While imidacloprid with a 10-yr and 120 country market history may pose a risk to honey bees if residual seeds are left above ground, extensive research has shown that its residues in the germinated seed, seedling, or soil are harmless to all tested nontarget Hymenoptera when the coated seed is drilled into the soil (Morandin and Winston 2003) . Similar neonicotinoids including clothianidin and thiamethoxam and particularly later-generation analogs lacking a nitro-group substituent such as thiacloprid are slightly to much less toxic to honey bees (Iwasa et al. 2004) . Nevertheless, accidental ingestion of seed treated for sowing has been a primary cause of human death associated with pesticides (Ferrer and Cabral 1995) . Considerable mammalian and vertebrate toxicity, including analgesia and cytotoxicity, have been established for neonicotinoids (Tomizawa 2004) . Systemic insecticides with relatively high persistence such as neonicotinoids require cautious use to negate ecotoxic effects on other beneÞcial animal species or pesticide handlers. It is essential that a robust regulatory pathway for implementing and monitoring seed treatments is maintained so that unwanted nontarget effects do not occur.

While imidacloprid with a 10-yr and 120 country market history may pose a risk to honey bees if residual seeds are left above ground, extensive research has shown that its residues in the germinated seed, seedling, or soil are harmless to all tested nontarget Hymenoptera when the coated seed is drilled into the soil.

Similar neonicotinoids including clothianidin and thiamethoxam and particularly later-generation analogs lacking a nitro-group substituent such as thiacloprid are slightly to much less toxic to honey bees.

Nevertheless, accidental ingestion of seed treated for sowing has been a primary cause of human death associated with pesticides.

Considerable mammalian and vertebrate toxicity, including analgesia and cytotoxicity, have been established for neonicotinoids.


Athlete's performance is thus directly linked to morphological characteristics motor-functional player abilities. Furthermore, state of development of motor-functional abilities infl uences mood state (Weinberg, & Gould, 1995) . Accordingly, it is important to accentuate that team sports demand optimal development of morphological characteristics and motor-functional abilities. The question that remains is how and how much certain morphological characteristics and motor-functional abilities affect individual and/or team performance and sports achievement.

Furthermore, state of development of motor-functional abilities infl uences mood state.


Furthermore, there exist continuous goal infl uences and coach's demands infl uences on motivation and cohesion. Thus, when speaking of sports goals we also mean desired future events that motivate a person during time and encourage the development of motivation and athlete's performance, which refl ects on the sports achievement of a single person and/or the whole team. It is evident from the proposed specifi c hypothetical dynamic model, that setting goals infl uences motivation and performance (Horga, 1993) .

It is evident from the proposed specifi c hypothetical dynamic model, that setting goals infl uences motivation and performance.


Personality is thus perceived as a cognitiveaffective processing system (CAPS), i.e. different cognitions and affects are interrelated in an organised and complex manner (Mischel, & Shoda, 1995) . Furthermore, it is stated that the CAPS model consists of three essential features. First it is said that the cognitive and the emotional variables of personality are correlated in a complex way.

Personality is thus perceived as a cognitiveaffective processing system (CAPS), i.e. different cognitions and affects are interrelated in an organised and complex manner.


Therefore, athletes act based on their own dispositions and competencies on one hand and situation on the other. SCT suggests self-effi ciency, expectance outcomes and dissatisfaction with self-evaluation as important mediators of behaviour and mood changes. Self-effi ciency is considered to be the most powerful and most consistent predictor of behaviour in exercise (Shaw, Gorely, & Corban, 2005) .

Self-effi ciency is considered to be the most powerful and most consistent predictor of behaviour in exercise.


There is growing recognition that a sedentary lifestyle is being driven, at least in part, by environmental factors that affect individuals" physical activity choices and health behaviours. In other words, the environments in which we live, and with which we interact, have become ones that encourage lifestyle choices that decrease physical activity. A number of recent reviews signal an evolutionary shift away from individually orientated theories to broader, more environmentally based approaches for understanding and altering the determinants of population physical activity [10] [11] [12] [13] .

A number of recent reviews signal an evolutionary shift away from individually orientated theories to broader, more environmentally based approaches for understanding and altering the determinants of population physical activity.


Utilization of lignocellulosic waste to produce activated carbon is an important approach in air pollution control strategy. Lignocellulosic waste can be considered as abundant agricultural wastes. Converting these wastes into value added product such as activated carbon could solve environmental problems such as accumulation of agricultural waste, air pollution, and water pollution. In addition, using activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass instead of fossil sources such as coal will reduce global warming effects. Therefore, the circulation of carbon between atmosphere and pollutant removal process is merely a carbon-neutral cycle. Apart from being effective in pollutant removal, lignocellulosic activated carbon is relatively economical, because it is sourced from agricultural sector wastes and is abundantly available [1] .

Apart from being effective in pollutant removal, lignocellulosic activated carbon is relatively economical, because it is sourced from agricultural sector wastes and is abundantly available.


Lignocellulosic waste derived from agricultural byproducts has proven to be a promising type of raw material for producing activated carbon, especially due to its availability at a low price. A number of studies on various applications of lignocellulosic materials as activated carbon sorbents have been published by various researchers [1] [2] [3] [4] . Lignocellulosic waste generally can be classified into three different components, which are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Among the three, lignin has been identified as the main component in lignocellulosic waste responsible for the adsorption process [1] [2] [3] . Lignin based biomass is the most abundant renewable carbon resource on earth after cellulose, with a worldwide The lignocellulosic residues are the main source of materials to the preparation of ACs, due to its advantages over other precursors including low cost, easy availability, and easy handling. However, it is necessary to modify the properties of activated carbons in order to improve the adsorption capacity of these solids [21] .

A number of studies on various applications of lignocellulosic materials as activated carbon sorbents have been published by various researchers.

Among the three, lignin has been identified as the main component in lignocellulosic waste responsible for the adsorption process.

However, it is necessary to modify the properties of activated carbons in order to improve the adsorption capacity of these solids.


Our results show that the mass-weighted mean raindrop diameter increases as the ML thickens (i.e., increase of distance it takes for snow particles to fully melt), which can be tied to an increase in the overall size of snowflake aggregates above the ML. This is because the rate of snowflake melting is dependent upon its initial size, with larger aggregates having to traverse a further distance before fully melting [70, 71, 74] . So a thickening of the ML can indicate enhanced aggregation above or near the top of the ML [63] . This is also suggested by the vertically pointing radar observations shown in Figure 1 in which enhanced low-level reflectivity during times of thicker bright bands are seemingly connected to a less, but locally enhanced, layer of reflectivity above the ML that occurs in a temperature zone that favors growth of dendrites whose fall speed and geometry are very conducive to aggregation [12] . Furthermore, large aggregates can contain more liquid water than smaller, individual ice crystals and upon melting result in a larger raindrop. Thus larger raindrops are expected to occur beneath thicker regions of the ML, suggesting that raindrop size is tied to the efficiency of snowflake aggregation [42, 63] .

This is because the rate of snowflake melting is dependent upon its initial size, with larger aggregates having to traverse a further distance before fully melting.

So a thickening of the ML can indicate enhanced aggregation above or near the top of the ML.

This is also suggested by the vertically pointing radar observations shown in Figure 1 in which enhanced low-level reflectivity during times of thicker bright bands are seemingly connected to a less, but locally enhanced, layer of reflectivity above the ML that occurs in a temperature zone that favors growth of dendrites whose fall speed and geometry are very conducive to aggregation.

Thus larger raindrops are expected to occur beneath thicker regions of the ML, suggesting that raindrop size is tied to the efficiency of snowflake aggregation.


In general, there is a lack of quantitative evidence more directly relating microphysical properties of the ML to the RSD and its evolution. Although several studies have noted relatively little variability in the vertical evolution of the RSD within stratiform precipitation, the reference for comparison is often to the RSD evolution in convective precipitation, for example, References [18] [19] [20] . Very little has been done to examine differences in vertical RSD evolution within stratiform precipitation for different ML characteristics. Such an investigation is vital to developing procedures that employ ML Atmosphere 2018, 9, 319 3 of 18 characteristics (or its radar manifestations) to improve radar rainfall estimation. In this study, we use high resolution polarimetric radar scanning strategies of the rain column and ML accompanied by nearby disdrometers at the ground to examine the mass-weighted mean diameter (D m ) response to changes in the ML geometry (i.e., thickness and height above ground).

Although several studies have noted relatively little variability in the vertical evolution of the RSD within stratiform precipitation, the reference for comparison is often to the RSD evolution in convective precipitation, for example, References.


Significant age effects on raw PPVT-R scores were found, as expected, between consecutive age groups spanning a wide age range (87-139 months of age). Importantly, age effect sizes were similar for the full and short versions of the PPVT-R, further supporting the equivalence of the two tests. Age effects were very similar to those reported in large-scale studies in English-speaking populations (Farkas & Beron, 2004) . To summarize, item-level analyses suggested that the Greek adaptation of the PPVT-R (a) is culturally appropriate for the assessment of a single underlying dimension of vocabulary knowledge, (b) can provide unbiased estimates of this knowledge even for special cultural subgroups (children born in immigrant families) whose primary language is Greek, and (c) can be used in a short form either as a screening tool or as part of a comprehensive psychoeducational assessment battery where administration time is crucial. Given the extensive modifications that were deemed necessary in the order of items and the identity of several target words, we suggest that detailed item-level analyses of the normative data are necessary for future adaptations of this and other language assessment tools in Greek and other languages and cultures.

Age effects were very similar to those reported in large-scale studies in English-speaking populations.


Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9 about the basics of HM. Special emphasis should be placed on frequent indications such as respiratory tract infections and conditions where herb-drug interactions are probable, such as depression. It has to be ensured that information provided by the different professionals is consistent and in line with evidence-as far as evidence exists. This process should be promoted by universities in cooperation with the professional bodies of health professions in order to maintain independence of the pharmaceutical industry. Ideally, learning objectives regarding HM should be integrated into residency training curricula of GPs to ensure each GP having a basic knowledge in HM. A challenge for doctors will be to understand the individual needs of each patient regarding HM. This may include clarification of and communication about possible side effects and interactions of herbal drugs. This is particularly important in multimorbid patients with multimedication, furthermore, in patients with specific indications and while supporting them in their active role and self-management. All that is only possible if reimbursement of herbal medicine by the statutory health insurance will be reintroduced. Indeed, there is some evidence by health economic studies making this an interesting option also for health policy. As indicated by a Dutch study, patients whose GP had additional CAM training generate up to 30% less healthcare costs [23] . This may be caused by the more active role patients have in CAM. As our results show, HM can increase self-responsibility of patients and, hence, doctor visits may become less frequent. Furthermore, HM may reduce overuse and misuse of antibiotics, for example, in treatment of viral respiratory tract infection and therefore prevent negative consequences of antibiotics' overuse. However, this should be subject of future studies.

As indicated by a Dutch study, patients whose GP had additional CAM training generate up to 30% less healthcare costs.


There exists a rich literature on modeling user activity that only considers the type of activities but does not pay attention to their timing. Indeed, these models have only concentrated on what is done on the social media, and do not consider when it is done [2] . However, a large and growing interest has been emerged on modeling user behavior over time. Most of these methods do not model the time of user actions and only consider time as a covariate, and hence are unable to predict the time of users future actions [5, 58] . Moreover, most of the existing temporal user modeling methods approach the problem in a discrete time manner. These models suffer from two main drawbacks. First, they assume the process of generating data proceeds by unit time-steps, and hence are unable to capture the heterogeneity of the time to predict the timing of the next event. Second, these models need to choose the length of time-steps to discretize the time, which is a challenging task. Actually, the precise time interval or the exact distance between two actions carries a great deal of information about the dynamics of the underlying systems, and hence the emerging continuous-time models that consider the exact timing of events are more applicable to real-world scenarios [23, 24, 33, 36, 55, 57, 60, 63] .

Indeed, these models have only concentrated on what is done on the social media, and do not consider when it is done.

Most of these methods do not model the time of user actions and only consider time as a covariate, and hence are unable to predict the time of users future actions.

Actually, the precise time interval or the exact distance between two actions carries a great deal of information about the dynamics of the underlying systems, and hence the emerging continuous-time models that consider the exact timing of events are more applicable to real-world scenarios.


Currently, administrators use simple policy management languages to configure firewalls. Modern firewalls allow an administrator to distribute policy data to multiple firewall machines [21] . However, such systems are generally intended to implement border firewalls, since the policy statements distributed to each firewall machine are a copy of those managed by the administrator on the common firewall console. These security policy management systems are not currently designed to manage policy where the enforcement data is automatically generated based on network topology, which is the case for an MLF.

Modern firewalls allow an administrator to distribute policy data to multiple firewall machines.


Words are strings of phonemes. Sentences are strings of words. Language makes use of combinatorics on two levels. This is what linguists call 'duality of patterning'. While words have to be learned, virtually every sentence that a person utters is a novel combination. The brain contains a program that can build an unlimited number of sentences out of a finite list of words. This program is called 'mental grammar'( [27] ). Children develop this grammar rapidly and without formal instruction. Experimental observations show that 3 year old children apply grammatical rules correctly 90% of the time.

Words are strings of phonemes.

Sentences are strings of words.

This program is called 'mental grammar'().


For many years, researchers have been interested in trying to copy biological vision systems, simply because they are so good. The fact that humans can spot splicing in an image with relative ease implies that there must be some underlying mechanisms. Even though exactly how such mechanisms work still remains largely unknown, much research has been done to understand the human visual system (HVS) [15, 16, 17] .

Even though exactly how such mechanisms work still remains largely unknown, much research has been done to understand the human visual system (HVS).


Australian university students report higher levels of psychological distress compared to the general population [1] . Some students fail to reach their academic potential because they do not possess the coping skills to overcome the challenges and adversity of university life [2] . Students who demonstrate the capacity to cope effectively with stress relating to university pressures have been shown to report more resilient characteristics [3] . Therefore, the cultivation of resilience among university students is important.

Australian university students report higher levels of psychological distress compared to the general population.

Some students fail to reach their academic potential because they do not possess the coping skills to overcome the challenges and adversity of university life.

Students who demonstrate the capacity to cope effectively with stress relating to university pressures have been shown to report more resilient characteristics.


Impulse control is the third domain and is the ability to override urges, such as cravings or longings to do a particular thing, such as smoke, gamble, or drink [28] . An impulse control is a specific motivation or desire to perform a particular action, as opposed to a latent desire or trait. For example, the feeling of hunger is not an impulse, but a feeling of wanting to have a piece of cake is an impulse. The fourth domain is performance control, which is the capacity to regulate one's behaviours in order to achieve goals (for example, academic or occupational).

Impulse control is the third domain and is the ability to override urges, such as cravings or longings to do a particular thing, such as smoke, gamble, or drink.


Resilience is defined as a "personality characteristic that moderates the negative effects of stress and promotes adaptation" [9] . Wagnild and Young used ground theory to identify five underlying characteristics of resilience, these include: a purposeful life, perseverance, equanimity, self-reliance, and existential aloneness [10] . For the purposes of this study, only perseverance and self-reliance were measured as they are two key components that underlie self-control [11] .

Resilience is defined as a "personality characteristic that moderates the negative effects of stress and promotes adaptation".

Wagnild and Young used ground theory to identify five underlying characteristics of resilience, these include: a purposeful life, perseverance, equanimity, self-reliance, and existential aloneness.

For the purposes of this study, only perseverance and self-reliance were measured as they are two key components that underlie self-control.


Resilience has been identified as a key factor of psychological well-being [4] . However, few studies have investigated how resilience can be cultivated and enhanced among university students. It has been identified that self-control is a key psychological factor associated with the cultivation of resilience [5, 6] . The Strength Model of Self-Control postulates that regularly exercising self-control can improve willpower strength, analogous to the way exercise can improve muscle strength [7, 8] . The aim of this present study was to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of willpower strengthening exercises on cultivating resilience and self-control, whilst reducing psychological distress among university students.

Resilience has been identified as a key factor of psychological well-being.

It has been identified that self-control is a key psychological factor associated with the cultivation of resilience.

The Strength Model of Self-Control postulates that regularly exercising self-control can improve willpower strength, analogous to the way exercise can improve muscle strength.


Results revealed that participants in the radish condition stopped the problem-solving task sooner than participants in the chocolate condition or the no-food condition. The chocolate condition did not differ from the no-food condition. This outcome provided preliminary support for the ego depletion hypothesis. A limitation of the study was the lacks of generalisibility to all domains of self-control as only impulse and performance control were measured. As a result, the inferences that can be made about the nature of ego depletion from the study are limited. This present study addresses this limitation by evaluating the effects of willpower strengthening exercises across five self-control domains, these include: emotional control, thought control, performance control, impulse control, and habit breaking [26] .

This present study addresses this limitation by evaluating the effects of willpower strengthening exercises across five self-control domains, these include: emotional control, thought control, performance control, impulse control, and habit breaking.


EMS is a widely used chemical mutagen that is a nonfunctional agent with one reactive group. It causes ethylation of bases in DNA. EMS is a monofunctional alkylating agent that reacts with DNA at the 7-N and 6-0 positions. Alkylation of ring N causes depurination, which leads to backbone breaks. When 7-ethylguanine is produced, it pairs with thymine to cause G:C → A:T transitions. The lethality of EMS is due to alkylation of proteins. Alkylating agents interact with DNA causing changes in its structure. This may result in the loss, addition, or replacement of bases, thus, altering their sequence in the DNA and affecting the fidelity of the genetic message. Relative frequencies of mutation depend on the reactivity of the agents involved. Deletion and insertion leading to producing frameshift mutations. The inactivating alterations include removal of bases, dimmer formation, cross-linking of the two DNA strands, and single or double strand breaks [13, 14] .

It causes ethylation of bases in DNA.

The inactivating alterations include removal of bases, dimmer formation, cross-linking of the two DNA strands, and single or double strand breaks.


X-rays are nonparticulate electromagnetic radiations with a wavelength of 0.001-10Å. These are high-energy radiations and consist of photons, that is, small packets of energy. X-rays are produced when very fast moving electrons strike a high-melting-point element like Tungsten in X-ray tubes. X-rays are often referred to as hard (0.001-0.1Å) or soft (1-10Å) depending upon their wavelength. X-rays are highly penetrating and sparsely ionizing. Ionizing radiations produce a wide range of effects on DNA through either free radical effects or direct action on DNA. It causes breaks in sugar phosphate backbone of one or both strands of DNA, consequently, leading to the rearrangements through tautomerization, deletions, chromosome loss, and so forth. Mutations are also caused by damage or loss of bases. Sometimes the effect may result in cross-linking of DNA to itself or proteins, breaking of H-bonds of bases, blockage of cell division, organelle failure, or cell death [10] [11] [12] .

Sometimes the effect may result in cross-linking of DNA to itself or proteins, breaking of H-bonds of bases, blockage of cell division, organelle failure, or cell death.


The Ambient Networks project is addressing these challenges [6] [7] . The project's main objective is to enable seamless interoperation between heterogeneous networks. Ambient Networks aim to establish this interoperation through a common control space distributed across the individual, heterogeneous networks and addressing domains. This new common control space functionality can be deployed both as an integral component of future network architectures and as an add-on to existing, legacy networks, enabling legacy interoperability. This paper focuses on mechanisms of the Ambient Networks architecture that harmonize heterogeneous connectivity, bridge different addressing domains and provide a uniform internetworking environment for services and applications. Ambient Networks interconnect independent realms that may internally use different network technologies and may belong to different administrative or legal entities.

The Ambient Networks project is addressing these challenges.


Literature concerning RJV performance remarks the complexity of this analysis, due to the multidimensional character of technological cooperation and, thus, the absence of broad accepted indicators. The choice between objective performance measures, such as profitability or growth rates, and subjective data collected form surveys, will be strongly determined by the target of the study (Veugelers, 1998; Martin, 2003) . Likewise, the unit of analysis (individual partners or collective performance) will be selected according to the scope of the evaluation (Branstetter and Sakakibara, 2002) .

The choice between objective performance measures, such as profitability or growth rates, and subjective data collected form surveys, will be strongly determined by the target of the study.

Likewise, the unit of analysis (individual partners or collective performance) will be selected according to the scope of the evaluation.


It would be interesting to find subleading corrections both in the light parameter L as well as in 1/c to the higher point conformal block [39, 40] . The 1/c corrections would lead to corrections in entanglement entropy as well. One can then try to see whether these can be holographically reproduced by considering one-loop determinants in handlebody geometries obtained from orbifolding the conical defect [71] . Moreover, it can then be seen how 1/c effects smoothen the jumps in mutual information.

It would be interesting to find subleading corrections both in the light parameter L as well as in 1/c to the higher point conformal block.

One can then try to see whether these can be holographically reproduced by considering one-loop determinants in handlebody geometries obtained from orbifolding the conical defect.


The resulting redundancy is one of the key factors why MCF corruption makes classifiers so effective against the "nightmare at test-time" scenario. Consequently, MCF classifiers are particularly useful in learning settings in which features in the test data may be missing (e.g., because sensors that were measuring these features temporarily broke down). Learning with MCF is quite different from previous approaches for this setting (Dekel and Shamir, 2008; Globerson and Roweis, 2006) . In particular, prior work focuses on the worst-case sce-nario whereas we explicitly consider the (arguably) more common average-case scenario by considering all possible corrupted observations. This has the advantage that it is computationally much cheaper and that it allows for incorporating prior knowledge in the learning. For instance, if the data is generated by a collection of unreliable sensors, knowledge on the reliability of a sensor may be used to set the corresponding q d -parameter. The strong performance of MCF in the "nightmare at test-time" scenario suggest it be well suited for learning under domain shift (Blitzer et al., 2007; Daumé III, 2007) . In particular, as the corrupting distribution may be used to shift the data distribution in the source domain towards the data distribution in the target domain -potentially, by learning the parameters of the corrupting distribution using maximum likelihood. We leave such investigations for future work.

Learning with MCF is quite different from previous approaches for this setting.

The strong performance of MCF in the "nightmare at test-time" scenario suggest it be well suited for learning under domain shift.


The European Size Unit, which categorises farms according to their profitability (SGM output) and distinguishes 6 categories, served as a basis for identifying the farm size where the extra investment of adopting precision farming technologies pays off. Based on their size and farming standards, crop producing farms (cereals and other field crops, as well as fodder production) over 100 ESU were presumed to be able to adopt precision farming with the help of their own financial resources. I also presumed that farms of 16-40 and 40-100 ESU would be able to adopt precision crop production with the help of machinery rings (Takács 2000) . In the EU, there are 240 thousand farms of 16-40 ESU, accounting for 4.2 million hectares of land. The number of farms of 40-100 ESU is 139 thousand, accounting for 5.9 million hectares, whereas the number of farms over 100 ESU is 77 thousand, and they account for 11.3 million hectares of land. The basis of the calculations at national level was also the above categorisation.

I also presumed that farms of 16-40 and 40-100 ESU would be able to adopt precision crop production with the help of machinery rings.


The system consists of three main components: a lexicon made of multiple sublexica, where each sublexicon represents entries from a particular tier; a rewrite rules system that maps multiple lexical representations to a surface representation; and a morphotactic component that makes use of regular rewrite rules. Rules and lexica are compiled algorithmically into multitape finite-state machines. There is no reason to believe that our multitiered rewrite rules component cannot be applied to other rewrite rules systems (Koskenniemi 1983; Kaplan and Kay 1994; Mohri and Sproat 1996; Karttunen 1997) .

There is no reason to believe that our multitiered rewrite rules component cannot be applied to other rewrite rules systems.


As for the grammars themselves, a small-scale Syriac grammar was implemented based on the 100 most frequent roots, including their numerous inflexions, of the Syriac New Testament (Kiraz 1994a) . Care was taken, however, to ensure that most of the verbal and nominal classes of the language were exhaustively covered. Additionally, sample Arabic grammars-but with full coverage of the phenomena under questionhave been implemented to test various linguistic models of Semitic, including: CV templates, moraic templates, affixational templatic morphology, prosodic circumscription, and broken plurals. A detailed description of handling these linguistic models appears elsewhere (Kiraz, in press ).

As for the grammars themselves, a small-scale Syriac grammar was implemented based on the 100 most frequent roots, including their numerous inflexions, of the Syriac New Testament.


In the last two decades, many researchers have shifted the focus of WDS optimization from traditional and deterministic techniques, based on linear and nonlinear programming, to the implementation of methods that were generally based on heuristics derived from nature [18, 23] . In recent years, Evolutionary Computation has proven to be a powerful tool to solve optimal pump-scheduling problems [11] . The great advantage of metaheuristic algorithms over deterministic methods is that they can be used for almost all types of optimization problems without considering the linearity or convexity of the problem. However, while using metaheuristic algorithms, constraints related to the hydraulic behavior of the solution must be checked separately or should be converted to an objective [24] .

In the last two decades, many researchers have shifted the focus of WDS optimization from traditional and deterministic techniques, based on linear and nonlinear programming, to the implementation of methods that were generally based on heuristics derived from nature.

In recent years, Evolutionary Computation has proven to be a powerful tool to solve optimal pump-scheduling problems.

However, while using metaheuristic algorithms, constraints related to the hydraulic behavior of the solution must be checked separately or should be converted to an objective.


Hydraulic fracturing is widely used in the petroleum engineering, mining, and geotechnical industries. The most common application of this technology is enhancement of the fluid flow from oil, gas, and geothermal reservoirs in low permeability formations. The number of horizontal wells drilled has increased significantly in the past decade, along with other technical developments in horizontal completion methods and fracturing stimulation in unconventional, low-permeability reservoirs. Using horizontal wells, the hydraulic fractures may need to propagate through multiple sedimentary strata. Within layered sedimentary rocks, the termination of fractures at frequent bedding contacts interfaces can limit vertical flow and produce highly tortuous flow paths. In contrast, fractures that propagate straight-through bedding interfaces provide well-connected pathways for fluid flow [1] .

In contrast, fractures that propagate straight-through bedding interfaces provide well-connected pathways for fluid flow.


For fixed α and varying horizon radius, a limiting solution is approached. For α >α the limiting solution consists of two distinct parts. The outer part corresponds to the exterior of an extremal RN black hole solution with horizon radius x RN h = α √ 1 + Q 2 , unit magnetic charge and electric charge Q, whereas on the interval x h ≤ x < x The domain of existence of the radially excited dyonic non-abelian black hole solutions in the α − x h plane is similar to the one of the fundamental solutions. Again, there are two regimes of the coupling constant α with the transition pointα. This is in contrast to the radially excited magnetic non-abelian black hole solutions, which exist only up toα [5, 8] .

This is in contrast to the radially excited magnetic non-abelian black hole solutions, which exist only up toα.


In a large part of their domain of existence, the magnetic non-abelian black hole solutions are classically stable [4, 5, 8, 19] . In contrast, dyonic non-abelian black hole solutions should be classically unstable. As for the classical dyon solutions in flat space, their mass should be lowered continuously, by lowering the electric charge, as long as there is no charge quantization [2] .

In a large part of their domain of existence, the magnetic non-abelian black hole solutions are classically stable.

As for the classical dyon solutions in flat space, their mass should be lowered continuously, by lowering the electric charge, as long as there is no charge quantization.


Atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) is considered as an emerging method for enhancing food safety (Lee et al., 2006) . APP was developed to be applied for surface modification in engineering and environmental and biomedical fields (Bogaerts et al., 2002) . The active species generated include atoms, molecules, radicals, and UV photons, have an inactivation effect through chemical reactions, resulting in the destruction of the genetic materials of microorganisms (Moisan et The authors also reported that no specific quality changes were found in APP-treated bacon, including pH, TBARS value, and surface color.

Atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) is considered as an emerging method for enhancing food safety.

APP was developed to be applied for surface modification in engineering and environmental and biomedical fields.


The previous studies clearly demonstrate potential of using APP for enhancing safety and extending shelf-life of foods. However, there are some limitations, including broad variation in inactivation efficiency stemming from the different surface characteristics of the foods when using large area-type APP (Song et al., 2009a; Yun et al., 2010) . For food use, previous studies revealed that APP with a pen-type device possesses high inactivation efficiency against Listeria monocytogenes in a model system and/or on the surface of chicken breast and ham . However, quality aspect, including sensory quality which is the most important in food use for APP and information on the genotoxicological safety of APPtreated food products remains unknown.

However, there are some limitations, including broad variation in inactivation efficiency stemming from the different surface characteristics of the foods when using large area-type APP.


Contrast limits in flux as well as J band magnitude are shown in Figure 4 , after correcting for self-subtraction via the procedure described in Section 3. Adopting a stellar age of 2.6 Gyr, as justified in Section 4.1, we calculated the mass limits displayed in Figure 6 , and listed in Table 3 , by converting our contrast limits to minimum detectable companion mass using the AMES-COND models (Allard et al. 2000) . As previously mentioned, we used for this work only the contrast limits obtained with IFS, since the contrast we obtain with this subsystem is deeper than that gathered with IRDIS. At the expected separation for HD 142 Ac of 0. 3, we obtained an upper mass limit of 22.6 +0.9 −1.7 M Jup for a T-type spectrum and 23.6 +0.9 −1.7 M Jup for an L-type spectrum. Using the AMES-COND models we can infer an upper limit for T e f f of ∼ 600 K for HD 142 Ac from the mass limit calculated in this work, while using the minimum mass obtained through the RV we can infer a minimum value for the T e f f of ∼ 270 K.

Adopting a stellar age of 2.6 Gyr, as justified in Section 4.1, we calculated the mass limits displayed in Figure 6 , and listed in Table 3 , by converting our contrast limits to minimum detectable companion mass using the AMES-COND models.


The genetic potential for growth of the modern broiler chickens is continuously improving by 50 g each year. Therefore, the marketing age of broilers decreases yearly by an average of 0.75 day (Gunasekar, 2007) . As a result of this genetic improvement, today's broiler is gaining an average of 50 g per day under conditions existing in developed countries, but it is estimated that the same broiler has the potential to double this performance (Creswell, 2007) . The standard in broiler performance is achievement of 2.5 kg live weight with a feed conversion ratio of 1.72 at 42 day of age in recent times (Creswell, 2005) .

Therefore, the marketing age of broilers decreases yearly by an average of 0.75 day.

As a result of this genetic improvement, today's broiler is gaining an average of 50 g per day under conditions existing in developed countries, but it is estimated that the same broiler has the potential to double this performance.

The standard in broiler performance is achievement of 2.5 kg live weight with a feed conversion ratio of 1.72 at 42 day of age in recent times.


Magnetic monopole solutions in the presence of gravity have also attracted a great deal of attention. Many solutions in asymptotically flat, deSitter, or Anti-deSitter spaces with and without blackhole singularity have been discovered [12] . Remarkably only the ones with the Anti-deSitter asymptotics are stable [13] [14] . This is a striking result in view of the AdS/CFT duality.

Many solutions in asymptotically flat, deSitter, or Anti-deSitter spaces with and without blackhole singularity have been discovered.

Remarkably only the ones with the Anti-deSitter asymptotics are stable.


We will analyse the number of iterations required by ParamRLS to identify optimal parameter values with overwhelming probability (w. o. p.) 1 for the randomised local search (RLS k ) algorithm, where k, the only parameter, is the local search neighbourhood size (i.e., k bits are flipped without replacement in each iteration). Our aim is to characterise the impact of the cutoff time on the performance of the tuner. We will perform the analysis for two wellknown black-box benchmark function classes: a modified version of R (called R *) and O M 2 [18] . Since for both black box function classes, a given parameter configuration will have the same performance for all instances, these classes allow us to avoid the problems of deciding how many instances should be used in the training set (i.e., one instance suffices) and of evaluating the generalisation capabilities of the evolved parameters (i.e., the performance will be the same for all instances). Hence, we can concentrate on the impact of the cutoff time in isolation.

We will perform the analysis for two wellknown black-box benchmark function classes: a modified version of R (called R *) and O M 2.


Studies on infant feeding have relied on dietary assessment methods, rather than chemical analysis, to estimate nutrient intake [5] [6] . However, dietary assessment methods have a number of potential errors, such as estimating the portion sizes in grams and the availability of a valid food composition table [7] . Moreover, few studies have addressed the nutritional quality of home-prepared baby foods based on chemical analyses [8] - [10] . These studies showed that home-prepared foods do not always have an adequate nutritional profile, even in developed countries, and show low contents of energy, protein, fat and iron and high levels of sodium.

Studies on infant feeding have relied on dietary assessment methods, rather than chemical analysis, to estimate nutrient intake.

However, dietary assessment methods have a number of potential errors, such as estimating the portion sizes in grams and the availability of a valid food composition table.

Moreover, few studies have addressed the nutritional quality of home-prepared baby foods based on chemical analyses.


The weaning process represents a period of particular concern in developing countries because it is often accompanied by malnutrition, most commonly during the second semester of life, when foods other than breast milk are added to the diet [1] . It is well recognized that the period of 6 -24 months of age is one of the most critical time periods in the growth of the infant because at this time, children have high demands for nutrients and there are limitations in the quality and quantity of available foods. Infants older than 6 months require complementary foods of appropriate energy and nutrient densities in addition to breast milk to meet their physiologic needs. The relatively high energy requirements of young children, together with their limited gastric capacity, make it difficult for them to eat enough food, particularly if only a few meals per day are offered or if the foods have low energy density, or both [2] . Adequate complementary feeding is a matter of great concern for international health agencies, which have published technical guidelines on optimal complementary feeding practices [3] [4] . These guidelines address the following components: a) the introduction of foods other than breast milk at 6 mo of age; b) an adequate energy density and frequency of feeding of complementary foods; and, c) satisfactory nutrient density in these foods. Ensuring optimal complementary feeding practices for young children living in developing countries is a global public health priority because of their importance for the optimal growth, development, and well-being of infants and young children.

The weaning process represents a period of particular concern in developing countries because it is often accompanied by malnutrition, most commonly during the second semester of life, when foods other than breast milk are added to the diet.

The relatively high energy requirements of young children, together with their limited gastric capacity, make it difficult for them to eat enough food, particularly if only a few meals per day are offered or if the foods have low energy density, or both.

Adequate complementary feeding is a matter of great concern for international health agencies, which have published technical guidelines on optimal complementary feeding practices.


The concentration of BOD is about 10.6 mgO 2 /L, when allowed concentration for safe water is no more 3.0 mgO 2 /L. As a result, enterprises cause significant damage to the environment. This is reflected in an infiltration of pollutants into the groundwater. According Kazakhstani Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for water sources, groundwater could be used for non-centralized drinking water supply; this is especially relevant because about half the rural population uses decentralized water sources and about 40% of population live in rural areas in Kazakhstan [103, 104] . Thus, the government established this standard for groundwater quality in observation wells to eliminate risk of groundwater pollution and prevent public health hazards. Concentrations of hazardous material are established the same way as for drinking water [105] . Some chemical parameters are exceeded in the observed wells' samples around the wastewater receiver pond of Refinery X (Table 4 ). This situation leads to potential threat of human health. In total, 35 samples from 9 wells were collected and analyzed between 2015 and 2016, during both the rainy and the dry season. High concentrations of TPH, TDS, TH, chlorides, sulfates, sodium and potassium were detected in the observed wells around the water storage facilities. There were high concentrations of TPH and TDS in all wells, which exceeded KZ-and WHO-recommended limits for these substances.

According Kazakhstani Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for water sources, groundwater could be used for non-centralized drinking water supply; this is especially relevant because about half the rural population uses decentralized water sources and about 40% of population live in rural areas in Kazakhstan.

Concentrations of hazardous material are established the same way as for drinking water.


In the oceanic environment, the lenses of OP IRGAs are prone to the build-up of salt particles, and flushing with fresh water is necessary to avoid degradation of the signal. The LI7500 has also been deployed with a shroud and a very high airflow (570 slpm) (Edson et al., 2011) . This deployment mode is a hybrid of the OP and CP mode as the contamination with sea spray is reduced with minimal loss of high-frequency fluctuations. Even when the air density correction Eq. (3) has been applied carefully, reported CO 2 flux values based on OP and shrouded OP EC systems over the open ocean are typically an order of magnitude higher than expected based on generally accepted bulk flux parameterisations (Kondo and Osamu, 2007; Prytherch et al., 2010a; Lauvset et al., 2011; Edson et al., 2011) .

The LI7500 has also been deployed with a shroud and a very high airflow (570 slpm).

Even when the air density correction Eq. (3) has been applied carefully, reported CO 2 flux values based on OP and shrouded OP EC systems over the open ocean are typically an order of magnitude higher than expected based on generally accepted bulk flux parameterisations.


Social anxiety is a type of anxiety disorder that appears with an intense and persistent fear of the situations in which blushing is possible. Moreover, with symptoms such as intense and persistent fear of avoidance and performance situations which cause immediate response, individuals realize that their fear is irrational. This will lead to individuals avoiding such situations or tolerating them in horror. Such anxiety will finally impair individuals' performance and social relations (Pourfaraj Omran, 2011) .

Such anxiety will finally impair individuals' performance and social relations.


Unlike other psychotherapy theories, ACT is not a semiotic approach. In this therapy, it is believed that a healthy mind and process of cognition make human thought and language tend towards avoiding experience (according to the third wave of behavioral therapy, the existing condition must be actively accepted). This experiential avoidance itself causes problems and suffering in humans. Moreover, this type of therapy is based on Rational Frame Theory (RFT) (Hayes et al., 1999) .

Moreover, this type of therapy is based on Rational Frame Theory (RFT).


Various studies report that the lifetime prevalence of this disorder is 3-13%. The 6-month prevalence of social phobia is about 2-3%. Epidemiological studies have shown that this disorder is more common in women than in men. In clinical samples, however, the reverse is often true. The reason for this difference in observations is unclear. Social phobia is most often observed during adolescence; however, its onset is also common at younger ages (even at 5) and older ages (even at 35). People with social phobia may also have a history of other disorders such as other anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance-related disorders, and bulimia nervosa. Moreover, avoidance personality disorder frequently occurs among those with generalized social phobia (Sadock and Sadock, 2007) .

Moreover, avoidance personality disorder frequently occurs among those with generalized social phobia.


The results of a study on the effectiveness of ACT, identification of therapeutic mediators, and provision of solutions to optimize treatment methods for generalized anxiety disorder showed that ACT was effective in generalized anxiety disorder. This study also determined the role of acceptance and valuebased life variables as therapeutic mediators (Mozhdehi et al., 2011) . Another study also investigated the effectiveness of ACT in reducing math anxiety among the high school students in Isfahan. The results of this study also proved the effectiveness of ACT (Abedi et al., 2010) .

This study also determined the role of acceptance and valuebased life variables as therapeutic mediators.

The results of this study also proved the effectiveness of ACT.


The most important conclusion drawn from the studies on social anxiety indicates the considerable importance of early diagnosis and treatment. This is due to the fact that cognitive, psychological and physical aspects of a disorder are reinforced over time and consequently it will be more difficult to overcome. However, people with such a disorder often try to treat themselves after encountering numerous problems in their lives and when it is too late. Given that this disorder is not known in many parts of the world and it is assumed to be due to diagnostic disorders, people with social phobia usually tend to self-medicate. Research has shown the effectiveness of two types of treatments for social anxiety: 1-drug treatment 2-short-term psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral approaches whose main elements include gradual exposure to social situations (Pourfaraj Omran, 2011) .

Research has shown the effectiveness of two types of treatments for social anxiety: 1-drug treatment 2-short-term psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral approaches whose main elements include gradual exposure to social situations.


As noted earlier, the main goal of ACT is to build psychological flexibility, which means the ability to choose an appropriate and practical answer among the available options, not merely for the purpose of avoiding thoughts, feelings, memories or chaotic tendencies as an imposed option. In this therapy, individuals' psychological acceptance of mental experiences (thoughts, feelings etc.) is first increased, and ineffective control measures are reciprocally reduced. Patients are taught that taking any measure to avoid or control these unwanted mental experiences would be ineffective or has an opposite effect that can exacerbate them. They also learn that these experiences should be fully accepted without any internal or external response to eliminate them. In the next step, patients' present moment mental awareness is increased; that is, they become aware of their present psychological states, thoughts, and behaviors. In the next step, patients are taught to detach themselves from these mental experiences (cognitive defusion) so that they can act independently of such experiences. The forth step would focus on reducing excessive focus on conceptualized self or personal stories (such as being a victim) that the individuals create in their minds. The next step would center round helping individuals know their core personal values, clarify them, and turn them into specific behavioral goals. Finally, they will be motivated for committed actions; that is, focused on the specified goals and values along with accepting mental experiences. These mental experiences might be depressing and obsessive thoughts, trauma-related thoughts, phobias or social anxiety (Hayes et al., 1989) .

These mental experiences might be depressing and obsessive thoughts, trauma-related thoughts, phobias or social anxiety.


It is well-known that at sufficiently high Reynolds number turbulence is characterised by a hierarchy of fluctuations interacting on a wide range of space and time scales. When this happens in a flow of conducting fluid, magnetic field generation commences if the magnetic Reynolds number is sufficiently high (Moffatt 1978) . As predicted by the magnetic induction equation governing the process of generation, small scales also develop in the generated magnetic field. The interaction of fine structures of flow and magnetic field usually influences the evolution of their large-scale parts. In particular, by Parker's hypothesis, such an interaction may give rise to a mean electromotive force (e.m.f.), parallel to the large-scale magnetic field.

When this happens in a flow of conducting fluid, magnetic field generation commences if the magnetic Reynolds number is sufficiently high.


The study was conducted at the Huillilemu N. alpina clonal seed orchard, located 65 km from the city of Valdivia in the Los Ríos region of southern Chile (39°32′ 56.57″ S; 73°04′ 18.15″ W). This clonal seed orchard has a high degree of isolation from other native individuals of the same species since the natural distribution range of N. alpina corresponds to the south west of the Andean mountain range of Chile and Argentina. There are no plantations of this species in the area either so the clonal seed orchard also has a high degree of isolation from other planted individuals of the same species. The temperature in this area varies between a mean daily maximum of 23 to 26°C in January (summer) and a mean daily minimum of 2.8 to 2.9°C in July (winter). Annual average precipitation is from 1300 to 1800 mm. Accumulated annual growing degree days (base 7°C) vary between 865 and 1131, depending largely on elevation, and accumulated annual chill hours vary between 2100 and 2400 (Pérez and Ponce 2012) .

Accumulated annual growing degree days (base 7°C) vary between 865 and 1131, depending largely on elevation, and accumulated annual chill hours vary between 2100 and 2400.


Mating system and gene flow are two mechanisms that allow a population of a species to maintain genetic variation. Such mechanisms facilitate adaptation to potentially changing environmental conditions, both in time and space (Boshier 2000) . These mechanisms define the mode of genetic transmission between generations and govern the distribution of genetic variation not only within and among populations but also in effective population size and in the degree to which populations diverge due to natural selection or genetic drift (Holsinger 2000) .

Such mechanisms facilitate adaptation to potentially changing environmental conditions, both in time and space.

These mechanisms define the mode of genetic transmission between generations and govern the distribution of genetic variation not only within and among populations but also in effective population size and in the degree to which populations diverge due to natural selection or genetic drift.


ZnO is a II b -VI semiconductor with hexagonal wurtzite type crystal structure and currently in use as a filler/additive in rubber, concrete, and cosmetic industries and as a varistor ceramic in electronic industry. It has a band gap of 3.37 eV at room temperature that offers such optoelectronic applications as lightemitting diodes, laser diodes and photodetectors [1e4] . Additionally, ZnO has a great potential as an electron transport material in solar cells, a gas sensor, and an antibacterial material [4e8] . The size and the structure of ZnO have strong effect on its physical and chemical properties and hence, its end-use [9] . For example, compared to the rod-shaped particles, hexagonal plate-like ZnO structures exhibited more than fivefold increase in the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue [10] . Similarly, ZnO structures with short nanorod morphology showed higher antibacterial activity than long nanorod and nanoplate morphologies [8] .

The size and the structure of ZnO have strong effect on its physical and chemical properties and hence, its end-use.

For example, compared to the rod-shaped particles, hexagonal plate-like ZnO structures exhibited more than fivefold increase in the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue.

Similarly, ZnO structures with short nanorod morphology showed higher antibacterial activity than long nanorod and nanoplate morphologies.


Aqueous precipitation is a widely employed method in the synthesis of ZnO with different morphologies by simply changing precipitation conditions such as the nature and concentration of zinc source and precipitating agent, pH, temperature, and aging time. Recently, the method of combining the reactants has also been reported to change the morphology [11, 12] . For the aqueous precipitation method, different forms of zinc hydroxides, zinc oxide or a mixture of both can be observed depending on the precipitation protocol. Therefore, obtention of the desired precipitation product with desired morphology is perhaps the only challenge of this simple method. The use of additives in aqueous precipitation method as a catalyst and a morphology directing agent has also been successful for providing structural control of the precipitate. A number of additives such as surfactants, and synthetic polymers have been employed to obtain a variety of morphologies including spherical, elongated, hexagonal prismatic, rod-like, ring-like, disklike and sheet-like structures with different dimensions at mild conditions [13e18] . However, macromolecules from biological origin as additives have not been investigated as much as their synthetic counterparts though their promising activities were reported. One of these macromolecules, dextran, directed the formation of flower-like ZnO structures [19] . Likewise, a positively charged polypeptide, poly-L-lysine, was reported to catalyze ZnO formation at room temperature [20] .

Recently, the method of combining the reactants has also been reported to change the morphology.

One of these macromolecules, dextran, directed the formation of flower-like ZnO structures.

Likewise, a positively charged polypeptide, poly-L-lysine, was reported to catalyze ZnO formation at room temperature.


The first group of samples was synthesized by adding NaOH solution into stagnant Zn(NO 3 ) 2 solution. XRD patterns, and SEM pictures of these samples are given in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2aec , respectively. Conversely, in the synthesis of the second group of samples, Zn(NO 3 ) 2 solution was added into stagnant NaOH solution. SEM pictures and XRD patterns of the second group of as-synthesized samples are given in Fig. 2def and Fig. 3 , respectively. Additionally, lower magnification SEM pictures for the as-synthesized samples are provided in Fig. S1 . Crystal structures and morphologies of all the samples are summarized in Table 2 . were obtained for the samples from the first group prepared in the absence of lysozyme independent of addition rate, C1-SA and C1-DW (Fig. 1 ). This pattern matches very well to the XRD peaks of ε-Zn(OH) 2 sample described by PDF card number of 76e1778 with some differences in the normalized intensity values (Fig. S2 ). In the SEM pictures of these samples, characteristic octahedral ε-Zn(OH) 2 crystal morphology ranging from a few to several mm was observed ( Fig. 2aei and a-ii) [22] . Of the samples from the second group, this kind of crystal structure was only obtained for the sample prepared in the absence of lysozyme and by single addition protocol (C2-SA).

In the SEM pictures of these samples, characteristic octahedral ε-Zn(OH) 2 crystal morphology ranging from a few to several mm was observed ( Fig. 2aei and a-ii).


The main goal of research in evolutionary biology and plant breeding programs is to improve functional traits and to assess and increase genetic diversity between the populations or within species. It is necessary to know the genetic variability within a particular species to specify the available gene pool and in consequence, the characteristics of varieties or individual plants [1] [2] [3] . The search for the genes which determine functional traits in rye is a key issue necessary to specify for the aim of breeding and especially to make an optimal selection of parental germplasm for crossbreeding in plant breeding programs, for example: cytoplasmic male sterility, sprouting resistance genes, Sec genes on rye chromosomes, quantitative trait loci in rye, and male fertility restoration locus in rye [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . The plant material selected for crossbreeding should be strongly genetically diversified so that the probable result of crossbreeding can lead to the development of the greatest possible genetic variability in offspring plants.

It is necessary to know the genetic variability within a particular species to specify the available gene pool and in consequence, the characteristics of varieties or individual plants.

The search for the genes which determine functional traits in rye is a key issue necessary to specify for the aim of breeding and especially to make an optimal selection of parental germplasm for crossbreeding in plant breeding programs, for example: cytoplasmic male sterility, sprouting resistance genes, Sec genes on rye chromosomes, quantitative trait loci in rye, and male fertility restoration locus in rye.


Since repeated impingement can cause damage to the liner and induces dislocation [3] . A maximum range of motion until impingement should be a main consideration for new implant designs. In the present paper, the new design of artificial hip joint which accommodates Muslim patients with THR to conduct Salat normally was proposed with the improvement of the Kluess model [3] .

Since repeated impingement can cause damage to the liner and induces dislocation.

In the present paper, the new design of artificial hip joint which accommodates Muslim patients with THR to conduct Salat normally was proposed with the improvement of the Kluess model.


The discussion this sections is focused on the sujud movements due to the presence of impingement and plastic deformation. Investigation of resisting moment on sujud movements shows that initially, the femoral head rotates freely in the liner and is only impeded by the friction of the contacting surfaces. The resisting moment starts to increase suddenly due to repositioning of the rotation centre to the circumferential edge of the liner. The simulation result predicts that impingement occurs between the neck and the liner. Then, the resisting moment decreases progressively as the increase of the rotational movement and results in the smaller articulating contact area [3] .

Then, the resisting moment decreases progressively as the increase of the rotational movement and results in the smaller articulating contact area.


The OTDR trace of Rayleigh backscattered light is also used for deriving the temperature profile, see equation (6) . Since the Rayleigh scattering light intensity is several orders of magnitude stronger than the anti-Stokes intensity, the former was acquired using conventional OTDR only, allowing for adequate SNR values at all distances from fibre near end. The resulting trace is shown in figure 7 , where the higher power and SNR values with respect to the AS trace in figure 5 (a) are clearly evident.

The OTDR trace of Rayleigh backscattered light is also used for deriving the temperature profile, see equation.


The state-of-the-art approach for automatic text classification considers the application of a number of statistical and machine learning techniques, including regression models, Bayesian classifiers, support vector machines, nearest neighbor classifiers, neuronal networks and statistical methods driven by a hierarchical topic dictionary to mention some [1, 10, 3] . A major difficulty with this kind of supervised techniques is that they commonly require high-quality training data to construct an accurate classifier. Unfortunately, in many real-world applications the training sets are extremely small and even worst, they present imbalanced class distributions (i.e., the number of examples in some classes are significantly greater that the number of examples in the others).

The state-of-the-art approach for automatic text classification considers the application of a number of statistical and machine learning techniques, including regression models, Bayesian classifiers, support vector machines, nearest neighbor classifiers, neuronal networks and statistical methods driven by a hierarchical topic dictionary to mention some.


A crucial component of this approach is the expected result that for a particular class of the inference rules the term model is an initial object in the category of models. This is known as the Initiality Conjecture. In the case of the pure Calculus of Constructions with a "decorated" application operation this conjecture was proved in 1988 by Thomas Streicher [11] . The problem of finding an appropriate formulation of the general version of the conjecture and of proving this general version will be the subject of future work. For such inference rules, then, there is a unique homomorphism from the term C-system to the abstract C-system that is compatible with the corresponding systems of operations. Such homomorphisms are called representations of the type theory. More generally, any functor from the category underlying the term C-system of the type theory to another category may be called a representation of the type theory in that category. Since objects and morphisms of term models are built from formulas of the type theory and objects and morphisms of abstract C-systems are built from mathematical objects such as sets or homotopy types and the corresponding functions, such representations provide a mathematical meaning to formulas of type theory.

In the case of the pure Calculus of Constructions with a "decorated" application operation this conjecture was proved in 1988 by Thomas Streicher.


EMI in the solution 1 evoked the decreasing of ORP value and the increasing pH value, i.e. the recombination of ions H + and OH − or capture of ions by biological components of medium. The decreasing of ORP value is connected with the activation of water molecules, but the increasing of pH value-the result of the dissociation of activated water molecules [26] . Another data was noted in the solution 2: the J. Biomedical Science and Engineering increasing of ORP value with the unchanging pH value, it, apparently, is connected with the stabilization properties of organic components of the solution.

The decreasing of ORP value is connected with the activation of water molecules, but the increasing of pH value-the result of the dissociation of activated water molecules.


However, it should be noted that there are some difficulties during the carrying out of ORP measuring in biological mediums due to electrochemical method. These difficulties are connected with the fact that in oxidation-reduction systems it is necessary to take into account not only the oxidation-reduction properties of the investigating medium, but and the state of electrode surface [24] . Given this, we considered it is expedient to fulfill the investigations on the model of biological medium.

These difficulties are connected with the fact that in oxidation-reduction systems it is necessary to take into account not only the oxidation-reduction properties of the investigating medium, but and the state of electrode surface.


After liberation when Dhaka Stock Exchange resumed trading activities in 1976, only 9 companies were listed having a paid up capital of Taka 137.52 million on the stock exchange [1] . By the end of 2005 number of securities listed on DSE became 260 with market capital of Taka 228,574.85 million. As the market grew investment friendly rules and regulations were needed to be introduced. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established on 8th June, 1993 under the Securities and Exchange Commission Act, 1993 to protect the interests of securities investors, to develop and maintain fair, transparent, and efficient securities markets, and to ensure proper issuance of securities and compliance with securities laws.

After liberation when Dhaka Stock Exchange resumed trading activities in 1976, only 9 companies were listed having a paid up capital of Taka 137.52 million on the stock exchange.


Nevertheless, the mastery of research methods is a critical skill in higher education, both to prepare students to undertake original research and to enable them to critically analyse research findings (Doyle & Buckley, 2013; Zablotsky, 2001) . Recent research has suggested that teaching research methods using passive, lecturebased approaches has met with limited success and can result in decreased student motivation and interest (Ball & Pelco, 2006; Edwards & Thatcher, 2004) . As a result, attempts have been made to develop new approaches that students may find more accessible (Ball & Pelco, 2006; Benson & Blackman, 2003; Edwards & Thatcher, 2004) .

Nevertheless, the mastery of research methods is a critical skill in higher education, both to prepare students to undertake original research and to enable them to critically analyse research findings.

Recent research has suggested that teaching research methods using passive, lecturebased approaches has met with limited success and can result in decreased student motivation and interest.

As a result, attempts have been made to develop new approaches that students may find more accessible.


In addition, courses are often focused on teaching theory rather than the application of research and are often delivered using a passive, lecture-based format (Benson & Blackman, 2003) . Students may thus form a poor perceptual link between learning research methods as an academic subject and the application of their learning to future studies (Benson & Blackman, 2003) . In addition, students may lack the skills necessary for the selection and use of qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis procedures (Edwards & Thatcher, 2004) .

In addition, courses are often focused on teaching theory rather than the application of research and are often delivered using a passive, lecture-based format.

Students may thus form a poor perceptual link between learning research methods as an academic subject and the application of their learning to future studies.

In addition, students may lack the skills necessary for the selection and use of qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis procedures.


We use partial least square (PLS) to analyse the data. PLS is a method of settling the structural equation modelling (SEM), which is in this case (according to the research purpose), is more precise than the other SEM techniques (Ghozali, 2006) . We predict that the effect of ICP to company's financial performance may take place in the coming year(s). Therefore, we conduct tests using lag-1 and lag-2. In addition, the use of lag-1 and lag-2 is to prove that MVAIC can be used to predict future financial performances.

PLS is a method of settling the structural equation modelling (SEM), which is in this case (according to the research purpose), is more precise than the other SEM techniques.


There are general two kinds of methods to solve the optimal control problems, indirect method and direct method [1] [2] [3] . The indirect method uses the Pontryagin minimum principle and the first-order optimal necessary conditions to convert the optimal problem to two or more points boundary value problem. This method could obtain the exact optimal solution. The advantages of the indirect method are obtaining the high precision solution, satisfying the optimality of the first-order necessary conditions. The disadvantages are the small convergence radius and highly sensitive costate which is difficult to estimate. In recently years, direct methods have been widely applied for the numerical solution of nonlinear optimal control problems [4, 5] . The state and control are discretized at a series of suitable points in a direct method, then the continuous-time optimal control is converted into a finite dimensional nonlinear programming problem (NLP), and the next procedure is using the NLP solver software to solve the NLP [6] .

There are general two kinds of methods to solve the optimal control problems, indirect method and direct method.

In recently years, direct methods have been widely applied for the numerical solution of nonlinear optimal control problems.

The state and control are discretized at a series of suitable points in a direct method, then the continuous-time optimal control is converted into a finite dimensional nonlinear programming problem (NLP), and the next procedure is using the NLP solver software to solve the NLP.


Two different equations were also obtained to model the packet length probability density function using the Matlab fitting tool [26] . The equations use a sum of two Exponential two Normal distributions. The disadvantage is that, with the Exponential, four parameters are needed to adjust, and the use of Normal distribution implies six parameters to adjust. In both cases, the results are better then ) ( p B , but the increase in the number of parameters, makes it more difficult to associate the measured parameters and the variables present in the computer network traffic.

Two different equations were also obtained to model the packet length probability density function using the Matlab fitting tool.


The six machine learning methods will be used in this analysis to estimate both gas and electricity use in London. These methods are full linear, Lasso, MARS, SVM, Bagging MARS, and boosting. Except for the full linear model, the parameters in other five approaches need to be tuned to derive a model that best matches the data. In this study, the cross-validation resampling method is used to adjust/tune the parameters [11] . This means that a given dataset is randomly divided into k sets (also called k-fold) with almost the same size. A statistical model is obtained using all k-1 sets, except for one set (acted as a held-out sample). This held-out set is used to judge the predictive performance for a statistical model. In the next iteration, all the data except for the second set is used to fit a new model and the second set acts as a held-out sample to assess the performance of this new model. This procedure is carried out for all the k sets. It should be emphasized that the computational cost is very high for some machine learning methods. For example, if a method requires 2 parameters to be tuned, and one chooses to carry out 10-fold cross validation, then 120 statistical models need to be generated (each parameter can have 6 possible values). R caret package, developed by Max Kuhn, is used for all the statistical computation in this research [12] .

In this study, the cross-validation resampling method is used to adjust/tune the parameters.

R caret package, developed by Max Kuhn, is used for all the statistical computation in this research.


Note that the data needs to be pre-processed in order to efficiently implement the machine learning methods described above. The three steps have been used in this analysis: (1) remove linear dependencies; (2) delete highly correlated predictors; (3) center and scale original data. Firstly, the QR decomposition is used to find the linear dependencies among input variables and remove them from the analysis. The benefit of this operation is to increase the stability of numerical computation. Indeed, some statistical methods cannot be properly used without removing these linear dependencies. The second step is to identify correlated predictors and delete these variables if the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.75 [8] . Reducing the number of predictors has some advantages. Fewer variables indicate a simpler model and also reduce computational cost, which often results in a parsimonious and more interpretable model. The third step is to center (zero mean) and scale (standard deviation of one) the predictors before training the statistical models [8] . These manipulations can increase the numerical stability for machine learning methods.

The second step is to identify correlated predictors and delete these variables if the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.75.

The third step is to center (zero mean) and scale (standard deviation of one) the predictors before training the statistical models.


Firstly, neoliberalism requires a theory of power which can critically analyse the normative production of feminine subjects whose attributes contrast directly with the passivity that top-down patriarchal power made a requirement. Feminist research has examined the myriad of ways that young women today are often celebrated as exemplars of a self-determining, confident, calculating, entrepreneurial selfhood central to contemporary governmentality (Gill and Scharff 2011; Phipps and Young 2015) . In direct contrast to the femininity conjured by liberal political thought, whose essential character bound women to the private sphere and naturally excluded them from the status of autonomous identity, the idealised neoliberal feminine subject has become an 'egotistical subject of interest, a subject making free choices based on rational, economic calculation' (Oksala 2011, p. 114 ).

Feminist research has examined the myriad of ways that young women today are often celebrated as exemplars of a self-determining, confident, calculating, entrepreneurial selfhood central to contemporary governmentality.


Industrial and mining activities are the main sources of Cd liberated into the air, water, and soil (UNEP, 2008) . Some agricultural practices, such as sustained application of P and N fertilizers with ammonium sources have also led to Cd accumulation and increase availability on the soil surface (Chen et al., 2008; Bhargava et al., 2012) . Other factors affecting Cd availability and mobility in the soil are pH, moisture, organic matter, type and quantity of clay (Bhargava et al., 2012) .

Industrial and mining activities are the main sources of Cd liberated into the air, water, and soil.

Some agricultural practices, such as sustained application of P and N fertilizers with ammonium sources have also led to Cd accumulation and increase availability on the soil surface.

Other factors affecting Cd availability and mobility in the soil are pH, moisture, organic matter, type and quantity of clay.


However, approaches based on holistic environmental LCA methods can estimate the total environmental impacts across the entire supply-chain, and earlier studies suggest that using narrowly defined estimation boundaries will generally lead to large underestimates of carbon emissions and other environmental life cycle impacts (Suh et al. 2004) . Although these models are very successful in including the entire economic supply chain that would be mostly missed with P-LCA, analysis of specific processes is not found to be as detailed as P-LCA. In order to take advantage of both economic input-output LCA (EIO-LCA) 940 Noori, Kucukvar, and Tatari and P-LCA, hybrid LCA models were developed to combine both models to provide a more detailed and powerful assessment methodology (Bullard, Penner, and Pilati 1978) .

However, approaches based on holistic environmental LCA methods can estimate the total environmental impacts across the entire supply-chain, and earlier studies suggest that using narrowly defined estimation boundaries will generally lead to large underestimates of carbon emissions and other environmental life cycle impacts.

In order to take advantage of both economic input-output LCA (EIO-LCA) 940 Noori, Kucukvar, and Tatari and P-LCA, hybrid LCA models were developed to combine both models to provide a more detailed and powerful assessment methodology.


To answer the questions related to environmental impacts of wind energy technologies, life cycle assessment (LCA) models could be utilized. LCA is a well-established decision-making tool that aims to quantify the environmental impacts of a product or a process from cradle to grave by including several life cycle phases; raw material extraction and processing, manufacturing, use phase, and end-of-life (ISO 1997) . Goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory analysis, life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation of results represent the main consequent steps of a generic LCA methodology (ISO 1998; 2000a; 2000b) . In general, processed-based LCA (P-LCA) suffers from the unwanted errors due to narrowly defined system boundaries. In these LCA models, only on-site, mostly first-order, and some of the second-order impacts are considered (Lenzen 2000; Lenzen and Munksgaard 2006) .

LCA is a well-established decision-making tool that aims to quantify the environmental impacts of a product or a process from cradle to grave by including several life cycle phases; raw material extraction and processing, manufacturing, use phase, and end-of-life.

Goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory analysis, life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation of results represent the main consequent steps of a generic LCA methodology.

In these LCA models, only on-site, mostly first-order, and some of the second-order impacts are considered.


There were 4175 drowning deaths with a recorded Australian state/territory of residence during the fifteen year study period; 210 of which occurred on a public holiday in the drowning victim's place of residence. Annual deaths on public holidays show significant variation, as low as 9 deaths Results are reported in accordance with the STROBE statement [20] . This study received ethics approval from the Victorian Department of Justice and Regulation Human Research Ethics Committee (JHREC) (CF/07/13729; CF/10/25057, CF/13/19798).

Annual deaths on public holidays show significant variation, as low as 9 deaths Results are reported in accordance with the STROBE statement.


Topical repellents have the potential to reduce vector contact in this setting. Field trials in Thailand and Malaysia show di-ethyl-N,N-toluamide (DEET) concentrations of 15-20% decrease mosquito biting by over 83% [8] [9] [10] . However few trials have been able to demonstrate an effect on malaria transmission by the use of insect repellent. On the Thai-Myanmar border, pregnant women were given either thanaka (a traditional cosmetic derived from Limonia acidissima) mixed with DEET or thanaka alone. Although a 29% reduction in P. falciparum was observed, the transmission level was too low for this to be statistically significant [11] . Similarly, in Afghanistan low malaria rates meant a 45% reduction in malaria (96% of cases were P. vivax) observed in people using a repellent soap containing 20% DEET and 5% permethrin was non-significant [12] . In Ecuador and Peru a village randomised trial of repellent soap found no reduction in malaria compared to untreated controls [13] . Nonetheless, a 56% reduction in the odds of P. falciparum infection was found in Pakistan amongst households using repellent soap compared to those using a placebo, although no effect was found for P. vivax infections [14] . Households using 30% p-Menthane-3,8-diol (PMD, a repellent derived from lemon eucalyptus, Eucalyptus maculata citriodon) in Bolivia had an 80% lower incidence of P. vivax [15] . There was also an 82% reduction in P. falciparum but case numbers were too low to reach significance. A number of common problems have affected the results of these trials. Lower than expected malaria rates have resulted in insufficient sample sizes and non-significant reductions. Compliance is also very important, since repellent requires application every few hours it is easy to forget, lose and even apply in insufficient doses. The inconsistency of these results means that it is not yet established whether the use of insect repellent can reduce malaria infection.

Field trials in Thailand and Malaysia show di-ethyl-N,N-toluamide (DEET) concentrations of 15-20% decrease mosquito biting by over 83%.

Although a 29% reduction in P. falciparum was observed, the transmission level was too low for this to be statistically significant.

Similarly, in Afghanistan low malaria rates meant a 45% reduction in malaria (96% of cases were P. vivax) observed in people using a repellent soap containing 20% DEET and 5% permethrin was non-significant.

In Ecuador and Peru a village randomised trial of repellent soap found no reduction in malaria compared to untreated controls.

Nonetheless, a 56% reduction in the odds of P. falciparum infection was found in Pakistan amongst households using repellent soap compared to those using a placebo, although no effect was found for P. vivax infections.

Households using 30% p-Menthane-3,8-diol (PMD, a repellent derived from lemon eucalyptus, Eucalyptus maculata citriodon) in Bolivia had an 80% lower incidence of P. vivax.


In recent years, cancer prevention by means of natural products has received considerable attention. The potential protective role of cruciferous vegetables and certain active components present in these vegetables, such as isothiocyanates and indole-3-carbinol (I3C), has been extensively studied in experimental in vitro and in vivo carcinogenesis models. The results of these experiments indicate that some chemoprotective agents derived from vegetables of the Cruciferae family influence carcinogenesis, both during the initiation and the promotion of cancer development [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . The major in vivo product derived from the acid-catalyzed condensation of I3C is 3,3 -diindolylmethane (DIM), Scheme 1, a favorable antitumor agent; in particular, several studies have revealed its clinical efficacy against various epithelial cancers, including endometrial and mammary tumors [7, 8] . In addition, I3C and DIM are currently among the most popular adjunct therapies for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis because of their effectiveness and low levels of toxicity [9, 10] . Certain compounds containing B-N bonds possess broad biological activity including insecticidal, fungicidal, herbicidal, antibacterial, calcium channel-blocking and antineoplastic activities [11] [12] [13] [14] . Recently, the proteosome inhibitor PS341, an -amidoboronic acid, was approved as an effective antineoplastic agent [15] . Moreover, several amino boron compounds have been used in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and in chemotherapeutic forms of cancer treatment [16, 17] .

The results of these experiments indicate that some chemoprotective agents derived from vegetables of the Cruciferae family influence carcinogenesis, both during the initiation and the promotion of cancer development.

The major in vivo product derived from the acid-catalyzed condensation of I3C is 3,3 -diindolylmethane (DIM), Scheme 1, a favorable antitumor agent; in particular, several studies have revealed its clinical efficacy against various epithelial cancers, including endometrial and mammary tumors.

In addition, I3C and DIM are currently among the most popular adjunct therapies for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis because of their effectiveness and low levels of toxicity.

Certain compounds containing B-N bonds possess broad biological activity including insecticidal, fungicidal, herbicidal, antibacterial, calcium channel-blocking and antineoplastic activities.

Recently, the proteosome inhibitor PS341, an -amidoboronic acid, was approved as an effective antineoplastic agent.

Moreover, several amino boron compounds have been used in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and in chemotherapeutic forms of cancer treatment.


These results describe the comparative cytotoxic efficacies of alpha, beta and Auger electron-emitting radioconjugates of the targeting agent MIBG using a neuroblastoma cell line grown in monolayer and spheroid culture. Our findings clearly demonstrate a relationship between the physical characteristics of radionuclides and their therapeutic effectiveness in experimental in vitro therapy (Table 1 (Strickland et al, 1994) . The results presented here confirm this effect in small spheroids. Its efficacy in large spheroids was not determined.

Our findings clearly demonstrate a relationship between the physical characteristics of radionuclides and their therapeutic effectiveness in experimental in vitro therapy (Table 1.


Our efforts to directly measure the ion spectrum in the high cluster density regime (> 10 13 clusters cm −3 ) with the clusters of a similar size and at the same laser intensity yielded an image that is very different. As seen in figure 2(b), in dense cluster ensemble experiments we do not find any highly charged ions and the spectrum is dominated only by C + and O + , which were negligibly small in figure 2(a) . The inset shows a line cut of the parabolic image showing the presence of predominantly singly charged ions. In Coulomb explosion of clusters it is expected that the low charge state (if they exist) have low energy and the high charge states have high energy. Contrary to this expectation, in figure 2(b) we have low charge state ions of high kinetic energy (parabolic traces corresponding to C + and O + in figure 2(b) extend very close to the origin). Inter-cluster interaction at high density appears to have reduced the highly charged ions with very little change in the kinetic energy and hence we have O + and C + ions with high kinetic energy. In fact, the charge reduction seems to go even further; in figure 2(b) we see a small trace of parabola in the direction diametrically opposite to the positive ion traces, indicating the presence of even negative ions. We reverse the bias of the voltage applied on the electrodes and the polarity of the applied magnetic fields to disperse the negative ions on the major portion of the detector. The resultant TP image, under otherwise similar experimental conditions and interaction parameters, is shown in figure 3(a) . We see a clear signature of O − and C − ions. In addition to the fact that there are two O atoms per CO 2 molecule, O − is the dominant negative ion, presumably because of a much larger electron affinity of O [24] . Negative ion signal is detected only under high cluster densities (see figures 3(b) and (c)) and the fact that this is accompanied by high-energy low charge state ions (C + and O + ) seems to suggest very strongly that this is not an intracluster process but an effect of inter-cluster interactions.

In addition to the fact that there are two O atoms per CO 2 molecule, O − is the dominant negative ion, presumably because of a much larger electron affinity of O.


In summary, we observe the emission of highly energetic negative ions as large as 300 keV from a densely clustered medium with a particle yield comparable to the positive ions. The origin of these negative ions is extraneous to the ionization of single nanoclusters and is attributed to highly efficient electron transfers from a sheath of Rydberg excited clusters around the focal volume. It is found that low-energy electrons emitted from the nanoclusters within focal volume are key to the formation of Rydberg excitations as well as the generation of negative ions. Our analysis reveals meagre negative ion counts sans these electronic excitations. Also, the negative ion yield strongly depends on the cluster density and the maximum O − energy is a function of the cluster size. Our analysis comprehensively explains the generation of accelerated negative ions. Combining compact laser-based ion sources with conventional acceleration is being considered for many applications including medical diagnostics and cancer treatment [40] . The copious generation of accelerated negative ions shown in this work opens up the possibility of conceiving tandem acceleration schemes.

Combining compact laser-based ion sources with conventional acceleration is being considered for many applications including medical diagnostics and cancer treatment.


To further explore the role of both peptides (DDDDK and KGISSQY) within the prodomain we generated two more mutants containing only the KGISSQY PSA substrate as the propeptide on the N-termini of TRP and GZMB deemed PSA-TRP and PSA-GZMB respectively. We then expressed these mutants in mammalian cells using the same methodology and found that both PSA-GZMB and PSA-TRP expressed at much lower levels than the EK-containing PSA-activated variants suggesting that the EK piece promotes proper folding and expression of these enzymes. Furthermore, PSA-TRP and PSA-GZMB had substantially less enzymatic activity when incubated with PSA for the same length of time as EK-PSA-TRP and EK-PSA-GZMB with PSA-GZMB having no detectable GZMB activity after a 4 hour incubation with PSA. This furthers indicates that the EK propeptide may play a role in the proper folding of the inactive zymogen to allow for fully functional enzyme once the EK peptide is proteolytically removed. The finding that the DDDDK propeptide appeared to promote proper folding, proper presentation of the KGISSQY peptide activation substrate, and direct inhibition of the enzymes when attached, consideration should be given to its inclusion in other applications that require selective activation of a target protease. To fully characterize both EK-PSA-GZMB and EK-PSA-TRP's ability to target cells in culture both proteins were incubated with cells in serum free media to prevent PSA inactivation by serum protease inhibitors. However, cells were first plated in 10% FBS containing media to allow for attachment prior to transfer to serum free media. EK-PSA-GZMB produced obvious morphological effects and growth inhibition on all cell lines only when co-incubated with PSA. In contrast, EK-PSA-TRP only had effects on LNCaP cells in the presence of PSA but had no effect on the other cell lines tested. This is likely due to the fact that many cancer lines secrete anti-trypsin protease inhibitors as a mechanism to prevent extracellular damage via trypsin and trypsin like proteases [20, 21] . GZMB, on the other hand, has been shown to be resistant to inhibition via serum protease inhibitors which would explain the discrepancy in effect between these two proteins. EK-PSA-GZMB also inhibited growth of stromal fibroblast cells suggesting that following PSA activation in the tumor microenvironment, this protein has the potential to have a broad bystander effect on multiple cell types To determine if GZMB's effects were due to ECM disruption, we precoated tissue culture plates coated with ECM proteins from FBS then exposed the plate to GZMB in a cell free context. Following GZMB removal, cells were plated in serum free media. We observed very similar morphologic and growth inhibitory effects on both LNCaP and CWR22Rv1 cell lines. Because the cell morphology was very similar to that of the cells co-incubated with PSA and EK-PSA-GZMB in co-culture experiments, we concluded that the effects seen were due to ECM disruption caused by GZMB proteolysis.

This is likely due to the fact that many cancer lines secrete anti-trypsin protease inhibitors as a mechanism to prevent extracellular damage via trypsin and trypsin like proteases.


The evaluation of the AS ICD-9 code demonstrated a reasonably high PPV for axSpA (83.3%). This is similar to the PPV of ≥1 AS ICD-9 code for AS reported in a Veteran population attending rheumatology clinics (83%) [22] . However, the PPV estimates in both of these studies are likely overestimated compared to the PPV in the general population, since these population were enriched with AS patients, and PPV estimates increase when the prevalence of the underlying condition increases.

This is similar to the PPV of ≥1 AS ICD-9 code for AS reported in a Veteran population attending rheumatology clinics (83%).