In recent years, the study on hypersonic vehicle has a rapid development with human's exploration in space [1] . The hypersonic vehicle has a wide range of applications in both military and civilian use, such as global strike and space transportation. To realize an effective and reliable flight, generation of an optimal trajectory is one of the key technologies to enhance the global reach capability of hypersonic vehicle. Reentry trajectory optimization has always been considered as a difficult problem due to its strong nonlinearity in motion equations and constraints [2] . Reentry trajectory optimization is an optimal control problem, and there are two categories of methods to solve such problems, that is, indirect methods and direct methods [3] . In indirect methods, the solution model is transformed into a Hamiltonian boundary-value problem through variation method or Pontryagin maximum principle, and then the problem can be solved with the Newton method, conjugate gradient method, and so on [4] . A high accuracy of solution is the main advantage of the indirect method, while a relatively accurate guess of initial solution limits its application. The main idea of the direct methods is to discretize the dynamic process of system and convert the optimal control problem to a nonlinear programming problem [5] . Compared to the indirect methods, the constraints and the objective function are not necessarily continuous and differentiable in the direct methods. However, the direct methods have a slower convergence rate and cannot guarantee finding the global optimal solution. Among the direct methods, the metaheuristic algorithms are widely applied in solving the combinatorial optimization problem. Those algorithms are a combination of stochastic algorithm and local search algorithm, and the deviation of the optimal solution from the feasible solution usually cannot be estimated.

In recent years, the study on hypersonic vehicle has a rapid development with human's exploration in space.

Reentry trajectory optimization has always been considered as a difficult problem due to its strong nonlinearity in motion equations and constraints.

Reentry trajectory optimization is an optimal control problem, and there are two categories of methods to solve such problems, that is, indirect methods and direct methods.

In indirect methods, the solution model is transformed into a Hamiltonian boundary-value problem through variation method or Pontryagin maximum principle, and then the problem can be solved with the Newton method, conjugate gradient method, and so on.

The main idea of the direct methods is to discretize the dynamic process of system and convert the optimal control problem to a nonlinear programming problem.


Doppler spectra are important in many fields ranging from target detection over sea surface, remote sensing at sea, and extraction of wave parameters from simulated and measured radar sea echoes [1] [2] [3] . Doppler spectra analysis depends on wind speed and radar parameters for a time-varying sea surface. The Doppler shift is related to a power-weighted mean velocity of the moving scatterer. Moreover, the Doppler bandwidth is determined by the variance of the velocity distribution of the scatter units on the scatterer [4] . When a moving target is located above sea surface, the signals from the target may be submerged by the signals from sea clutter. Therefore, the Doppler spectrum analysis of the composite model seems promising. In general, Monte Carlo Doppler simulations from time-evolving surfaces are more computationally demanding than common scattering calculations from time-frozen surfaces, and they are more challenging in Doppler spectral simulations of electrical large-scale targets in actual sea background because of their large computer memory and huge computational cost [5] .

Doppler spectra are important in many fields ranging from target detection over sea surface, remote sensing at sea, and extraction of wave parameters from simulated and measured radar sea echoes.

Moreover, the Doppler bandwidth is determined by the variance of the velocity distribution of the scatter units on the scatterer.

In general, Monte Carlo Doppler simulations from time-evolving surfaces are more computationally demanding than common scattering calculations from time-frozen surfaces, and they are more challenging in Doppler spectral simulations of electrical large-scale targets in actual sea background because of their large computer memory and huge computational cost.


All simulations were obtained on a computer with a 2.93 GHz processor (Intel Core i3 CPU), 3.85 GHz memory, and Intel Visual Fortran compiler XE. The validity of PO method for the scattering of sea surface should be considered. For the scattering of rough surface alone, the PO method is known as KA. For the conditions that meet > and = √ 2 / < 0.25, KA is applicable [20] . For the PM spectrum, both the root mean square (rms) height and correlation length are related to wind speed [13] . Therefore, is the rms slope of the rough surface that is commonly used to describe the roughness of a surface.

For the conditions that meet > and = √ 2 / < 0.25, KA is applicable.

For the PM spectrum, both the root mean square (rms) height and correlation length are related to wind speed.


Mitochondria play a central role in energy-generating processes within the cell but, in addition, constitute a crucial source of products which facilitate apoptosis. These include the release of cytochrome c and other aptogenic proteins such as Smac/DIABLO or OMI [10*] . Cytochrome c binds to apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) and this complex (the apoptosome) activates caspase 9 [11, 12] . Smac/DIABLO and OMI on the other hand facilitate apoptosis by binding to inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), which bind to and inhibit effector caspases.

Cytochrome c binds to apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) and this complex (the apoptosome) activates caspase 9.


Scholars have utilized several approaches to study the resilience of the CISs, all of which can be divided into two broad categories of qualitative and quantitative resilience assessment [4] [5] [6] [7] . Among the quantitative approaches, one robust method is the network analysis approach. There are many reasons to justify the application of network analysis in the infrastructure system assessment. First of all the network has been used to represent many man-made, social, and biological systems, such as transportation infrastructures and underground water or sewer systems. For instance, in urban studies, the network approach has been applied to evaluate the traffic flow and land use changes [8] . Secondly, infrastructure networks are considered to be supply networks, the resilience of which is defined as the potential for remaining operational under any disruption and preserving its connectedness despite structural or functional losses [9] . That is why the analysis of the infrastructure resilience using different methods of network analysis is inevitable. These reasons, as well as several other studies on the assessment of infrastructural systems, confirm that the network method can be considered a strong tool in the study of CISs [5, 7, [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .

Scholars have utilized several approaches to study the resilience of the CISs, all of which can be divided into two broad categories of qualitative and quantitative resilience assessment.

For instance, in urban studies, the network approach has been applied to evaluate the traffic flow and land use changes.

Secondly, infrastructure networks are considered to be supply networks, the resilience of which is defined as the potential for remaining operational under any disruption and preserving its connectedness despite structural or functional losses.

These reasons, as well as several other studies on the assessment of infrastructural systems, confirm that the network method can be considered a strong tool in the study of CISs.


This work can be further extended in several interesting directions. Firstly, the proposed network approach could be enhanced through the use of existing techniques in social network analyses and exploring the possibility of developing better algorithms for assessing the resilience of infrastructures with consideration of the disruption data and patterns [16] . Secondly, this method advances the concept of modeling physical civil infrastructure networks via numerous social networks and assesses the interdependency or dependency of the infrastructures and human-infrastructure coupling [35, 36] . Thirdly, based on the experimental information, the size of the data can be examined in the future to observe the impacts of the size on the accuracy of the model and to possibly find the threshold for this purpose. Finally, the proposed model creates the opportunity to bring new indices to network analyses, enabling them to evaluate the resilience concept, as well as fostering the potential of applying link prediction methods to evolve civil infrastructure networks that face perturbations and to increase their robustness.

Firstly, the proposed network approach could be enhanced through the use of existing techniques in social network analyses and exploring the possibility of developing better algorithms for assessing the resilience of infrastructures with consideration of the disruption data and patterns.

Secondly, this method advances the concept of modeling physical civil infrastructure networks via numerous social networks and assesses the interdependency or dependency of the infrastructures and human-infrastructure coupling.


The Table 1 displays a significantly positive relationship between students' mathematical beliefs and abstract thought scores in terms of both total scores and sub-dimension scores (except the sub-dimension of steps) (p<.05). It is a fact that students hold the common belief that mathematics is made up of abstract concepts and that comprehending abstract concepts is difficult (Moralı, Köroğlu & Çelik, 2004) . In this study, a significantly positive relationship was found between students' mathematical beliefs and abstract thought scores. Abstract thought refers to a cognitive concept involving higher-order, or complex, thoughts and, to be able to think in an abstract manner implies that one is able to draw conclusions or illustrate relationships among concepts in a manner beyond what is obvious (Apps, 2008) . However, there are individual differences in this area. Progressing onto abstract processes is, apart from being a biological function, an environmental transmission; in other words, it is closely related to education (Atasoy & Ertürk, 2008) . Within this context, the beliefs and attitudes that are formed with the influence of the environment and education can have a positive or negative effect. The relationship reported in the literature between abstract thought, inherent in the nature of mathematics, and positive mathematical beliefs supports the results of the present study.

It is a fact that students hold the common belief that mathematics is made up of abstract concepts and that comprehending abstract concepts is difficult.

Abstract thought refers to a cognitive concept involving higher-order, or complex, thoughts and, to be able to think in an abstract manner implies that one is able to draw conclusions or illustrate relationships among concepts in a manner beyond what is obvious.

Progressing onto abstract processes is, apart from being a biological function, an environmental transmission; in other words, it is closely related to education.


In addition to the direct propagation path, the reflected and diffracted rays are also important in indoor environment. In this case the phase-correct sum of electromagnetic wave provides the resultant field strength, which ruins the monotonicity of field strength versus distance characteristic of the free space. The received power fluctuates around a mean value varying the distance between the transmitter and receiver. The distribution of the fluctuation is Rice in case of LoS, while it is Rayleigh when there are only indirect pathways. The fluctuation of the signal level has to be reduced to enhance the accuracy of the distance measurement and as a result the efficiency of the positioning. A possible solution is the usage of directed antennas, since in this case the signals from the indirect paths are suppressed, supposing that the main directions of the transmitter and receiver antennas are faced each other [1] [2] [3] . Another option is the application of circular-polarized (CP) antennas instead of linear-polarized (LP) ones [4, 5] . After a reflection, the circularly polarized electromagnetic wave becomes circularly polarized in the opposite direction. This means that the reflected wave is cross polarized in terms of the receiving antenna, therefore, the antenna is insensitive to it. In other words, the antenna suppresses every ray suffered odd number of reflection and, thereby, the fluctuation of the received signal level is reduced. Another favourable feature of the circularly polarized antennas is their insensitivity to rotation in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation [6] . Algorithmic solution has been also developed to decrease the dependence of received signal level from the orientation of the mobile device [7] . In mobile applications it is preferred if the mobile device is equipped with omnidirectional antenna. However, the creation of the omnidirectional and circularly polarized antenna is a hard task in practice [4] . Therefore, we propose the application of circularly polarized antennas for fixed installation transmitter or receiver, while application of linearly polarized omnidirectional antennas is suggested in case of the mobile device. This solution reduces the fluctuation of the signal level arisen from the orientation of the mobile unit as well as decreases the signal variation which is resulted from the existence of indirect pathways. The proposed antenna configuration provides a 3 dB lower signal level than two identical polarized antennas in case of free space, however, the accuracy of the positioning is not affected. In addition, in an indoor environment the decrease of the field strength is higher-order power moving away from the transmitter in case of two linearly polarized antennas, than utilizing circular and linear polarized ones. For this reason, increasing the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, the above described power loss reduces at first, then it turns into gain.

A possible solution is the usage of directed antennas, since in this case the signals from the indirect paths are suppressed, supposing that the main directions of the transmitter and receiver antennas are faced each other.

Another option is the application of circular-polarized (CP) antennas instead of linear-polarized (LP) ones.

Another favourable feature of the circularly polarized antennas is their insensitivity to rotation in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Algorithmic solution has been also developed to decrease the dependence of received signal level from the orientation of the mobile device.

However, the creation of the omnidirectional and circularly polarized antenna is a hard task in practice.


In order to isolate the effect of turbulence intensity from that of the mean shear, an additional simulation was performed using a synthetic inflow velocity field that has the same mean velocity as the inflow of the above-described roughest case, but the turbulence (velocity fluctuations) corresponding to the smoothest case. Our results reveal that turbulence intensity has a stronger effect on the structure and characteristics of wind-turbine wakes (e.g., spatial distribution of velocity deficit and turbulence intensity) than that of the mean wind shear. Besides, resolution sensitivity analysis shows that the mean velocity results have very little resolution dependence as long as at least seven grid points are used across the rotor diameter in the vertical direction, and five points in the spanwise direction. This outcome is consistent with the results obtained using the same LES framework by Wu and Porté-Agel [22] .

This outcome is consistent with the results obtained using the same LES framework by Wu and Porté-Agel.


A series of numerical experiments were carried out to study the effect of atmospheric turbulence on stand-alone wind-turbine wakes. Large-eddy simulations of neutral atmospheric boundary layers over flat surfaces with different aerodynamic roughness lengths z 0 = 0.5, 0.05, 0.005, and 0.00005 m were performed to investigate the characteristics of wind-turbine wakes in cases where the incident flows to the wind turbine have the same mean velocity at the hub height but different mean wind shears and turbulence intensity levels. These roughness lengths considered in this study are representative of land surface types, including very rough terrain (z 0 ≈ 0.5 m), farmlands (z 0 ≈ 0.05 m), grasslands (z 0 ≈ 0.005 m), and snow-covered flats (z 0 ≈ 0.00005 m) [38] .

These roughness lengths considered in this study are representative of land surface types, including very rough terrain (z 0 ≈ 0.5 m), farmlands (z 0 ≈ 0.05 m), grasslands (z 0 ≈ 0.005 m), and snow-covered flats (z 0 ≈ 0.00005 m).


As for the management of schwannomas, multiple treatment options exist including observation, complete tumor excision, and intracapsular enucleation [6, 7] . For tumors arising from the major cranial nerves, complete tumor resection renders lifelong morbidity to the patients. On the other hand, the nerve-preserving excision method, such as intracapsular enucleation, does not guarantee intact nerve function after surgery. Because of the substantial chance of nerve palsy after operation, obtaining an accurate preoperative diagnosis, and preferably, with the identification of the nerve of origin is crucial to the management of the disease.

As for the management of schwannomas, multiple treatment options exist including observation, complete tumor excision, and intracapsular enucleation.


Schwannoma is a benign neural sheath tumor, and it occurs in overall body areas including the head and neck region. As a slowly growing benign tumor, it has been reported that 25 to 45% of schwannomas were located in the extracranial head and neck region [1] . It involves the cranial nerves such as V, VII, X, XI, and XII or sympathetic and peripheral nerves [2] .

As a slowly growing benign tumor, it has been reported that 25 to 45% of schwannomas were located in the extracranial head and neck region.

It involves the cranial nerves such as V, VII, X, XI, and XII or sympathetic and peripheral nerves.


Rolling bearings are vital components of rotating machinery systems. With the development of rotating machinery devices, much attention has been focused on bearing fault diagnosis as a means of ensuring the safe operation of rotating machinery systems [1] . Catastrophic failure often evolves from a single early fault that spreads through the system. If a fault can be detected as early as possible, many disastrous accidents could be avoided. In order to ensure the reliable operation of a system, one must identify faults before deterioration occurs.

With the development of rotating machinery devices, much attention has been focused on bearing fault diagnosis as a means of ensuring the safe operation of rotating machinery systems.


In May 2010, in New Delhi, India, stairs trample accident occurred at the railway station, where two people died and five people wounded. Morning of November 17, 2006 , congestion accident of one hundred of high school students occurred when they walked down stairs and 12 students got injured due to extrusion in Xian Yang Second Primary Middle School. Late November 18, 2006 , the students in Jiang Xi Middle School were injured when they went down stairs in the night lessons because of the congestion. In the process of evacuation stairs, if there is a single flow of occupants, it will not produce the great congestion in evacuation stairs process. Occupants merging can lead to the increase of original pedestrian flow rate and cause occupants evacuation behavior and the principle of the occupants movement to change, and stairs congestion phenomenon will produce [3] . Therefore, the occupants merging is one of the important factors that causes congestion phenomenon in the process of stairs evacuation. It is significant to alleviate the pressure of the stairs evacuation and reduce the number of channel traffic accidents by researching evacuation ability in different merging form stairs.

Occupants merging can lead to the increase of original pedestrian flow rate and cause occupants evacuation behavior and the principle of the occupants movement to change, and stairs congestion phenomenon will produce.


From the perspective of human beings, some researchers thought that the occupants age could influence the result of evacuation; therefore, analyzing the evacuation situation of the elder and children is important to research the influence degree of occupants age [16] [17] [18] . In addition to the difference of age, there are many factors in the process of evacuation. Generally speaking, the sex ratio of the occupants may also affect the result of evacuation; the difference of sex will lead to the change of movement speed and movement path of the evacuation [1] . Meanwhile, the fatigue degree of occupants should be considered during stairs evacuation [19] . However, the occupant's behavior does not give a specific illustration. Therefore, Yun Chao Qu proposed an enhanced social force model to describe the occupant movement and evacuation dynamics on the stairs [20] . In addition to the factors in the social force model, the preference between occupants is considered as a factor in respect of affecting evacuation [21] . Meanwhile, Yi ping Zeng studied the human movement characteristics and human behavior performance and got that the selection preferences of personnel would also change when the surrounding environment changes [13] . In summary, factors such as physical exertion and behavior change will influence the walking speed and ultimately influence the process of evacuation [22] .

From the perspective of human beings, some researchers thought that the occupants age could influence the result of evacuation; therefore, analyzing the evacuation situation of the elder and children is important to research the influence degree of occupants age.

Generally speaking, the sex ratio of the occupants may also affect the result of evacuation; the difference of sex will lead to the change of movement speed and movement path of the evacuation.

Meanwhile, the fatigue degree of occupants should be considered during stairs evacuation.

Therefore, Yun Chao Qu proposed an enhanced social force model to describe the occupant movement and evacuation dynamics on the stairs.

In addition to the factors in the social force model, the preference between occupants is considered as a factor in respect of affecting evacuation.

Meanwhile, Yi ping Zeng studied the human movement characteristics and human behavior performance and got that the selection preferences of personnel would also change when the surrounding environment changes.

In summary, factors such as physical exertion and behavior change will influence the walking speed and ultimately influence the process of evacuation.


Through analyzing the process of the stairs evacuation, it is obvious that the occupants' behavior is important to the result of evacuation [3] . Therefore, it is necessary to choose an accurate model which can reflect the occupants' merging behavior. Jian yong Shi thought the occupant movement is defined by environment driving and established the agentbased evacuation model [24] . V. Dossetti used the agentbased model to analyze the human behavior and proved the feasibility of the agent-based model [25] . Meanwhile, Jaekoo Joo adopted agent-based model to establish a human behavior framework and verified the accuracy of agentbased model [6] . However, these studies did not consider the merging behavior in the stairs evacuation. It is necessary to establish a new model that takes merging behavior into account in stairs evacuation.

Through analyzing the process of the stairs evacuation, it is obvious that the occupants' behavior is important to the result of evacuation.

Jian yong Shi thought the occupant movement is defined by environment driving and established the agentbased evacuation model.

V. Dossetti used the agentbased model to analyze the human behavior and proved the feasibility of the agent-based model.

Meanwhile, Jaekoo Joo adopted agent-based model to establish a human behavior framework and verified the accuracy of agentbased model.


Over the past decade, occupants' movements on stairs have attracted a lot of researchers to study in order to make the process of evacuation as fast as possible and reduce stairs congestion [13] . When studying the evacuation of buildings, some researchers found that stairs evacuation is part of the evacuation of high-rise buildings, which has great significance in the whole evacuation process [14] . As the research deepens, the stairs evacuation is gradually separated from the building evacuation as a separate research object, the researchers explore the impact of stairs evacuation on the whole evacuation process. For stairs evacuation, researchers mainly study from two aspects: one is from stairs design, and the other is the evacuation behavior of occupants.

Over the past decade, occupants' movements on stairs have attracted a lot of researchers to study in order to make the process of evacuation as fast as possible and reduce stairs congestion.

When studying the evacuation of buildings, some researchers found that stairs evacuation is part of the evacuation of high-rise buildings, which has great significance in the whole evacuation process.


It should be noted that the problems of forming an employer's image in the labor market are well-studied by researchers all around the world. However, regarding the banking sector, this topic still needs to be elaborated more deeply. Indeed, banks traditionally do care about their image primarily to attract new clients, but usually are quite restrained in communications concerning the most important parameters which potential employees consider when choosing a future job, such as the psychological atmosphere in a team, the opportunities for professional growth and self-realization (self-esteem), management style, internal values and corporate culture (Braillard, 1988) . To be exact, some of the listed variables that characterize the company's internal potential are represented in the marketing communications of typical banks. But at the same time this is a kind of "external version" that in most cases is reduced to certain general declarations and the promotion of "socially justifiable" approaches to staffing policies. In such cases, practically the only source of reliable information for potential employees of the bank are believed to be rumors which are distributed either in personal communication or through social networks. Such a situation could be used intensely by unfair competitors. For example, right now in the era of anonymous communications there are so-called Employer Black Lists which include not only the banks which enjoy almost the greatest authority among social network users in Ukraine. Hence, any, even the most powerful financial organization, can become the victim of unfair competition targeting internal values.

Indeed, banks traditionally do care about their image primarily to attract new clients, but usually are quite restrained in communications concerning the most important parameters which potential employees consider when choosing a future job, such as the psychological atmosphere in a team, the opportunities for professional growth and self-realization (self-esteem), management style, internal values and corporate culture.


This study was performed to assess the possible antipruritic effects of different thermal stimulations (from temperatures 5°C to 45°C) at LI11 on compound 48/80induced scratching behaviour in a murine model. Compared with traditional moxibustion, which uses high thermal stimulation of acupoints, the application of 20°C at LI11 also significantly decreased compound 48/80induced scratching behaviour in mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report to suggest that cold stimulation at LI11 inhibits pruritogen-induced scratching in an animal model. By contrast, cold stimulation at the sham point did not inhibit scratching behaviour. Pre-treatment with RR at LI11 altered the antipruritic effects of 20°C thermal stimulation at LI11, suggesting that peripheral TRP ion channels may play a role in this effect. Since compound 48/80, a basic polypeptide with potent mast cell degranulating ability, can induce the flare and weal responses after intradermal injected, this pruritogenic agent is conducted in the study of inducing urticaria and the pruritus of atopic dermatitis [41] [42] [43] .

Since compound 48/80, a basic polypeptide with potent mast cell degranulating ability, can induce the flare and weal responses after intradermal injected, this pruritogenic agent is conducted in the study of inducing urticaria and the pruritus of atopic dermatitis.


The permeation and separation properties of thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are dictated by the structural and physicochemical characteristics of their surface polyamide thin films. These films are formed by interfacial polymerization (IP) of monomeric diamines dissolved in an aqueous solution-applied directly on a porous polysulfone support-and monomeric acid chlorides dissolved in a water-immiscible organic phase that is brought into contact with the aqueous solution [1] [2] [3] [4] . Typical monomers used in the IP are m-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC), which create a cross-linked, fully aromatic polyamide network, and result in RO membranes with rough surfaces commonly referred to as ridge and valley structures [3] . Characterization of polyamide thin films is challenging due to their complex and irregular morphology and average thicknesses below 250 nm [5] . Consequently, a complete understanding of how the physical nanostructure of polyamide thin films ultimately determines membrane transport and rejection mechanisms has yet to be established.

These films are formed by interfacial polymerization (IP) of monomeric diamines dissolved in an aqueous solution-applied directly on a porous polysulfone support-and monomeric acid chlorides dissolved in a water-immiscible organic phase that is brought into contact with the aqueous solution.

Typical monomers used in the IP are m-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC), which create a cross-linked, fully aromatic polyamide network, and result in RO membranes with rough surfaces commonly referred to as ridge and valley structures.

Characterization of polyamide thin films is challenging due to their complex and irregular morphology and average thicknesses below 250 nm.


In particular, let us consider the question of the largest circulation that a vortex ring can achieve by increasing L/D, keeping the average piston velocity fixed. In general, the vorticity flux provided by the separated shear layer is the main source of vorticity for the forming vortex ring (Didden 1979) . Therefore, a termination of the piston motion inhibits the flow of shear layer vorticity and thus its accumulation in the core region of the vortex ring. In this case, we should expect the circulation in the vortex formed to be approximately equal to the discharged circulation from the nozzle or orifice. In the limit of large L/D, the question arises about the existence of a limiting process which would inhibit the vortex ring from evolving (growing) indefinitely while still being fed by the vorticity emanating from the tube. In other words, for a given geometry, is there an upper limit to the maximum circulation that a vortex ring can acquire?

In general, the vorticity flux provided by the separated shear layer is the main source of vorticity for the forming vortex ring.


High-gain antennas with narrow half-power beamwidth (HPBW) are desired for long-distance communications, such as satellite commutations, deep space exploration, radar detection, radio astronomy, and military application. In the past few decades, parabolic reflectors and phase arrays have been normally designed for these requirements. Parabolic reflectors possess some advantages such as low cost, simple geometric construction, and well developed. Nevertheless, the parabolic reflectors have nonplanar curved surface that renders it bulky for particular applications. In addition, the beam scanning is mainly based on mechanical rotation, which makes it not flexible enough to meet the increasing demands. On the other hand, traditional phase arrays have been widespread used in many applications due to its planar geometric structure, fast beam scanning and beam forming, low profile, and so on. However, these traditional phase arrays require complex feeding networks, leading to the mass antenna losses caused by the long path of transmission lines for RF signals. Besides, the considerable losses caused by network bends and discontinuities affect the radiation performances of large phase array antennas operating at high frequencies [1] . Recently, the planar surface reflectarray (RA) antennas, which combine some favorable features of both parabolic reflectors and phase arrays, have attracted significant attention. RA has been regarded as a new generation of high-gain antenna because of its merits such as high efficiency, simplified structure, easier to design and manufacture, and lightweight [2] [3] [4] .

Besides, the considerable losses caused by network bends and discontinuities affect the radiation performances of large phase array antennas operating at high frequencies.

RA has been regarded as a new generation of high-gain antenna because of its merits such as high efficiency, simplified structure, easier to design and manufacture, and lightweight.


The globalisation market has stimulated the demand on the use of concepts, techniques, tools, systems, technologies, models and frameworks in enterprises for Logistics and Supply Chain Management (LSCM). This phenomenon is not surprising given that supply chain now has to compete with other supply chains (Koh et al, 2006) . The chain-chain competition has started to take over the enterprise-enterprise competition, although many enterprise-enterprise competitions do exist particularly in the less developed economies.

This phenomenon is not surprising given that supply chain now has to compete with other supply chains.


Lack of information could have a negative impact on profit maximisation (Cherchye and Puyenbroeck, 2007) . Various information systems and technologies could be used to manage a supply chain and logistical operations. It has been identified that the use of appropriate systems could lead to the creation of differential business value (Radhakrishnan et al, 2008) . Unfortunately, little inter-country research could be identified that examines the adoption of these information systems and advanced technologies for supply chain and logistics management in South East Europe, and one that could lead to future policy making and strategic investment in the region. To this end, the study adopts the following aim and objectives.

Lack of information could have a negative impact on profit maximisation.

It has been identified that the use of appropriate systems could lead to the creation of differential business value.


Tourism, as an integral part of the people's spiritual entertainment, has seen an unprecedented prospect and a higher growth rate (Amorim et al., 2017) . By far, it has infiltrated into all fields of our daily life. Compared with the programming travel routes, people more prefer a soul destination and a spiritual habitat, and naturally resort to those traditional, natural and classical garden landscapses. The tourism developments are often carried out on these scenes. It is well known that the tourism journey will be companied with landscape aesthetics as the most important factor in sightseeing process and a psychological process for pleasurable sensations. It, however, is believed that people will generate aesthetic fatigue in the tour of the traditional garden as homogenized (Petrova et al., 2015; Zervou, 2017; Musacchio, 2009; Bajwa et al., 2015) . With the wide application of EEG experimental technology and cross-neurology, the aesthetic fatigue has been gradually introduced into the studies on the EEG analysis science and psychology (Lubowski-Jahn, 2011; Mateo et al., 2016) . Based on the EEG experiment technology, this paper presents and analyzes the phenomena of aesthetic fatigues generated by people when they visit the Humble Administrator's Garden, the Lingering Garden, the Surging Wave Pavilion, the Lion Grove Garden, and obtain people's aesthetic perception and EEG data about Chinese traditional garden by indoor and outdoor tests.

Tourism, as an integral part of the people's spiritual entertainment, has seen an unprecedented prospect and a higher growth rate.

It, however, is believed that people will generate aesthetic fatigue in the tour of the traditional garden as homogenized.

With the wide application of EEG experimental technology and cross-neurology, the aesthetic fatigue has been gradually introduced into the studies on the EEG analysis science and psychology.


Some fungi express different symbiotic lifestyles depending on the plant host and/or environmental conditions. For example, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi may be isolated from the same asymptomatic plant tissues (Schulz et al. , 1999) . This suggests that pathogens either express nonpathogenic lifestyles, or colonize and then remain quiescent in different hosts. Some mycorrhizas may be mutualistic or parasitic depending on the plants physiology and environmental conditions (Francis & Read, 1995; Johnson et al. , 1997; Graham & Eissenstat, 1998) . These studies indicate that individual fungal symbionts may either positively or negatively influence the fitness of a single host. Therefore, to understand plant community dynamics, characterization of the factors controlling the outcome of symbiosis is required.

For example, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi may be isolated from the same asymptomatic plant tissues.

Some mycorrhizas may be mutualistic or parasitic depending on the plants physiology and environmental conditions.


Few, if any, plants exist in natural ecosystems independent of symbiotic associations with endophytic and / or mycorrhizal fungi ( Petrini, 1986) . In the last several decades it has become apparent that symbiotic fungi play a critical role in the structure, function, and health of plant communities (Read, 1999) . In fact, it is conceivable that plant communities may not survive many environmental stresses without these symbiotic associations.

Few, if any, plants exist in natural ecosystems independent of symbiotic associations with endophytic and / or mycorrhizal fungi.

In the last several decades it has become apparent that symbiotic fungi play a critical role in the structure, function, and health of plant communities.


The learning system proposed in this paper is related to earlier work that enables object recognition of complex shaped objects presented by hand in cluttered scenes [14] . Especially the preprocessing steps are therefore similar, but several modifications to the feature extraction, the learning method and the user interaction were necessary to allow the same functionality for learning categories based on natural objects. Natural objects typically belong to several different categories (e.g. red-white car), therefore a decoupled representation for each category (for category red, white and car) is required, which can not be handled by typical incremental learning systems dealing with classification tasks. This decoupling leads to a more condensed representation and higher generalization performance compared to classification architectures. Additionally several modifications with respect to the figure-ground segregation were applied.

The learning system proposed in this paper is related to earlier work that enables object recognition of complex shaped objects presented by hand in cluttered scenes.


Instructional design is the systematic process of designing, developing, evaluating and managing the entire instructional process to ensure effective and efficient learning. It is based on what we know about instructional and learning theories, systems design, information systems and management (Morrison, Kemp & Ross, 2001) . By teaching design for creativity is necessary to accomplish this goal and maintain competitive advantages.

It is based on what we know about instructional and learning theories, systems design, information systems and management.


Multilevel inverter supplied multiphase drives have been gaining the interest of researchers and industry in recent years. The use of power electronics means that the number of phases of the motor, n, is a degree of freedom allowing the current which flows through the motor to be shared between more phases, thus reducing the current rating of the power semiconductors used in the power converter [1] . Multiphase motors with n equal to 5, 6, 7, and 9 can be found in the literature. The machines with prime number of phases such as five-or seven-phase are rare in practice as they have to be custom made. Yet, a six-or nine-phase motor can be obtained by simply reconfiguring or by rewinding a standard threephase machine, which utilise the original frame of the threephase machine.

The use of power electronics means that the number of phases of the motor, n, is a degree of freedom allowing the current which flows through the motor to be shared between more phases, thus reducing the current rating of the power semiconductors used in the power converter.


Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States. About 85% of pancreatic cancers are pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). Despite decades of effort, PDAC has the shortest survival time of all major cancers, with a five-year survival rate of only~8%, in large part because it is treatment-recalcitrant [24, 25] . Treatment of PDAC remains challenging as only certain patients benefit from the standard treatment combinations of gemcitabine and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor erlotinib or gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel [25] . The majority of PDAC tumors are insensitive to many chemotherapeutic drugs and target-based drugs [24, 25] . Gene network-based methods can help reveal PDAC-associated molecular mechanisms and key targets through a systematic biology strategy.

Despite decades of effort, PDAC has the shortest survival time of all major cancers, with a five-year survival rate of only~8%, in large part because it is treatment-recalcitrant.

Treatment of PDAC remains challenging as only certain patients benefit from the standard treatment combinations of gemcitabine and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor erlotinib or gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel.

The majority of PDAC tumors are insensitive to many chemotherapeutic drugs and target-based drugs.


Specific conductivity (mS cm 21 at 20uC) and temperature were measured at each site with a conductivity meter (LF323; WTW, Weilheim, Germany). Surface-water samples (1 liter) were collected and transported in a cooling box to the laboratory. The water was then filtered through preashed glass fiber filters (GF/F; Whatmann) and the filtrate analyzed for DOC, particulate organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, ammonium (NH 4 -N), nitrite (NO 2 -N), nitrate (NO 3 -N), dissolved organic nitrogen, particulate nitrogen, phosphate (PO 4 -P), dissolved phosphorus, and particulate phosphorus following standard protocols (Tockner et al. 1997) . These data are summarized in Table 1 and Fig. 2 , showing the expected differences between kryal and krenal streams, and are not discussed further.

The water was then filtered through preashed glass fiber filters (GF/F; Whatmann) and the filtrate analyzed for DOC, particulate organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, ammonium (NH 4 -N), nitrite (NO 2 -N), nitrate (NO 3 -N), dissolved organic nitrogen, particulate nitrogen, phosphate (PO 4 -P), dissolved phosphorus, and particulate phosphorus following standard protocols.


Global change components may have contrasting effects on mistletoe-tree interactions driving different trajectories of tree growth and vigour, and leading to divergent carbon balances at the stand level. First, rising air temperatures increase warming-induced drought stress which is sometimes exacerbated by mistletoe infestation on host trees due to the high transpiration rates of the hemiparasite (Dobbertin and Rigling, 2006) . In addition, a warmer climate might also promote the expansion of some mistletoe species whose distribution area is mainly controlled by low temperatures . Second, rising CO 2 concentrations in the atmosphere might benefit host trees through a fertilization effect increasing their photosynthetic rates and leading to higher growth rates in the tree and plausibly in the mistletoe (Bickford et al., 2005) . If the elevated CO 2 leads to enhanced carbon uptake and growth stimulation through increasing intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) such responses could alleviate the negative effects caused on host trees by the carbon and water removed from them by the mistletoe. However, this argument relies on the assumption that other factors (mesophyll conductance, evaporative demand) play a secondary role on iWUE changes which is not always the case (Seibt et al., 2008; Roden and Farquhar, 2012) .

First, rising air temperatures increase warming-induced drought stress which is sometimes exacerbated by mistletoe infestation on host trees due to the high transpiration rates of the hemiparasite.

Second, rising CO 2 concentrations in the atmosphere might benefit host trees through a fertilization effect increasing their photosynthetic rates and leading to higher growth rates in the tree and plausibly in the mistletoe.

However, this argument relies on the assumption that other factors (mesophyll conductance, evaporative demand) play a secondary role on iWUE changes which is not always the case.


Marine environments have been extensively contaminated by transuranics as a result of global fallout due to atmospheric nuclear-weapons testing. Knowledge of the levels and behavior of actinides in these environments is important to assess the radiological and ecological effects. In addition to radiological risk assessment and monitoring, the determination of actinide isotopes is seawater is important for radioecology and tracer studies, as they are important tools for better understanding oceanographic processes [5] .

In addition to radiological risk assessment and monitoring, the determination of actinide isotopes is seawater is important for radioecology and tracer studies, as they are important tools for better understanding oceanographic processes.


In light of the nuclear accident at Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in March, 2011, there is a need for a rapid method to determine actinide levels in seawater samples that can be applied quickly with high chemical yields and effective removal of interferences. Laboratory methods that take 1-2 weeks to determine actinide levels in seawater are simply not rapid enough to determine actinides following a radiological release. Radiological information is needed immediately to allow adequate protection of the public and assess environmental contamination and damage to ecosystems. The recent theft of nuclear material in Mexico highlights the need for nuclear safeguards and raises concerns about a radiological dispersive device (RDD) or ''dirty bomb'', again illustrating the need for rapid environmental methods [1] .

The recent theft of nuclear material in Mexico highlights the need for nuclear safeguards and raises concerns about a radiological dispersive device (RDD) or ''dirty bomb'', again illustrating the need for rapid environmental methods.


UKB received ethical approval from a nationally recognized research ethics committee (REC reference 11/NW/0382). The present study (the Biobank Brain and Cardiac Mutual Risk Indexing [BBC MRI] Study) was conducted under terms of UKB access approval 18545. Participants provided written informed consent as described on the UKB website [30] . If the participant who wished to take part was physically unable to provide a signature, two paper copies of the consent form were signed by two members of staff: the one witnessing consent and another, one of whom must be a qualified nurse [30] .

Participants provided written informed consent as described on the UKB website.

If the participant who wished to take part was physically unable to provide a signature, two paper copies of the consent form were signed by two members of staff: the one witnessing consent and another, one of whom must be a qualified nurse.


The running-in phase is of high importance for the function and life time of synchronizations. Particularly in the running-in phase, the coefficient of friction may fluctuate, which can have a negative influence on the operating behavior, as well as on the service life duration of the synchronization [10] . Therefore, short running-in phases with low friction value fluctuations are required. Typically the running-in phase begins with high wear rates, which compensates macroscopic shape and position deviations. With each gear shift, the contact conditions change slightly, whereby the two friction partners have to adapt to each other again [11] .

Particularly in the running-in phase, the coefficient of friction may fluctuate, which can have a negative influence on the operating behavior, as well as on the service life duration of the synchronization.

With each gear shift, the contact conditions change slightly, whereby the two friction partners have to adapt to each other again.


To meet the technical requirements, not all tribological stressed components need a friction coefficient, which is as low as possible. In the case of certain friction parings like gearbox synchronizations, a stable friction coefficient level is required during the entire working life in order to guarantee fluent switching operations. The manual gearbox is one of the most established models in the European vehicle market. Gear synchronizations ensure a uniform switching operation by harmonizing the number of revolutions between the power-transmitting components initially by friction and subsequently by form lock. Synchronizations usually are designed as cone friction clutches. They consist of a clutch body (synchronizer cone) which is connected to a gear, a synchronizer ring with inserted notches for oil removal, a synchronizer hub which is connected with the main shaft and a sliding sleeve, guided by the synchronizer hub via an internal gearing. After the switching process, the synchronizer hub and the gear have identical number of revolutions [8] . During the synchronization, the different speed between the shaft and the gear is reduced by friction between the synchronizer ring and the synchronizer cone. For shifting to a higher gear, the motor-sided gear elements must be decelerated and accelerated to change to a lower gear. A high and constant friction coefficient between the involved tribological partners is essential for a reliable function [9] .

After the switching process, the synchronizer hub and the gear have identical number of revolutions.

A high and constant friction coefficient between the involved tribological partners is essential for a reliable function.


Data were pooled from 22 cohort studies participating in the Pursuing Later Treatment Options II (PLATO II) project in 2010, which is part of the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) in EuroCoord (www.cohere.org and www.eurocoord.net), a collaboration of European cohort studies [5] . This study included 22 cohort studies with data on heterosexually infected adults aged 15-29 years, and five cohort studies with paediatric data on perinatally infected children and young people aged < 20 years. We chose these age groups as we wished to compare perinatally HIV-infected children and teenagers with adults with horizontal infection who were of a similar age group, and to show how the risk of TCVF differs across this age spectrum. A comparison of younger and older age groups has already been published elsewhere [6] . The cohort studies included diagnosed HIV-infected patients attending treatment services across Europe, collecting similar data items. Data submission and quality control procedures have been described previously [5] .

Data were pooled from 22 cohort studies participating in the Pursuing Later Treatment Options II (PLATO II) project in 2010, which is part of the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe (COHERE) in EuroCoord (www.cohere.org and www.eurocoord.net), a collaboration of European cohort studies.

A comparison of younger and older age groups has already been published elsewhere.

Data submission and quality control procedures have been described previously.


Fundamental qualitative properties of dynamic systems are controllability and observability. Generally speaking, controllability corresponds to the ability of steering the state vector from one vector value to any other vector value in finite time. A system is said to be controllable if every state vector can be transformed to a desired state in finite time by the application of unconstrained control inputs. Observability analyzes the deductibility of the initial state vector of the system from knowledge of the input and the corresponding output over time [8] .

Observability analyzes the deductibility of the initial state vector of the system from knowledge of the input and the corresponding output over time.


The structure with sensor-actuator pair which is coordinated by a controller called smart structure. The performance and functionality of smart structures depend on control algorithm. The piezoelectric materials, such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), are usually used for actuators. The materials have the property to generate electrical charge under mechanical load or deformation and the reverse; applying an electrical field to the material results in mechanical strains or stresses [2] .

The materials have the property to generate electrical charge under mechanical load or deformation and the reverse; applying an electrical field to the material results in mechanical strains or stresses.


Existing summarization methods can be classified into two main types, either extractive or abstractive [8] . Extractive methods select and order text fragments (e.g., sentences) from the original text source [2, 5, 6, 7, 18, 29] . Such methods are relatively simpler to develop and keep the extracted fragments untouched, allowing to preserve important parts, e.g., keyphrases, facts, opinions, etc. Yet, extractive summaries tend to be less fluent, coherent and readable and may include superfluous text.

Existing summarization methods can be classified into two main types, either extractive or abstractive.

Extractive methods select and order text fragments (e.g., sentences) from the original text source.


The aim of this investigation is to consider the effects of transverse magnetic field, radiation, and firstorder chemical reaction on the free convection heat and mass transfer along a vertical plate with non-uniform wall temperature and concentration conditions embedded in a micropolar fluid. The governing system of partial differential equations is transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. This system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is solved numerically using the Kellerbox method given by Cebeci and Bradshaw [21] . The effects of various parameters on the skin friction coefficient, wall couple stress, and heat and mass transfer rates are presented graphically.

This system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is solved numerically using the Kellerbox method given by Cebeci and Bradshaw.


Driven by both environmental and economic concerns, fuel efficiency and emission problem have drawn great attention in recent years. Currently, more and more emerging technologies are being introduced in marine vessels to enhance performance. Electric propulsion is increasingly being used in modern moreelectric ships and future all-electric ships [1] [2] [3] . At the same time, sustainable energy sources, such as solar, wind and fuel cells (FCs) , have been installed and tested in several prototypes [4] [5] [6] . On the other hand, the significant fuel saving effect of energy storage system (ESS) has been proven in the field of land vehicles. Several diesel-electric hybrid propulsion systems with both series and parallel configurations have been tested by prototype vessels [7] [8] [9] . In addition to the fuel saving effect, ESSs can also contribute to the reliability and survivability of such a physically isolated power system, thus being recognized to be promising in future marine vessels [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . Besides that, DC distribution, especially in medium voltage DC (MVDC) level, has drawn great attention from civilian and naval vessels for its better efficiency and compatibility to support these emerging power sources and electric propulsion. In this context, the future shipboard power systems are expected to include not only gensets (either diesel engine or turbine powered) but also other power sources of different characteristics. Therefore, shipboard power systems can be naturally identified as islanded microgrids (MGs) or shipboard MGs due to their inherent isolation and necessity to maintain autonomous operation.

Electric propulsion is increasingly being used in modern moreelectric ships and future all-electric ships.

At the same time, sustainable energy sources, such as solar, wind and fuel cells (FCs) , have been installed and tested in several prototypes.

Several diesel-electric hybrid propulsion systems with both series and parallel configurations have been tested by prototype vessels.

In addition to the fuel saving effect, ESSs can also contribute to the reliability and survivability of such a physically isolated power system, thus being recognized to be promising in future marine vessels.


When comparing terrestrial and shipboard MGs, they share some resemblance. On the one hand, the renewables have a large share in terrestrial MGs, thus bringing intermittencies to power generation while the typical loads show much slower changes. It requires compensation of intermittency to ensure stability. On the other hand, diesel or gas turbine powered gensets are still dominating shipboard MGs, whose fuel efficiency degrades significantly in dynamic or light load conditions. It requires bidirectional power support to improve efficiency. Therefore, the control and management of ESSs are playing a vital role in these two applications [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . However, the high requirement on both power and energy densities of marine applications is either hard or costly to meet by single type ESSs. For this reason, hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that combines energy-intensive and power-intensive storages (i.e. battery and supercapacitor) is being considered. Although HESS can promise complementary advantages, it will inevitably increase the complexity of control and management. It can be even less effective when taking the fast transient of electric propulsion and communication delay into account.

Therefore, the control and management of ESSs are playing a vital role in these two applications.


In general, IDSs are categorised into two main group based on their detection approaches: anomaly and misuse (signature) detection [2] [3] [4] . In anomaly detection systems, it suppose that abnormal behaviour is uncommon and different from normal behaviour, so any deviations from normal activities considered as an intrusive behaviour and the model will be build based on the normal data [1] [2] [3] [4] . On the other hand, misused detection system marked the audit data as an intrusion if it is matched with the predefined signature of attacks [4] . Both of these approaches have some pros and cons. Anomaly detection systems has better performance in detecting the previously unknown attacks, but also has high false alarm rates, since any deviation from normal activities classified as abnormal behaviour [1] . Misuse detection systems, however has a low false alarm rate but fail when facing previously unknown attacks [1] [2] [3] [4] .

In general, IDSs are categorised into two main group based on their detection approaches: anomaly and misuse (signature) detection.

In anomaly detection systems, it suppose that abnormal behaviour is uncommon and different from normal behaviour, so any deviations from normal activities considered as an intrusive behaviour and the model will be build based on the normal data.

On the other hand, misused detection system marked the audit data as an intrusion if it is matched with the predefined signature of attacks.

Anomaly detection systems has better performance in detecting the previously unknown attacks, but also has high false alarm rates, since any deviation from normal activities classified as abnormal behaviour.

Misuse detection systems, however has a low false alarm rate but fail when facing previously unknown attacks.


In this research, phenomenology pattern, one of the qualitative research methods is used to put forward meanings that social studies teacher candidates give to value concept and their value ranking. Data are analyzed using content analysis. Phenomenology pattern works on situations and phenomenon that are not recognized in details and it helps individuals to comprehend them better (Yıldırım and Şimşek, 2008) . In the research, the opinions of teacher candidates were taken by half structured interview form prepared by the researcher. Interview form was prepared after literature survey by taking opinions of two academic members who are social studies education and assessment-evaluation specialist. In the last step, interview form was taken in its final shape by taking the opinions of one or more social studies educators.

Phenomenology pattern works on situations and phenomenon that are not recognized in details and it helps individuals to comprehend them better.


WPB may have a negative effect on teacher effectiveness in a country whose education system is often cited as a national disaster (Bloch, 2009) . Without dedicated and motivated teachers who feel physically and emotionally secure in their work environment, they will not be able to play a pivotal role in addressing the demands of an ever-changing education landscape. There is thus a pressing need to address WPB in South African schools. Policies to address WPB should however, not be limited to teachers, but should embrace all employees in South Africa. South African labour legislation lacks an explicit definition of workplace bullying (Le Roux, Rycroft & Orleyn, 2010) . These policies need to be institutionalised and procedures put in place for reporting and investigating incidents of WPB. The training of all employees should be implemented for the purpose of recognising, dealing with and preventing WPB.

WPB may have a negative effect on teacher effectiveness in a country whose education system is often cited as a national disaster.

South African labour legislation lacks an explicit definition of workplace bullying.


When emergencies occur, people's thirst for information is different from normal. If the propagation of information is not transparent, detailed, and controlled by the government and the media at this time, it may lead to people's psychological and emotional tension, unnecessary public panic, and economic loss [1] [2] [3] [4] . On the contrary, if there is a clear channel of information dissemination and effective information dissemination mode among the government, the media, and the public, this will be beneficial to reduce the social panic and prevent the expansion and dissemination of adverse effects in the event. At the same time, the information interactive platform can better establish the credibility of the government and the media.

If the propagation of information is not transparent, detailed, and controlled by the government and the media at this time, it may lead to people's psychological and emotional tension, unnecessary public panic, and economic loss.


Our major results are summarized. It is found that the linear hydrostatic system augmented with density diffusion in the horizontal or vertical direction supports the undamped Rossby wave R(v r 1 iv i ) 5 2bk/K 2 , which is the barotropic mode of adiabatic theory. This result is expected, since fluid parcels in a barotropic wave do not experience any buoyancy forces and are therefore insensitive to the vortex stretching induced by mixing [Eq. (8)]. On the other hand, density diffusion modifies the properties of baroclinic waves. Horizontal diffusion does not alter the frequency of the waves and only generates damping [Eqs. (22a), (22b), (37a), and (37b)]. The capability of horizontal diffusion to damp baroclinic waves stems from its tendency to counteract the deformation of isopycnal surfaces produced by the passage of these waves. The damping rate increases (i) linearly with the horizontal diffusivity and (ii) nonlinearly with the horizontal wavenumber and mode number [Eqs. (22a) and (22b)]. When the horizontal wavelength is considerably smaller than the internal radius of deformation, the damping rate becomes insensitive to the horizontal scale of the wave (Fig. 1) . This behavior is identical to the decay caused by bottom friction on a barotropic wave in a layer of uniform density (Pedlosky 1987) . Similar results are obtained for variable background stratification with uniform N only near the bottom and the surface [Eqs. (37a) and (37b)].

Our major results are summarized.

This behavior is identical to the decay caused by bottom friction on a barotropic wave in a layer of uniform density.


The incorporation of secondary fiber in paper production affects the final product quality and the papermaking process. Basically, these changes are caused by the inferior fiber quality (length, flexibility) and the higher drainage resistance of recycled pulps. The first affects inter-fiber bonding and consequently paper strength. The second makes sheet formation more difficult, decreases the papermachine runnability and increases energy consumption in the dryers [1] [2] [3] .

The second makes sheet formation more difficult, decreases the papermachine runnability and increases energy consumption in the dryers.


Oxaliplatin is a third-generation platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent, which presents a remarkable success on the cancer treatment, as the other platinum-based drugs, such as cisplatin and carboplatin [7] . Specifically, oxaliplatin is a organoplatinum compound with significant activity against advanced or metastatic digestive tumors, mainly colorectal ones [8] . Therefore, oxaliplatin is considered one of the first-line drugs in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer [9] [10] [11] [12] . In addition, oxaliplatin does not induce nephrotoxicity to the same extent as these other platinum-based drugs [13] .

Oxaliplatin is a third-generation platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent, which presents a remarkable success on the cancer treatment, as the other platinum-based drugs, such as cisplatin and carboplatin.

Specifically, oxaliplatin is a organoplatinum compound with significant activity against advanced or metastatic digestive tumors, mainly colorectal ones.

Therefore, oxaliplatin is considered one of the first-line drugs in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer.

In addition, oxaliplatin does not induce nephrotoxicity to the same extent as these other platinum-based drugs.


An understanding of the climate response to the forcing of carbon dioxide and solar irradiance (and other types forcing agents) depends on clearly delineating direct effects on atmospheric structure from effects resulting from gradual planetary warming brought about by an energy imbalance at the top of atmosphere. Here we have shown that significant climate effects from a step-function increase in atmospheric CO 2 and solar irradiance is manifested within days. Our study focuses on step-function changes in radiative forcing, but any continuous time series of radiative forcing changes may be thought of as a convolution of infinitesimal step-function changes (Good et al 2011) . Thus, the conclusions drawn here also apply to continuous changes in radiative forcing. A good understanding of climate response on the time scale of days is an important element towards a complete understanding of the climate response on time scales ranging from seconds to millions of years.

Our study focuses on step-function changes in radiative forcing, but any continuous time series of radiative forcing changes may be thought of as a convolution of infinitesimal step-function changes.


The shift towards obesity and chronic diseases in many developing countries invites the misconception that diets are moving away from problems of constraint towards problems of excess. However, whereas energy is increasingly available in these contexts, it tends to come from energydense micronutrient-poor sources such as added sugars and edible oils, intakes of micronutrient-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables and high-quality animal-source foods often remain low (Drewnowski and Popkin, 1997; MacIntyre et al., 2002; Bermudez and Tucker, 2003; Murphy and Allen, 2003) . Thus, even while obesity and related chronic diseases emerge as serious health problems in developing countries, micronutrient malnutrition is likely to remain highly prevalent. For example, in Mexico, where the prevalence of overweight/obesity is particularly high among women, the prevalence of iron deficiency among women is also high. In a nationally representative sample, the prevalence of iron deficiency, measured via percent transferring saturation (PTS) in serum samples, was 40% (PTSo16%) among women aged 18-49 in Mexico (Villalpando et al., 2003a) .

However, whereas energy is increasingly available in these contexts, it tends to come from energydense micronutrient-poor sources such as added sugars and edible oils, intakes of micronutrient-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables and high-quality animal-source foods often remain low.

In a nationally representative sample, the prevalence of iron deficiency, measured via percent transferring saturation (PTS) in serum samples, was 40% (PTSo16%) among women aged 18-49 in Mexico.


Moreover, because of their higher vulnerability, measuring ID among school children is deemed to reflect the iodine status of the entire population [2] . However, little is known about IDDs in the northern part of Ethiopia, even the previous limited studies were done before and immediately after the implementation of universal salt iodization [28] . Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of goiter and associated factors among school children in Dabat District, northwest Ethiopia.

Moreover, because of their higher vulnerability, measuring ID among school children is deemed to reflect the iodine status of the entire population.

However, little is known about IDDs in the northern part of Ethiopia, even the previous limited studies were done before and immediately after the implementation of universal salt iodization.


The risk being infected by pathogenic bacteria in food and drinking water is one of the major concerns on human health. Detection and identification of harmful organisms, for example, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7, in a cost-effective, rapid, and selective manner remains a challenging task. Conventional methods including bacterial culture, counts of colonies, and use of the polymerase chain reaction and immunological techniques such as ELISA are timeconsuming, labor intensive, and often produce nonspecific results. Thus, these methods no longer meet the requirements of pathogenic bacteria diagnosis in food, in the clinic and the general environment [1] . Therefore, it is important to develop effective techniques for disease prevention, for medical diagnosis, and to ensure food safety.

Thus, these methods no longer meet the requirements of pathogenic bacteria diagnosis in food, in the clinic and the general environment.


It is interesting that the function s can map sets of asymptotic density 0 to sets of positive density. Indeed, if A is the set of numbers pq, where p, q are primes, then A has zero asymptotic density, yet s(A ) has asymptotic density 1/2, the latter claim coming from the fact that the Goldbach conjecture has at most a zero-density set of exceptions. We also know of sets A of positive density such that s −1 (A ) not only has zero density, but, in fact, is empty (see Erdős [6] ).

We also know of sets A of positive density such that s −1 (A ) not only has zero density, but, in fact, is empty (see Erdős).


In some of the cases that have been studied, the Yohkoh SXT observations show details of the origin of the ejected material. For example, the 13 November 1994 cloud event has the appearance of a large structure with approximately one full twist (-211"); the structure appears to be anchored at one end in a Haring active region [Hudson et al., 1996b] . The 21 February 1992 event and others, on the contrary, appear to dim only above the developing arcade, even when viewed from apparently different perspectives relative to the arcade axis. Finally some of the large-scale arcade events appear to show large-scale dimming both at and remote from the arcade location. These different dimming signatures suggest that there may be a variety of physical processes involved.

For example, the 13 November 1994 cloud event has the appearance of a large structure with approximately one full twist (-211"); the structure appears to be anchored at one end in a Haring active region.


Gymnodinium catenatum, an unarmoured chainforming photoautotrophic dinoflagellate, was first described from the Gulf of California, Mexico, in 1939 (Graham 1943) . The species remained virtually unheard of until the 1970s when toxicity outbreaks started being reported around the world. Presently, G. catenatum occurs discontinuously in both hemispheres and it causes toxicity problems in several countries including Portugal and Spain (NE Atlantic and W Mediterranean Sea), Argentina and Uruguay (SW Atlantic), Mexico and Costa Rica (NE Pacific), Japan (NW Pacific), Australia and New Zealand (SW Pacific) (Bolch and de Salas 2007 and references therein) . Awareness of the harmful algal bloom (HAB) problem has increased dramatically over the last few decades, and the apparent geographical spread of this species is a matter of concern. There is strong evidence that G. catenatum has been recently introduced to Tasmania via cargo ship's ballast water (Hallegraeff and Bolch 1992; McMinn et al. 1997) . However, its European origin remains unclear.

Gymnodinium catenatum, an unarmoured chainforming photoautotrophic dinoflagellate, was first described from the Gulf of California, Mexico, in 1939.

There is strong evidence that G. catenatum has been recently introduced to Tasmania via cargo ship's ballast water.


HCCI engines have higher brake efficiency than conventional SI engines, due to several reasons such as less pumping losses and higher compression ratio. The base engine design and how HCCI is achieved also affect the performance of the HCCI engine. Higher compression ratio increases friction losses, due to a more robust design, and cooling losses, due to increased area-to-volume ratio [21, 22] . The combustion chamber area-to-volume ratio increases also the volume ratio of boundary layer to bulk gas, affecting the amount of CO and HC from the engine and consequently the combustion efficiency [17] . In this paper the performance of three different sizes of HCCI engines are compared and the differences in brake efficiency are investigated.

Higher compression ratio increases friction losses, due to a more robust design, and cooling losses, due to increased area-to-volume ratio.

The combustion chamber area-to-volume ratio increases also the volume ratio of boundary layer to bulk gas, affecting the amount of CO and HC from the engine and consequently the combustion efficiency.


The evaluated attributes have influenced the prices of agricultural property. The LFAs criterion is a new attribute, but it exerts a minor impact on farmland prices. As of 2016, foreigners will be able to buy agricultural property in Poland, which could influence farmland prices. In 2008-2013, the prices of agricultural property clearly increased on both the primary and the secondary market. According to statistical data (Fig. 4) , foreign buyers do not have a growing interest in Polish agricultural property, although such fears exist among farmers. A number of EU Member States have adopted internal regulations which enable them to control and limit farmland ownership by foreigners. In France, Germany and Sweden, all transactions on the market of agricultural property have to be approved by the responsible authority regardless of the buyer's country of origin. Hungary and Lithuania imposed limits on the size of agricultural holdings that can be purchased by a single buyer. In France, farmland transactions are supervised by local land development and rural establishment agencies (SAFER), whereas in Sweden, agricultural property can be purchased only by individuals. In Lithuania, legal entities can acquire farmland only if minimum 50% of their revenues are generated by agricultural production, and purchases are limited to 500 ha. In Belgium, Italy and France, farmers leasing agricultural land have a pre-emptive right to buy that land when it is put up for sale (Nurm, 2015) . Certain limitations will also be introduced in Poland after the end of the protective period. Farmland will be available only to buyers who intend to use it for agricultural purposes and who have been registered in the municipality (or a neighboring municipality) where the land plots are located for 5 years. The funds allocated to farmland purchases will be scrutinized. The new regulations will be introduced to prevent concentration of farmland, and individuals and legal entities who own more than 300 ha will be prevented from buying more land. The sale of farmland purchased from State agencies within the first 10 years of ownership will be subject to high penalties. Limitations will also be imposed on the number of shares in foreign-owned companies that can be purchased by foreigners. Foreign buyers will have to apply for permission from the Minister of the Interior and Administration to complete such transactions.

In Belgium, Italy and France, farmers leasing agricultural land have a pre-emptive right to buy that land when it is put up for sale.


The experimental data were processed by the hedonic technique which is based on the premise that goods traded in the market are made up of different bundles of attributes or characteristics (Baranzini et al., 2008; Bastian et al., 2002; Combris et al., 1997; Khalid, 2015; Malpezzi, 2003) . The hedonic price theory provides little guidance on the appropriate functional relationship between prices and attributes in the hedonic price function (Rosen, 1974) . Three kinds of functional forms are frequently adopted in empirical estimations of hedonic price models: linear, logarithmic and logarithmic-linear (Wen et al., 2005) . Many researchers prefer to use the so-called semi-log model for various reasons (Malpezzi, 2003; Sopranzetti, 2010) . One of the reasons is that the coefficients of a semi-log model can be interpreted as a percentage change in prices (Kolbe and Wüstemann, 2015) .

The experimental data were processed by the hedonic technique which is based on the premise that goods traded in the market are made up of different bundles of attributes or characteristics.

The hedonic price theory provides little guidance on the appropriate functional relationship between prices and attributes in the hedonic price function.

Three kinds of functional forms are frequently adopted in empirical estimations of hedonic price models: linear, logarithmic and logarithmic-linear.

Many researchers prefer to use the so-called semi-log model for various reasons.

One of the reasons is that the coefficients of a semi-log model can be interpreted as a percentage change in prices.


The last statistically significant determinant of agricultural property prices is forest cover (FCOV). This attribute decreases the price of agricultural property by ∼2.5% per unit of area (hectare) when forest cover in a county reaches ∼60%. A 10% decrease in forest cover index increases property prices by ∼0.5%. The effect of forest cover on agricultural production is determined by various factors. In general, the influence of forest cover is manifested in three areas: losses resulting from the spread of invasive species, presence of wild animals near forests, and changes in crop yield resulting from land improvement and climate conditions. The results of a comprehensive study carried out by the Polish Academy of Sciences confirmed the hypothesis that the influence of forest cover on the yield of primary Polish crops can be diverse and difficult to quantify (Koreleski, 2006) . Forest cover has a beneficial effect on biomass production in light soils (in particular sandy soils) characterized by low waterholding capacity, high permeability and high susceptibility to wind erosion, as well as in years with extreme weather conditions, in particular drought and strong freezing winds (Flinn et al., 2005; Koreleski, 2006) . Polish farmers are generally of the opinion that direct vicinity of forests has a negative effect on agricultural production, and the results of our survey confirm this observation. Several studies have demonstrated that crop yields are 60-92% lower in fields located in direct proximity of forests (Woch et al., 2011) . In the Polish region of Lower Silesia, damage caused by wild animals reduced the price of agricultural land by 3-10%, and the greatest losses were observed within a radius of 100-300 m from forest boundaries (Koreleski, 2006) .

The results of a comprehensive study carried out by the Polish Academy of Sciences confirmed the hypothesis that the influence of forest cover on the yield of primary Polish crops can be diverse and difficult to quantify.

Forest cover has a beneficial effect on biomass production in light soils (in particular sandy soils) characterized by low waterholding capacity, high permeability and high susceptibility to wind erosion, as well as in years with extreme weather conditions, in particular drought and strong freezing winds.

Several studies have demonstrated that crop yields are 60-92% lower in fields located in direct proximity of forests.

In the Polish region of Lower Silesia, damage caused by wild animals reduced the price of agricultural land by 3-10%, and the greatest losses were observed within a radius of 100-300 m from forest boundaries.


The important role of energy as a production input had been disregarded until the oil crisis of the 1970s. Following this period, energy was considered, together with labor and capital, to be a factor of production, and the number of studies on energy and energy-related problems began to increase. These studies address the energy issue from different perspectives. Some of the studies in the economics literature regard energy as a technical problem, and thus, they assume that by improving existing production (consumption) technologies or by providing new technologies, it is possible to meet the higher energy demands of today, as compared to those of the past, with the same amount of energy used by economies in production or by humans in their daily lives (Kavrakoğlu, 1981; Mankiw, 2010; Krugman and Wells, 2010) . According to this assumption, the problem of increased demand will be eliminated as technology advances. Other studies regard energy as an economic problem and argue that the increased energy demand problem leads to exorbitant oil prices that increase the prices of other energy resources, making energy a difficult-toacquire commodity (Kavrakoğlu, 1981) . This assumption implies that the energy problem will be solved if oil, whose cost does not exceed $10 per barrel, is used as an energy source that does not generate high profits. Other studies suggest that energy problems result from the gradual depletion of energy resources, especially primary resources, around the world (Kavrakoğlu, 1981) . As the prices of depleted commodities increase, it becomes increasingly more difficult to find these resources. Therefore, the fact that known oil reserves now face the risk of depletion within approximately 50 years, production and consumption make this energy resource expensive and difficult to find. Due to the rapid depletion of oil reserves with each passing day, it is thought that this problem can be mitigated in the short term and completely solved in the long term, provided alternative energy sources are mobilized.

Some of the studies in the economics literature regard energy as a technical problem, and thus, they assume that by improving existing production (consumption) technologies or by providing new technologies, it is possible to meet the higher energy demands of today, as compared to those of the past, with the same amount of energy used by economies in production or by humans in their daily lives.

Other studies regard energy as an economic problem and argue that the increased energy demand problem leads to exorbitant oil prices that increase the prices of other energy resources, making energy a difficult-toacquire commodity.

Other studies suggest that energy problems result from the gradual depletion of energy resources, especially primary resources, around the world.


After the oil crises of the 1970s, the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption became a common research subject for theoretical and empirical studies, as well as one of the major issues of debate in the economics literature. Some of the empirical Energy consumption findings reveal that energy consumption contributes to economic growth, while others find that energy consumption has no effect on economic growth or that its effect is so small that it can be ignored. A review of the literature on the effects of energy consumption on economic growth indicates that some studies regard energy as a key input that is used in all phases of production and as a resource consumed as an output for increasing the welfare level (Stern, 2000; Shiu and Lam, 2004; Altinay and Karagol, 2005; Odhiambo, 2009; Apergis and Payne, 2010; Iyke, 2015) . This hypothesis, referred to as the growth hypothesis in the literature, claims that energy is one of the key indicators of economic growth. Those who oppose this hypothesis argue that energy plays a minimal or neutral role in economic growth and propose their assumption under the name of the neutrality hypothesis. There are a considerable number of studies whose results favor the neutrality hypothesis (Akarca and Long, 1980; Yu and Hwang, 1984; Cheng, 1995; Hondroyiannis et al., 2002; Altinay and Karagol, 2004; Ozturk et al., 2010) . According to this hypothesis, policies intended to reduce energy consumption have no effect on economic growth.

A review of the literature on the effects of energy consumption on economic growth indicates that some studies regard energy as a key input that is used in all phases of production and as a resource consumed as an output for increasing the welfare level.

There are a considerable number of studies whose results favor the neutrality hypothesis.


A fundamental problem in fault-tolerant distributed computing is to achieve coordination between computer processes in spite of some processes randomly failing due to e.g. crashing, transmission failure or distribution of incorrect information in the network. For example, such coordination applies to the problem of synchronizing the clocks of individual processes in distributed networks, which is pivotal in many technologies including data transfer networks and telecommunication networks. A method to achieve synchronization is to use interactive consistency algorithms in which all nonfaulty processes reach a mutual agreement about all the clocks [6] . Interactive consistency is achieved through solving the problem of Byzantine agreement, which can be solved only if less than one-third of the processes are faulty [7] . However, for most applications, it is sufficient to consider a scenario called detectable Byzantine agreement (DBA), where the processes either achieve mutual agreement or jointly exit the protocol. Several quantum protocols based on multipartite entanglement have been proposed for achieving the DBA even in the presence of one-third or more faulty processes, thus breaking the classical limitation [8, 9, 10] .

A method to achieve synchronization is to use interactive consistency algorithms in which all nonfaulty processes reach a mutual agreement about all the clocks.

Interactive consistency is achieved through solving the problem of Byzantine agreement, which can be solved only if less than one-third of the processes are faulty.

Several quantum protocols based on multipartite entanglement have been proposed for achieving the DBA even in the presence of one-third or more faulty processes, thus breaking the classical limitation.


Many tasks in communications, computation, and cryptography can be enhanced beyond classical limitations by using quantum resources. Such quantum technologies often rely on distributing strongly correlated data that cannot be reproduced with classical theory i.e. it violates a Bell inequality [1] . To violate a Bell inequality, the parties involved in the scheme must share an entangled quantum state on which they perform suitable local measurements returning outcomes that can be locally processed and communicated by classical means. Such entanglement-assisted schemes have been shown successful in a wide variety of information processing tasks, including secret sharing for which additional security features are enabled, detectable Byzantine Agreement for which a classically unsolvable task can be solved, and reduction of communication complexity for which optimal classical techniques are outperformed.

Such quantum technologies often rely on distributing strongly correlated data that cannot be reproduced with classical theory i.e. it violates a Bell inequality.


One of the advantages of PV panels is that they are almost maintenance free. Due to the fact that the panels have no moving parts within them, there is very little erosion within the system (Lu and Yang, 2010) . The converter within the system is however supposed to have a lifespan of around ten years as the device works constantly throughout its life. Most PV panels have nowadays a self-cleaning membrane on the outside which allows for rain to wash away the majority of the dirt depositing on them preventing the need for the panels to be cleaned regularly (He et al., 2011) . Due to this, PV panels rarely breakdown or require maintenance resulting in being highly reliable. Most PV panels will come with a 25-year guarantee to show this.

Due to the fact that the panels have no moving parts within them, there is very little erosion within the system.

Most PV panels have nowadays a self-cleaning membrane on the outside which allows for rain to wash away the majority of the dirt depositing on them preventing the need for the panels to be cleaned regularly.


During this time of economic turmoil, the UK Government is looking to start the economy and using the FIT as an incentive for the industry to invest more money in PV schemes (Algieri et al., 2011) . This policy has been demonstrated around the globe through other incentive tariffs and there is evidence for a clear correlation between the introduction of the tariffs and the growth in the renewable market (Dinc¸er, 2011) . Since the introduction of the FIT in April 2010, the UK has seen a massive growth in the PV industry resulting in reducing the price of PV panels as well as helping the economy.

During this time of economic turmoil, the UK Government is looking to start the economy and using the FIT as an incentive for the industry to invest more money in PV schemes.

This policy has been demonstrated around the globe through other incentive tariffs and there is evidence for a clear correlation between the introduction of the tariffs and the growth in the renewable market.


In this paper, our goal is to develop a unified framework for feature selection and hyperspectral pixel classification, which relies on structured sparse modeling and regularized optimization. Sparse signal modeling assumes that a signal can be efficiently represented by a sparse linear combination of atoms from a given or learned dictionary. The cardinality of the selected atoms is significantly smaller than the size of the dictionary and the dimension of the signal [2] . In the case of hyperspectral classification, the feature descriptor can be considered as the dictionary, the selected features as active atoms, and the classifier as linear sparse combination. The constraint of sparsity is imposed on the model as a regularizer, and the learning of sparse model is always a convex optimization problem.

The cardinality of the selected atoms is significantly smaller than the size of the dictionary and the dimension of the signal.


Pain management practices were clearly described by physicians and nurses, beginning with the assessment of pain and moving toward treating it using both nonpharmacological and pharmacological strategies. The barriers and challenges to assessing pain often precluded optimal pain treatments as health care providers were not confident in their choices of treatment strategies, including pain medications. Physicians and nurses reported being careful in their use of pain medications, particularly around opioid use, which often limited their ability to manage pain effectively. A common goal for both nurses and physicians was to work toward an individualized approach that attempted to balance both the risks and benefits of using pain medications. In this way, attempts were made to manage pain for residents without causing more symptoms or side effects that were worse than the original pain. These findings highlight the need to develop supportive mechanisms for health care providers to help them make therapeutic decisions related to managing pain within an individualized approach to care. The impact of dementia for residents appears to have a significant influence on physicians' and nurses' decision making; it is a common thread across all aspects of pain management. These residents represent an extremely vulnerable population in LTC, and their pain is often overlooked unintentionally because of the challenges and barriers to obtaining accurate pain assessments. This contention is well supported by the literature; many studies have shown that pain is underassessed and undertreated in residents with dementia (Feldt, Ryden, & Miles, 1998; Horgas & Tsai, 1998; Kaasalainen et al., 1998; McCaffery et al., 2000; Sengstaken & King, 1993) . Without appropriate assessment tools and sufficient knowledge, staff are left empty handed to manage pain for this population who have limited verbal abilities. Efforts are desperately needed to develop and evaluate standardized approaches to pain assessment so that pain can be regularly and properly assessed and ultimately alleviated in this vulnerable population.

This contention is well supported by the literature; many studies have shown that pain is underassessed and undertreated in residents with dementia.