CMOS technology is one of the most prevailing technologies used for the implementation of radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) due to its reduced cost and its compatibility with silicon-based system on chip [1] . The use of ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range (3.1-10.6 GHz) for commercial applications was approved in February 2002 by the Federal Communications Commission. Low cost, reduced power consumption, and transmission of data at high rates are the advantages of UWB technology. UWB technology has many applications such as wireless sensor and personal area networks, ground penetrating radars, and medical applications [2] .

CMOS technology is one of the most prevailing technologies used for the implementation of radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) due to its reduced cost and its compatibility with silicon-based system on chip.

UWB technology has many applications such as wireless sensor and personal area networks, ground penetrating radars, and medical applications.


Low noise amplifier is considered the backbone of the UWB front-end RF receiver. It is responsible for signal reception and amplification over the UWB frequency range. LNA has many desired design specifications such as low and flat noise figure, high and flat power gain, good input and output wide impedance matching, high reverse isolation, and reduced DC power consumption [1, 3] .

LNA has many desired design specifications such as low and flat noise figure, high and flat power gain, good input and output wide impedance matching, high reverse isolation, and reduced DC power consumption.


Radio frequency integrated inductors play a significant role in radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) implementation. Design, development, and performance improvement of RF integrated inductors represent a challenging work. Achieving high integration level and cost minimization of RFICs are obstructed because of the difficulties facing the RF integrated inductors designers which are related to obtaining high quality factors [4] [5] [6] .

Achieving high integration level and cost minimization of RFICs are obstructed because of the difficulties facing the RF integrated inductors designers which are related to obtaining high quality factors.


The shift in risk from low to high risk means that more measures have to be taken after assessing the risk of an accident. If an accident is assigned as low risk and the injured person appears to be HBV immunized, no follow-up measures are necessary and the case can be closed. In high-risk accidents, the risks of HCV and HIV infection also have to be assessed. Eventually, this will lead to more laboratory testing, more time investment both for the injured as well as the counsellor and therefore to more costs. Experience in the assessment of blood exposure accidents, even with detailed guidelines, remains essential to prevent unnecessary measures and costs [16] .

Experience in the assessment of blood exposure accidents, even with detailed guidelines, remains essential to prevent unnecessary measures and costs.


During recent years an increasing number of generic alendronate and more recently risedronate formulations were introduced in several countries (also in the Netherlands). The generic formulation is expected to have the same clinical efficacy as the branded formulation based on bioequivalence studies in which the pharmacokinetic profile (urinary excretion) of the branded formulation was compared to the reference generic product in a group of healthy volunteers [14] . Insurances and Health Care Providers prefer physicians to prescribe mainly generic alendronate instead of branded original bisphosphonates, based on lower costs. Although it is expected to have the same clinical efficacy, clinical information on BMD and fracture reduction, adverse effects and compliance with new generic alendronates is sparse. Additionally the effect of branded versus generic alendronate has not been studied in patients treated shortly after they sustained a fracture. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the potential differences in efficacy and tolerability between branded versus generic alendronate in postmenopausal women with a recent fracture.

The generic formulation is expected to have the same clinical efficacy as the branded formulation based on bioequivalence studies in which the pharmacokinetic profile (urinary excretion) of the branded formulation was compared to the reference generic product in a group of healthy volunteers.


School improvement efforts are often abandoned during a change in school leadership [6] . Nevertheless, five of the six new principals reported having sustained and further developed these health promotion practices. Accordingly, the schools' visions and experiences in health promotion seemed to be deeply ingrained in the school and were transferred even at the leadership level. Statements such as "it is in the walls," "under the teachers' skin," and "at the basis of the school" indicate that health promotion practices have become taken-for-granted features in these schools. The experience was passed on informally from experienced teachers to new teachers or through formal management strategies; building and reinforcing visions, the formalization of plans, the creation of structures to support health promotion, the staffing of schools with teachers well matched to the health promotion priorities, and teacher development. Accordingly, these principals do much of what Leithwood and Day suggest that successful leaders do in the four categories of basic leadership practices [23] .

School improvement efforts are often abandoned during a change in school leadership.

Accordingly, these principals do much of what Leithwood and Day suggest that successful leaders do in the four categories of basic leadership practices.


No new method can address all potential issues. The fact that long-run GDP growth rates filter out non-stationary dynamics, short-run relations, time varying time-effects and variables that might explain variation in the initial level of emissions across countries also means that we cannot use our approach to assess these (important) issues. For example, variation in countries' initial levels of emissions is left unexplained. This omission is shared with the panel data approach with country fixed effects. Also, we do not consider the effect of the business cycle on emissions (Bowen and Stern, 2010; Jotzo et al., 2012; York, 2012; Li et al., 2014) . The approach we follow is focused on its purpose of identifying the longterm effects of economic growth on emissions.

Also, we do not consider the effect of the business cycle on emissions.


In a recent series of fascinating experiments, mesoscopic mechanical oscillators of micrometre sizes and GHz resonance frequencies were cooled into their quantum ground states [10] [11] [12] . The fluctuation of the oscillator's position was thus of the order of the zero-point fluctuation ∆x zpf = h/(2mΩ), where m is the motional mass of the localised acoustic mode, Ω/2π its resonance frequency, andh the reduced Planck constant. In all three experiments the average thermal phonon excitation of the oscillator was below one. At a given temperature T , the thermal occupation of a mechanical oscillator according to the Bose-Einstein statistics is given byn = (eh Ω/kT − 1) −1 , with k the Boltzmann constant. As a consequence, lower temperatures are necessary to achieve the ground state for mechanical oscillators with lower eigenfrequencies.

In a recent series of fascinating experiments, mesoscopic mechanical oscillators of micrometre sizes and GHz resonance frequencies were cooled into their quantum ground states.


One might expect that further tests of macroscopic quantum mechanics will be proposed that call for heavy masses in nonclassical states of motion. Pendulumsuspended massive objects might be appropriate systems. They could constitute interesting probes of modified quantum theories because, at Fourier frequencies above the pendulum eigenfrequency, they act as quasifree falling test masses of space-time. This property is used in gravitational wave detectors [9] . Unfortunately, pendulum-suspended mirrors usually have a huge thermal excitation and are far from being in a pure quantum mechanical state.

This property is used in gravitational wave detectors.


Currently, processed products based on wood apple are becoming popular because of its rich nutrient profile [27] . Wood apple has an excellent aroma that is not removed during processing. Therefore, there is untapped potential for processing wood apple into various products [34] . It also has great potential for commercial processing and can be processed into various products such as beverages, preserves, candy, squash, toffee, slabs, pulp powder, and nectar [35] .

Currently, processed products based on wood apple are becoming popular because of its rich nutrient profile.

Therefore, there is untapped potential for processing wood apple into various products.

It also has great potential for commercial processing and can be processed into various products such as beverages, preserves, candy, squash, toffee, slabs, pulp powder, and nectar.


In this section, we present simulated and measured results obtained from the active receiving antenna which operates in VHF band. In the simulation of the active antenna, we combine the results of the electromagnetic calculation of the antenna with electrical calculation of the bias circuit of the transistor. It conducts to a full analysis of the active antenna [9] . This simulation was performed with CST Microwave Studio.

It conducts to a full analysis of the active antenna.


The HSA-MCM mouse is also useful for driving reporter genes with different subcellular localization in muscle fibers, as demonstrated in Figure 4B . The HSA-MCM mouse was bred to a lacZ reporter mouse that contained a nuclear localization signal. X-gal staining on gastrocnemius (Gstn) muscle sections showed "blue" myonuclei were detectable following tamoxifen treatment ( Figure 4B) . Furthermore, there are no labeled myonuclei in the muscle from vehicle-treated mice, indicating that the system is tightly regulated at this age (12 to 14 weeks of age). To provide an additional measure of recombination efficiency, we counted the number of Xgal-positive nuclei associated with approximately 900 fibers from the Gstn muscle. On the basis of the results of this analysis, we determined that there are approximately 0.91 myonuclei per fiber, a value comparable to the 0.88 myonuclei per fiber we recently reported [28] . Although these results demonstrate that the HSA-MCM strain can achieve a high level of recombination efficiency, they should be interpreted with caution as there is evidence suggesting that the β-galactosidase protein can translocate to "unlabeled" nuclei [29] .

On the basis of the results of this analysis, we determined that there are approximately 0.91 myonuclei per fiber, a value comparable to the 0.88 myonuclei per fiber we recently reported.

Although these results demonstrate that the HSA-MCM strain can achieve a high level of recombination efficiency, they should be interpreted with caution as there is evidence suggesting that the β-galactosidase protein can translocate to "unlabeled" nuclei.


Initial weight loss supports individual willingness to continue an ongoing weight loss program and reflects the biological effectiveness of a structured therapeutic program [31, [41] [42] [43] [44] . For example, in our study the group taking the soy-based diet product benefited by its use as a meal replacement during their weight reduction program throughout the 12 month intervention. These females started with lower HRQOL score and reached normal scores within the intervention. They also lost more weight compared with the group who received the standardized lifestyle program without the meal replacement. The data we present suggests that obese females participating in the weight reduction training program who started at a lower score of quality of life, requested therapeutically advice in addition to the standardized program, e.g. use of meal replacement product. Additionally, independent of changes in body weight, physical fitness and leisure time physical activity, the success of the intervention may be influenced by the dietary regimen (e.g. intake of low-glycemic and protein-rich foods) [45, 46] . Recently published results showed that weight loss and lifestyle interventions were associated with HRQOL in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) [47] . Other research has reported associations between high protein diets and improvements in body weight and metabolic risk factors; and between soy protein and improvements in cognitive function and mood, brain function and memory [46, [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] .

Initial weight loss supports individual willingness to continue an ongoing weight loss program and reflects the biological effectiveness of a structured therapeutic program.

Additionally, independent of changes in body weight, physical fitness and leisure time physical activity, the success of the intervention may be influenced by the dietary regimen (e.g. intake of low-glycemic and protein-rich foods).

Recently published results showed that weight loss and lifestyle interventions were associated with HRQOL in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

Other research has reported associations between high protein diets and improvements in body weight and metabolic risk factors; and between soy protein and improvements in cognitive function and mood, brain function and memory.


The organisational behaviour literature distinguishes a number of different types of intervention by target, including: structure, leadership, management, supervision, communication, goals/roles, people development, interpersonal and personal issues (Dick and Ellis, 2005) . Table 2 shows a comparative matrix including the basic setting for each case study -company size and type, number of participants, group type -goals of the intervention, and main outcome facilitated through the constellation. The matrix shows that constellations -judging from these case studies -are useful to facilitate improvement in the areas of leadership (A), goals/roles and management (B), inter/personal issues and decision-making (C) for large multi-national companies as well as for national SMEs, while the group size was of the order of 10 participants in all cases. The method worked both when all representatives came from the same company, and when the representatives were not from the company at all 2 . Especially in companies A and B we also found that the communication between the participants improved dramatically.

The organisational behaviour literature distinguishes a number of different types of intervention by target, including: structure, leadership, management, supervision, communication, goals/roles, people development, interpersonal and personal issues.


The present study, exhibited increase in HDL of different source of omega-3. The vast majority of studies conducted of treated with n-3 fatty acids have demonstrated 5% -10% increases in HDL cholesterol levels [49] . The mechanisms for this effect are not known. Should further studies confirm this finding, the increase in HDL during treatment with n-3 fatty acids might be another antiatherogenic mechanism of these compound. The mechanisms for the effect of omega-3 fatty acid in increase HDL are not known.

The vast majority of studies conducted of treated with n-3 fatty acids have demonstrated 5% -10% increases in HDL cholesterol levels.


Meanwhile there are decreases in total cholesterol; rate of decrease was 39.06%, 25%, 33.98% and 33.07% and 11.46% respectively of fish oil, flaxseed oil, corn oil + fish oil, corn oil + flaxseed oil and fish oil + flaxseed oil when compared to the diabetic group. Cholesterol lowering effect of flaxseed oil was lower than fish oil. In comparison of cholesterol lowering effect between fish oil (containing EPA, DHA: 39.2%) and flaxseed oil (containing ALA: 56.31%) a significant lower of total cholesterol was observed in fish oil group (39.06%) but flaxseed oil was (25%).These explained by the fact dietary flaxseed has a benefit on serum cholesterol clearance like fish oil, which may be due to increase omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in rats by a conversion of ALA in flaxseed oil to EPA and DHA [50] .

In comparison of cholesterol lowering effect between fish oil (containing EPA, DHA: 39.2%) and flaxseed oil (containing ALA: 56.31%) a significant lower of total cholesterol was observed in fish oil group (39.06%) but flaxseed oil was (25%).These explained by the fact dietary flaxseed has a benefit on serum cholesterol clearance like fish oil, which may be due to increase omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in rats by a conversion of ALA in flaxseed oil to EPA and DHA.


Another possible explanation for the observed increase in Q 10 values with soil depth is that there is a positive feedback between CO 2 production and the mineralization of nutrients other than C. Besides increasing the rate of C mineralization by soil microorganisms, higher soil temperatures may also increase the rates of mineralization of key nutrients such as N and P. An increased availability of N and P would enable soil microorganisms, particularly those in nutrient-limited environments, to produce more of the enzymes required for C mineralization (Tate, 2000) . If enzyme production is rapid enough to increase the enzyme pool sizes significantly over the relatively short incubation periods used in this study, C mineralization rates may respond accordingly. In other words, higher soil temperatures may induce a positive feedback response by increasing both the activity of individual enzymes and the number of active enzymes found in soil. If this scenario is accurate, we would expect Q 10 values to be higher in soils where low nutrient levels limit the production of the enzymes required for C mineralization. Our data suggest that the subsurface microorganisms are more nutrient limited than the microorganisms residing in the surface horizons (see below), so this interaction between C mineralization and nutrient availability may be another possible explanation for the observed increase in Q 10 values with soil depth. Figure 3 shows that the relative impact of nutrient additions on microbial CO 2 production increases with soil depth. If the magnitude of the increase in relative respiration rates is indicative of the degree of nutrient limitation to C mineralization, we can surmise that the degree of N and P limitation to respiration increases with depth through the soil profile. At the surface depths, C mineralization is not strongly limited by either N or P since the addition of N and P tends to lower respiration rates relative to the control (Fig. 3b) . At greater depths, microbial CO 2 production is strongly N and P limited; at the 2 m depth the addition of either N or P resulted in a four-fold increase in SOM mineralization rates relative to the control (Fig. 3b) .

Another possible explanation for the observed increase in Q 10 values with soil depth is that there is a positive feedback between CO 2 production and the mineralization of nutrients other than C. Besides increasing the rate of C mineralization by soil microorganisms, higher soil temperatures may also increase the rates of mineralization of key nutrients such as N and P. An increased availability of N and P would enable soil microorganisms, particularly those in nutrient-limited environments, to produce more of the enzymes required for C mineralization.


Topographical distribution.-Within the phocids, there are discrete regional differences that have implications for a tradeoff between thermoregulatory needs and other constraints of a largely aquatic lifestyle. Mobile thermal windows allow seals to radiate excess heat anywhere along a more or less uniformly insulated body trunk (Mauck et al. 2003) . Although Steller's sea lions had comparably greater differences in regional blubber thickness (Table 1) , the thinnest sites still tended to be at the neck and hip region. Sea lions tend to not have extended periods of fasting more typical of the phocids and therefore may not require such ample thermoregulatory insurance. Nevertheless, Steller's sea lions show spatially consistent thermal windows along the body trunk consistent with the spatial patterns of insulation (Willis et al. 2005) .

Mobile thermal windows allow seals to radiate excess heat anywhere along a more or less uniformly insulated body trunk.

Nevertheless, Steller's sea lions show spatially consistent thermal windows along the body trunk consistent with the spatial patterns of insulation.


Universities are the progenitors of social change through the generation and dissemination of knowledge and new ideas. They are committed to sustainable human development and promote capacity building through the training they provide (Fielden and Lockwood, 1973) . In Nigeria, Universities equip individuals with the knowledge and skills required for positions of responsibility in various professions and are therefore the major vehicles for economic and social development (Alubo, 1999) . In addition, Universities in Nigeria are veritable tools for the realization of national development, the development of cultured citizens and the promotion of basic research (Ogbogu, 2011) .

They are committed to sustainable human development and promote capacity building through the training they provide.

In Nigeria, Universities equip individuals with the knowledge and skills required for positions of responsibility in various professions and are therefore the major vehicles for economic and social development.

In addition, Universities in Nigeria are veritable tools for the realization of national development, the development of cultured citizens and the promotion of basic research.


Universities are complex organizations because of their myriad activities and multiple objectives (Gumport and Pusser, 1997) . The Nigerian University system has grown astronomically in size and has undergone deep transformation since its inception over 60years ago. Universities in Nigeria have through the years developed mechanisms of decision-making in order to move ahead and effectively overcome the challenges of the current period that is characterized by rapid changes. The use of committees has therefore been adopted to democratize and facilitate the decision-making process (Ede 2000) . The committee system is a means of sharing governance with the University governance bodies as well as an avenue for ensuring the full participation of staff in the decision-making process (Shapiro, 1987) . The committee system is intended in Nigerian Universities to enhance managerial accountability and to maintain the democratic procedures for representation of views set out in the Universities' Charter and Statutes. The use of committees therefore provides a more solid basis for administrative decisions because it allows the University to benefit from the expertise and experience of faculty and other staff members (Bowen and Shapiro, 1998) .

Universities are complex organizations because of their myriad activities and multiple objectives.

The use of committees has therefore been adopted to democratize and facilitate the decision-making process.

The committee system is a means of sharing governance with the University governance bodies as well as an avenue for ensuring the full participation of staff in the decision-making process.

The use of committees therefore provides a more solid basis for administrative decisions because it allows the University to benefit from the expertise and experience of faculty and other staff members.


Although it is generally assumed that committees assist the University management in arriving at meaningful decisions that facilitate change and enhance the performance of the system, there are indications that the committee system may not be the preferred method of taking decisions and getting things done. This is because Nigerian Universities function in an intensely political environment, such that decisions reached in committees that might threaten these constituencies are frequently resisted and not implemented. This attitude sometimes promotes lobbying within the university system, particularly in respect of disciplinary and promotion matters (Ede, 2000) . It is against this backdrop that this study seeks to investigate the role committees play in the universities' decision making process. It also tried to determine the extent to which the committee system is efficient and effective in facilitating and implementing decisions made, as well as the extent to which the decisions made maintain a democratic process for the representation of views.

This attitude sometimes promotes lobbying within the university system, particularly in respect of disciplinary and promotion matters.


Moreover, with the addition of sodium citrate, no changes in milk composition and pH were observed, only a reduction of the freezing point. This finding was also reported by authors who assessed the impact of inclusion of citrate as a stabilizer of casein in industrial process ( The adulteration with whey caused a decrease in the concentration of all milk components, which can be explained by the centesimal profile of this matrix (Teixeira & Fonseca, 2008) . The whey used in this study was a non-acid whey and, therefore, the pH was expected to remain unchanged.

This finding was also reported by authors who assessed the impact of inclusion of citrate as a stabilizer of casein in industrial process ( The adulteration with whey caused a decrease in the concentration of all milk components, which can be explained by the centesimal profile of this matrix.


Castleman's disease (CD) was first described in 1956 by Benjamin Castleman, who identified a series of patients with solitary hyperplastic mediastinal lymph nodes containing small, hyalinized follicles and marked interfollicular vascular proliferation [1] . The disease is predominantly found in the mediastinum. Only 2% of CD cases have been located in the pararenal and retroperitoneal area [2] . The combination of an occurrence of retroperitoneal pararenal CD with myasthenia gravis (MG) is extremely rare. We report herein a rare case of CD in the pararenal retroperitoneum associated with MG of a 29-year-old man, who suffered from postoperative myasthenic crisis.

Castleman's disease (CD) was first described in 1956 by Benjamin Castleman, who identified a series of patients with solitary hyperplastic mediastinal lymph nodes containing small, hyalinized follicles and marked interfollicular vascular proliferation.

Only 2% of CD cases have been located in the pararenal and retroperitoneal area.


Current data show that profits for organic farmers in Germany rise while they decrease for conventional farmers due to low commodity prices [3] . This leads to a growing number of farms converting from conventional to organic farming. As the number of farms applying NT in conventional farming has risen in recent years, we assume that a considerable number of the "organic newcomers" are (i) large in size and (ii) already familiar with NT approaches. Therefore, we assume that these farmers will modify their tillage practices to fit organic systems but, most likely, will not resort to inversion tillage again. For these farmers, "thinking outside the box" may be easier than long-time organic farmers and we anticipate new ideas in cropping system design as well as in the design of adapted tillage equipment as a result of the interaction these groups.

Current data show that profits for organic farmers in Germany rise while they decrease for conventional farmers due to low commodity prices.


Comparing with the ordinary concrete, foamed concrete mainly made up of cement and bubbles, without any coarse aggregates (the largest difference) in terms of components [7] . The curing condition has obvious influence on the hydration process of cement-based materials, and further influence on the development of pore structure, mechanic performance and permeability of materials. To a certain extent, it also determines the durability of cement-based materials [8] . Currently, the compressive strength of foamed concrete reported by researches is primarily the standard curing strength [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 9] . However, the standard curing strength of the sample is obtained under the standard curing conditions which cannot represent the concrete strength in the actual works, as it is not able to reflect the temperature and humidity changes in the actual curing conditions. In actual construction, concrete products are probably exposed to the outdoor natural environment. The commonly used curing methods in construction include water spray curing, natural curing and covered curing.

Comparing with the ordinary concrete, foamed concrete mainly made up of cement and bubbles, without any coarse aggregates (the largest difference) in terms of components.

To a certain extent, it also determines the durability of cement-based materials.

Currently, the compressive strength of foamed concrete reported by researches is primarily the standard curing strength.


Interaction between energy systems and urban structure happen in all spatial scales, from regional and urban neighborhoods, to buildings [15] . Up to now, sustainable urban structures have had a key role in the reduction of energy consumption. Energy efficiency can be achieved through accurate design of built structures, use of facilities operating with re-usable energy (wind, solar, etc.) as well as passive solutions.

Interaction between energy systems and urban structure happen in all spatial scales, from regional and urban neighborhoods, to buildings.


Putting into operation of inactive guidelines can result in efficient energy consumption, such as using day-light and natural conditions. Natural ventilation takes place when there is a difference in natural air pressure around the buildings because of wind or viscosity. Natural ventilation depend on three climate phenomena, namely wind speed, wind direction, and temperature difference [12] . In Iranian traditional architecture, natural ventilation through wind energy has been an important issue in building designs, although it has been mainly neglected today, because of higher construction densities [10] .

Natural ventilation depend on three climate phenomena, namely wind speed, wind direction, and temperature difference.

In Iranian traditional architecture, natural ventilation through wind energy has been an important issue in building designs, although it has been mainly neglected today, because of higher construction densities.


A review of the main clinical trials using docetaxel in advanced gastric cancer has recently been published [11] . Eight phase II trials reported the use of docetaxel as a single agent. In these studies, which included a total of 262 evaluable patients, the mean response rate was 19% (95% CI 14-24%) and docetaxel was well tolerated, with myelosuppression being the dose-limiting effect. Administration of docetaxel in combination with cisplatin resulted in response rates of 56%, 37% and 36% in three phase II trials, and with a response rate of 35% in one phase III trial.

A review of the main clinical trials using docetaxel in advanced gastric cancer has recently been published.


Based on results and experiences published so far, a linear potential theory approach is considered to be adequate for analyzing the coupled seakeeping behavior of a LNGC with partially filled tanks. The surface elevations inside the internal tanks can also be calculated at least qualitatively, which is sufficient for the present study. Therefore, a method based on Newman's proposal for considering internal tank effects with WAMIT is the basis for all following analyses [14] .

Therefore, a method based on Newman's proposal for considering internal tank effects with WAMIT is the basis for all following analyses.


Qualitative organisational research incorporates many methods, none of which are easily reduced to a simple formula or a prescribed set of instruments (Buchanan & Bryman, 2007) . Qualitative research methods are shaped by ontological and theoretical perspectives: anthropology, economics, sociology or postmodernism, to name a few. If there is a purpose to qualitative research it is about linking events and meanings during the construction of a social reality, as experienced by organisational members (Van Maanen, 1998:xxi) . To achieve such a goal is acknowledged to be extremely challenging (Gephart, 2004:460) . Some of the more typical organisational research methods include single or multiple case studies. Ethnographic and observational forms of data collection and analysis are commonly deployed in the case study, as are different types of interviewing (unstructured, semi-structured and/or closed interviews).

Qualitative organisational research incorporates many methods, none of which are easily reduced to a simple formula or a prescribed set of instruments.


From these results, the relevance of the amount of polymer that influences the phase behavior of the system appears obvious. Such changes in electrical conductivity can be interpreted as a consequence of polymer-induced increase in connectivity of aqueous domains [25] . These results indicate that the hydrocolloid and the lipid fraction interact with each other. The rheological behavior was investigated according to the increasing oil concentration through both rotational and oscillatory tests. Native alginate suspensions (without oil and surfactant) exhibited a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior (data not shown) showing shear rate dependence of the apparent viscosity. As reported in Figure 2A ,B, an analogous behavior was observed for the alginate/essential oil nanodispersions. The flow curves of all the o/w The rheological behavior was investigated according to the increasing oil concentration through both rotational and oscillatory tests. Native alginate suspensions (without oil and surfactant) exhibited a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior (data not shown) showing shear rate dependence of the apparent viscosity. As reported in Figure 2A ,B, an analogous behavior was observed for the alginate/essential oil nanodispersions. The flow curves of all the o/w nanodispersions showed the apparent viscosity values decreasing along with the shear rate increase. In the insets of Figure 2 , the shear stress values as a function of the shear rate are reported. Apparent viscosity curves for 1% alginate nanodispersions (Figure 2A ) presented a small increase for essential oil content of 0.5% (A1-EO 0.5) and overall, the values measured were one order of magnitude smaller than the values of the 2% alginate nanodispersions ( Figure 2B ). Among the nanodispersions made with 2% alginate, loading 1% of essential oil (A2-EO 1) gave the lowest viscosity values.

Such changes in electrical conductivity can be interpreted as a consequence of polymer-induced increase in connectivity of aqueous domains.


From these results, the relevance of the amount of polymer that influences the phase behavior of the system appears obvious. Such changes in electrical conductivity can be interpreted as a consequence of polymer-induced increase in connectivity of aqueous domains [25] . These results indicate that the hydrocolloid and the lipid fraction interact with each other.


Alginates are abundant in the environment since they are present both as a structural component in marine brown algae, and as capsular polysaccharides in soil bacteria. Alginate is recognized as a versatile biopolymer used in a broad range of applications [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Alginate is a linear binary copolymer made of blocks of mannuronic acid (M) and guluronic acid (G), covalently linked together in different sequences. This anionic polyelectrolyte, due to its ability to form different types of gel has exclusive properties compared to other neutral macromolecules. Alginate in a hydrogel form has been particularly attractive in drug delivery, wound healing and tissue engineering applications [6] . Further applications have also been developed due to the favorable structural properties and biocompatibility sharing technological relevance as gelling agent in the food, cosmetic and pharmacological industries [7] .

Alginate is recognized as a versatile biopolymer used in a broad range of applications.

Alginate in a hydrogel form has been particularly attractive in drug delivery, wound healing and tissue engineering applications.

Further applications have also been developed due to the favorable structural properties and biocompatibility sharing technological relevance as gelling agent in the food, cosmetic and pharmacological industries.


Once the algae is harvested and eluted, the conversion to biodiesel is direct. There is no need for lysing, further drying and solvent extraction, steps that are considered quite expensive [5] . Hexane extraction requires recovery of the hexane and a certain amount will be lost to the environment. Furthermore, hexane only recovers the neutral lipids (mainly TAG). Our experience at measuring TAG in pond-grown algae is that TAG levels rarely surpass 5% DCW and we have never seen them greater than 12% DCW. One of the advantages of this approach is that FAME is generated from both polar and neutral lipids thereby increasing the yield from the algae. Our data suggest improvements of up to 4-fold were possible with an alga (KAS 603) that made 10% TAG. Conventional harvesting involves pumping of algal suspension and some other treatment such as centrifugation, dissolved air flotation or flocculation with chemicals. For the resin-based approach the resin will collect algae leaving most of the water behind. One possible mechanism is to use a belt harvester employing a resin-coated belt. For the conventional approach a possible lysis step between harvest and extraction has been included since it can improve extraction efficiency. For solvent extraction it is usually necessary to dry the algae. In the resin-based approach drying and conventional solvent extraction is eliminated. In this scenario, biodiesel would be produced on site so the cost of transportation of the extracted oil to a biodiesel plant would also be eliminated. Since biodiesel is generated with or without employing resins, the cost of that step would be similar in either scenario.

There is no need for lysing, further drying and solvent extraction, steps that are considered quite expensive.


Currently harvesting typically requires both pumping the algal suspension and some treatment such as centrifugation, flocculation or dissolved air flotation. Centrifugation and dissolved air flotation both have relatively large capital costs and substantial electricity. Where resins could make a difference is by eliminating the need for pumping water. While we have used resin beads for comparisons, we do not feel this is the best way to deploy them for harvesting. Resin beads are porous with a large internal volume that can trap water. The pores are typically 10-30 nm in diameter whereas the algae are on the order of 2-3 μm in diameter so they cannot enter the resin. Our measurements show that after the bulk water is removed, about 100 mg of water/gram resin is retained either inside the resin or entrained between the beads. A better alternative is to use thin films of resin where the internal volume is low compared to the surface area. We have proposed elsewhere a belt harvester type approach where a belt moves from the pond, where it picks up the algae to a vat which, in this case would contain sulfuric acid/methanol [25] . In that study we estimated that a bristled belt 1 m wide × 7.5 m long could collect 3 kg algae per one complete turn of the belt. Other modes are possible such as mesh bags containing nonporous resin-coated particles that float or are semisubmerged.

We have proposed elsewhere a belt harvester type approach where a belt moves from the pond, where it picks up the algae to a vat which, in this case would contain sulfuric acid/methanol.


Once algae have been harvested, there are additional processing steps that often include lysis and drying of the algae followed by extraction with organic solvents to obtain the neutral lipids, primarily TAGs, that can then be converted to biodiesel [3] . Drying can be expensive but it facilitates the interaction between solvent and algae to improve extraction efficiency. However, the extraction solvent must be removed and recovered prior to conversion of lipids to biodiesel and there are attending questions about pollution of the air and contamination of the biomass with solvents. This is also considered a large part of the cost in processing algae [5] .

Once algae have been harvested, there are additional processing steps that often include lysis and drying of the algae followed by extraction with organic solvents to obtain the neutral lipids, primarily TAGs, that can then be converted to biodiesel.

This is also considered a large part of the cost in processing algae.


While we are not equipped to do a formal life cycle analysis and feel it would be premature given the improvements needed in resin technology, nevertheless a comparison of the proposed resin-based processing to current approaches seems in order. Figure 5 presents a general schematic for current algal processing schemes derived on published evaluations [5, 29] . For the most part, the cost of growing algae would be the same. The use of resins could impact growth in terms of the need for nitrogen starvation or growth of monocultures as discussed below. Primarily, our one-step harvest to biodiesel approach would impact the most expensive steps in processing algae to biofuel, namely the harvesting and extraction steps.

Figure 5 presents a general schematic for current algal processing schemes derived on published evaluations.


While growth and yield models offer the capacity to predict future forest growth, the choice of the most appropriate yield curve for a given stand is based on multiple input variables that describe a forest stand and that are acquired during forest inventory. Limitations associated with the measurement of these stand attributes include visual assessment (and thus some subjectivity) of some of the relevant parameters (such as canopy closure), as well as inherent error in the inventory measurements themselves (such as in height and therefore site index). These limitations can lead to incorrect yield curve assignment which in turn has ramifications for the subsequent forest management decisions [3, 4] . ALS provides a unique opportunity to improve growth and yield modelling by offering improved estimates of the relevant parameters that leads to more precise selection of appropriate yield curve. In addition, by integrating growth and yield curves with ALS predictions, we can ensure that for the same forest stand, the predicted ALS attributes (such as stand height, mean DBH, and canopy cover) are all internally consistent with what is expected for a given species and site combination. The role of a growth model can therefore be extended-to not only provide information on projected yield, but also to ensure that all the estimated attributes correspond to the same yield curve, and as a result represent more realistic combinations of stand size approximations.

These limitations can lead to incorrect yield curve assignment which in turn has ramifications for the subsequent forest management decisions.


According to Wyner's wiretap channel model, there exist three participants: the sender Alice, the purpose receiver 2 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Bob, and the eavesdropper Eve, the same as the traditional cryptology. Under this wiretapping model, we assume that the baseband signal modulation scheme is preknown to Eve, and once Eve has unlimited computational capabilities, a potential issue might arise that Eve is likely to get the correct WFRFT parameter through scanning the parameter of the whole period [17] . Therefore, it is necessary to take more effective measures to protect the WFRFT signal from being cracked. Motivated by the aforementioned aspects, this paper proposes an encryption scheme based on channel state information (CSI) and WFRFT. In general, the WFRFT-based communication system is reconstructed with a new encrypted unitary matrix, which is determined and dynamically encrypted by the CSI, whereby the proposed scheme renders itself with the following advantages: on the one hand, the unique communication nodes of legitimate channel between Bob and Alice can reduce the possibility of secret leakage in the upper layer. On the other hand, the channel needed for transferring the secret key is saved; thus the channel's efficiency is able to be improved.

Under this wiretapping model, we assume that the baseband signal modulation scheme is preknown to Eve, and once Eve has unlimited computational capabilities, a potential issue might arise that Eve is likely to get the correct WFRFT parameter through scanning the parameter of the whole period.


The first record of hematological, morphological characteristics of peripheral blood cell and serum biochemistry values of Common Kestrels are presented in this article. Sixteen adult clinically healthy Common Kestrels were studied. All birds appeared to be in good condition, and no abnormalities were noted during physical examination or in hematological analyses throughout the observation period (30 days). All indexes did not have a normal distribution. No eosinophil was identified in blood smears. Blood cell characteristics were the same to Chrysolophus pictus (Chen et al., 2007) . The morphology of erythrocyte and white blood cells of Common Kestrels are showed in Figures 1 -6 . Their reference intervals can be used as baseline information for further studies. It is important to use healthy animals in the establishment of reference values. However, it can be difficult to determine the health of individuals when studying field-caught wild species (Weber et al., 2002) .

Blood cell characteristics were the same to Chrysolophus pictus.

However, it can be difficult to determine the health of individuals when studying field-caught wild species.


From a pool of approximately 500 undergraduate students from the University of Pittsburgh who completed a battery of tests that assess comprehension ability and vocabulary knowledge for course credit, 35 were recruited to participate for compensation. They were chosen to represent a range of comprehension skill, as assessed by the Nelson-Denny comprehension test (Nelson & Denny, 1973) . Each subject was paid $21 for participating in the three hour study. Subjects knew that they would receive the same amount, even if they completed the training portion of the study in less than the expected 2.5 hours. This acted as incentive to work quickly to achieve the goal. The study was composed of two portions: a training portion, in which participants learned rare words, and a testing portion, in which participants were probed for their memory of the words.

They were chosen to represent a range of comprehension skill, as assessed by the Nelson-Denny comprehension test.


An immediate-release tablet is expected to have disintegration time of less than 15 min to pass quality assessment test [21] . All the tablets containing CSG as binder passed the test while those containing PRG failed the test. The long disintegration time of tablets containing PRG suggests that the polymer could be investigated for sustained or controlled delivery of drugs.

An immediate-release tablet is expected to have disintegration time of less than 15 min to pass quality assessment test.


For an immediate-release tablet to pass dissolution test, a minimum of 75 % of the drug must be released within 1 h [21] . Tablets containing 3 % w /w CSG passed the test for dissolution whereas those containing the same concentration of PRG failed the test. Therefore, prosopis gum at concentration up to 3 % w /w is not suitable for the formulation of immediaterelease tablets.

For an immediate-release tablet to pass dissolution test, a minimum of 75 % of the drug must be released within 1 h.


An earlier study characterized cashew gum (CSG) as having a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 0.50 % w /v, capable of reducing the surface tension of water to 55.0 mN/m and having hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value of 16.09 [5] . The surface activity of the polymer was comparable with that of acacia gum. Its FTIR spectrum showed O-H bending and C-O stretching which are typical of ether and alcohol. It also showed stretching vibration of bonded O-H group and stretching vibration of free O-H [6] . Prosopis gum (PRG) has also been characterized as having two endotherms with peaks at 62 and 300 ºC typical of enthalpy relaxation and melting of the polymer [7] . The characterization showed that the polymer has an HLB value of 11.26, a CMC of 0.25 % w /v and capable of reducing the surface tension of water to 55.0 mN/m. Therefore, CSG and PRG have different surface activity.

An earlier study characterized cashew gum (CSG) as having a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 0.50 % w /v, capable of reducing the surface tension of water to 55.0 mN/m and having hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value of 16.09.

It also showed stretching vibration of bonded O-H group and stretching vibration of free O-H.

Prosopis gum (PRG) has also been characterized as having two endotherms with peaks at 62 and 300 ºC typical of enthalpy relaxation and melting of the polymer.


Compatibility of the two polymers with artemether was investigated in a previous study [7] . The interactions between the drug and the two polymers were examined using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. It was observed that the two polymers had similar effects of reducing the melting point and increasing recrystallization temperature of artemether. Cashew gum caused shifts in the peaks of the FTIR spectrum of artemether while prosopis gum caused reduction in the height of the peaks but no new peak was formed in either of the cases. Natural gums have been evaluated for pharmaceutical use as binding, suspending and emulsifying agents [8] [9] [10] . From the available literature, the surface activity of this class of pharmaceutical excipients had not been related to drug delivery from tablets. This work was aimed at assessing the dissolution and permeation parameters of artemether tablets formulated with cashew and prosopis gum as binders and to consider the relationship between these parameters and surface activity of the gums using acacia gum (ACG) as a reference binder.

Compatibility of the two polymers with artemether was investigated in a previous study.

Natural gums have been evaluated for pharmaceutical use as binding, suspending and emulsifying agents.


The increase in permeation coefficient of the drug with increase in the concentration of PRG can be ascribed to decline in interfacial tension with increase in the concentration of the surface active prosopis gum. The eventual time taken for 95 % drug permeation was however, not affected by increase in the concentration of the gum. This is sequel to the dual action of the gum (as a binder and as a surface active agent). The permeation coefficient under SIF condition is higher than SGF condition. The same deduction given for formulations containing cashew gum is applicable to this. The observation can also be attributed to increase in solubility of hemicellulosic gums (such as afzelia gum and prosopis gum) with increase in pH [24] .

The observation can also be attributed to increase in solubility of hemicellulosic gums (such as afzelia gum and prosopis gum) with increase in pH.


Tablet strength is directly related to the magnitude of plastic deformation taking place during compression [19] . Therefore, PRG experienced higher amount of plastic deformation compared to CSG as tablets containing PRG had higher crushing strength at all the binder concentrations used. A tablet is expected to have a friability of less than 1 % to pass quality assessment test [20] . All the tablets containing different concentrations of CSG passed the test for friability.

Tablet strength is directly related to the magnitude of plastic deformation taking place during compression.

A tablet is expected to have a friability of less than 1 % to pass quality assessment test.


The differences between the black suburbanites and the informal settlement and squatter camp residents in age, education and employment status suggest that these black suburbanites are more economically advantaged than their poorer counterparts. It would appear that they have been educated at previously whites-only schools, are employed in previously whites-only occupations and have moved to previously whites-only suburbs. In contrast, the informal settlement and squatter camp residents tend to be poorly educated, have had few opportunities in life, and face major challenges in providing for themselves and their families (Beall et al., 2000) .

In contrast, the informal settlement and squatter camp residents tend to be poorly educated, have had few opportunities in life, and face major challenges in providing for themselves and their families.


Desirable features for industrial application of any specific nanotechnology include (i) cost-effectiveness, particularly for newer classes of products; (ii) cradle-to-grave auditing of nanomaterials; and (iii) waste reduction. All three will continue to provide academic and industrial challenges for a while. The anticipated enhanced toxicity of nanomaterials, its potential impact on humans and other forms of life, and ways to cope effectively with it constitute another significant challenge [6] .

The anticipated enhanced toxicity of nanomaterials, its potential impact on humans and other forms of life, and ways to cope effectively with it constitute another significant challenge.


A socioethical issue associated with the eventual ubiquity of nanotechnology is posed by new forms of intrusion into the privacy of the individual by private institutions as well as governments, including democratically elected governments. Creating governance regimes that manage this risk is needed. Additionally, because much of nanotechnology may be proprietary, certain private firms may be in a position to dominate markets, which has negative social welfare effects [6, 7] .

Additionally, because much of nanotechnology may be proprietary, certain private firms may be in a position to dominate markets, which has negative social welfare effects.


The first step in the formulation of the theory is the assumption of the existence of a foliation constituted of spatial slices, each one corresponding to a instant of time. The underlying symmetry of the theory is given by the diffeomorphisms that preserve the foliation (FDiff). The FDiff do not allow that the transformation of the time coordinate depend on the spatial points; the congruence of lines of time is preserved by the FDiff. One implication of this reduced symmetry is that a spacetime structure is not mandatory [1] . Although the theory is formulated in terms of the standard Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) variables, the geometry is encoded on the spatial metric, whereas the lapse function and the shift vector can be regarded as fields over the spatial slices that evolve in time. A spacetime structure can be anyway implemented by interpreting the lapse function and the shift vector as the corresponding components of the spacetime metric, but this is not mandatory.

One implication of this reduced symmetry is that a spacetime structure is not mandatory.


Our aim in this paper is to point out that in the kinetic-conformal theory there are more classical solutions in the Hamiltonian formulation than in the original Lagrangian formulation. A key condition leading to this behavior is that the canonical formulation requires the addition of all the constraints, primary and secondary, to the Hamiltonian. In other words, although the Hamiltonian formulation can be obtained from the Lagrangian one by the standard Legendre transformation, the resulting Hamiltonian, once all the constraints have been added to it, looses the exact equivalence with the original Lagrangian. Actually, the classification of constraints between primary and secondary is a consequence of the Lagrangian taken to obtain the primary Hamiltonian [7] . When the quantization of the theory is intended, the correct Hamiltonian is the one with all the constraints added.

Actually, the classification of constraints between primary and secondary is a consequence of the Lagrangian taken to obtain the primary Hamiltonian.


Among the questions that still need to be addressed is why all the propellers seem to be gathered in the A ring, in places apparently devoid of density waves ? Indeed the propellers seem gathered in a couple of narrow radial bands of only about 1000 km width (Tiscareno et al. 2008) . This is especially surprising since the A ring is densely populated by numerous density waves launched by the nearby small moons (Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Janus, Epimetheus). Is there a systematic mechanism that would eject the propellers away from density waves ? Or does the present location of propellers just reflect the initial location of the parent body, assuming that the propeller population comprises the fragments resulting from the destruction of an ancient moon orbiting within the rings ?

Indeed the propellers seem gathered in a couple of narrow radial bands of only about 1000 km width.


CO 2 is a well-mixed gas in the atmosphere; its spatial and temporal variations reflect a combination of anthropogenic emissions, exchange with the biosphere, atmospheric transport, and boundary layer dynamics. On the basis of atmospheric mixing patterns alone, CO 2 is expected to build up during the nighttime hours due to atmospheric stratification and decrease in the morning with the break-up of the nocturnal boundary layer [7, 37] . However, the mixing ratio also reflects biogenic uptake, ecosystem respiration, and anthropogenic emissions including human respiration, each of which has different diurnal, seasonal, and spatial patterns. The biogenic signal tends to draw down daytime CO 2 during the summer growing season when photosynthesis is active, resulting in lower overall CO 2 mixing ratios. CO 2 mixing ratios are higher during the winter months when respiration dominates in the biosphere and heating-related emissions are highest.

On the basis of atmospheric mixing patterns alone, CO 2 is expected to build up during the nighttime hours due to atmospheric stratification and decrease in the morning with the break-up of the nocturnal boundary layer.


The semiconductor industry is an important component of the electronics industry, whose global market yield has already exceeded that of the automobile industry. Anisotropic chemical wet etching is widely used in the semiconductor industry to fabricate microstructures on single crystal silicon wafers [1] . Of all the anisotropic etchants, the inorganic KOH (potassium hydroxide) and organic TMAH (tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide) solutions are the most commonly used [1, 2] . Moreover, TMAH solution has also attracted attention because it is clean room compatible, nontoxic, and easy to handle. It also exhibits excellent selectivity to silicon oxide and silicon nitride masks [3, 4] . It has been estimated that, for an 8 in wafer manufacturing facility with a monthly production of 20,000 wafer units, TMAH is by far the most concentrated chemical in wastewater [5] . Biological processes are the most widely accepted treatment for organic wastewater of both domestic and industrial origins; however, available information on the biodegradability of TMAH is scarce. Chemical oxidation involving various forms of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can be employed as preliminary treatment to convert the potentially biorefractory compounds into intermediate products that are more amenable to biodegradation [6] .

Anisotropic chemical wet etching is widely used in the semiconductor industry to fabricate microstructures on single crystal silicon wafers.

Of all the anisotropic etchants, the inorganic KOH (potassium hydroxide) and organic TMAH (tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide) solutions are the most commonly used.

It also exhibits excellent selectivity to silicon oxide and silicon nitride masks.

It has been estimated that, for an 8 in wafer manufacturing facility with a monthly production of 20,000 wafer units, TMAH is by far the most concentrated chemical in wastewater.

Chemical oxidation involving various forms of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can be employed as preliminary treatment to convert the potentially biorefractory compounds into intermediate products that are more amenable to biodegradation.


In the United States, 200 operating ethanol biorefineries in 28 states produced a record 15.25 billion gallons of bioethanol in 2016, along with 42 million metric tons of high-protein animal feed as byproducts (RFA, 2016) . The majority of bioethanol was produced from corn with only~4% produced from grain sorghum. While an overall minor component of total bioethanol production, the portion of bioethanol made from sorghum represents~45% of the grain sorghum produced in the United States, primarily in plants located in the High Plains regions (RFA, 2016) . With the increase in bioethanol production, corn has become overused as a renewable source, which may impact the amount of corn used for human food and directly as animal feed consumption. If all of the corn in the United States was converted into bioethanol, it would only meet 25% of that needed to replace gasoline (Conca, 2014) .

In the United States, 200 operating ethanol biorefineries in 28 states produced a record 15.25 billion gallons of bioethanol in 2016, along with 42 million metric tons of high-protein animal feed as byproducts.

While an overall minor component of total bioethanol production, the portion of bioethanol made from sorghum represents~45% of the grain sorghum produced in the United States, primarily in plants located in the High Plains regions.

If all of the corn in the United States was converted into bioethanol, it would only meet 25% of that needed to replace gasoline.


Most of the existing oil reservoirs nowadays are maturing fields and categorized as the conventional oil reservoirs which are simply defined as reservoirs that are easily recoverable at low cost and without the need of applying advanced technology. However, this type of reservoir is depleted and most of the newly discovered reservoirs could be categorized as unconventional oil, e.g. heavy oil, tar sands, reservoir located deep water regions and high temperature and high pressure reservoirs [1] . The major methods in tertiary oil recovery or EOR, which is the recovery of oil that is left behind in a reservoir after primary and secondary recovery methods, are thermal, miscible and chemical. In the thermal method, thermal energy is transferred into the reservoir to heat up the oil formation and therefore reducing oil viscosity for easier displacement [2, 3] . Meanwhile in the miscible flooding method, various types of solvents are used to fully mix up with the residual oil to overcome capillary forces and hence, increase oil mobility. In the chemical method or flooding, polymers, surfactants and alkalis are mixed up with water before injection. Chemical flooding methods work either by reducing interfacial tension between oil and water, increasing sweep efficiency or changing the wettability of the rock surfaces.

However, this type of reservoir is depleted and most of the newly discovered reservoirs could be categorized as unconventional oil, e.g. heavy oil, tar sands, reservoir located deep water regions and high temperature and high pressure reservoirs.

In the thermal method, thermal energy is transferred into the reservoir to heat up the oil formation and therefore reducing oil viscosity for easier displacement.


Viscosity modification mechanisms are not restricted to dielectric particles only. An electrorheological (ER) fluid will change its properties e.g. apparent viscosity, shear stress and yield stress under external electric field and revert back to its original state when the field is removed [5] . This phenomenon has been widely applied in automotive industries e.g. in clutches, brakes and dampers. Based on previous research, it was found that the crucial factor for the ER effect is the interfacial polarization, which occurs in the frequency range of 10 2 − 10 5 Hz [6] . Application of an electrorheological fluid in subsurface engineering is still uncommon but could potentially enhance the hydrocarbon detection, enhanced oil recovery and mobility control.

An electrorheological (ER) fluid will change its properties e.g. apparent viscosity, shear stress and yield stress under external electric field and revert back to its original state when the field is removed.

Based on previous research, it was found that the crucial factor for the ER effect is the interfacial polarization, which occurs in the frequency range of 10 2 − 10 5 Hz.


These problems could be treated by employing a method that can withstand a HTHP environment. Since conventional methods are no longer applicable to the extreme reservoir conditions, a new method with highly advanced technology has to be designed. A non-invasive approach to stimulate oil in the reservoir could be applied with the application of a low frequency electromagnetic (EM) wave. At low frequency, the penetration depth of the wave will be higher and therefore, a transmitter is not necessarily located in the wellbore which means that the low frequency EM wave transmitter may be located on the seafloor and transmit EM energy remotely. Furthermore, the usage of nanotechnology has the potential to enhance this method, due to interaction at the molecular level [4] . Dielectric nanoparticles suspension injected into the porous medium and activated by the low frequency EM wave will be polarized in an electric field and create highly dense charges on the surfaces, creating surface active interfaces. Interaction of charges at the interfaces will disturb the compatibility between oil/water/rock interfaces and therefore oil can be released more easily.

Furthermore, the usage of nanotechnology has the potential to enhance this method, due to interaction at the molecular level.


In this study, a new EOR method of injecting nanoparticles suspensions, or simply known as nanofluids, is proposed. For this application, the dielectric properties of the nanomaterials are the most significant properties to be considered. It is desirable to create interaction between dielectric particles and elements present in the oil reservoir with the application of electric or electromagnetic field. Two types of dielectric materials, zinc oxide (ZnO) and aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) are used in this study. Al 2 O 3 based material is chosen due to the chemical inertness and textural stability upon high temperature application [7, 8] . ZnO will crystallize to the hexagonal structure when annealed at temperature 300°C and beyond, to give the most stable wurtzite phase [9] . Sol gel was identified as the synthesis method to be used in this study based on the high repeatability and ability to control morphology, structure and uniform size distribution of the end products [10] . Nanofluids were injected into the porous medium, with and without the presence of electromagnetic waves, to recover oil by conducting core flooding tests and the roles of nanofluids, surfactant and electromagnetic waves on the recovery process were distinguished by measuring the interfacial tension (IFT), viscosity and recovery efficiency.

Al 2 O 3 based material is chosen due to the chemical inertness and textural stability upon high temperature application.

ZnO will crystallize to the hexagonal structure when annealed at temperature 300°C and beyond, to give the most stable wurtzite phase.

Sol gel was identified as the synthesis method to be used in this study based on the high repeatability and ability to control morphology, structure and uniform size distribution of the end products.


The best starting point to address some of these puzzles is Superstring theory, since this is the only promising candidate for a consistent theory of quantum gravity. One should investigate whether the web of string dualities can be extended to time-dependent cosmological settings. In an effort to build a concrete theoretical framework for studying cosmology, a class of string theory vacua, where the back-reaction of both thermal and quantum effects can be systematically taken into account, was recently examined in refs [2, 5, 6] .

In an effort to build a concrete theoretical framework for studying cosmology, a class of string theory vacua, where the back-reaction of both thermal and quantum effects can be systematically taken into account, was recently examined in refs.


Increase in Olsen P was observed when P was applied in combination with lime because liming reduces the activity of Fe and Al hydroxide and brings phosphorus ( 2 4 H PO − ) to calcium monophosphate form [20] . Both phosphorus and lime increased P availability which was reflected in increased shoot P [21] . Available P increased with increased phosphate application which in turn increased dry matter yield and uptake of phosphorus by plant [22] . TSP, when applied alone, gave the high amounts of available P, but it did not give the highest P uptakes implying that some other factor, possibly Al toxicity, was preventing proper utilization of P by plants. A reduction in exchangeable Al by application of lime led to increased nutrient uptake [18] .

Increase in Olsen P was observed when P was applied in combination with lime because liming reduces the activity of Fe and Al hydroxide and brings phosphorus ( 2 4 H PO − ) to calcium monophosphate form.

Both phosphorus and lime increased P availability which was reflected in increased shoot P.

Available P increased with increased phosphate application which in turn increased dry matter yield and uptake of phosphorus by plant.

A reduction in exchangeable Al by application of lime led to increased nutrient uptake.


In general, biomass of shoot and root was higher with the combined application of lime and P than P or lime alone. The present findings are in accordance with the findings that lime with P inputs significantly increased the dry matter yield compared to the control but when lime was applied without P, biomass did not increase significantly above the control [18] . This indicated that P was a limiting factor in this soil. Trends in biomass and total P uptake roughly followed one another generally increasing with both increased P and lime additions. Lime additions may have improved the growth media and hence increased biomass and P uptake due to liming may be due to the fact that it breaks the Al and Fe phosphates in soil, thereby making P available to plant. Besides, available P status increase may be due to increase in mineralization of organic P as affected by lime [19] .

The present findings are in accordance with the findings that lime with P inputs significantly increased the dry matter yield compared to the control but when lime was applied without P, biomass did not increase significantly above the control.

Besides, available P status increase may be due to increase in mineralization of organic P as affected by lime.


The paper describes the evolution of battery SOC estimation and various SOC estimation family algorithms were reviewed. The development and deployment of an EVs battery management system with the state estimation of SOC has been a major challenge as a result of the complex electrochemical Figure 17 . Estimation error and computational complexity for the commonly studied SOC estimation methods [83] .

Estimation error and computational complexity for the commonly studied SOC estimation methods.


Tannin have antioxidants capacities that are much stronger than those of vitamin C and E. Flavonols and flavonones are flavonoids of particular importance because they have been found to possess antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity in vegetable (Amic et al 2003) . The tannin content in the vegetables as shown in Table 5 ; the content in fresh vegetables ranged from 1.8 mg/g -4.2 mg/g, while the sun-dried samples ranged from 1.8 mg/g -3.4 mg/g and blanched samples ranged from 1.3 mg/g -3.4 mg/g. V. amygdalina was able to retain the same amount of tannin content with its fresh from after it was sun-dried (3.4%) which indicates it to be the vegetable samples that retained the highest content of tannin after been sun-dried, While B. alba retain the lowest amount of tannin (1.8%) after sun-drying.

Tannin have antioxidants capacities that are much stronger than those of vitamin C and E. Flavonols and flavonones are flavonoids of particular importance because they have been found to possess antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity in vegetable.


The tannin content in fresh vegetable used ranged from 1.8mg/g in T. triangulare to 4.2mg/g in T. accidentalis, while in sun-dried samples the content ranged from 1.8mg/g in B. alba to 3.4mg/g in V. amygdalina. In the blanched samples the tannin content ranged from 1.3 mg/g in B. alba to 3.4 mg/g in T. accidentalis with a coefficient value of 3.0 % The phytate content in Fresh samples ranged from 0.5 mg/g in both T. accidentalis and T. triangulare to 0.8 mg/g in B. alba, while in sun-dried samples the phytate content ranged from 0.6 mg/g in B. alba to 0.8 mg/g in both T. accidentalis and V. amygdalina. In the blanched samples the content ranged from 0.6 mg/g in B. alba to 1.0 mg/g in both T. accidentalis and T. triangulare. The overall coefficient value is 5.5 % Vegetables plays an important role in human diet, they are important source of both digestible and indigestible carbohydrate. They are also good sources of Vitamin C, Beta carotene and other nutrients and are responsible for more subtle feelings of daily well-being and for protection from long-term degenerative disease (Achinewhu 1983; Oboh 2005) .

They are also good sources of Vitamin C, Beta carotene and other nutrients and are responsible for more subtle feelings of daily well-being and for protection from long-term degenerative disease.


The green colour of leafy vegetables is due to the presence of the green pigment "chlorophyll". Chlorophyll is affected by pH and changes to olive green in acidic condition, and bright green in alkaline condition. Some of the acids are released in steam during cooking, particularly of cooked without a cover (Fayemi 1999) .

Some of the acids are released in steam during cooking, particularly of cooked without a cover.


Nowadays, most simulators for DTNs are still in progress. One well-known simulator is named opportunistic network environment simulator (ONE), which is constructed by a research group in Helsinki University of Technology [28, 29] . ONE supports embedded and imported routing protocols and mobility models and provides GUI and a set of reporting and analyzing modules. Although ONE is an excellent simulation platform for DTNs, there is still much improvement needed to increase the practicality of the platform, such as data representation and transmission control. In addition, it is not appropriate to simulate VSNs, due to VSNs' own characteristics, such as vehicular scenario constraints and highly dynamic mobility. Thus, based on ONE, we design our simulation platform to realize the expectations for actual applications in VSNs.

One well-known simulator is named opportunistic network environment simulator (ONE), which is constructed by a research group in Helsinki University of Technology.


One major goal for the ESI in Europe is the large-scale penetration of RES. This achievement and the increase in the share of natural gas against fossil fuels are the most important means towards achieving compliance with the Kyoto Protocol commitments. EU has set ambitious targets, aiming at a 20% share for renewables in the final energy demand by 2020 [1] . The target set for Greece aims to increase the contribution of RES to the final energy consumption to 18% by 2020 [2] . Among available OPEN ACCESS RES technologies, wind power is expected to contribute the largest part and is expected to have the highest evolution.

EU has set ambitious targets, aiming at a 20% share for renewables in the final energy demand by 2020.

The target set for Greece aims to increase the contribution of RES to the final energy consumption to 18% by 2020.


The neutralising antibody test is the method of choice to determine the immune status against poliovirus. Although the precise concentration of antibodies that is necessary for protection is unknown, it is accepted that any level of type-specific neutralisation of infection in cell culture is protective [14] . In the WHO Manual for the virological investigation of polio, titration of sera from 8 to 1024 is recommended [1] . Therefore, in GMT (IU/ml) GMT IU/ml GMT IU/ml GMT IU/ ml GMT IU/ml practise, this is a titre of 8. According to this study, all adults were protected against the poliovirus type 1 Sabin strains. In contrast, one-fifth of the tested adult persons had an antibody titre against CHAT under 8 and presumably were not protected. Obviously, the difference between neutralising titres against type 1 Sabin strain and CHAT base on the antigenic properties of strains and not on the variations in test performance such as viral dose and fluctuations in the titre of antibodies. This claim is supported by the fact that the adults were protected against all three type 1 Sabin strains from different sources but not against CHAT.

Although the precise concentration of antibodies that is necessary for protection is unknown, it is accepted that any level of type-specific neutralisation of infection in cell culture is protective.

In the WHO Manual for the virological investigation of polio, titration of sera from 8 to 1024 is recommended.


Inventory systems can be broadly classified into "pull control systems" and "push control systems" [1] . In pull control systems, inventory replenishments are decided by each warehouse in each echelon independently, and the warehouses in successive echelons 'pull' inventories from preceding echelons( suppliers) when the inventory level drops to reorder point. However, in push control systems, all inventory replenishments are decided by the central warehouse from a system-wide viewpoint through monitoring inventory levels and demand informa.tion in the system. The central warehouse 'pushes' inventories from preceding echelons to the successive echelons., which need more inventories to prevent backorders. It is known that this kind of push control system is able to reduce the inventories under a given customer service level [3 ] [7] .

Inventory systems can be broadly classified into "pull control systems" and "push control systems".

It is known that this kind of push control system is able to reduce the inventories under a given customer service level.


Dose proportionality of the PK of sepantronium was evaluated via the power model regression. Slopes and their 90 % CIs for AUC and C SS versus dose were within the range of 0.8-1.25, indicating that exposure of sepantronium increased in a linear dose proportional manner. Other PK parameters were similar among dose cohorts. These results suggested that the PK of sepantronium was linear at a dose range from 1.8 to 10.6 mg/m 2 /day. In agreement with the present findings, an earlier phase 1 study for sepantronium conducted in the United States found that the values of C SS and AUC increased in a dose proportional manner, and CL was independent of dose over the range of 1.8 to 4.8 mg/m 2 /day [13] . The effect of cycle on sepantronium PK was evaluated by adding cycle numbers to the model as a fixed effect; however, the effect was not significant (p [ 0.1). These results indicate that there was no difference in PK parameters between cycle 1 and cycle 2 and accumulation with repeated dosing was not observed. Demographics such as age and sex did not significantly affect the PK of sepantronium.

In agreement with the present findings, an earlier phase 1 study for sepantronium conducted in the United States found that the values of C SS and AUC increased in a dose proportional manner, and CL was independent of dose over the range of 1.8 to 4.8 mg/m 2 /day.


Using digital games for learning is debatable, because games are commonly perceived as a tool for having fun. However, as players spend so much time in playing, educators may consider using the motivation to play and build lifelong learning skills. In fact, there has been a growing trend towards using educational games and simulations as one component of the effort to help students to master the challenges inherent in learning abstract concepts and to reflect on their learning experiences through these interactions [2] . More importantly, well-designed learning games allow active processing of information, and they stimulate learning curiosity [3] . When learners are required to explore and solve problems as they go through the tasks in a game, they start to build the skills needed to analyse a problem and to reflect on how they arrived at a solution [4] [5] . By engaging students in an authentic but virtual learning environment, they can both learn content and acquire essential competences to face novelty through fun while being challenged [6] [7] . This paper reports on the technical processes of a HK$3.5 million joint universities project funded by the UGC between 2002 and 2004. The three universities involved were the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the City University of Hong Kong and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. The majority of deliverables were evaluated after the implementation. More details of the project can be found on the project website: http://e3learning.edc.polyu.edu.hk/ [8] . The project, e3Learning, adopted a 'multi-expertise' team 'processbased' support model in which the technical development team consisted of members with talents in web design and web programming and knowledge of current technological developments [8] [9] . To ensure quality, the technical development team adopted the conventional instructional design model: (1) analysis, (2) design, (3) development, (4) implementation and (5) evaluation (ADDIE) [10] . There were clear lines of communication between academics, project manager, evaluation officer and technical development team.

In fact, there has been a growing trend towards using educational games and simulations as one component of the effort to help students to master the challenges inherent in learning abstract concepts and to reflect on their learning experiences through these interactions.

More importantly, well-designed learning games allow active processing of information, and they stimulate learning curiosity.

When learners are required to explore and solve problems as they go through the tasks in a game, they start to build the skills needed to analyse a problem and to reflect on how they arrived at a solution.

By engaging students in an authentic but virtual learning environment, they can both learn content and acquire essential competences to face novelty through fun while being challenged.

More details of the project can be found on the project website: http://e3learning.edc.polyu.edu.hk.

The project, e3Learning, adopted a 'multi-expertise' team 'processbased' support model in which the technical development team consisted of members with talents in web design and web programming and knowledge of current technological developments.

To ensure quality, the technical development team adopted the conventional instructional design model: (1) analysis, (2) design, (3) development, (4) implementation and (5) evaluation (ADDIE).


In summary, further analysis of present data and future exploration will bring new and clearer insights into the evolution of Europa and its partly liquid outer layer. Europa stands out among the planets and satellites as a distinctive laboratory for the study of the evolution of aqueous systems over geologic time and the study of environments potentially conducive to the formation and evolution of life. Europa's present state might offer a good analogue for Earth's earliest ocean. Io potentially could represent an end state after extreme devolatilization of a Europa-like object (Kargel et al. 1999b) . Comparative geological, geochemical, and exobiological studies of these objects and others that once may have had oceans, e.g., Mars, may help planetologists develop a deeper understanding of the frequency of and conditions needed by life in the Universe.

Io potentially could represent an end state after extreme devolatilization of a Europa-like object.


Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as the presence of hepatic steatosis with no evidence of hepatocellular injury in the form of ballooning of the hepatocytes. NAFDL is associated with metabolic risk factors such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia [1] . Global prevalence of NAFDL is 25.24%, which was highest in the Middle East and South America and the lowest prevalence in Africa. Metabolic comorbidities associated with NAFDL included obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. As the global epidemic continues to fuel development of metabolic disorders, NAFDL will create a massive clinical and economic burden [2] .

NAFDL is associated with metabolic risk factors such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia.

As the global epidemic continues to fuel development of metabolic disorders, NAFDL will create a massive clinical and economic burden.


The fact that the mortality-SRH association was gradual, independent from known clinical, behavioural and socio-demographic risk factors and persisted over more than 30 years supports rather a salutogenetic than a pathogenetic pathway: An impact of not yet diagnosed underlying disease can be imagined for a followup time of 5-10 years but hardly for much longer periods. Because of the persistence of the SRH-mortality association over a long period, our findings may be particularly relevant for health assessment in younger individuals. Persons rating their health as ''excellent'' may have an advantage over others, not primarily because of absence of disease but because of a high satisfaction with their life. In a study on subjective well-being, reporting ''positive emotions'' was strongly and consistently associated with lower mortality after a follow-up of 28 years [17] . Persons with such emotions may have skills to enhance health, resilience and well-being [17] . The consistent ''dose-dependent'' effect and particularly the statistically significant difference between those rating ''excellent'' and those rating ''good'', support the concept of a salutogenetic rather than pathogenetic pathway.

In a study on subjective well-being, reporting ''positive emotions'' was strongly and consistently associated with lower mortality after a follow-up of 28 years.

Persons with such emotions may have skills to enhance health, resilience and well-being.


Nanoparticles affect different microorganisms and induce the generation of free radicals, which results in the deleterious effect on cellular functions. Oxidative stress is an important factor in nanoparticle-induced toxicity. Antioxidant enzyme activities such as SOD, CAT and POD, are very sensitive to the stress of pollutants and can be used as an oxidativestress signal for an early warning of environmental pollution (Nel et al., 2006) .

Antioxidant enzyme activities such as SOD, CAT and POD, are very sensitive to the stress of pollutants and can be used as an oxidativestress signal for an early warning of environmental pollution.


The in situ test results in granitic rock are in line with laboratory results on rock cores (diameter 100 mm, length 200 mm) and concrete blocks (one cubic meter in size) [25] . In their study, the authors found a fracture breakdown pressure 18% lower using cyclic instead of continuous water injection. The same tendency of lower fracture breakdown pressure using cyclic water injection was found when testing Pocheon granite cores from Korea (diameter 50 mm, length 100 mm) [21] . In their study, the conclusion was that hydraulic fracturing in the field can be conducted with smaller injection pressure (82% of conventional value) when it is subjected to fatigue cycles. In the laboratory the cycle number was varied from 2 to 150.

The in situ test results in granitic rock are in line with laboratory results on rock cores (diameter 100 mm, length 200 mm) and concrete blocks (one cubic meter in size).

The same tendency of lower fracture breakdown pressure using cyclic water injection was found when testing Pocheon granite cores from Korea (diameter 50 mm, length 100 mm).


Hydraulic fracture growth through naturally fractured rock is an area of interest and current research for petroleum, mining and geothermal applications. In particular in the development of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), hydraulic fracturing is used to form fracture networks connecting injection and production well for heat exchange purposes. However, hydraulic fracturing imposes environmental risks, one of which is induced seismicity associated with the permeability enhancement process [1] [2] [3] . Of particular interest are, therefore, methods that limit the number and magnitude of seismic events while the required fracture permeability is obtained. In this context, the fatigue hydraulic fracturing (FHF) concept and the multi-stage hydraulic stimulation concept have been proposed. The key point in fatigue hydraulic fracturing is the frequent lowering of the injection pressure to allow stress relaxation at the fracture tip [4] . Reducing the maximum injection pressure by alternative injection schemes will affect the damage zone surrounding the fracture and also the radiation pattern of seismic events associated with fracture growth [5] . For multi-stage stimulation, instead of massive stimulation, injection rate and pressure are controlled, and the reservoir is formed stage by stage [6, 7] .

However, hydraulic fracturing imposes environmental risks, one of which is induced seismicity associated with the permeability enhancement process.

The key point in fatigue hydraulic fracturing is the frequent lowering of the injection pressure to allow stress relaxation at the fracture tip.

Reducing the maximum injection pressure by alternative injection schemes will affect the damage zone surrounding the fracture and also the radiation pattern of seismic events associated with fracture growth.

For multi-stage stimulation, instead of massive stimulation, injection rate and pressure are controlled, and the reservoir is formed stage by stage.


The dualistic theory delineates the relation between contractors and subcontractors as the master and subordinate. The dualistic theory and the development theory are similar, but the former is for exploitation and the latter for mutual development. The developmental theory suggests that subcontracts have a positive role for larger companies, as well as medium and small-sized companies. In other words, the core of the development theory is that medium and small-sized companies would be modernized and create jobs in the process of implementing subcontracts [9] [10] [11] . UNIDO (United Nation Industrial Development Organization) also argued that medium and small-sized companies could access the market of larger companies through subcontracts and have a chance to develop by securing stable resources and technological supports. These arguments also mention that the outsourcing of large companies is one of the methods to focus on core areas rather than to utilize the low wage for the medium and small-sized companies [12] [13] [14] .

In other words, the core of the development theory is that medium and small-sized companies would be modernized and create jobs in the process of implementing subcontracts.

These arguments also mention that the outsourcing of large companies is one of the methods to focus on core areas rather than to utilize the low wage for the medium and small-sized companies.


The level of research carried out in recent decades regarding the use of biodiesel in engines has been intense. One unique aspect of biodiesels (and their parent oils/fats) is the fact that they are produced from a variety of vegetable or animal feedstock [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . These possess different compositional structures in the form of fatty acids (FA), as summarized in Table 1 for the most influential ones. Past research has shown that a relatively high degree of variability is observed regarding the structural form of common biodiesels depending on the originating oil [6] . Since the composition of each oil/fat in the fatty acids varies, the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel differ too. Perhaps the most prominent example here is the cetane number (cold-flow properties as well) [3, 5, 7] .

One unique aspect of biodiesels (and their parent oils/fats) is the fact that they are produced from a variety of vegetable or animal feedstock.

Past research has shown that a relatively high degree of variability is observed regarding the structural form of common biodiesels depending on the originating oil.

Perhaps the most prominent example here is the cetane number (cold-flow properties as well).


Lifelogging and other personal informatics systems help users collect data for self-monitoring and reflection (Li, Dey & Forlizzi, 2010) . These technologies can potentially also be used to support user research during e.g. 'stimulated recall interviews' (Dempsey, 2010) . In this paper, we report our experiences of using a Narrative Clip 2 lifelogging camera and a Fitbit Charge HR activity tracker to collect additional data about users' daily lives.

Lifelogging and other personal informatics systems help users collect data for self-monitoring and reflection.

These technologies can potentially also be used to support user research during e.g. 'stimulated recall interviews'.


As usual, we write µ ∈ T p (C) for this relation. The properties T 1 (C) and T 2 (C) are of particular interest. The phenomenon of measure concentration is related to T 1 (C) (see the monograph of Ledoux [20] ).

The phenomenon of measure concentration is related to T 1 (C) (see the monograph of Ledoux).


Software defined networking (SDN) has been a major topic of interest in the field of networking for a decade. SDN enables intelligent management and control of network elements such as switches and routers that possess low level functionality. The SDN architecture separates the control and data planes, thereby abstracting the infrastructure from applications. The control plane is logically centralized, whereas the data plane simply follows the decisions of the control plane. The biggest advantage of SDN is that new control functions can be implemented by incorporating software-based logic into the control plane [1] . Thus, SDN can quickly apply new technologies to networks and can easily interact with external control devices.

The biggest advantage of SDN is that new control functions can be implemented by incorporating software-based logic into the control plane.


We measured the optical-to-electrical (O/E) conversion efficiency while changing the optical power injected into the HPPC, as shown in Fig. 3(a) . The converted electrical power was essentially proportional to the optical power injected into the HPPC. However, the deviation of the converted power from the approximate straight line became larger and the O/E conversion efficiency became smaller as the injected power was increased. This occurred because of the increase in the temperature of the HPPC caused by the high optical power feed. At an injected optical power of 2.0 W, the obtained conversion efficiency was 28.6%; however, introducing a radiation heat transfer mechanism to reduce the increase in the temperature of the HPPC will improve the conversion efficiency [12] . If the conversion efficiency of around 35% can be obtained by suppressing the temperature increase, over 700 mW electrical power can be obtained at the optical power of 2.0 W, according to the approximate straight line as shown in Fig. 3(a) . Another HPPC we tested also displayed characteristics similar to those of the HPPC described above.

At an injected optical power of 2.0 W, the obtained conversion efficiency was 28.6%; however, introducing a radiation heat transfer mechanism to reduce the increase in the temperature of the HPPC will improve the conversion efficiency.


The nexus of entrepreneurship, innovation and sustainable development is a subject of great interest nowadays, as society is looking for solutions leading to sustainable development (Kardos, 2012) . This paper studies the relationship between entrepreneurial curiosity as a determinant which influences entrepreneurs and innovativeness as an important part of economic dynamism. Understanding entrepreneurial cognition is imperative to understanding the essence of entrepreneurship, how it emerges and evolves (Krueger, 2003) . Entrepreneurs' innovativeness and personality play a key role in the adoption of innovations in Small-and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) (Marcati, 2008) .

The nexus of entrepreneurship, innovation and sustainable development is a subject of great interest nowadays, as society is looking for solutions leading to sustainable development.

Understanding entrepreneurial cognition is imperative to understanding the essence of entrepreneurship, how it emerges and evolves.

Entrepreneurs' innovativeness and personality play a key role in the adoption of innovations in Small-and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs).


Structural equation modeling (SEM) provides a way to test the specified set of relationships among observed and latent variables as a whole, and allow theory testing even when experiments are not possible (Savalei and Bentler, 2010) . Structural equation modeling was made by building a model in Lisrel 8.80, which is an analytical statistics program. Results of structural equation modeling based on the joint sample from Slovenia and USA (n=331) are displayed in Figure 1 .

Structural equation modeling (SEM) provides a way to test the specified set of relationships among observed and latent variables as a whole, and allow theory testing even when experiments are not possible.