between LA S/SR in reservoir phase and those parameters above, LA SRcond only had a weak negative correlation with them. A potential reason might be that the decreased S/SR during the reservoir phase has been closely correlated with structural and electrophysiological atrial remodeling during AF, including LA dilatation and increased interstitial fibrosis as documented by magnetic resonance imaging [18] . But LA SRcond is also subject to LV pressure, except for reflecting LA intrinsic deformation properties.

A potential reason might be that the decreased S/SR during the reservoir phase has been closely correlated with structural and electrophysiological atrial remodeling during AF, including LA dilatation and increased interstitial fibrosis as documented by magnetic resonance imaging.


To date the most industrial methods known to apply finishing treatments to fibres are padding, bath exhaust, coating or spraying. The main characteristic of bath exhaustion is that it is useful when chemical reaction can be established, and as we have remarked usually microcapsules´ shell show no reactivity with fibres. Some authors demonstrated that bath exhaustion was not the most suitable procedure for that kind of products (Bonet, Capablanca, Monllor, Diaz, Montava, 2012) . However, microcapsules are part of the recipe of some soaps (EP 0 376 385 A2) or in some cationic softeners (US 6, 620, 77 B2) what mean that those products can be applied to fabrics in laundry, which involves bath exhaustion procedure. Some of them show a recipe without binder and some of them include mainly acrylic resins (US 6, 620, 77 B2) . Moreover, some patents show a thermal treatment in an automatic dryer at a temperature between 38-100º C after a treatment in a pre-soaking/washing process (USP 4,234,627).

Some authors demonstrated that bath exhaustion was not the most suitable procedure for that kind of products.


Evaluation of the population at risk of ROP should be performed on the basis of gestational age (GA) at birth, as well as presence and severity of systemic disease. In Mexico, compulsory screening for ROP has been established for children born at or prior to 34 weeks GA, as well as for those with a birth weight (BW) of < 1750 g [4] . In general terms, the first evaluation should be performed in children at 31 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA; GA at birth + chronological age of the child after birth) if their GA at birth is ≤27 weeks. Otherwise, the first evaluation should be performed 4 weeks after birth. Subsequent assessments should be scheduled with intervals ranging from less than 1 week to 3 weeks, depending on the degree of severity found in previous assessments. Furthermore, follow-up can be discontinued at 35 weeks PMA if vascularization has reached Zone III in eyes that have not previously shown any indication of ROP. If normal vascularization is not observed, surveillance should be extended up to 45 weeks PMA, or up to 65 weeks PMA in patients who have been treated with anti-angiogenic drugs because of the risk of late recurrence [1] .

In Mexico, compulsory screening for ROP has been established for children born at or prior to 34 weeks GA, as well as for those with a birth weight (BW) of < 1750 g.

If normal vascularization is not observed, surveillance should be extended up to 45 weeks PMA, or up to 65 weeks PMA in patients who have been treated with anti-angiogenic drugs because of the risk of late recurrence.


Various treatment options are available for managing pathological drooling. Conservative methods include correction of posture, swallowing therapy and anti-cholinergic drugs. Injection of botulinum toxin locally into the salivary glands is a minimally invasive procedure, but needs repetitions and is expensive. Surgical intervention is offered when conservative treatment options fail or when drooling is severe. Patients with subnormal mental status who cannot comply with physiotherapy or drug therapy are also candidates for surgery. Numerous surgical procedures described in literature are different combinations of salivary gland excision, salivary duct rerouting and salivary duct ligation. However, none of them is considered as gold standard for the surgical management of drooling. Bilateral submandibular duct diversion and sublingual gland excision is a simple procedure with persistently good results and durability [2] . Preservation of physiologic function, decrease in the resting salivary flow volume and relatively low morbidity make this procedure ideal for pediatric patients. This study shares our institutional experience of bilateral submandibular duct transposition and sublingual gland excision for drooling in 28 pediatric patients.

Bilateral submandibular duct diversion and sublingual gland excision is a simple procedure with persistently good results and durability.


The way that present lattice extrapolations are performed apply the chiral predictions outside their region of validity. An example is given in Fig. 1 , describing the results of the JLQCD collaboration [4] . The lattice data was fit with the function of Eq. 1 at large mass and the form is used to extrapolate the results to small distance. The fact that there appears to be a large effect at m = 0 does not imply that the chiral correction is large here. Indeed, inspection of Eq. 1 shows that the chiral log correction vanishes at zero mass, so the chiral logarithm is not large at the physical masses. Rather, the big effect seen comes from using Eq. 1 at large masses. Since the chiral logs grow at large mass, and appear in this formula with a fixed coefficient, normalizing the function at large mass produces a sizeable difference when compared to smaller masses. Since chiral perturbation theory is not applicable at such large masses, this shift is not a valid consequence of chiral perturbation theory.

An example is given in Fig. 1 , describing the results of the JLQCD collaboration.


In this article we derive an algorithm for which we prove local superlinear convergence in the infinite dimensional setting. Our algorithm is an active set, or semismooth Newton, method and hence, the analysis is based on the notion of slant differentiability [8, 16] . The semismooth Newton method is easily implementable as an active set method. Numerical experiments show that the method is robust with respect to the choice of the initial value and that it compares favorably with existing approaches in terms of computation time.

Our algorithm is an active set, or semismooth Newton, method and hence, the analysis is based on the notion of slant differentiability.


The article is organized as follows. In Section 2 we derive a semismooth formulation for the minimization problem (1) . Section 3 states the algorithm and local superlinear convergence is proven. The Section 4 presents numerical results on the regularization of the ill-posed problems of inverse integration and deblurring and shows an application to ℓ 1 minimization in the context of compressed sensing.

The article is organized as follows.

In Section 2 we derive a semismooth formulation for the minimization problem.


Example 3: Giving Speakers Fair Access to Willing Listeners. Ranking systems play an increasing role as a medium for speech, creating a connection between bias and fairness in rankings and principles behind freedom of speech [14] . While the ability to produce speech and make this speech available on the internet has certainly created new opportunities to exercise freedom of speech for a speaker, there remains the question whether or not free speech makes its way to the interested listeners. Hence the study of the medium becomes necessary. Search engines are the most popular mediums of this kind and therefore have an immense capability of influencing user attention through their editorial policies, which has sparked a policy debate around search neutrality [13, 14, 16] . While no unified definition of search neutrality exists, many argue that search engines should have no editorial policies other than that their results are comprehensive, impartial, and solely ranked by relevance [26] . But does ranking solely on relevance necessarily imply the Probability Ranking Principle, or are there other relevance-based ranking principles that lead to a medium with a more equitable distribution of exposure and access to willing listeners?

Ranking systems play an increasing role as a medium for speech, creating a connection between bias and fairness in rankings and principles behind freedom of speech.

Search engines are the most popular mediums of this kind and therefore have an immense capability of influencing user attention through their editorial policies, which has sparked a policy debate around search neutrality.

While no unified definition of search neutrality exists, many argue that search engines should have no editorial policies other than that their results are comprehensive, impartial, and solely ranked by relevance.


Statistical models of shape have been used widely as a basis for segmenting and interpreting images [4] . The basic idea is to establish, from a training set, the pattern of 'legal' variation in the shapes and spatial relationships of structures in a given class of images. Statistical analysis is used to give an efficient parameterisation of this variability, providing a compact representation of shape, allowing shape constraints to be applied effectively during image interpretation [4] . One of the main drawbacks of the approach is, however, the need -during training -to establish a dense correspondence between shape boundaries over a reasonably large set of example images. It is important to establish the 'correct' correspondence, otherwise an inefficient parameterisation of shape can result, leading to difficulty in defining shape constraints. In practice, correspondence has often been established using manually defined 'landmarks' -a time-consuming, subjective and error-prone process.

Statistical models of shape have been used widely as a basis for segmenting and interpreting images.

Statistical analysis is used to give an efficient parameterisation of this variability, providing a compact representation of shape, allowing shape constraints to be applied effectively during image interpretation.


Since Uon Malshei Department Store was founded in Paris in 1852, the department store has been playing as showcase of economy in the modern city. By providing comfortable shopping environment, popular goods and premium services, the department store is able to appeal more customers [1] . As consumer's demand for shopping and spending changed, either department stores or mega discount stores are directed to have huge shopping spaces (over thousands of square feet), diversity in goods (daily necessities, apparel, entertainment products, fitness, dietrelated merchandise, etc.) and comfortable shopping space which has been designed to meet consumer's expectations. In recent years, in order to maintain the stable performance, department stores have launched a variety of promotional projects to encourage consumer's willingness to purchase which results in increase in sales and gross profits. The marketing mix could be any combinations of following marketing strategies: sales of off-season products, duration of promotions, combined goods, free gifts for accumulating sales points, merchandise discounts, cash back and joint activities with credit card company; Anniversary sales of the department stores which last longer and carry the various marketing tactics, and most of department stores have their anniversary sales during the end of the year so the competition is keen and more than usual. To date, with fierce competition in this industry, if company wants to make profit it should be able to develop all kinds of marketing programs to attract customers in each different segment groups. One of important issues is that the department stores need to have a long-term strategy to maintain the flow of customers by grasping opportunities through anniversary sales or promotional programs to increase customer's satisfaction and loyalty. There are four purposes of study: 1) Will different consumer's individual socioeconomic background results in different consumer's consumption behavior; 2) Has any significant difference exists between lifestyle and consumer's characteristics; 3) Has any significant difference exists between customer's characteristics and satisfaction; 4) By using different lifestyle as a factor to develop market segmentation of department stores and further differentiate different type of consumer.

By providing comfortable shopping environment, popular goods and premium services, the department store is able to appeal more customers.


Some research suggests that ACP, specifically speaking with surrogates in advance, may aid in making more patient-centered decisions, and current best practices recommend incorporating surrogates and physicians in the ACP process by discussing patients' end-of-life values and preferences with them prior to incapacitation [2, 4, 5] . Reasons individuals give for advance care planning include the opportunity to exercise autonomy and control, considering personal relationships, and relieving the burden on loved ones [6] . Surrogates cite a variety of barriers to advance care planning, including the belief that an advance care plan is irrelevant due to perceived health, emotional barriers, relationship concerns, lack of information, and time constraints [7, 8] . This suggests that overcoming the emotional and relational barriers may aid in integrating end-of-life values and preferences into future clinical care [2] .

Some research suggests that ACP, specifically speaking with surrogates in advance, may aid in making more patient-centered decisions, and current best practices recommend incorporating surrogates and physicians in the ACP process by discussing patients' end-of-life values and preferences with them prior to incapacitation.

Reasons individuals give for advance care planning include the opportunity to exercise autonomy and control, considering personal relationships, and relieving the burden on loved ones.

Surrogates cite a variety of barriers to advance care planning, including the belief that an advance care plan is irrelevant due to perceived health, emotional barriers, relationship concerns, lack of information, and time constraints.

This suggests that overcoming the emotional and relational barriers may aid in integrating end-of-life values and preferences into future clinical care.


The maintenance of medical equipment is crucial for achieving the goal and the objective of health care providers. This is because it mainly contributes in keeping equipment up and running, reducing the rate of failures, keeping the safety requirements, and improving the quality of the healthcare service (Jamshidi et al. 2015) . Medical equipment continue to increase in number and complexity to satisfy the increasing demand for health services (e.g., there are more than few thousand equipment in a midsize Tunisian Hospital). In the last few decades, faced to the sophistication of medical equipment and their price that continues to escalate, the complexity and the cost of equipment maintenance have also risen as well (Jamshidi et al. 2014) . Usually, the maintenance costs are high due to the inappropriate decision for selecting and fine tuning the correct maintenance strategy. Few studies exist in healthcare area to help the decision maker in selecting the best maintenance strategy for medical equipment (Jamshidi et al. 2014) . In this paper, we mainly focus on this important problem.

This is because it mainly contributes in keeping equipment up and running, reducing the rate of failures, keeping the safety requirements, and improving the quality of the healthcare service.

In the last few decades, faced to the sophistication of medical equipment and their price that continues to escalate, the complexity and the cost of equipment maintenance have also risen as well.

Few studies exist in healthcare area to help the decision maker in selecting the best maintenance strategy for medical equipment.


Many of the side effects of HBOT are known, such as barotraumas. Seizures can also be one of the side effects of HBOT. However, HBOT is considered safe in most of the cases when 100% oxygen is administered at a pressure < 3 ATA [1] .

However, HBOT is considered safe in most of the cases when 100% oxygen is administered at a pressure < 3 ATA.


The outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria constitutes a semipermeable barrier that slows the penetration of antibiotics. The outer membrane plays an important physiological role in the transport of substances required for metabolism. The P. aeruginosa porin OprD is a substrate-specific porin that facilitates the diffusion of basic amino acids, small peptides, and carbapenems into the cell. OprD mediated resistance occurs as a result of decreased transcriptional expression of oprD and/or function mutations that disrupt protein activity [4, 5] .

OprD mediated resistance occurs as a result of decreased transcriptional expression of oprD and/or function mutations that disrupt protein activity.


Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging can generate high resolution 2-D images for noncooperative targets and is of great value in military applications [1] [2] [3] [4] . Range resolution is proportional to the bandwidth of transmitted signal whilst cross-range resolution is dependent on the relative rotation of targets with respect to the radar. For maneuvering targets, such as military aircraft, the rotation in coherent processing interval (CPI) is nonuniform. The Doppler frequency shifts are time varying. Thus, the ISAR image is blurred on cross-range domain when the range-Doppler (RD) algorithm is applied [5] .

Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging can generate high resolution 2-D images for noncooperative targets and is of great value in military applications.

Thus, the ISAR image is blurred on cross-range domain when the range-Doppler (RD) algorithm is applied.


Range instantaneous Doppler (RID) imaging is often used to resolve the Doppler ambiguity caused by non-uniform rotation [6] . The major difference between RD and RID methods is that time-frequency (TF) analysis is used in RID imaging while Fourier transform (FT) is used in RD imaging. The instantaneous ISAR image of the target can be obtained by taking the slices in the slow-time domain [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . In general, the traditional RID methods take the same time slice for all range bins. In that case, some 2-D scattering points of the target may disappear in instantaneous ISAR image, because the TF energy distribution of different range bins along the slow time is not definitely constant. In practice, when the sample time in slow-time domain is fixed, the instantaneous Doppler spectrums of each range bin will not always contain all of the scattering points in the azimuth direction. That will be proved by simulation in Section 3.

Range instantaneous Doppler (RID) imaging is often used to resolve the Doppler ambiguity caused by non-uniform rotation.

The instantaneous ISAR image of the target can be obtained by taking the slices in the slow-time domain.


One organizing approach has been to create typologies of female sex work. Harcourt and Donovan reviewed the literature on female sex work and differentiated between "direct" and "indirect" sex work [20] . They described 'direct' sex work as sexual services in which the primary purpose of the interaction is to exchange sex for a fee; women involved in direct sex work typically rely on this as their primary source of income. Working in a brothel is the most common and well known example of involvement in direct sex work. In contrast, women in 'indirect' sex work often have legitimate occupations providing non-sexual services to patrons in places like bars and massage parlors, and through this occupation they also solicit sex to clients. It is often the case that for women in indirect sex work selling sex is not always the sole or primary source of income for the women. While this direct vs indirect typology provides an important step towards guiding research and intervention efforts, Harcourt and Donovan emphasize that there remains great variability in the social context and potential harms within both types of sex work.

Harcourt and Donovan reviewed the literature on female sex work and differentiated between "direct" and "indirect" sex work.


The CO oxidation on gold based catalysts was intensely studied in the last years due to the practical applications of this reaction [2] [3] [4] . From the literature, it seems clear that the low coordinated gold atoms have to have a central role in the catalysis as is indicated by the fact that high dispersed gold nanoparticles catalyze the CO oxidation or by the fact that nanoparticles with diameters <2 nm catalyze the CO oxidation at low temperature and also by the fact that the nanoporous gold activity for this reaction depends on the number and size of the pores in the gold catalysts [1, [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Following these experimental evidences a series of theoretical works tried to clarify the role of the low coordinated gold atoms in the CO oxidation, i.e., they aimed to understand the reaction mechanism for the CO oxidation on gold. In the presence of only CO, O 2 or O species, two different routes are possible, (i) reaction with molecular oxygen forming a four atoms (O 2 + CO) transition state or (ii) direct reaction with atomic oxygen, which needs a source of O atoms that can be for example the dissociation reaction of molecular oxygen.

The CO oxidation on gold based catalysts was intensely studied in the last years due to the practical applications of this reaction.

From the literature, it seems clear that the low coordinated gold atoms have to have a central role in the catalysis as is indicated by the fact that high dispersed gold nanoparticles catalyze the CO oxidation or by the fact that nanoparticles with diameters <2 nm catalyze the CO oxidation at low temperature and also by the fact that the nanoporous gold activity for this reaction depends on the number and size of the pores in the gold catalysts.


There has been a great deal of interest in recent years on the NP-hard problem of learning the structure (placement of directed edges) of Bayesian networks from data ( [1] , [2] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [8] , [9] , [11] , [12] ). Much of this has been driven by the study of genetic regulatory networks in molecular biology due to advances in technology and, specifically, microarray techniques that allow scientists to rapidly measure expression levels of genes in cells. As an integral part of machine learning, Bayesian networks have also been used for pattern recognition, language processing including speech recognition, and credit risk analysis.

There has been a great deal of interest in recent years on the NP-hard problem of learning the structure (placement of directed edges) of Bayesian networks from data (,,,,,,,,).


Feature extraction and selection are essential problems in the analysis of datasets with a large number of variables. Typical areas in which given problems arise include text mining in internet documents, combinatorial chemistry, proteomics, genomics and computational biology [1] . Extraction of suitable features is considered to have a major effect on classification performance, and matter more than the classifier used [2] . Problem of data overfitting arises when a large number of features and a relatively small number of samples are available for learning from data, since the classifier tunes to the idiosyncrasies of the training set. In this case perfect results can be obtained on the training data, but the trained classifier will generally not perform well on the test data, i.e. classifier exhibits poor generalization for unseen data samples. Decreasing number of features remedies the problem of data overfitting, while simultaneously reducing memory requirements and time needed for data analysis. Even training techniques that utilize regularization to prevent overfitting, such as support vector machines (SVM), benefit from dimensionality reduction [3] . Methods for dimensionality reduction by feature extraction are commonly divided into two approaches: feature selection and feature transformation [4] . Methods for feature selection do not alter original data, but merely select subset of the original large-scale dataset. Depending on the criteria used for selection, they can be divided into three different categories: filter, wrapper and embedded methods [1] . Transformation methods construct reduced feature set as a linear or nonlinear transformation of the original data. In both approaches, classifier is trained on the reduced feature set. In this paper we propose general method for feature extraction, based on the linear transformation constructed by tensor decomposition.

Typical areas in which given problems arise include text mining in internet documents, combinatorial chemistry, proteomics, genomics and computational biology.

Extraction of suitable features is considered to have a major effect on classification performance, and matter more than the classifier used.

Even training techniques that utilize regularization to prevent overfitting, such as support vector machines (SVM), benefit from dimensionality reduction.

Methods for dimensionality reduction by feature extraction are commonly divided into two approaches: feature selection and feature transformation.

Depending on the criteria used for selection, they can be divided into three different categories: filter, wrapper and embedded methods.


Massive fields are present during inflation, as a consequence of realistic model-building and UV completion. In terms of the low energy effective field theory, the inflaton travels along a trajectory determined by the minima of some complicated potential landscape spanned by a large number of fields. The scalar fields orthogonal to this trajectory, the isocurvatons, have a rich spectrum. In inflation scenarios from string theory and supergravity, the lightest of them start from order H, the Hubble parameter during inflation. This value is determined by the coupling of the scalar fields to the spacetime curvature and stabilized by supersymmetry. Lighter values require fine-tuning or extra symmetry. Those inflation models with isocurvaton mass of order O(H) are called the quasi-single field inflation models [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . The simplest version of such models has been used to show the distinctive effect of these massive isocurvatons on the primordial non-Gaussianities. In this paper, we would like to consider the model for a different purpose. We will investigate how exactly the massive field decouples when its mass becomes larger than O(H).

Those inflation models with isocurvaton mass of order O(H) are called the quasi-single field inflation models.


Finally it is concluded from the current measurements that air or O-anneal can significantly reduce or eliminate color centers in YAG single crystals. This is important for many applications as the formation of color centers and change in absorption with short wavelength irradiation can greatly affect the performance of YAG crystals in laser applications. Similarly, formation of color centers in response to X-ray and -ray absorption reduces the efficiency of YAG crystals as scintillators [32] .

Similarly, formation of color centers in response to X-ray and -ray absorption reduces the efficiency of YAG crystals as scintillators.


In the validation section, this model was used to predict the response of the structure to a measured impulsive force and the comparison showed that the modal Iwan model did accurately predict the measured response over the frequency range of interest. Future works will further explore the validity of the modal model, by using inputs at other locations and other types of inputs. To date, experimental and analytical results have suggested that this approach can be very successful, except perhaps at very high force levels when serious macro-slip occurs [7] .

To date, experimental and analytical results have suggested that this approach can be very successful, except perhaps at very high force levels when serious macro-slip occurs.


The big differences in the indirect aerosol effect in terms of the TOA radiation budget and the hydrological cycle that are caused by the nature of the background dust aerosols clearly require a better knowledge of the composition of dust aerosols in the atmosphere. This knowledge is also needed for the direct radiative effect of dust aerosols because dust aerosols can have a negative or positive radiative forcing depending on their mineralogical composition (Sokolik and Toon 1999) . Thus, more measurements of the mineralogical composition of dust and its effectiveness as an ice nucleus are clearly needed.

This knowledge is also needed for the direct radiative effect of dust aerosols because dust aerosols can have a negative or positive radiative forcing depending on their mineralogical composition.


The most important feature of MRE material is its controllable shear modulus. It is found that maximum changes in the shear modulus of an MRE material vary from about 50% (stiffer rubber matrix) to over 1000% (soft rubber matrix, for example, silicone gel) when it is subjected to the external magnetic field (Li et al., 2006) . MRE material, with stable mixture of the particles and the rubber matrix, can overcome some major problems associated with MR fluids and gels, such as particle settling and sealing . Such controllable MRE materials project great potentials for critical functionality comparing to conventional elastomers and open a door for development of stiffness-variable devices and therefore could be a link that bridges the real-world applications and modern control technologies with smart materials (Abramchuk et al., 2006) .

It is found that maximum changes in the shear modulus of an MRE material vary from about 50% (stiffer rubber matrix) to over 1000% (soft rubber matrix, for example, silicone gel) when it is subjected to the external magnetic field.

Such controllable MRE materials project great potentials for critical functionality comparing to conventional elastomers and open a door for development of stiffness-variable devices and therefore could be a link that bridges the real-world applications and modern control technologies with smart materials.


In recent years, a new class of materials in magnetorheological (MR) family, magnetorheological elastomer (MRE), has attracted a great deal of attentions from researchers around the world (Popp et al., 2010) . The functionality of MREs is based on magnetic interaction of particles when subjected to an external magnetic field. Similar to MR fluids, the iron particles dispersed in the rubber matrix arrange themselves in the direction of magnetic field when energized. An iron particle network thus forms with the existence of the magnetic field and the iron particles will have local motion constrained by the rubber matrix. Connection between the iron particles is dependent on the degree of the magnetic field applied. Once the magnetic field is removed, the material instantly recovers its original status.

In recent years, a new class of materials in magnetorheological (MR) family, magnetorheological elastomer (MRE), has attracted a great deal of attentions from researchers around the world.


Most of the algorithms are created on traditional algorithm of association rule mining [7] , [10] . Association rule mining can be formally defined as follows. Let I = {i1, i2…in} is a set of items. Any subset of I is called itemset. Let D be a set of transactions. Each transaction T is a set of items such that T  I. Each transaction has a unique identifier (TID). Let P, Q be a set of items, Association rule has the form PQ, P^Q = , where P is an antecedent and Q is the consequent of the rule. It uses two statistical methods that control the activity of association rule mining are support and confidence [2] . Firstly, it determines frequent item set based on minimum support count. After that, minimum confidence is used to find association rules between frequent items. The support and confidence can be mathematically represented as follows.

Most of the algorithms are created on traditional algorithm of association rule mining.

Let I = {i1, i2…in} is a set of items.

Any subset of I is called itemset.

Let D be a set of transactions.

It uses two statistical methods that control the activity of association rule mining are support and confidence.


The data mining provides such techniques to find useful hidden information. Data mining is a group of methods for effective automated discovery of previously unknown, valid, novel, valuable and understandable pattern in large databases [1] , [2] . It has recently attracted considerable attention from database experts and researchers because of its applicability in several areas such as decision support, market strategy and financial forecasts [3] .

Data mining is a group of methods for effective automated discovery of previously unknown, valid, novel, valuable and understandable pattern in large databases.

It has recently attracted considerable attention from database experts and researchers because of its applicability in several areas such as decision support, market strategy and financial forecasts.


In 1982, out of every $100 invested in stocks of US manufacturers and mining concerns, an average of $62.30 (62 percent) was spent on tangible assets. By 1999, the investment dipped to only 16 percent (Figure 1) (Lev, 2000) . Nowadays, the intangible portion of the world economy can equal or exceed that of the tangible. This situation has occurred in the USA and can be observed in developed economies worldwide.

By 1999, the investment dipped to only 16 percent (Figure 1).


It has also been suggested that measures of core inflation would assist in identifying the economic behaviour that is responsible for generating the underlying inflationary process, after excluding the noise in the process that is largely attributable to relative price shocks (Bryan and Cecchetti, 1994) . This would imply that when using core inflation to inform policy, the central bank would not respond to the type of price shocks that are not under its control. For example, relative shortages in the supply of a particular commodity may result in a sudden (relative) price increase of that commodity, which is beyond the control of the central bank. If the measure of core inflation were to exclude the relative increase in the short-term price of this commodity, then the central bank would not respond to it.

It has also been suggested that measures of core inflation would assist in identifying the economic behaviour that is responsible for generating the underlying inflationary process, after excluding the noise in the process that is largely attributable to relative price shocks.


Situations are defined as external semantic interpretation of sensor data on a higher level of abstraction than activities or context [20] . Thus, situation awareness strongly depends on expert knowledge to interpret sensed data. A situation aware approach requires modeling, reasoning, and sensor data acquisition, while considering several functional requirements for each step. Defining expert knowledge, adopting reasoning engines and integrating sensor data are extensive and error-prone tasks, complicating the development of situation aware applications. To address this problem and easily capture all domain-and application-specific dependencies, this paper investigates a general ontology-based framework for situation awareness based on standardized technologies.

Situations are defined as external semantic interpretation of sensor data on a higher level of abstraction than activities or context.


Equation-free modeling offers a promise to circumvent these challenges, allowing one to investigate the complex network at a macroscopic level while retaining the effects of full system details [17, 8] . Underlying this method is the assumption that, although we cannot analytically derive equations governing network evolution, such closed equations do, in principle, exist. Furthermore, these unavailable equations are assumed to involve a small number of dominant collective (coarse-grained) variables. The important features of the complete network can be in fact, by this assumption, well represented by these select observable quantities. This may seem too restrictive, yet it is exactly the behavior witnessed across many network types: despite the initial complexity of the full system configuration, certain collective network properties appear to evolve smoothly in time, while the evolution of other, "secondary" properties, can be strongly correlated with that of the few "primary" variables [1, 19, 25] . Once these significant variables are uncovered, we can combine short intervals of full system simulation with operators that map the full system description to and from its representative coarse variable "summary", thus enabling previously-infeasible system-level analysis (see Section 3 for further details).

Equation-free modeling offers a promise to circumvent these challenges, allowing one to investigate the complex network at a macroscopic level while retaining the effects of full system details.

This may seem too restrictive, yet it is exactly the behavior witnessed across many network types: despite the initial complexity of the full system configuration, certain collective network properties appear to evolve smoothly in time, while the evolution of other, "secondary" properties, can be strongly correlated with that of the few "primary" variables.


The autoinfection/alloinfection ratio is central to mixture performance, as mixtures are unlikely to have significant effects on disease unless there is substantial exchange of inoculum among different host genotypes in the population (Mundt, 2002) . Autoinfections are those in which the donor is the same as the recipient and alloinfections are those in which the donor is different from the recipient. The GUA affects this ratio, as alloinfection increases with decreasing GUA so that mixture effects are favoured by smaller GUA (Mundt & Leonard, 1985) . This can be further explored by examining the effects of planting density. Host diversity effects would be expected to be greater at higher planting densities because single genotypes, make up smaller areas as density increases and autoinfection should be reduced (Garrett & Mundt, 1999) . Therefore, study of potato variety mixture performance should address aspects of spatial scale and the effects of different autoinfection : alloinfection ratios at different planting densities, in different variety combinations. An improved understanding of the effect of potato variety mixtures on late blight is important because such mixtures may have a role to play in a durable 'systems approach' to disease management in low input agricultural systems . Variety diversification may also help to reduce pesticide input in conventional systems (Andrivon et al., 2003) .

The autoinfection/alloinfection ratio is central to mixture performance, as mixtures are unlikely to have significant effects on disease unless there is substantial exchange of inoculum among different host genotypes in the population.

The GUA affects this ratio, as alloinfection increases with decreasing GUA so that mixture effects are favoured by smaller GUA.

Host diversity effects would be expected to be greater at higher planting densities because single genotypes, make up smaller areas as density increases and autoinfection should be reduced.

Variety diversification may also help to reduce pesticide input in conventional systems.


Human body maintains its body core temperature constant within small range between (37 -0.6) 0 C and (37 + 0.6) 0 C. The skin and subcutaneous tissue (SST) is the major organ that controls heat and moisture flow to and from the surrounding environment [1] . SST plays a key role for heat transfer within human body, and hence there is the variation of temperatures in the region in accordance with surrounding temperatures which is composed of three layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The layer's geometry is irregular at the junction of the dermis where the epidermis projects into the dermis like cone called epidermal ridges (Fig. 1 ).

Human body maintains its body core temperature constant within small range between (37 -0.6) 0 C and (37 + 0.6) 0 C. The skin and subcutaneous tissue (SST) is the major organ that controls heat and moisture flow to and from the surrounding environment.


Memristor-based matrix-vector multiplication platform provides fast computation, high accuracy and low design cost [12] . However, as the development of memristor technology is still maturing, device defects and fabrication yield may be a significant concern. Specifically, the single-bit failure (SBF) denotes a device that freezes in a high conductance state ("stuck-on") or a low conductance state ("stuck-off"). Although neural networks usually can tolerate a certain number of imperfect synaptic weights, high SBF rate degrades the computation accuracy significantly. For example, we tested a feed-forward neural network for MNIST database: as the SBF rate increases to 20%, the average recognition accuracy rapidly dropped from 92.64% to 39.4%, which is far below an acceptable range. Redundancy schemes have been widely adopted in memory designss [16] . But it is not efficient for the memristor-based analog computations with high precision requirement.

Memristor-based matrix-vector multiplication platform provides fast computation, high accuracy and low design cost.

Redundancy schemes have been widely adopted in memory designss.


In many countries the growing difficulty of accessing homeownership is reshaping young people's housing careers and transitions to adulthood. These trends may not only create generational friction but could also deepen the divide between young people from more and less advantaged backgrounds (McKee, 2012) . This could limit social mobility and increase the intergenerational transmission of wealth and (dis)advantage, especially in places where house prices are high and financial constraints more strongly restrict access to homeownership. Taking England and Wales as case studies, this paper has examined how parental socio-economic status and local house prices intersect to shape young adults' homeownership.

These trends may not only create generational friction but could also deepen the divide between young people from more and less advantaged backgrounds.


Although international comparisons suggest that the importance of family support varies with the affordability of owner-occupation , surprisingly little is known about whether this is also the case within countries where the ease of accessing homeownership often also varies across space. If economic constraints make young adults' homeownership more dependent on family support then parental labour market and tenure position will, ceteris paribus, have closer links to the homeownership prospects of children living in areas with higher house prices (Tatch, 2007) . This pattern could arise in two ways. On one hand children from less advantaged backgrounds who are committed to living in an expensive area (e.g. due to family responsibilities) may be more likely to rent, live at home or share their dwelling than their more advantaged peers. By contrast, less advantaged children who are more footloose or more driven to attain homeownership may be more likely than their more advantaged peers to selectively move to cheaper locations in order to buy. These processes could deepen inequality by restricting the locational options of children from less advantaged backgrounds and disproportionately excluding them from owner-occupation in expensive areas.

If economic constraints make young adults' homeownership more dependent on family support then parental labour market and tenure position will, ceteris paribus, have closer links to the homeownership prospects of children living in areas with higher house prices.

This pattern could arise in two ways.


Deepening economic constraints could also reshape which young people become homeowners. Fears are growing that high house prices and the more stringent financial requirements mortgage lenders have imposed since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) may be making homeownership transitions more contingent on family support (McKee, 2012) . Research shows that family and especially parental support -frequently supplied through financial transfers or guarantees, subsidised coresidence or 'in kind' assistance such as paying for shopping-is important when young adults first enter homeownership (Druta and Ronald, 2016; Heath and Calvert, 2013) . This places children who cannot draw on parental support at a disadvantage in the housing market, potentially strengthening the intergenerational transmission of wealth and restricting social mobility. Literature from many Western countries supports this argument as children are typically more likely to become homeowners if their parents are advantaged in the labour force or own their dwelling (Di Salvo and Ermisch, 1997; Henretta, 1984; Lersch and Luijkx, 2015) .

Fears are growing that high house prices and the more stringent financial requirements mortgage lenders have imposed since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) may be making homeownership transitions more contingent on family support.

Research shows that family and especially parental support -frequently supplied through financial transfers or guarantees, subsidised coresidence or 'in kind' assistance such as paying for shopping-is important when young adults first enter homeownership.

Literature from many Western countries supports this argument as children are typically more likely to become homeowners if their parents are advantaged in the labour force or own their dwelling.


In recent decades homeownership has become an increasingly significant factor in the economies and social policymaking of many Western countries. At the individual level entering homeownership is often a major life event which is usually thought to confer a range of benefits including improved prosperity, social status and dwelling and neighbourhood quality . In some societies becoming a homeowner is also a social signifier of having navigated the transition to adulthood (Druta and Ronald, 2016) . Policymakers are therefore concerned that an increasing proportion of young Europeans seem unable to access homeownership (Lennartz et al., 2015) . This trend threatens to restrict social mobility and reshape the distribution of wealth between and within generations.

In some societies becoming a homeowner is also a social signifier of having navigated the transition to adulthood.

Policymakers are therefore concerned that an increasing proportion of young Europeans seem unable to access homeownership.


An example of coarse-grained and isotropically textured raw material was selected for the experimental study. This material is originated from the Zinnwald Sn-W-Li greisen deposit and contains zinnwaldite, next to quartz, topaz as well as minor cassiterite, wolframite, and fluorspar. Zinnwaldite, a Li-rich mica and main commodity of interest in this study (as a potential ore mineral), ranges up to 5 mm in grain size [4] .

Zinnwaldite, a Li-rich mica and main commodity of interest in this study (as a potential ore mineral), ranges up to 5 mm in grain size.


Li-bearing micas, namely lepidolite and zinnwaldite, currently have very limited economic significance in lithium production as they are mined only in Portugal and Zimbabwe. However, due to their wide distribution and abundance, such Li-bearing mica may well become an attractive proposition, if the demand for lithium will indeed increase as predicted. It appears thus imperative to define and optimize technological approaches to liberate and concentrate Li-bearing mica [6] .

It appears thus imperative to define and optimize technological approaches to liberate and concentrate Li-bearing mica.


In a world of ubiquitous computing that we are increasingly exposed to, more people are becoming more competent in choosing and operating technology packages that include mobile, PC or entertainment systems in and outside the home environment. While PwD may have difficulty installing or using them, carers may usefully employ non-traditional AT e.g. a tablet PC with apps that provide digital versions of traditional AT e.g., calendars, notes and lists, alerts etc. This can then support remote telecare (including telepresence) through networking and multimedia capability [10] . One vision of future AT packages as conceived by the CASA project is thus much closer to the provision of personalised consumer product packages, with a stronger link to lifestyle and a flexible modular configuration that adapts to requirements over time, for both PwD and their carer(s).

This can then support remote telecare (including telepresence) through networking and multimedia capability.


Fish lipids are well known to be rich in long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids play a vital role in human nutrition, disease prevention, and health promotion (Rafflenbeul, 2001) . Besides, arachidonic acid (AA) and DHA are structural components of cell membrane phospholipids and precursors of eicosanoids, which play important roles in the development of the central nervous system including the retina. Moreover, many studies have shown that fish oil supplementation increases the DHA content of blood components (Connor, 2000) .

These fatty acids play a vital role in human nutrition, disease prevention, and health promotion.

Moreover, many studies have shown that fish oil supplementation increases the DHA content of blood components.


Fish oil has been around for a very long time (Marchioli, 2001) . It has become more popular because of its useful effects on human health. Current research studies indicated the importance of fatty acids of fish flesh for human health due to its high proportion of unsaturated fatty acid esters.

Fish oil has been around for a very long time.


Innovative materials and technologies are the most important basis of "green" construction. The changes happening in the field of development and production of construction materials, already today significantly change construction branch . Modern materials and decisions allow to reach high rates of energy saving, help to reduce the cost of life cycle of object and as a whole conduct to creation of more comfortable and healthy environment . For increase of interaction efficiency of man`s system and his environment, it`s necessary to extend nomenclature and colorness of architecture forms (Lesovik, 2012) .

For increase of interaction efficiency of man`s system and his environment, it`s necessary to extend nomenclature and colorness of architecture forms.


Functionally graded materials (FGM) are the heterogeneous composite materials with material properties varying smoothly and continuously in one or more directions, and this characteristic properties are usually achieved through continuous change of the volume fraction of the constituent phases [1] [2] [3] . The concept of FGM was originally proposed in 1984 by a group of material scientists in Japan as thermal barrier materials, and the superiority to conventional laminated composites of such as eliminating the stress concentration leads to a wider applications of FGM in areas such as aeronautics, astronautics, nuclear, biology, navigation [4] . In practical applications, FGM structures subjected to dynamic load internal or external will generate noise and radiate sound into the surrounding medium, which may result in less comfort. On the other hand, the radiated sound carries useful information of the FGM structures that can be used for nondestructive evaluation or estimation of material properties. Therefore, the investigation of sound radiation of FGM structures is of great importance from the academic or engineering applications point of view.

Functionally graded materials (FGM) are the heterogeneous composite materials with material properties varying smoothly and continuously in one or more directions, and this characteristic properties are usually achieved through continuous change of the volume fraction of the constituent phases.

The concept of FGM was originally proposed in 1984 by a group of material scientists in Japan as thermal barrier materials, and the superiority to conventional laminated composites of such as eliminating the stress concentration leads to a wider applications of FGM in areas such as aeronautics, astronautics, nuclear, biology, navigation.


Since BBPs exert their insecticidal effects by causing a biotin deficiency, their impact will depend not only upon an insect's biotin requirement but also the levels of dietary biotin it receives relative to the concentration of BBP consumed. Honey bee requirements for biotin are unknown (Herbert, 1992) . Average levels of 0.32 µg biotin per g of pollen (1.31 µM biotin) and 1.5 µg per g of harvested royal jelly (6.14 µM biotin) have been recorded (Schmidt and Buchmann, 1992) . However, biotin levels in bee bread and in the mix of glandular secretions and pollen fed to larvae are unknown. Since many micro-organisms can biosynthesise biotin, it is possible that bee gut microflora and/or micro-organisms present in bee bread may supply this vitamin.

Honey bee requirements for biotin are unknown.

Average levels of 0.32 µg biotin per g of pollen (1.31 µM biotin) and 1.5 µg per g of harvested royal jelly (6.14 µM biotin) have been recorded.


The conceptualization of the regional integration in social sciences usually refers to a number of different dimensions, ranging from regionalization through the interaction of businesses and individuals over state-promoted economic cooperation towards an increase of regional cohesion and convergence (Hurrell, 1995) . The European integration experience assumes a specific sequence of these processes (if not the causal link between them) -from the integration of the markets of goods towards free movement and capital and labor and finally increasing convergence of regional economies. However, non-European regionalism sometimes reverses the sequence and demonstrates different combinations of the aspects of regionalization and regionalism. This paper aims to look at one particular case of this non-European regional integration, studying specifically the interaction between the integration of markets of goods, factor movements and economic convergence, studying the experience of the former Soviet Union (FSU) countries.

The conceptualization of the regional integration in social sciences usually refers to a number of different dimensions, ranging from regionalization through the interaction of businesses and individuals over state-promoted economic cooperation towards an increase of regional cohesion and convergence.


This substantial increase of the cultured shrimp share induced major changes in the dynamics and structure of the world shrimp markets. While the tropical wild shrimp have dominated the markets until the 1970s, it is now widely admitted that a large part of the movements observed on the two largest market places (Tokyo and New York) are closely related to the price and supply of cultured shrimp (Globefish, 1990) . Some of the cultured species are now considered world market indicators. Among these are the 'black tiger' (Penaeus monodon) from Thailand and the 'Ecuadorian white ' (Penaeus vannamei) . Black tiger has been the main species produced over the 1990s. In 1997 it represented 17% of the total world production (Josupeit, 1999) . In the same year the Ecuadorian white shrimp was the most imported species to the US market with more than 61 000 tonnes.

While the tropical wild shrimp have dominated the markets until the 1970s, it is now widely admitted that a large part of the movements observed on the two largest market places (Tokyo and New York) are closely related to the price and supply of cultured shrimp.

In 1997 it represented 17% of the total world production.


Although these species are acknowledged by French traders and processors to offer relatively poorer organoleptic (i.e. culinary) qualities than the wild species exported by the FG's companies, market analyses show that the black tiger and Ecuadorian white shrimp are the two species against which P. subtilis primarily competes on the French market (Anon., 1991) . It, therefore, seems particularly relevant to try to determine the exact impact that these two farm-raised species induce on the price of P. subtilis. Indeed given their growing predominance on the international and French markets, they might have a significant influence on the trade of the FG brown shrimp and control to some extent the determination of its price. If this is the case, one can expect the price of P. subtilis to follow (possibly with some time delay) the movements of the cultured species and, therefore, to observe co-movements between the price series. The present paper is organised to investigate this hypothesis. Our objective is to verify the reality of this price relationship, and, if it does exist, to detect and quantify the effects that the cultured shrimp's price movements/variability may induce on the price of the wild FG shrimp.

Although these species are acknowledged by French traders and processors to offer relatively poorer organoleptic (i.e. culinary) qualities than the wild species exported by the FG's companies, market analyses show that the black tiger and Ecuadorian white shrimp are the two species against which P. subtilis primarily competes on the French market.


Commodity prices are known to be volatile (Deaton and Laroque, 1992) . Understanding the price determination mechanisms of these commodities is therefore of great practical importance, particularly for low and middle incomes countries where price variability can have detrimental impacts on both consumers and producers of agricultural commodities. In addition to the micro-economic aspect of the problem, the volatility of primary commodities also poses major macro-economic difficulties for these less-developed countries because their economies often depend on exports of a small number of primary commodities. This is the case of the French Guyana, a French overseas territory located at the north-eastern border of Brazil, the economy of which almost exclusively depends on the exploitation of the wild 'brown' shrimp, Penaeus subtilis, living off the north part of South America between Venezuela and Brazil. In French Guyana (noted FG henceforth), about 70 semi-industrial trawlers exploit the portion of the stock found in the FG Exclusive Economic Zone (Bene, 1997a) . The export of the production represents 40% (in value terms) of the total export of the FG Territory (IEDOM, 1990 (IEDOM, , 1993 . Any shock on the price of this product has, therefore, tremendous effects on the fishing sector and subsequently on the whole socio-economy of the Territory.

Commodity prices are known to be volatile.

In French Guyana (noted FG henceforth), about 70 semi-industrial trawlers exploit the portion of the stock found in the FG Exclusive Economic Zone.


Annexins are a family of calcium-binding and phospholipidbinding proteins that are involved in many cellular processes, including growth regulation, cell division, apoptosis, and cell differentiation [9] . Changes in the expression of Annexin and its subcellular localization have been shown to be associated with the development and progression of several types of human malignancy. The Annexin family has 12 members, including Annexin A10 (ANXA10) and a further 11 members. The aberrant expression of ANXA10 has been reported in types of human malignancy, including oral cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma [10, 11] . However, the expression pattern and subcellular location of ANXA10 in serous EOC remains unknown.

Annexins are a family of calcium-binding and phospholipidbinding proteins that are involved in many cellular processes, including growth regulation, cell division, apoptosis, and cell differentiation.

The aberrant expression of ANXA10 has been reported in types of human malignancy, including oral cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma.


Observations of the temperature and polarisation anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation strongly support the idea that the initial conditions for structure formation were set by an earlier period of cosmic inflation [1] [2] [3] [4] . During this period, the rapid expansion of space caused quantum fluctuations of the inflaton field to be blown up to macroscopic scales. The initial state of these quantum fluctuations is typically assumed to be given by the Bunch-Davies vacuum of de Sitter space at a time when k ≫ aH, i.e., the physical wavenumber k/a is much larger than the Hubble expansion rate. Along with the usual assumptions of single-field, slowroll inflation, this leads to the almost scale-invariant spectrum of Gaussian adiabatic scalar perturbations that constitutes the "primordial" state of perturbations in today's cosmological concordance model [5] .

Observations of the temperature and polarisation anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation strongly support the idea that the initial conditions for structure formation were set by an earlier period of cosmic inflation.

Along with the usual assumptions of single-field, slowroll inflation, this leads to the almost scale-invariant spectrum of Gaussian adiabatic scalar perturbations that constitutes the "primordial" state of perturbations in today's cosmological concordance model.


Overall, this study makes several contributions. First, the current research is one of the first investigations on the awe experience of different types of tourists. The results show that, when visiting religious mountains, the sources of awe are a natural environment for secular tourists and religious ambience for pilgrims. Second, the findings reveal that the awe experience is a critical mediator between tourists' perception of vastness/sanctity and tourists' satisfaction since it fully mediates the relationship between the perceived sanctity of religious ambience and tourists' satisfaction and partially mediates the relationship between the perceived vastness of natural environment and tourists' satisfaction. Third, this study is one of the first in the sustainable tourism studies using the moderated mediation analysis to investigate the complex relationships between the perception of vastness and sanctity and tourists' satisfaction through awe experience with the type of tourists as a moderator. This technique advances theory development by comparing with analyzing the simple direct relationship between independent variables and dependent variables [50] .

This technique advances theory development by comparing with analyzing the simple direct relationship between independent variables and dependent variables.


The success of fuzzy control, however, does not imply that we do not need a stability theory for it. Perhaps the main drawback of the lack of stability analysis would be that we cannot take a model-based approach to fuzzy control design. In conventional control theory, a feedback controller can be primarily designed so that a close-loop system becomes stable [12] , [13] . This approach of course restricts us to setpoint-oriented control, but stability theory will certainly give us a wider view on the future development of fuzzy control.

In conventional control theory, a feedback controller can be primarily designed so that a close-loop system becomes stable.


Fuzzy logic controllers (FLC's) are one of useful control schemes for plants having difficulties in deriving mathematical models or having performance limitations with conventional linear control schemes. Error e and change of errorė are the most used fuzzy input variables in most fuzzy control works, regardless of the complexity of controlled plants. Also, either control input u (PD-type) or incremental control input Δu (PI-type) is typically used as a fuzzy output variable representing the rule consequent ("then" part of a rule) [5] .

Also, either control input u (PD-type) or incremental control input Δu (PI-type) is typically used as a fuzzy output variable representing the rule consequent ("then" part of a rule).


Six combinations of pultruded glass-graphite/epoxy hybrid samples were tested. Figure 3 shows the generic stress wave pulses including incident, reflected and transmitted pulses. For validating the dynamic equilibrium condition, a specimen must be in force equilibrium [22] . The stresses in both interfaces of each specimen were calculated to ensure that equilibrium was attained ( Figure 4 ).

For validating the dynamic equilibrium condition, a specimen must be in force equilibrium.


The integration of metrology into the manufacturing process is becoming increasingly important for production technology. Measurement directly done on machine tools is especially improving manufacturing strategies. So far, optical or tactile measuring systems are the state-of-the-art for dimensional measurements in process metrology [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] .

So far, optical or tactile measuring systems are the state-of-the-art for dimensional measurements in process metrology.


The best known power circuit multi-level topologies include: the cascaded H-bridge, diode clamped and flyingcapacitor multi-level inverters [5] - [7] . These classical solutions are called symmetric multi-level inverters, because they have the same voltage on each of the intermediate-circuit capacitors, and all the power semiconductors have to be capable to block the same voltage in their 'off' state. An asymmetric multi-level inverter has exactly the same circuit topology as the symmetric multi-level inverter -it differs only in the capacitor voltages. However, the properties of asymmetric multi-level inverters are quite different. Specifically, the number of output-voltage levels can be dramatically increased [8] , [9] . Since the different cells of asymmetric inverters work with different DC-link voltages and different switching frequencies, it is more efficient to select various semiconductor devices that are appropriate for the conditions of each cell. These inverters are called "hybrid multi-level inverters" [10] . This paper compares a hybrid asymmetric multi-level inverter with diode-clamped and cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters in terms of harmonic distortion, power losses and efficiency. The paper is organized into the following sections: First, the structure of the multi-level inverter topologies is briefly described. Then, the inverter specifications, modulation techniques and performance indexes are investigated. Finally, the investigated topologies are compared and the results are presented.

The best known power circuit multi-level topologies include: the cascaded H-bridge, diode clamped and flyingcapacitor multi-level inverters.

Specifically, the number of output-voltage levels can be dramatically increased.

These inverters are called "hybrid multi-level inverters".


To see how we can take advantage of semantic unification, consider the regular expression in Figure 2(a) . This regular expression is semantically equivalent to the regular expression in Figure 1 . Furthermore, it admits a fragment-by-fragment mapping as can be seen in Figure 2 (b). In contrast, as we noted earlier, the regexp in Figure 1 does not admit such a mapping. In fact, learning can be quite difficult if our training data contains only the regexp in Figure 1 . We can, nonetheless, use the regexp in Figure 2 as a stepping-stone for learning if we can use semantic inference to determine the equivalence between the two regular expressions. More generally, whenever the regexp in the training data does not factorize in a way that facilitates a direct mapping to the natural language description, we must find a regexp which does factorize and be able to compute its equivalence to the regexp we see in the training data. We compute this equivalence by converting each regexp to a minimal deterministic finite automaton (DFA) and leveraging the fact that minimal DFAs are guaranteed to be the same for semantically equivalent regexps (Hopcroft et al., 1979) .

We compute this equivalence by converting each regexp to a minimal deterministic finite automaton (DFA) and leveraging the fact that minimal DFAs are guaranteed to be the same for semantically equivalent regexps.


Antennas for IR applications follow quite similar guidelines with those at RF region [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . The radiation efficiency, directivity, and bandwidth play an important role for the overall antenna performance. One important aspect of these antennas is that they must be polarization insensitive simply because incoming electromagnetic signal has no preferred polarization; it is rather arbitrary. Similar to those antennas used in indoor communications, the antennas can be made circularly polarized and they can pick up almost any polarized signal except those with crosspolarization. However, circular polarization is difficult to achieve with external components, and rather the antenna must be inherently built with such polarization. Examples of such antenna structures are abundant in RF applications. Nevertheless, simple structures that are easy to manufacture are primary choices for designers at nanoscale lengths. In that respect, we also considered crossed dipole, bowtie, Archimedean spiral, and balanced crossed dipole geometries for IR detection. Our analysis is based on radiation properties of these antenna structures, but their reception properties are identical to their transmission ones according to Reciprocity theory.

Antennas for IR applications follow quite similar guidelines with those at RF region.


Prior to the experiment, the reactor is cleaned with distilled water and ethanol. A stirring bar is placed in the cell, the cell lid is sealed, and the air inside is evacuated using a vacuum pump for 30 min. After the vacuum is established, the cell is loaded with 25 mL of 500 ppm SDS sample through a valve. After loading the sample, the HPC is pressurized with methane gas at 90-91 bars and 25 • C and the whole system is left to stabilize for some time. After stabilization, cooling is started and stirring equal to 450 rpm is set. Stirring is performed to increase the gas-liquid contact area to shorten the hydrate formation time. As cooling inside the reactor starts, hydrates begin to form when the experimental temperature goes below hydrate equilibrium temperature for a given initial operating pressure, such that the whole system reaches a sub-cooling state (T exp < T eq ) [24] . Hydrate formation is identified by a sudden drop in pressure inside the HPC and, at this stage, stirring is stopped due to the presence of ice-like crystals inside the cell. The system is left for a few minutes to achieve pressure stabilization. Once pressure and temperature are stabilized, the methane gas inside is vented quickly and CO 2 gas or CO 2 + N 2 is injected at different pressures. Figure 2 describes the different stages of the experiment. The first step is the formation of artificial methane hydrate using SDS solution. It is observed in the presence of SDS that methane hydrates are formed within 2-3 h and, after stirring is stopped, hydrates are allowed to stabilize for around 18-24 h. It is also observed that artificial methane hydrates are stabilized in the pressure range between 26-28 bars for temperatures of 1-1.5 • C. After that, methane gas is vented quickly and CO 2 + N 2 gas or CO 2 is injected quickly and the system is left idle for 72 h for replacement to take place.

As cooling inside the reactor starts, hydrates begin to form when the experimental temperature goes below hydrate equilibrium temperature for a given initial operating pressure, such that the whole system reaches a sub-cooling state (T exp < T eq ).


Regarding the moderating effect of the variable gender, significant differences were found between males and females in the acceptance of eWOM information and purchase behaviour. In the light of the results, the moderating effect of gender can be supported, particularly in factors preceding the perception of information usefulness. Thus, for instance, females give more value to quality and need of eWOM information, in line with previous studies on the use of social networking sites (Chiu et al., 2009; Chiu et al., 2014) . For males, credibility of the information is more relevant in their perception of the eWOM information usefulness. This way, the inclusion of actions aimed at improving the information credibility through the use of sources that are close to the users or opinion leaders in the online marketing strategy would be advisable. On the other hand, the impact of the attitude towards information on the purchase intention is also higher, and therefore the marketing strategies developed by e-commerce managers should be aimed at stimulating a positive predisposition towards the information coming from social networking sites, through the development of actions aimed at adding extra reliability and usefulness to the information and leading to use habits among users.

Thus, for instance, females give more value to quality and need of eWOM information, in line with previous studies on the use of social networking sites.


It turns out that both these problems have a very natural common solution: introducing a set of vector fields that couple with a particular topological term in the Lagrangian allows to gauge arbitrary subgroups of the affine symmetry group. The resulting gauge groups generically include former on-shell symmetries and thus extend beyond the target-space isometries of the ungauged Lagrangian. The construction in fact is reminiscent of the four-dimensional case where global symmetries that are only on-shell realized can be gauged upon simultaneous introduction of magnetic vector and two-form tensor fields which couple with topological terms [11, 12] .

The construction in fact is reminiscent of the four-dimensional case where global symmetries that are only on-shell realized can be gauged upon simultaneous introduction of magnetic vector and two-form tensor fields which couple with topological terms.