In Pakistan, farmers takes three crops of potato annually as it is grown in plains and mountains of the country due to different ecological conditions [5] . Main potato growing areas are present in Punjab province. About 86% of the potato growing areas in the country are present in Punjab and Punjab province produces about 88.3% of the whole potato production in the country. In Pakistan, potato production was 3393 thousand tons from an area of 185 thousand hectares in 2011-12; while in 2012-13, potato production was 3767.2 thousand tons from an area of 172 thousand hectares, i.e. in the country, potato production has increased about 11% in one year. One of the most important and expensive input in crop production is fertilizer. In different agricultural regions of the Pakistan, balanced use of fertilizers has increased the yield of field crops from 30% -50%. In general, agricultural lands in Pakistan are low in nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) contents. However, N and P deficiency is more severe than K [6] .

In Pakistan, farmers takes three crops of potato annually as it is grown in plains and mountains of the country due to different ecological conditions.

However, N and P deficiency is more severe than K.


Nitrogen fertilizer application is considered as one of the most important factor which limits production of potato [7] . Nitrogen has very low use efficiency and is lost easily due to which crop cannot use it and hence it increases economic concerns as crop production is less. Nitrogen which is not used by the crop is lost through leaching, runoff, volatilization and denitrification. This lost nitrogen increases contamination of water and gas emissions from greenhouse. If nitrogen losses are reduced, crop nitrogen-use efficiency can be enhanced [8] . The nitrogen losses can be minimized by using appropriate method of its application. Foliar spray of nutrients is an important substitute for soil fertilization and a good tool in crop management to maximize yields of crops. In soil fertilization, plants absorb nutrients by root and they are translocated to the upper parts while in foliar application, nutrients enter the leaf cuticle and then in the cells. Thus, crop shows immediate response in less time in case of foliar sprays [9] . Foliar fertilization of nutrients i.e. mineral or organic is an important practice because it affects the growth of foliage, formation of tubers and quality of potato yield [10] . Foliar application of urea is more beneficial as it depends less on soil conditions and in saline or dry soils when root nitrogen uptake is impaired, plants can easily take nitrogen from foliar application [11] . Foliar application of urea can enhance yield of tuber as it provides an opportunity to fertilize the crop late in the season [12] .

Nitrogen fertilizer application is considered as one of the most important factor which limits production of potato.

If nitrogen losses are reduced, crop nitrogen-use efficiency can be enhanced.

Thus, crop shows immediate response in less time in case of foliar sprays.

Foliar fertilization of nutrients i.e. mineral or organic is an important practice because it affects the growth of foliage, formation of tubers and quality of potato yield.

Foliar application of urea is more beneficial as it depends less on soil conditions and in saline or dry soils when root nitrogen uptake is impaired, plants can easily take nitrogen from foliar application.

Foliar application of urea can enhance yield of tuber as it provides an opportunity to fertilize the crop late in the season.


Although M5-brane is one of the most fundamental objects in M-theory, the physics of multiple M5-branes still remains mysterious. For a single M5 brane, the low energy effective world-volume theory is a free theory of an Abelian self-dual 2-form tensor multiplet with known Lagrangian description. The world-volume theory for N ≥ 2 coincident M5-branes is called 6d A N −1 (2,0) theory. It has 6d (2, 0) superconformal symmetry whose bosonic subgroup is SO(2, 6) × SO(5) R . The (2,0) theory is expected to be a kind of non-Abelian tensor theory, but the attempts to write down a Lagrangian have not yet reached a stage where all quantum observables of the theory can be computed straightforwardly, at least in principle, from the Lagrangian. Alternative approaches to study the (2,0) theory invoke dualities or topologically protected observables. One famous result is the N 3 scaling of the theory's degrees of freedom, which was argued to be true on the basis of holographic principle and anomaly calculations [1] [2] [3] [4] .

One famous result is the N 3 scaling of the theory's degrees of freedom, which was argued to be true on the basis of holographic principle and anomaly calculations.


The world goat population is around 1.1 billion animals (FAOSTAT, http://www.fao.org/faostat/) and the dairy goat industry in particular is under great expansion (Liang and Devendra 2014) . To continue expanding and remain competitive with other dairy industries, goat producers need to improve the production efficiency of their herds. Genetic improvement is the most attractive approach to promote permanent gains in livestock species. Milk production is among traits with highest economic relevance for the industry and is a great example of longitudinal traits, characterized by repeated measures in the same individual over time. For the analysis of longitudinal data, random regression models (RRM) have been widely used in various livestock species to analyse a variety of traits (Pereira et al. 2013; Flores and Werf 2015; Sasaki et al. 2015; Englishby et al. 2016; Kheirabadi and Rashidi 2016; Oliveira et al. 2016; Rovadoscki et al. 2016) . In RRM, a fixed curve for the population is calculated and individual curves are fitted as deviation from the population curve. The RRM require the use of a function to model the fixed and random curves. Orthogonal Legendre polynomials (LEG) are among the most popular ones (Meyer 2005; Sarmento et al. 2008; Bignardi et al. 2011; Kheirabadi et al. 2014) . However, these models may require higher polynomial degrees and uneven adjustment throughout the lactation curve when compared with other polynomials (Meyer 2005) . In addition, LEG may provide implausible parameter estimates for the beginning and the end of the trajectory by overemphasizing observations at the extremes (Meyer 2005) . Considering that, B-spline (segmented polynomials) functions have been suggested as an alternative to high degree LEG (Huisman et al. 2002; Silvestre et al. 2006; DeGroot et al. 2007; Bohmanova et al. 2008; Sánchez et al. 2008; Bignardi et al. 2011) . However, studies investigating the use of B-splines are still scarce for dairy goats, and therefore, there is a need to investigate these models for modelling lactation curves of dairy goats.

The world goat population is around 1.1 billion animals (FAOSTAT, http://www.fao.org/faostat/) and the dairy goat industry in particular is under great expansion.

For the analysis of longitudinal data, random regression models (RRM) have been widely used in various livestock species to analyse a variety of traits.

Orthogonal Legendre polynomials (LEG) are among the most popular ones.

However, these models may require higher polynomial degrees and uneven adjustment throughout the lactation curve when compared with other polynomials.

In addition, LEG may provide implausible parameter estimates for the beginning and the end of the trajectory by overemphasizing observations at the extremes.

Considering that, B-spline (segmented polynomials) functions have been suggested as an alternative to high degree LEG.


A ge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common causes of blindness in elderly individuals in the developed world [1] . AMD is typically categorized into two forms: wet form and dry form. The pathology of neovascular (wet) AMD is related to the process of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), which leads to leak exudates and hemorrhage. The neovascular membrane in the macular region becomes fibrotic and forms a disciform scar in the involutional stage, which causes irreversible damage and explains the severe central visual loss experienced by these patients [2] .

A ge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common causes of blindness in elderly individuals in the developed world.

The neovascular membrane in the macular region becomes fibrotic and forms a disciform scar in the involutional stage, which causes irreversible damage and explains the severe central visual loss experienced by these patients.


The literature describes the influence of alloying elements (Mo, Ni, N, Mn) on the chemical composition and stacking fault energy (SFE) of stainless steels, and therefore, on thermally activated phenomena [3] . Austenitic steels usually have low SFE. For example, the SFE of AISI 304L steel is 18 mJ/m 2 , while that of AISI 305 steel is about 34 mJ/m 2 and that of AISI 316LVM steel is 78 mJ/m 2 [4] . Therefore, given the low SFE of the matrix, the main recovery process in hot deformation is dynamic recrystallization (DRX) [5] . However, the predominant behavior of materials with average SFE is dynamic recovery (DRV), with inhibition of thermally activated phenomena [6] . Thus the kinetics of dynamic softening is characterized by the competing mechanisms of work hardening, DRV and DRX, which give rise to mechanical and microstructural changes.

The literature describes the influence of alloying elements (Mo, Ni, N, Mn) on the chemical composition and stacking fault energy (SFE) of stainless steels, and therefore, on thermally activated phenomena.

Austenitic steels usually have low SFE.

For example, the SFE of AISI 304L steel is 18 mJ/m 2 , while that of AISI 305 steel is about 34 mJ/m 2 and that of AISI 316LVM steel is 78 mJ/m 2.

Therefore, given the low SFE of the matrix, the main recovery process in hot deformation is dynamic recrystallization (DRX).

However, the predominant behavior of materials with average SFE is dynamic recovery (DRV), with inhibition of thermally activated phenomena.


Stainless steels combine good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and good weldability, which are characteristics required in many applications in the chemical, petrochemical and energy industries [1] . The basic composition Fe-Cr-Ni comprises essentially four types of characteristic microstructures: martensitic, ferritic, austenitic and duplex [2] . In industrial settings, these alloys undergo specific hot forming processes in thermomechanical processing, such as rolling and forging, for the manufacture of tubes, plates, valves, hospital equipment, and numerous other applications.

Stainless steels combine good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and good weldability, which are characteristics required in many applications in the chemical, petrochemical and energy industries.

The basic composition Fe-Cr-Ni comprises essentially four types of characteristic microstructures: martensitic, ferritic, austenitic and duplex.


The present data suggest that hyperfiltering diabetics represent a sub-group whose renal response to ambient glucose is both quantitatively and qualitatively different from normofiltering diabetics. Moreover the determinants of the high GFR appear to be different under euglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions. Raised FF as well as RPF appear to occur only during hyperglycemia. Elevated intraglomerular pressure may contribute to the raised FF, and this condition may be potentially more harmful to the kidney than increased flow alone, as found during euglycemia [44] . It therefore becomes crucial further to elucidate the mechanisms behind these abnormalities.

Elevated intraglomerular pressure may contribute to the raised FF, and this condition may be potentially more harmful to the kidney than increased flow alone, as found during euglycemia.


Due to the difficulties in calculating the hadronic contributions, one could think that i) is the favourite explanation. However, if one fixes the hadronic contribution in order to agree with a exp µ , deviations in the electroweak precision observables are obtained. In particular, the Higgs mass prediction is modified and, in order to be compatible with the measured value, large modifications of the hadronic contribution at energies lower than 1 GeV would be required, while this is precisely the energy region where the experimental measurement is solid [16] . Therefore, this explanation seems to be disfavoured.

In particular, the Higgs mass prediction is modified and, in order to be compatible with the measured value, large modifications of the hadronic contribution at energies lower than 1 GeV would be required, while this is precisely the energy region where the experimental measurement is solid.


In this paper, three effects are included in the AMM scale-dependent contact and friction model [1] . A Weibull distribution is used, which allows the skew and kurtosis of the asperity height distribution to be varied, but not independently of each other [27] . The effect of non-constant radii of curvature of the asperity summits, with the curvature varying with asperity height, is examined [28] . Finally, the influence of noncontacting asperities on the normal force and hence on contact and friction is included.

In this paper, three effects are included in the AMM scale-dependent contact and friction model.

A Weibull distribution is used, which allows the skew and kurtosis of the asperity height distribution to be varied, but not independently of each other.

The effect of non-constant radii of curvature of the asperity summits, with the curvature varying with asperity height, is examined.


Thus, contact modelling is an essential part of any friction model. It consists of two related steps. First, the equations representing the contact of a single pair of asperities are determined. In general, this procedure includes elastic, elastic-plastic, or completely plastic deformation. For nanometre scale contacts, the effect of adhesion on the contact area is also included. Second, the cumulative effect of individual asperity contacts is determined. Such contact models are uncoupled and represent surface roughness as a set of asperities, often with statistically distributed parameters. The effect of each individual asperity contact is local and considered separately from the other asperities; the cumulative effect is the sum of the actions of individual asperities (e.g. the well-known Greenwood-Williamson model [3] ).

It consists of two related steps.

The effect of each individual asperity contact is local and considered separately from the other asperities; the cumulative effect is the sum of the actions of individual asperities (e.g. the well-known Greenwood-Williamson model).


A typical machine vision system comprises a camera and a machine analyzing images, e.g., a computer with proper software. This kind of system must be selected with regard to the considered objectives. All the subsystems must be selected to complete the needs of a given application, and the basic issue is proper selection of the image processor in order to provide proper operation time and suitable resolution of the imagining system [1] , [2] , [3] .

All the subsystems must be selected to complete the needs of a given application, and the basic issue is proper selection of the image processor in order to provide proper operation time and suitable resolution of the imagining system.


JCQ recommended version has 49 items, including latitude of decision, which is the worker's control over their own work, made by decision of authority and discretion ability subscales, psychological requirements, supervisor and social support coworker subscales, physical demands of the job, and job insecurity (Karasek, 1985) . A new version of the questionnaire (JCQ 2.0), introducing the emotional demands scale, is under test. Detailed information about JCQ recommended version and its new version is available at http://www.jcqcenter.org.

JCQ recommended version has 49 items, including latitude of decision, which is the worker's control over their own work, made by decision of authority and discretion ability subscales, psychological requirements, supervisor and social support coworker subscales, physical demands of the job, and job insecurity.


Several studies have analyzed the JCQ dimensional structure. However, different evaluation methods and the instrument different versions have hampered the comparability of results drawn from these studies. The JCQ dimensional structure was mainly described by means of exploratory techniques (Kawakami et al., 1995; Cheng et al., 2003; Gimeno et al., 2004; Li et al., 2004; Edimansyah et al., 2006; Eum et al., 2006; Araújo & Karasek, 2008; Choobineh et al., 2011; Gomez-Ortiz & Moreno, 2009; Mase et al., 2012; Nehzat et al., 2014) . The confirmatory factorial analysis can improve the construct measurement theory of a research instrument and deepen the analysis when it considers the theoretical framework that presupposes the measure that the instrument will make. According to this technique, the measurement theory previously tested by an exploratory method is used for specifying the number of factors and items that will compose the factorial model (Hair, Black, Babin, Anderson, & Tatham, 2006) . Some studies have already applied this technique to JCQ and have proposed structural changes in this instrument (Niedhammer, 2002; Sale & Kerr, 2002; Santavirta, 2003; Niedhammer et al., 2006; Choi et al., 2008; Phakthongsuk & Apakupakul, 2008; Hökerberg et al., 2010; Griep et al., 2011; Hökerberg et al., 2014) . This study aimed to assess the dimensional structure of the Job Content Questionnaire's (JCQ) main scales in two different work contexts in Brazil.

The JCQ dimensional structure was mainly described by means of exploratory techniques.

According to this technique, the measurement theory previously tested by an exploratory method is used for specifying the number of factors and items that will compose the factorial model.

Some studies have already applied this technique to JCQ and have proposed structural changes in this instrument.


In both studies, social support subscales showed strong correlations, presented high factor loadings that contribute to model interpretation, and their items satisfied the internal consistency criteria. Keeping these subscales in the dimensional structure did not affect the model fit criteria, differing from other studies findings (Hökerberg et al., 2010; Chungkham et al., 2013) . As expected, social support subscales showed positive correlations with skill discretion, and decision authority; and negative correlations with psychological job demands, in both studies.

Keeping these subscales in the dimensional structure did not affect the model fit criteria, differing from other studies findings.


In recent years, many scholars have done experiments on the movement of particles on the surface of bubbles. The research method used is mainly particle sedimentation, that is, an injector is used to create a bubble on top of the needle in the water tank. The particles settle under the action of gravity. The collision and adhesion process of particles is observed by a high-speed camera [6] [7] [8] .

The collision and adhesion process of particles is observed by a high-speed camera.


In summary, most of the tested objects have been materials with regular shape and homogeneous surface properties (glass beads, glass fiber). Actual minerals have not been studied in depth because of their complex surface properties and irregular shape. Research work in other fields have shown that material heterogeneity has an important influence on many processes of particles, such as the strength and deformation behavior and micro-cracking process of minerals. Therefore, the influence of particle heterogeneity should be considered in the research of flotation [17] [18] [19] . In this paper, actual coal samples are taken as the research object and the relationship between collision angle and initial settling position, particle velocity, and adhesion efficiency is studied from the point of view of particle group.

Therefore, the influence of particle heterogeneity should be considered in the research of flotation.


At present, materials with homogeneous surface properties (glass beads, glass fiber) are usually used as test objects. It is found that the adhesion behavior is affected by the hydrophobicity of the particles [9] [10] [11] . Hydrophobic glass beads will jump in the bubbles, while this phenomenon is not observed if the test material is hydrophilic glass beads. Hydrophilic glass beads only slide along the upper hemisphere of the bubble and will detach if they cross the bubble equator, but hydrophobic glass beads will continue to slide along the bubble surface and eventually adhere to the bottom of the bubble after crossing the equator [12, 13] . In addition to hydrophobicity, the shape of the particle also has a great influence on adhesion [14] . The irregular convex surface of particles can speed up the liquid film drainage and puncture the liquid film. The induction time of polygonal particles is much lower than that of spherical particles [15] . It was found that the collision angle also affects adhesion through studying the motion of hydrophobic glass fiber. Studies have shown that when the collision angle was less than 30 • , the glass fiber adhered to the bubble along the long axis and adhered stably. When the collision angle was greater than 30 • , the glass fiber adhered to the bubble along the short axis and was susceptible to the fluid environment [16] .

It is found that the adhesion behavior is affected by the hydrophobicity of the particles.

Hydrophilic glass beads only slide along the upper hemisphere of the bubble and will detach if they cross the bubble equator, but hydrophobic glass beads will continue to slide along the bubble surface and eventually adhere to the bottom of the bubble after crossing the equator.

In addition to hydrophobicity, the shape of the particle also has a great influence on adhesion.

The induction time of polygonal particles is much lower than that of spherical particles.

When the collision angle was greater than 30 • , the glass fiber adhered to the bubble along the short axis and was susceptible to the fluid environment.


Sweden have had no obvious window of opportunity since there were no mechanisms, such as prior learning of a local comprehensive system, that the key professional and national political actors could refer to and ultimately spur an agreement on a national mandatory system. Sweden has, rather, been deliberately cautious and chosen another route, namely, a revision of national health authorities (Ds, 2014) . The strategy is to gather information from different quality systems to support a public knowledge management, which in short includes refinement of the responsibility of national health authorities for these matters and collaboration between the concerned authorities. The extent to which this documentation and cooperation amongst national health authorities are effective or mere castles in the air is open to doubt, and should be left for further examination.

Sweden has, rather, been deliberately cautious and chosen another route, namely, a revision of national health authorities.


This article examines the different historical developments of the quality systems in the Danish and Swedish public health sectors. Both countries are unitary states that have universal publicly funded health systems in which the political responsibility for running the public hospitals is largely delegated to the second-tier, namely, the counties or regions. As in many other countries, the medical professions in both Denmark and Sweden are powerful and have insisted-for a long time with success-on being in control of quality management. At the same time, both countries have seen pressure from politicians and an emerging group of hospital and quality managers to implement quality assurance measures (Saltman, Vrangbaek, Lehto, & Winblad, 2012) . Finally, the quality management of the health services has changed substantially in both countries over the last two decades in order to pay more attention to user needs and choices.

At the same time, both countries have seen pressure from politicians and an emerging group of hospital and quality managers to implement quality assurance measures.


We have not seen many researches focusing on the issues of Microblog summarization. We found only one work that discusses about the issues of summarization for Microblogs (Sharifi et al., 2010) . Their goal, however, is very different from ours as they try to summarize multiple posts and do not consider the responses. They propose the Phrase Reinforcement Algorithm to find the most commonly used phrase that encompasses the topic phrase, and use these phrases to compose the summary. They are essentially trying to solve a multi-document summarization problem while our problem is more similar to short dialog summarization because the dialogue nature of Microblogs is one of the most challenging part that we tried to overcome.

We found only one work that discusses about the issues of summarization for Microblogs.


Since the FDA approval of Herceptin, the determination of HER2 status became routine in processing breast cancer specimens [1] [2] [3] . HER2 status can be assessed on both surgical specimens and core biopsies using national and international guidelines [3, 4] . The FDA approved methodologies include the assessment of the protein level by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or gene copy count on the DNA level by in situ hybridization technology (ISH) [2] [3] [4] [5] . Current guidelines give clear specifications as to quality assurance, participation in proficiency testing and defined scoring systems [3, 5, 6] . Furthermore, ASCO/CAP guidelines include the achievement of a concordance level of at least 95% for both positive and negative tumors when using IHC and ISH technology [3, 5, 6] . As a result of more than a decade intensive research in HER2 testing in breast cancer, it became apparent that testing results can be crucially influenced by pre-analytical and interpretation issues. Concordance between IHC and ISH results vary from 50-100% in the literature [1, 2, [6] [7] [8] [9] . Economic issues of cost-effectiveness of IHC or ISH as primary test have been the issue of several previous studies and are still debated [10, 11] .

Since the FDA approval of Herceptin, the determination of HER2 status became routine in processing breast cancer specimens.

HER2 status can be assessed on both surgical specimens and core biopsies using national and international guidelines.

The FDA approved methodologies include the assessment of the protein level by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or gene copy count on the DNA level by in situ hybridization technology (ISH).

Current guidelines give clear specifications as to quality assurance, participation in proficiency testing and defined scoring systems.

Furthermore, ASCO/CAP guidelines include the achievement of a concordance level of at least 95% for both positive and negative tumors when using IHC and ISH technology.

Concordance between IHC and ISH results vary from 50-100% in the literature.

Economic issues of cost-effectiveness of IHC or ISH as primary test have been the issue of several previous studies and are still debated.


In consideration of the entire model, it can be seen that academic fluency mediated the influence of language ability on academic skills. Obviously, students' ability to efficiently process academic information and produce appropriate responses facilitated the students' academic abilities (Berninger & Richards, 2002; Fry & Hale, 1996) . The interrelationships regarding language, externalizing behavior, fluency, and academic skills lead to a pragmatic postulate: Up to 45% of students with ED are likely to have concomitant language ability deficits (Nelson et al., 2005) . The model described in this article suggests that students with ED would benefit academically from interventions directed at developing their language ability. Because the most common forms of intervention with students with ED is through the use of language, it would seem paramount that public school professionals assess these students' language skills and offer interventions for students with ED with concomitant communication disorders.

Obviously, students' ability to efficiently process academic information and produce appropriate responses facilitated the students' academic abilities.

The interrelationships regarding language, externalizing behavior, fluency, and academic skills lead to a pragmatic postulate: Up to 45% of students with ED are likely to have concomitant language ability deficits.


There is growing interest in identifying the factors that influence the academic achievement of students with ED. These students tend to experience significant academic achievement deficits in all areas (Nelson et al., 2004) . Structural equation modeling was used to test five hypothesized interrelationships among language skills, externalizing behavior, and academic fluency and their impact on the academic skills of K-12 students with ED. Hypotheses 1 and 4 regarding the effects of externalizing behavior on language skills (Hypothesis 1) and academic fluency (Hypothesis 4) were not supported. Externalizing behavior as measured by the narrow-band scales of delinquent behavior, aggressive behavior, and attention problems did not have a statistically significant effect on language skills, academic fluency, or academic skills.

These students tend to experience significant academic achievement deficits in all areas.


This inequality is always satisfied for the choice of parameters (40) . Note that the inequality (42) is valid in the strict sense, i.e. the speed of perturbations does not reach the speed of light. Thus, we have shown that all solutions are stable in the Minkowski background, and there are no superluminal perturbations if we choose functions F (Y ) and K(Y ) in the Lagrangian (2) in the form of (36) with the constant coefficients a, b and c in the range (40) .

This inequality is always satisfied for the choice of parameters.

Thus, we have shown that all solutions are stable in the Minkowski background, and there are no superluminal perturbations if we choose functions F (Y ) and K(Y ) in the Lagrangian (2) in the form of (36) with the constant coefficients a, b and c in the range.


However, GPS signal is susceptible to interferences from either intentional or unintentional sources for the reason that it arrives at the receiver at a very low-power level, typically 20∼30 dB below the receiver's thermal noise level [1] . Based on that, the performance of GPS navigation and positioning degrades dramatically. Hence, one of the hot topic of using GPS is to cancel the interference as completely as possible without any distortion of desired GPS signal.

However, GPS signal is susceptible to interferences from either intentional or unintentional sources for the reason that it arrives at the receiver at a very low-power level, typically 20∼30 dB below the receiver's thermal noise level.


Previous studies of these imaging modalities in high-risk surgical patients at MD Anderson Cancer Center found that AFI provided significant diagnostic value in that setting [31, 34] . The patients in this study were from a community dental clinic at UTSD-Houston and reflect the low-risk patients presenting to community dentists, including a diverse array of non-OPL oral mucosal lesions. The difference in AFI's performance between the two settings underscores the importance of studying diagnostic adjuncts in a variety of populations.

Previous studies of these imaging modalities in high-risk surgical patients at MD Anderson Cancer Center found that AFI provided significant diagnostic value in that setting.


Ultrafine particles (UFP) are generally defined as particles smaller than 0.1 µm in diameter (Morawska et al., 2008) . Numerous epidemiological and toxicological studies have shown that UFP cause various adverse health effects, such as respiratory illness, DNA damage, cardiovascular disease, and adverse birth outcomes (Hoek et al., 2010; Knol et al., 2009; Moller et al., 2008) . The dominant source of UFP in urban areas is vehicular emissions (Pey et al., 2009) . UFP in urban areas account for the major proportion (∼ 80%) of total particulate matter (PM) number concentration but a negligible proportion of the mass concentration (Kumar et al., 2010) . However PM mass (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ) is currently regulated but PM numbers are not, thus measurements of ambient UFP are relatively sparse.

Ultrafine particles (UFP) are generally defined as particles smaller than 0.1 µm in diameter.

Numerous epidemiological and toxicological studies have shown that UFP cause various adverse health effects, such as respiratory illness, DNA damage, cardiovascular disease, and adverse birth outcomes.

The dominant source of UFP in urban areas is vehicular emissions.

UFP in urban areas account for the major proportion (∼ 80%) of total particulate matter (PM) number concentration but a negligible proportion of the mass concentration.


Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas are non-encapsulated clusters of lymphocytes found throughout the mucosal tissues of the aero-digestive tract. The non-Hodgkin type lymphomas that arise from these lymphocyte aggregates (MALT lymphoma) are of B-cell lineage, the commonest involving the salivary glands [1] . A MALT lymphoma has been presumed to be associated with autoimmune or inflammatory diseases [2] . The benign lymphoepithelial lesion (BLL) is also a lymphoproliferative disease that develops in the parotid gland. Although, BLL is a benign disease, subsequent malignancies have also been reported [3, 4] .

The non-Hodgkin type lymphomas that arise from these lymphocyte aggregates (MALT lymphoma) are of B-cell lineage, the commonest involving the salivary glands.

A MALT lymphoma has been presumed to be associated with autoimmune or inflammatory diseases.

Although, BLL is a benign disease, subsequent malignancies have also been reported.


Angiogenesis is considered as a major process in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Many factors are involved in this complex mechanism, and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator of angiogenesis; it is a potent endothelial cell mitogen, morphogen, and vascular permeability-inducing agent [12, 13] . VEGF binds to either of two tyrosine kinase receptors, the fm5-like tyrosine kinase (flt) and the kinase domain receptor (KDR or Flk-1) [14] . Peritoneal endometriotic lesions with high proliferative activity are also accompanied by high angiogenic activity, as reflected by higher expression of VEGF-A in stroma and glandular epithelium and VEGFR-2 in blood vessels [15] . In our recent study, we showed that the vascular density and the expression of VEGF and its receptor VEGFR-2 (Flk-1) are significantly higher in deeply infiltrating endometriosis affecting the ovary, bladder and mainly the rectosigmoid, compared with the eutopic endometrium [16] .

Many factors are involved in this complex mechanism, and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator of angiogenesis; it is a potent endothelial cell mitogen, morphogen, and vascular permeability-inducing agent.

VEGF binds to either of two tyrosine kinase receptors, the fm5-like tyrosine kinase (flt) and the kinase domain receptor (KDR or Flk-1).

Peritoneal endometriotic lesions with high proliferative activity are also accompanied by high angiogenic activity, as reflected by higher expression of VEGF-A in stroma and glandular epithelium and VEGFR-2 in blood vessels.

In our recent study, we showed that the vascular density and the expression of VEGF and its receptor VEGFR-2 (Flk-1) are significantly higher in deeply infiltrating endometriosis affecting the ovary, bladder and mainly the rectosigmoid, compared with the eutopic endometrium.


The majority of germanium recoils would go undetected in a commercially available HPGe detector with an electronic noise of 150 eV-FWHM [9] . Reducing the electronic noise to 50 eV-FWHM would increase the detection rate by two to three orders of magnitude [11] . The objective of this work is to lower the energy threshold by reducing the electronic noise of the detectorpreamplifier system, specifically by reducing the capacitance and temperature of both the germanium crystal and the front end transistor.

The majority of germanium recoils would go undetected in a commercially available HPGe detector with an electronic noise of 150 eV-FWHM.

Reducing the electronic noise to 50 eV-FWHM would increase the detection rate by two to three orders of magnitude.


In the course of the past three decades, a good number of African countries have experienced some improvements in the development of their stock markets. During the period 1980 to 1999, the number of actively trading stock markets in Africa rose steadily from 8 to 17 (Ndikumana, 2001) . However, in 2009, Africa had a total of 29 functioning stock markets across 23 1 countries as against 17 in 1999. A regional stock market 2 was also established in 1998 by the French-speaking West African countries to serve equity markets in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo.

During the period 1980 to 1999, the number of actively trading stock markets in Africa rose steadily from 8 to 17.


Stock markets are well known for playing a very significant role in boosting economic growth through enhancing effective mobilization of savings for investment as well as facilitating capital inflows. They are important in mitigating investors' risks and in the transformation of maturities in the saving-investment nexus (Nissanke, Aryeetey, Hettige, & Steel, 1995) . Stock markets are also important in terms of enhancing productivity by improving the efficiency of financial intermediaries, raising the marginal productivity of capital as well as increasing the savings rate (Montiel, 1996) . It has also been argued that well-functioning stock markets enhance the efficiency of the corporate sector through ensuring an effective monitoring of management and exerting corporate controls (Stiglitz, 1985) .

They are important in mitigating investors' risks and in the transformation of maturities in the saving-investment nexus.

Stock markets are also important in terms of enhancing productivity by improving the efficiency of financial intermediaries, raising the marginal productivity of capital as well as increasing the savings rate.

It has also been argued that well-functioning stock markets enhance the efficiency of the corporate sector through ensuring an effective monitoring of management and exerting corporate controls.


Medicinal plants have the largest pharmaceutical source that exists and the use of them is as old as human life. Before the nineteenth century, the plants were the main resource used in traditional medicine [1] . The use of herbal substances stands out both as a therapeutic agent as raw material for synthesis of drugs. This practice was valued by the national pharmaceutical market international and research and development of new drugs [2] - [7] .

Before the nineteenth century, the plants were the main resource used in traditional medicine.

This practice was valued by the national pharmaceutical market international and research and development of new drugs.


Stripe rust causes many challenges to farmers around the world because the majority of winter wheat cultivars are either susceptible or possess low level of resistance to this disease (Sharma et al., 2016) . Until now, stripe rust on susceptible wheat cultivars is mainly controlled by fungicide Wheat is a C3 plant that is well suitable to cool environment and adapted to a broad range of climates: from wet temperate to dry and high rainfall areas, and from warm-humid to dry-cold environment (Acevedo et al., 2006) . The optimum growing temperature for wheat lies between 18 °C and 24 °C and the minimum and maximum growth temperatures range from 3 °C to 4 °C and from 30 °C to 32 °C respectively (Getie, 2015) . In addition, wheat is of two types based on the sowing season: spring wheat and winter wheat. Unlike spring wheat, which has a short period of vernalisation, winter wheat requires a long period of cold temperatures for flowering .

Stripe rust causes many challenges to farmers around the world because the majority of winter wheat cultivars are either susceptible or possess low level of resistance to this disease.

Until now, stripe rust on susceptible wheat cultivars is mainly controlled by fungicide Wheat is a C3 plant that is well suitable to cool environment and adapted to a broad range of climates: from wet temperate to dry and high rainfall areas, and from warm-humid to dry-cold environment.

The optimum growing temperature for wheat lies between 18 °C and 24 °C and the minimum and maximum growth temperatures range from 3 °C to 4 °C and from 30 °C to 32 °C respectively.


The self-labeling and behavioral experience approaches cover different features of workplace bullying as a complex organizational phenomenon (Nielsen et al., 2010) . Researchers should stick to both of them as they give complementary information, especially when it comes to the countries where the concept has not been thoroughly investigated yet. A combined approach provides grounds for fuller insight into the perception of specific behaviors as workplace bullying.

The self-labeling and behavioral experience approaches cover different features of workplace bullying as a complex organizational phenomenon.


The exploration of relations of two workplace bullying assessment methods with job-related behaviors proved that both the self-labeling and behavioral experience method correlate significantly with all researched jobrelated behaviors (Table 4) . The finding about the strongest correlation between bullying and the intention to leave supports previous research (Djurkovic et al., 2008; Hoel et al., 2011; Öcel & Aydin, 2012) . Likewise, the intention to leave gives the largest size of the effect of differences between the previously bullied, presently bullied and non-bullied groups of employees. It gives ground for the conclusion that the intention to leave is an indicator of an actual departure from a difficult position, and, thus, can be regarded as the victims' "healthy reaction" to workplace bullying when other resources have been exhausted. At the intervention level, these findings suggest that we should include assessment of bullying at exit interviews.

The finding about the strongest correlation between bullying and the intention to leave supports previous research.


Crossing the self-labeling and behavior experience data cautions against potential sources of mistake in workplace bullying research. Since the selflabeling method is a general one-item measure, a methodological explanation that could be examined further comes from the issue of differences between oneitem and multiple-item measures. It is possible that the one-item approach covers specific behavioral acts that are not covered by the behavioral approach (Nielsen et al., 2010) . In addition, in the case of workplace bullying, there is one important conceptual difference between one-item and multiple item measures, namely, the one-item approach is tied with the respondents' perception of being victimized.

It is possible that the one-item approach covers specific behavioral acts that are not covered by the behavioral approach.


It has been known for a long time that green leafy vegetables are very rich sources of antioxidants. The extracts of green leafy vegetables have proved vital in curing diseases like asthma. These are highly essential for developing resistance by allowing the immune system to function in a systematic manner. Some plant chemicals are capable of treating inflammatory disorders and eliminate carcinogens, while many other leafy vegetables regulate the rate at which cells reproduce, get rid of old cells and maintain DNA. In a country like Oman there are a few farmers who cultivate such green leafy vegetables, and this evinces the interest in authors to focus on the present study. Another reason is that though most of the land is a desert and there is very little fertile land. Thus it is of significance to establish the nutritional parameters in these green leafy vegetables. This is because leafy vegetables are full of fiber (an important nutrient for weight loss which can also lower cholesterol and blood pressure, and help to temper blood-sugar swings by slowing the absorption of carbohydrates into your bloodstream after meals) along with vitamins, minerals, and plant-based substances that help protect you from heart disease, diabetes, and even cancer. This lowers your risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Leafy greens also contain a lot of water, which helps keep you hydrated and contributes to beautiful skin and hair (one should consume a diet rich in B vitamins like salmon, sardines, legumes and whole grains, along with fortified cereals and breads, seeds and dark green leafy vegetables). Rich sources of omega-3 like flaxseed, canola oils, wheat germ and soya beans, along with nuts, citrus fruits, brightly coloured vegetables, mushrooms (rich in selenium), and magnesium-rich foods like spinach, dark green leafy vegetables should be preferred. Foods rich in sugar and hydrogenated fats loaded with empty calories should be avoided [3] .

Foods rich in sugar and hydrogenated fats loaded with empty calories should be avoided.


Advertising has been called the simplest communication, "the cave art" of the 21st century that makes consumption a top-of-mind behaviour. Like cultural myths, ads aim to impress, stimulate, and persuade. If an ad taps into a modern myth, the response may be obvious, quick, and subconscious. On the other hand, more and more ads are complex and artful, requiring careful study of how they do what they do and how they create new metaphors for viewers that persist long after the ads have been shown. Advertising in this view is a cultural game in which advertisers are challenged to map values of images onto products and viewers are challenged to use their cognitive competencies to interact with the messages they see or hear (Pateman, 1983) .

Advertising in this view is a cultural game in which advertisers are challenged to map values of images onto products and viewers are challenged to use their cognitive competencies to interact with the messages they see or hear.


Our 6-month sample of coverage identified 461 television programs that played on 11 television networks, resulting in the acquisition of 64 distinct remote television commercials that played during 509 hours of recorded play time. Each commercial was named and coded for variables surrounding ad content, design, target audience, master themes, and responsible gambling messages. The authors developed a codebook along with operational definitions of all variables. Both authors independently viewed each ad twice, resulting in a 100% agreement on all dichotomous variables. When a variable could not be sharply distinguished, as in thematic messages, both authors viewed each ad several more times until consensus was reached (Agres, Edell, & Dubitsky, 1990; Chen, Grube, Bersanin, Waiters, & Keefe, 2005; Dejong & Hoffman, 2000; Gulas & Weinberger, 2006; Tellis, 2004) . A caveat, however, is called for. Content analysis is best at uncovering the preferred messages of the senders of the ads at the representational level. It does not evaluate how the messages were received by audiences nor account for how attitudes, beliefs, or behaviours were affected by advertising. These tasks will be undertaken in future focus group and interview studies.

When a variable could not be sharply distinguished, as in thematic messages, both authors viewed each ad several more times until consensus was reached.

A caveat, however, is called for.


In the second part of this note we prove a general result establishing that the topological type of a compact metric space is completely determined by the uniform type of the canonical complement. In order to get this result we use Pe lczynski's paper [20] . We finish the paper showing how this duality can be used to reformulate some problems in topology and to prove known results in this way. In particular we use the Freudenthal ends of the complement of a Z-set in Q to obtain a Borsuk's result in Shape Theory.

In order to get this result we use Pe lczynski's paper.


Both the pressure rise method and the double microbalance method can be used to measure the sputtering yield of an icy sample not attached to a microbalance. However, the detection thresholds make it difficult to analyze experiments with a low yield. We will prefer the pressure rise method in future experiments since it showed a better sensitivity in this study. Implementing the secondary microbalance approach for deep ice layers over a wide range of parameters also poses an engineering challenge as two independent cooling cycles are required. Both measurement methods introduce a relative uncertainty of 30% to the derived sputtering yield. This accuracy should be sufficient to test if a deep porous ice layer has a 70% lower sputtering yield compared to a compact ice layer ( Cassidy and Johnson, 2005 ) .

This accuracy should be sufficient to test if a deep porous ice layer has a 70% lower sputtering yield compared to a compact ice layer.


Encapsulation techniques have been studied for their remarkable effects in protection and preservation of biocompounds against oxidation, isomerization, and degradation during storage of healthy foods for an extended period of time [7] . Encapsulation in alginate-calcium beads, a particular type of crosslinked hydrogels, is one of the available methods. It has several advantages: (i) it is a relatively low-cost and eco-friendly procedure; and (ii) it is nontoxic, biocompatible, and thermally and chemically stable [8, 9] .

Encapsulation techniques have been studied for their remarkable effects in protection and preservation of biocompounds against oxidation, isomerization, and degradation during storage of healthy foods for an extended period of time.

It has several advantages: (i) it is a relatively low-cost and eco-friendly procedure; and (ii) it is nontoxic, biocompatible, and thermally and chemically stable.


The abilities of survival and metastasis to large distance are often complied with tumours that are resistant to chemotherapeutic drug treatment. Patient response to chemotherapy has shown to be closely correlated to the functional status of miRNAs [34] [35] [36] . Although the molecular mechanism of miRNA-regulated drug resistance still remains largely unknown, the data suggest several functional roles for miRNAs, including influence of therapeutic induced cell death, regulation of multiple drug resistance related proteins, change in bioavailable drug concentration, alteration of drug targets and promotion of angiogenesis and tumour stem-like cells [37] . More and more experiments have recently revealed that the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway can regulate or enhance multidrug resistance [15, [38] [39] [40] [41] . Cancer cells can activate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which modulate cell survival signaling and regulate DNA repair machinery directly [42] .

Patient response to chemotherapy has shown to be closely correlated to the functional status of miRNAs.

Although the molecular mechanism of miRNA-regulated drug resistance still remains largely unknown, the data suggest several functional roles for miRNAs, including influence of therapeutic induced cell death, regulation of multiple drug resistance related proteins, change in bioavailable drug concentration, alteration of drug targets and promotion of angiogenesis and tumour stem-like cells.

More and more experiments have recently revealed that the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway can regulate or enhance multidrug resistance.

Cancer cells can activate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which modulate cell survival signaling and regulate DNA repair machinery directly.


Aberrantly expressed miRNAs can disrupt the tightly regulated RNA networks in cancer cells, triggering cancer development and metastasis [28, 29] . To date, there has been no report about miR-188-5p functional analyses in PCa. This is the first report that aimed to investigate the functional significance of miR-188-5p in PCa. Here, we reported that miR-188-5p was down-expressed in PCa and that downexpression of miR-188-5p might serve as an independent predictor for the poor outcome of PCa patients. The data suggested that downexpression of miR-188-5p was significantly correlated with metastases. We found that miR-188-5p inhibited PCa cell proliferation, invasion and migration through the downregulation of LAPTM4B by directly binding to its 3'-UTR. We further found that miR-188-5p can regulate cell response under chemotherapy. Taken together, these results demonstrated that miR-188-5p played an important role in PCa progression and chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity.

Aberrantly expressed miRNAs can disrupt the tightly regulated RNA networks in cancer cells, triggering cancer development and metastasis.


Regarding single-joint artificial orthotics, they have a simple hinge structure that can be constructed easily as well as having good durability. However, they can only control the swing phase and cannot control the stance phase sufficiently. Real human knee joints move with a polycentric motion, whereby the centre of rotation changes during the rotation [10] . Due to this characteristic, a single-joint exoskeleton cannot fully track the human knee-joint motion. Furthermore, loss of energy occurs as a result of this centre misalignment.

Real human knee joints move with a polycentric motion, whereby the centre of rotation changes during the rotation.


While there are many reasons families are paying more for college, rising enrollments and declining state aid are the primary drivers (Barr and Turner, 2013) . One way that public institutions could deal with declining state support would be to raise tuition. However, institutions of higher education do not have the ability to set tuition in over two-thirds of states (Kim and Stange, 2016) .

While there are many reasons families are paying more for college, rising enrollments and declining state aid are the primary drivers.

However, institutions of higher education do not have the ability to set tuition in over two-thirds of states.


In this empirical note we try to explain parish-level voting on Amendment 2 using an empirical median voter model. We do so in order to better understand collective concerns regarding college tuition and the value of public higher education. Even as individuals seem willing to pay ever higher tuition for themselves or their children, taxpayers seem unwilling to devote more public resources to higher education in the face of other competing state demands (Barr and Turner, 2013) . Our results show a positive and statistically significant relationship between parishes with higher rates of college educated citizens and the percentage of yes votes on Amendment 2. This finding disappears, however, once we control for the percentage of parish citizens that are university employees. We find a strong and positive relationship between the percentage of a parish that is African-American and yes vote percentage. We find no consistent negative relationships. We discuss the implications of our findings in our conclusion.

Even as individuals seem willing to pay ever higher tuition for themselves or their children, taxpayers seem unwilling to devote more public resources to higher education in the face of other competing state demands.


Amendment 2 had plenty of supporters who felt that the current constitutional restraints on tuition increases were too restrictive. Jim Henderson, the president of Northwestern State University (NSU), made the case in favor of greater authority over tuition increases by public universities in stating that "the constitutional Amendment 2 powers the universities to respond more effectively to the needs of their markets, the needs of students (Guidry and D'Aquin, 2016) (Guidry, 2016) . Other arguments given include the tendency of many voters to automatically vote against any constitutional amendments (Guidry, 2016) .

Jim Henderson, the president of Northwestern State University (NSU), made the case in favor of greater authority over tuition increases by public universities in stating that "the constitutional Amendment 2 powers the universities to respond more effectively to the needs of their markets, the needs of students.

Other arguments given include the tendency of many voters to automatically vote against any constitutional amendments.


In patients with positive M. tuberculosis in pleural effusion, only 5 of them had positive AMTD test. The low sensitivity of AMTD in pleural TB patients with positive M. tuberculosis culture may be caused by the presence of inhibitory substance in pleural effusion [20] . In addition, this study has false positive results of AMTD tests in patients with diagnosis other than pleural TB. These patients with false positive AMTD had been followed for 2-7 years and none of them develop tuberculosis. These false-positive results may have originated from cross-contamination during specimen processing, from cross-reaction with non-mycobacterial DNA, or from latent infection with tuberculosis [15, 21] . A previous report has suggested that the lung tissue of persons residing in an M. tuberculosis endemic area may be colonized with small amounts of M. tuberculosis without active infection detectable by PCR testing [22] . The high prevalence of tuberculosis in Taiwan may explain the false positive M. tuberculosis AMTD results in this study. Moreover, positive results in malignant pleural effusion may be due to temporary colonization or persistence of mycobacteria [23] . Compatible with previous reports, this study reveals that malignant pleural effusion is the most common cause of false positive results for AMTD tests. As such, positive M. tuberculosis AMTD results should be carefully interpreted in conjunction with clinical information, mycobacterial study results, and findings of pathologic examination of pleural biopsy specimens.

The low sensitivity of AMTD in pleural TB patients with positive M. tuberculosis culture may be caused by the presence of inhibitory substance in pleural effusion.

These false-positive results may have originated from cross-contamination during specimen processing, from cross-reaction with non-mycobacterial DNA, or from latent infection with tuberculosis.

A previous report has suggested that the lung tissue of persons residing in an M. tuberculosis endemic area may be colonized with small amounts of M. tuberculosis without active infection detectable by PCR testing.

Moreover, positive results in malignant pleural effusion may be due to temporary colonization or persistence of mycobacteria.


To minimize privacy concerns, the best practice is to collect the minimum amount of information needed. For location-based services, this principle of minimal collection typically means collecting anonymous or pseudonymous location data [2] . A restaurant recommendation service, for example, can give adequate recommendations based on locations reported anonymously, or under a pseudonym linked to a profile of dining preferences.

For location-based services, this principle of minimal collection typically means collecting anonymous or pseudonymous location data.


In terms of safety ethanol is very benign. The liquid is non-toxic and can easily be handled. Compared to other fuels the flammability zone of ethanol is larger, 2.4-19.0 vol.% as compared to 0.6-5.6 vol.% and 1.4-7.6 vol.% for diesel fuel or gasoline, respectively. However, the flashpoint of ethanol is higher than for gasoline (286-233 K) whereas the auto-ignition temperature of ethanol is higher than the one for diesel fuel (639-503 K) [185] .

However, the flashpoint of ethanol is higher than for gasoline (286-233 K) whereas the auto-ignition temperature of ethanol is higher than the one for diesel fuel (639-503 K).


The second test field done with the designed system was in a volcanic zone of Las Cañadas del Teide in Tenerife Islands [25] . For this field test, the modified system was used, and it was installed in a small house used by IGN. The reference system for this field test was a DM24 system with a CMG-6T sensor from Guralp. This system had three orthogonal channels, with 100 samples per second, and with a resolution of 24 bits. The designed system presented in this work was configured with the same parameters as the reference system. However, this reference system has installed a broadband seismic sensor with a working window up to 30 seconds and the designed system has the seismic sensor with natural frequency of 1 Hz. Figure 14 shows the data recorded by Guralp reference system. Moreover, it must be considered that it is necessary to use filters at frequencies of interest, to better visualize the recorded signals of the broadband sensors. In the graph an event recorded around 7:33 AM near the location of field test can be observed. This was a volcanotectonic type event with a magnitude of 1.7º on the Richter scale.

The second test field done with the designed system was in a volcanic zone of Las Cañadas del Teide in Tenerife Islands.


In the twentieth century, the study of the propagation of seismic waves has been used to create industrial applications that today are known as applied seismic or seismic prospecting. These techniques, also known as active seismic, study the underground tomography from the analysis of the propagation of artificially produced seismic waves into the field [3] . The other technique used to obtain information about underground activity, called passive seismic, uses seismic noise data produced by the Earth's movements [4] .

These techniques, also known as active seismic, study the underground tomography from the analysis of the propagation of artificially produced seismic waves into the field.

The other technique used to obtain information about underground activity, called passive seismic, uses seismic noise data produced by the Earth's movements.


Emerging evidences have confirmed that miRNAs are actively involved in the pathogenic process of HCC [25] . And miRNAs have been reported to be important mediator of the metastasis and epithelial mesenchymal transition of HCC cells [26] . According to the important function of miRNAs in HCC, miRNAs have been considered as potential diagnostic biomarkers and drug-targets of HCC [27] . In this study, miR-489 was found to be significantly under-expressed in HCC. HepG2 and MHCC97L were low invasive cell lines, while MHCC97H and HCCLM3 were high metastatic cell lines. Thus, the relative levels of miR-489 in MHCC97H and HCCLM3 cells were lower than those in HepG2 and MHCC97L cells. And low expression of miR-489 conferred adverse clinical parameters of HCC patients including more tumor nodes, venous invasion and advanced clinical stage. More importantly, decreased expression of miR-489 correlated with shortened 5-year overall and recurrence-free survival. Therefore, miR-489 played tumor suppressive role in HCC and could potentially serve as a promising biological tag for the prognosis of patients.

Emerging evidences have confirmed that miRNAs are actively involved in the pathogenic process of HCC.

And miRNAs have been reported to be important mediator of the metastasis and epithelial mesenchymal transition of HCC cells.

According to the important function of miRNAs in HCC, miRNAs have been considered as potential diagnostic biomarkers and drug-targets of HCC.


Cissus quadrangularis (Linn) has been used by common man in India for the promotion of fracture healing. It is also known as Vitis quadrangularis Wall and belongs to family Vitaceae. It is a common perennial climber and is distributed throughout India, particularly in tropical regions [31] . This plant was used in Ayurveda as an alternative anthelmintic, dyspeptic, digestive, tonic, analgesic in eye and ear diseases, and in the treatment of irregular menstruation and asthma. The whole plant is used in oral rehydration; while the leaf, stem, and root extracts of this plant are important in the management of various ailments. In addition, this plant is used in the management of obesity and metabolic disorders [32] . This plant has antioxidant property and free radicalscavenging activity [33] .

It is a common perennial climber and is distributed throughout India, particularly in tropical regions.

In addition, this plant is used in the management of obesity and metabolic disorders.

This plant has antioxidant property and free radicalscavenging activity.


Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil is extracted from the leaves of the plant also known as lemongrass. The mixture between neral isomers (citral b or cis-citral) and geranial (citral a or trans-citral) form citral, which is the major component of lemongrass and gives the essential oil its characteristic aroma, besides various long-known medicinal properties utilized in popular culture, including antimicrobial activity (Adukwu et al., 2012; Desai and Parikh, 2012) . Lemongrass essential oil, due to the effect of the citral, can be cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lymphocytes, but is safe if used at low concentrations, under 400 µg/mL (Sinha et al., 2014) .

The mixture between neral isomers (citral b or cis-citral) and geranial (citral a or trans-citral) form citral, which is the major component of lemongrass and gives the essential oil its characteristic aroma, besides various long-known medicinal properties utilized in popular culture, including antimicrobial activity.

Lemongrass essential oil, due to the effect of the citral, can be cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lymphocytes, but is safe if used at low concentrations, under 400 µg/mL.


The growth of novel catalysts and efficient kinetic methodologies for the synthesis of polymers is an important target of research. Recently, phase transfer-catalyzed polymerization of vinyl monomers was gaining remarkable interest [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] . Inspired by the versatile application of PTC, herein, we report the systematic kinetic study of radical polymerization of n-butyl acrylate using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) as phase transfer catalyst and potassium peroxydisulphate (PDS) as water-soluble initiator in an ethyl acetate-water two-phase system. The various kinetic parameters on the rate of polymerization were ascertained and based on the experimental observation plausible mechanism has been derived and its significance was discussed. Moreover, the resultant kinetics was evaluated with the reported radical polymerization of n-BA using different catalyst [35] .

Recently, phase transfer-catalyzed polymerization of vinyl monomers was gaining remarkable interest.

Moreover, the resultant kinetics was evaluated with the reported radical polymerization of n-BA using different catalyst.


The acrylic esters such as n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) are commercially attractive and important functional monomers for the synthesis of acrylic resins. Because of their optical clarity, mechanical properties, adhesion and chemical stability, acrylic resins have many applications in paints, adhesives and coatings [17, 18] . Radical polymerization is one of the most widely facilitated commercial processes for the synthesis of polymers with high molecular weight. The rewards of radical polymerization are obvious: it can be applied to almost all vinyl monomers under mild reaction conditions over a wide temperature range, it is water tolerant and its cost is relatively low. The development of a new kinetic model for the polymerization of acrylic monomers, particularly n-butyl acrylate (n-BA), using efficient catalyst at moderate (low) temperature is one of the best approaches to an industrial perspective [19] .

Because of their optical clarity, mechanical properties, adhesion and chemical stability, acrylic resins have many applications in paints, adhesives and coatings.

The development of a new kinetic model for the polymerization of acrylic monomers, particularly n-butyl acrylate (n-BA), using efficient catalyst at moderate (low) temperature is one of the best approaches to an industrial perspective.


Scavenging of electrical energy from a vibrating piezoelectric device has received considerable attention in the last few years [1] [2] [3] . The use of these devices is crucial, particularly in applications where the deployment of batteries is often hampered by their limited lifespan, costly maintenance and complex recycling process. An example of the importance of these devices is in wildlife tracking technology in which replacing batteries is not only expensive and time consuming, also causes danger to the livetrapping of wild animals [4] . One of the main aspects in the design of an energy harvesting device is to ensure that it is tailored to the ambient energy available. There have been many potential applications for energy harvesting from broadband and random ambient excitation, for example aircraft noise. In this case, the harvester must be designed in a way that maximises the harvested energy from this form of excitation.

Scavenging of electrical energy from a vibrating piezoelectric device has received considerable attention in the last few years.

An example of the importance of these devices is in wildlife tracking technology in which replacing batteries is not only expensive and time consuming, also causes danger to the livetrapping of wild animals.


A widely used instrument for self assessment is the portfolio. Portfolio assessment has been used extensively since mid '80s. The idea of using portfolios as an Instrument in performance-based assessment is not new. From past to present, especially painters, artists, writers, models and photographers have exhibited their vocational and acquired skills through portfolios (Zollman & Jones, 1994) .

From past to present, especially painters, artists, writers, models and photographers have exhibited their vocational and acquired skills through portfolios.


On the other hand, assessment of students entails using a well organized system, namely tests, to make judgments about the students' achievement (Gronlund & Linn, 1990) . While this type of assessment is a mainstay of educational programs educators and critics from various backgrounds have raised a number of concerns about its usefulness as the primary measure of students. There are many reasons for undesirability of traditional assessment .student' knowledge is evaluated by one or two single scores.

On the other hand, assessment of students entails using a well organized system, namely tests, to make judgments about the students' achievement.


Recently, the use of video laryngoscopy has become a widely accepted method in both emergency medicine and clinical anesthesia. It facilitates easy visualization of the glottis without a direct line of sight [5] [6] . Ease of handling, high success rate in patients with normal and with difficult airways, high success rate in difficult airway situations and a steep learning curve makes these devices very popular among physicians [7] [8] .

It facilitates easy visualization of the glottis without a direct line of sight.

Ease of handling, high success rate in patients with normal and with difficult airways, high success rate in difficult airway situations and a steep learning curve makes these devices very popular among physicians.


In previous studies, we selected the ethylene-resistant line 64-54 from the second generation (Onozaki et al., 2001) . Furthermore, we selected 10 ethylene-resistant lines by crossing using line 945-15 (male parent of 64-54), 64-56 (full-sib line of 64-54), etc. Our results suggested that ethylene resistance was inherited in a recessive manner . Cross combination of line 204-41S and 203-42S is line 014-19 × 018-21 and line 018-21 × 014-19, respectively (crossing data not shown). Thus interestingly, ethyleneresistant lines 204-41S and 203-42S were derived from reciprocal crosses between two selected fourthgeneration lines, 014-19 and 018-21. The response time to 10 μL·L −1 ethylene was 14.0 h for line 014-19 and 12.8 h for line 018-21 (data not shown), which were classified as moderately sensitive based on our criteria for the degree of ethylene sensitivity . These results suggested that line 014-19 and 018-21 carried recessive genes responsible for ethylene resistance in the heterozygous state.

In previous studies, we selected the ethylene-resistant line 64-54 from the second generation.


To address the issues with current mobile security mechanisms, studies propose continuous authentication (also known as active authentication) techniques [3] . Most mobile techniques for continuous authentication typically collect biometric data from the device during usage and use it to profile a user such that future data collected may be compared to the profile. The success of individual biometric modalities has resulted in studies successfully combining them to obtain improved accuracy [4] . In most schemes, data is collected either as an explicit interaction occurs (e.g.: each touchscreen swipe) or passively in the background (e.g.: location at each time interval).

To address the issues with current mobile security mechanisms, studies propose continuous authentication (also known as active authentication) techniques.

The success of individual biometric modalities has resulted in studies successfully combining them to obtain improved accuracy.


While these statistics give us an impression of the broad trends in fuel poverty, qualitative research is essential to understand how change is experienced in the daily lives of the fuel poor. Relatively few qualitative studies exist that touch on the lived experience of fuel poverty or energy vulnerability [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . These studies show households in the UK and Austria taking increasingly drastic measures to cope with changing circumstances. They also document a variety of experiences and responses depending on the circumstances of the household in question. Certainly, these studies suggest that the experience of fuel poverty is dynamic, and that it can be exacerbated or ameliorated by many factors, from energy efficiency to the social life of the household.

Relatively few qualitative studies exist that touch on the lived experience of fuel poverty or energy vulnerability.


Bottom-up understandings are also affected by constructions of legitimacy in wider society. Walker and Day's work on the importance of 'recognition' that someone is deserving of help is useful here [22] . Current and upcoming changes in welfare policy are likely to make a substantial difference to the energy vulnerability of many which may go unnoticed, especially as this is informed and shaped by the level of recognition afforded to different demographics within society. While due attention will likely be given to the elderly -as a result of being deemed vulnerable under mainstream understandings of fuel poverty -single person households of working age and families with children are more likely to be overlooked, Table 3 Challenges to fuel poverty and the nature of energy vulnerability that these engender.

Walker and Day's work on the importance of 'recognition' that someone is deserving of help is useful here.


In the interviews, we had a sense that our respondents were trying their hardest to live within straightened means, which often meant going without energy services. We also had the sense that these efforts were frequently confounded by structural barriers (see Table 3 ). In particular a reading of both the columns on capacity for action and power suggests that our respondents have very limited power to face the six challenges. Our respondents' degree of energy vulnerability here comes from their lack of agency, which is connected to a series of concurrent institutions (e.g. benefits system, housing providers, housing stock, energy market). These institutions, and the organisations through which they are enacted, are indeed addressing issues relating to energy vulnerability (whether directly or indirectly) but our findings suggest that individual households are not benefiting from these measures and in fact are often constrained by them. This situation is no doubt aggravated by recent UK austerity policy, which has reduced and destabilised household incomes and failed to provide any meaningful investment in energy efficiency [33, 34] .

This situation is no doubt aggravated by recent UK austerity policy, which has reduced and destabilised household incomes and failed to provide any meaningful investment in energy efficiency.


In the period after 2000, the institutional reforms were brought into focus, but the entire reform process slackened due to escalation of the global economic crisis. Until the moment of crisis outbreak, transition countries indicated significant economic growth rates and optimistic forecast of further economic development (Lissowska, 2014) . According to the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the average growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the transition countries in 2007 was 8.7%, but plummeted to -3.9% in 2009 after the start of recession. Empirical research conducted on a sample of 29 transition countries in the period 2008-2013, showed that countries with slower progress of reforms implementation felt less negative effects of the crisis in 2009, with regard to GDP growth rate (Filipović, Miljković, 2014) . Furthermore, this subgroup of transition countries more successfully overcame the crisis during 2009-2013, showing by 18% higher cumulative growth rate in a-five-year period than the transition countries that adopted all market economy principles.

Until the moment of crisis outbreak, transition countries indicated significant economic growth rates and optimistic forecast of further economic development.

Empirical research conducted on a sample of 29 transition countries in the period 2008-2013, showed that countries with slower progress of reforms implementation felt less negative effects of the crisis in 2009, with regard to GDP growth rate.


Fungi are widespread in the environment and a diverse array of fungi can be found on mucous membranes of humans. Using pyrosequencing, between 9 and 23 species, including culturable and uncultured fungi, have been detected from the oral mucosa of healthy people, making them potential agents of endogenous infections in immunocompromised states [4•] . This poses a significant problem to the interpretation of diagnostic tests based on the detection of fungi from non-sterile specimens. A distinction between colonization and IFD is often not possible. Cultures from involved tissues on the other hand, are only positive in 50 % of cases with proven invasive infection [5, 6] . Given these limitations in diagnostics, postmortem examinations classifying the morphology of fungal elements in tissues played a critical role in documenting changes in the epidemiology of IFD, such as a decrease in Candida-infections and an increase in mould infections during the 80's and the increasing importance of mucormycosis in cancer patients in the 90's [5, 7] . However, it is becoming increasingly recognized, that the classification of IFD into these broad categories is not sufficient, as fungi with different in vitro susceptibilities can display identical morphologies. Therefore, treatment decisions based on tissue morphology are not possible in many cases, reducing the chances for optimal patient treatment.

Cultures from involved tissues on the other hand, are only positive in 50 % of cases with proven invasive infection.

Given these limitations in diagnostics, postmortem examinations classifying the morphology of fungal elements in tissues played a critical role in documenting changes in the epidemiology of IFD, such as a decrease in Candida-infections and an increase in mould infections during the 80's and the increasing importance of mucormycosis in cancer patients in the 90's.


Although the implementation of ADS-B is growing, ground stations cannot be installed in mid-ocean and are difficult to maintain in the Arctic, leaving a coverage gap for oceanic and high latitude airspace. An orbital surveillance system has the potential to expand the capabilities of the current terrestrial surveillance system, providing traffic monitoring capability in areas where radars and ground stations do not exist or where their installation is impractical or prohibitively expensive. The introduction of precise and reliable surveillance in remote and oceanic airspace would allow an improvement over existing air traffic procedures, which use standardized routes and large inter-aircraft spacing to provide aircraft separation in the absence of surveillance data. With surveillance information available, aircraft on long flights could take more direct routes, saving time and fuel, thereby reducing engine emissions. The reduced aircraft spacing requirements would also allow more effective use of increasingly crowded airspace, such as the North Atlantic region. These efforts are topical with the announcement of ADS-B receivers being used as secondary payloads on the Iridium Next constellation [2] . Experimental ADS-B payloads were launched on the European Space Agency Proba-V and GOMX-1 satellites in 2013 and have shown that ADS-B transmissions can be retrieved in low Earth orbit (LEO).

These efforts are topical with the announcement of ADS-B receivers being used as secondary payloads on the Iridium Next constellation.


The Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC) has been involved in ADS-B research since 2009, conducting successful high altitude balloon missions and publishing research in the field [3] [4] [5] [6] . As a result of this work, RMCC developed an ADS-B receiver that is scheduled to fly as a technology demonstrator on the Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment-7 (CanX-7) nanosatellite. To assess the likelihood of success of the mission, a model was created to determine power levels arriving at the satellite. The model takes into account neutral atmosphere and ionospheric effects, aircraft-satellite geometry, and antenna radiation patterns. A simulation was run by inserting real aircraft data from the North Atlantic Track System (NATS) into the model and placing the satellite in low Earth orbit (LEO).

The Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC) has been involved in ADS-B research since 2009, conducting successful high altitude balloon missions and publishing research in the field.


Portland cement is the most commonly utilized cement in almost every part of the world. The understanding of the embodiment of Portland cement could lead to a more sustainable concrete and mortar design. It chemically reacts with water to attain setting and hardening properties when used in the construction of buildings, roads, bridges, and other structures. Portland cement was patented by Joseph Aspdin in 1824 and was named after the cliffs on the isle of Portland in England [3] .

Portland cement was patented by Joseph Aspdin in 1824 and was named after the cliffs on the isle of Portland in England.


Sometimes Loss on Ignition (LOI) is classified as a component of chemical composition. LOI indicates the amount of unburnt carbon in the material. However, in some instances it may not necessarily be a measure or indication of carbon content. It may be burning away of residual calcite, bound water molecules, and clay materials [10] . High LOI content may be detrimental to concrete and mortar. It is also known that a high value of LOI results in increased water requirement and dosage of super plasticizer usage in mortar and concrete [11] . Maximum LOI values for both American and Indian standards for common pozzolanic material are 10% and 12%, respectively.

It may be burning away of residual calcite, bound water molecules, and clay materials.

It is also known that a high value of LOI results in increased water requirement and dosage of super plasticizer usage in mortar and concrete.


The production of Portland cement is made by the calcination of a mixture of a calcareous and an argillaceous material at a temperature around 1450 ∘ C [7] . Calcareous substances are of calcium oxide origin usually found in limestone, chalk, or oyster shells whereas argillaceous substances are of silicate and aluminate origin predominantly found in clays, shale, and slags [4] . The calcination process between well-proportioned argillaceous and calcareous substances leads to the production of clinker. Portland cement is obtained when the produced clinker is mixed together with a predefined ratio of gypsum and milled together in a ball mill.

The production of Portland cement is made by the calcination of a mixture of a calcareous and an argillaceous material at a temperature around 1450 ∘ C.

Calcareous substances are of calcium oxide origin usually found in limestone, chalk, or oyster shells whereas argillaceous substances are of silicate and aluminate origin predominantly found in clays, shale, and slags.


We also examine the similarities and differences regarding Boomers and Millennials' media trust and performance levels. Media trust and performance levels are important during a campaign period, as media is clearly the main source of political information for both age groups. We find that Boomers and Millennials have low media trust and performance levels, indicating that both age cohorts feel that media outlets are not fulfilling their role as political and civic educators. The latter findings should not be surprising, as citizens' trust in the mass media has dropped during recent election years, indicating that national elections produce lower trust in political media coverage [66] . Millennials and Boomers only significantly differed on their media performance ratings, with Millennials rating media somewhat higher than Boomers.

The latter findings should not be surprising, as citizens' trust in the mass media has dropped during recent election years, indicating that national elections produce lower trust in political media coverage.


Overall, providing modest evidence for H#1, young adults more frequently paid attention to online sources for campaign information while older adults turned more attention to hard-copy newspapers. Both age cohorts paid attention to a mixture of traditional and online media sources for political information. The latter is consistent with research indicating that older adults supplement traditional media with online sources [31] . Similar to Millennials, Boomers are supplementing their traditional (offline) political information diet with online newspapers and political blogs.

The latter is consistent with research indicating that older adults supplement traditional media with online sources.


Millennials are indeed considered the generation of "digital natives," but recent survey data suggest that the digital generation gap may be closing [13] . For example, a 2012 Pew Research Center unaffiliated in greater numbers (35% of Millennials versus 17% for Baby Boomers) [31] . Notably, party affiliation, ideology, political involvement and media consumption also vary between Boomers and Millennials [29, 30] . For example, in 2012, 53% of Millennials identified as Democrat or leaning Democrat (vs. 48% for Baby Boomers) and 33% identified as Republican or leaning Republican (vs. 40% of Baby Boomers) [32] . In 2011, Millennials possessed the least conservative views (30%) versus 42% of Baby Boomers [31] . Generational differences in party affiliation and ideology were also reflected in 2008 and 2012 presidential election exit poll results. A 2008 exit poll found that 66% of Millennials voted for Obama versus 32% for McCain. Baby Boomers' vote choice was equally divided between the candidates (50% for Obama versus 49% for McCain) [31] . Similarly, a 2012 study found that 60% of Millennials voted for Obama, compared to 47% of Boomers (age [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [33] . Moreover, Boomers are more politically involved than Millennials. Boomers understand the importance and role that politics plays in their lives and have developed a voting habit [34, 35] . As such, Boomers exhibit higher rates of donating, volunteering and voting than young people [29, 34] .

Millennials are indeed considered the generation of "digital natives," but recent survey data suggest that the digital generation gap may be closing.

For example, a 2012 Pew Research Center unaffiliated in greater numbers (35% of Millennials versus 17% for Baby Boomers).

Notably, party affiliation, ideology, political involvement and media consumption also vary between Boomers and Millennials.

For example, in 2012, 53% of Millennials identified as Democrat or leaning Democrat (vs. 48% for Baby Boomers) and 33% identified as Republican or leaning Republican (vs. 40% of Baby Boomers).

In 2011, Millennials possessed the least conservative views (30%) versus 42% of Baby Boomers.

Baby Boomers' vote choice was equally divided between the candidates (50% for Obama versus 49% for McCain).

Similarly, a 2012 study found that 60% of Millennials voted for Obama, compared to 47% of Boomers (age.

Boomers understand the importance and role that politics plays in their lives and have developed a voting habit.

As such, Boomers exhibit higher rates of donating, volunteering and voting than young people.


It is well known that online media outlets play an important role in political news consumption. The reliance on news sources and media platforms, however, can vary by age, education, party identification and other factors. Indeed, young people are more likely to consume digital news while older adults prefer traditional media outlets [31] . Thus, we examine Baby Boomer and Millennials' attention to 2012 presidential campaign information on specific offline and online media. Notably, we found that the top outlet for campaign information among both Boomers and Millennials was television. There were no significant differences between the age cohorts on attention given to television and radio. Our results continue to support the belief that a digital generation gap still exists when it comes to political media attention. Millennials are more dependent on online sources for presidential campaign information, such as Facebook, whereas older adults devote more attention to offline, traditional media, such as hard-copy newspapers. These findings do not suggest, however, that Millennials are only paying attention to digital sources and Boomers are only paying attention to traditional media sources. Boomers reported paying some attention to political content in online newspapers and Facebook. Millennials are indeed still relying heavily on television with a bit of attention to radio. Overall, we can confirm that television is the top source for political content among both Millennials and Boomers during a presidential campaign. Most importantly, we offer evidence that Boomers are now turning to some online sources for political information. Millennials have an eclectic news diet, which is mostly reliant on television with a heavy mixture of online sources. Boomer and Millennials' dependence on various media outlets indicates a need for campaigns to employ multiple media outlets to distribute political information effectively across age groups.

Indeed, young people are more likely to consume digital news while older adults prefer traditional media outlets.


Another new strong driver of LCC in Denmark is the recent establishment of the DGNB certification scheme for sustainable buildings and urban areas. In the late 2000s, the construction industry started pushing for a certification scheme for buildings. This led to a thorough investigation of four major certification schemes, namely BREEAM, LEED, DGNB and HQE, and a test of each of these on two office buildings (Birgisd ottir et al., 2010) . Following this work, a joint committee of policy-makers, business representatives and researchers suggested adopting the German certification scheme, DGNB. Supported strongly by the industry, the Green Building Council Denmark (DK-GBC) was established to manage the DGNB scheme and promote sustainable construction more generally.

This led to a thorough investigation of four major certification schemes, namely BREEAM, LEED, DGNB and HQE, and a test of each of these on two office buildings.


Secondly, different studies have recognised the previous problem in the sense that they have tried not only to provide a clear and complete definition of the spin-off concept (Dahlstrand, 1997; Carayannis et al., 1998; Steffensen et al., 1999; Elfring and Foss, 2000; Klofsten and Jones-Evans, 2000; Clarysse and Moray, 2004; Hindle and Yencken, 2004; De Coster and Butler, 2005) . They have also suggested a taxonomy of spin-offs, in order to enhance the reproducibility of the studies on this subject. However, most of these taxonomies and typologies elaborate the concept only partially. The spin-off world has a dual structure, as spin-off companies can either originate from academic research institutions or from business organisations. Most of the preceding studies focussed on one of both aspects. However, both subject areas contain several similarities and share structures. Therefore, an integrated view could offer new and useful insights as a basis for further research in this domain.

Secondly, different studies have recognised the previous problem in the sense that they have tried not only to provide a clear and complete definition of the spin-off concept.


The increase the level of HDL by increasing the activity of LCAT, which may contribute to the regulation of blood lipids. LCAT play a key role in lipoprotein metabolism and most of the lipoprotein changes are the outcome of primary abnormality owing o the liver diseases (Seidel and Wall, 1983) . It also incorporates free cholesterol into HDL and transferring back to VLDL or IDL, which is taken back by the liver cells (Rajlakshmi and Sharma, 2004) .

LCAT play a key role in lipoprotein metabolism and most of the lipoprotein changes are the outcome of primary abnormality owing o the liver diseases.

It also incorporates free cholesterol into HDL and transferring back to VLDL or IDL, which is taken back by the liver cells.


Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a chronic lymphoproliferative malignancy characterized by an accumulation of cluster of differentiation-5 (CD5)  monoclonal B cells in both primary and secondary lymphoid tissues [1] . The distinct immunophenotype of CLL lymphocytes is essential to confirm the diagnosis [2] . The 1994 scoring system was based on the evaluation of five parameters: CD5, CD23, FMC7, an intensity of kappa/lambda chains, and CD22/CD79b. The B-CLL score would range between five (typical B-CLL cases) and three (less typical B-CLL cases). Lower scores (0-2) would exclude the diagnosis of B-CLL [3] .

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a chronic lymphoproliferative malignancy characterized by an accumulation of cluster of differentiation-5 (CD5)  monoclonal B cells in both primary and secondary lymphoid tissues.

The distinct immunophenotype of CLL lymphocytes is essential to confirm the diagnosis.

Lower scores (0-2) would exclude the diagnosis of B-CLL.


The collaboration is grateful to the British Antarctic Survey, particularly Sam Burrell, for invaluable assistance with data and payload recovery after the 2015 flight. We thank Brendan Crill and Tom Montroy for significant contributions to SPIDER's development. JMN wishes to thank Glenn Starkman for useful discussions about methods of generating CMB circular polarization. The computations described in this paper were performed on the GPC supercomputer at the SciNet HPC Consortium (Loken et al. 2010) . SciNet is funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation under the auspices of Compute Canada, the Government of Ontario, Ontario Research Fund -Research Excellence, and the University of Toronto.

The computations described in this paper were performed on the GPC supercomputer at the SciNet HPC Consortium.


The surfaces of citrus fruit can be contaminated with various species of molds (Tournas and Katsoudas, 2005) . In this study, the five molds isolated from the surface of citrus same regardless of the treatment order. In the sequential treatment, the IR heated sample was cooled to room temperature in a refrigerator for 120 s before UV irradiation and then resuspended in sterile distilled water.

The surfaces of citrus fruit can be contaminated with various species of molds.


Non-contrast arterial spin labeling MR imaging enables subtyping of RCC on the basis of their perfusion level. Papillary RCCs exhibit lower perfusion levels than other RCC subtypes. The mean and peak perfusion levels of papillary RCC (27.0 mL/min/100 g ±15.1 and 78.2 mL/min/100 g ±39.7, P=0.001 for both) and chromophobe RCC (152.9 mL/min/100 g ±80.7 and 260.9 mL/min/100 g ±61.9; P=0.001 and P=0.02, respectively) [26] .

The mean and peak perfusion levels of papillary RCC (27.0 mL/min/100 g ±15.1 and 78.2 mL/min/100 g ±39.7, P=0.001 for both) and chromophobe RCC (152.9 mL/min/100 g ±80.7 and 260.9 mL/min/100 g ±61.9; P=0.001 and P=0.02, respectively).


In this study, the clear cell RCC showed the highest ER (188%) followed by chromophobe RCC which showed a moderate ER (120%) while papillary RCCs demonstrated the lowest ER (35% [24] . Another study added that those papillary RCCs provide higher enhancement than chromophobe RCCs [10] . Another study added significant differences between papillary RCCs and other renal tumors at arterial wash-in (P£0.001) and initial wash-out (P=0.006) [4] .

In this study, the clear cell RCC showed the highest ER (188%) followed by chromophobe RCC which showed a moderate ER (120%) while papillary RCCs demonstrated the lowest ER (35%.

Another study added that those papillary RCCs provide higher enhancement than chromophobe RCCs.

Another study added significant differences between papillary RCCs and other renal tumors at arterial wash-in (P£0.001) and initial wash-out (P=0.006).