In our design, a compliant rotary joint (CRJ) can support the forearm of disabled people in terms of handling their activities without a large dependence on their staffs and family members. It is known that the characteristics of an assistive device are influenced by the qualities of the proposed joint. Therefore, the present study proposes a multi-objective optimization of the CRJ. The CRJ is constructed based on a compliant mechanism (CM) that is an outperformed mechanism compared to conventional mechanisms due to its advantages, such as miniature size, being lightweight, increased accuracy, energy storage capability, and decreased vibrations [19] [20] [21] [22] . The qualities of CRJ include a large rotational motion to be suitable for different people, being lightweight to be easily integrated into the upper limb, and minimal stress. The stress should be less than the allowed stress so as to guarantee long working fatigue without plastic failures.

The CRJ is constructed based on a compliant mechanism (CM) that is an outperformed mechanism compared to conventional mechanisms due to its advantages, such as miniature size, being lightweight, increased accuracy, energy storage capability, and decreased vibrations.


Recently stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) has been proposed to implement a pre-filtering based IRM [21] . It does not involve any electrical component and hence it can operate over a wide frequency range. However, it has several problems. Firstly, it uses the SBS gain spectrum to amplify an RF signal sideband. This not only introduces SBS noise in the system, which consequently degrades the mixer performance, but also alters the RF signal phase caused by the nonlinear phase shift associated to the SBS gain spectrum [22] . Secondly, the Mach Zehnder modulator (MZM) driven by an LO needs to be biased close to the maximum transmission point to obtain a high IRR. The high-power optical carrier detected by the photodetector limits the mixer conversion efficiency to only −22 dB. Furthermore, it needs three separate electro-optic modulators for RF/image signal, LO and pump modulation. It also requires a pump light for the SBS process to realise frequency conversion even without the presence of an image signal. In this paper, we present an IRM based on using the SBS loss spectrum to suppress an image sideband, which does not have the aforementioned problems. In addition, it has a simple structure as it only requires a single integrated dual-polarisation modulator biased at the standard minimum transmission point. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate >32 dB IRR over an 11.8-19.6 GHz RF signal frequency range and a high −5 dB conversion efficiency.

Recently stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) has been proposed to implement a pre-filtering based IRM.

However, it has several problems.

This not only introduces SBS noise in the system, which consequently degrades the mixer performance, but also alters the RF signal phase caused by the nonlinear phase shift associated to the SBS gain spectrum.


The anti-diarrhoeal effect of aqueous extract of Rubia tinctorum L. (Rubiaceae) roots in rodents was examined. At doses of 300, 600 and 800 mg/kg aqueous extract protected rats, in a dose-dependent fashion, against castor oil-induced diarrhoeal dropping by 37, 59 and 64%, respectively. Furthermore, it has significantly (by 41%) inhibited the gastrointestinal transit of charcoal in mice at 800 mg/kg dose of extract. These data suggest that Rubia tinctorum showed antidiarrhoeal activity by inhibiting intestinal motility which was concordant with its use in traditional medicine [6] .

These data suggest that Rubia tinctorum showed antidiarrhoeal activity by inhibiting intestinal motility which was concordant with its use in traditional medicine.


Inflammation is a part of a complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells or irritants. It is characterized by redness, swollen joint that is warm to touch, pain joint to its stiffness and loss of joint function. Inflammation is either acute or chronic. Under specific circumstances, it could turn into a chronic state and, subsequently, become a causative factor of the pathogenesis. Inflammation is a self-defence reaction in its first phase, hence it is regarded as a main therapeutic target and often the best choice in the treatment of the disease and alleviation of symptoms [2] .

Inflammation is a self-defence reaction in its first phase, hence it is regarded as a main therapeutic target and often the best choice in the treatment of the disease and alleviation of symptoms.


The constituents of the volatile oils extracts were analysed by GC-MS as reported [16] . The GC-MS analyses were carried out on a Shimadzu GC-MS-QP2010 gas chromatography-mass spectrometer equipped with capillary column DB-5-MS Agilent (30 m x 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 µm) under following conditions. Helium was used as a carrier gas at a pressure of 81.90 kPa, with flow of 1.33 ml/min; the The identification of compounds was performed by analysis and comparison of the mass spectra with database of Wiley 7 library and by comparison of RI with those of the literature [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] . The relative quantification of the components of each sample was obtained through the relative area of the peaks in the chromatograms.

The constituents of the volatile oils extracts were analysed by GC-MS as reported.

Helium was used as a carrier gas at a pressure of 81.90 kPa, with flow of 1.33 ml/min; the The identification of compounds was performed by analysis and comparison of the mass spectra with database of Wiley 7 library and by comparison of RI with those of the literature.


Alkanet is a plant of the borage family whose roots are used as a red dye. The plant is also known as orchanet, Spanish or Languedoc bugloss. It is native for Mediterranean region. Alkanna tinctoria has a bright blue flower. A dark red root of blackish appearance externally but blue-red inside, with a whitish core. The root produces a fine red colouring material which has been used as a dye in the Mediterranean region since antiquity. As a dyestuff, the root is soluble in alcohol, ether and oils but insoluble in water [3] .

It is native for Mediterranean region.

As a dyestuff, the root is soluble in alcohol, ether and oils but insoluble in water.


Natural products have been a thriving source for the discovery of new drugs for a long time because of their chemical diversity. With increased use of herbal remedies, traditionally used medicinal plants receive increased attention from scientists and pharmaceutical industry. The newer work on medicinal plants is mostly the rediscovery of traditional effects at cellular and molecular levels. Development of standardized, safe and effective herbal formulations such as multitarget therapeutics and prophylaxis could be a tenable approach for the future. Hundreds of plant metabolites are reported to have many pharmacological activities, although, most of these reports are of academic interest and very few find entry at clinical trials. Compilation of the information would help promote wider acceptance and use of these plant-based drugs in a main stream of medicine [1] .

Compilation of the information would help promote wider acceptance and use of these plant-based drugs in a main stream of medicine.


Artemisia (Asteraceae family, Anthemideae tribe) is a shrub growing wild in arid. Common names are wormwood (English), armoise (French), shīeh (Arabic). It has been used in folk medicine since ancient times. Herbal infusions of these species have been used as analgesic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, and haemostatic agents [7] . Historically, Artemisia has been a productive genus in the search for new biologically active compounds. Phytochemical investigations have proven that this genus is rich in sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes [8] [9] [10] .

Herbal infusions of these species have been used as analgesic, antibacterial, antispasmodic, and haemostatic agents.

Phytochemical investigations have proven that this genus is rich in sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes.


A better understanding of the effects of N sources and management on the root systems of crops and how these effects relate to those on shoots is fundamental to develop better N fertilization products and management strategies that better synchronize soil N availability with crop N demand, and thus maximize NUE. Similarly, a more deliberate account of plant physiological processes, including the diversity of mineral nutrient uptake mechanisms, their translocation and metabolism has been suggested for the development of modern fertilizers [49] . Such considerations may significantly improve the physicochemical delivery of nutrients, their composition, amount and timing of application to meet crop uptake needs.

Similarly, a more deliberate account of plant physiological processes, including the diversity of mineral nutrient uptake mechanisms, their translocation and metabolism has been suggested for the development of modern fertilizers.


Down syndrome (DS) or trisomy 21 is a genetic disease caused by abnormal chromosomal segregation [1] . Free trisomy 21 is found in 95% of DS cases and is due to chromosome 21 nondisjunction, mostly occurring during maternal meiosis [2] . A mechanism to explain chromosomal non-disjunction has been proposed and consists of defects in DNA methylation with consequent centromeric hypomethylation, causing abnormal kinetochore and microtubule formation [3] [4] [5] [6] . A number of genetic and environmental factors have been suggested to play interactively a role in aneuploidization, among which dietary factors [7] . Folate acid (pteroiloglutamic acid) has an important role in the process of genetic material distribution during cell division, because of its part in the cellular methylation reactions, which, in turn, epigenetically regulate segregation and other processes [8] .

Down syndrome (DS) or trisomy 21 is a genetic disease caused by abnormal chromosomal segregation.

Free trisomy 21 is found in 95% of DS cases and is due to chromosome 21 nondisjunction, mostly occurring during maternal meiosis.

A mechanism to explain chromosomal non-disjunction has been proposed and consists of defects in DNA methylation with consequent centromeric hypomethylation, causing abnormal kinetochore and microtubule formation.

A number of genetic and environmental factors have been suggested to play interactively a role in aneuploidization, among which dietary factors.

Folate acid (pteroiloglutamic acid) has an important role in the process of genetic material distribution during cell division, because of its part in the cellular methylation reactions, which, in turn, epigenetically regulate segregation and other processes.


It is a point of interest since the genotypes in the mothers of DS children were comparable to those reported in Table 2 , while controls disclosed a lower frequency of the T allele (0.28), and the C/T and T/T genotypes accounting for 46% of the analyzed controls. The difference between case and controls was not significant (p > 0.05). These data confirm previous studies by showing a lower prevalence of the T allele in the Saudi population [9, 10, [25] [26] [27] .

These data confirm previous studies by showing a lower prevalence of the T allele in the Saudi population.


The pathogenesis of graft failure involves both immune rejection and inflammation. Even without visible signs of immune rejection, transplanted donor heart may be affected by sustained ischaemia/reperfusion and ensuing systemic inflammation in the long term [1] . Protection of the donor heart is vital for successful cardiac transplantation [2] . Although research has focused on improvement of cardioplegia formulae, few interventions are targeting the pathophysiological status of the host.

Even without visible signs of immune rejection, transplanted donor heart may be affected by sustained ischaemia/reperfusion and ensuing systemic inflammation in the long term.

Protection of the donor heart is vital for successful cardiac transplantation.


Second, similar to other types of anti-TNF therapies, DO downregulates TNF-a level at large, an action that inhibits both the harmful and the beneficial functions of TNF-a [25] . In addition, studies in the past decade suggest that anti-TNF therapy increases the risk of infection due to the important regulatory role of TNF in the immune system. Long-term inhibition of TNF may also lead to autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes mellitus, vasculitis, multiple sclerosis and psoriasis [26] [27] [28] [29] .

Second, similar to other types of anti-TNF therapies, DO downregulates TNF-a level at large, an action that inhibits both the harmful and the beneficial functions of TNF-a.

Long-term inhibition of TNF may also lead to autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes mellitus, vasculitis, multiple sclerosis and psoriasis.


The idea of this paper is to show how, for three-dimensional crack problems, molecular dynamics can be coupled to continuum methods in order to obtain a technique which focuses the computational effort where it is most required to capture the relevant Physics of crack and dislocation initiation and growth. This affords the modelling and simulation of relatively long cracks, by restricting the MD model to a small zone around the crack front. Ultimately, this approach also makes it possible to adaptively refine or coarse-grain the atomistic region where appropriate [19] .

Ultimately, this approach also makes it possible to adaptively refine or coarse-grain the atomistic region where appropriate.


Better health care and nutrition has led to longer life expectancy and with the addition of declining fertility rates has resulted in the increase of the proportion of the elderly population in most countries in the world. It is expected that by 2050 there will be 2 billion elderly in the world with majority of them living in developing countries [1] . The two recent censuses in Malaysia suggest an ageing population trend. The population growth decreased, proportion of the population age 65 years and above increased whereas the proportion of the population below the age of 15 decreased [2] . It is projected that by 2025, 13.3% of Malaysia's population will comprise of elderly [3] .

It is expected that by 2050 there will be 2 billion elderly in the world with majority of them living in developing countries.

The population growth decreased, proportion of the population age 65 years and above increased whereas the proportion of the population below the age of 15 decreased.

It is projected that by 2025, 13.3% of Malaysia's population will comprise of elderly.


In the elderly, social aspects involve social networks and social support. Better social networks, which is linkages among group of known people, and better social support lead to better health outcome and well-being. Relationships protect from insecurity and psychosocial risk and hence are important for a good quality of life [5, 7] . The lack of meaningful social contacts also leads to withdrawal from social community [8] .

Relationships protect from insecurity and psychosocial risk and hence are important for a good quality of life.

The lack of meaningful social contacts also leads to withdrawal from social community.


Climate change and ocean acidification are driven by high rates of CO 2 emission to the atmosphere. One contribution to the mitigation of CO 2 emissions is carbon capture and storage, CCS (Lovell, 2011) . This is proposed by the G8 and the International Energy Agency as an essential technology for lowering greenhouse gas emissions. CCS reduces the emission of CO 2 at a power station, or other large industrial sources such as oil and gas fields. This captured CO 2 is compressed, transported by pipeline, and injected for storage into porous rock formations deep below the land or sea (Bickle et al., 2007) . The nine plume layers are well defined aerially, having ponded beneath intra-formational shales within the Utsira Sand. The uncertainty relating to layer thickness is high. The ninth layer first appeared in 1999, indicating that the CO2 has migrated approximately 220 m vertically from the injection point (IP) at 1012 mbsl in 3 years. The left panel is a regional stratigraphic column: MSL, Mean Sea Level; SWI, Sediment Water Interface; The Nordland Group extends from the caprock to seafloor, and is subdivided into three seals: US, Upper Seal (Pleistocene); MS, Middle Seal (Upper Pliocene); LS, Lower Seal (Upper Pliocene); Utsira, storage site (Middle Miocene-Early Pliocene); HG, Hordland Group (Early Miocene).

One contribution to the mitigation of CO 2 emissions is carbon capture and storage, CCS.

This captured CO 2 is compressed, transported by pipeline, and injected for storage into porous rock formations deep below the land or sea.


We began by finding the general solution to static sine-Gordon theory on the interval, producing two qualitatively different solutions depending upon the choice of a realvalued parameter. We then mapped these to Nambu string solutions on R × S 2 where they correspond to a doubled up half of a folded, spinning string, or boundary giant magnon attached to Z = 0 maximal giant gravitons. There the choice of parameter turns out to be the choice of the string's angular velocityφ and the choice between 0 ≤φ ≤ 1 and 1 ≤φ separates two sets of qualitatively different open string solutions, one of which has been studied before [21] . The two types of solution converge atφ = 1 which from the sine-Gordon perspective is when the length of the interval L on which the theory is defined diverges, recovering two infinitely separated copies of the boundary kink solutions and corresponding boundary giant magnons. Takingφ > 1 we find the expected exponential corrections to the (finite) difference between string energy and angular momentum while for the new solutions atφ < 1 we find corrections of equal magnitude but opposite sign. Atφ = 0 we recover the static stretched string on S 2 , supported against collapse by maintaining Dirichlet boundary conditions at each end.

There the choice of parameter turns out to be the choice of the string's angular velocityφ and the choice between 0 ≤φ ≤ 1 and 1 ≤φ separates two sets of qualitatively different open string solutions, one of which has been studied before.


In this paper, a method is analyzed for calibrating the rotation radius of coils using a reference quadrupole magnet with a higher-order harmonic error, or a misalignment with the coil axis. In particular, in Section 2, the presence of a roll-angle misalignment between the coil axis and the reference magnetic field axis, and higher-order harmonics of the reference quadrupole is analyzed. In Section 3, the effect of coil radius calibration in a quadrupole with a sextupole or octupole error component is simulated numerically by using the field computation program ROXIE [3] . In Section 4, experimental results for validating the proposed method are given.

In Section 3, the effect of coil radius calibration in a quadrupole with a sextupole or octupole error component is simulated numerically by using the field computation program ROXIE.


In particle accelerators, magnetic measurements are necessary for establishing a suitable experimental coherence among machine requirements, beam physics simulations, and magnet development [2] . Beam physicists allocate a suitable budget for magnet misalignment and require experimental magnetic field maps pointing out the field errors (expressed as multipoles [3] ). During magnet prototyping, measurements allow also design calculations, material properties, and fabrication methods to be verified [4] . Fields are measured also for monitoring the magnet behavior online; thus direct feedback to the accelerator control is provided for adjusting the beam bending and for tuning the acceleration parameters.

In particle accelerators, magnetic measurements are necessary for establishing a suitable experimental coherence among machine requirements, beam physics simulations, and magnet development.

Beam physicists allocate a suitable budget for magnet misalignment and require experimental magnetic field maps pointing out the field errors (expressed as multipoles).

During magnet prototyping, measurements allow also design calculations, material properties, and fabrication methods to be verified.


The CPI is defined by Q is an index of the quantity of an item in a base period b. The CPI can provide an approximation to a cost-of-living index (CLI), measuring the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods and services has many limitations when interpreted relative to a true CLI. For example, consumers shift spending patterns in response to changes in relative prices, items and outlets available in the original or base period disappear, and new items and outlets enter the marketplace. To alleviate some of these problems, the CPI uses a modified Laspeyres approach, which allows for product substitution and introduction of new samples of outlets and items [1] .

To alleviate some of these problems, the CPI uses a modified Laspeyres approach, which allows for product substitution and introduction of new samples of outlets and items.


Both the evolution of size and weight vary depending on the year and the weather conditions at the vineyard. Humidity and the amount of water present in the soil, depending mainly on precipitation, mean that the berry receives a continuous supply of water that is conducive to weight increase (Amerine, 1956; Huglin, 1998) . Temperature is a factor that favours berry growth, being essential for good plant development and for ensuring the grape matures fully, although very high temperatures can have a depressive effect on growth (Amerine and Winkler, 1944; Ribéreau-Gayon et al., 1982; Mareca, 1983) . Exposure to sunlight and ambient temperature are related as they are both responsible for the berry's temperature (Bergqvist et al., 2001) .

Humidity and the amount of water present in the soil, depending mainly on precipitation, mean that the berry receives a continuous supply of water that is conducive to weight increase.

Temperature is a factor that favours berry growth, being essential for good plant development and for ensuring the grape matures fully, although very high temperatures can have a depressive effect on growth.

Exposure to sunlight and ambient temperature are related as they are both responsible for the berry's temperature.


We implement DGHS on Contiki which is a widely used open-source operating system for low-power and memory-constrained devices. Subsequently, we evaluate the performance of DGHS on Cooja which is the Contiki network emulator. We compare DGHS with a state-oftheart tree construction mechanism known as Least Path Interference Beaconing Protocol (LIBP) [4, 5] .

We compare DGHS with a state-oftheart tree construction mechanism known as Least Path Interference Beaconing Protocol (LIBP).


In WSNs, finding the optimal route from each node to the sink is not straightforward because of the distributed and dynamic features of the network. On the one hand, the nodes should avoid any centralized control that depletes their energy by sending control packets over long distances. Instead, they should collaborate among them through the exchange of local information. On the other hand, the network is dynamic because of the frequent changes: the channel quality varies over time, and the nodes can join or leave the network as a result of mobility or battery exhaustion [1] . Thus, mechanisms for topology construction and maintenance must be distributed and adapt to the dynamic features of the network.

On the other hand, the network is dynamic because of the frequent changes: the channel quality varies over time, and the nodes can join or leave the network as a result of mobility or battery exhaustion.


Many mechanisms have been proposed to construct a tree topology (See Section 2). However, few mechanisms work in a distributed manner and adapt the tree to the dynamic features of the network. In this paper, we propose a distributed and dynamic algorithm called Dynamic Gallager-Humblet-Spira (DGHS) that builds and maintains a minimum spanning tree. DGHS is based on the Gallager-Humblet-Spira (GHS) [2, 3] algorithm. Note the distinction between DGHS -our mechanism -and GHS -the algorithm proposed by Gallager Humblet Spira. GHS is a static algorithm that finds the minimum spanning tree in a network but does not repair the topology when node failures occur. Additionally, GHS is a theoretical work that has not been evaluated on a wireless network setting. Thus, the contributions of DGHS are twofold: First, DGHS extends GHS by repairing the tree when node failures occur; and secondly, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that evaluates a GHS-based algorithm for a WSN.

DGHS is based on the Gallager-Humblet-Spira (GHS) algorithm.


The transformations of training programs for the teaching of physical education in Tunisia shows the importance granted to the training of teacher-students (TS) in order to improve teaching quality. Indeed, new requirements of initial training highlight the importance of a long-term and better-framed practical training in PE teaching which takes its foundations from a real partnership between university and school environment (Bali, 2005) . A special care is given to the practical training aspect in PE teaching. This new trend stems from the necessity for future teachers of being competent as soon as they get their university degree. Consequently, the cooperative teachers' role (CT) for these future teachers acquires from then on an accrued importance. The functions linked to this Cooperative task are often defined as being very intricate and difficult (Metcalf, 1991; Rousseau, Courcy, & Boutet, 2002) .

Indeed, new requirements of initial training highlight the importance of a long-term and better-framed practical training in PE teaching which takes its foundations from a real partnership between university and school environment.

The functions linked to this Cooperative task are often defined as being very intricate and difficult.


Change occurrence in a phenomenon is an admitted principle, in particular, a planned and opportune change is essential for an organization. Change and development with utilization of recognized approaches such as business process re-engineering, total quality management, and organizational downsizing are based on a primary assumption; organizations should observe their business with a process-oriented perception to concentrate again on their main responsibility and fulfillment of costumers' needs (Grover et al., 1995) . Business process is composed those basic activities that are not restricted to duty boundaries in an organization. Meanwhile, one of the managerial significant decisions in organizations occurs in a frame of new organizational structure in order to integrate process of organizational departments and units. To make a right decision, managers and decision makers need to be informed about the process aspects of the contextual and structural dimensions of the organization (Sethi and Nicholson , 2001) .

Change and development with utilization of recognized approaches such as business process re-engineering, total quality management, and organizational downsizing are based on a primary assumption; organizations should observe their business with a process-oriented perception to concentrate again on their main responsibility and fulfillment of costumers' needs.

To make a right decision, managers and decision makers need to be informed about the process aspects of the contextual and structural dimensions of the organization.


Structural development in organizations has been under effect of duty-oriented vision for a long time. According to this vision, organizations are considered as a hierarchy of authority and control in which activities are aggregated and sorted in duty-organizational sections (Robbins, 2006) . Therefore, groups of experts are established in the organization that emphasize on their limited functional tasks.

According to this vision, organizations are considered as a hierarchy of authority and control in which activities are aggregated and sorted in duty-organizational sections.


Fine airborne particulate such as dust occurs in great abundance in soils, sediments and stockpiled materials such as mineral ores or agricultural grain. Such quantities pose an important environmental problem, particularly because dust has the propensity to travel great distances in suspension and can also directly enter the bronchial tract of mammals, causing severe respiratory problems. Dust loss from soils is also responsible for the reduction of soil fertility because the largest component of soil fertility is contained in the smallest particle size fraction. Central to assessing the environmental risk posed by stockpiled sediments is an accurate estimate of the vertical mass flux of dust removed from the sediment surface. A large number of field and laboratory studies have been performed to determine how the vertical mass flux of dust varies with wind speed and soil properties (Gillette et al. 1974) . Whilst progress has been made in characterizing the vertical mass dust flux released from the ground in terms of soil type and moisture, relatively little is known about the processes responsible for dust particles leaving the ground in the first place.

A large number of field and laboratory studies have been performed to determine how the vertical mass flux of dust varies with wind speed and soil properties.


In the twist insertion process of spinning a staple yarn, a strand of fibers is held on one end while the strand length is made to rotate on its axis. The rotation of the strand causes the fibers to adopt helical forms and increase the number of turns of twist. With the insertion of the twist, the fibers are packed together toform a continuous yarn with special structure and properties. The conventional ring spinning, which uses revolutionary mechanical part to insert twist into the yarn, is currently the most widely used spinning technique. Although ring spinning has the widest spinnable count range, its disadvantages such as low production speed, long processing procedure, and high energy consumption, have limited its productivity and process economy. Comparatively, the vortex spinning technique utilizes high speed airflow to insert twist into the yarn. This greatly increases the rotational speed of the fiber strand, which can be as high as 200, 000 turns/min. This technique not only increases the production speed and shortens the processing procedure, but also lowers the cost and energy consumption involved in the yarn production [1] . In the global background of energy shortage and manpower cost rising, the vortex spinning technique is one of the most promising technological innovations in the textile industry. In the vortex spinning system, as shown in Figure 1 , the spinning part is composed of an air-jet nozzle and a hollow spindle with a yarn passage through it. The fibers coming from the front rollers are held together and twisted with the action of the high speed airflow inside the nozzle. Fibers that whirl around the hollow spindle tip attach to the core fibers by wrapping onto them and yarn with a similarly real-twisted structure is formed. The formed yarn is then delivered out of the nozzle through the yarn passage of the hollow spindle with the drag of the delivery rollers and fed to the winding part. The most featuring characteristic of the vortex spinning is that it is capable of spinning 100% cotton fibers at very high speed (450m/min) and the produced yarn has a structure much similar to the ring spun yarn [2] .

This technique not only increases the production speed and shortens the processing procedure, but also lowers the cost and energy consumption involved in the yarn production.

The most featuring characteristic of the vortex spinning is that it is capable of spinning 100% cotton fibers at very high speed (450m/min) and the produced yarn has a structure much similar to the ring spun yarn.


Some researchers have pointed out that the dynamic behavior of the fiber in the airflow field inside the nozzle plays an important role in the twist insertion process of vortex spinning [4] [5] . The research on the dynamic behavior of the fiber inside the nozzle of vortex spinning has been taken stage by stage. Since the internal airflow field inside the nozzle is very complex, there is a scarcity of publications on investigating the dynamic behavior of the fiber experimentally.

Some researchers have pointed out that the dynamic behavior of the fiber in the airflow field inside the nozzle plays an important role in the twist insertion process of vortex spinning.


While we did not conduct a formal analysis of qualitative outcomes, we collected examples showing how One Health was articulated in the literature. In some cases where authors advocated for a One Health approach, there was not a specific rationale for a program to be considered under the auspices of One Health. For instance, this may be due to authors not identifying specific implementation actions spanning the linkages across animal, human and ecosystem health (i.e. focusing on human disease prevalence or animal productivity) (i.e. [46, 47] ). In other cases, effectiveness was mentioned but quantitative outcomes were not reported (e.g., that One Health approaches lead to "faster diagnosis" of disease or contribution to disease control without formal mention of how this was evaluated nor reported outcome metrics (e.g. DALYs, duration of outbreak)) (i.e. [48, 49] ).

For instance, this may be due to authors not identifying specific implementation actions spanning the linkages across animal, human and ecosystem health (i.e. focusing on human disease prevalence or animal productivity) (i.e.).

In other cases, effectiveness was mentioned but quantitative outcomes were not reported (e.g., that One Health approaches lead to "faster diagnosis" of disease or contribution to disease control without formal mention of how this was evaluated nor reported outcome metrics (e.g. DALYs, duration of outbreak)) (i.e.).


Finally, for 2D illumination, the obtained particle patterns for the perpendicular configuration are really very good local replicas of the light images. The patterning is isotropic in the sense that it works for all directions at difference with the parallel configuration. Another important point is that large areas are patterned, what is often difficult to achieve with other methods such as conventional optical tweezers. Moreover, the local response to light illumination facilitates to design at will the particle patterns what is also difficult for other optoelectronic trapping approaches. In addition, one can expect the same capabilities for pattern reconfiguration already demonstrated for the parallel configuration [14, 16] .

In addition, one can expect the same capabilities for pattern reconfiguration already demonstrated for the parallel configuration.


Covalent protein lipidation is an important protein modification in eukaryotic cells that enables the reversible association of hundreds of proteins with the membrane. Protein lipid transferases, i.e. prenyl-transferases, myristoyl-and palmitoyl-transferases attach lipid moieties in particular to signaling proteins [1] . Most of these transferases are well established drug targets in a number of diseases, most notably cancer [2] [3] [4] [5] . They may be regarded as surrogate targets, as their protein substrates such as for instance Ras-superfamily proteins are very difficult to target directly.

Protein lipid transferases, i.e. prenyl-transferases, myristoyl-and palmitoyl-transferases attach lipid moieties in particular to signaling proteins.

Most of these transferases are well established drug targets in a number of diseases, most notably cancer.


Currently only few inhibitors of membrane anchorage of myristoylated proteins are known. Inhibitors of Met-AP, such as pyridine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives are known to specifically block human Met-AP1 and prevent progression through G 2 /M of the cell cycle [35] . Inhibitors of Met-AP2, such as fumagillin and derivatives, inhibit angiogenesis, while dual specificity bengamide A affects the cell cycle [36, 37] .

Inhibitors of Met-AP, such as pyridine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives are known to specifically block human Met-AP1 and prevent progression through G 2 /M of the cell cycle.

Inhibitors of Met-AP2, such as fumagillin and derivatives, inhibit angiogenesis, while dual specificity bengamide A affects the cell cycle.


The myristoyl group is often complemented by palmitoylation for plasma membrane targeting [1] . Palmitoylation is carried out by the DHHC-family of palmitoyltransferases (PATs) [40, 41] . The most commonly used inhibitor of protein palmitoylation is 2-bromopalmitate [1, 42] . However, this compound is active only at relatively high concentrations of 100 mM as a broad-spectrum inhibitor that also affects myristoylation. Other identified lipidic inhibitors were shown to exhibit only low mM activity [43] . However, recent insight into the palmitoylation cycle of the cell has led to the development of promising inhibitors of acyl-protein thioesterase 1 (APT 1), which hydrolyzes the palmitoyl-ester bond [44, 45] .

The myristoyl group is often complemented by palmitoylation for plasma membrane targeting.

Palmitoylation is carried out by the DHHC-family of palmitoyltransferases (PATs).

The most commonly used inhibitor of protein palmitoylation is 2-bromopalmitate.

Other identified lipidic inhibitors were shown to exhibit only low mM activity.

However, recent insight into the palmitoylation cycle of the cell has led to the development of promising inhibitors of acyl-protein thioesterase 1 (APT 1), which hydrolyzes the palmitoyl-ester bond.


Enzymes are promising candidates for catalysis and sensor owing to their chemo-, regio-, stereo-, and chiralspecificity as well as the mild reaction conditions that can be used (Schmid et al. 2001; Bornscheuer 2003; Schoemaker et al. 2003; Lu et al. 2011) . In recent years, enzyme-catalyzed processes have been widely reported to play an important role in numerous waste treatment applications (Duran and Esposito 2000) . Horseradish peroxidase is, by far, one of the most commonly used enzyme in waste treatment in order to remove phenols from aqueous solutions. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, phenolic compounds are catalytically oxidized to phenoxy radicals and then polymerized to form insoluble high molecular weight polymers that could be easily removed by filtration or sedimentation (Klibanov et al. 1983) . Such methods have several advantages due to their specificities and efficiencies. However, enzyme application was currently hampered by limited natural source, difficult and high-cost purification process, and inherent instability. In order to improve the active life of the enzyme, and thereby a reduction in treatment cost, various efforts have been devoted to find the alternative source, protecting reagent and immobilization method of enzyme on various supports (Cheng et al. 2006; Gonzalez et al. 2008) .

Enzymes are promising candidates for catalysis and sensor owing to their chemo-, regio-, stereo-, and chiralspecificity as well as the mild reaction conditions that can be used.

In recent years, enzyme-catalyzed processes have been widely reported to play an important role in numerous waste treatment applications.

In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, phenolic compounds are catalytically oxidized to phenoxy radicals and then polymerized to form insoluble high molecular weight polymers that could be easily removed by filtration or sedimentation.

In order to improve the active life of the enzyme, and thereby a reduction in treatment cost, various efforts have been devoted to find the alternative source, protecting reagent and immobilization method of enzyme on various supports.


The performance of the bag-of-words search also falls off with increasing database size, but for a slightly differnet reason. In the case of bag-of-words, the nearest neighbor search is between the images, represented as weighted bagof-words histograms, and not between individual features. The bag-of-words representation breaks down as the distance between vectors in the database approaches the noise level for the query vectors. Fig. 8(b) shows the ratio of the next-NN and the NN distances in the index for the query images in scenario 2 (photographed CDs). For correctly classified images, this ratio is much higher (albeit with large variance) than for mis-classified query images, for which the ratio is ∼ 1, independent of the database size. However, as the size of the database is increased, the ratio decreases even for correctly classified images, and for more than 100,000 images the ratio approaches unity. One solution to this problem might be to apply a local distance metric to the images in the database [9] .

One solution to this problem might be to apply a local distance metric to the images in the database.


The ubiquitous expression of DEHYDRIN and DE-FENSIN was reputed to the stresses imposed equally to all the cultures as stated previously [18] . Dehydrins are late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins related to the acquisition of desiccation tolerance but, in addition, they have been clearly related to stress responses, as well as defensins [24, [35] [36] [37] [38] . The differences among the expression profiles of those two genes and that of the LIPID TRANSFER PROTEIN led us to conclude that transcription of this last was not related to stress in our experiments.

The ubiquitous expression of DEHYDRIN and DE-FENSIN was reputed to the stresses imposed equally to all the cultures as stated previously.

Dehydrins are late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins related to the acquisition of desiccation tolerance but, in addition, they have been clearly related to stress responses, as well as defensins.


Scleroderma is a rare autoimmune disease of unknown etiology which affects thousands of people around the world. Its prevalence is estimated to be between 15 and 35 cases per 100000 inhabitants [1] [2] [3] . Its first symptoms can be seen around the third and fourth decade of the life but, in some cases, symptoms can exist for several years without a correct diagnosis. Scleroderma is three times more common in women than men. The disease is not linked in any consistent way to race, season, geography, occupation, or socioeconomic status. Environmental etiologies are nonetheless possible [1] .

Its prevalence is estimated to be between 15 and 35 cases per 100000 inhabitants.

Environmental etiologies are nonetheless possible.


We obtained normal values of T lymphocytes, as has been described by other authors [11, [20] [21] [22] . However, we found a reduction of B-cells in the worse-prognosis situations of the disease but higher percentages of monocytes in almost all SSc subsets. These results can be also correlated with the conditions of visceral involvement that triggers the worst prognosis ( Figure 2 and Table 2 ).

We obtained normal values of T lymphocytes, as has been described by other authors.


To determine the protein and oil contents, a 25 g sample of dry seeds from each plot was finely ground. Nitrogen (N) was determined by micro-kjeldahl technique for each environment and genotype. Crude protein content (N × 5.71) was calculated by using 5.71 as the conversion factor (Bilgili et al., 2005) . Oil content was extracted with n-hexane using Automatic Soxtherm apparatus. Oil percentage was determined by weight differences (Kumar et al., 2006) . Seed protein content and oil content were expressed on a dry matter basis.

Crude protein content (N × 5.71) was calculated by using 5.71 as the conversion factor.

Oil percentage was determined by weight differences.


For example, extremely hot weather conditions can cause cars to overheat and accelerate tire deterioration and may also soften asphalt, the latter of which can lead to asphalt deformation, thermal expansion of bridge joints and other potential hazards [11] . As another example, rising sea levels (especially for transportation in coastal areas, which are more vulnerable to sea-level rise) may lead to floods that can cause skidding and even drowning of the vehicles and may also cause infrastructure erosion. Ultimately, the main concern regarding all of these sudden unpredictable weather changes is that today's infrastructure has generally been designed to last for a certain preset period of time, based on predicted weather conditions that can no longer be considered valid due to rapid climate change. As a result, all of the original infrastructure designs must be changed or even discarded altogether, in favor of new designed models based on the changing weather patterns [12] .

For example, extremely hot weather conditions can cause cars to overheat and accelerate tire deterioration and may also soften asphalt, the latter of which can lead to asphalt deformation, thermal expansion of bridge joints and other potential hazards.

As a result, all of the original infrastructure designs must be changed or even discarded altogether, in favor of new designed models based on the changing weather patterns.


According to all these observations, the oxidation of the nitride layers seems to be the main responsible by eliminating the nitrogen particles of the film structure so the correct control of this parameter may result in better doping levels [32] . To exemplify the influence of the oxidation of the nitride layers on the chemical composition of the films, see Figure 4 . In this figure, only the normalized deposition rate for nitrogen and oxygen is shown and calculations were done at O 2 flow rate of 3.5 sccm for cases with and without oxidation of TiN. Notice that the modeling without oxidation of the nitride layers is unreal. We are just using it to exemplify the importance of the oxidation process during film growing. The results show that profiles, with and without oxidation, are quite different. In the case for oxidation of TiN (Figure 4(a) ), the remaining amount of nitrogen, in the stationary region, is lower than that obtained in the case without oxidation of TiN (Figure 4(b) ) and the amount of oxygen in the case with oxidation of TiN is higher than that obtained in the case without the oxidation process. The results from numerical data employing oxidation of TiN are in agreement with XPS findings.

According to all these observations, the oxidation of the nitride layers seems to be the main responsible by eliminating the nitrogen particles of the film structure so the correct control of this parameter may result in better doping levels.


The effect of nitrogen doping on the energy band gap and refractive index is shown in Figure 8 (a). The refractive index was calculated from the Moss rule [45] . The results indicate a decrease in the energy band gap as the O 2 flow rate decreases. Similar behavior was observed in other publications [25, 26] . The lowest energy band gaps of 1.9 and 2.5 eV were attained for films deposited at 0.2 and 0.6 sccm, respectively. As mentioned previously, this is caused by insertion of midgap states above the valence band of the films [9] . The highest energy band gaps of 3.2 eV were measured for films deposited at high O 2 flow rates. These values correspond to the energy band gap of pure anatase TiO 2 , which is in agreement with XRD analysis. This result indicates that these films were not effectively doped with nitrogen, although XPS has detected a tiny concentration of substitutional nitrogen (see Figure 2(c) ). The refractive index of the nitrogen-doped TiO 2 films has achieved values above 2.6 and, as the film surface is oxidized, it decreases toward the typical values of undoped anatase TiO 2 . Similar behavior was also observed elsewhere [25, 26] .

The refractive index was calculated from the Moss rule.

Similar behavior was observed in other publications.

As mentioned previously, this is caused by insertion of midgap states above the valence band of the films.

Similar behavior was also observed elsewhere.


By this way, we conclude that nitrogen incorporated in the TiO 2 lattice by reactive sputtering acts as an efficient doping particle to improve the overall performance of dye-sensitized solar cells, in special, the cell photocurrent. However, as the production of cells with long-term stability and in large-scale is aimed, problems in the electronic structure of TiO 2 , caused by nitrogen incorporation must be roughly improved, mainly those that contribute to decreasing the open-circuit voltage. Plasma surface treatment with oxygen, for example, has achieved efficient results in decreasing the oxygen vacancies on TiO 2 surface and improving the overall cell performance [6] .

Plasma surface treatment with oxygen, for example, has achieved efficient results in decreasing the oxygen vacancies on TiO 2 surface and improving the overall cell performance.


In order to control free riding, we introduce pricing mechanisms into referral systems. We view the referral systems as a strategic game, in which each agent has a utility function over their possible actions. We assume that a rational agent plays a strategy to maximize its own expected utility. Free-riding is an example of strategy where rational users free ride and consume a resource but do not produce at the same level as their consumption. We study the behavior of agents under two pricing mechanisms and then evaluate the impact of free riding using experiments. Our goal is to design some incentive mechanisms that motivate each agent to behave rationally while still achieving good overall system performance [8, 13] .

Our goal is to design some incentive mechanisms that motivate each agent to behave rationally while still achieving good overall system performance.


Our experiments are based on an extension of a simulation testbed previously developed for information access [18] . The experiments involve between 100 and 500 agents. Each agent is modeled in terms of its interest (describing the services it is interested in purchasing) and its expertise (describing the services it is able to offer). Both interest and expertise are captured as terms vectors of dimension 5.

Our experiments are based on an extension of a simulation testbed previously developed for information access.


Our laboratory has developed a novel approach that utilizes complete serum from patients to address a cumulative inflammatory potential as a complement to traditional markers, such as CRP or TNFα. By applying serum to endothelial cells in culture and measuring the endothelial cell transcriptional and functional responses, we have shown this approach to be quite sensitive in demonstrating greater inflammatory burden in patients with a prior cardiac event on standard-of-care medication compared to healthy control subjects, relative to conventional circulating biomarkers [23] . Additionally, we have used this serum cumulative inflammatory potential (SCIP) assay to show that prolonged use of a grape seed extract (principally resveratrol) could significantly lower inflammatory potential relative to placebo, while no changes were noted in circulating chemokines or acute phase proteins [24] . These studies suggests that serum factors altered by diseased states may induce changes in naïve cell behavior, and animal studies have confirmed that changes in endothelial mRNA gene expression are consistent with endothelial dysfunction, including decreased barrier integrity, increased leukocyte extravasation through the endothelium and downstream foam cell formation [25, 26] .

By applying serum to endothelial cells in culture and measuring the endothelial cell transcriptional and functional responses, we have shown this approach to be quite sensitive in demonstrating greater inflammatory burden in patients with a prior cardiac event on standard-of-care medication compared to healthy control subjects, relative to conventional circulating biomarkers.

Additionally, we have used this serum cumulative inflammatory potential (SCIP) assay to show that prolonged use of a grape seed extract (principally resveratrol) could significantly lower inflammatory potential relative to placebo, while no changes were noted in circulating chemokines or acute phase proteins.

These studies suggests that serum factors altered by diseased states may induce changes in naïve cell behavior, and animal studies have confirmed that changes in endothelial mRNA gene expression are consistent with endothelial dysfunction, including decreased barrier integrity, increased leukocyte extravasation through the endothelium and downstream foam cell formation.


Our results point to several potential uses of BE for improving ARV adherence: first, BE biases could be a low-cost, quick way to screen for patients who are likely to show low adherence and are thus in need of additional adherence support. However, how useful biases are as a screening tool depends on the extent to which they cannot be inferred from observable characteristics such as age, gender or education that have been found to be associated with adherence and that are likely used by providers to infer the likelihood of a patient to show good adherence [28] . Our findings do indicate that BE biases are not systematically correlated with age, gender, or education, and therefore provide additional information that a provider would not be able to gather based on these observable client characteristics.

However, how useful biases are as a screening tool depends on the extent to which they cannot be inferred from observable characteristics such as age, gender or education that have been found to be associated with adherence and that are likely used by providers to infer the likelihood of a patient to show good adherence.


The factors that influence the number of stillbirths include the length of pregnancy, total number piglets born and birth weight (Zaleski and Hacker, 1993; Leenhouwers et al., 1999) . A higher occurrence of stillbirths in larger litters could be associated with prolonged parturition (Bille et al., 1974; Zaleski and Hacker, 1993) . The most frequent cause of prolonged parturition is uterine hypocontractility.

The factors that influence the number of stillbirths include the length of pregnancy, total number piglets born and birth weight.

A higher occurrence of stillbirths in larger litters could be associated with prolonged parturition.


Human infection with A. simplex L3 accidentally occur when raw or undercooked fish contaminated with the L3 is ingested. Although live L3 can rarely develop to L4 or adults in the human gastrointestinal tracts, they can cause mild to severe epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (Audicana and Kennedy 2008) . In addition, allergic reactions occur in some patients, which may occur even by the ingestion of dead A. simplex larvae (Audicana and Kennedy 2008) . In fish, the larvae are mainly located freely in the visceral cavity or encapsulated as flat, tight spirals in and on the visceral organs; however, a minor proportion may migrate into the muscles, which may draw attention of consumers (Levsen and Berland 2012) . Thus, it is necessary to have knowledge about the host range of each Anisakis In this study, most of the nematodes were found throughout the viscera (56.2 %) or from the body cavity of the largehead hairtail (41.5 %) ( Table 1) . Those from the viscera were embedded in or stick to the surfaces of the mesenteries and intestines, whereas those from the body cavity were freely moving in the body cavity. On the other hand, only 0.4 % (6/1,420) of the nematodes was found in the muscles.

Although live L3 can rarely develop to L4 or adults in the human gastrointestinal tracts, they can cause mild to severe epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

In addition, allergic reactions occur in some patients, which may occur even by the ingestion of dead A. simplex larvae.

In fish, the larvae are mainly located freely in the visceral cavity or encapsulated as flat, tight spirals in and on the visceral organs; however, a minor proportion may migrate into the muscles, which may draw attention of consumers.


There has been very little analytic modeling of the collections process for any form of lending until the advent of the new Basel Accord which came into operation in 2007. This changed the way regulators determined how much capital banks have to hold to cover against credit risk. It required banks to estimate for each segment of their loan portfolio three quantities-PD, the probability of default ( what proportion of the portfolio will default ), EAD the exposure at default ( the amount of money that could be defaulted upon within the segment) and, LGD, the loss given default ( the percentage of any default that is not recovered eventually), (Bennett et al 2005) . The capital the banks have to set aside for the credit risk of this loan segment is then f(PD).EAD.LGD where f(.) is defined in the Basel regulations.

It required banks to estimate for each segment of their loan portfolio three quantities-PD, the probability of default ( what proportion of the portfolio will default ), EAD the exposure at default ( the amount of money that could be defaulted upon within the segment) and, LGD, the loss given default ( the percentage of any default that is not recovered eventually).


Teachers should also generate a pleasurable classroom, by having a group discussion to a give a chance towards students to interact simultaneously. Through this, the students are able to identify the feeling of their friends and get the feedback based on their reaction by construct the feeling of empathy. Furthermore, teachers can apply several strategies to reduce the negative effect of students' anxiety in each learning process by constructing an acceptable and pleasurable condition, which is able to give a support to the students [33] . Besides, teacher can reduce the problem of anxiety among the students by helping them to increase the low level of self efficacy [3] . The low level of self efficacy will increase the anxiety in their selves. When they feel that they are able to handle a task, they are less anxious in doing it. In addition, students should be given more bareness regarding the skill or the technique to reduce their anxiety. The teachers can also play their role with helping the students which had been encountered with a high level of anxiety, by practicing an actively teaching and learning method in class, such as collaborative learning, cooperative learning and learning process based on problem.

Furthermore, teachers can apply several strategies to reduce the negative effect of students' anxiety in each learning process by constructing an acceptable and pleasurable condition, which is able to give a support to the students.

Besides, teacher can reduce the problem of anxiety among the students by helping them to increase the low level of self efficacy.


The hypothesis that TrkB FL might favor -secretase cleavage of APP has been addressed before. In previous experiments, RA treatment of cells had been showed to promote accumulation of sAPP-. Even if the authors show that BDNF stimulation of the cells increases sAPP- accumulation, it is difficult to unequivocally determine if this effect is only, or at least mainly, mediated by TrkB. In fact RA can activate ADAM10 transcription independently of TrkB [31] . This work did not determine if the effect was specifically due to the tyrosine kinase activity of the full-length receptor. We could not detect an ADAM activity increase in HEK293 cells transfected with TrkB T or TrkB FL. This could be due to the fact that HEK293 cells have lower basal ADAM activity, lowering the sensitivity and dynamic range of the assay for this particular cell line. We could also speculate that auto-activation of the TrkB FL receptor differs from the BDNF dependent activation and is not efficient at mediating PLC- binding and therefore at increasing ADAM activity.

In previous experiments, RA treatment of cells had been showed to promote accumulation of sAPP-. Even if the authors show that BDNF stimulation of the cells increases sAPP- accumulation, it is difficult to unequivocally determine if this effect is only, or at least mainly, mediated by TrkB. In fact RA can activate ADAM10 transcription independently of TrkB.


Limitations of the study should be considered when interpreting findings. Firstly, the TILDA data only includes community-dwelling older adults, and therefore our findings cannot be generalised to those living in nursing homes or other institutions. Second, the exclusion of residents in long-stay institutions has led to an under-representation of the frailer older population in the TILDA dataset [12] . Third, there is a likelihood of misreporting of physical activity with IPAQ due to challenges in recall [26] . In addition this cross-sectional analysis precludes assessment of the nature and direction of the relationship between correlates and physical inactivity and therefore causality cannot be determined. Finally, the weighted analysis, which is recommended when using survey data to report on national populations, is likely to yield significant outcomes as the analysis is incorporating the population size rather than the sample size [54] . Strengths include the use of a large, population-representative sample and the extensive number of correlates available to assess in the context of physical inactivity. Future waves of TILDA will allow for longitudinal study and examination of determinants of physical activity in this Irish cohort.

Second, the exclusion of residents in long-stay institutions has led to an under-representation of the frailer older population in the TILDA dataset.

Third, there is a likelihood of misreporting of physical activity with IPAQ due to challenges in recall.

Finally, the weighted analysis, which is recommended when using survey data to report on national populations, is likely to yield significant outcomes as the analysis is incorporating the population size rather than the sample size.


In this paper, we address the problem of synthesizing programs in an underlying domain specific language (DSL) from natural language (NL). NL is inherently imprecise; hence, it may not be possible to guarantee the correctness of the synthesized program. Instead, we aim to generate a ranked set of programs and let the user possibly select one of those programs by either inspecting the source code of the program, or the result of executing them on some test inputs [37] . The synthesis algorithm in this paper is able to consistently produce and rank the desired result program in the top spot, over 80% of the time, or in the top 3 spots, over 90% of the time in our benchmarks. To give users confidence in the program they choose, we show both the translation of the code into disambiguated English and/or run it to show the result as a preview.

Instead, we aim to generate a ranked set of programs and let the user possibly select one of those programs by either inspecting the source code of the program, or the result of executing them on some test inputs.


The basic flowchart of a video surveillance system will include elementary procedures such as environment modeling, object detection, tracking and recognition. However, each of these is not the termination of semantic analysis in a dynamic scene; there should be some further missions for achieving semantic understanding and interpretation of what behaviors or events performed by those moving objects in this dynamic scene. Compared with the lower level processing, the higher level phase involves spatio-temporal relationship mining, reasoning under uncertainty, semantic representation, and so on [1] .

Compared with the lower level processing, the higher level phase involves spatio-temporal relationship mining, reasoning under uncertainty, semantic representation, and so on.


In an experiment with the baits, however, they found a higher proportion of the bait removal in the areas under the management and explained that the areas with the higher plant complexity made available larger quantities of the food resources, thus avoiding the competition for baits offered. Many studies also have shown that not only the ant, but also the carabid (Coleoptera) and spider (Araneae) densities increased with the crop management techniques that reduced the soil tillage (Stinner and House, 1990; Clark et al., 1997) . The tillage system also affects the physiochemical-biological soil complex, causing several kinds of the responses among the population and in the diversity levels of the organisms living in this environment (Kladivko, 2001) . Results suggested that the ant foraging activity responded to the soil tillage. The significant differences at the foraging activity and the ant richness between the areas showed that the notillage could improve the environmental quality of the cropping system and therefore, would be an important tool for integrated pest management programs. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to assess the effects of the no-tillage in the cropping systems in detail.

Many studies also have shown that not only the ant, but also the carabid (Coleoptera) and spider (Araneae) densities increased with the crop management techniques that reduced the soil tillage.

The tillage system also affects the physiochemical-biological soil complex, causing several kinds of the responses among the population and in the diversity levels of the organisms living in this environment.


With the development of multimedia technology, computer technology and network technology, the digital multimedia can be completely reconstructed without any distortion. However, many new issues have emerged, such as the security of computer network transmission and the copyright protection of digital products [1] . For copyright protection application of digital multimedia, copyright owner generally embeds a watermarking signal (may be a number, a text or an image) into original digital multimedia to verify its copyright.

However, many new issues have emerged, such as the security of computer network transmission and the copyright protection of digital products.


It is one of the important features of AdS/CFT that the operators in the above two classes are clearly distinguished by the large N strong coupling dynamics of the N = 4 SYM. Namely, the operators in the K-class should acquire large anomalous dimensions in the λ → ∞ limit and, as a consequence, they decouple in the supergravity regime. This is thought to be a manifestation of the fact that the K-class operators are dual to massive string modes [2] . On the other hand, in what appears to be one of the more intriguing non-trivial AdS/CFT results, the contributions of some of the operators in the O-class survive in the supergravity induced four-point function of stress-tensor multiplets, while at the same time these operators receive non-trivial corrections to their canonical dimensions both perturbatively and in the supergravity regime [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . The exact reason which stays behind this behavior remains unclear. It is commonly stated that the operators in the Oclass which do not drop out in the strong coupling limit are associated with multiparticle supergravity states. No matter how appealing such a point of view might be, it is at the same time rather puzzling since it is not immediately clear how non-trivial tree level corrections to the energy of multiparticle states could arise in a theory like the AdS 5 × S 5 supergravity where the energy of all single-particle states is protected.

This is thought to be a manifestation of the fact that the K-class operators are dual to massive string modes.

On the other hand, in what appears to be one of the more intriguing non-trivial AdS/CFT results, the contributions of some of the operators in the O-class survive in the supergravity induced four-point function of stress-tensor multiplets, while at the same time these operators receive non-trivial corrections to their canonical dimensions both perturbatively and in the supergravity regime.


The other methodology used to derive mathematical models of a dynamic system is based on experimentation [18] . Input and output signals from the original system are recorded to infer a mathematical model of the system. This methodology is known as "System Identification" [18] .

The other methodology used to derive mathematical models of a dynamic system is based on experimentation.

This methodology is known as "System Identification".


There are essentially two methodologies used to develop mathematical models of dynamic systems. One methodology is to figuratively divide the system into subsystems. The properties of each subsystem are defined by the "laws of nature" and other well-established relationships [18] . These subsystems are mathematically consummated to formulate a model of the original system. Basic techniques of this methodology involve describing the system's processes using block diagrams. This methodology is called "White Box Modelling" [18] .

The properties of each subsystem are defined by the "laws of nature" and other well-established relationships.

This methodology is called "White Box Modelling".


From the early days of HVDC system applications, the importance of mathematical modelling of HVDC systems has been appreciated [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Mathematical models of HVDC systems can be utilized to quantitatively analysis HVDC operation issues which include second harmonic instability and problems related to low short circuit capacity of ac systems connected to dc systems [1, 4, 8] . A mathematical model of an HVDC system can also be utilized for the design synthesis of HVDC control systems [3] .

From the early days of HVDC system applications, the importance of mathematical modelling of HVDC systems has been appreciated.

Mathematical models of HVDC systems can be utilized to quantitatively analysis HVDC operation issues which include second harmonic instability and problems related to low short circuit capacity of ac systems connected to dc systems.

A mathematical model of an HVDC system can also be utilized for the design synthesis of HVDC control systems.


Despite the well-known advantages related to network relationships, it is undeniable that these latter profoundly influence the aspects of strategic planning and control that consequently need a broader attention (José Alfaro Saiz, 2007; Spanò et al., 2016) . In this regard, it is important to highlight that when innovation is pursued going beyond the organizational boundaries it is essential to correctly understand how inter-organizational relationships should be managed, in order to promote collaboration and knowledge sharing within the network. Thus, the provision of adequate performance measurement systems, able to ease the information flows and to enhance the fiduciary dimension among the actors involved, assumes a vital importance (Franco-Santos & Bourne, 2005) .

Despite the well-known advantages related to network relationships, it is undeniable that these latter profoundly influence the aspects of strategic planning and control that consequently need a broader attention.

Thus, the provision of adequate performance measurement systems, able to ease the information flows and to enhance the fiduciary dimension among the actors involved, assumes a vital importance.


LBM is an efficient and fast method, however the usage of Cartesian grids is expensive. Although scientific problems exist for which a homogeneous description of the domain is a reasonable choice, it is usually desirable to solve regions of high geometrical complexity with a finer grid to minimize the computational cost. In this sense, the main contribution of this work is a refinement approach based on a Non-uniform Staggered Cartesian Grid (NSCG) for LBM solvers. This approach has been previously considered over other methods [20] .

This approach has been previously considered over other methods.


For elastomer tribo-systems without any lubrication (dry tribo-contacts), the adhesion and hysteresis components of the friction force are omnipresent and represent the significant contribution to friction; both of these components are schematically represented in Figure 1 . Out of these two friction components, the adhesive friction component is generally dominant and is at its lowest for high roughness values: rougher surfaces possess a smaller effective contact area and therefore, the dominant character of adhesion is accordingly reduced. The extent of the adhesion component of the friction force is strongly dependent on the materials used. The friction coefficient of an elastomeric tribo-pairing is also dependent on the normal load and on the sliding speed. Because of mutual interactions occurring in such tribo-systems, it is difficult to assign individual effects to a unique and clear dependence on load or speed. Accordingly, a high diversity of dependencies of the friction coefficient has been observed or described in numerous previously published studies [4] .

Accordingly, a high diversity of dependencies of the friction coefficient has been observed or described in numerous previously published studies.


For the present study, different micro-sized grooved structures were produced on flat injection molds using an ultra-short pulsed laser. The micro-structured molds were then used to produce injection molded micro-ridged Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR) sample pads. The investigations consisted firstly of determining the degree of replication of the mold micro-structures onto the surface Because of mutual interactions occurring in such tribo-systems, it is difficult to assign individual effects to a unique and clear dependence on load or speed. Accordingly, a high diversity of dependencies of the friction coefficient has been observed or described in numerous previously published studies [4] .


The author submit that improvement in testing standards, and particularly improvement in ART/ADT (reliability testing) standards, are needed. ART and ADT are extremely important and have uses beyond their obvious applications to reliability, durability, and safety. They also can help to resolve maintainability problems, reduce recalls, minimize life cycle cost, determine levels of safety and risk, and accelerate development [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] .

They also can help to resolve maintainability problems, reduce recalls, minimize life cycle cost, determine levels of safety and risk, and accelerate development.


Our final results for Σ and where both values include finite-volume corrections at NLO and Z MS S (2 GeV) = 1.14(2) [9, 10] . The left bracket gives the statistical error, the right bracket gives the combined systematic error (including the systematic error of the conversion to MS and the uncertainty in the lattice spacing). The individual systematic errors were added linearly.

Our final results for Σ and where both values include finite-volume corrections at NLO and Z MS S (2 GeV) = 1.14(2).


Compared with other methods, the fuzzy control is an adaptive approach of intelligent control, which can deal with the nonlinear, complex, and sometimes mathematically intangible dynamic systems. It has been applied for a wide range [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . It provides a convenient method for constructing nonlinear controllers via the use of heuristic information [23, 24] . The fuzzy control can ensure that the system maintains a small overshoot with fast response, which has a strong adapted ability to the change of control parameters. For the nonlinearity or complexity of the control object, it has the advantages of good robustness and strong anti-interference ability. Since it is not necessary to establish the mathematical model of the controlled object, therefore, it is very suitable for improving the immunity and stability of the ISP. However, there is an inevitable steady-state error when the fuzzy control is used in a control process. So, the fuzzy control and other control methods need to be used in combination so as to achieve a high stabilization accuracy control. Among these methods, the PID controller takes the error as an input, which can satisfy the different requirements of the PID parameter self-tuning [25] . Therefore, if the fuzzy and the PID control methods were combined to establish a fuzzy/PID compound controller, the PID parameters can be adjusted in real time on the basis of the fuzzy controller. Thus, the dynamic performance and disturbance rejection ability of the ISP control system can be improved.

It has been applied for a wide range.

It provides a convenient method for constructing nonlinear controllers via the use of heuristic information.

Among these methods, the PID controller takes the error as an input, which can satisfy the different requirements of the PID parameter self-tuning.


For a high-resolution aerial remote sensing system, it needs the inertially stabilized platform (ISP) to isolate the attitude changes of an aircraft in the directions of three axes and to reject the multisource disturbances in real time whether they are inside or outside of the aircraft body; therefore, the ISP is a key component for an aerial remote sensing system, which is mainly used to hold and control the line of sight (LOS) of the imaging sensors keeping steady in the inertial space [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . The first fundamental objective of an ISP is to help imaging sensors to obtain high-resolution images of the target. Therefore, the most critical performance metric for an ISP is the disturbance rejection.

For a high-resolution aerial remote sensing system, it needs the inertially stabilized platform (ISP) to isolate the attitude changes of an aircraft in the directions of three axes and to reject the multisource disturbances in real time whether they are inside or outside of the aircraft body; therefore, the ISP is a key component for an aerial remote sensing system, which is mainly used to hold and control the line of sight (LOS) of the imaging sensors keeping steady in the inertial space.


Traditionally, ROC have been determined entirely empirically by manufacturing test pieces containing artificially produced defects of interest that increase in size or depth [18] . The number of test pieces must be large enough to account for statistical variability and the scatter in measurements that may be expected in a practical setting, e.g. due to changing Environmental Operating Conditions (EOC), must be accounted for. Blind tests are then performed which determine the POD and PFA accordingly. The manufacture and subsequent testing of a large number of test pieces with different defect morphologies over different EOC is expensive and time consuming. Due to the rapid advance of computing power in the last decade, Finite Element (FE) modelling now permits a very accurate and rapid prediction of the signal from a large number of defect geometries; therefore, there have been efforts to use ModelAssisted Probability of Detection (MAPOD) to generate POD and ROC curves more quickly and efficiently to allow multi-parameter POD studies to be completed, and even create a single "volume POD" that encompasses all possible test parameters [18] [19] [20] [21] .

Traditionally, ROC have been determined entirely empirically by manufacturing test pieces containing artificially produced defects of interest that increase in size or depth.

Due to the rapid advance of computing power in the last decade, Finite Element (FE) modelling now permits a very accurate and rapid prediction of the signal from a large number of defect geometries; therefore, there have been efforts to use ModelAssisted Probability of Detection (MAPOD) to generate POD and ROC curves more quickly and efficiently to allow multi-parameter POD studies to be completed, and even create a single "volume POD" that encompasses all possible test parameters.


Only the leading order terms in the nonlinear normal form are considered. Global aspects of the normal form (that is, transformation to all orders) are not considered, nor is convergence of the normal forms or persistence of the homoclinic orbits in the original system. However, on these latter two points there are grounds for optimism. With the hypothesis of group dimension n and phase space dimension 2n + 2, the systems are in principle integrable and normal forms in this case are known to be extraordinarily robust [38] .

With the hypothesis of group dimension n and phase space dimension 2n + 2, the systems are in principle integrable and normal forms in this case are known to be extraordinarily robust.


It is worth mentioning that two modes of performing LP-TEM can be used, namely TEM and STEM mode. In TEM mode, the electron beam is spread and illuminates the region of interest uniformly, which results in a uniform distribution of electrons and a constant concentration of radiolysis products. In our work, STEM mode was used, in which a sub-nanometer probe is scanned across the region of interest. The dwell time (time the probe spends at a single point in the raster) is usually in the same order of magnitude as the lifetime of the radiolysis products. This means that not all regions of the scanned particle are exposed to the radiolysis products at the same time. Considering that the scanning is always in 1 direction, this could lead to directionality in electron beam induced effects. In fact, the previously mentioned selective etching that was observed for silica is a result of this effect [52, 54] . The higher electron dose rates of the STEM probe, could also allow effects that only occur above a certain threshold of electron dose rate to take place easier in STEM than in TEM, such as nucleation [69] . However, as liquid radiolysis plays a pivotal role in the oxide dissolution and occurs in both TEM and STEM, apart from potential directionality of the dissolution process the end result should be similar.

In fact, the previously mentioned selective etching that was observed for silica is a result of this effect.

The higher electron dose rates of the STEM probe, could also allow effects that only occur above a certain threshold of electron dose rate to take place easier in STEM than in TEM, such as nucleation.


The majority of the published articles still highlight an important challenge in LP-TEM though, which is distinguishing electron beam induced effects from the phenomena under investigation. Along with the beam damage mechanisms already known from conventional TEM imaging in a vacuum, LP-TEM additionally suffers effects originating from interactions of the electron beam with the liquid. The main result of these interactions is radiolysis of the liquid and the subsequent formation of radicals and other reactive chemical species which can locally alter liquid chemistry [46] . This beam induced effect can be and has been used to initiate and drive nanoscale processes, such as nucleation and growth of nanoparticles [47, 48] . However, it is mostly considered detrimental to the process under investigation, as it was shown to significantly alter the structure or even lead to dissolution of the materials under investigation [49] .

The main result of these interactions is radiolysis of the liquid and the subsequent formation of radicals and other reactive chemical species which can locally alter liquid chemistry.

This beam induced effect can be and has been used to initiate and drive nanoscale processes, such as nucleation and growth of nanoparticles.

However, it is mostly considered detrimental to the process under investigation, as it was shown to significantly alter the structure or even lead to dissolution of the materials under investigation.


Galls are abnormal growths of plant cells, tissues or organs induced by virus, bacteria, nematodes, mites, insects, and other organisms. Among the insects, six orders comprise galling species: Diptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Thysanoptera (Felt 1940) . Galling insects are considered as one of the most specialized herbivores, showing high specificity of host plant and plant organ ). Each galling species induces a single gall morphotype on the host plant, so the gall is considered as a taxonomic character of the galler.

Among the insects, six orders comprise galling species: Diptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Thysanoptera.


The purpose of solar thermal collector is to absorb the sunlight as much as possible and a number of studies have been focused to increase the absorptivity of the fluid medium in the solar collector. Recently, the researchers have found that the absorptivity can be significantly enhanced by using nanofluid that is a mixture of liquid and the nanoparticles suspended [19] . With seeding the nanoparticle in base fluid, the extinction coefficient of the medium increases over 100 cm -1 [19] . It is apparently optically thick medium even for the microchannel whose characteristic length is in microscale and therefore the optically thick medium approximation is applicable to the analysis of radiative transfer.

Recently, the researchers have found that the absorptivity can be significantly enhanced by using nanofluid that is a mixture of liquid and the nanoparticles suspended.

With seeding the nanoparticle in base fluid, the extinction coefficient of the medium increases over 100 cm -1.


The wall-deficient cells of C. reinhardtii, cw15, flocculate readily from TAP medium with the addition of calcium chloride. This flocculation is enhanced by the addition of low concentrations (<5%) of methanol or ethanol. Equivalent flocculation results were achieved using 15 mM CaCl 2 or a combination of 12 mM CaCl 2 and 4.6% (m/v) methanol. A concentration of 8 mM CaCl 2 with 4.6% methanol induced over 70% flocculation in 10 min. Though the alcohol alone does not cause flocculation of cw15, it can be used as an easily recoverable substitute for a portion of the calcium used, thereby reducing the salination of process water. However, even if 15 mM CaCl 2 is used, results obtained here indicate that residual calcium in process water will not effect flocculation in recycled growth media such as that which has been observed elsewhere with chitosan flocculants [14] .

However, even if 15 mM CaCl 2 is used, results obtained here indicate that residual calcium in process water will not effect flocculation in recycled growth media such as that which has been observed elsewhere with chitosan flocculants.


The algal species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii had previously been disfavored for biodiesel production on account of its minimal accumulation of the triacylglyceride (TAG) precursors required for diesel production [9] , [10] . However, under nitrogen starvation conditions, TAG production was recently demonstrated to increase 15-fold in wildtype and 30-fold in the cw15 sta6 mutant to levels competitive with other species. These TAGs comprised mostly unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids with chain lengths of 16e18 carbons, which should yield a good quality biodiesel [9] .

The algal species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii had previously been disfavored for biodiesel production on account of its minimal accumulation of the triacylglyceride (TAG) precursors required for diesel production.

These TAGs comprised mostly unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids with chain lengths of 16e18 carbons, which should yield a good quality biodiesel.


Though other species of algae have proven to be more efficient producers of TAGs, C. reinhardtii mutants cw15 and cw15 sta6 offer some distinct advantages. Firstly, C. reinhardtii is one of the best characterized of all algal species [11] , [12] . Its physiology has been explored extensively, it has a fully sequenced genome, and it has proven amenable to genetic engineering. Secondly, the aforementioned mutants have no cell wall [9] . Algal cell walls provide not only a barrier against the environment, but also against engineered processes aimed at TAG extraction. The absence of this barrier would likely make TAG extraction substantially easier than in microalgae with intact cell walls. This has, in fact, been demonstrated in cw15 and cw15 sta6, where lipid bodies are excreted upon drying [9] .

Firstly, C. reinhardtii is one of the best characterized of all algal species.

Secondly, the aforementioned mutants have no cell wall.

This has, in fact, been demonstrated in cw15 and cw15 sta6, where lipid bodies are excreted upon drying.


Trial and error led us to discover that calcium chloride works effectively as a flocculant of cw15. Sukenik noted that at elevated pH (pH 9), calcium co-precipitates with the algae Scenedesmus falcatus [15] . The calcium-induced precipitation we observed took place at pH 8.2e8.4 in a medium that also contained phosphate. Serendipity further revealed to us that methanol could replace some of the calcium needed to flocculate cw15. Unlike other coagulants, methanol is fully and easily recoverable from aqueous media through distillation and is typically on-hand in biodiesel processing facilities (for the transesterification of TAGs to diesel). The objectives of the current study, then, were to characterize the flocculation of cw15 and wildtype cells using various combinations of calcium chloride and methanol. We also sought to determine whether any inhibitors of flocculation might exist in the algae medium.

Sukenik noted that at elevated pH (pH 9), calcium co-precipitates with the algae Scenedesmus falcatus.


The curriculum and formal examinations focus heavily on grammar, but the speaking skill assessment is left entirely to the discretion of teachers. Hence, with the curriculum focus on this, in practice, English education in secondary schools puts a greater emphasis on English grammar, rather than speaking proficiency. Teacher-based classroom assessment as well as curriculum emphasizes enhancing oral communication skills. However, classroom assessment is not widely practiced in many Ethiopian secondary schools, even though for many students in Ethiopia, classroom assessment is the only opportunity to have their speaking skills assessed. Assessment of speaking skills indeed often lags far behind the importance given to teaching those skills in the curriculum (Knight, 1992) . Teaching methodology goes hand in hand with the curriculum impact. Teachers simply spend too much time lecturing while students take notes and seldom participate in class (Tirualem, 2003) .

Assessment of speaking skills indeed often lags far behind the importance given to teaching those skills in the curriculum.

Teachers simply spend too much time lecturing while students take notes and seldom participate in class.


Assessment is an activity that engages both students and teachers in judgment about the quality of students' achievement or performance and inferences about the learning that has taken place (Sadler, 2005) . Second language assessment is done either to measure a participant's actual level of competence or proficiency or to assess language development over a period of time (Bruton, 2009) . There are few opportunities to evaluate students' speaking skills, because speaking assessment is not administered in any formal exam.

Assessment is an activity that engages both students and teachers in judgment about the quality of students' achievement or performance and inferences about the learning that has taken place.

Second language assessment is done either to measure a participant's actual level of competence or proficiency or to assess language development over a period of time.


Model checking in finite state Markov decision processes (MDPs) has been studied extensively and relies on two main solving strategies: value iteration and linear programs (Baier and Katoen, 2008; Lahijanian et al., 2011) . These algorithms scale polynomially in the size of the MDP and efficient tools for probabilistic model checking can synthesize policies satisfying an LTL formula in MDPs with several millions states (Kwiatkowska et al., 2011; Dehnert et al., 2017) . However, these tools have little support for environments where the state is not observable, and current methods cannot scale to large POMDPs useful for robotics applications.

Model checking in finite state Markov decision processes (MDPs) has been studied extensively and relies on two main solving strategies: value iteration and linear programs.

These algorithms scale polynomially in the size of the MDP and efficient tools for probabilistic model checking can synthesize policies satisfying an LTL formula in MDPs with several millions states.


A principled way to take into account both stochastic dynamics and state uncertainty is to model the environment as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). The objective is often specified using an instantaneous reward function. The agent seeks to find a strategy that maximizes the expected accumulated reward over time. Defining reward functions can be very challenging and can lead to a value alignment problem, where the agent does not behave as expected (Hadfield-Menell et al., 2017) . Although existing planning algorithms can generate approximately optimal policies, it may not be straightforward how to interpret the performance of the policy through expected accumulated rewards.

Defining reward functions can be very challenging and can lead to a value alignment problem, where the agent does not behave as expected.


This paper proposed a methodology to solve quantitative model checking problems in POMDPs. Given an LTL formula and a POMDP model, our approach approximates the maximum probability of satisfying the formula as well as the corresponding belief state policy. We first convert the LTL formula into an automaton and construct a product POMDP between the automaton and the original POMDP model. By formulating a reward maximization problem, we have shown how to benefit from approximate POMDP planning algorithms to compute a solution to the model checking problem. Our method provides strong convergence bounds on the result. We have shown empirically that our approach applies to a variety of discrete POMDP domains, for different LTL formulas, and scales to larger problem than previous belief state techniques (Norman et al., 2017; Svorenová et al., 2015) . We provide a Julia package for POMDP model checking available at https://github.com/sisl/POMDPModelChecking.jl.

We have shown empirically that our approach applies to a variety of discrete POMDP domains, for different LTL formulas, and scales to larger problem than previous belief state techniques.


C ONCEPTUAL modeling is a technique used throughout most stages of information systems (IS) development to foster communication and shared understanding between stakeholders [1] . The requirements phase of software engineering (SE), for example, uses models as a major intermediary step in going from goals to actual software specifications [2] . Conceptual modeling languages and their products-the actual conceptual models-are extensively used to understand and communicate about a particular domain [3] . For these purposes, visual notations are frequently used rather than solely textual notations, as they can present information more concisely and precisely than a similar textual model [4] , [5] . However, visual notations of modeling languages have frequently been designed by committees or ad hoc, without explicit regard for what empirical evidence would best suit a particular type of user and task. Some of the most widespread visual notations used in practice, such as the Unified Modeling Language (UML), have been claimed to be affected by this limitation [6] .

C ONCEPTUAL modeling is a technique used throughout most stages of information systems (IS) development to foster communication and shared understanding between stakeholders.

The requirements phase of software engineering (SE), for example, uses models as a major intermediary step in going from goals to actual software specifications.

Conceptual modeling languages and their products-the actual conceptual models-are extensively used to understand and communicate about a particular domain.

For these purposes, visual notations are frequently used rather than solely textual notations, as they can present information more concisely and precisely than a similar textual model.

Some of the most widespread visual notations used in practice, such as the Unified Modeling Language (UML), have been claimed to be affected by this limitation.


Traditional transcription assays, such as bulk microarrays and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), offer a bird's-eye view of transcription. However, as they rely on RNA from a large number of cells as starting material, they are not ideal for examining heterogeneous populations of cells. Newlydeveloped single-cell assays can give us a much more detailed picture (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2015) .

Newlydeveloped single-cell assays can give us a much more detailed picture.


We suggest that if a low-cost air scrubber were technically feasible, then new applications may include high CO 2 work environments like breweries and coal mines. CO 2 removal could also possibly reduce HVAC energy requirements in crowded environments like meeting rooms. Some people may even prefer to have a low CO 2 work or home environment with air pollution at pre-industrial levels. CO 2 is separated from a wide range of gas flows in industrial processes. Combustion gas is stripped with aqueous amine solution in order to produce bottled gas and dry ice using the common industrial method of wet scrubbing. Packed bed or plate columns are used to contact a liquid adsorbent with the gas stream [8] . Typically, industrial wet scrubbers utilize a temperature or pressure swing process to separate CO 2 from petrochemicals, methane (natural gas sweetening), and other gas streams [9] . Industrial separation technology is complex and expensive, and thus economy of scale means that most wet scrubbing equipment is large scale. Using the height equivalent of theoretic plate (HETP) design process, a packed column to scrub CO 2 from air to below 10 ppm would approach an infinite number of theoretical stages.

Packed bed or plate columns are used to contact a liquid adsorbent with the gas stream.

Typically, industrial wet scrubbers utilize a temperature or pressure swing process to separate CO 2 from petrochemicals, methane (natural gas sweetening), and other gas streams.