Wind power is cheap and clean. If wind power is curtailed due to congestions in the grid, the curtailed amount of power has to be produced in other power plants, usually thermal, which are more expensive and have higher impact on the environment. For this reason, investment in the grids is justified. As an example, in the European transmission network ten-years development plan, the development of renewable energy is found to be the major driver for grid development. Projects of panEuropean significance help avoid 30 to 100 TWh of renewable energy spillage globally, reducing it to less than 1% of the total supply [17] .

Wind power is cheap and clean.

Projects of panEuropean significance help avoid 30 to 100 TWh of renewable energy spillage globally, reducing it to less than 1% of the total supply.


One of the challenges to achieving this goal is the need to expand or strengthen the distribution network in order to accommodate the large penetration of wind power. However, commissioning time of distribution network projects is usually longer than the time needed to build a wind farm. Therefore, recently built wind farms might be ready to generate power, but their evacuation lines have insufficient transmission capacity. Accordingly, wind power plants have to limit their generation in this situation. However, the now ever present solutions for the "smart grid" suggest the possibility of using the existing network more efficiently, so that wind power evacuation is not limited due to network congestion [14] .

However, the now ever present solutions for the "smart grid" suggest the possibility of using the existing network more efficiently, so that wind power evacuation is not limited due to network congestion.


However, the high population density, the intensive use of land and the increasing rejection of new electrical installations determine that a small amount of space is available to be dedicated to electrical lines. Dynamic line rating (DLR) systems are an option for delaying the construction of new lines. The cost for monitoring a circuit, including installation of the equipment and the software, is less than 2% of the cost of achieving equivalent gain by conventional techniques [18] .

The cost for monitoring a circuit, including installation of the equipment and the software, is less than 2% of the cost of achieving equivalent gain by conventional techniques.


Line rating represents the line current which corresponds to the maximum allowable conductor temperature for a particular line without clearance infringements or significant loss in conductor tensile strength due to annealing. Transmission of electric power has traditionally been limited by conductor thermal capacity defined in terms of a static line rating, which is based on constant weather conditions over an extended period of time, days, months or years. So, transmission line limits are estimated conservatively assuming unfavourable weather conditions (static limit). Typically, low wind speeds (0,6 m/s), full solar radiation (1000 W/m 2 ) and high air temperature (40 ºC) are assumed for the static line rating calculation [19] . Usually, the weather conditions result on a higher conductor cooling and for this reason the actual thermal capacity is higher than the calculated static line rating. For this reason, in the last two decades, technologies and strategies have emerged to allow the realtime or pseudo-real-time measurement of transmission line characteristics and weather conditions, enabling the calculation of real-time rating [20] . Different experiences with real time monitoring show an increase of 10-30% in thermal capacity over the capacity estimated conservatively [18] .

Typically, low wind speeds (0,6 m/s), full solar radiation (1000 W/m 2 ) and high air temperature (40 ºC) are assumed for the static line rating calculation.

For this reason, in the last two decades, technologies and strategies have emerged to allow the realtime or pseudo-real-time measurement of transmission line characteristics and weather conditions, enabling the calculation of real-time rating.

Different experiences with real time monitoring show an increase of 10-30% in thermal capacity over the capacity estimated conservatively.


Ampacity limit is usually related to sag limit, which is related to a certain conductor temperature value. However, in some cases, when the limit is determined by the annealing of the conductor, ampacity limit is directly related to the conductor temperature. The values of sag and temperature can be measured directly or calculated from measurements of other magnitudes. So, a dynamic line rating can be performed using several monitoring methods including weather monitoring, tension monitoring, sag monitoring and line temperature monitoring [22, 29, 30] .

So, a dynamic line rating can be performed using several monitoring methods including weather monitoring, tension monitoring, sag monitoring and line temperature monitoring.


One of the important late complications of cancer survivors is gonadal dysfunction. In adult survivors of childhood lymphoma, gonadal failure was reported in 11% of males and 44% of females [2] . In female childhood cancer survivors, the risk of premature menopause was 13.2 times higher than for their siblings (8% vs. 0.8%) [3] . Spermatogenesis also can be impaired in childhood cancer survivors. Specifically, applying radiation to the testes or treatment with alkylating agents are known risk factors of impaired spermatogenesis. In a recent study, azospermia was reported in 25% of childhood cancer survivors who received an alkylating agent [4] . Sexual dysfunction is also an important complication that can affect quality of life, but its effects have rarely been evaluated in childhood cancer survivors. Moreover, few studies have investigated both gonadal and sexual dysfunction, even though these complications tend to occur concurrently and may influence each other. Therefore, gonadal and sexual function of childhood cancer survivors were evaluated in this study.

In adult survivors of childhood lymphoma, gonadal failure was reported in 11% of males and 44% of females.

In female childhood cancer survivors, the risk of premature menopause was 13.2 times higher than for their siblings (8% vs. 0.8%).

In a recent study, azospermia was reported in 25% of childhood cancer survivors who received an alkylating agent.


In this paper, we deal with the controller design for LTI system based on data-driven techniques. The scheme proposed is summarized in the form of several algorithms to be convenient for the readers learning the scheme proposed. The core of this paper is embedding residual generation aiming for FDI in the feedback control loop and structuring the observerbased residual generator based on data-driven approaches directly identified from available process measurements without generating system model. We constructed the residual generator based on the relationship between DO and the parity vector, obtained directly from process measurements using the advanced SIM. Finally, the applications and effectiveness are demonstrated by applying the scheme and algorithms to an academic example. Besides, our future work is studying a scheme dealing with a real-time system [31, 32] .

Besides, our future work is studying a scheme dealing with a real-time system.


Out of 526 prisoners approached to participate in the screening, 400 prisoners (76%) took part in the screening. A substantial number of prisoners (59%) were emotionally distressed as measured by the GHQ-12 using the threshold of 5. This finding is consistent with the prevalence rates estimated by previous studies using the GHQ ranging from 44 to 68% (McGilloway & Donnelly, 2004) .

This finding is consistent with the prevalence rates estimated by previous studies using the GHQ ranging from 44 to 68%.


A number of procedures (such as the Assessment, Care in Custody, and Teamwork; ACCT) are put in place to detect prisoners with mental health problems and to help address their needs. These are based on the notion that the prevention of emotional distress in general, and of self-harm and suicide in particular, should be multi-agency and multi-disciplinary and should not fall automatically within the remit of mental health services such as applied psychology and psychiatry. However, there is a growing population of mentally ill prisoners being insufficiently detected (Andersen, 2004) . These findings suggest that the prisoners who are at risk of mental illness and self-harm or suicide but do not show obvious signs of distress can be easily missed by these procedures and should therefore be identified by more proactive measures. One possible proactive way is to screen prisoners during their first week in custody. This screening can assist in identifying those who are already suffering from a mental illness but also those who are experiencing higher levels of emotional distress and who may be at risk of becoming mentally ill. In this respect, this can contribute towards mental health promotion. One of the widely used screening measures in the general population is the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) (Goldberg & Hillier, 1979) .

However, there is a growing population of mentally ill prisoners being insufficiently detected.

One of the widely used screening measures in the general population is the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12).


Optical images represent the most common remote sensing image modality [3, 4] . Currently appointed as multi-band optical images, they can be categorized according to their spatial and spectral resolutions [2] . The modalities referred to as panchromatic (PAN), multispectral (MS) and hyperspectral (HS) constitute a spectral classification of multi-band optical images according to an increasing number of spectral bands (respectively one, a dozen and hundreds) and consequently a decreasing spectral resolution. Considering the spatial dimension, images are qualified as high resolution (HR) or low resolution (LR) according to the size of the smallest object their constitutive pixels can represent.

Optical images represent the most common remote sensing image modality.

Currently appointed as multi-band optical images, they can be categorized according to their spatial and spectral resolutions.


Representing and simulating these features through geological and numerical modeling is challenging. The integration of geological characterization with numerical simulation is commonly referred to as "upscaling". Many upscaling methods use averaging, homogenization or the latest techniques that use pseudo-functions or flow-based techniques (numerical methods). Among these upscaling methods, numerical methods are generally considered to be more accurate for permeability upscaling (Noetinger and Zargar, 2004) . However, numerical methods depend on boundary conditions, leading to a non-unique solution (Preux et al., 2016) . Local Grid Refinements (LGR) solve this problem by refining grid blocks for specific regions without the use of globally refined grids to avoid excessive simulation time.

Among these upscaling methods, numerical methods are generally considered to be more accurate for permeability upscaling.

However, numerical methods depend on boundary conditions, leading to a non-unique solution.


Heinz bodies are intra-erythrocytic inclusions of hemichrome formed from oxidized or denatured Hb. They are commonly seen by phase contact microscopy as dark spots free in the cytoplasm or attached to the cytoplasmic surface of the erythrocyte membrane. Heinz bodies occur in red cells naturally under three distinct conditions. First, erythrocytes containing unstable Hbs, especially Hbs with mutations near the heme site in the βsubunits, show elevated levels of Heinz bodies [2, 3] . Second, Heinz bodies are seen in normal cells (containing normal Hb) under conditions of oxidant stress. The oxidant stress can arise either in cells suffering from a diminished capacity to maintain intracellular reducing power, e.g., in G-6-PD and glutathione peroxidase deficiency diseases [69, 70] . Third, Heinz bodies often appear in normal cells as they age [71, 72] . This age-related appearance of Heinz bodies is especially pronounced in splenoectomized individuals where a major organ of senescent cell removal has been excised [73] . Heinz body formation, however, whether natural or drug induced or oxidant stress promoted or unstable Hb disease produced, has considered to be occurred by a similar mechanism.

First, erythrocytes containing unstable Hbs, especially Hbs with mutations near the heme site in the βsubunits, show elevated levels of Heinz bodies.

The oxidant stress can arise either in cells suffering from a diminished capacity to maintain intracellular reducing power, e.g., in G-6-PD and glutathione peroxidase deficiency diseases.

Third, Heinz bodies often appear in normal cells as they age.

This age-related appearance of Heinz bodies is especially pronounced in splenoectomized individuals where a major organ of senescent cell removal has been excised.


Hemichrome is rarely found in erythrocytes in situ, even though the reaction dynamics of Hb with molecular oxygen (O 2 ) make them particularly suitable O 2 carriers. Hb can bind O 2 in the ferrous state to carry out its physiological functions. During this reversible binding of O 2 , the oxygenated form of Hb (HbO 2 ) is known to be oxidized by the bound O 2 to the ferric met form (metHb), which cannot be oxygenated, and is thus physiologically inactive. The resultant met Hb is reduced back to the ferrous state by an intra-erythrocyticnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-dependent reducing system [5] [6] [7] . However, it has been suggested that its oxidation (autoxidation) can be followed by transformation of the oxidized molecule (high-spin Fe 3+ ) into a species absorbing as a low-spin compound, i.e., hemichrome, the formation of which can result in the accumulation of soluble and insoluble hemichromes as well as precipitation [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . Despite these findings, direct evidence of hemichrome formation in normal erythrocytes is lacking.

The resultant met Hb is reduced back to the ferrous state by an intra-erythrocyticnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-dependent reducing system.

However, it has been suggested that its oxidation (autoxidation) can be followed by transformation of the oxidized molecule (high-spin Fe 3+ ) into a species absorbing as a low-spin compound, i.e., hemichrome, the formation of which can result in the accumulation of soluble and insoluble hemichromes as well as precipitation.


Conversely, negligible changes are found with respect to the crystal structure examined for the α 1 -β 1 (and α 2 -β 2 ) interface that associates 35 residues including B, G, and H helices as well as the GH corner. Understanding of subunit interactions between the four Hb chains (and how these explain cooperative O 2 binding) has been the primary focus in Hb research. This has been coupled with a tendency for structural analyses to focus on the changes at the proximal side of the heme and at the α 1 -β 2 (and α 2 -β 1 ) interface, as mentioned above. This is despite the fact that the configuration of the residues lining the distal side of the heme pocket (where molecular O 2 binds) are also altered by oxygenation, and are thought to have a role in controlling access of the ligand to the heme pocket [29] . Hence, the possibility of subunit interactions originating from or being transmitted via distal side effects has, for the most part, been neglected.

This is despite the fact that the configuration of the residues lining the distal side of the heme pocket (where molecular O 2 binds) are also altered by oxygenation, and are thought to have a role in controlling access of the ligand to the heme pocket.


Cellular life is reliant upon rapid and efficient responses to internal and external conditions. The basic molecular events associated with these processes are the structural transitions of the proteins involved [18] . Therefore, understanding of the structural basis of protein allostery is of paramount importance to characterize these processes. The human Hb molecule (α 2 β 2 ; alternatively, a dimer of αβ protomers), whose α and β chains contain 141 and 146 amino-acid residues, respectively, holds a special position in these structural transitions. This is due to the achievements of Perutz, whose pioneering studies led to the identification of two distinct Hb structures, the tense (T) and relaxed (R) state, which are associated with the deoxygenated and oxygenated form of the protein, respectively [19] [20] [21] . Hb has two types of αβ interface (i.e., α 1 β 1 [and α 2 β 2 ] and α 1 β 2 [and α 2 β 1 ]). The latter α 1 -β 2 (and α 2 -β 1 ) interface is known to be associated with cooperative dioxygen (O 2 ) binding, and exhibits important roles if the molecule goes from its deoxygenated to the oxygenated quaternary structure. However, the role of the former α 1 -β 1 (and α 2 -β 2 ) interface has been unclear for a long time.

The basic molecular events associated with these processes are the structural transitions of the proteins involved.

This is due to the achievements of Perutz, whose pioneering studies led to the identification of two distinct Hb structures, the tense (T) and relaxed (R) state, which are associated with the deoxygenated and oxygenated form of the protein, respectively.


Addition to this, the similarity to events observed in the oxidative hemolytic anemia suggests that the precipitation of unstable Hbs is accompanied by oxidative changes [2, 3] . The oxidative hemolytic anemia arise either from formation of excess oxidizing products (as with acetylphenylhydrazine administration) or from breakdown of protective mechanisms against oxidants (as in G-6-PD deficiency). In either case, the end result is the same as with unstable Hbs; the precipitation of Hb, the formation of Heinz bodies, and hemolysis.

Addition to this, the similarity to events observed in the oxidative hemolytic anemia suggests that the precipitation of unstable Hbs is accompanied by oxidative changes.


First of all, we take up unstable Hb disease, as over 90 different unstable Hbs have been reported so far [2, 3] . In establishing a diagnosis of unstable Hb disease, the heat denaturation test is considered to be the single most important procedure, in which a fresh hemolysate is diluted into 50 volumes of buffer solution and heated at 60°C; at intervals the precipitates are removed from samples by centrifugation, and the optical density of the supernatant is measured. The reason of such instability even on mild heating (i.e., inclination toward accelerated degradation of Hb molecule to hemichrome resulting hemichrome precipitation and subsequent formation of Heinz bodieswithin the erythrocytes) is quite well understood at the molecular level, but there is still a lack of knowledge of the changes occurring during precipitation and ultimate cause of hemolysis.

First of all, we take up unstable Hb disease, as over 90 different unstable Hbs have been reported so far.


The weight of cocoon filament is the weight of fibrous materials reeled from a single cocoon. The average filament weight of spring GoldenSilk cocoon was 33.1±1.51 cg and that of autumn GoldenSilk cocoon was 26.5±1.02 cg (Fig. 3) . Filament weight of spring cocoon is heavier than that of autumn cocoon. Authorized silkworm variety, YangWonJam reared in spring 2009, was 48.9 cg (Kang et al., 2011) . The filament weight of authorized general silkworm variety is much higher than that of GoldenSilk variety.

Authorized silkworm variety, YangWonJam reared in spring 2009, was 48.9 cg.


The average filament size of spring GoldenSilk cocoon was 3.06±0.21 d and that of autumn GoldenSilk cocoon was 2.72±0.09 d (Fig. 2) . Size of spring cocoon is larger than that of autumn cocoon. Authorized silkworm variety, YangWonJam reared in spring 2009, was 2.72 denier (Kang et al., 2011) . In general, the filament size range of authorized bivoltine variety in Korea is 2.50-3.00 denier. The filament size of GoldenSilk strain is adaptable for textile fiber.

Authorized silkworm variety, YangWonJam reared in spring 2009, was 2.72 denier.


Allgrove syndrome (AS), which isolates adrenal insufficiency, achalasia of the esophageal cardia, and reduction in eye-tear production, and deficient tear production, was first described by Allgrove and his colleagues in 1978 [1] . The disease, also known as triple A or 4A syndrome, is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with autonomic dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency due to ACHT, alacrima, and achalasia [2] . The disease has been supposed to be in relation to ALADIN and AAAS genes, in the vicinity of the type 2 keratin gene clusters, during localization of 12q13 chromosome [3, 4] .

Allgrove syndrome (AS), which isolates adrenal insufficiency, achalasia of the esophageal cardia, and reduction in eye-tear production, and deficient tear production, was first described by Allgrove and his colleagues in 1978.

The disease, also known as triple A or 4A syndrome, is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with autonomic dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency due to ACHT, alacrima, and achalasia.

The disease has been supposed to be in relation to ALADIN and AAAS genes, in the vicinity of the type 2 keratin gene clusters, during localization of 12q13 chromosome.


One important issue in CDN performance is replica placement [5] . The problem is in deciding which servers are to hold which replicas. Replica servers cache the original servers' contents to prevent traffic congestion and to maintain user performance. They allow CDN providers to minimize the capital expenditures (CapEx) and operational expenditures (OpEx). Note that cache size is restricted; no replica server can hold all of the contents held by the origin server. For each content, we must pick those servers, not all, that will hold the replica. In addition, in order to achieve adequate user performance, each replica server must have a limited delivery area. The delivery area is expressed as the distance from the replica server. Each user must lie within the delivery area of at least one replica server. For maximizing resource utilization, the number of replicas holding a content should be minimized while satisfying the delivery area constraint.

One important issue in CDN performance is replica placement.


The effects of the dietary treatments on digestive enzyme activities appear to be dependent on the nature of the enzyme. The key enzymes assessed in the present study, maltase and sucrase are carbohydrases and were chosen because of the relatively high levels of carbohydrates in the poultry diets. The activities of sucrase and AP were negatively affected by dietary protein content but only on diets of low protein quality. This finding is in contrast to research reports on the rat [35] . In the rat, the activity of an aminopeptidase, a protease, was low in low protein diets while there were no effects of protein level on the activities of sucrase and AP.

This finding is in contrast to research reports on the rat.


The maximum E:P ratio at which the potential growth rate of the bird is met is likely to depend on the excess dietary protein (and hence amino acids, AA), dietary energy level and the bird's genetic potential. Biological performance is thus regulated by the dietary nutrient to energy balance through the following: changes in feed intake, absorption of balanced amounts of nutrients and metabolism of amino acids required for protein accretion [3, 40] . Nutrient processing by the GIT determines the amount of nutrient that is available to the internal tissues for metabolism. The GIT uses some of the digested nutrients for self-renewal and the efficiency of nutrient supply to the internal tissues is dependent on dietary factors, including the E:P ratios. The preliminary work on this relationship carried out by our research group (unpublished) demonstrated clear effects of excess dietary protein on the productive efficiency of broiler chickens. Some of the effects were partly explained by changes in the pattern and rate of development of the GIT, as recently reported [17, 18] .

Biological performance is thus regulated by the dietary nutrient to energy balance through the following: changes in feed intake, absorption of balanced amounts of nutrients and metabolism of amino acids required for protein accretion.

Some of the effects were partly explained by changes in the pattern and rate of development of the GIT, as recently reported.


The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CAMS) is well suited for the production of short-lived, NCA radionuclides. A 10-MV, model FN tandem Van-de-Graaff accelerator at CAMS can typically produce up to 15-MeV protons at beam currents of 100-400 nA (B2.5 9 10 12 pps). This energy range and current is suitible for the proton-induced reactions given above, all of which have peak cross-sections in the 10-15 MeV range [8] [9] [10] .

This energy range and current is suitible for the proton-induced reactions given above, all of which have peak cross-sections in the 10-15 MeV range.


Among different types of motors, the DC motors, due to their high starting torque, are still being used in many industries, especially in the aviation industry. Because of the brushes and mechanical commutation, high vibration may occur in DC motors. It should be mentioned that the brushless DC (BLDC) motors have the advantages of DC motors. For instance, due to the electrical commutation mechanisms, the BLDC motors also produce less vibration and acoustic noise. Therefore, the BLDC motors have been recognized as suitable alternatives for DC motors. The developments of technology in semiconductor devices have caused these devices to switch high currents or voltages at short time intervals [1] . Historically, the problem of electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the development and construction process was less regarded and discussed. In general, a product is designed based on the basic concepts of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and then tested from the standpoint of the EMC. If the product needs an additional filter or requires to be redesigned for meeting the EMI standards, the time and costs of the process of making the final product will significantly increase. For AC drives, these filters are not only accompanied with high costs, but also they occupy a large space. In order to reduce such costs and avoid their reconstruction, engineers must design strategies based on the EMI from the start of the production. Due to high V/ and / , the EMI issue is caused by the flow of the parasitic current through different parts of the drive system [2] .

The developments of technology in semiconductor devices have caused these devices to switch high currents or voltages at short time intervals.

Due to high V/ and / , the EMI issue is caused by the flow of the parasitic current through different parts of the drive system.


One of the earliest manifolds considered for a superstring target space was a blown-up orbifold [1] . In this case the orbifold (the "Z-orbifold") was constructed by modding out a torus of 6 real dimensions by a group isomorphic to Z 3 . This group action has 27 fixed points leading to 27 isolated quotient singularities in the resulting space. Algebraic geometry then tells us that these singularities can be smoothed away (in particular, "blown-up") to give us a Calabi-Yau manifold. In this context the orbifold itself is little more than a step in the construction of a smooth Calabi-Yau manifold.

One of the earliest manifolds considered for a superstring target space was a blown-up orbifold.


In many industrial processes, flocculated suspensions are subjected to high shear forces (more than 1000 s − 1 ) e.g. in the wet end of a paper machine where turbulence is high to favour the uniform formation of the paper sheet [1] . Under these shear conditions, the initial flocs are usually broken up but the suspension partially reflocculates when the shear forces decrease [2] . In these situations, it is not only the flocculation process but also the dynamics and degree of the reflocculation process that depend on the polymer characteristics. Indeed, initial floc properties, mainly size and structure, which are conditioned by the course of aggregation, play a crucial role on the reflocculation stage [3] . Since, the final reflocculation stage determines the behaviour of the suspension in process equipment, the fundamental understanding of both the floccu-lation and reflocculation processes will greatly benefit the control and optimization of industrial processes.

In many industrial processes, flocculated suspensions are subjected to high shear forces (more than 1000 s − 1 ) e.g. in the wet end of a paper machine where turbulence is high to favour the uniform formation of the paper sheet.

Under these shear conditions, the initial flocs are usually broken up but the suspension partially reflocculates when the shear forces decrease.

Indeed, initial floc properties, mainly size and structure, which are conditioned by the course of aggregation, play a crucial role on the reflocculation stage.


This article is the full version of the extended abstract [12] . The rest of the paper is structured as follows. In Section 2, we review relevant definitions and results from the literature. In Section 3, we construct a monomial basis of R n,λ,s and prove that R n,λ,s is isomorphic to QOP n,λ,s as an S n -module. In Section 4, we give algebraic tools for analyzing the graded Frobenius characteristic of R n,λ,s , including a skewing formula. We also prove that the rings R n,λ,s fit into certain exact sequences. In Section 5, we define the inversion and diagonal inversion statistics and use them to provide formulas for the graded Frobenius characteristic of R n,λ,s . In Section 6, we relate the rings R n,λ to the geometry Figure 1 . From left to right, the Young diagram of λ " p3, 2, 1, 1, 1q, the Young diagram of λ 1 " p5, 2, 1q, and the conjugate diagram dg 1 p4, 5, 3, 0, 1q. of the rank varieties of Eisenbud and Saltman. We then prove our formula for the graded Frobenius characteristic of the scheme-theoretic intersection of a rank variety with diagonal matrices. In Section 7, we give final remarks and state some open problems related to the rings R n,λ,s and R n,λ .

This article is the full version of the extended abstract.


Crowdsourcing systems have traditionally been based on the web, as it provides collaboration tools that are both efficient and easy to use [7] . More re-cently, the web-centric interaction model has been expanded to support smartphone-based cooperation [8] . In fact, smartphones are an appealing platform for crowdsourcing applications: they are always on and carried by their owners, they are mobile and richly connected, and they are equipped with an increasing number of sensors (camera, microphone, etc). When using a smartphone, the working user is no longer constrained to a fixed position and he/she can carry out the requested task at different locations, possibly using additional input mechanisms. The term crowdsensing is used when sensing is the prevalent activity delegated to participants. Crowdsensing applications can be classified according to the type of phenomenon being measured. Examples include environmental applications (for observing pollution and water levels), infrastructure monitoring applications (for collecting information about traffic congestions and road conditions), and social applications (for monitoring activity levels of individuals) [9, 10] . In several scenarios, the crowdsensing activities are carried out without a well-defined employer-employee relationship. Users may be interested in participating in sensing activities for a number of reasons, including altruism or the scientific relevance of the end goals. In other cases they perceive the results of the sensing activity as also being useful for themselves (even though the small task each user completes may be scarcely significant, the level of interest in the aggregated results can be much higher).

Crowdsourcing systems have traditionally been based on the web, as it provides collaboration tools that are both efficient and easy to use.

More re-cently, the web-centric interaction model has been expanded to support smartphone-based cooperation.

Examples include environmental applications (for observing pollution and water levels), infrastructure monitoring applications (for collecting information about traffic congestions and road conditions), and social applications (for monitoring activity levels of individuals).


From 1999 to 2002, we performed 6 translocations of adult European wild rabbits in Doñana Natural Park (SW Spain). We caught all rabbits using trap-nets in several wild populations located in Cadiz province (SW Spain). We used rabbits from this area because previous studies showed that these populations were genetically similar to Doñana wild rabbits (Branco 1995) .

We used rabbits from this area because previous studies showed that these populations were genetically similar to Doñana wild rabbits.


As the rabbits were part of the translocation program being undertaken in the Doñana Natural and National Parks, we followed their established quarantine protocols (Calvete et al. 2005) . At the start of quarantine we vaccinated subcutaneously all individuals against both diseases with commercial vaccines at doses recommended for domestic rabbits (myxomatosis: live Shope fribroma virus Mixohipra-FSA, Hipra Laboratory, Gerona, Spain; RHD: ARVILAP, Ovejero Laboratory, León, Spain). During the quarantine period, we housed all animals individually in flat-decktype cages commonly used for the commercial breeding of domestic rabbits, and we provided them with food (Lucerne supplemented by 14% crude protein-commercial rabbit pellets) and water ad libitum. To avoid pathological enteric processes caused by the rapid change in diet, we progressively introduced rabbits to commercial pellets, with unlimited access 7 days after the start of quarantine. We kept rabbits in captivity for different lengths of time (2, 3, or 4 weeks) to conform to the release schedule planned as part of the translocation program carried out in the Doñana Natural Park. Two weeks was the minimum time the rabbits spent in quarantine, since the myxomatosis incubation period and the time following vaccination needed to develop immunity against myxomatosis and RHD in domestic rabbits, indicated that the quarantine period should last at least 12-18 days (Argüello 1986 (Argüello , 1991 . Two days before release, we weighed all rabbits, and we obtained a second blood sample from the rabbits of the experimental batch to evaluate the change in their body condition and their seroconversion against both diseases. We took all blood samples between 1000 and 1500 hours and kept samples at room temperature until centrifugation (on the same day as they were extracted). We kept the obtained serum frozen at À208C until it was analyzed in the laboratory.

As the rabbits were part of the translocation program being undertaken in the Doñana Natural and National Parks, we followed their established quarantine protocols.


TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYZING CAUDAL FIN FUNCTION Two attributes of fin function in fishes that have received the least attention are (1) a precise description of the motion of surface elements of the fin and (2) an analysis of the effect that fin motions have on the water. Since the presence of fins as control FUNCTION OF THE CAUDAL FIN IN FISHES surfaces in fishes is a prominent aspect of their biological design, it is at first glance surprising that so little is known about how fins move and what effect such movements have on fluid motion. But measuring both fin and fluid motion accurately and in a time-dependent manner is a difficult proposition. Fish fins are thin and often diaphanous and monochromatic, making identification of specific points difficult, while quantifying motion of a clear fluid is a difficult problem of long-standing (Nakayama, 1988; Yang, 1989; Nieuwstadt, 1993; Moin and Kim, 1997) . Fortunately, recent developments in experimental methodology have allowed the application of video and fluid dynamics techniques to the study of fin and fluid movement, and we are now in a position to generate new data on the function of fins.

Fish fins are thin and often diaphanous and monochromatic, making identification of specific points difficult, while quantifying motion of a clear fluid is a difficult problem of long-standing.


In order to supply the increasing demand for electricity, one key goal for the grid is to substantially increase the penetration of environmentally-friendly renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar [1] . The installed capacity of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation has increased rapidly in recent years. In the United States, 3313 MW of solar PV was installed in 2012, an increase of 76% compared to the previous year, taking the cumulative solar PV installed capacity to 7.2 GW [2] . The power generation of solar is weather dependent, which has high uncertainty and intermittency and brings significant challenges to power system operators. The accurate forecasting of PV power production is good for both the grid and individual smart homes. The grid can use the forecasting data to schedule generators in advance. The smart homes can use the forecasting data to plan their consumption patterns to save electricity costs.

In order to supply the increasing demand for electricity, one key goal for the grid is to substantially increase the penetration of environmentally-friendly renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar.

In the United States, 3313 MW of solar PV was installed in 2012, an increase of 76% compared to the previous year, taking the cumulative solar PV installed capacity to 7.2 GW.


The frequencies of co-morbid depression in the chronic migraine and chronic tension headache groups in this study were similar to previously published values which typically range from about 29% to 60% [2, 9] . The rates of co-morbid depression determined in this study are among those at the higher end of the reported spectrum. This is likely related to several factors including: the high female to male ratio comprising our primary headache population, the chronic nature of the headache pain, and the population being drawn from a general neurology clinic rather than a population sample or primary care clinic, all of which are factors known to increase frequency of co-morbid depression among headache sufferers [2, 9, 10] . Additionally we used both a clinician administered, standardized depression rating scale as well as self-report for diagnosis of depression, which could also have increased detection of this condition in our sample.

The frequencies of co-morbid depression in the chronic migraine and chronic tension headache groups in this study were similar to previously published values which typically range from about 29% to 60%.

This is likely related to several factors including: the high female to male ratio comprising our primary headache population, the chronic nature of the headache pain, and the population being drawn from a general neurology clinic rather than a population sample or primary care clinic, all of which are factors known to increase frequency of co-morbid depression among headache sufferers.


In addition, the HM behaviors of fractured rock has also received wide attention since the 1960s in the fields of geotechnics and geological engineering, due to the fact that joints or fractures in rock masses serve as flow channels, which govern their integrity and fluid transport efficiency [11] . The noted cube law of flow in a single idealized fracture was firstly developed to describe the relation of between flow flux and closure [23] . Thereafter, many researchers conducted many works to modify the cube law of flow in order to eliminate the deviation of between natural roughness fracture and idealized smooth surface fracture [24, 25] . Thanks to the roughness of joints, there is a deviation between hydraulic aperture and physics aperture, the relation of both have widely been studied to improve the accuracy of this model.

In addition, the HM behaviors of fractured rock has also received wide attention since the 1960s in the fields of geotechnics and geological engineering, due to the fact that joints or fractures in rock masses serve as flow channels, which govern their integrity and fluid transport efficiency.

The noted cube law of flow in a single idealized fracture was firstly developed to describe the relation of between flow flux and closure.

Thereafter, many researchers conducted many works to modify the cube law of flow in order to eliminate the deviation of between natural roughness fracture and idealized smooth surface fracture.


In our work with the Basque language, a morphological description and analyzer is available for the standard language, along with other tools for processing the language (Alegria et al., 2002) . However, it would be convenient to be able to analyze variants and dialectal forms as well. As the dialectal differences within the Basque language are largely lexical and morphophonological, analyzing the dialectal forms would in effect require a separate morphological analyzer that is able to handle the unique lexical items in the dialect together with the differing affixes and phonological changes.

In our work with the Basque language, a morphological description and analyzer is available for the standard language, along with other tools for processing the language.


Since the beginning of the Human Genome Project, which goal aimed to characterize the entire sequence of human DNA, the amount of methods used for pattern recognition and prediction of functional DNA sequence elements grew rapidly. DNA stores an enormous amount of information used in the development and functioning of an entire organism. It works as a database of schematics needed to create proteins and ways of regulating their concentration in living cells. The size of such database ranges from hundreds of thousands nucleotides in bacteria to even hundreds of billions in vertebrates [1] .

The size of such database ranges from hundreds of thousands nucleotides in bacteria to even hundreds of billions in vertebrates.


The stabilization mechanisms and interaction sites can be quite different in various organisms, cell lines and even within a single cell, furthermore regulatory elements don't just bind to one sequence but are capable of binding to closely related sequences, each with a different strength of interaction. One of the examples is the TATA binding protein (TBP) with TATATAA binding site [14] . It was proven that the TBP transcription factor can also bind similar sequences such as TATATATA, TATAAATA or TATATAAA [15] . This makes the analysis process very difficult, since it is hard to determine if the regulatory motif variant is responsible for protein interactions or occurs by chance and doesn't have any influence on the transcript stability regulation.

One of the examples is the TATA binding protein (TBP) with TATATAA binding site.

It was proven that the TBP transcription factor can also bind similar sequences such as TATATATA, TATAAATA or TATATAAA.


One of the most interesting aspects of the genome is the self regulating process of transcription which copies the information stored in a specific DNA fragment known as gene to RNA molecule used in protein production process. Control of the gene expression processes involves highly sophisticated combinatorial interactions between proteins known as transcription factors and regulatory sequences in the genome represented by a specific combination of nucleotides. Transcription factors (TF's) are proteins, which by binding to specific DNA sequences control the transcription of adjacent genes [2] , [3] . This function can be performed alone or in a complex with other proteins, by promoting or blocking the recruitment of RNA polymerase to specific genes [4] - [6] .

Transcription factors (TF's) are proteins, which by binding to specific DNA sequences control the transcription of adjacent genes.

This function can be performed alone or in a complex with other proteins, by promoting or blocking the recruitment of RNA polymerase to specific genes.


By utilizing dense wavelength-division-multiplexed (DWDM) transmission systems using an optical-fiber amplifier, large amount of data can be exchanged at a rate of over 60 Tbit/s [1] . In connection with this achievement, the danger of the "fiber fuse phenomenon" occurring has been pointed out. This occurs when high-power (W order) optical signals are transmitted in an optical-fiber cable [2] .

By utilizing dense wavelength-division-multiplexed (DWDM) transmission systems using an optical-fiber amplifier, large amount of data can be exchanged at a rate of over 60 Tbit/s.

This occurs when high-power (W order) optical signals are transmitted in an optical-fiber cable.


When a fiber fuse is generated, the core layer in which the fuse propagates is seriously damaged, and the damaged fiber cannot be used in an optical communication system. The damage is made manifest by periodic or nonperiodic bullet-shaped cavities left in the core [11, 20] . It was found that molecular oxygen was released and remained in the cavities while maintaining high pressure (about 4 atmospheres) at room temperature [4] .

The damage is made manifest by periodic or nonperiodic bullet-shaped cavities left in the core.

It was found that molecular oxygen was released and remained in the cavities while maintaining high pressure (about 4 atmospheres) at room temperature.


To satisfy this requirement, we proposed a thermochemical SiO production model in 2004 [18] . Using this model, we theoretically estimated large values of 10 4 m −1 order as a result of SiO absorption at high temperatures of 2800 K or above. This model was able to quantitatively explain the relation between the fiber fuse propagation velocity and the incident laser power intensity previously reported by other research institutions.

To satisfy this requirement, we proposed a thermochemical SiO production model in 2004.


Parts located in the high pressure stage in aircraft engines are designed such that a cooling process is done thanks to several holes among structures like turbine blades or combustors (Figs. 1a and 1b). These holes are currently produced using mainly laser drilling. To increase the cooling performance, drilled parts are also coated with a thermal barrier [18] . The coated material is a thermal-refractory ceramic with a thickness around 200μm. The presence of this coated before the drilling operation induces several defaults such as a macro delamination of the coatings [12] [15] . The holes are more or less inclined (up to 20 • from surface) and are millimetric. A good quality for the holes means that their diameter is uniform along the hole and no micro-structural defaults exists across the hole. Obtaining such holes remains challenging from an industrial point of view. Indeed, the thermal stresses during the laser drilling process create several defaults in the hole vicinity and especially in the melted area such as Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and micro-cracks. It has been shown that such damages in the resulting structure decreases the mechanical properties [19] . Using numerical simulations is a great interest to predict the occurance and location of such damages.

To increase the cooling performance, drilled parts are also coated with a thermal barrier.

The presence of this coated before the drilling operation induces several defaults such as a macro delamination of the coatings.

It has been shown that such damages in the resulting structure decreases the mechanical properties.


Generally, the aggregation process of Ag-NPs is induced by the addition of acid or activating ions, for example, Cl − or SO4 2− [8, 10, 21] . In this contribution, we wish to report on a facile preparation route that relies on the decreasing of the capping citrates on the surface of Ag-NPs leading to their aggregation. Also, the degree of aggregation can be controlled by facile adjustment the amounts and distribution of charges on the Ag-NPs surface. Previously, Zhu and coworkers reported a nanoparticles assembly method through controlling the distribution of charges on gold nanoparticles [26, 27] . Here, in order to increase the number of the Ag-NPs in the colloidal solution and decrease their gap distance, the original suspension was centrifuged and a portion of supernatant was removed to bring the final concentration to 10 × Ag-NPs. Disappointedly, on this occasion the SERS analysis of residual citrate cannot be observed all the same (Figure 3-a) . This may be because the one cycle of treatment process of centrifugation, removing the supernatant and ultrasonication cannot decrease the amount of charges, but only increase the concentration of NPs and reduce the distance of neighboring Ag-NPs. Figure 2A -b shows UV-Vis spectra of the aggregated Ag-NPs solution after one cycle (Ag-1) of the centrifugation, removing the supernatant, ultrasonication and ultrapure water dilution treatment by the present method (Scheme 1). Similar to the sample Ag-blank, Ag-NPs also exhibit a relative good state of monodispersity, even after the removal of most stabilizing agents. It reveals that the process of concentration cannot induce the effective aggregation for SERS analysis, which is also confirmed by TEM (not shown).

Generally, the aggregation process of Ag-NPs is induced by the addition of acid or activating ions, for example, Cl − or SO4 2−.

Previously, Zhu and coworkers reported a nanoparticles assembly method through controlling the distribution of charges on gold nanoparticles.


It is well known that citrate-reduced Ag-NPs are stabilized by a surface layer of silver citrates, with pendant negative groups [25] . In the present of appropriate AgNPs aggregation, citrate group should be examined by SERS. But we cannot observe the Raman spectrum of citrate from the original solutions. Since the EM field between the Ag-NPs increases when the gap distance decreases, the shorter gap distance can lead to a stronger EM field and, therefore, an increased SERS signal. Above the consideration of this aspect, the aggregation presented in the original Ag-NPs solutions should be enhanced further.

It is well known that citrate-reduced Ag-NPs are stabilized by a surface layer of silver citrates, with pendant negative groups.


Recovery options for returned products consist of reuse, resale, repair, refurbishing, remanufacturing, cannibalization, and recycling [38] . In the remanufacturing process, used products are disassembled in disassembly sites. Usable parts are cleaned, refurbished, and they are transmitted into part inventory. Then the new products are manufactured from the old and new parts [13, 22] . By adding issues such as remanufacturing, recycling and refurbishing to the supply chain, two problems will be come to exist: firstly, collection and transportation of these products, containers, and packaging. Secondly, the uncertainty associated with the recovery process [5, 22, 38] .

Recovery options for returned products consist of reuse, resale, repair, refurbishing, remanufacturing, cannibalization, and recycling.

Then the new products are manufactured from the old and new parts.

Secondly, the uncertainty associated with the recovery process.


For quantitative determination of TCE in different water matrices several sample-preparation and analytical methods are available. USEPA 551.1 Standard Method prescribes the application of liquidliquid extraction (LLE) with methyl-tert-butyl ether or pentane. For analysis gas chromatograph (GC) coupled with electron capture detector (ECD) or mass spectrometer (MS) is recommended [3] . LLE with diethyl-ether and GC-MS were used to quantify TCE concentration in drinking water [4] . Due to its high volatility, TCE can simply be determined with headspace (HS) GC technique [5] . The enrichment of TCE by solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and the introduction of loaded SPME fiber directly into GC-injector port offer also a promising way for TCE analysis [6] . These analytical techniques can be characterized with detection limits of 0.01-0.02 μg/L.

For analysis gas chromatograph (GC) coupled with electron capture detector (ECD) or mass spectrometer (MS) is recommended.

LLE with diethyl-ether and GC-MS were used to quantify TCE concentration in drinking water.

Due to its high volatility, TCE can simply be determined with headspace (HS) GC technique.

The enrichment of TCE by solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and the introduction of loaded SPME fiber directly into GC-injector port offer also a promising way for TCE analysis.


A distinct advantage of QEPAS is that the performance of QEPASbased sensors can be improved as the excitation laser power is increased, since the QEPAS detection sensitivity scales linearly with excitation laser power. Optical fiber amplifiers, developed for the telecommunications industry to deliver optical signals over long distances, are commercially ready available, robust and low cost [22] [23] [24] [25] . In an optical fiber amplifier, a short length of single-mode optical fiber, when doped with a small amount of an appropriate rare-earth ion, such as erbium, and then pumped with a ∼980 nm semiconductor diode, can be used to achieve amplification factors of up to 3 orders of magnitude for input signals that occur within the gain bandwidth of the dopant [26] . Although amplification can theoretically be achieved over a wide range of wavelengths (0.651-2 m), it is sufficiently mature enough only in three telecommunication bands (1450-1550 nm, 1520-1570 nm, and 1565-1610 nm). Fortuitously, an ideal H 2 S absorption line near 1.582 m, free from H 2 O and CO 2 interference, occurs in the erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) operating band [22] .

Optical fiber amplifiers, developed for the telecommunications industry to deliver optical signals over long distances, are commercially ready available, robust and low cost.

In an optical fiber amplifier, a short length of single-mode optical fiber, when doped with a small amount of an appropriate rare-earth ion, such as erbium, and then pumped with a ∼980 nm semiconductor diode, can be used to achieve amplification factors of up to 3 orders of magnitude for input signals that occur within the gain bandwidth of the dopant.

Fortuitously, an ideal H 2 S absorption line near 1.582 m, free from H 2 O and CO 2 interference, occurs in the erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) operating band.


Developing technologies for monitoring the driver fatigue is essential to prevent vehicle accident. People in fatigue exhibit certain visual behaviors that are easily observable from changes in facial features like the eyes, head and face. Visual behaviors that typically reflect a person's level of fatigue include eyelid movement, head movement, gaze, and facial expression [3] .

Visual behaviors that typically reflect a person's level of fatigue include eyelid movement, head movement, gaze, and facial expression.


Grating-based Phase Contrast X-Ray Imaging is based on the so-called Talbot-Lau interferometer, which is made of the combination of a standard X-ray apparatus with three transmission gratings as documented in the literature [1] [2] [3] [4] . The method derives its potential from the fact that three different contrast mechanisms are combined in a single measurement. Indeed, not only the conventional absorption image can be extracted but also the refraction image (also called differential phase contrast image) and the scattering image (also called dark field image), which are related respectively to the refraction of the X-ray beam inside the sample and to the ultra-small angle scattering caused by its microstructure. Preliminary studies have shown that the scattering image provides a powerful tool to detect any change in the arrangement of the fibres due to the presence of defects such as porosity, fiber waviness, micro-cracks or resin rich/resin poor areas [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] .

Grating-based Phase Contrast X-Ray Imaging is based on the so-called Talbot-Lau interferometer, which is made of the combination of a standard X-ray apparatus with three transmission gratings as documented in the literature.

Preliminary studies have shown that the scattering image provides a powerful tool to detect any change in the arrangement of the fibres due to the presence of defects such as porosity, fiber waviness, micro-cracks or resin rich/resin poor areas.


Distinguishing racks and quandles is in practice very difficult. Advances in automated theorem proving for first-order logic, enabled use of computers to distinguish non-triviality of racks and quandles. This led to the possibility of using automated theorem provers for unknot recognition [1] .

This led to the possibility of using automated theorem provers for unknot recognition.


The ability to measure physiologically relevant levels of NO is an important research tool, particularly given recent reports that constitutively produced NO concentrations in vivo are likely much lower than once presumed [19] . Current methods available for detecting biologically produced NO include spectrophotometric, fluorometric, electrochemical, chemiluminescent, and electromagnetic spin resonance techniques [20] . Of these analyses however, only fluorometric and electrochemical have both the sensitivity and flexibility to measure low levels of constitutively produced NO from cultured cells in situ. Particularly, the fluorescent indicator diaminofluorescein (DAF) has been used to quantify NO generated by cultured myofibroblasts [21] [22] . While this method is highly sensitive, it has had limited success due to the susceptibility of the calibration standard to photolysis. Other studies have reported an amperometric technique to measure NO using a specific constant voltage electrode, the inNO-T Nitric Oxide Measuring System, in a manner similar to the one presented here [23] [24] . This electrochemical method is both sensitive and affordable although it does have intrinsic limitations due to the conversion of nitrite to nitrate/nitric acid in aqueous solution which is undetectable by the electrode, ultimately resulting in signal loss. Both the fluorometric and amperometric approaches directly quantify NO from the cell culture media which is known to contain measurable amounts of nitrate [23] . Therefore, the goal of this study was to refine the electrode technique to both increase sensitivity and avoid loss of signal due to nitrate formation in aqueous medium in order to further investigate the role of NO signaling pathways in pulmonary myofibroblasts. Although this study was designed to quantify NO released from myofibroblasts, the simple and reproducible method of monitoring indirect NO presented here is broadly applicable to many other basal-level NO producing cells.

The ability to measure physiologically relevant levels of NO is an important research tool, particularly given recent reports that constitutively produced NO concentrations in vivo are likely much lower than once presumed.

Current methods available for detecting biologically produced NO include spectrophotometric, fluorometric, electrochemical, chemiluminescent, and electromagnetic spin resonance techniques.

Particularly, the fluorescent indicator diaminofluorescein (DAF) has been used to quantify NO generated by cultured myofibroblasts.

Other studies have reported an amperometric technique to measure NO using a specific constant voltage electrode, the inNO-T Nitric Oxide Measuring System, in a manner similar to the one presented here.

Both the fluorometric and amperometric approaches directly quantify NO from the cell culture media which is known to contain measurable amounts of nitrate.


Glycogenolysis is the catabolism of glycogen which leads to the breakdown of glycogen into glucose and is initiated by glycogen phosphorylase (GP). Gluconeogenesis is the generation of glucose from other non-carbohydrate precursors like pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids. Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), fructose 1,6 bis-phosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase are key enzymes of this process among which PEPCK is the major target of regulation [12] .

Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), fructose 1,6 bis-phosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase are key enzymes of this process among which PEPCK is the major target of regulation.


The diagnostic issue of building a classifier based on features to be embedded in a HSMM is considered in References [20, 21] . To do this, the authors used a mixture of log-concave, elliptical, or symmetric continuous probability density functions (pdfs) (e.g., mixture of Gaussians) to describe the uncertainty of having a given vector of features and the actual degradation state of the component. The limitations of this approach stem from the large number of parameters that need to be estimated. For example, if the semi-Markov degradation process has N = 4 states and the optimal combination of features is made of n = 10 elements, then n = 10 mean values and n(n + 1)/2 = 55 values of the covariance matrix needs to be estimated for each of the N = 4 states, i.e., a total of 55 × 4 = 220 parameters. This is a computationally burdensome approach that requires a very large dataset to infer the parameter values. Moreover, as mentioned above, some restrictions on the form of the model pdfs hold.

The diagnostic issue of building a classifier based on features to be embedded in a HSMM is considered in References.


Unfortunately, the maximum possible frame rate of optical time-stretch microscopy is limited by its requirement of having no overlap between consecutive frames or, more specifically, a trade-off between the frame rate (pulse repetition rate) and the amount of the temporal dispersion (time stretch) used for the optical image serialization [4] , [6] . In optical time-stretch microscopy, each image-encoded pulse is temporally stretched by a temporal disperser into a temporal waveform that fills the gap between consecutive image-encoded pulses (frames). Ideally, the frame rate of the system can easily be increased by applying a pulse laser with a higher repetition rate. However, to ensure the information carried on the pulses to be perfectly recovered, there should be no overlap between temporally stretched pulses. Given a fixed sampling rate for the digitizer, a certain amount of temporal dispersion is required for a desirable number of sampled points or image pixels. This limits the maximum repetition rate of the pulse laser and hence the frame rate of the system. Analytically, given the pulse bandwidth λ, the digitizer sampling rate S, and the desired number of sampling points for each pulse N , the minimum dispersion amount required is given by D = N /(S λ). This places an upper limit for the applicable laser repetition rate R by R < S/N in order to avoid an overlap between temporally stretched pulses [4] , [6] . Consequently, to increase the frame rate of the system, it is necessary to further increase the upper limit of the laser repetition rate. To avoid degradation of the image quality (hence to maintain the same number of sampling points for each pulse), a digitizer with a higher sampling rate is typically needed. This, however, significantly increases the cost of the overall system and also comes with the massive volume of data to be processed.

Unfortunately, the maximum possible frame rate of optical time-stretch microscopy is limited by its requirement of having no overlap between consecutive frames or, more specifically, a trade-off between the frame rate (pulse repetition rate) and the amount of the temporal dispersion (time stretch) used for the optical image serialization.

This places an upper limit for the applicable laser repetition rate R by R < S/N in order to avoid an overlap between temporally stretched pulses.


When stability is the main design criteria, such a parametric analysis is commonly achieved by computing a stability chart which contains the various stability boundaries of the system with respect to a bifurcation parameter. A very simple way to do that consists in computing the response curve of the system for several values of the chosen bifurcation parameter, then detecting the bifurcation points on these curves and, finally, gathering these bifurcation points to form the stability boundaries. However, this method is very consuming since it requires the computation of a lot of information among which only the limit points are of interest. This paper presents an approach for direct parametric analysis of limit points of nonlinear dynamical systems. Instead of computing responses curves for several values of a given system parameter, the direct tracking of limit points is performed. Similar approaches can be found in the literature for quasi-static problems [20] . They are used here in the context of nonlinear dynamical systems and adapted for use with the HBM. The whole numerical procedure is based on the HBM and can be decomposed in three distinct steps. Firstly, a response curve is calculated by HBM combined with a continuation technique (Section 2) until a limit point is found by Floquet theory (Section 3). Then this starting limit point is used to initialize the direct following of the branch of limit points when a system parameter is varied (Section 4). Several numerical examples are addressed in Section 5 to demonstrate the capabilities and the performance of the proposed method. Finally, conclusions are drawn in the last section.

Similar approaches can be found in the literature for quasi-static problems.


Cooperative authentication has emerged as a promising approach to reduce the authentication overhead on individual vehicles and shorten the authentication delay [33, 34] . Vehicles cooperatively authenticate messages and share their authentication results to each other. Thus, the computation burden of them will be alleviated largely. Nevertheless, the implementation of this method is challenging due to the unique features of the VANETs, such as high mobility and real-time quality in data transmission.

Cooperative authentication has emerged as a promising approach to reduce the authentication overhead on individual vehicles and shorten the authentication delay.


This diagram shows that there is a relationship between beliefs, understanding, and intentions to teach STEM among future pre-service teachers (Kurup et al. 2017) . This is considered as tier 1 the platform. This platform provides a strongly held belief about the need of STEM for the changes in lifestyle practices. Their understandings of science, mathematics, and engineering are minimal and not enough to deal pedagogically to teach these subjects in classrooms; however, they have positive intentions to teach STEM. Further, they would be committed in their future teaching as they consider STEM-related issues important for life. This relationship is considered as the prequel to the present study of identifying the capacity building to teach STEM. The present study focuses on the pre-service teachers' platform from tier 1 towards their capacity to teach STEM in future career.

This diagram shows that there is a relationship between beliefs, understanding, and intentions to teach STEM among future pre-service teachers.


Guide wires are indispensable instruments used in lowinvasive treatment. Guide wires were initially manufactured for vascular applications, but over time they became indispensable also in other branches of medicine. They can be used in treatment where percutaneous access inside blood vessels is required-in angioplasty, in electrocardiology, when inserting electrodes to the heart, and in endoscopic gastrostomy or endourology [1] [2] [3] . In the latter one they are used for two purposes: (1) they ensure access to specific parts of urinary system and (2) they are used as guide wires over which catheters and stents can be inserted.

They can be used in treatment where percutaneous access inside blood vessels is required-in angioplasty, in electrocardiology, when inserting electrodes to the heart, and in endoscopic gastrostomy or endourology.


The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the approximate planar model of an elastic inclined cable and the associated non-linear equations of motion accounting for overall displacement coupling and dynamic extensibility [10] . The key solution of sagged inclined configurations, based on a cubic space polynomial, is underlined, since it entails the system asymmetry from which linear frequency avoidances and associated hybrid modes are originated.

The paper is organized as follows.

Section 2 presents the approximate planar model of an elastic inclined cable and the associated non-linear equations of motion accounting for overall displacement coupling and dynamic extensibility.


Apoptosis is conceivably the most potent defense against cancer development since it is the mechanism used by metazoans to eliminate deleterious cells. Many chemopreventive agents have been shown to induce apoptosis in transformed cells both in vitro and in vivo. Induction of apoptosis appears to be associated with their effectiveness in modulating carcinogenic processes [8] . Since apoptosis provides a physiologic mechanism for eliminating initiated or abnormal cells, dietary factors affecting apoptosis can influence carcinogenesis. In fact, activation of apoptosis in pre-cancerous cells is one of the most important mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by dietary factors [9] .

Induction of apoptosis appears to be associated with their effectiveness in modulating carcinogenic processes.

In fact, activation of apoptosis in pre-cancerous cells is one of the most important mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by dietary factors.


Recently, we have observed that the perception of friction can be presented by a vibrotactile approach that is completely different from those previously proposed [30] . When a fingertip is slid over a flat plate that is vibrating asymmetrically at several Hz in a tangential direction, the perception of friction depends on the direction of the finger movement. When the finger moves in one direction, the perceived friction and the impulse of the friction force are larger than those observed when the finger is slid in another direction. We believe that this phenomenon is caused by the occurrence of sticking between the finger pad and the vibrating material, depending on the direction of movement of the finger. Similarly, an increase in the perception of friction arises between a subject's fingertip and a symmetrically vibrating plate [31] . These tangential vibrations induce a sense of sticking at low frequencies between the fingertip and material, and barely cause a sense of vibration or any perceived change in the surface texture when the surface is smoothly scanned. As a result, the vibrating plate is felt like a material that frequently causes a fingertip to be stuck while sliding. Despite these demonstrations, the perception of friction via a tangentially vibrating plate has yet to be explained. In this study, with the ultimate goal of devising a more effective friction display, we devised a principle based on an investigation of the effects of the parameters of vibrotactile stimuli on the perception of friction from the aspects of physical simulation and the results of psychophysical experiments on perceived friction in conjunction each of which is limited to corroborate the hypothesized principle.

Recently, we have observed that the perception of friction can be presented by a vibrotactile approach that is completely different from those previously proposed.

Similarly, an increase in the perception of friction arises between a subject's fingertip and a symmetrically vibrating plate.


The focus of this study was to investigate the prevalence and determinants of C-section mode of delivery in SSA countries using current nationally representative data from DHS conducted between 2008 and 2016. The findings from our analysis revealed disparities in the prevalence of C-section across various countries, while some reported substantial increase during the study period, some countries had very low percentage of C-section. The prevalences obtained were similar to previous reports from developing countries [18] [19] [20] . According to WHO, the prevalence of C-section in any population should be within the interval of 5-15%, however, some countries in SSA were found to have below the minimum 5% recommended by public and private healthcare facilities. Studies have shown that the prominent reasons for the low coverage of C-sections were insufficient provision of equipment and medicines in the available emergency obstetric health units, lack of skilled birth attendants, unavailability of life-saving obstetrics services, long distances and poor landscapes without proper transportation could cause major geographic barrier in access to emergency obstetric care [21, 22] . Conversely, despite the reasons for the high prevalence in some countries are not completely known due to multifactorial nature, it could be connected to supply-side and demand-side factors. Maternal factors, such as education and other characteristics driven by health professionals, health care system, awareness, perception and socioeconomic factors could be responsible.

The prevalences obtained were similar to previous reports from developing countries.

Studies have shown that the prominent reasons for the low coverage of C-sections were insufficient provision of equipment and medicines in the available emergency obstetric health units, lack of skilled birth attendants, unavailability of life-saving obstetrics services, long distances and poor landscapes without proper transportation could cause major geographic barrier in access to emergency obstetric care.


In the color changes, value on axis L* (lightness) showed the most significant change out of all the evaluated parameters ( Fig. 5 ; Table 1 ). Thermally modified samples of both wood species showed a very significant drop in values due to the increasing temperature of the thermal modification. After thermal modification at 210 °C, all the tested sets of samples had a reduced of L* value by approximately 50% relative to the values obtained from untreated samples. Our values are comparable to those reported for oak, birch, pine, black alder, and beech wood [31, 32] . The results of Duncan's test shown in Table 2 show that the difference in all L* values affected by the applied temperatures was statistically very different, with a significance level of p = 0.001.

Our values are comparable to those reported for oak, birch, pine, black alder, and beech wood.


Wood is one of the oldest and the most abundant natural composite materials on Earth. In its structure, wood is a natural composite material formed from a chemical complex of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and extractives. These polymeric substances are not uniformly distributed within the wood cell wall and their concentration changes from one morphological region to another [1] [2] [3] [4] . Wood as a universal and renewable material is currently used in many areas, such as construction and tiling materials, furniture production, fuel, and chemical processing (pulp, paper, bioethanol, etc.) [5] .

These polymeric substances are not uniformly distributed within the wood cell wall and their concentration changes from one morphological region to another.

Wood as a universal and renewable material is currently used in many areas, such as construction and tiling materials, furniture production, fuel, and chemical processing (pulp, paper, bioethanol, etc.).


Its color can be an indicator of the quality of thermally modified wood, and thus determine its final use on the market. The color characteristics mostly depend on the specific chemical composition of the wood in interaction with the light [6] . From a chemical viewpoint, wood is composed of cellulose (40-50%), hemicelluloses (20-30%), lignin (20-30%) and extractives (3-10%). These amounts vary in different wood species [7] . High temperatures during thermal modification cause the degradation of hemicelluloses and lignin, resulting in the production of water, carbon dioxide, formic acid, acetic acid, and other substances that can be involved in condensation reactions, and chromophore groups are formed [8] . The color of the wood darkens during thermal modification; however, the degree of color change depends on the conditions of the thermal modification, especially the temperature and duration of the treatment [9] [10] [11] . Thermal processes also affect some physical and mechanical properties (dimensional stability, hygroscopicity, durability, MOR-modulus of rupture, MOE-modulus of elasticity, etc.) [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . Interest in thermally modified wood increases especially because of its higher durability compared to untreated wood and also because of the legal restrictions relating to use of toxic substances [17] .

The color characteristics mostly depend on the specific chemical composition of the wood in interaction with the light.

These amounts vary in different wood species.

High temperatures during thermal modification cause the degradation of hemicelluloses and lignin, resulting in the production of water, carbon dioxide, formic acid, acetic acid, and other substances that can be involved in condensation reactions, and chromophore groups are formed.

The color of the wood darkens during thermal modification; however, the degree of color change depends on the conditions of the thermal modification, especially the temperature and duration of the treatment.

Thermal processes also affect some physical and mechanical properties (dimensional stability, hygroscopicity, durability, MOR-modulus of rupture, MOE-modulus of elasticity, etc.).

Interest in thermally modified wood increases especially because of its higher durability compared to untreated wood and also because of the legal restrictions relating to use of toxic substances.


Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) along with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are vinyl polymers that are widely used to develop products of drug delivery media [15] . Moreover, PVP is a widely used hydrophilic polymer because it is nontoxic, electrospinnable, and soluble in water, and it also has good biocompatibility [16] [17] [18] [19] . It has also been reported that electrospun PVP nanofibers had an effective release control and it was able to increase the solubility of curcumin [20] . Although many studies have been done to load GME into polymer nanofibers, the use of PVP nanofibers, however, is rarely explored. Very recently, a short description of electrospun PVP/GME composite nanofiber mats along with the release of GME from the nanofibers has been given [18] . In this paper, we will report their antioxidant activities investigated by using the 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Their structures were also analyzed by employing a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and a Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The relationship between their structures and antioxidant activities will be thoroughly discussed.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) along with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) are vinyl polymers that are widely used to develop products of drug delivery media.

Moreover, PVP is a widely used hydrophilic polymer because it is nontoxic, electrospinnable, and soluble in water, and it also has good biocompatibility.

It has also been reported that electrospun PVP nanofibers had an effective release control and it was able to increase the solubility of curcumin.

Very recently, a short description of electrospun PVP/GME composite nanofiber mats along with the release of GME from the nanofibers has been given.


Moulds are also often present during the production of paper and paper products. Those most frequently isolated are Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma and Fusarium, which require less moisture, as well as Alternaria, Chaetomium and Stachybotrys, which are capable of hydrolyzing very resistant cellulose fibres. These fungi contribute to reduce the technological parameters and strength of cellulose pulp, which can lead to considerable weight loss of up to 48%. In the final product, their effects may include reduced paper strength and numerous discolorations (Fabbri et al. 1997; Stobińska and Zyska 2005; Pinzari et al. 2006) .

In the final product, their effects may include reduced paper strength and numerous discolorations.


In this work, the use of orthogonal polynomial basis functions for estimating nonlinear components with memory is proposed and extensively analyzed, following the preliminary publication of this method [15] - [16] . Significant advantages are outlined and discussed. Most importantly, it is shown that a dramatic complexity reduction may be achieved by dimensions selection and reduction. Furthermore, we propose a computational method for calculating the orthogonal basis in general cases such as for an unknown nonlinear distortion or multi-dimensional RVs that are dependent, which is relevant in the case of a system with memory. For such general cases, the use of a diagonalization method for the correlation matrix is proposed.

In this work, the use of orthogonal polynomial basis functions for estimating nonlinear components with memory is proposed and extensively analyzed, following the preliminary publication of this method.


As our experimental setup is limited by an extremely low BW, a high series memory order is required. Hence, a full Volterra series representation has a complex implementation, as a result of the large number of series elements. Consequently, the inverse system is estimated using a memory polynomials model, which is commonly used in high-speed cases [33] - [34] . First, the conventional degenerated Volterra series expansion is applied to the received samples using the memory polynomials method. Second, the linear mapping to the orthogonal basis is performed by the EVD process on the correlation matrix of the degenerated Volterra elements. Third, the variances are graded, and the most dominant dimensions are selected. Fourth, the original degenerated Volterra elements are projected on the reduced dimensions orthogonal basis.

Consequently, the inverse system is estimated using a memory polynomials model, which is commonly used in high-speed cases.


A close scrutiny of the Zn added diffractograms and its quantative estimation of phases at different time frames reveal a non linear reduction of the phases of C 2 AH 8 and CAH 10 and non uniform increase of phases is noticed. This implies that the presence of Zn slightly accelerates the hydration reaction and the rate of formation of C 3 AH 6 hydrate increases. This probably causes the setting time to decrease rapidly but the strength is found to be lower than control. Some additional peak of calcium chloroaluminates, ferrite and zinc aluminates are observed in hydrated 28 th day spectrum (Stephan, et al., 1999) .

Some additional peak of calcium chloroaluminates, ferrite and zinc aluminates are observed in hydrated 28 th day spectrum.


The mix with Pb addition in the 28 th day spectra shows, a reduction in intensity of the peak at CAH 10 and an increase in the peak at C 2 AH 8 and C 3 AH 6 . A close watch on the XRD patterns of Pb added paste and the quantitative estimation of the phases suggest that a normal and gradual change might have been occurred for the phase CAH 10 . In other words, CAH 10 phases compensate the faster reaction of the other phase and have a setting time almost equal to that of control. On the other hand, an increase in intensity and hence the amount of these phases C 2 AH 8 and C 3 AH 6 increases. Comparing the amount of the phases with control, it is observed that the loss in strength created through C 3 AH 6 is compensated by C 2 AH 8 phases (Table 2 ). In addition peaks observed for calcium chloroaluminates and gehlenite at 28 th day is also compensated by C 2 AH 8 phase thereby making the strength almost equal to control (Murat, et al., 1996) .

In addition peaks observed for calcium chloroaluminates and gehlenite at 28 th day is also compensated by C 2 AH 8 phase thereby making the strength almost equal to control.


The XRD patterns of Cr added HAC paste and its quantitative estimation of phases at various time intervals indicates that the C 3 AH 6 phase is proceeding faster than C 2 AH 8 and CAH 10 phases. The increase in amount of C 3 AH 6 and decrease in the amount of phases C 2 AH 8 and CAH 10 are indicative of delayed setting time and lower strength than the control. An increase in Cr concentrations in HAC indicates a reduction in strength than control (Minocha, et al., 2003) .

An increase in Cr concentrations in HAC indicates a reduction in strength than control.


XRD spectrum of Cd added HAC paste shows a reduction in intensity of the phases CAH 10 and C 2 AH 8 in early hydrated diffractogram. This indicates an increase in early compressive strength. The increasing C 3 AH 6 peak observed at 28 th day is indicative of reduction in strength. A close scrutiny of the spectra at different time intervals reveals that the presence of Cd delays the formation of C 3 AH 6 phase (Murat and Sorrentino et al., 1996) . This may retard the setting time but does not modify the strength very much. Additional calcium chloroaluminate and calcium alumino ferrite peaks are also detected (Sanjuan, et al., 1997) .

A close scrutiny of the spectra at different time intervals reveals that the presence of Cd delays the formation of C 3 AH 6 phase.

Additional calcium chloroaluminate and calcium alumino ferrite peaks are also detected.


Secondly, the causality condition implies that the system's response is a direct consequence of the perturbation; and therefore, the response does not precede the disturbance [31] . The finite range condition implies that the system's impedance takes a finite value in the whole frequency range [28] . In practice, this condition is always met, since physical systems are finite systems; and therefore, the finite value condition is not a critical condition [26] . Finally, a system meets the stability condition if it operates in a single operation point during the measurement of the whole EIS spectrum [32] . Due to stochastic processes, as flooding and drying; to aging processes; and to variations of the input parameters, fuel cell systems are generally highly non stable systems [19] . In consequence, the stability condition is the most critical condition for EIS measurements in FC systems.

Secondly, the causality condition implies that the system's response is a direct consequence of the perturbation; and therefore, the response does not precede the disturbance.

The finite range condition implies that the system's impedance takes a finite value in the whole frequency range.

In practice, this condition is always met, since physical systems are finite systems; and therefore, the finite value condition is not a critical condition.

Finally, a system meets the stability condition if it operates in a single operation point during the measurement of the whole EIS spectrum.

Due to stochastic processes, as flooding and drying; to aging processes; and to variations of the input parameters, fuel cell systems are generally highly non stable systems.


Firstly, the linearity of the system is essential for the no-generation of harmonics, which would distort the obtained EIS spectra [30] . However, the electrochemical systems are in general highly nonlinear systems since they are governed by Buttler-Volmer's equation. In these cases, the linearity condition is achieved by applying a perturbation of small enough amplitude [20] .

Firstly, the linearity of the system is essential for the no-generation of harmonics, which would distort the obtained EIS spectra.

In these cases, the linearity condition is achieved by applying a perturbation of small enough amplitude.


Instead, a highly heterogeneous non-union tissue is formed consisting primarily of fibrous tissue after 12 weeks [30] . Thus, direct comparisons between the untreated critically sized defect with healing fracture mechanoregulation theories is not necessarily pertinent, but a mix of cartilage and bone has been observed in defects treated with 0.5 or 2.5 µg rhBMP-2 delivered in an alginate-based hydrogel system in this model three weeks after surgery [13] . Nonetheless, the initial data provide a valuable estimate of actual deformations in the defect due to physiological activity shortly after injury. In the future, computational analyses can be refined by incorporating in vivo micro-CT-based tissue geometries and mechanical properties of both the femur and defect tissue and will enhance our ability to interrogate the local mechanical environment within the regenerating tissue over time.

Instead, a highly heterogeneous non-union tissue is formed consisting primarily of fibrous tissue after 12 weeks.

Thus, direct comparisons between the untreated critically sized defect with healing fracture mechanoregulation theories is not necessarily pertinent, but a mix of cartilage and bone has been observed in defects treated with 0.5 or 2.5 µg rhBMP-2 delivered in an alginate-based hydrogel system in this model three weeks after surgery.


Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) is a destruction of the effectiveness of network service. It leads that a suffered host or network can't receive and deal with the request from outside world. So the host or network cannot provide normal service for a legitimate user. Thus the attack forms a denial of service. Compared with the traditional network, SDN has more flexibility and controllability so that the SDN is more vulnerable to DDoS attacks [3] . Therefore, the detection of DDoS attacks is one important research direction of SDN security.

Compared with the traditional network, SDN has more flexibility and controllability so that the SDN is more vulnerable to DDoS attacks.


The atmospheric boundary layer is the lowest region of the atmosphere, and is directly influenced by its proximity to the Earth's surface. It is almost always continuously turbulent over its entire depth (Stull 1988) . The atmospheric boundary layer can extend up to several kilometers at temperate sites, but is typically only tens of meters thick over the high Antarctic plateau. A stable boundary layer forms when the Earth's surface is cooler than the air above, resulting in a positive vertical temperature gradient. This usually occurs at night, and the strong vertical stratification results in little vertical mixing. In contrast, a convective boundary layer forms when the Earth's surface is hotter than the air above it, resulting in a negative vertical temperature gradient; this typically forms during the day. A convective boundary layer is well mixed by convection. A stable boundary layer is separated from the free atmosphere by a residual layer and a capping inversion. A convective boundary layer is separated from the free atmosphere by an entrainment zone (Stull 1988) .

It is almost always continuously turbulent over its entire depth.

A convective boundary layer is separated from the free atmosphere by an entrainment zone.


The membrane-based separator presented here is an advance in continuous flow separators at the milliscale. The integrated pressure controller greatly reduces the complexity when implementing separators within chemical reactor systems by decoupling the separator pressures and limiting the online control required for operation. It is the first demonstration of countercurrent multi-stage liquid-liquid extraction using membrane based separators. Further, it simplifies multistep chemical systems including reactions coupled to separation and other multistage separations such as cross flow extraction. Larger systems which incorporate dynamic control would benefit from the intrinsic pressure control since control actions which affect downstream pressures (flow rate fluctuations, composition changes, etc.) can be tolerated without redesigning the system or additional control on the separator. The separator is useful in research settings since little additional changes are required to switch the separator between different applications. The specific design is especially suited to flow rates between 1 and 10 mL/min. Lower flow rates are possible although the residence time increases so a smaller device may be more appropriate depending on the application. Higher flow rates were also achieved (up to 40 mL/min) for systems with higher interfacial tension, limited by the pressure drop in the membrane channel compared to Equation (2) . Future work to scale the separator down to μL/min flows and determine the upper limits for scale up to larger separators using this design are ongoing as well as applications to more complex, multistep syntheses.

Higher flow rates were also achieved (up to 40 mL/min) for systems with higher interfacial tension, limited by the pressure drop in the membrane channel compared to Equation.


On the other hand, loneliness is one important indicator and vulnerability factor for life satisfaction. The life satisfaction depends on one's cognitive and subjective evaluation. In other words, the life satisfaction is one's global evaluation of some aspects of the quality of his/her life such as family, school, friend etc according to his/her criteria (Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985) .

In other words, the life satisfaction is one's global evaluation of some aspects of the quality of his/her life such as family, school, friend etc according to his/her criteria.


We may speculate that the downregulation of the ERa-p-Ser 118 we observed after treatment is a consequence of the suppressed levels of circulating oestrogens, suggesting the occurrence of a reduced oestrogen-induced transcription, leading finally to a clinical response. In a previous study with gefitinib plus or minus anastrozole, the decrease of ERa-p-Ser 118 was associated with clinical response (Polychronis et al, 2005) . Therefore, we might have expected that non-responders should not experience a decrease of ERa-p-Ser 118 , but rather an increased phosphorylation as a consequence of a ligand-independent activation which is a putative mechanism of endocrine resistance (Brodie et al, 2005; Chen et al, 2006) . However, in our study no difference in the extent of the decreased phosphorylation was observed in responders or non-responders, and we saw no increase in EGFR or HER2 expression or in phosphorylated MAP kinase activity in the clinical non-responders. It is possible that our nonresponders were not inherently resistant, but merely not treated for long enough.

In a previous study with gefitinib plus or minus anastrozole, the decrease of ERa-p-Ser 118 was associated with clinical response.

Therefore, we might have expected that non-responders should not experience a decrease of ERa-p-Ser 118 , but rather an increased phosphorylation as a consequence of a ligand-independent activation which is a putative mechanism of endocrine resistance.


Inadequate nutrition may be a critical pathway linking food insecurity to mental, physical, and behavioral health [13, 15] . Numerous studies highlight the importance of nutritious food availability and affordability to human development [9, 12, 17, 18] . Toddlerhood, in particular, is a stage of development when rapid physical growth and dramatic brain development occur and is characterized by a transition from a direct maternal control of nutrition to indirect control in which toddlers begin to select food and drinks based on self-selection and self-gratification [17, 19] . Poor eating and drinking habits among toddlers, particularly the intake of high caloric and energy dense food and drinks, may result in nutritional problems that can impair growth and development [20] . Additionally, dietary habits formed in toddlerhood may continue into adulthood. Previous research also suggests that quality, variety, and nutrient intake during toddlerhood may directly result in cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality in adulthood [21, 22] . Therefore, food and drink intake among toddlers has important implications for health and well-being across the life course.

Inadequate nutrition may be a critical pathway linking food insecurity to mental, physical, and behavioral health.

Numerous studies highlight the importance of nutritious food availability and affordability to human development.

Toddlerhood, in particular, is a stage of development when rapid physical growth and dramatic brain development occur and is characterized by a transition from a direct maternal control of nutrition to indirect control in which toddlers begin to select food and drinks based on self-selection and self-gratification.

Poor eating and drinking habits among toddlers, particularly the intake of high caloric and energy dense food and drinks, may result in nutritional problems that can impair growth and development.

Previous research also suggests that quality, variety, and nutrient intake during toddlerhood may directly result in cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality in adulthood.


Width of generated soliton in this model strongly depends on and . This dependence is shown in Figure 4 . In any case, solitons are broadened with increasing and . The broadest soliton generates when and are maximum at the same time. The same results have been obtained in Dorranian and Sabetkar's paper when the effect of size distribution was not taken into account [14] . The rate of increasing soliton width with is smaller in the presence of size distribution effect.

This dependence is shown in Figure 4 .

The same results have been obtained in Dorranian and Sabetkar's paper when the effect of size distribution was not taken into account.