Adhesion and work hardening are related with severe notching at the tool nose and/or the intersection between cutting edge and machined surface, being significant failure mode during machining Ni alloys with cemented carbide cutting tools. Abrasion at the clearance surface induces flank wear, chipping and catastrophic failure, also known as cause of tool rejection during machining of Ni alloys [10] . Burr formation commonly occurs as a consequence of work hardened layer, usually leading to catastrophic breakage of the insert edge [11] .

Abrasion at the clearance surface induces flank wear, chipping and catastrophic failure, also known as cause of tool rejection during machining of Ni alloys.

Burr formation commonly occurs as a consequence of work hardened layer, usually leading to catastrophic breakage of the insert edge.


Nickel-based superalloys are widely used in aerospace applications due to their excellent mechanical properties maintained at high temperature and their corrosion resistance. Machining of these alloys is still a challenge, especially in aggressive conditions such as dry cutting. Characteristics of superalloys (high temperature tensile and shear strength, strong work hardening, reduced thermal conductivity, the trend to form built-up edge (BUE) and the presence of abrasive particles in their microstructures) induce severe thermo-mechanical loads at the tool-chip interface resulting in significant wear of the tool [1] .

Characteristics of superalloys (high temperature tensile and shear strength, strong work hardening, reduced thermal conductivity, the trend to form built-up edge (BUE) and the presence of abrasive particles in their microstructures) induce severe thermo-mechanical loads at the tool-chip interface resulting in significant wear of the tool.


The above-mentioned factors may hypothetically alter the neoadjuvant therapy induced reactions in tumor-draining SLNs compared to lymph nodes without direct connection with the primary carcinoma, i.e. non-SLNs. Enhanced blood flow and enriched vasculature may increase the load of chemotherapeutics or targeted cancer therapy agents (e.g. hormone receptor modulators or trastuzumab) in lymph nodes developing TRL. A preferential regression in SLNs might influence the false negative rate of SLN biopsy after primary systemic treatment, by resulting in complete regression in SLNs with remaining tumor burden in non-SLNs. Alternatively an immunosuppressed status of the SLNs as compared to non-SLNs could lead to less effect from cytotoxic therapeutics. A selective regression or non-regression may also alter the staging effect of the removal of radioactive seed localized nodes that proved to be positive before the initiation of primary systemic treatment [7] .

A selective regression or non-regression may also alter the staging effect of the removal of radioactive seed localized nodes that proved to be positive before the initiation of primary systemic treatment.


The simplest way for retrieving 3D models is by means of textual metadata describing the 3D objects. This requires 3D models to have reliable metadata. However, 3D models not always come with reliable human tags. Although, many authors have addressed the multimedia data annotation problem, this is still an open problem [23, 24] . Due to this fact, the ongoing research on multimedia retrieval relies on a content-based approach [8] .

Although, many authors have addressed the multimedia data annotation problem, this is still an open problem.

Due to this fact, the ongoing research on multimedia retrieval relies on a content-based approach.


Retaining structures are constructed at nearly every highway, road and railway projects and used against for slopes and embankments. Retaining structures are classified under two main groups. These are permanent structures such as retaining walls, reinforced earth structures, anchored walls and temporary structures such as sheet pile walls and braced cuts. Retaining walls are mostly preferable elements among them and there are three types such as cantilever, gravity and counterfort (Das, 1984) . Retaining walls constructed by using reinforced concrete so construction of retaining walls needs money and time. On the other hand, weak subsoil conditions and slope heights increase the cost. Therefore alternative methods such as reinforced earth structures are used especially last 50 years. Reinforced earth structure is also known as Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall and is a specific reinforced soil system. Geotextiles and geogrids are flexible polymeric materials and used as reinforcing elements. An example of reinforced earth structure is given in Figure 1 .

Retaining walls are mostly preferable elements among them and there are three types such as cantilever, gravity and counterfort.


In this study, behavior of supported slopes with geotextiles and geogrids were analyzed by performing experiments on slope models in laboratory. In the experiments a static loading was applied to find failure surface and deformations for each case (Ozdemir, 2015) . Additionally, models were analyzed by using Plaxis program. At the end of the study, experimental and analytic models were compared and also stress and strain behaviors of models were presented.

In the experiments a static loading was applied to find failure surface and deformations for each case.


While parting with some characteristics of traditional process mining techniques, such as absolute precision and describing the complete behavior, it is obvious that the approach described in this paper is based on previous work in this domain, most specifically control-flow mining algorithms [2, 14, 7] . The mining algorithm most related to Fuzzy Mining is the Heuristics Miner, which also employs heuristics to limit the set of precedence relations included in the model [14] . Our approach also incorporates concepts from log filtering, i.e. removing less significant events from the logs [8] . However, the foundation on multi-perspective metrics, i.e. looking at all aspects of the process at once, its interactive and explorative nature, and the integrated simplification algorithm clearly distinguishes Fuzzy Mining from all previous process mining techniques.

While parting with some characteristics of traditional process mining techniques, such as absolute precision and describing the complete behavior, it is obvious that the approach described in this paper is based on previous work in this domain, most specifically control-flow mining algorithms.

The mining algorithm most related to Fuzzy Mining is the Heuristics Miner, which also employs heuristics to limit the set of precedence relations included in the model.

Our approach also incorporates concepts from log filtering, i.e. removing less significant events from the logs.


As underlined by Karl Tillmann a thorough knowledge of the pathogenesis of these deformities and understanding of the biomechanical changes are necessary in order to plan effective surgical procedures (e.g. the selection of the best suited operative procedure among a number of methods at one's disposal) [8] . Continuous and simultaneous pharmacotherapy by the rheumatologist is imperative for both short-term and longterm results of treatment. This manuscript will discuss the current surgical options in rheumatoid forefoot pathology.

As underlined by Karl Tillmann a thorough knowledge of the pathogenesis of these deformities and understanding of the biomechanical changes are necessary in order to plan effective surgical procedures (e.g. the selection of the best suited operative procedure among a number of methods at one's disposal).


These results motivate a further investigation. What is the exact classification of all reals (inside ∆ 1 1 ) which are not random with respect to any continuous measure? If we look at n-randomness (n ≥ 2), what is the size and structure of the reals that are not n-random for some continuous measure? The latter question will be studied in separate paper [26] .

The latter question will be studied in separate paper.


The molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) has been developed and successfully used in patients with liver failure to replace excretory liver function and detoxification. MARS is based on principles of albumin dialysis, and was shown to significantly improve hepatic encephalopathy, cerebral blood flow, renal function, and systemic hemodynamics [1] [2] [3] . It has further been shown that plasma concentrations of ammonia and many albumin-bound molecules, such as bilirubin, decreased during MARS therapy [4, 5] . Nevertheless, improved outcome has been demonstrated in patiens with hepatorenal syndrome and acute-on-chronic liver failure [6, 7] .

MARS is based on principles of albumin dialysis, and was shown to significantly improve hepatic encephalopathy, cerebral blood flow, renal function, and systemic hemodynamics.

It has further been shown that plasma concentrations of ammonia and many albumin-bound molecules, such as bilirubin, decreased during MARS therapy.

Nevertheless, improved outcome has been demonstrated in patiens with hepatorenal syndrome and acute-on-chronic liver failure.


The desperate need for affordable medicines for the treatment of malaria has stimulated the search for alternative treatments and in particular the use of A. annua as a locally grown herbal treatment for malaria [5] . For this purpose the dried herb is usually used in the form of an infusion prepared by adding boiling water to the herb, allowing to stand and then drinking the strained liquor. In China, Qing Hao was documented more than 1,600 years ago for the treatment of 'intermittent fevers' by the famous physician Ge Hong (284-363 A.D.) in the Zhou hou bei ji fang which may be translated as 'Emergency prescriptions kept up one's sleeve'. Interestingly, in this text specific instructions are given: 'Qing Hao, one bunch, take two sheng (2 × 0.2 L) of water for soaking it, wring it out, take the juice, ingest it in its entirety [6] . Other methods in later references involve soaking the plant in urine rather than water and pounding the fresh herb to produce a juice [7] . In view of these interesting instructions, here we report experiments designed to simulate the methods described in the ancient Chinese texts and evaluate their potential to provide locally accessible malaria treatment.

The desperate need for affordable medicines for the treatment of malaria has stimulated the search for alternative treatments and in particular the use of A. annua as a locally grown herbal treatment for malaria.

Interestingly, in this text specific instructions are given: 'Qing Hao, one bunch, take two sheng (2 × 0.2 L) of water for soaking it, wring it out, take the juice, ingest it in its entirety.

Other methods in later references involve soaking the plant in urine rather than water and pounding the fresh herb to produce a juice.


It is well-known that crude plasmids usually contain different structures of DNA, which has different migration velocity in agarose gel (Mickel et al., 1977; Levene and Zimm, 1987) . We had recovered three kinds of DNA fragments with different velocities from agarose gels separately, and for 3 kb DNA fragment, there was a higher yield. Within 6.5 kb fragment extracted, there was partly contaminated DNA following the 6.5 kb fragment, so longer running time was needed to separate different sizes bands. Circular 3 kb DNA fragment recovered which contained SalI/NotI restriction enzyme sites was spliced smoothly with SalI and NotI restriction enzymes, which showed that DNA recovered by trap method worked well. To test whether linear recovered DNA can be further digested by enzymes, we digested circular anti-ubiquitin scFv plasmids with enzyme SalI to obtain linear DNA (Figure 4a ), then after linear DNA was recovered by trap method, they were digested with restriction enzyme NotI, the recovered DNA was spliced smoothly again.

It is well-known that crude plasmids usually contain different structures of DNA, which has different migration velocity in agarose gel.


The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 is devoted to present the affine classification and the corresponding normal forms of the difference equations of type (1) . The main results are Theorems 5-7, stated in Section 2.2. Some definitions and preliminary results are stated in Section 2.1.

The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 is devoted to present the affine classification and the corresponding normal forms of the difference equations of type.


Thanks to its composition, concrete is a heavily hysteretic material, which shows a certain degree of nonlinearity even under no-load conditions (Nazarov et al., 2003; Bentahar et al., 2006; Antonaci et al., 2010) . If there are defect regions in the concrete specimen under test, these regions will make additional sources of nonlinearity which exceed, by several orders of magnitude, the specimen's own nonlinearity. Under ultrasonic tests, the nonlinear behaviour of the material takes effect in a deformation of the ultrasonic waves propagating through the specimen, thus resulting in nonlinear effects in the frequency spectra of the specimen under investigation. The nonlinear effects consist of an amplitude-dependent occurrence of higher harmonic components (f 2 , f 3 ,...) when a single-frequency excitation with a frequency f 1 is used, and a marked growth of odd-numbered harmonics and the formation of side bands (f 1 ±f 2 , f 1 ±2f 2 ,...) when simultaneous excitation by two frequencies f 1 and f 2 is used (Hajek et al., 2003) . Another option of time-dependent excitation is the application of an impulse signal. In this case, the application of a mechanical impulse signal may result in a substantially higher output response. Besides the generation of new harmonic components, the defect induced nonlinearity also results in a change of the specimen transfer characteristics and both of these phenomena can be analysed at a time.

Thanks to its composition, concrete is a heavily hysteretic material, which shows a certain degree of nonlinearity even under no-load conditions.

The nonlinear effects consist of an amplitude-dependent occurrence of higher harmonic components (f 2 , f 3 ,...) when a single-frequency excitation with a frequency f 1 is used, and a marked growth of odd-numbered harmonics and the formation of side bands (f 1 ±f 2 , f 1 ±2f 2 ,...) when simultaneous excitation by two frequencies f 1 and f 2 is used.


Currently, there is no proven effective treatment for malignant PHEO/PGL. Partial responses are observed in only up to one-third of patients with various combinations of drugs and regimens [8, 9] . Here we present a patient with an SDHB-related extra-adrenal PGL and hepatic and bone metastases who exhibited a marked response of hepatic lesions to cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine (CVD) chemotherapy.

Partial responses are observed in only up to one-third of patients with various combinations of drugs and regimens.


Formation of Quark-Gluon plasma (QGP), strongly-interacting nuclear matter created under extreme conditions such as collisions of heavy ions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), is well established and supported by plethora of measurements. In such collisions, initial spacial anisotropy evolves into momentum anisotropy by hydrodynamical expansion of the created medium. The azimuthal momentum distribution of emitted particles can be decomposed into a Fourier expansion (1) with anisotropic flow coefficients v n = cos n(ϕ − Ψ n ) , where ϕ is azimuthal angle and Ψ n is symmetry plane of n-th harmonic [1] .

The azimuthal momentum distribution of emitted particles can be decomposed into a Fourier expansion (1) with anisotropic flow coefficients v n = cos n(ϕ − Ψ n ) , where ϕ is azimuthal angle and Ψ n is symmetry plane of n-th harmonic.


The important determinants for optimal dispersion of drugs via DPI are the device resistance and the inhalation flow and volume of the subjects [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . The resistance of the RS01 HRes device of 0.036 kPa 1/2 /L min is within the range of the resistance of DPIs used for delivering other dry powder formulations to the lung [4, 5] . The flows that the patients generate inhaling through the device are of critical importance as they provide the energy for optimal dispersion of the powder [5] . However the flows patients generate depend on the resistance of the device and on their own lung function. In-house in vitro data comparing the HRes inhaler with Bronchitol at 45 and 60L/min showed that the fine particle dose (FPD) was the same at both flow rates. The decision to use the HRes device for the phase III CF trials and as the device of choice for non-CF bronchiectasis studies was made following patient feedback on ease of use and tolerability of the HRes device, making it the most suitable for frequent administration of inhaled mannitol over the long-term.

The important determinants for optimal dispersion of drugs via DPI are the device resistance and the inhalation flow and volume of the subjects.

The resistance of the RS01 HRes device of 0.036 kPa 1/2 /L min is within the range of the resistance of DPIs used for delivering other dry powder formulations to the lung.

The flows that the patients generate inhaling through the device are of critical importance as they provide the energy for optimal dispersion of the powder.


The MRT is an agglutination test applied on fresh milk, but it does not work on pasteurized or homogenized milk used, it detects IgM and IgA antibodies bound to fat globules, wide acceptable used as a routine periodic test for brucellosis due to it is cost effective, easy to perform and can finishing many samples in a short time (Cadmus et al., 2008) . In the present study, MRT was performed on 60 lactating cows (18 from Al-Wafra, 5 from AlKabed and 37 from Al-Salebia), which were positive abovementioned three serological tests. The results of MRT shown in Table 2 revealed that the percentages of positive were 61.67 (59.46 in Al-Wafra; 60 in Al-Kabed and 66.6 in Al-Salebia).

The MRT is an agglutination test applied on fresh milk, but it does not work on pasteurized or homogenized milk used, it detects IgM and IgA antibodies bound to fat globules, wide acceptable used as a routine periodic test for brucellosis due to it is cost effective, easy to perform and can finishing many samples in a short time.


Under environmental stress such as elevated [CO 2 ] and/or water deficiency, plants modify leaf morphology and anatomy that either diminishes the water loss or increases water use efficiency [61] . Thus, small leaf area with less stomatal density would alter water use efficiency for a species. Supporting our hypothesis, the result showed significant correlations within and between leaf anatomical and morphological characteristics. All these features provided a structural basis in reducing water loss through leaves and increase water use efficiency. Therefore, the plasticity of leaf area and stomatal characteristics played a major role in the survival of paper birch under environmental stress.

Under environmental stress such as elevated [CO 2 ] and/or water deficiency, plants modify leaf morphology and anatomy that either diminishes the water loss or increases water use efficiency.


R. philippinarum is one of the most commercially exploited bivalve molluscs in the world, and its production comes from both fishing of natural stocks and cultivated grounds. The total catch of this species was reported to be approximately 40.000 tonnes in 2010 (FAO 2012) . However, in Turkey, natural stocks are the only source of Ruditapes sp., and the annual catch was reported to be 14.9 tonnes in 2011 (Türkstat 2012) .

The total catch of this species was reported to be approximately 40.000 tonnes in 2010.

However, in Turkey, natural stocks are the only source of Ruditapes sp., and the annual catch was reported to be 14.9 tonnes in 2011.


This total dimensionless energy is first minimized at short times, which gives rise to a "limit" which can be seen as a distribution of infinitely close cohesive cracks. This type of microstructuration is well known in phase transform problems where the energy is not convex (Ball and James 1989; Bhattacharya and Dolzmann 2001) . Thus, a homogenized (effective) behavior ψ r associated with this optimal microcracking structuration is established. This solution is then confirmed by computer simulations. The irreversibility in the cohesive case, which can be defined in different ways, is a real issue for the definition of the effective behavior. The effective behavior resembles that of a perfectly plastic material (Fig. 7 ) but with no unloading part due to the irreversibility constraint. Then the stability of this micro-cracked layer is studied by testing the nucleation of macro-cracks with a non cohesive part. Due to the irreversivility the lost of the stability always arises at a finite time t c (Property 2), at the exception of Dugdale's cohesive model for which the micro-layer is always stable.

This type of microstructuration is well known in phase transform problems where the energy is not convex.


To cope with the challenges of supplying sustainable energy, renewable energy implementation plans in Korea emphasize variable generation (VG) through PV and wind power systems, although other renewable resources will be included. In the process of introducing VG into the power grid, many studies have demonstrated the lack of flexibility in the operation and planning of the system because unexpected variations in VG would lead to a power mismatch [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Flexibility is generally defined as the ability to respond to changes in net load (i.e., load minus VG). Power systems may not support flexibility because of uncertainties such as failure of power plants (FOPP) and load forecast errors [8] . Increasing VG has made it harder to secure flexibility because of increased system uncertainty. Accordingly, the flexibility issue has recently surfaced in the operation and planning of power systems.

In the process of introducing VG into the power grid, many studies have demonstrated the lack of flexibility in the operation and planning of the system because unexpected variations in VG would lead to a power mismatch.

Power systems may not support flexibility because of uncertainties such as failure of power plants (FOPP) and load forecast errors.


For the next few decades, the national renewable energy plan of Korea has been outlined in the second basic energy plan (every five years), fourth new and renewable energy basic plan (every five years), and seventh basic plan for long-term electricity supply and demand [1] [2] [3] . These plans indicate that integrating renewable energy is essential to improve energy security and cope with the post-2020 climate change regime. The expansion of photovoltaic (PV) and wind power systems is considered as a core strategy to implement these plans. Their installed capacity is expected to account for approximately 75% of total installed capacity in 2029 [3] . The annual average growth of PV and wind power systems between 2017 and 2029 will be 1012 MW and 528 MW, respectively; these figures correspond to the largest and second largest increase in renewable energy resources.

For the next few decades, the national renewable energy plan of Korea has been outlined in the second basic energy plan (every five years), fourth new and renewable energy basic plan (every five years), and seventh basic plan for long-term electricity supply and demand.

Their installed capacity is expected to account for approximately 75% of total installed capacity in 2029.


Mitochondria are central sources of cellular energy, and dysfunction in mitochondria is linked to many diseases [1] . Mutations in mtDNA can result in the incorrect production of mitochondrial machinery and thus cause human disease. An example is the A3243G mutation (also written in forms including 3243A > G, mt3243A > G, 3243A/G, and others; to be read as 'a change at position 3243 in mtDNA from A to G), which often causes the inherited disease MELAS [2] . Many other disease-linked mtDNA mutations have been reported; the ability to sequence mtDNA cheaply and quickly has led to a common recent research theme seeking links between such mutations and disease.

Mitochondria are central sources of cellular energy, and dysfunction in mitochondria is linked to many diseases.

An example is the A3243G mutation (also written in forms including 3243A > G, mt3243A > G, 3243A/G, and others; to be read as 'a change at position 3243 in mtDNA from A to G), which often causes the inherited disease MELAS.


The uncertainty analysis of an index focuses on how the variation in the thresholds might affect respective sub-index and final index values (Ayyub, 2011; Esty et al., 2005; Leach et al., 2013) . It also attempts to analyse the uncertainties caused by the possibilities of applying different weighting schemes and aggregation methods. The sensitivity analysis evaluates the importance of thresholds of indicators and subindicators, weighting schemes, and aggregation methods in determining the sub-index and final index values (Clemen & Reilly, 2001; Esty et al., 2005) . Together, the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis determine the robustness of the index that has been developed.

The uncertainty analysis of an index focuses on how the variation in the thresholds might affect respective sub-index and final index values.

The sensitivity analysis evaluates the importance of thresholds of indicators and subindicators, weighting schemes, and aggregation methods in determining the sub-index and final index values.


The aggregation method recommended for the WJWSI is the geometric method (which is used by multiplying the weighted sub-index values). With the geometric method, substitutability and compensability among the sub-index values of the indicators does not occur, which means that low values of some sub-indices are not compensated with high values of other sub-indices. For example, two cases with significant differences in their sub-indices will have different aggregated index values, even if their weighted average sub-index values are identical. Poor indicator performances, shown by the low sub-index values, will be reflected in the aggregated index value. In contrast, when the arithmetic aggregation method is used, poor performances of a few indicators will not be reflected in the aggregated index value if other indicators perform well. Hence, with this aggregation method, perfect substitutability and compensability among all subindices occur. Since the differences of sub-index values among WJWSI indicators are important, they are better reflected in the final index obtained with the geometric aggregation method than with the arithmetic method (Böhringer & Jochem, 2007) .

Since the differences of sub-index values among WJWSI indicators are important, they are better reflected in the final index obtained with the geometric aggregation method than with the arithmetic method.


The two methods commonly used for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis are the analytical methods and the probabilistic methods. The Delta method is the widely used analytical method (Hayes, 2011) . The other analytical methods, such as Rosenblueth's Point Estimation Method (RPEM) and Harr's Point Estimation Method (HPEM), are not widely used as the Delta method (Hayes, 2011) . The probabilistic methods aim at analysing uncertainty based on probabilistic occurrences of given input ranges. One of the most popular probabilistic methods is the Monte Carlo simulation, which generates outputs from the ranges of input variables of a model, and then combines these outputs to show the effect of the input variability on the output (Hayes, 2011) .

The Delta method is the widely used analytical method.

The other analytical methods, such as Rosenblueth's Point Estimation Method (RPEM) and Harr's Point Estimation Method (HPEM), are not widely used as the Delta method.

One of the most popular probabilistic methods is the Monte Carlo simulation, which generates outputs from the ranges of input variables of a model, and then combines these outputs to show the effect of the input variability on the output.


The reasons for the reduced capillary red cell volume in this study were likely due to the inherent mechanisms within the human microvasculature which impact the dynamics of blood flow-one of the implicated mechanisms is the "screening effect" which implies the prevention of RBC entry into the small capillary due to insufficient deformation [18] . Other mechanisms include the uneven distribution of RBCs to daughter branches at microvascular bifurcations (plasma skimming), the axial accumulation of erythrocytes in the small blood vessels, and the difference in travelling speed between cells and plasma in the microcirculation (Fahraeus effect) [7, 19, 20] . These mechanisms are affected by vascular smooth muscle activity [21] . Therefore, since normal pregnancy is associated with a reduction in vascular resistance, it is likely that the magnitude of the cPCV and vPCV disparity observed in this study will differ from that of nonpregnant population. There is a need for further studies in this direction. In this study, the maximum variability between capillary and venous PCV pairs was 5%. This magnitude of variability can impact patients' management especially as regards the decision to transfuse blood or blood products. It is therefore suggested that clinical units should define the blood source that should be used for their patients' management so as to ensure consistent and reproducible results. Where such guideline does not exist, serial PCV monitoring in patients such as during antenatal care should employ a consistent blood source for the same reason. Likewise, it has also been suggested that, in cases where moderate to severe anaemia is suspected clinically, vPCV should be used as a matter of policy because it gives more accurate result [6] . Furthermore, the study showed a disparity between the prevalence of anaemia recorded from cPCV and vPCV, though the observed difference was not statistically significant. In view of this possible magnitude of variability, comparison of results of studies on anaemia in pregnancy should pay attention to the sources of blood samples. It is interesting that the prevalence of anaemia (all sources) increased among women at GA of less than 28 weeks but reduced among those in 3rd trimester (≥28 weeks). This observation might be due to the effect of physiological anaemia of pregnancy which is known to be pronounced in 2nd trimester [1] . Also, with respect to the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy, the difference between the values got from cPCV and vPCV was higher for women of GA less than 28 weeks when compared with women in 3rd trimester. The reason for this obvious disparity was not clear, but it might still be related to, the varying peripheral vascular resistance which falls in early pregnancy but increases slowly in 3rd trimester until term [22] .

The reasons for the reduced capillary red cell volume in this study were likely due to the inherent mechanisms within the human microvasculature which impact the dynamics of blood flow-one of the implicated mechanisms is the "screening effect" which implies the prevention of RBC entry into the small capillary due to insufficient deformation.

Other mechanisms include the uneven distribution of RBCs to daughter branches at microvascular bifurcations (plasma skimming), the axial accumulation of erythrocytes in the small blood vessels, and the difference in travelling speed between cells and plasma in the microcirculation (Fahraeus effect).

These mechanisms are affected by vascular smooth muscle activity.

Likewise, it has also been suggested that, in cases where moderate to severe anaemia is suspected clinically, vPCV should be used as a matter of policy because it gives more accurate result.

This observation might be due to the effect of physiological anaemia of pregnancy which is known to be pronounced in 2nd trimester.

The reason for this obvious disparity was not clear, but it might still be related to, the varying peripheral vascular resistance which falls in early pregnancy but increases slowly in 3rd trimester until term.


Multiple types of traffic are transported in LTE backhaul. Proper backhauling and providing different levels of QoS for these heterogeneous traffics are critical challenges for network operators. Various L2 and L3 VPN architectures can be used to overcome these issues [7, 8] .

Various L2 and L3 VPN architectures can be used to overcome these issues.


In previous study, a total of 2,415 differentially expressed genes were identified between BLP-susceptible and BLP-resistant NILs in response to Xag infection using RNA-Seq (Kim et al. 2011) . Among them, we investigated 134 putative defense response genes in soybean based on BLASTP analysis of the defense response gene (GO:0006952). Most genes were related pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity, effector-triggered immunity, pathogenesis-related genes, and transcription factors. Since many TFs and CREs were involved in disease resistance, we surveyed TFs and their downstream genes containing CREs in 2,415 differentially expressed genes identified between BLP-susceptible and BLP-resistant NILs. With SoyDB and five selected CREs, we tried to understand the role of BLP-responsive TF genes and their downstream genes in plant defense (Fig. 1) .

In previous study, a total of 2,415 differentially expressed genes were identified between BLP-susceptible and BLP-resistant NILs in response to Xag infection using RNA-Seq.


The usage of advance high strength Steel in automotive industry has become more favourable due to its properties, especially boron steel which is also known as press hardened steel. The transformation properties after hot press forming process is desirable in car body requirement in safety and also lightweight with low cost of replacing the usage of high strength steel (HSS) material [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . In addition, the invention of tailored weld blank (TWB) technology contributes almost 25% of weight reduction due to optimisation of reinforcement [8] [9] [10] [11] . Thus, the application of boron steel in TWB technology has garnered the interest of researchers in recent years to enhance the performance in application. The joining method for TWB parts has high potential using laser welding due to its deep penetration, high speed, and small heat affected zone (HAZ), especially by using Fibre laser [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . Previously, a few studies on TWB application on AHSS material including boron steel have been conducted using continuous wave (CW) mode. This welding mode is favourable in industrial usage due to its straightforward processing parameter such as peak power, welding speed and focus position [11, [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . However, the high power of CW laser source is required to satisfy the penetration for thicker materials. Pulse wave mode (PW) is another option in deep penetration welding with using low power laser source. This welding mode requires low heat input compared to CW welding mode to achieve the same penetration [31] . By utilising the PW mode, the seam weld can be produced, known as the series of overlapping welding spot. Combination of the main process parameters such as peak power (PP), pulse duration (PD), pulse repetition rate (PRR) and pulse overlap (PO) related with pulse energy (E) and peak power density (PPD) in overlapping seam weld leads to complication in parameter optimisation. A lot of studies were done on the effect of PW welding mode parameters.

The transformation properties after hot press forming process is desirable in car body requirement in safety and also lightweight with low cost of replacing the usage of high strength steel (HSS) material.

In addition, the invention of tailored weld blank (TWB) technology contributes almost 25% of weight reduction due to optimisation of reinforcement.

The joining method for TWB parts has high potential using laser welding due to its deep penetration, high speed, and small heat affected zone (HAZ), especially by using Fibre laser.

This welding mode is favourable in industrial usage due to its straightforward processing parameter such as peak power, welding speed and focus position.

This welding mode requires low heat input compared to CW welding mode to achieve the same penetration.


As usual in the theory of U-statistics, we will consider the cases of symmetric kernels, Kernels of U-statistics can be nondegenerate or degenerate. Let h 1 (t)= Eh(X 1 , t)= h(u, t) dF(u) and h 2 (t)=Eh(X {+1 , t)= h(u, t) dG(u). We have In Theorem 1 we show the asymptotic normality of max 1 k n Z k under H A . Theorem 2 shows that {^&{ behaves as the place where a two-sided random walk takes its maximum. The terms are different for negative and positive indices. Their distribution depends on distribution functions F, G, the change-point parameter *, and kernel h. The asymmetry in the distribution of {~&{ was noted by Ferger [6] .

Their distribution depends on distribution functions F, G, the change-point parameter *, and kernel h. The asymmetry in the distribution of {~&{ was noted by Ferger.


Of the fungi collected and identified in this study, four reside in the Ophiostomatales. Three of these, O. quercus, O. piceae and O. setosum reside in the O. piceae-complex based on DNA sequences and the presence of both Pesotum and Sporothrix synanamorphs. The fourth species, P. fragrans, lacks a Sporothrix anamorph and is not considered part of the O. piceae-complex (Harrington et al. 2001) .

The fourth species, P. fragrans, lacks a Sporothrix anamorph and is not considered part of the O. piceae-complex.


Our results suggest that completing and actively participating in a specific Cross-Cultural Psychology course reduces ethnocentric attitudes of college students. Discussions, activities, readings, and writing assignments allowed students to explore their cultural beliefs and develop an appreciation for those who are different. Doing well on assignments and exams was not sufficient to change ethnocentric attitudes. Students also had to actively engage in the cross-cultural material and participate in class exercises, discussions, and required readings to change their views of ethnocentrism. We recognize there are many activities and experiences beyond completing a crosscultural psychology course that may also contribute to variations in ethnocentrism reduction. Other colleges may consider adding cross-cultural psychology and general diversity classes in the future based on these encouraging results, paying close attention to how the course is taught, who teaches it, and how the curriculum is organized for the maximum impact. In addition to their positive educational and attitudinal outcomes, courses concerning diversity are often reported as interesting and enjoyable by the students who take these offerings [35] .

In addition to their positive educational and attitudinal outcomes, courses concerning diversity are often reported as interesting and enjoyable by the students who take these offerings.


While the United States of America has often been called the "melting pot" of the world, where people from many cultural backgrounds are mixed, the acceptance and understanding of diverse cultural beliefs and practices in the U.S. is not always readily apparent. Many Americans are ignorant of the various cultural differences and similarities that exist within our society and in the rest of the world. In addition to this lack of knowledge, Americans also posses varying degrees of beliefs of cultural superiority, otherwise referred to as ethnocentrism. One way to combat the limited cross-cultural knowledge and ethnocentric attitudes would be to offer specific cross-cultural content classes at colleges across the country. American college campuses are experiencing significant increases in diversity and some researchers speculate that by 2020, 46% of the students on college campuses will be of color, including low income and students who do not speak English as their first language [1] . While college environments are changing and becoming more diverse, so is the business world. Therefore, it is especially crucial for colleges to prepare students to enter into an ever expanding global and diverse multicultural workforce, where business and industry workers interact with citizens from other cultures on a regular basis. Increased understanding, sensitivity, and reduced ethnocentric attitudes are necessary for future professional and personal success.

American college campuses are experiencing significant increases in diversity and some researchers speculate that by 2020, 46% of the students on college campuses will be of color, including low income and students who do not speak English as their first language.


Since containers are large and heavy, specialized material handling vehicles are required for transporting them within the terminal. Some example equipment is cranes, front loaders, and straddle carriers. All of these are able to carry only one container at a time, and there are limitations to how far they can carry a container [5] . The goal of the sea port is to move the containers as quickly as possible and at the least possible cost. As vessels spend a major part of their time in ports, it is crucial to have the ship unloaded and loaded as quickly as possible [6] . It is therefore essential that a terminal be able to efficiently and rapidly receive, store, and dispatch containers [5] .

All of these are able to carry only one container at a time, and there are limitations to how far they can carry a container.

As vessels spend a major part of their time in ports, it is crucial to have the ship unloaded and loaded as quickly as possible.

It is therefore essential that a terminal be able to efficiently and rapidly receive, store, and dispatch containers.


Vessel operations primarily consist of (a) the unloading operations, during which containers are unloaded from a vessel and stacked in a marshalling yard, and (b) the loading operations, during which containers are handled to the ship [1] . The transport between quay and stack sides can be performed either by trucks with trailers, multi-trailers, AGVs or straddle carriers. A basic factor is the dimension of the space which can be used for a terminal. The main loss of performance at a container terminal that uses quay cranes (QCs) and yard cranes for the storage and retrieval of containers, and AGVs (or terminal trucks) for the transportation of containers between quay and yard sides is that the schedules of the various equipments are uncoordinated [9] . Aim of this, current research tries to schedule AGVsand QCs concurrently. A heuristic scheduling algorithm is described and a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the schedules based on the accumulative time of AGVs' traveling time and operational time of QCs.

Vessel operations primarily consist of (a) the unloading operations, during which containers are unloaded from a vessel and stacked in a marshalling yard, and (b) the loading operations, during which containers are handled to the ship.

The main loss of performance at a container terminal that uses quay cranes (QCs) and yard cranes for the storage and retrieval of containers, and AGVs (or terminal trucks) for the transportation of containers between quay and yard sides is that the schedules of the various equipments are uncoordinated.


In this paper, we present a theory of the open and closed-aperture Gaussian beam Z-scan for nonlinear optical materials with both SA and simultaneous third-and fifthorder nonlinear refraction. We show that an approximate expression for a transmitted intensity through a nonlinear optical material possessing SA can be found by means of the Adomian's decomposition method [23] . The theory is applied to semiconductor CdSe QD-polymer nanocomposite films. It is shown that the theory well explains measured results of open-and closed-aperture transmittances in the Z-scan setup. It is also shown that the nanocomposite film possesses simultaneous third-and fifth-order nonlinear refraction as well as SA of a homogeneously broadened type.

We show that an approximate expression for a transmitted intensity through a nonlinear optical material possessing SA can be found by means of the Adomian's decomposition method.


We have developed a closed-aperture Z-scan theory for nonlinear optical materials with SA of a homogeneously broadened type and with simultaneous third-and fifth-order nonlinear refraction. The shape and symmetry of the closedaperture Z-scan transmittance are strongly influenced by the relative sign and magnitude of the fifth-order optical nonlinearity with respect to the third-order one. Because the light-induced transparency takes place due to SA, the peak (the valley) increases (decreases) in the closedaperture Z-scan transmittance. The theoretical model has been applied to characterize the nonlinear optical properties of our newly developed uniformly cured CdSe QD-polymer nanocomposites. We have shown that the films exhibit SA as well as the negative third-order and the positive fifthorder nonlinear refraction. Such coexistence of the third-and fifth-order optical nonlinearities has also been confirmed by our recent DMWM measurements [11] . Finally, it should be stressed that the Z-scan theory presented in this paper is proved to be useful for characterizing the nonlinear optical properties of novel QD-polymer nanocomposite materials capable of constructing nonlinear photonic crystal structures by holographic patterning. In addition, the observed large nonlinear refraction and induced transparency as well as the capability of holographic nanoparticle assembling make QDpolymer nanocomposite materials promising for nonlinear photonics applications (e.g., optical switching, limiting, and signal processing) by use of holographic Bragg grating structures that provide the electromagnetic nonlinear feedback mechanism.

Such coexistence of the third-and fifth-order optical nonlinearities has also been confirmed by our recent DMWM measurements.


It's therefore important to give a new direction to strategic thinking, primarily focusing on managers -in the way they act and interact, and "how they make" strategy. But this is also valid for teachers, researchers and the "strategy practioners" themselves,like the consultants. All of this implies an analysis that goes way beyond the handling of big statistical databases and/or readings of conceptual approaches already made (Whittington, 1996) .

All of this implies an analysis that goes way beyond the handling of big statistical databases and/or readings of conceptual approaches already made.


In cognitive rehabilitation, the exercises with appropriate difficulty level for individual may increase the patients' motivation and produce good results. Clinically, rehabilitation therapists evaluate each patient's ability and try to provide him/her with the specific appropriate tasks. However, it is sometimes difficult to set the appropriate task level because of less evidence about the effectiveness [3] . So far, various techniques using VR have been proposed in cognitive rehabilitation [4] - [6] . However, they did not discuss on task difficulty level related to brain activation sufficiently.

However, it is sometimes difficult to set the appropriate task level because of less evidence about the effectiveness.

So far, various techniques using VR have been proposed in cognitive rehabilitation.


We developed a Virtual Shopping Test (VST) for realistic assessment of cognitive function using VR technology [7] . In this research we modified it so that the revised version of VST (VST-R) had three different task difficulty levels. The system can also output event signals synchronized with users' PC operation. We could use the signals in analyzing event related to brain activation. In present study we used our VST-R with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for examination of prefrontal cortex activity during the test performance.

We developed a Virtual Shopping Test (VST) for realistic assessment of cognitive function using VR technology.


Higher-order cognitive dysfunction about memory, attention, language and so on due to brain damage (e.g., traumatic brain injury, stroke) and aging causes many difficulties in their everyday life. In modern society, the population of elderly people having various physical and mental diseases is increasing. The development of medical care and rehabilitation for the dysfunction is necessary. Especially, the patients with higher-order cognitive dysfunction demonstrate difficulties in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) [1] [2] . Therefore, in order to evaluate the cognitive functions, the environment that is almost similar to everyday life condition is important. Considering this effect, recently, the virtual reality (VR) techniques have been used.

Especially, the patients with higher-order cognitive dysfunction demonstrate difficulties in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL).


The objective of this study was to investigate the difference on task performance, brain activation and subjective assessment in relation to the task difficulty levels. Subjects were asked to buy specific 2 items, 4 items, and 6 items in a different virtual mall in each task. These tasks and questionnaires were conducted on convalescent brain-damaged patients and healthy young adults. Hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during activation due to the tasks were examined using fNIRS. It is reported that executive function and attention were related to PFC activates [12] . We hypothesized that each level of task would cause different brain activation and subjective assessment, and the pattern would be also different between the two groups.

It is reported that executive function and attention were related to PFC activates.


Results show the median (the minimum-the maximum). Firstly, with regard to VST-R performance, one/two patients could not accomplish Task 2/Task 3 respectively. Some patients made mistakes to buy less or more shopping items than directions prescribed beforehand. We considered these patients should start exercise from this difficulty level. The patient (ID 4) aged 81 might need to time to accustom herself to the virtual mall and its operation. In comparison between two groups, the mean time required for the performance was significant longer for the patients than for healthy subjects. The results was consistent with the findings of previous our study in comparison between patient and age-matched control groups [7] . We considered that these variables including the number of purchases on VST-R have important role on cognitive assessment in brain-damaged patients. On the other hand, some times of list use were regarded as natural behaviour, and it would be possible to use VST-R in memory rehabilitation with useful compensation strategy.

The results was consistent with the findings of previous our study in comparison between patient and age-matched control groups.


Secondly, with regard to brain activation, there was no significant difference on Δ[oxyHb] on all tasks in memorizing phase between two groups, while Δ[oxyHb] increased more in shopping and/or moving phases on Task 2 in the left and medial PFC for patient group than for healthy group significantly. The pattern of brain activation was different between two groups on Task 2 especially. Generally, it tended that Δ[oxyHb] increased in patient group and decreased in healthy group during VST-R performance (e.g., shopping and moving phases) than memorizing phase of shopping items at the beginning of the test. One of the reason for that was young healthy adults were used to use PC in their school life and did not need much effort to operate it, while brain-damaged patients with cognitive dysfunction in the convalescence rehabilitation ward (mean age 61.2 years) were not familiar with PC. The results also suggest that Task 2 and 3 might be enough difficulty level causes brain activation for the brain-damaged patients in this study. Since it was so small sample size, we needed to amass a lot of data and investigate brain activation in relation to task level in detail in our next study. In addition, we need to examine whole hemodynamic changes about not only [oxyHb] but also [deoxyHb] and [totalHb] for each subject based on the previous fNIRS research [19] .

In addition, we need to examine whole hemodynamic changes about not only [oxyHb] but also [deoxyHb] and [totalHb] for each subject based on the previous fNIRS research.


Despite the limitations of the present study, it has shed light on backgrounds and perceptions of medical students who intend non-clinical careers. Still, the literature also indicates a possible link between the student's personality type and his or her career choice [7] . Thus, future study of factors that influence medical students' intentions in nonclinical careers that include their personality traits may help enhance our understanding of medical students' choice of non-clinical careers.

Still, the literature also indicates a possible link between the student's personality type and his or her career choice.


With acetone dopant, the base peak was observed at m/z 229; in addition, notable ions were observed at m/z 329, 367, 205 and 163 (Fig. 2) . The ion at m/z 329 is likely the [M+H] + ion of columbianadin and its isomer. Columbianadin (Fig. 3) is an angular furanocoumarin, which has been found in Peucedanum and Angelica genus plants (Chen et al., 1995; Harborne, 1982; Skalicka-Woźniak et al., 2009) . The ion at m/z 229 is likely to be a fragment of peulustrin or columbianadin, as it was also observed in the product ion spectra of the corresponding precursors (Table 1) . The ions at m/z 367, 205 and 163 were especially high in umbels, and they were thought to be the [M+H] + and fragments of umbelliprenin. Umbelliprenin (Fig. 3) is a prenylated simple coumarin umbelliprenin, which is one of the major coumarin components in the leaves and umbels of P.

Columbianadin (Fig. 3) is an angular furanocoumarin, which has been found in Peucedanum and Angelica genus plants.


Since 1950s, the analysis of primary and secondary metabolites from plants has relied on various chromatographic separation methods coupled to spectroscopic detection (Marston and Hostettmann, 2009) . Especially, the analysis of secondary metabolites, defence and signalling compounds of plant kingdom, has been in the centre of attention due to their many interesting pharmacological properties. However, the complex nature of plant extracts has posed a major challenge in the analytical work and is the main reason for the need to combine one or several separation steps before the detection technique. These steps add complexity and slow down the analysis procedure, and risk alteration of the sample.

Since 1950s, the analysis of primary and secondary metabolites from plants has relied on various chromatographic separation methods coupled to spectroscopic detection.


Note that as the double-sided tape used in the study did not give any background ions to the DAPPI spectrum, it was not necessary to subtract the background. This ion is likely to be the protonated molecule ([M+H] + ) of peulustrin and its isomers. Peulustrin (Fig. 3 ) and its isomers are furanocoumarins that are characteristic to P. palustre, and have not been found in any other plants in the genus or family. Furthermore, these isomers are the main components in Finnish P. palustre specimens constituting approximately 50% of the total coumarin concentration in the aerial plant parts (Yrjönen et al., 2016) .

Furthermore, these isomers are the main components in Finnish P. palustre specimens constituting approximately 50% of the total coumarin concentration in the aerial plant parts.


To fully exploit the potential of dielectric resonators in more complex structures and devices, a fundamental understanding of the resonant properties of individual nanoparticles is essential. Recently, we used cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging spectroscopy to study the resonant properties of single Si nanoparticles [26] . Using the high spatial resolution of CL, we systematically mapped the resonant modes in single silicon nanocylinders as a function of particle diameter. Here, we study how resonant particles that are placed in close proximity interact and how their resonant modes are modified.

Recently, we used cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging spectroscopy to study the resonant properties of single Si nanoparticles.


X-ray techniques have found numerous applications in life science, materials science, chemistry, medicine, and environmental science utilizing the unique properties of X-rays, such as penetration capability and sensitivity to structural and chemical information. The rapid growth of nanoscience in the last decade gives rise to a strong demand for X-ray microscopy tools capable of providing information at the nanoscale. Many of the grand challenges we are facing today may be tackled only when such tools become available. For example, chemical imaging of spatial heterogeneities at nanoscale in real catalysts is essential to understand the diffusion of reactants and reaction products within the porous catalyst crystals or grains of submicrometer dimensions [1] . However, because of the weak refractive interaction of materials for X-rays (the difference of the refractive index from unity is typically 10 −5 -10 −6 for hard X-rays), it is very difficult to fabricate X-ray nanofocusing optics. This difficulty is the major obstacle preventing current X-ray microscopy from achieving nanometer resolution.

For example, chemical imaging of spatial heterogeneities at nanoscale in real catalysts is essential to understand the diffusion of reactants and reaction products within the porous catalyst crystals or grains of submicrometer dimensions.


Finite temperature effects are important in extremely high temperature environments, such as in the early Universe a few seconds after the Big Bang, astrophysical environments etc., where they are significant enough and can not be ignored in comparison with the vacuum contribution. The high temperature and density effects in ultra-relativistic plasma need to be incorporated, for example, in Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) plasma, quark gluon plasma and the core of dense stars. More recently renewed interest in hot and dense QED plasmas has been generated due to the possibility of creating ultra-relativistic electron positron plasmas with high-intensity lasers (≈ 10 18 W/cm 2 ) [1] [2] [3] . Two opposite laser pulses hitting a thin gold foil can heat up the electrons in the foil up to several MeV (∼ 10 10 K ). The particles propagating in vacuum can be assumed to be the ones with interactions switched off. When these particles propagate through a medium, several kinds of interaction processes take place. This makes the properties of the system different from that in which all the particles are assumed to be completely independent of each other, behaving as freely propagating bare particles. When dealing with finite temperature environments in QED, where the particles propagate in statistical background at energies around the thresholds for particle antiparticle pair production, the temperature effects need to be appropriately taken into account. These effects arise due to continuous electron and photon exchanges between particles during the physical interactions that take place in a heat bath containing hot particles and antiparticles. The net statistical effects of the background electrons and photons enter the theory through the fermion and boson distributions respectively. Finite temperature calculations also provide a guideline to estimate the density corrections, through chemical potential effects of the background plasma, for higher order loop corrections.

More recently renewed interest in hot and dense QED plasmas has been generated due to the possibility of creating ultra-relativistic electron positron plasmas with high-intensity lasers (≈ 10 18 W/cm 2 ).


One major challenge in Information Retrieval (IR) is the potential to adapt a retrieval model for personalized IR. Different users may enter the same query string into a search system, but their information needs can be vastly different. The notion of relevance depends upon factors such as the domain knowledge of the searcher, information gained from reading previous documents in the past, and general search behavior of a searcher, e.g. how many documents he normally reads before reformulating his search [1] .

The notion of relevance depends upon factors such as the domain knowledge of the searcher, information gained from reading previous documents in the past, and general search behavior of a searcher, e.g. how many documents he normally reads before reformulating his search.


Our results do not have any theoretical contribution to the theory of Bhattacharya function and mixed multiplicities. However, we feel that combinatorial formulas for the Bhattacharya function of complete monomial ideals in two variables would be useful for the study of mixed multiplicities and similar functions of monomial ideals in several variables. For instance, if I is an m-primary monomial ideal and J an arbitrary monomial ideal, one can use the function ℓ(I n J m /I n+1 J m ) to define mixed multiplicities of I, J [1] , [6] , [10] . So far, no combinatorial formula for these mixed multiplicities is known except the case I = m and J is generated by monomials of the same degree [9] . Our results may give some hints for such a formula since the computation of the function ℓ(I n J m /I n+1 J m ) can be reduced to the computation of a Bhattacharya function in the two variables case.

For instance, if I is an m-primary monomial ideal and J an arbitrary monomial ideal, one can use the function ℓ(I n J m /I n+1 J m ) to define mixed multiplicities of I, J.

So far, no combinatorial formula for these mixed multiplicities is known except the case I = m and J is generated by monomials of the same degree.


The radionuclides studied in the present work were strontium-85 (Sr-85) and americium-241 (Am-241). The former was used as a surrogate for strontium-90 (Sr-90), a radionuclide that is difficult to detect. Sr-90 is a by-product of fission reactions within nuclear reactors. Because of its high decay energy and long half-life of 30 years, it remains hazardous for several centuries. The radionuclide deposits in bone and bone marrow, so exposure from contaminated food and water, are linked to bone cancer and leukemia (e.g., EPA-Strontium Web site, http://tinyurl.com/ye5y6g4). It has already been found that common freshwater green algae sequester strontium into insoluble crystals, offering a possible way to separate Sr-90 from less hazardous components of nuclear waste (Krejci et al. 2011) .

It has already been found that common freshwater green algae sequester strontium into insoluble crystals, offering a possible way to separate Sr-90 from less hazardous components of nuclear waste.


Deep-sequencing of HD-ALL genomes has revealed extensive tumor heterogeneity at both the clonal and microclonal level, highlighting the importance of RTK/ Ras/MAPK signaling pathway activation and epigenetic dysregulation in HD leukemogenesis. The identification of putative novel driver genes DOT1L and ROS1 demands further investigation into potential novel and targeted treatment strategies, such as ROS1 inhibition [26] . Targeting epigenetic modifications has been suggested as a new therapeutic option in ALL [30, 50] . Moreover, future work is required to investigate whether tumor microheterogeneity should impact therapeutic regimens in childhood ALL.

The identification of putative novel driver genes DOT1L and ROS1 demands further investigation into potential novel and targeted treatment strategies, such as ROS1 inhibition.

Targeting epigenetic modifications has been suggested as a new therapeutic option in ALL.


In a standard beamforming analysis, active sources are often constrained to remain the same over the short time interval of interest (Gramfort et al., 2013) . Here, to detect the evoked and induced responses, we have restricted our analysis in a short period. The implicit assumption is that the source are stationary in the analysis period. While this assumption is reasonable for the face-perception experiment, it is not a good model for non-stationary settings where multiple transient sources activate sequentially or simultaneously during a long time interval. In these settings, a varying index in time and frequency is required (Gramfort et al., 2013) .

In a standard beamforming analysis, active sources are often constrained to remain the same over the short time interval of interest.

In these settings, a varying index in time and frequency is required.


When stimulus information is being processed and transmitted in the brain, electrical currents, reflecting neuronal response to a stimulus, will be produced and flow through the brain because of neuron firing, which in turn generates orthogonally oriented electromagnetic fields around them in accordance with Maxwell's equations. The electrical currents are often approximated by neural dipoles. Each dipole is determined by its location, orientation and time-varying amplitudes (called time-courses). The magnetic fields induced by the neuronal current flow can be measured at the scalp via non-invasive brain imaging devices such as magnetoencephalography (Hämäläinen et al., 1993) . The magnitudes of these measured fields are directly related to neuronal current strength, allowing characterization of the amplitudes of electrical brain activity on a millisecond time scale. There are many uses for the MEG, including assisting surgeons in localizing a pathology and assisting researchers in determining the function of various parts of the brain, among others.

The magnetic fields induced by the neuronal current flow can be measured at the scalp via non-invasive brain imaging devices such as magnetoencephalography.


This study demonstrated a crude one-year survival rate of 95% with variations related to age, which is [15] . Causes of death other than PCa were reported for 80% of deceased patients in the United States and 65% of deceased patients in Sweden [16] . Patients with PCa, especially with metastatic disease, presented a higher risk of death by suicide or cardiovascular disease than the general population [17] . These data highlight the high survival rate and the fact that mortality is due to causes other than PCa. Although no information was available concerning specific mortality rates, the twoyear mortality rate in this population was twofold higher than that of men covered by the general health insurance scheme. More specifically, the highest SMR was observed for the 40-49 year age-group, which was less frequently treated by prostatectomy and more frequently treated by chemotherapy and hormone therapy, which could suggest more advanced disease, although no information on disease stage was available in our database. In this study, the estimated frequencies of the various treatments for PCa were 38% for prostatectomy, 35% for hormone therapy, 29% for external beam radiotherapy and 20% of patients did not receive any treatment during the two-year follow-up. This group can be considered to correspond to watchful waiting, but some of these patients may have received treatment for PCa before 2008 and were wrongly considered to have newly diagnosed PCa. However, it is much more likely that the watchful waiting group was underestimated, as newly diagnosed patients who were not hospitalised and who did not require treatment or LTCD status were not included in this database. A French registry study conducted in 2001 on 1,840 men of all ages with stage T1 or T2 PCa reported slightly lower frequencies for prostatectomy (31%) and hormone therapy (22%) and nearly the same rate for radiotherapy (26%) and watchful waiting (19%) [18] . The proportion of patients managed by watchful waiting has most likely increased since 2001. The more recent Swedish registry provides different figures. Among the 31,903 patients of all ages with localised PCa between 1996 and 2006, 41% had undergone prostatectomy (66% between 55 and 59 years of age, as for all stages in this study), 20% had received external beam radiotherapy (24% for those between 65 and 69) and 30%, a very high proportion, were on watchful waiting [19] . The Australian state of New South Wales registry showed that, in a group of 1,636 patients under the age of 70 with localised PCa between 2000 and 2002, 60% had been treated by prostatectomy, 28% by external beam radiotherapy, 14% by hormone therapy and 12% by watchful waiting [8] . For the same age-group, at all stages, our study found similar frequencies for prostatectomy (60%) and external beam radiotherapy (26%) but higher frequencies for hormone therapy (23%) and watchful waiting (16%). The choice of treatment probably varies from one series to another depending on the tumour grades included, the study period, patient characteristics and comorbidity. However, it is very likely that the choice of treatment also depends on PCa screening frequency and medical practices. For example, brachytherapy is less commonly used in France [20] .

This study demonstrated a crude one-year survival rate of 95% with variations related to age, which is.

Causes of death other than PCa were reported for 80% of deceased patients in the United States and 65% of deceased patients in Sweden.

Patients with PCa, especially with metastatic disease, presented a higher risk of death by suicide or cardiovascular disease than the general population.

A French registry study conducted in 2001 on 1,840 men of all ages with stage T1 or T2 PCa reported slightly lower frequencies for prostatectomy (31%) and hormone therapy (22%) and nearly the same rate for radiotherapy (26%) and watchful waiting (19%).

Among the 31,903 patients of all ages with localised PCa between 1996 and 2006, 41% had undergone prostatectomy (66% between 55 and 59 years of age, as for all stages in this study), 20% had received external beam radiotherapy (24% for those between 65 and 69) and 30%, a very high proportion, were on watchful waiting.

The Australian state of New South Wales registry showed that, in a group of 1,636 patients under the age of 70 with localised PCa between 2000 and 2002, 60% had been treated by prostatectomy, 28% by external beam radiotherapy, 14% by hormone therapy and 12% by watchful waiting.

For example, brachytherapy is less commonly used in France.


The intended aims of this work were to study, in vitro, the effect of a commercial starter culture composed by LAB, CNS and D. hansenii and of several Portuguese dry-sausage endogenous yeasts on P. nordicum and A. westerdijkiae growth and OTA production ability in a Portuguese-style dry-fermented sausage-based medium. Throughout the work, some unexpected results were obtained for the matrix under study, and further studies were developed to test the influence of the matrix on the effect of biocontrol agents. For this subsequent study, two types of fermented dry-cured sausages were included. While the main interest of the work was fermented dry-cured sausage, dry-cured ham was also included, as a control, since information on OTA production ability by P. nordicum and A. westerdijkiae were available (Vipotnik et al., 2017) .

While the main interest of the work was fermented dry-cured sausage, dry-cured ham was also included, as a control, since information on OTA production ability by P. nordicum and A. westerdijkiae were available.


A farm displays total technical efficiency if it is technically efficient -meaning that it produces on the boundary of the production possibility set or phrased differently, if it maximizes output with given inputs after having chosen technology 3 -and if it is at the same time scale efficient -meaning that the input-output combination corresponds to a situation following from a competitive long run competitive equilibrium situation. As such, deviations from the frontier, i.e., inefficiencies, are independent of output or input prices and the availability of inputs. Rather, they reflect the internal working of the producing unit such as the incentives for efficient operation, the ability to effectively organise, motivate and monitor workers and supervisors, and the ability to avoid mistakes and wasteful decisions (Brada and King, 1993) .

Rather, they reflect the internal working of the producing unit such as the incentives for efficient operation, the ability to effectively organise, motivate and monitor workers and supervisors, and the ability to avoid mistakes and wasteful decisions.


Our MV lensing map is shown in Fig. 8 , where we plot the Wiener-filtered reconstruction of the lensing potential. At the noise levels of our reconstruction, approximately half of the modes in this map are noise. At a visual level, the lensing map of Fig. 8 has comparable signal-to-noise to the COBE-DMR maps of the CMB temperature anisotropy (Bennett et al. 1996) . Future measurements, including the Planck full mission release which contains approximately twice the amount of data used here, will improve on this first full-sky map of the CMB lensing potential. As is illustrated in the simulated reconstruction of Fig. 4 , there will be clear visual correlations between this map and future measurements.

At a visual level, the lensing map of Fig. 8 has comparable signal-to-noise to the COBE-DMR maps of the CMB temperature anisotropy.


Galactic South -143 GHz Galactic South -217 GHz perform additional cross-checks using these bins to ascertain whether they would have any significant implications for cosmology. In addition to the Planck power spectrum measurements, in Fig. 11 we have overplotted the ACT and SPT measurements of the lensing potential power spectrum (Das et al. 2013; van Engelen et al. 2012) . It is clear that all are very consistent. The Planck measurement has the largest signal-to-noise of these measurements; as we have already discussed the 40 < L < 400 lensing likelihood provides a 4% constraint on the amplitude of the lensing potential power spectrum, while the constraint from current ACT and SPT measurements are 32% and 16% respectively. These measurements are nevertheless quite complementary. As a function of angular scale, the full-sky Planck power spectrum estimate has the smallest uncertainty per multipole of all three experiments at L < 500, at which point the additional small-scale modes up to max = 3000 used in the SPT lensing analysis lead to smaller error bars. The good agreement in these estimates of C φφ L is reassuring; in addition to the fact that the experiments and analyses are completely independent, these measurements are sourced from fairly independent angular scales in the temperature map, with < ∼ 1600 in the case of Planck, < 2300 in the case of ACT, and < 3000 in the case of SPT. Cross-correlation of the Planck lensing map with these independent measures of the lensing potential will provide an additional cross-check on their consistency, however at the power spectrum level they are already in good agreement.

In addition to the Planck power spectrum measurements, in Fig. 11 we have overplotted the ACT and SPT measurements of the lensing potential power spectrum.


The combined effects of warming and altered precipitation are expected to have strong influences on C balance. For example, the combination of warming and decreased precipitation can cause large C losses (Loik et al., 2004; Angert et al., 2005; Breshears et al., 2005; Ciais et al., 2005) . The expected shift from terrestrial C sink to source could be hastened if decreased precipitation occurs along with warming in the next few decades. Yet, warming-induced soil drying can also suppress soil respiration and thereby increase net C storage (Saleska et al., 2003) . A few field experiments have examined the interactive effects of warming and altered precipitation on C balance. Our third goal was to synthesize these interactive effects using meta-analysis.

For example, the combination of warming and decreased precipitation can cause large C losses.

Yet, warming-induced soil drying can also suppress soil respiration and thereby increase net C storage.


Yield trends over time have rarely been statistically examined in citrus rootstock trials (Bevington and Cullis, 1990) . Repeatedmeasures analysis among the Indiantown trees showed yield increased over time at significantly different rates among trees on 12 rootstocks as indicated by the slopes of the regression lines (Table 3) . The trend over time was linear meaning that yield continued to increase as the trees increased in size regardless of rootstock. Trees on those rootstocks with the most vigor like rough lemon and Volkamer lemon had the largest annual increase in yield; trees on Swingle citrumelo and trifoliate orange had the smallest increase.

Yield trends over time have rarely been statistically examined in citrus rootstock trials.


A considerable number of studies reported that eradication of the Hp halts the progression of preneoplastic lesions. Gastric atrophy in the corpus could regress after eradicating H. pylori; however, this result was not seen for gastric atrophy of the antrum or for IM of the corpus and antrum. The development of IM in the stomach is not reversible by H. pylori eradication and possibly represents a point of no return [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] . There is consistent evidence that incidence of chronic atrophic gastritis is very low in the absence of H. pylori infection [44] . This study was not detected chronic atrophic gastritis, which suggests that the presence of these lesions occurs at an older age. Moreover, it is possible that H. pylori eradication at this stage, an initial step of life, delaying the appearance of premalignant lesions.

The development of IM in the stomach is not reversible by H. pylori eradication and possibly represents a point of no return.

There is consistent evidence that incidence of chronic atrophic gastritis is very low in the absence of H. pylori infection.


The development of human resources (HR) competence models has a gained a great deal of attention over the past decade, assisting organisations to adapt to ongoing changes in the business world (Abdullah, Musa & Ali, 2011) . HR practitioners in organisations are expected to play a dual role by on the one hand becoming a business partner and protecting employees' interests and on the other hand managing and implementing strategies and practices that respond to economic circumstances (O'Brien & Linehan, 2014) . Competence models that allow for the description of different competences can therefore assist HR professionals to support their organisations in achieving success and sustainability (Sikora & Ferris, 2014; Ulrich, Brockbank, Johnson, Sandholtz & Younger, 2008) .

The development of human resources (HR) competence models has a gained a great deal of attention over the past decade, assisting organisations to adapt to ongoing changes in the business world.

HR practitioners in organisations are expected to play a dual role by on the one hand becoming a business partner and protecting employees' interests and on the other hand managing and implementing strategies and practices that respond to economic circumstances.

Competence models that allow for the description of different competences can therefore assist HR professionals to support their organisations in achieving success and sustainability.


Some preliminary efforts have been made to link hydraulic simulation models with on-line data from telemetry systems for operational purposes (Skipworth et al., 1999; Orr et al., 1999) . The idea was to associate a well calibrated network hydraulic model with a SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system that populated a database with near real time measurements of flow and pressure from strategic points in the network that could be accessed by a simulation model. However, data was transmitted via telephone lines and wired modems which frequently could not connect to some of the data loggers in the network. The system was slow and suffered data corruption problems. Also, because every data logger had to be contacted individually via a telephone call to obtain a single, current reading, the time required to gather data from all the loggers was significant thereby introducing data "skew" that could affect simulation results.

Some preliminary efforts have been made to link hydraulic simulation models with on-line data from telemetry systems for operational purposes.


Correspondence to: S. R. Mounce (s.r.mounce@sheffield.ac.uk) Network simulation software provides the capability to mathematically replicate the nonlinear dynamics of a water distribution network by solving the governing set of quasisteady state hydraulic equations that include conservation of mass and conservation of energy elements. Various numerical methods have been utilised for solving these equations and in recent years the combination of the nodal heads and the Newton-Raphson algorithm has been the most frequently used procedure for solving water networks (Powell et al., 1988) . Numerical simulation for online hydraulic modelling using state estimation has been receiving increased attention (Sterling and Bargiela, 1984) . For example it has been shown that the loop equations method is a suitable framework for the inclusion of pressure-controlling elements without specifying the operational state of the network (Andersen and Powell, 1999) .

Various numerical methods have been utilised for solving these equations and in recent years the combination of the nodal heads and the Newton-Raphson algorithm has been the most frequently used procedure for solving water networks.

Numerical simulation for online hydraulic modelling using state estimation has been receiving increased attention.

For example it has been shown that the loop equations method is a suitable framework for the inclusion of pressure-controlling elements without specifying the operational state of the network.


Friction-induced vibration and noise emanating from railway disc brakes is a source of considerable discomfort and leads to dissatisfaction for the passengers both inside and outside the trains in stations. Research for predicting and removing squeal noise has been regularly performed for many years on industrial railway brakes. This is the case in particular for TGV brake system for which a refined mechanical modeling of the phenomenon was carried out in order to understand the mechanism of squeal generation [1] [2] [3] . Despite great progress in the understanding and modeling of brake squeal, there is still considerable progress to provide in order to achieve a comprehensive strategy based on experimental and numerical approaches for squeal prediction on industrial railway brakes.

This is the case in particular for TGV brake system for which a refined mechanical modeling of the phenomenon was carried out in order to understand the mechanism of squeal generation.


The high risk for recurrences in cardioembolic stroke due to atrial fibrillation (AF) renders secondary prevention mandatory [1] . Oral anticoagulation (OA) has been proven as an effective treatment for this condition [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . In recent investigations new tools for risk stratification have been developed [6] . Accordingly, current guidelines for patients with cardioembolic stroke and AF recommend oral anticoagulant treatment [7] . A favourable risk/benefit ratio using this regimen was also proven in elderly patients [8] . However, registry data shows an underutilisation of this treatment option [9] [10] [11] . Lack of knowledge of current guidelines, concern for the risk of bleeding, socio-demographic factors (increased age, ability to cope with everyday tasks) and clinical factors (neurological deficits, dementia, and previous bleedings) are suspected to influence the low rates in the usage of OA in the clinical practice.

The high risk for recurrences in cardioembolic stroke due to atrial fibrillation (AF) renders secondary prevention mandatory.

Oral anticoagulation (OA) has been proven as an effective treatment for this condition.

In recent investigations new tools for risk stratification have been developed.

Accordingly, current guidelines for patients with cardioembolic stroke and AF recommend oral anticoagulant treatment.

A favourable risk/benefit ratio using this regimen was also proven in elderly patients.

However, registry data shows an underutilisation of this treatment option.


In thin film silicon solar cells the thickness of the photoactive silicon layer is normally much less than the absorption length, either to ensure an improved stability against light induced degradation in amorphous silicon, or because of throughput considerations in the case of microcrystalline cells. Thus, both types of thin film silicon solar cells require mechanisms for absorption enhancement by light scattering at internal interfaces. In the past, various types of interface texture have been developed empirically, but their performance in terms of absorption length enhancement still lacks significantly behind the theoretical prediction of 4 n 2 where n is the refractive index of silicon [1] .

In the past, various types of interface texture have been developed empirically, but their performance in terms of absorption length enhancement still lacks significantly behind the theoretical prediction of 4 n 2 where n is the refractive index of silicon.


The results of this study show that male Sprague-Dawley rats are photoresponsive. The rats showed significantly lower reproductive organ masses, sperm motility, viability, and counts following exposure to short photoperiod (SP). There was also insignificant increase in sperm motility, viability, and counts, but not testicular-body weight ratio on exposure to long photoperiod (LP). Previous work on young male F344 and BN rats indicated that reproductive and body masses were reduced by SP (Heideman and Sylvester, 1997; Lorincz et al., 2001) . SP has also been observed to have an inducing effect on male reproductive parameters in Zembra Island wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (Ben Saad and Maurel, 2002) .

Previous work on young male F344 and BN rats indicated that reproductive and body masses were reduced by SP.

SP has also been observed to have an inducing effect on male reproductive parameters in Zembra Island wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).


In more specific terms, our results revealed that the majority of rural dwellers appear to be somewhat conservative in terms of their home purchase arrangements indicating that most of the financial profligacy that was endemic among financial institutions during the boom period was targeted at urban areas to a greater extent and particularly to development finance rather than mortgage finance in rural locations (with the exception of rural renewal schemes). In particular, our results show that most respondents own their own homes without a mortgage and only a relatively small minority, particularly when compared to national figures, have mortgages. In this context, the significance of self-build housing provision in rural areas may have reduced the exposure of many households to the economic crisis, enabling households to reduce overall housing costs (particularly if households accessed a building site through family/social connections). Moreover, there appears to be no relationship between the extent of oversupply/overdevelopment in individual case study locations and housing tenure. Data relating to re-mortgaging, mortgage multiples of annual household income and mortgage repayments all point towards a relatively conservative consumer. This lies in stark contrast to mainstream commentary which suggests that individuals took on debts that were unsustainable even at the time of their home purchase (Quinlan, 2011) . Our results suggest this is not the case, at least for rural households, and that mortgage difficulties have been significantly exacerbated since the housing and economic crash primarily as a result of declining real incomes, rising mortgage interest rates, rising unemployment and austerity measures being implemented as a result of the major losses acquired by banking institutions through (mainly) bad development finance loans.

This lies in stark contrast to mainstream commentary which suggests that individuals took on debts that were unsustainable even at the time of their home purchase.


The reactive routing protocols attempt to find the routes on demand. Compared to proactive routing protocols, reactive routing protocols are more vulnerable to route disruption attack (Ozleyis et al., 2004) . Dynamic source routing (DSR) is a reactive routing protocol. During the route discovery process, the sinkhole node propagates the bogus messages advertising the fake shortest or the best route to the destination node. Upon receiving these routing messages, other normal nodes update their route cache or use the newly learned bogus shortest route. The normal nodes are unaware that the bogus route ensnares their traffic towards the sinkhole node. These lured data traffic may be altered, dropped or selectively forwarded by the sinkhole node. Usually the attacker does not perform any further malicious activity lest it be detected (Shim et al., 2010) . This paper proposes a secure routing protocol based on DSR protocol to defend against the sinkhole attack. This enhanced DSR protocol updates the route cache only after the legitimacy of the route is confirmed. This makes use of the 'non-propagating' route request option of DSR. Further, a secondary route cache is employed to reduce the time taken in the route discovery process. This improves the latency of the data traffic.

Compared to proactive routing protocols, reactive routing protocols are more vulnerable to route disruption attack.

Usually the attacker does not perform any further malicious activity lest it be detected.


This rapid urbanization brings about a series of environmental consequences. In one way, cities strongly contribute to the greenhouse gases emissions and consequently to global warming (IPCC, 2007) . It is reported that cities are responsible for 75% of global energy consumption and 80% of greenhouse gas emissions (Ash, Jasny, Roberts, Stone, & Sugden, 2008) . And they create a district * Corresponding author.

In one way, cities strongly contribute to the greenhouse gases emissions and consequently to global warming.

It is reported that cities are responsible for 75% of global energy consumption and 80% of greenhouse gas emissions.


These two phenomena are intimately connected. Due to competition of EO molecules with water molecules the whole absorption process is more complicated. At comparable molecular affinity of both sort of molecules to surface pore walls, the molecules with higher diffusivity are preferred in sorption, i.e. a race is win by the more free molecules at comparable affinity. As indicated in Figure 2 , a decision role plays sorption ability of compete molecules. It is generally true that the higher the absorption of molecules is the lower is their diffusivity, e.g. with an increase of EO absorption a relative diffusivity of its molecules decrease independent of all other factors. Logically, an increasing of absorption retards the diffusivity of molecules [4] .

Logically, an increasing of absorption retards the diffusivity of molecules.


As described in the previous chapter the Android SDK and platform library are required for building an installable app package (.apk). Figure 3 shows the implemented tool chain that is required to let the app self-compile on the device. The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) made most of the build tools source code available online [34] . All tools except the Android Asset Packaging Tool (aapt) are implemented in Java, which is convenient since Android apps can be written in Java as well.

The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) made most of the build tools source code available online.


In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for kernel discriminant analysis, called Spectral Regression Kernel Discriminant Analysis (SRKDA). Our analysis essentially follows our previous idea for speeding up LDA [6] . By using spectral graph analysis, SRKDA casts discriminant analysis into a regression framework, which facilitates both efficient computation and the use of regularization techniques. Specifically, SRKDA only needs to solve a set of regularized regression problems, and there is no eigenvector computation involved, which is a huge save of computational cost. Moreover, the new formulation makes it very easy to develop incremental version of the algorithm, which can fully utilize the previous computational results on the existing training samples.

Our analysis essentially follows our previous idea for speeding up LDA.


Mango (Mangifera indica) is widely cultivated in the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Bangladesh is one of the major mango producing countries along with India, Pakistan, Mexico, Brazil, the Philippines, etc. Mango trees grow widely throughout Bangladesh and are raised mostly as homestead plantations. Bangladesh produced about 1047849 metric tons of mangoes from an area of about 32011 hectares (Barua et al. 2013) . With the production of mango fruits, tons of mango leaves are produced annually. Fallen leaves of mango trees are in great supply, inexpensive and easily available. These leaves have no commercial usage and are not eaten by livestock. Moreover, the waste leaves results in environmental pollution. Hence, the utilization of mango leaves as an adsorbent to remove dyes from industrial effluent can greatly reduce the amount of waste produced. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous published reports on the use of these leaves for the removal of dyes from aqueous solution. So, the mango leaves as a low-cost and abundant biosorbent could be an alternative for the removal of dyes from wastewater.

Bangladesh produced about 1047849 metric tons of mangoes from an area of about 32011 hectares.


After PINCH originally identified, the features and relationship with tumour of PINCH has been studied for a long time [6, [20] [21] [22] . However, how is PINCH involved in the tumorigenesis and development? Recently, several studies have shown that PINCH, through its LIM1 domain and LIM4 domain, mediating the formation of the complex between ILK and Nck-2, participating the integrin and growth factor signal transduction pathway, is implicated in many critical physiological and pathological processes [20, [23] [24] [25] [26] . Through the complex formation with Nck-2, increased PINCH expression may be associated with an up-regulation of the growth factor signaling pathways. Growth factors are important regulators of the tumour-stromal interaction, and for some carcinomas an increase in growth factor receptors in stromal cells is thought to be an essential part in tumour to stroma signaling and hence tumour growth and progression [18, [26] [27] [28] .

After PINCH originally identified, the features and relationship with tumour of PINCH has been studied for a long time.

Recently, several studies have shown that PINCH, through its LIM1 domain and LIM4 domain, mediating the formation of the complex between ILK and Nck-2, participating the integrin and growth factor signal transduction pathway, is implicated in many critical physiological and pathological processes.

Growth factors are important regulators of the tumour-stromal interaction, and for some carcinomas an increase in growth factor receptors in stromal cells is thought to be an essential part in tumour to stroma signaling and hence tumour growth and progression.


To explore how wellbore fluids couple to ambient basement rock crustal fluids, we focus on a series of isolated wellbore temperature-log events of order 0.05-0.1 • C recorded at 1-2 km depths in Fennoscandia granites. Wellbore temperature events can be due to heat advective fluid flow into a newly-drilled wellbore via isolated fracture-connectivity networks in otherwise impermeable rock [5, 6] . Isolated electrical conductivity deviations in the same wellbore at the temperature events may be due to chemical ion transport in the same or similar fracture-connectivity networks.

Wellbore temperature events can be due to heat advective fluid flow into a newly-drilled wellbore via isolated fracture-connectivity networks in otherwise impermeable rock.


In this work, we demonstrate an inherent AS-ALD of tungsten (W) films by utilizing a technique called hot-wire (HW) assisted ALD (HWALD) [16] [17] [18] . In the mentioned references, we have demonstrated high-purity alpha-phase HWALD W films, grown by employing a A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T 3 filament heated to 1300-2000 o C to dissociate molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) into atomic hydrogen (at-H) as one of the precursors. WF 6 was adopted as a second (tungsten) precursor.

In this work, we demonstrate an inherent AS-ALD of tungsten (W) films by utilizing a technique called hot-wire (HW) assisted ALD (HWALD).


Food security and food insecurity can be examined at many levels such as national or country, household and individual level. In the national level, a country is food secure when on the continuous and stable basis, the food supply and effective demand are able to cover the foods requirements of its population. Food requirement can be met by the country either through domestic food production, through access to food beyond domestic production or through combination of both factors (Aker & Lemtouni, 1999) . In close economy, food requirements can be met just by the domestic food production alone. But in open economy, the food requirements of the population depend upon the world market to meet their population's caloric needs. This indicates the country level of food security is dependent upon the interaction of domestic and global forces.

Food requirement can be met by the country either through domestic food production, through access to food beyond domestic production or through combination of both factors.