In stage 3 of the study descriptive statistics were applied by us in fall -winter 2006, in order to analyze the evaluation factors of accessibility and convenience, availability of information, lack of sociality, media richness, product selection, and control and freedom. Means were applied to determine the central tendency of each factor, and standard deviations were applied to determine the variability of each factor about its mean and the relative variability of each factor to each factor in the experiment. Frequency distributions of the factors were generated over the evaluation ratings, in order to furnish a picture of the concentration of the ratings within and across the factors. Finally, a correlation matrix was applied to furnish the relatedness between pairs of evaluation factors and information on the strength and significance of the linear relationship between any dual pairs of factors, with the rule of thumb for the level of the relationship between pairs of factors being 0< r < 0.5 is a weak, 0.5 < r < 0.8 is a moderate, and 0.8 < r < 1.0 is a strong correlation (DeVore, 1995; McClave & Sincich, 2006) .

Finally, a correlation matrix was applied to furnish the relatedness between pairs of evaluation factors and information on the strength and significance of the linear relationship between any dual pairs of factors, with the rule of thumb for the level of the relationship between pairs of factors being 0< r < 0.5 is a weak, 0.5 < r < 0.8 is a moderate, and 0.8 < r < 1.0 is a strong correlation.


Accessibility and convenience in buying may not be apparent in dress model rooms on the Web that do not have the sensation and touch of apparel displayed in stores. Availability of information on apparel products may not be discernable on sites that do not have intuitive navigation or sufficient search. Lack of sociality may not be evident on sites that do not have optional on-line incident interaction with staff perceived as effective by shoppers (Patton, 2006) .

Lack of sociality may not be evident on sites that do not have optional on-line incident interaction with staff perceived as effective by shoppers.


The artificial atoms have the ability to add N electrons to their electron orbitals, where N can vary from one to several tens and even be more than the serial numbers for all known elements in the periodic table [1, 2, 4] . This new property of the attachment of N electrons to the electronic orbitals in the artificial atoms leads to their high reactivity and new practical applications due to their strong oxidative activity, possibility increase substantially the intensity of photochemical reactions in the processes of adsorption and catalysis, as well as their ability to form many new compounds with unique properties (in particular, quasi-molecules and quasi-crystals) [4] [5] [6] . Therefore, the theoretical studies aimed at prediction of new artificial atoms (not presented in the periodic table) and possibility of their existence as well as the experimental studies of their properties are very relevant.

The artificial atoms have the ability to add N electrons to their electron orbitals, where N can vary from one to several tens and even be more than the serial numbers for all known elements in the periodic table.

This new property of the attachment of N electrons to the electronic orbitals in the artificial atoms leads to their high reactivity and new practical applications due to their strong oxidative activity, possibility increase substantially the intensity of photochemical reactions in the processes of adsorption and catalysis, as well as their ability to form many new compounds with unique properties (in particular, quasi-molecules and quasi-crystals).


The CDC defines 'late testers' as individuals who are diagnosed with AIDS within 12 months following their initial HIV diagnoses [18] . In this study, over half of African-born blacks (52.27%) progressed to AIDS within the first 12 months following HIV diagnosis, in contrast to 65.63% of U.S.-born blacks. Our findings compare with trends seen in larger HIV studies, in which black/African Americans typically do not seek early testing. That both U.S.-born and African-born blacks had higher rates of late testing than whites may be partially explained by blacks having less knowledge about the availability of HIV treatment, limited access to health care, and socioeconomic factors related to poverty, all of which have been identified as barriers to early testing [19, 20] . However, the high proportion of late testers in all groups evaluated in this study is a reminder that the progression of HIV infection to AIDS often occurs subtly, and demonstrates the importance of targeted HIV testing to high-risk groups. HIV prevention education should be tailored specifically to affected populations to account for cultural and demographic differences.

The CDC defines 'late testers' as individuals who are diagnosed with AIDS within 12 months following their initial HIV diagnoses.

That both U.S.-born and African-born blacks had higher rates of late testing than whites may be partially explained by blacks having less knowledge about the availability of HIV treatment, limited access to health care, and socioeconomic factors related to poverty, all of which have been identified as barriers to early testing.


While it is known that corrosion of steel reinforcement is a major problem influencing the long-term performance of reinforced concrete infrastructures (Duan, Dai, & Jin, 2015) . It normally occurs due to attack by aggressive agents, such as chloride ions, from the marine environment. Therefore, expansive stresses are induced around corroded steel bars, causing possible cracking, spalling of the concrete cover, and loss of bonding between the steel and concrete (Cairns, Du, & Law, 2008) . Bonding facilitates load transfer across the steel-concrete interface, which is essential for the composite action of reinforced concrete structures. Bonding behaviors primarily dependent on three factors: the compressive strength of concrete, confinement, and the surface of the rebar (deformed or round) (Wu & Zhao, 2013) . Previous studies have been undertaken to evaluate the effects of corrosion on the bond strength (Almusallam, Al-Gahtani, Aziz, & Rasheeduzzafar 1996; Bhargava, Ghosh, Mori, & Ramanjam, 2008; Eligehausen, Popov, & Bertero, 1983; Fang, Gylltoft, Lundgren, & Plos, 2006; Fang, Lundgren, Chen, & Zhu, 2004; Kivell, 2012; Mangat & Elgarf, 1999; Yalciner, Eren, & Sensoy, 2012) . However, little information is available on the effects of concrete strength on bond performance of reinforcing steel in concrete. This is to further study the effects of concrete strength and reinforcement corrosion on bond behavior of reinforcing steel in concrete by both monolithic pull-out loading tests.

While it is known that corrosion of steel reinforcement is a major problem influencing the long-term performance of reinforced concrete infrastructures.

Therefore, expansive stresses are induced around corroded steel bars, causing possible cracking, spalling of the concrete cover, and loss of bonding between the steel and concrete.

Bonding behaviors primarily dependent on three factors: the compressive strength of concrete, confinement, and the surface of the rebar (deformed or round).

Previous studies have been undertaken to evaluate the effects of corrosion on the bond strength.


The distinct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) characters of aggregated and biodiagnostics GNPs are interesting as they can be monitored by absorption spectroscopy and also visually [3] . Researchers have long exploited these distinctive optical properties of colloidal GNPs for sensing specific oligonucleotide sequences to address a wide range of biological issues such as biodiagnostics, genetics, and food analysis [2, 3, [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . However, those studies are limited to a cross-linking mechanism with synthetic probes and targets. A cross-link-based DNA detection scheme requires surface modification of GNPs to immobilize two DNA probes. The immobilized probes are further needed to be interlinked by a complementary target to realize aggregation [10, 16, 19] .

The distinct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) characters of aggregated and biodiagnostics GNPs are interesting as they can be monitored by absorption spectroscopy and also visually.

Researchers have long exploited these distinctive optical properties of colloidal GNPs for sensing specific oligonucleotide sequences to address a wide range of biological issues such as biodiagnostics, genetics, and food analysis.

The immobilized probes are further needed to be interlinked by a complementary target to realize aggregation.


Previous studies have focused on identifying which reviews are fake to detect fake online reviews, trying to identify characteristics of fake reviews or of fake reviewers and then filtering them out. However, the review attackers are also trying to avoid being identified [12] . Researchers found that language in fake reviews were similar to that used in authentic reviews [13] . Therefore, the identification through reviews or reviewers is challenging. Afterwards, we can trace back to the source of these fake reviews. Generally, consumers won't lie for no reason. Accordingly, the real source of fake reviews is the sellers. This study sets aside the review and the reviewer, and starts from the review manipulators-sellers-to establish a game model to analyze the behavior of sellers' review manipulation and identify whether sellers have the probability to manipulate online review. This can provide a new perspective for fake review detection.

However, the review attackers are also trying to avoid being identified.

Researchers found that language in fake reviews were similar to that used in authentic reviews.


Cooperation problems arise due to a mismatch between individual incentives and collective goals. This tension is best captured by the prisoner's dilemma (Rapoport and Chammah, 1965) . Assuming that players have two possible actions, cooperate and defect, the game is specified by payoffs R, S, T, and P, such that T > R > P > S. The payoff for mutual cooperation is R; the payoff for mutual defection is P; S is the payoff for a cooperator that meets a defector; and a defector meeting a cooperator will get T. Regardless of what the other player does, the payoff of playing defect is larger than the payoff of playing cooperate, while the payoff of mutual cooperation is higher than the payoff of mutual defection. Thus, rational players will end up in the less desirable outcome of mutual defection.

This tension is best captured by the prisoner's dilemma.


This paper describes the development and validation of a full-scale finite element model of an ATR42-300 commuterclass aircraft for crash simulation. The model was developed prior to the vertical drop test of the aircraft and analytical predictions were generated for correlation with the experimental data. Model validations, such as described in this paper, are necessary to gain confidence in the application of explicit transient dynamic finite element codes for crashworthy design and certification. In fact, the "validation of numerical simulations" was identified as one of the five key technology shortfalls during the Workshop on Computational Methods for Crashworthiness that was held at NASA Langley Research Center in 1992 [1] .

In fact, the "validation of numerical simulations" was identified as one of the five key technology shortfalls during the Workshop on Computational Methods for Crashworthiness that was held at NASA Langley Research Center in 1992.


In today's world, there is a need to construct a large number of buildings in response to rapid urbanization, to truly improve the economic strength of a developing country. However, this building boom can contribute to the problems of climate change, global warming and environmental pollution to some extent. More than one third of total worldwide greenhouse gas emissions and energy exhaust are related to buildings [1] . At the same time, a sixth of the world's freshwater usage, 40% of the raw materials and one fourth of wood harvested, are consumed by the construction industry [2, 3] . Buildings are not only responsible for economic but also sustainable environmental development. In addition to construction, during the life cycle of the buildings, energy and water consumption, technological innovations and garbage disposal, are all related to environmental performance and these factors affect human health and sustainability. In other words, the construction of green buildings has become a multi-dimensional issue that can be viewed from multiple perspectives [4] . This makes the building of a suitable evaluation system for green building construction and operations, and how to find the factors that effect the implementation of green building assessment, a difficult but significant subject of study.

More than one third of total worldwide greenhouse gas emissions and energy exhaust are related to buildings.

At the same time, a sixth of the world's freshwater usage, 40% of the raw materials and one fourth of wood harvested, are consumed by the construction industry.

In other words, the construction of green buildings has become a multi-dimensional issue that can be viewed from multiple perspectives.


Numerous different levels of certification systems have been founded for green building evaluation, owing to different situations in different countries and regions. The primary green building assessment tools used around the world include the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) guidelines developed in the USA, the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) of the UK, and the Green Building Labeling Assessment Standard for Green Buildings (CGBL) in China [1, 5, 6] . Currently, China is the largest construction market, with up to 2 billion square meters of annual construction and predicted to account for about 50% of new construction globally in the coming decade, it is the largest contributor of CO 2 emissions in the world. Although the popularity of green buildings has grown in China, they only make up about 4% of the buildings in the world's largest construction market. Furthermore, low levels of management and a lack of transparency during the design, construction and operation of the buildings make it difficult to truly implement a green building practice. With the government's "One Belt, One Road" policy and continued urbanization, there will be more opportunities for China to accelerate its infrastructure construction. As a result of these factors and an increasing environmental awareness in China, a rational and effective building evaluation system needs to be constructed and utilized.

The primary green building assessment tools used around the world include the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) guidelines developed in the USA, the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) of the UK, and the Green Building Labeling Assessment Standard for Green Buildings (CGBL) in China.


In this section, we introduce the DANP model that combines DEMATEL with ANP to establish the interdependent structure and receive the weights of the dimensions and criteria. Government and the construction industry can figure out the complex relationship between green building management and the cause-effect within the criteria through the derived influenced network relationship map (INRM). The obtained weights of the criteria and the INRM can help governments and the construction industry to set improved priorities for bettering the green buildings in China. The detailed procedures are illustrated as follows [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] .

The detailed procedures are illustrated as follows.


The EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study is a clinic-based 7-year follow-up study designed to explore risk factors for diabetic complications [10] [11] [12] . Full details on the design, methods, and recruitment in the EURODIAB cohort have been published elsewhere [11] . The initial cohort included 3250 persons with type 1 diabetes recruited at baseline from 31 centers in 16 European countries between 1989 and 1991. Sample selection was stratified by sex, age group, and duration of diabetes to ensure sufficient representation in all categories. Type 1 diabetes was clinically defined as a diagnosis made at 36 years of age or lower, with a continuous need for insulin therapy within 1 year of diagnosis. The study was approved by local ethics committees, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects.

The EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study is a clinic-based 7-year follow-up study designed to explore risk factors for diabetic complications.

Full details on the design, methods, and recruitment in the EURODIAB cohort have been published elsewhere.


According to this, learning to self-regulate oneself and becoming more mature, is a personal and delicate process that needs to be encouraged and facilitated. This is a characteristic of the learning process that tackles directly one of motivational dimensions; it is the stimulation towards strategic self-regulation, by using learning strategies. The learning strategies are steps, operations and behaviour implemented by the learner in order to facilitate, optimise and accelerate the personal processes of learning (Mariani, 2006) . The choice and the usage of strategies, as well as their efficacy, depend on various factors: individual differences, characteristics of the tasks and strategies used by the teacher. In this context impact between the strategies used by a student and those used by a teacher is also important. A classification based on learning strategies distinguishes: a) strategies of selection, comprehension and organisation of knowledge; b) strategies of motivational self-regulation; c) strategies of assistance: surroundings of learning and looking for help. The role of strategies is, basically, to promote task solving, especially when problems occur. The principal role of the strategic behaviour is to optimise student's resources and to achieve the wanted goal in not easy situations.

The learning strategies are steps, operations and behaviour implemented by the learner in order to facilitate, optimise and accelerate the personal processes of learning.


In the more prominent situations, the strategies can be transformed to a more general approach of self-regulation in learning: it happens when a student finds the key to be able to manage his/her own motivation for learning and for managing anxiety as a possible companion in learning. Anxiety can appear as a big problem during the exam, as well as during preparations for an exam. In psychology test anxiety represents that particular type of anxiety that happens to students as the exam becomes closer (Mengali, 2004) . It is usually manifested through the following symptoms: insomnia, nervousness, irritability, difficulties with concentration, memory blanks, obsessive thoughts about the exam and even psychosomatic symptoms. Actually, test anxiety is a particular type of social anxiety that appears in all the situations in which a person feels evaluated and exposed to judgements of other people. A person that suffers from the test anxiety feels that, during the exam, he/she is not evaluated only for the preparations, but also that his/her intelligence and personal capacities are evaluated. Very anxious persons, due to nervousness, are not capable to focus to learning. In the worse cases a student can spend hours over books without learning anything. When such a situation happens, the student should use one of the strategies to manage anxiety during preparations for exam, like, for example, observe his/her own thoughts; elaborate a programme for learning; learn with others, etc.

In psychology test anxiety represents that particular type of anxiety that happens to students as the exam becomes closer.


Of course, an obvious positive way to respond to Arrovian impossibility results, such as those contained in the present paper, is to drop the aggregator desideratum of independence of irrelevant alternatives or neutrality/systematicity. The resulting problem of mere Paretian aggregation is usually analytically more tractable. However, even Paretian aggregation is impossible for finite profiles of generalised expected-utility preferences, as discussed by several authors, including relatively recently Gajdos, Tallon and Vergnaud [10] . The main contribution of the present paper is the consideration of the case of infinite populations (featured, for example, in macroeconomics).

However, even Paretian aggregation is impossible for finite profiles of generalised expected-utility preferences, as discussed by several authors, including relatively recently Gajdos, Tallon and Vergnaud.


In addition to the impacts of the large-scale atmospheric circulation forcing, synoptic scale Arctic storm activities have also demonstrated substantial influences on various aspects of Arctic sea ice properties and surface climate [8, [16] [17] [18] . In particular, intense and long-lasting storms have more frequently occurred over the Arctic Ocean during recent decades [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . They have obviously caused or contributed to the observed extreme events, such as the record minima of summer sea ice extent in 2012 and 2016 and the record maxima of winter surface air temperature in 2015/2016 and 2017/2018 [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] .

In addition to the impacts of the large-scale atmospheric circulation forcing, synoptic scale Arctic storm activities have also demonstrated substantial influences on various aspects of Arctic sea ice properties and surface climate.

In particular, intense and long-lasting storms have more frequently occurred over the Arctic Ocean during recent decades.

They have obviously caused or contributed to the observed extreme events, such as the record minima of summer sea ice extent in 2012 and 2016 and the record maxima of winter surface air temperature in 2015/2016 and 2017/2018.


Thus, for complementing the person-oriented culture with the positive aspects of the task-oriented culture we have to change the culture, rather than to strengthen it. This is a difficult task, as it is difficult to change the person-oriented culture. At the same time, combining these two cultures with the aim of modifying the existing culture towards the task-oriented one may yield good results (Harrison, 1993) . Person-oriented culture is characterised by the focus on needs and relations of people, while in the task-oriented culture the focus is on teamwork and results, which provides a framework directing the activities of every member of such an organisation. A combination of these two cultures allows the schools to strike a good balance between centralisation and decentralisation by creating a situation through the setting of common aims, which regulates the activities of the employees; this reduces the need for external control and direction. In Estoniaís schools, there are preconditions for such culture changes, as the task-oriented culture has the second important position in the representations of teachers.

At the same time, combining these two cultures with the aim of modifying the existing culture towards the task-oriented one may yield good results.


Integration of distributed electricity generation (DG) in distribution networks is increasing steadily in many European countries and is expected to become more extensive in the future. High densities of DG in middle-voltage (MV) and low-voltage (LV) grids raise numerous issues, such as unintentional islanding, grid stability and power quality [1] . A major impact of DG introduction is voltage rise from excess on-site generation. Power injection can counteract voltage drops at high load situations, but at low load it can lead to violation of prescribed voltage limits. The matching between the local load and production is therefore of crucial importance.

High densities of DG in middle-voltage (MV) and low-voltage (LV) grids raise numerous issues, such as unintentional islanding, grid stability and power quality.


Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems have experienced a marked growth over the last decade, following the introduction of generous subsidy schemes [2] . A majority of the installed photovoltaic (PV) systems today are grid-connected distributed (PV-DG) systems [3] . Many of these are integrated at residential customers in low-voltage grids (0.4 kV), at the very end of the distribution system. A continuation of this trend could involve more extensive integration of PV in both existing and new low-voltage grids.

Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems have experienced a marked growth over the last decade, following the introduction of generous subsidy schemes.

A majority of the installed photovoltaic (PV) systems today are grid-connected distributed (PV-DG) systems.


The structure and function of families plays a central role in shaping the behaviour and skills of children. Children, who form sub-components of the family, must be raised to be responsible members of society with appropriate values, beliefs and training. The ability of the family to function effectively is a factor in child development. Child labour is a sign of family dislocation and disorganization (Crosson, 2008) . As a result of child labour, the welfare of the children is adversely affected, as they are exposed to other social ills and dangers. They are forced to live in the adult world away from their families.

Child labour is a sign of family dislocation and disorganization.


Juvenile street hawking has a negative effect on the level of education attained, school attendance, school grades, literacy, and overall human capital formation (Murphy, Jellinek, Quinn, Smith, Poitrast, & Goshko, 1991) . It is also found to results in low school enrolment with developmental and performance implications (Basu & Van, 1998) . In another study conducted in Asia, child labour was also found to negatively affect the educational outcomes of children (Charles & Charles, 2004) . In Africa, and particularly in rural Nigeria, it has been observed that child labourers generally have lower school attendance (Robson, 2004) .

Juvenile street hawking has a negative effect on the level of education attained, school attendance, school grades, literacy, and overall human capital formation.

It is also found to results in low school enrolment with developmental and performance implications.

In another study conducted in Asia, child labour was also found to negatively affect the educational outcomes of children.

In Africa, and particularly in rural Nigeria, it has been observed that child labourers generally have lower school attendance.


Learning is not a spectator sport. Students do not learn much just by sitting in class listening to teachers, memorizing pre-packaged assignments, and spitting out answers. They must talk about what they are learning, write about it, relate it to past experiences, apply it to their daily lives. They must make what they learn part of themselves (Chickering and Gamson, 1987) .

Learning is not a spectator sport.

They must make what they learn part of themselves.


It is well known that there are some differences between BM-MSCs and ASCs, in their gene expression profile, their angiogenic potential, and secretion of factors [29] . It has been demonstrated that the most discriminative feature for heterogeneity within MSC cultures is the tissue source followed by the culture methodology [30, 31] . In spite of these differences, both cell sources seem to be equally effective clinically (Tables 3 and 4 ). Since ASCs can be obtained in substantially greater amounts, they may appear to be a better choice than BM-MSCs for clinical application [5, 6] .

It is well known that there are some differences between BM-MSCs and ASCs, in their gene expression profile, their angiogenic potential, and secretion of factors.

It has been demonstrated that the most discriminative feature for heterogeneity within MSC cultures is the tissue source followed by the culture methodology.

Since ASCs can be obtained in substantially greater amounts, they may appear to be a better choice than BM-MSCs for clinical application.


The next question is why were there improvements in Hb and reductions in anemia in both intervention and control groups? One plausible explanation is the fact that the BCC intervention was provided to both intervention and control groups and that mothers' knowledge about anemia and iron-rich foods improved (albeit moderately) in both groups. In addition, better environmental conditions coming from better rainfalls in 2014 compared to 2013 could explain overall better nutritional status among the children in our cohort. Another potential explanation could be a decrease in malaria and schistosomiasis infections responsible for anemia, or deworming campaigns happening in the area during the study period. In 2012, the incidence of malaria attacks was very low, a finding attributed to high vector control coverage for malaria in Richard Toll and a low human density area [16] . We are unaware of additional changes between 2012 and 2014 (before and during our study). We also have no information on changes in rates of schistosomiasis transmission in the region or deworming campaigns that could have affected anemia prevalence in preschool children during the course of the study. Lastly, although we found no evidence of widespread consumption of MNFY in the control group, we cannot rule out the potential of spill-over effects given that may concessions (our unit of randomization) in intervention and control groups were in close proximity, and the MNFY was delivered at the same milk collection points used for farmers from both intervention and control groups.

In 2012, the incidence of malaria attacks was very low, a finding attributed to high vector control coverage for malaria in Richard Toll and a low human density area.


For example executive MBA students tend to be experienced managers with a good sense of "real world" needs (Lorange, 2005) . Yet much of the research we describe below has focused on more traditional MBA programs or on the perceptions of more experienced MBA students in executive MBA programs outside North America. In our description of the exploratory research reported in this paper, we discuss the perceptions, expectations, and motivations of several cohorts of online MBA students, enrolled in a program specifically targeted to midcareer, work-experienced adult learners. We argue the position that web-based MBA programs may have the capacity to effectively meet the needs and expectations of mid-career students by facilitating the integration of work and life experience with curriculum content, in keeping with the most compelling criticisms of MBA education.

For example executive MBA students tend to be experienced managers with a good sense of "real world" needs.


Many force transduction methods are available (piezoresistive, capacitive, conductive polymers, optical, and ultrasound) spanning a wide variety of applications. However, often the substrate material and large sensor footprint preclude their use in the challenging wet environment of implantable-device/tissue interfaces. Quantification of parameters such as contact force and pressure is important to establishing their impact on device efficacy and functionality [1] . There is a need for highly sensitive sensors that can measure out-of-plane contact forces between soft-tissue and implanted devices at the local (<500μm 2 ) level and have the ability to integrate with state-of-the-art polymer-based implantable devices such as an epi-retinal prosthesis [2] .

Quantification of parameters such as contact force and pressure is important to establishing their impact on device efficacy and functionality.

There is a need for highly sensitive sensors that can measure out-of-plane contact forces between soft-tissue and implanted devices at the local (<500μm 2 ) level and have the ability to integrate with state-of-the-art polymer-based implantable devices such as an epi-retinal prosthesis.


For the intended application, as an impedance-based force sensor, the impedance-force relationship needs to be considered. The measured response (Figure 7) clearly shows a linear region of operation between 500-1500 μN yielding an impedance-force measurement resolution of 1.4 ppm/μN (4.56 mΩ/μN). In addition to device geometry, this response can be tuned by adjusting the solution resistivity, ρ. The data shown here were measured in DI water but further experiments are planned in more conductive electrolytes such as saline that mimic the body's natural environment. The ability to measure forces on the μN-mN force scales using a polymer-based structure enables these sensors to be integrated with existing polymer-based implantable technologies. By utilizing the surrounding liquid environment as the sensing medium rather than seeking to hermetically seal or isolate the sensor from the medium greatly facilitates packaging. This advantage comes at the cost of added calibration requirements to ensure accurate measurement upon application in the intended medium. The addition of self-sealing structures, such as an integrated stiction valve, adds long-term liquid encapsulation capability enabling use in dry applications [6, 8] . Additionally, the ability to fabricate these devices completely out of Parylene-C enables the release from rigid substrates and provides the ability to place these sensors on non-planar surfaces and in other locations and environments which have been traditionally very difficult to access, such as device-tissue interfaces. Contact force experiments utilizing ex vivo retinal tissue samples are planned to validate sensor operation with soft tissue.

The addition of self-sealing structures, such as an integrated stiction valve, adds long-term liquid encapsulation capability enabling use in dry applications.


The preparation and properties of nanoparticles have received considerable attention due to their wide range of applications in fields such as biomedicine, electronics and optics. But synthesis of nanoparticles with controlled size, shape and composition remains a challenge [1] . The current approach based on wet chemical synthesis in stirred tank yields particles with rather broad size distributions because of the low mixing efficiency and wide residence time distributions [2, 3] . In order to overcome the limitations associated with this type of reactor, microfluidic devices have been studied. Their intrinsic small volume allows a reduction of energy costs, reagent consumption and waste generated, as well as improved safety. Besides, their high surface to volume ratio, efficient heat and mass transfer characteristics, vastly improved fluid mixing, allowing a better control of the reaction steps that govern particle size distribution, i.e., nucleation and growth, and thereby improving the monodispersity of synthesized nanoparticles [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Moreover, microfluidic reactors have the ability to operate within continuous flow regimes, which besides being more productive and able to promote more homogeneous reaction conditions, yet permits the continuous variation of the chemical composition of the reaction medium [6, 8] .

But synthesis of nanoparticles with controlled size, shape and composition remains a challenge.

The current approach based on wet chemical synthesis in stirred tank yields particles with rather broad size distributions because of the low mixing efficiency and wide residence time distributions.

Besides, their high surface to volume ratio, efficient heat and mass transfer characteristics, vastly improved fluid mixing, allowing a better control of the reaction steps that govern particle size distribution, i.e., nucleation and growth, and thereby improving the monodispersity of synthesized nanoparticles.

Moreover, microfluidic reactors have the ability to operate within continuous flow regimes, which besides being more productive and able to promote more homogeneous reaction conditions, yet permits the continuous variation of the chemical composition of the reaction medium.


Calcium phosphates, and especially hydroxyapatite Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3-OH (HAp), are widely used as bone substitute material due to their similarity to the mineral portion of bone [13, 14] . It is known that HAp particles characteristics, such as size, size distribution and chemical composition, are directly related to HAp properties such as biocompatibility, bioactivity and osteoconductivity [15, 16] . HAp particles need to be produced with high specific surface area, narrow crystal size distribution and high purity, in order to improve bone-related cells growth around them.

Calcium phosphates, and especially hydroxyapatite Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3-OH (HAp), are widely used as bone substitute material due to their similarity to the mineral portion of bone.

It is known that HAp particles characteristics, such as size, size distribution and chemical composition, are directly related to HAp properties such as biocompatibility, bioactivity and osteoconductivity.


Overweight and obesity progress to metabolic syndrome through pathophysiological mechanisms at the moment largely unclear. It has been hypothesized that the state of chronic low-grade inflammation associated with excess adipose tissue may explain the development of the obesityrelated pathologies, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. This inflammatory response is different from the classical responce defined by the cardinal signs of redness, swelling, heat, and pain [3, 4] . Furthermore, it plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance that triggers the associated comorbidities of metabolic syndrome, such as atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, hypertension, prothrombotic state, and hyperglycemia [5] [6] [7] [8] .

This inflammatory response is different from the classical responce defined by the cardinal signs of redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Furthermore, it plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance that triggers the associated comorbidities of metabolic syndrome, such as atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, hypertension, prothrombotic state, and hyperglycemia.


This relational view of urban places suggested here can extend the more narrowly conceived variable-centered view of places used in some "neighborhood effects on health", "built environment and health" and "urban design and health" research today. This research tends to turn characteristics of places, whether physical or social, into covariates in regression models, obscuring the subjective meanings people assign to make sense of their physical and social environments [13] . For example, studies of neighborhood effects on obesity have tended to measure such things as the built environment as a constraint or opportunity for physical activity [14] . While this is likely important, too often these studies ignore the complex interactions of social, environmental and cultural dimensions of why some groups may or may not have the choice to be physically active, such as time spent working multiple jobs due to poverty, lack of street lighting or safety, or historical and cultural narratives that might demean walking in favor of other modes of transportation or activity [15] . Studies of food environments and their influence on diet have also tended to be limited, primarily measuring the number, density and proximity of "healthy" and "unhealthy" food destinations [16] . Economic factors, transportation availability and costs, behaviors that might encourage some to eat and shop for food outside their neighborhood, and the cultural relevance of available food, among other related factors, are less frequently measured [17] .

This research tends to turn characteristics of places, whether physical or social, into covariates in regression models, obscuring the subjective meanings people assign to make sense of their physical and social environments.

For example, studies of neighborhood effects on obesity have tended to measure such things as the built environment as a constraint or opportunity for physical activity.

While this is likely important, too often these studies ignore the complex interactions of social, environmental and cultural dimensions of why some groups may or may not have the choice to be physically active, such as time spent working multiple jobs due to poverty, lack of street lighting or safety, or historical and cultural narratives that might demean walking in favor of other modes of transportation or activity.

Studies of food environments and their influence on diet have also tended to be limited, primarily measuring the number, density and proximity of "healthy" and "unhealthy" food destinations.

Economic factors, transportation availability and costs, behaviors that might encourage some to eat and shop for food outside their neighborhood, and the cultural relevance of available food, among other related factors, are less frequently measured.


Such definition of ageing complies with principle of ageing balance theory (Korobeynikov and Fed'ko, 2003) . According to this principle ageing temps of different organism's systems are balanced at certain level. This level is in direct proportion with organism systems' contribution in maintaining of resilience and reproductive potential and inversely proportional to energetic and informational cost of their stable work. In this aspect it is purposeful to regard systemic mechanisms of bio-system's development as balanced process (Vojtenko and Pisaruk, 1992) . In other researches the role of tolerance to physical load in health and life span of longlivers is shown. The authors note progressing reduction of lungs' functions, maximal oxygen consumption; maximal strength as examples of multi-factors' character of physical function's weakening with ageing (Venturelli et al., 2012) .

Such definition of ageing complies with principle of ageing balance theory.

In this aspect it is purposeful to regard systemic mechanisms of bio-system's development as balanced process.

The authors note progressing reduction of lungs' functions, maximal oxygen consumption; maximal strength as examples of multi-factors' character of physical function's weakening with ageing.


Characteristic of the worked out psycho-physical means for strengthening of mature and aged people's functioning state In experimental group we used complexes of psycho-physical exercises, which required concentration on some images. These complexes included yoga, qigong, Tai Chi exercises and some other (Bian, 1989) . These means are psycho-physical ones, as far as they imply integral impact on human physical and psychological aspects.

These complexes included yoga, qigong, Tai Chi exercises and some other.


Alongside with ruining and degradation in the process of ageing in organism adaptation regulatory processes appear. In general such processes are directed at increase of organism's resilience. Such phenomenon is called vitaukt by V.V. Frolkis (vita -life, auctum -to increase). Vitaukt manifests in two ways: genetic and phenotypic mechanisms of vitaukt (Frolkis, 1984) . Concept of "successful ageing" is also rather important. Absence of clear characteristics for construction of successful ageing conditions insignificant success in study of ageing. The authors found clear medical sanitary conditions, behavioral factors and biological mechanisms, which facilitate weakening of mobility and physical function of aged people. Besides, they offered promising measures for prevention from such after-effects. It is especially important in connection with growth of average life span in developed countries in context of maintaining of aged people's physical independence (Anton et al., 2015) .

Vitaukt manifests in two ways: genetic and phenotypic mechanisms of vitaukt.

It is especially important in connection with growth of average life span in developed countries in context of maintaining of aged people's physical independence.


The obtained data show that there is significant influence of autogenous training on vegetative nervous system. For example, reduction of HBR in rest indicators, amplitude of mode of RR intervals' duration, indices of regulatory systems' tension witness about decrease of central and sympathetic impacts. Increase of mode of RR intervals' duration says about increased activity of para-sympathetic vegetative nervous system (Baevskij, 1989) . Such changes are confident at р<0.01 and some of them -at р<0,001.

Increase of mode of RR intervals' duration says about increased activity of para-sympathetic vegetative nervous system.


At the same time, in the process of ageing a number of adaptation changes in organism appear, which are directed at prevention from ageing ruining effects and its stabilization. On this conception adaptation theory of ageing is based (Frolkis, 1984) . According to adaptation theory of ageing (the founder of which was V.V. Frolkis) ageing temp depends on organism's properties, which are genetically programmed. Ageing is a ruining process, which progresses owing to increasing with age organism's damages, caused by internal and external factors (Frolkis, 1984) . Ageing is accompanied with a number of physiological and molecular changes in organism. Regular physical functioning remains to be the most effective mean of maintaining and improvement of vascular health (Gliemann et al., 2016; Ilnytska et al., 2016; Kozina et al., 2016) .

On this conception adaptation theory of ageing is based.

Ageing is a ruining process, which progresses owing to increasing with age organism's damages, caused by internal and external factors.

Regular physical functioning remains to be the most effective mean of maintaining and improvement of vascular health.


Physical exercises' influence on women's general ageing and welfare is also an important problem. Physical ageing is an important factor of further life quality. More profound understanding of methods of women's ageing minimization is an important initiative for societies and great cultures throughout the world (Ekler et al., 2013; Briskin and Odinets, 2015; Hollis-Sawyer and Dykema-Engblade, 2016; Kozina et al., 2016) .

More profound understanding of methods of women's ageing minimization is an important initiative for societies and great cultures throughout the world.


Biologists are sure that ageing can be significantly postponed (Baevskij, 1989; Korobeynikov and Fed'ko, 2003) . Organism's ageing starts already, when tissues and organs continue normal functioning. However, with age organism's resistance to negative environmental factors reduces and some organism's systems stop normal functioning.

Biologists are sure that ageing can be significantly postponed.


We worked out special gymnastic on the base of Taoist health related physical exercises' systems. In its base we put well known exercises of Taoist systems for prolongation of youthfulness and achievement of longevity (Bian, 1989) . In such cases it is necessary to come from the fact that human organism and all phenomena in the nature have intrinsic to them genuine health self-restoration force (Mantak and William, 2012) .

In its base we put well known exercises of Taoist systems for prolongation of youthfulness and achievement of longevity.

In such cases it is necessary to come from the fact that human organism and all phenomena in the nature have intrinsic to them genuine health self-restoration force.


The basis of our work and selection of psycho-physical means for improvement of mature and aged people's functional state is theoretical principles of vitaukt's and ageing psycho-physiological principles. The most completely ageing psycho-physiological mechanisms are regarded in works of V. Korobeynikov (Korobeinikov and Kharkovliuk, 2000; Korobeynikov, 2002) . The author points that ageing is a determined process.

The most completely ageing psycho-physiological mechanisms are regarded in works of V. Korobeynikov.


For aged people direct benefits from physical exercises include excitation and improvement of appetite, increase of glucose level regulation in blood, reduction of obesity, improvement of lipid profile; absence of constipation. Functional benefits include: increase of cardio-vascular endurance, strength, flexibility, balance, coordination and bone strength. In the whole, life span increases under influence of physical exercises (Zurita-Ortega et al., 2009; Shephard, 2014; Kozina and Iermakov, 2015; Kourilova et al., 2015) .

In the whole, life span increases under influence of physical exercises.


Among different approaches to reduction of ageing temps we can mark out several works. The authors recommend usage of traditional Thai exercises, which facilitate health preservation by means of physical culture and rising of life quality. Besides, it is recommended to use exercises in the frames of shamanism, Chinese medicine and Buddhism in addition to traditional western systems for soul and body healing (Sinnott, 2001) . With it, it is noted that such approach renders rather restricted effect, like with usage of Tai Chi and Qigong exercises (Ngowsiri et al., 2014) . It is noted that there is positive connection between some wellknown traditional Chinese sport exercises and use for health of aged people or people with chronic diseases (Guo et al., 2016) . In this aspect studies of long livers' way of life can be promising. The authors note that long livers' descendants have better functional status and lower risk of some pathology (Gueresi et al., 2013) .

Besides, it is recommended to use exercises in the frames of shamanism, Chinese medicine and Buddhism in addition to traditional western systems for soul and body healing.

With it, it is noted that such approach renders rather restricted effect, like with usage of Tai Chi and Qigong exercises.

It is noted that there is positive connection between some wellknown traditional Chinese sport exercises and use for health of aged people or people with chronic diseases.

The authors note that long livers' descendants have better functional status and lower risk of some pathology.


Dolomite CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 is the double compound of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) carbonates. It is formed by substitution of Mg atoms into alternate Ca layers of the calcium carbonate (calcite: Ca(CO 3 )) structure, and this is coupled to a change of bond strength and a displacement of atoms. As a result, dolomite is denser and harder than calcite. Ideally, dolomite presents an equal amount of Ca and Mg atoms. However, testing has proved that this is not the case, and dolomite contains an average of 53-58% of Ca per 42-47% of Mg [1] [2] [3] . The simple compound Mg carbonate (MgCO 3 ) also exists, however, a pure deposit of this mineral is rare whereas dolomite is quite common.

However, testing has proved that this is not the case, and dolomite contains an average of 53-58% of Ca per 42-47% of Mg.


Dolomite mainly occurs as a substituting mineral altering the character of a calcareous limestone. This process is often incomplete and, as a result, dolomitic limestones naturally contain varying amounts of dolomite. Limestone can also contain magnesium carbonate (magnesite:MgCO 3 ) and CaCO 3 separately. The proportion of MgCO 3 can be used to classify the different types of magnesian limestone as presented in Table 1 [4] . The terms ''magnesian limestone'' and ''dolomite'' are used for any calcareous rock containing a large proportion of magnesium carbonate either as dolomite or as magnesite.

The proportion of MgCO 3 can be used to classify the different types of magnesian limestone as presented in Table 1.


The production of magnesian lime slightly differs from that of high-calcium lime. The calcination of dolomitic limestone takes place between 510°C and 750°C, a considerable lower temperature than that needed to decompose calcitic limestone alone: 900°C. Consequently, when the calcite is well burnt, the dolomite tends to be overburnt. The decomposition of dolomite is more complex than that of calcite, and can occur in either one stage (Eq. 1) or two stages (Eqs. 2 and 3) [6] .

The decomposition of dolomite is more complex than that of calcite, and can occur in either one stage (Eq. 1) or two stages (Eqs. 2 and 3).


The paper, thus, focuses on the decision-making task and the management of supplied information by the drivers. It seeks to answer how efficient is the parking search process when drivers employ psychologically plausible heuristics to choose between different parking resources. The efficiency of parking search is assessed by how much drivers end up paying in the aggregate to acquire 35 parking spots, including the overhead costs due to needless cruising. The dominant modeling approach in literature is to view drivers as fully rational entities that process all information at hand and act strategically so as to minimize the cost of their search. In behavioral sciences such as economics and psychology, this kind of rationality is called unbounded rationality. In contrast, another kind of rationality is required for problems where there is not adequate time or computational 40 resources in order to obtain all information and find an optimal solution, but nevertheless a good solution must be identified. This is referred to as bounded rationality and Herbert Simon is credited as its father (Simon (1955) ).

This is referred to as bounded rationality and Herbert Simon is credited as its father).


Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers many benefits to image-guided interventions, as it provides a variety of contrast mechanisms for excellent soft tissue distinction and therapy monitoring (e.g. MR perfusion, thermometry). Its capabilities for on-the-fly adjustment of imaging planes and volumes can reduce repositioning of patient or imager, and MRI does not expose clinician or patient to ionizing radiation [8] . Due to the tight confines and strong magnetic field of closed-bore MR scanners, robots employing compact, non-magnetic, low-noise actuators are needed for access to the patient in many cases of in-scanner interventions. This paper has reported work towards the development of such an actuator. The prototype flexible fluidic actuator (FFA) was designed to be compact, sterilizable and inherently safe, using a linear stepper mechanism with hermetically sealed bellows and needle grasper. Manufactured in a single build on a selective laser sintering (SLS) machine, the actuator was fully characterized, and the results validated the analytical model. In initial experiments for sub-step control, a nonlinear, modelbased controller achieved a mean steady-state positioning accuracy of 0.025 mm. These promising results will be built upon in future experiments for positioning the needle tip using image guidance.

Its capabilities for on-the-fly adjustment of imaging planes and volumes can reduce repositioning of patient or imager, and MRI does not expose clinician or patient to ionizing radiation.


Since then, a general theory of laminations of free (or hyperbolic) groups has been put forward [22] . It appears that these laminations have two presentations, namely an algebraic one and a symbolic one. Algebraically, a lamination is a set of geodesic lines in the free group which is closed (for the topology induced by the boundary topology), invariant under the action of the group and flip-invariant (i.e., orientation-invariant). Symbolically, a lamination is a classic symbolic dynamical system: it is a shift and flip-invariant closed set of two-sided sequences.

Since then, a general theory of laminations of free (or hyperbolic) groups has been put forward.


Geometric models of substitutions. Of interest are also self-similar systems, which can be loosely defined as systems where the large-scale recurrence structure is similar to the small-scale recurrence structure, or more precisely as systems which are topologically conjugate to their first return map on a particular subset. They also have natural models, namely symbolic systems associated with substitutions, defined as morphisms of the free monoid (a substitution consists in replacing a letter in a finite alphabet by a nonempty finite word on this alphabet) [42, 41] . A basic idea is that, as soon as self-similarity appears, a substitution is hidden behind the original dynamical system.

Geometric models of substitutions.

They also have natural models, namely symbolic systems associated with substitutions, defined as morphisms of the free monoid (a substitution consists in replacing a letter in a finite alphabet by a nonempty finite word on this alphabet).


Self-symmetry assessment is only achievable if the fractures are not bilateral, so that the contralateral side of the pelvis is intact. According to pelvis fracture classification, a large number of fracture reduction cases are only unilateral [4] . Consequently, direct comparison of bony structures across the sagittal plane is possible in a large number of orthopedic trauma interventions.

According to pelvis fracture classification, a large number of fracture reduction cases are only unilateral.


Wines represent one of the traditional products in Romania for centuries that are underestimated and little known on international level. More than that, the Romanian wine industry is slowly but steadily aligning itself to modern technologies; this research's aim being that of contributing on speeding up this process. Worldwide, the wine industry must answer newer challenges generated by the refinement of the consumers taste; also, recent discoveries on the beneficial impact of phenolic compounds in red wines on human metabolism must be thoroughly researched (Ignat et al., 2016) .

Worldwide, the wine industry must answer newer challenges generated by the refinement of the consumers taste; also, recent discoveries on the beneficial impact of phenolic compounds in red wines on human metabolism must be thoroughly researched.


Although in a well-defined sense SSSB is a form of gravity mediation, its unique features imply that the SUSY flavor problem is under much better control than usual. Specifically the MNSUSY implementation of SSSB has large and dominantly flavor-universal (at least for the 1st and 2nd generation states) soft masses. In addition, there is an approximate U (1) R symmetry that implies that the dangerous Majorana contributions to the gaugino masses are small compared to the dominant Dirac gaugino masses, and that A-terms are also small, features that are well-known to suppress dangerous SUSY-generated contributions to FCNC processes [19] . These issues are discussed in Sections 2.2 and 3.1.

In addition, there is an approximate U (1) R symmetry that implies that the dangerous Majorana contributions to the gaugino masses are small compared to the dominant Dirac gaugino masses, and that A-terms are also small, features that are well-known to suppress dangerous SUSY-generated contributions to FCNC processes.


In addition to the adaptation of the artificial potential fields to the vehicular environment on a road, adopting elliptic shapes, the originality of this paper resides in the fact that the forces of the potential fields are applied to the reference generator rather than to the real vehicle, as commonly done in the literature [14] [15] [16] [17] . The advantages to proceed in this way are that the obstacle avoidance problem is divided into two independent subproblems (reference generation and tracking problem, where this latter can be solved with any desired technique) and that the virtual forces may be also discontinuous (as in the case of obstacles that appear as event-driven dynamics: traffic lights, sudden external disturbance, etc.), whereas the resulting generated references are continuous. This latter aspect implies that the controller is not discontinuous and therefore can be physically implemented.

In addition to the adaptation of the artificial potential fields to the vehicular environment on a road, adopting elliptic shapes, the originality of this paper resides in the fact that the forces of the potential fields are applied to the reference generator rather than to the real vehicle, as commonly done in the literature.


As already discussed, a VD-STMD achieves optimal operation, by varying the device's parameters via a control method. Three of the most popular control methods are based on: (1) Classical control (2) Neural network control and (3) Fuzzy logic control. In the area of neural network and fuzzy logic control, several studies examining the performance of dynamic vibration absorbers have been undertaken (Samali and Al-Dawod, 2003; Samali et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2006; Pourzeynali et al., 2007; Owji et al., 2011) . Classical control methods which include both open-loop and closedloop control is often the preferred approach due to simplicity of implementation and computational efficiency. While open-loop control can be used successfully in many control applications, its use in structural applications is not preferable due to the fact that the dynamic loading is not known a-priori. Consequently, from the two approaches of classical control, closedloop/feedback control is prevalent in literature.

In the area of neural network and fuzzy logic control, several studies examining the performance of dynamic vibration absorbers have been undertaken.


Acoustic emission is a phenomenon frequently encountered in everyday life. An example of acoustic emission is the sound of a pencil being broken or wood being split. Technically, acoustic emission (AE) is defi ned as the class of phenomena in which transient elastic waves are generated by the rapid release of energy from a localized source or sources within a material. The term also applies to the transient elastic waves so generated (Kawamoto, Williams, 2002) . This paper focuses on the feasibility of the AE techniques for monitoring defects caused by corrosion. Tested specimens have to be loaded by static tension because of simulation of real conditions and crack propagation. Acoustic emission energy is released when a crack propagates. In the normal corrosion of carbon steel the corrosion of 1 mm of steel results in up to 12 mm of the hydrated iron oxide. It is during this expansive process that there are multiple microfractures and de-laminations of the oxide that cause acoustic emission. The emission from corrosion usually releases much less energy than emission from crack growth, and so is more diffi cult to detect in the fi eld environment. That is the reason why the combination with static loading is used. The sensor frequencies used to detect these signals are determined more on the basis of the environmental noise under test conditions than on the frequency spectrum of the emission (Cole, Watson, 2005) . Signals of AE are continuously monitored and processed in MINITAB statistic so ware using chosen statistic tools to predict the future state of specimen.

The term also applies to the transient elastic waves so generated.

The sensor frequencies used to detect these signals are determined more on the basis of the environmental noise under test conditions than on the frequency spectrum of the emission.


Detection of corrosion by acoustic emission is not a new phenomenon. However, years of experience and continuing development have helped to make the use of the method practical and in some cases even quantitative. Recognising and eliminating noise is still the main challenge due to the small size of the signals in the presence of potential process noise. Modern instrumentation and pattern recognition helps, but operator training and procedures still play a major part in achieving meaningful measurements (Cole, Watson, 2005) . Use of quality tools in recognising sinals of AE is very useful especially in corrosion proces where the sinals have continuous character.

Modern instrumentation and pattern recognition helps, but operator training and procedures still play a major part in achieving meaningful measurements.


The Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) is a self-report questionnaire. This index has 16 items and subjects should respond to questions based on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = very low to very high = 4). The experience of the fear of anxiety symptoms would be determined via higher scores. The scores are ranged from 0 to 64 (Floyd, Garfield & LaSota (2005) . Having evaluated the psychometric properties of this scale, it was indicated that the scale had an excellent internal consistency (the alpha level was located between 0.80 and 0.90). Furthermore, the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.75 within a two-week interval. It should be noted that the above-mentioned criterion was 0.71 for three years. This indicated that ASI was a stable personality construct (Reiss & McNally, 1985) . The data were collected before and after the intervention and the analysis of covariance was conducted using the SPSS Software (Version 18).

The scores are ranged from 0 to 64.

This indicated that ASI was a stable personality construct.


In previous work, the temporary shear thinning behaviour of lubricant blends containing various commercial viscosity modifier additives (VMs) was measured over a wide shear rate range at several temperatures [1] . It was found that for all but one of the VMs, the viscosity of a given blend at all shear rates and temperatures could be described by a single equation based on time-temperature superposition. The resulting shear thinning equations were then used to explore the impact of the VMs on plain bearing friction using an isothermal, 3D hydrodynamic lubrication model [2] . This showed that VMs can reduce friction in two ways, by increasing viscosity index, leading to a low viscosity at low temperatures, and via shear thinning which reduces effective viscosity in high sliding speed, high shear rate lubricated contact conditions [2] .

In previous work, the temporary shear thinning behaviour of lubricant blends containing various commercial viscosity modifier additives (VMs) was measured over a wide shear rate range at several temperatures.

The resulting shear thinning equations were then used to explore the impact of the VMs on plain bearing friction using an isothermal, 3D hydrodynamic lubrication model.

This showed that VMs can reduce friction in two ways, by increasing viscosity index, leading to a low viscosity at low temperatures, and via shear thinning which reduces effective viscosity in high sliding speed, high shear rate lubricated contact conditions.


Up to the mid-1970s, the temporary shear thinning behaviour of VM-containing engine oils was generally considered undesirable since it led to reduced hydrodynamic film thickness and thus the possibility of increased engine wear [3] . It was then noted that multigrade engine oils gave lower friction and thus better fuel economy than single grade oils of the same summer grade and that this arose at least in part from the shear thinning properties of VM polymercontaining oils [4] . In recent years, the ability of VMs to confer temporary shear thinning response and thus reduce hydrodynamic friction has become an important tool in the formulation of fuel-efficient engine oils [5, 6] .

Up to the mid-1970s, the temporary shear thinning behaviour of VM-containing engine oils was generally considered undesirable since it led to reduced hydrodynamic film thickness and thus the possibility of increased engine wear.

It was then noted that multigrade engine oils gave lower friction and thus better fuel economy than single grade oils of the same summer grade and that this arose at least in part from the shear thinning properties of VM polymercontaining oils.

In recent years, the ability of VMs to confer temporary shear thinning response and thus reduce hydrodynamic friction has become an important tool in the formulation of fuel-efficient engine oils.


The current paper describes a combined experimental and modelling study of the impact of temporary shear thinning of VM blends on the friction of a plain journal bearing. A journal bearing machine (JBM) supplied by PCS Instruments, Acton, UK, is used to measure the hydrodynamic friction of a steadily loaded engine bearing, lubricated by some of the same VM blends characterised previously [1] . Friction is measured over a range of applied speeds, loads and oil supply temperatures.

A journal bearing machine (JBM) supplied by PCS Instruments, Acton, UK, is used to measure the hydrodynamic friction of a steadily loaded engine bearing, lubricated by some of the same VM blends characterised previously.


Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are extensively used in lightweight constructions in the aerospace, automotive, infrastructure, energy, and sports sectors. Commercially used FRPs are mainly based on the use of thermosetting polymer matrices, but the increasing demand for rapid processes and improved impact performance has led to an increased interest in the use of thermoplastic polymer matrices [1] . Additionally, the pursuit of higher performance composites with more complex shapes and even lighter weight continues. The ever-new applications of FRPs pose a significant challenge to the traditional composites manufacturing technologies, which have limited control of the internal structures. Very often the traditional manufacturing of composites still requires machining/trimming/drilling and joining processes in order to meet the final geometric requirements, which further increases the risk of introducing random manufacturing defects/voids that are difficult to predict and could cause catastrophic failure.

Commercially used FRPs are mainly based on the use of thermosetting polymer matrices, but the increasing demand for rapid processes and improved impact performance has led to an increased interest in the use of thermoplastic polymer matrices.


Furthermore, there are two common observations in both cases. Firstly, when resin moves out from the printing head, there are always two split streams in the fixed bed in two opposite directions. It is mainly caused by the squeezing pressure within the print nozzle. The maximum velocity of resin flow is found in the print nozzle, where the resin starts to split and drives the fibres to move closer to the inner wall of the nozzle, which indicates the potential abrasive wear as reported in experiments [28] . In the meantime, as the moving velocity of printing head is constant all of the time, consequently, the velocity of resin just outside of the print nozzle will move faster than it, but confined by the fixed printing bed due to wall effect. Secondly, the velocity profile of resin in the print head is not evenly distributed, and it is evident that the velocity of resin on the right hand side of print head is relatively lower than that it is on the left hand side. As the print head moves from left to right, the left wall of the print head passively gives a force to drive the resin, but the force is firstly transferred to the resin close to the left wall of print head, therefore, there is a delay in force transition to the resin close to the right wall of print head. In Figure 5 , which shows the distribution of resin density, the density of the printed resin is lower than that under the squeezed process in the print head and print nozzle. This is due to the assumption in SPH that the incompressible flow has a compressibility feature in order to reflect the pressure distribution indirectly. In Figure 6 , the deformation of continuous fibres is not visibly noticeable, and the stress is evenly distributed and not in a high order of magnitude at time t = 0.05 s. This is due to the fact that the fully immersed continuous fibres are still within the print head at t = 0.05 s, and the velocity contour in either side of the continuous fibre is almost identical, the interaction forces acting on continuous fibre are ignorable, and as a result, no significant deformation is observed. At time t = 0.1 s, the tensile stress is significant due to the bending. The fibres are in contact with the lower end of left hand side of print nozzle, which could cause severe abrasive wear.

The maximum velocity of resin flow is found in the print nozzle, where the resin starts to split and drives the fibres to move closer to the inner wall of the nozzle, which indicates the potential abrasive wear as reported in experiments.


Differences in the study design of many clinical trials and observational studies often provided discordant findings and conclusions on malnutrition in older adults due to selection bias of participants especially in older adults and to smaller sample sizes of clinical trials for their strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of note, the life course approach to ageing has been only minimally addressed, although ageing is a lifelong process that begins in the womb, and many external influences, such as nutrition, influence it throughout life. Pregnancy and birth cohort studies might help elucidate these relationships, but very few existing birth cohorts follow into adulthood. The British birth cohort of the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) began in 1946 and has been following participants up to age of 67 years. Birth cohorts such as that of NSHD are key to identifying key healthy ageing markers at different stages of life [2] .

Birth cohorts such as that of NSHD are key to identifying key healthy ageing markers at different stages of life.


The iterative technique for determining temperature distribution during Li-ion cell cooling is also validated by comparison with finite element simulations. These simulations utilize the same set of parameters as in the iterative technique. A total of around 500 K elements are used and grid independence is verified. Meshing is refined sufficiently near the leading edge to capture high heat transfer rate and close to the solid-fluid interface to capture boundary layer effects in the fluid domain. The fluid domain is defined to be much larger than expected thickness of velocity and thermal boundary layers. Figure 6 (a) plots the interface temperature as a function of x for two different C-rates, 4C and 5C, utilizing the same 0.001 m/s water flow for cooling. The heat generation rates at 4C and 5C are 67.8 kW/m 3 and 98.5 kW/m 3 , respectively [46] . Plots from both finite element simulations and the analytical model are shown. Figure 6 (a) shows very good agreement between the two. Further, the heat flux from the solid into the coolant fluid is also plotted as a function of x for finite element simulations and analytical model in Fig. 6(b) . Similar to the temperature distribution, there is very good agreement for the heat flux distribution. Compared to finite element simulations, the iterative analytical model offers improved computation time, elimination of the need for time-consuming grid generation and a better physical insight into the conjugate problem that governs fluid cooling of a Li-ion cell.

The heat generation rates at 4C and 5C are 67.8 kW/m 3 and 98.5 kW/m 3 , respectively.


Effective removal of heat from Li-ion cells and battery packs is a critical technological challenge for improving the performance, safety, and reliability of electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems [1] [2] [3] . Several engineering applications such as electric vehicles, stationary power storage systems, etc., involve large battery packs containing multiple Li-ion cells capable of individually storing and converting energy. Heat generated within each Li-ion cell during charge/discharge must be eventually rejected to the ambient. This process must occur with minimal thermal resistance in order to minimize the temperature rise in each Li-ion cell [4, 5] . The path of heat transfer from within each cell to the ambient is somewhat involved [6] . During this process, heat must conduct through materials and interfaces within each cell, then into any surrounding materials, followed by convection into the coolant fluid, which carries the heat away from the battery pack and eventually rejects it to the ambient [7] . Pack-level thermal management plays a key role in overall thermal performance of a battery pack [3] . However, effective, active thermal management may require components such as coolant channels, pump, etc., that do not contribute to energy storage and may even consume energy. While the thermal management system must ensure effective heat removal, the nonelectrochemical components in the pack must be minimized in order to increase the energy storage density and reduce overall weight. The development of accurate thermal modeling tools is critical for reconciling such design trade-offs and designing battery packs that maximize energy storage density while limiting the temperature rise and temperature gradient within the pack.

Effective removal of heat from Li-ion cells and battery packs is a critical technological challenge for improving the performance, safety, and reliability of electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems.

This process must occur with minimal thermal resistance in order to minimize the temperature rise in each Li-ion cell.

The path of heat transfer from within each cell to the ambient is somewhat involved.

During this process, heat must conduct through materials and interfaces within each cell, then into any surrounding materials, followed by convection into the coolant fluid, which carries the heat away from the battery pack and eventually rejects it to the ambient.

Pack-level thermal management plays a key role in overall thermal performance of a battery pack.


The iterative analytical model can also be used to study the effect of geometry on the thermal performance of the coolant flow. Figure 10 plots the surface temperature of the Li-ion cell as a function of different widths of the Li-ion cell, holding the volumetric heat generation rate constant at 98.5 kW/m 3 . Figure 10 shows that at the same C-rate, a thicker cell results in greater temperature rise than a thinner cell. This presents an important design trade-off because a thicker cell will also result in higher packlevel energy storage density, which, while desirable, comes at the cost of increased peak temperature in thicker cells. Strategies for enhancement of thermal conductivity in Li-ion cells have been proposed in the past [6] . It is of interest to analyze the impact of such cell-level enhancement on pack-level thermal management. An analysis is carried out to determine the required coolant fluid velocity for multiple values of the cell thermal conductivity k y,s in order to maintain the same maximum temperature rise in the cell as a baseline case. A heat generation rate of 98.5 kW/m 3 corresponding to 5C discharge rate is used here. Results presented in Fig. 11 show a significant reduction in the required fluid velocity as k y,s increases from 0.2 W/m K to 0.4 W/m K. However, further increase in thermal conductivity is not found to be as advantageous, because convective heat transfer resistance now begins to dominate over thermal conduction resistance. This analysis shows that increased thermal conductivity of constituting Li-ion cells may positively impact system level coolant flow requirements such as pump work, size of coolant manifold, etc., and ultimately the pack-level energy storage density.

Strategies for enhancement of thermal conductivity in Li-ion cells have been proposed in the past.


Marital satisfaction in the current study is consistent with the previous report in a mixed group of chronic pain patients, which reported dissatisfaction in 39% [1] . In that sample, 40% of patients had low back pain/sciatica, 25% had a headache diagnosis, 17% had neurogenic pain. The current sample defined spouse/partner satisfaction using a different measurement tool, however, results were not markedly dissimilar to those for the mixed pain population. Results from this study support previously published studies in chronic pain populations linking depression and anxiety with reduced spouse/partner relationship satisfaction [2, 6, 7, [16] [17] [18] [19] . Open-ended responses identified a tendency of participants with higher migraine frequency to reduce discussions about migraine, with participants less likely to report benefit from sharing issues with others when migraine frequency was higher. This supports a previously published study in which 95 adults with chronic pain and their spouses were surveyed. In that study, increasing patients' disclosures about pain was associated with erosion of spousal support and an increase in invalidating responses to the patient [20] .

Marital satisfaction in the current study is consistent with the previous report in a mixed group of chronic pain patients, which reported dissatisfaction in 39%.

Results from this study support previously published studies in chronic pain populations linking depression and anxiety with reduced spouse/partner relationship satisfaction.

In that study, increasing patients' disclosures about pain was associated with erosion of spousal support and an increase in invalidating responses to the patient.


Maximum crack length for sandwich DCB specimen Figure 10 shows the compliance vs. the uncracked length (c) for sandwich specimens with 12.7 mm thick PVC and PES foam cores at a constant crack length (a ¼ 50 mm), calculated from equation (1) . For short lengths, c, the compliance assumes very large values due to short foundation length. When the uncracked length is above a certain value, however, the compliance assumes a constant value independent of c. For stiffer cores, the transition into a constant compliance region occurs at smaller c values ( Figure 10 ).

Maximum crack length for sandwich DCB specimen Figure 10 shows the compliance vs. the uncracked length (c) for sandwich specimens with 12.7 mm thick PVC and PES foam cores at a constant crack length (a ¼ 50 mm), calculated from equation.


Several local defects, such as bubbles, cracks, burr on the electrode, and suspended conductive particles, are difficult to avoid in the manufacture process of transformers [1] . These defects cause uneven distribution of the electric field, which results in the generation of partial discharge and prompts transformer insulation degradation. Statistics show that transformer accidents are mostly caused by insulation degradation [2] . Partial discharge is accompanied by numerous phenomena, such as light, electric pulse, ultrasonic wave, and electromagnetic wave. By detecting these phenomena, partial discharge can be detected indirectly. The dielectric insulation status and defect types can be determined, and the insulation life of the electrical equipment can even be predicted. Therefore, current research institutions, manufacturers, and electric power system operation departments place a high value on partial discharge detection technology.

Several local defects, such as bubbles, cracks, burr on the electrode, and suspended conductive particles, are difficult to avoid in the manufacture process of transformers.

Statistics show that transformer accidents are mostly caused by insulation degradation.


We find that the existence and uniqueness results were proved, but the iterative scheme for uniformly approximating the solution of IVP (2) was not given in (Theorem 21 [6] ). Generally, finding the solution of nonlinear fractional differential equation is not an easy task. So the numerical treatment for such problems practically more sounds.

We find that the existence and uniqueness results were proved, but the iterative scheme for uniformly approximating the solution of IVP (2) was not given in (Theorem 21).


To reach exascale performance, computing nodes are supplied with accelerators, such as GPUs and, recently, many-integrated cores (MIC) co-processors that feature very high levels of concurrency. At the same time, energy consumption has gained much attention since it is a limiting factor in attaining exascale performance. For example, the U.S. Department of Energy has set the cap of 20MW power draw for supercomputer operation [12] . Applications that exploit high degrees of parallelism and take advantage of the different hardware components available execute with improved efficiency and may result in reduced execution times and energy savings.

For example, the U.S. Department of Energy has set the cap of 20MW power draw for supercomputer operation.


In this work, two parameters are varied: link-cell count and host CPU frequency. Conversely, the parameters that are not varied during the experiment are problem size, thread affinity, and thread count. Problem size has been set to 70 (1,372,000 atoms) because this workload provides a sufficiently long execution time (more than 30 seconds) to collect power samples. Thread affinity has been set to compact and granularity is set to thread because this affinity combination has been shown to provide the most efficient execution [13, 14] . Thread count has been set to 236 threads (out of possible 240), which are mapped to 59 cores. One core is left free from CoMD because it is occupied by the MIC operating system.

Thread affinity has been set to compact and granularity is set to thread because this affinity combination has been shown to provide the most efficient execution.


Current models that attempt to predict the effects of changes in environmental conditions on fish communities generally focus on variables averaged over one or many years and over entire lakes or rivers (e.g., total fish yield or production, seasonal mean biomass, mean chlorophyll a concentration, average phosphorus concentration, mean depth, mean flow, total number of degree-days per growing season). However, all natural or anthropogenic perturbations of environmental conditions may not equally affect all parts of an ecosystem. Similarly, all parts of an ecosystem may not equally contribute to the maintenance of fish communities. Furthermore, the impact on fish of any given natural or anthropogenic perturbation may vary with time. Recognition of this situation has led to the development of approaches to locate, enumerate, and evaluate fish habitats and hence to identify areas of key importance for fish communities (Bovee 1982; Brandt et al. 1992; Minns and Bakelaar 1999) . Such a spatially explicit framework requires models that may allow one to predict fish distribution patterns and fish habitat quality. Despite the conceptual appeal of spatially explicit fish habitat models, functional tools may be obtained only after underlying assumptions have been tested and models have been validated. In this context, my objectives are to (i) present attempts to develop methods to estimate and model fish distribution, abundance, and production and (ii) discuss problems and solutions related to the use of an energetic criterion, the potential growth under given environmental conditions, to define fish habitat quality. My emphasis on an energetic criterion reflects my own interest in bioenergetics and not a contention about the superiority of this criterion. The capacity of a habitat to provide suitable spawning or overwintering conditions can be expected to give complementary and equally useful information (Cunjak 1988; Knapp and Preisler 1999) .

Recognition of this situation has led to the development of approaches to locate, enumerate, and evaluate fish habitats and hence to identify areas of key importance for fish communities.

The capacity of a habitat to provide suitable spawning or overwintering conditions can be expected to give complementary and equally useful information.


Extremal black holes in four asymptotically flat dimensions all have near horizon geometry AdS 2 × S 2 [1] . It is therefore important to understand the AdS d+1 /CFT d correspondence in the special case d = 1 where the holographic correspondence is between AdS 2 quantum gravity and CFT 1 conformal quantum mechanics. Unfortunately, this case has proven very different from examples of holography with other values of d and it remains poorly understood.

Extremal black holes in four asymptotically flat dimensions all have near horizon geometry AdS 2 × S 2.


The purpose of this paper is to develop the gravitational side of the proposed duality in the context of asymptotically flat (nearly) BPS black holes in N = 2 supergravity. These black holes realize a cornucopia of explicit nAdS 2 geometries that have been analyzed in detail from many different points of view. One of their important aspects is the attractor behavior they exhibit in the strict extremal limit: the values of scalar fields at the horizon depend only on the black hole charges, they are independent of the boundary conditions on scalar fields in the asymptotically flat space far from the black hole [15, 16] . We will generalize this result and demonstrate that the near horizon field configuration of a nearly extreme black hole follows from the extremal attractor mechanism by a simple rule: it is determined by the derivatives of the corresponding attractor values for extremal black holes with respect to the conserved charges. The direction of the gradient in the space of charges is specified by the asymptotic values of moduli. This algorithm offers a powerful and convenient way to obtain near horizon values of fields without constructing the entire black hole solution. We refer to these results as a nAttractor mechanism.

One of their important aspects is the attractor behavior they exhibit in the strict extremal limit: the values of scalar fields at the horizon depend only on the black hole charges, they are independent of the boundary conditions on scalar fields in the asymptotically flat space far from the black hole.


We expect that computation of the VEVs through holographic renormalization would give similar results. The scales L i are defined in (3.24) as complex numbers. In this work we have made no effort to preserve supersymmetry through the spherical reduction. In a fully supersymmetric theory, the scale L would similarly acquire a pseudoscalar partner and become complex. The N = 2 version of the SYK model indeed features a partner σ to the scale R 2 [42] . The most precise way of counting scales may well be to refer to n V + 1 real scales and n V + 1 phases.

The N = 2 version of the SYK model indeed features a partner σ to the scale R 2.


The construction of the bilingual knowledge base is vitally critical to the development of example-based machine translation systems [1] . In the translation process, the application of bilingual examples is concerned with how examples are used to facilitate translation. This involves the factorization of an input sentence into the format of stored examples, and the conversion of source texts into target texts in terms of the existing translations by referencing the bilingual knowledge base. Theoretically speaking, examples can be acquired from a bilingual corpus where the texts are aligned in sentence order level. Technically, we need an example base for convenient storage and retrieval of examples.

The construction of the bilingual knowledge base is vitally critical to the development of example-based machine translation systems.


This paper proposes a general analytical framework for the evaluation of the contribution of technical innovations to the sustained diffusion of RET in national energy systems. The general framework, exposed in Section 3, is operationalized for the case of wind power technology. The framework was operationalized elsewhere also for the cases of biomass electricity technologies and small hydropower [17] . Due to space restrictions, this paper refers only to onshore wind power. Section 4 discusses the diffusion obstacles encountered by onshore wind technologies. The operationalization of the evaluation framework for the case of wind power results in the specification of a set of four general indicators of technological performance. The paper proposes that innovations be evaluated by means of these indicators, in order to underpin their consequences for the national diffusion potential.

The framework was operationalized elsewhere also for the cases of biomass electricity technologies and small hydropower.


A good look at the studies looking at RET innovations shows that not much progress has come from this direction either. In this stream of 'innovation studies', two sub-streams of interest need to be differentiated. First, there are professional/industry and technical/engineering academic studies discussing the technical innovations brought about to RET, published typically in professional or industry association journals and newsletters, or RET focused national or international journals such as Windpower Monthly, Re-focus, and Renewable Energy World, or technical academic journals such as Wind Engineering; but such studies also appear in book forms [8] [9] [10] . Their importance in shaping stakeholders' perceptions regarding RET innovations should not be underestimated as they are quite widely read by RET analysts, junior and senior academic staff and industry professionals.

First, there are professional/industry and technical/engineering academic studies discussing the technical innovations brought about to RET, published typically in professional or industry association journals and newsletters, or RET focused national or international journals such as Windpower Monthly, Re-focus, and Renewable Energy World, or technical academic journals such as Wind Engineering; but such studies also appear in book forms.


The first attempt SLMA insertion success rate of 99.1% is comparable to rates previously reported in LMA studies in obstetric general anesthesia (97.7 to 98.0%) [12, [17] [18] [19] . The high success rate could be attributed to adherence of the manufacturers' recommended technique, insertion by experienced anesthetists, and the routine use of SLMA at the study site for cesarean section under general anesthesia. Of note, we achieved a high SLMA insertion success rate despite maintenance of cricoid pressure, which could impede the LMA insertion into the post-cricoid hypopharyngeal space. This issue could have been attenuated by the relative rigidity of the SLMA. The high success rate of SLMA insertion in obstetrics further strengthens our hypothesis that the use of second-generation LMAs such as the SLMA is suitable in selected parturients, and this is consistent with the OAA-DAS recommendations for use in difficult and failed intubation. Parturients are considered to be at higher risk for gastric regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration. The risk could be exacerbated especially with concomitant obesity, labor pain or opioid analgesia administration. Although this study was not powered to investigate the risk of pulmonary aspiration, we did not detect any clinical evidence of regurgitation or aspiration, including no significant acidification of SLMA laryngeal surface to reflect gastric pH, which is a surrogate indication of the presence of gastric contents in the trachea [20] . The lack of clinical aspiration is possibly due to: (1) the ability of the double-lumen system of second-generation LMAs to facilitate gastric tube insertion and attenuation of intra-gastric fluid volume; (2) a better pharyngeal seal that prevents stomach insufflation and gastric fluid at the hypopharynx from entering the airway; (3) performance of rapid sequence induction and cricoid pressure; (4) careful patient selection with exclusion of parturients at risk of gastric regurgitation; and (5) adherence to the minimum recommended fasting time. We also requested the obstetricians to reduce fundal pressure for all cases, though the benefit of this in terms of aspiration risk is uncertain.

The first attempt SLMA insertion success rate of 99.1% is comparable to rates previously reported in LMA studies in obstetric general anesthesia (97.7 to 98.0%).

Although this study was not powered to investigate the risk of pulmonary aspiration, we did not detect any clinical evidence of regurgitation or aspiration, including no significant acidification of SLMA laryngeal surface to reflect gastric pH, which is a surrogate indication of the presence of gastric contents in the trachea.


Sustainable supply chain management is of growing significance to organizations to gain a competitive advantage, but also to industries sensitive to environmental problems or social issues (Seuring and Müller, 2008) . Thus the adoption of sustainable supply chain management requires that particular attention be focused on performance management, accounting, auditing and management control. In our view, designing a sustainable dashboard provides a tool for encouraging the application of sustainable supply chain management and allowing stakeholders to discriminate positively in favor of sustainable products and services.

Sustainable supply chain management is of growing significance to organizations to gain a competitive advantage, but also to industries sensitive to environmental problems or social issues.


Mechanisms for deliberative democracy also encourage agency implementers to adopt policies to fit the specific contexts of particular groups or communities, in part because they are able to find out what those contexts are and in part because they are able to adjust policy actions to them. Furthermore, when citizens are invested in a process that legitimately involves them in the design and implementation of a program, those participants are more likely to see the policies and the implementations that stem from them as legitimate and adjust their behavior accordingly. If the community also accepts that those participants legitimately represent their interests, then their involvement may also lead to acceptance of program actions and adjustments in behavior. When the policy implementation process is able to identify and respond to particular local contexts, outcomes can improve although the process is challenging and empirical results are mixed (Ryfe 2005) .

When the policy implementation process is able to identify and respond to particular local contexts, outcomes can improve although the process is challenging and empirical results are mixed.