The following experiments were run as part of the Mancoosi internal Solver Competition (MiSC) in January and February 2010. The results presented here are based on the results available online at http://www.mancoosi.org/misc-live/20100208/. The solvers were run on different categories of benchmarks: the 10orplus and 9orless categories come from a Debian distribution universe with 45598 packages, the request being solved by apt-get (Debian default resolver) after removing more or less than 10 installed packages. Caixa benchmarks come from Caixa Magica Linux distribution. They contain around 20K packages. Finally, the remaining ones have been randomly generated from a wide Debian universe (including unstable packages). The size of the universe is respectively 51449 packages for biglist and newlist and 31603 packages for smallist. Remember that the size of the universe affects the size of the encoding and the size of the optimization function. Tables 1 and 2 summarize the results for the three best performing solvers: P2CUDF, INESC-ID and UNSA [12] . For each category of benchmarks, we provide the number of instances to solve and the number of instances for which no solver could find a solution. This is the case, for instance, when one of the packages to install is not available or one of its dependencies cannot be satisfied. We also provide, for each solver, the number of optimal solutions found and the maximum CPU time required to compute that solution: TO denotes that the timeout (300s) was reached. If an optimal solution cannot be provided within the timeout, we add into parenthesis the number of non-optimal solutions returned by the solver. Table 1 provides the results for the paranoid criterion, a lexicographic optimization on two criteria, while Table 2 provides the results of the trendy criterion, a lexicographic optimization on three criteria. Not surprisingly, the time needed to find an optimal answer for the trendy criterion is in general greater than the time needed to find an optimal solution for the paranoid criterion. Furthermore, all of the benchmarks have been solved by at least one solver.

They contain around 20K packages.

Tables 1 and 2 summarize the results for the three best performing solvers: P2CUDF, INESC-ID and UNSA.


In addition, the MPEG segments attached to polyester segments can improve miscibility between PDLL and PCL blends to reduce the phase separation [12] . Thus, unique properties of polymer blends quite different from their origin polymers were obtained. However, the preparation of blend nanoparticles of the amphiphilic diblock copolymers has been scarcely published.

In addition, the MPEG segments attached to polyester segments can improve miscibility between PDLL and PCL blends to reduce the phase separation.


In this paper, a new subinterval selection approach is presented to determine the optimal numerical integration time step for the use with the multi-rate method. An appropriate subinterval can be determined by identifying how fast dynamic states are varying in the considered power system. The proposed approach uses modal analysis for single machine infinite bus (SMIB) models [3] .

The proposed approach uses modal analysis for single machine infinite bus (SMIB) models.


In statistical applications, it is often noticed that an additive model including main effects only is far from being adequate. Higher order terms such as interactions are often helpful in prediction and modeling. Sometimes, these interactions may be of independent interest, such as the moderation analysis in behavioral sciences (Cohen et al., 2013) . In this paper, we consider a full quadratic model with all two-term interactions taken into account.

Sometimes, these interactions may be of independent interest, such as the moderation analysis in behavioral sciences.


The crux of this paper lies in the suggestion that limitations in many of the policies developed in the UK around energy and climate to date, relate to an underlying emphasis on individuals-rather than on the Government, government agencies or companies. This policy emphasis suggests that it is individuals, as agents of change, who are going to have to be the driving force behind reductions in greenhouse gas emissions [5] . This paper considers some of the reasons why attempts to forge this synthesis have been instrumental in driving environmental policy in the UK in recent years, grounding politics in serving the needs, preferences and agency of individuals as an integral element of -third way citizenship‖. In the discussion section we assess the complexities of delivering this renewed focus on local level responsibility and action in the light of recently conducted empirical work with members of the general public, and provide fresh insights into the comparative influence of structural, political, financial, psychological, social/cultural and knowledge factors on the adoption of pro-environmental energy behaviour at an individual level.

This policy emphasis suggests that it is individuals, as agents of change, who are going to have to be the driving force behind reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.


Pure urea can be regarded as a nitrogen fertilizer. When in aqueous solutions with ammonium nitrate or magnesium sulfate, it can be applied as a foliar fertilizer. It forms complexes with hydrogen peroxide (used in medicine as an antiseptic), which allows for longer storage times. Urea derivatives are used in pharmaceuticals production and as bioactive compounds in cosmetics and dermatology as well as herbicides and insecticides [2] . Urea is an excellent reducing agent in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reaction of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) from exhaust gases in internal combustion engines, especially heavy-duty diesel engines [3] .

Urea derivatives are used in pharmaceuticals production and as bioactive compounds in cosmetics and dermatology as well as herbicides and insecticides.

Urea is an excellent reducing agent in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reaction of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) from exhaust gases in internal combustion engines, especially heavy-duty diesel engines.


Latent print individualization is a forensic technique that endeavours to attribute a 'mark' 1 (a crime scene or 'latent' print) to the 'friction ridge skin' (the corrugated skin that covers human fingers, palms and soles) of an individual. Such attributions are currently achieved through a visual comparison of the mark with an exemplar 'print' whose origin is known. These attributions are made by human latent print examiners (LPEs). Computer algorithms (Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems or AFIS) are often used to search large databases for 'candidate' prints to present to the examiner, but there is neither an agency or a jurisdiction that currently allows a computer system to make latent print attributions nor an algorithm that claims an ability to make such attributions. This is not the case for 10-print attributions, in which the source of a set of 10 'inked', or intentionally recorded, prints is attributed. Such attributions are sometimes made by computer algorithms (Cherry & Imwinkelried, 2006) .

Such attributions are sometimes made by computer algorithms.


Despite the apparent achievement of long-term survival with ablative treatment for oligometastatic disease, the level of evidence to support such treatments is weak in many cases, often based on single-arm studies without appropriate controls [10] . Patients included in such reports are highly selected, based on good performance status and slow pace of tumor progression. It has been suggested that the long-term survival achieved with treatment of oligometastases is a result of the selection of fit patients with very slow-growing tumors, rather than the result of treatment intervention [11] .

Despite the apparent achievement of long-term survival with ablative treatment for oligometastatic disease, the level of evidence to support such treatments is weak in many cases, often based on single-arm studies without appropriate controls.

It has been suggested that the long-term survival achieved with treatment of oligometastases is a result of the selection of fit patients with very slow-growing tumors, rather than the result of treatment intervention.


The control of mosquito larvae worldwide depends primarily on continued applications of synthetic insecticides including organophosphates such as temephos and fenthion, and insect growth regulators such as diflubenzuron and methoprene [1] . However, heavy and wide use of these synthetic insecticides has caused several environmental and health concerns, including disruption of natural biological control systems, outbreaks of other insect species, widespread development of resistance and undesirable effects on non-target organism [2] . Thus, there is urgent need to look for new strategies for mosquito control.

The control of mosquito larvae worldwide depends primarily on continued applications of synthetic insecticides including organophosphates such as temephos and fenthion, and insect growth regulators such as diflubenzuron and methoprene.

However, heavy and wide use of these synthetic insecticides has caused several environmental and health concerns, including disruption of natural biological control systems, outbreaks of other insect species, widespread development of resistance and undesirable effects on non-target organism.


The improved NSGA-II algorithm for solving the multiobjective optimization model is realized by MATLAB programming. As is known to all, there are a set of optimal solutions (largely known as Pareto optimal solutions) in a multiobjective optimization problem, instead of a single optimal solution. The Pareto optimal solutions form a Pareto optimal front, which has the property that one solution in the Pareto optimal front cannot be said to be better than any of the others [21] . Therefore, when the Pareto optimal front is obtained, designers can choose any solution in it according to different requirements and favors. The Pareto optimal front for two objective problems is always a continuous curve, whereas for three objective problems it is a curved surface.

The Pareto optimal solutions form a Pareto optimal front, which has the property that one solution in the Pareto optimal front cannot be said to be better than any of the others.


Actually the problem of load sharing exists in almost all types of multipath transmission system, such as split torque and planetary designs. There is a locked loop of gearing in a multipath design, and each of the gear meshes in the loop will be engaged at the same time, only if the gears are assembled with the required relative relationship, which is considered a particular tooth timing relationship. However, due to the manufacturing and assembly errors, the particular tooth timing relationship can not precisely be met in a real multipath transmission system. Therefore, there might be a gap (or several gaps) at one (or several) of the gear mesh locations under a nominal light load. Usually this kind of gap is considered the main cause of unequaled load in multipath transmission systems [3] .

Usually this kind of gap is considered the main cause of unequaled load in multipath transmission systems.


A long lifetime of the neutrino inside a nucleus can be treated on the basis of exotic Miheev -Smirnov -Volfenstein effect at low energies [8] . Let us explain this in more detail. If the energy of incoming electron is resonant (i.e. renormalized masses of all three types of neutrinos (ν e , ν µ , ν τ ) inside a nucleon are approximately equal after the electron capture), the exotic nucleus is generated at the first stage of electroweak process (two left vertexes in the diagram 1), which cannot decay until an oscillation have been finished. The exotic nucleus D ν is metastable, because the energy conservation law forbids its decay with µ -or τ -lepton emission. The channel D ν → 2n + ν e is also closed. Thus, theoretical consideration of the bound state of the neutrino inside a nucleus in the framework of any potential model gives us only phenomenological description of the observable effect.

A long lifetime of the neutrino inside a nucleus can be treated on the basis of exotic Miheev -Smirnov -Volfenstein effect at low energies.

Let us explain this in more detail.


The aim of chaotic optical communication is to achieve secure transmission of message. Hence security level of this encryption technology is of great importance. From the standpoint of modern cryptography, it is necessary to attack the cryptographic system using cryptanalysis methods in order to analyse the security. This is no exception to chaotic optical communication. Chaotic synchronization between the emitter laser and receiver one can be easily achieved under strong injection strength [15] . However, this can also be used by eavesdropper to extract the message [16] . Subcarrier modulation was applied to enhance the security [17] . The feedback phase of semiconductor laser was considered a secret key [18] . Hurst exponent is utilized to analyze the security of chaos shift keying (CSK) and chaos modulation (CMO) [19] . Nonlinear filtering was employed to detect messages encoded by CMO [20] .

Chaotic synchronization between the emitter laser and receiver one can be easily achieved under strong injection strength.

However, this can also be used by eavesdropper to extract the message.

Subcarrier modulation was applied to enhance the security.

The feedback phase of semiconductor laser was considered a secret key.

Hurst exponent is utilized to analyze the security of chaos shift keying (CSK) and chaos modulation (CMO).

Nonlinear filtering was employed to detect messages encoded by CMO.


We determined the speeds of swimming and walking by conducting a frame analysis of each experimental trial. This consisted of advancing the videotape frame-by-frame and using the bottom grid to determine the distance that a larva had moved per frame. Because we knew the number of frames recorded per second (60), we could use this information to calculate the speed at which the megalopae were moving. Analysis of each experimental tnal consisted of 3 determinations of walking speed and 3 determinations of swimming speed, with each determination made over a distance of at least 5 cm. We took care to analyze only those segments of tape wherein megalopae were engaged in sustained swimming or walking. Subsequent evaluation was always conducted using the fastest of the 3 determinations for each of the 10 replicate megalopae. Effects of temperature on swimming speed and on walking speed were assessed using analysis of variance for repeated measures (Sokal 1995) . This type of analysis takes into consideration the repeated use of the Same larvae at each of the experimental temperatures. In this case, the analysis considers temperature a fixed factor and individual megalopae as a random factor. Calculations are done as a 2-way ANOVA without replication.

Effects of temperature on swimming speed and on walking speed were assessed using analysis of variance for repeated measures.


In addition, smoking also reduced the level of endurance in teenager smokers (18-19 years old). The subjects recorded slower times in 1500 m and 10,000 m runs [10] . Acute effects of smoking two cigarettes also increased HR during rest and exercise [11] .

The subjects recorded slower times in 1500 m and 10,000 m runs.

Acute effects of smoking two cigarettes also increased HR during rest and exercise.


In recent years, with increasing the rate of civil constructions (e.g. skyscrapers, high dynamic loads, etc.), the site soils should carry higher loads. In this regard, different methods are applied to increase the bearing capacity of soils. Chemical stabilization as a common soil stabilization method has been broadly applied to increase the bearing capacity, decrease the swelling potential and improve the mechanical properties of different granular or soft soils [1] [2] [3] [4] . Cement and lime are two conventional constructional material used as binders to stabilize different soils. Some other nonconventional materials such as industrial wastes, fly ash, bottom ash, pond ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace and rice husk ash (RHA) have also been used for such purposes [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . The main role of such binders is initiation of hydration reactions and formation of calcium silicate hydrated (CSH) gel [10] . One of the main reasons for replacing the cement with other waste materials is saving the money in the projects. Also, as other reasons, it should be noted that the total energy consumption in manufacturing the cement is about 5 TJs per 1000 tons. In addition, each ton of cement releases about 1 ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Among other materials, RHA is a common supplementary material available worldwide as a waste material obtained from controlled burning of rice husks at a temperature of 600C [11] . On the other hand, dumping RHA in the land is a geo-environmental threat and hence, regarding the high availability of RHA in Guilan province, Iran, its application in the construction projects reduces the project costs and saves the environment.

Chemical stabilization as a common soil stabilization method has been broadly applied to increase the bearing capacity, decrease the swelling potential and improve the mechanical properties of different granular or soft soils.

Some other nonconventional materials such as industrial wastes, fly ash, bottom ash, pond ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace and rice husk ash (RHA) have also been used for such purposes.

The main role of such binders is initiation of hydration reactions and formation of calcium silicate hydrated (CSH) gel.

Among other materials, RHA is a common supplementary material available worldwide as a waste material obtained from controlled burning of rice husks at a temperature of 600C.


A recent randomized study that compared the impact and acceptability of online and onsite methods of training in research ethics and statistics showed that both methods led to marked and similar improvements of knowledge, and that the advantages of less logistical demands and cost-effectiveness made the online method more useful for expanding health research capacity in resource-limited settings [24] . For online trainings, a basic requirement is the availability of internet services. Internet usage has been growing in sub-Saharan Africa in the past decade especially for educational purposes. In Nigeria, all major cities have internet services however quality, bandwidth and consistency is low. Online trainings therefore have to take this into account by avoiding use of media-heavy web pages that require high bandwidth. It is also necessary to ensure web pages resume from previous location in event of service disruption, all of which were factored into the design of this online course.

A recent randomized study that compared the impact and acceptability of online and onsite methods of training in research ethics and statistics showed that both methods led to marked and similar improvements of knowledge, and that the advantages of less logistical demands and cost-effectiveness made the online method more useful for expanding health research capacity in resource-limited settings.


We supply an updated and improved 14 NH 3 line list in HITRAN format in the supplementary data with all assignments converted to the recommended labels of Eq. (1). A file containing our recommended experimental energy levels is also supplied for use in any future analysis of ammonia containing spectra. This work has been submitted to HITRAN for inclusion in the 2012 revision [59] .

This work has been submitted to HITRAN for inclusion in the 2012 revision.


Global ammonia emissions have more than doubled during the period of industrialization, largely due to widespread use of intensive agricultural techniques and in particular the use of fertilizers [1] . Furthermore, livestock, waste management, biomass burning and industry give additional anthropogenic contributions beyond that of nitrogen-based fertilizers. There are also a number of natural sources of ammonia including oceans, animal respiration and soil microbial processes which contribute to the global ammonia budget.

Global ammonia emissions have more than doubled during the period of industrialization, largely due to widespread use of intensive agricultural techniques and in particular the use of fertilizers.


Many 3D constitutive macro-models describing the behavior of shape memory alloys were developed in the last ten years [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . But very few of them are compared with non isothermal, non proportional 3D tests results. The main reason of it is the fact that very few complete test databases are available for SMA.

Many 3D constitutive macro-models describing the behavior of shape memory alloys were developed in the last ten years.


During the drying of non-hygroscopic and/or hygroscopic capillary-porous materials, the first part of the drying curve has a similar form ( Fig. 1) (Keey, 1972) . In the case of the hygroscopic capillary-porous material, the drying rate drops more sharply since, deep inside the material, the sorption state is ensured, i.e., when the partial pressure of water vapor at this place becomes less than the partial pressure of free water. This drying period ends at the moment when all the material layers are in the hygroscopic regime (the second critical point appears).

During the drying of non-hygroscopic and/or hygroscopic capillary-porous materials, the first part of the drying curve has a similar form ( Fig. 1).


Initial results from testing of the sensor are very encouraging in that the device displays a linear response over a wide range of conductivities down to 0.5mS/cm and is far more versatile when used in the measurement of soil conductivity than its planar constructed predecessor that was used in previous thick film sensor arrays [18] . In practice values of conductivity below 0.5mS/cm are unlikely to be encountered in soil monitoring applications where the analyte ion content is generally relatively high. Versions of the novel conductivity sensor described here have been used to very good effect in a range of experiments concerned with the monitoring of soil structures, where the conductivity sensor output is being correlated with soil water content as measured by other commercially obtained instruments in an attempt to infer soil porosity by proxy.

Initial results from testing of the sensor are very encouraging in that the device displays a linear response over a wide range of conductivities down to 0.5mS/cm and is far more versatile when used in the measurement of soil conductivity than its planar constructed predecessor that was used in previous thick film sensor arrays.


We simulated several adaptation strategies for forest landowners and found that planting fewer loblolly pine/ha to reduce damage caused by increased wildfire events generates higher land values than those for the original (highdensity) loblolly pine management under increased forest productivity conditions. Slash pine is a less economically viable option compared with both loblolly pine forest managements in most cases. Under certain conditions (high salvageable portions), NIPF landowners will be better off planting slash pine instead of loblolly pine with high planting density. Thus, the selection of adequate forest species and management (e.g., silvicultural efforts aim to increase the amount of undamaged timber that can be recovered after a natural disturbance) become crucial to capture the benefits and mitigate the negative effects resulting from climate change. Furthermore, specific salvage harvest policies, for example subsidies, must not be driven by tree mortality but the type of disturbance (Sims, 2013) . Higher regeneration costs after a natural disturbance have a negative impact on the economic returns for landowners, and in relative terms, the profitability of slash pine is more eroded than loblolly pine with low planting density.

Furthermore, specific salvage harvest policies, for example subsidies, must not be driven by tree mortality but the type of disturbance.


It is well known that electric power is fundamental for sustainable development because it is necessary for economic growth and because this same necessity stimulates new alternatives concerning renewable and clean energies [1] . The world's leading countries in the development of less polluting energy solutions are favoring the growth and expansion of distributed power generation systems (DPGSs) based on renewable sources [2] . Therefore, considering the wide-scale penetration of these systems in the distributed grid, power system operators have focused their attention on the challenge of maintaining reliability and stability of the electrical network by implementing and updating rigorous grid codes (GCs). These GCs are intended to limit the disconnection of these DPGSs under grid faults as much as possible and avoid loss of power generation that could yield to power outages [3] [4] [5] [6] .

It is well known that electric power is fundamental for sustainable development because it is necessary for economic growth and because this same necessity stimulates new alternatives concerning renewable and clean energies.

The world's leading countries in the development of less polluting energy solutions are favoring the growth and expansion of distributed power generation systems (DPGSs) based on renewable sources.

These GCs are intended to limit the disconnection of these DPGSs under grid faults as much as possible and avoid loss of power generation that could yield to power outages.


The second prediction, decreased barnacle cover after limpet removal, was also supported by the experimental results. However, the effect was measurable only after 12 mo from the beginning of the manipulations. The lag in the effect is interpreted as only when algal cover was important and persisted for some months did barnacles start to decline. Another relevant result is that the effect of the grazing treatment is sitedependent and presumably reflects site effects in the growth of Fucus and other macroalgae. Results were consistent across seasons, dates and localities. The most recurrent result was that small-scale heterogeneity was important (significant site effects). Site effects might reflect environmental differences among sites. Before manipulations, sites exhibited differences in barnacle cover and abundance of limpets. In addition, they had different mean tidal heights but were similar in orientation, slope and roughness. Other factors, which could potentially influence the composition and dynamics of the assemblage, such as the prevailing direction of waves or exposure were not investigated. Site effects may be generated by multiple factors acting independently or synergistically. Tidal height alone may influence the growth rate of algal propagules (Raffaelli & Hawkins 1996) . The direction of incoming waves and the distance to sources of propagules may affect not only the rate of development of algal canopies but also the possibility that some algae (e.g. Fucus) could even reach individual experimental quadrats (Arrontes 2002) .

Tidal height alone may influence the growth rate of algal propagules.

The direction of incoming waves and the distance to sources of propagules may affect not only the rate of development of algal canopies but also the possibility that some algae (e.g. Fucus) could even reach individual experimental quadrats.


After the last sampling date in October 1998, all fences were removed. Limpets quickly reinvaded the experimental quadrats and after 3 yr, all identifiable exclusion quadrats reverted to a situation similar to that before the manipulations. The persistence of dense cover of macroalgae depends upon the continuity of the manipulation and thus the grazer-and barnacle-dominated assemblage and the algal patches cannot be considered alternate stages at these tidal levels (Petraitis & Dudgeon 1999) .

The persistence of dense cover of macroalgae depends upon the continuity of the manipulation and thus the grazer-and barnacle-dominated assemblage and the algal patches cannot be considered alternate stages at these tidal levels.


Also, the brine shrimp have been used to detect general toxicity, in teratology screens, ecotoxicology and detection of plant extract toxicity for the past 30 years (Carballo et al., 2002) . It has been established as safe, practical and economic method for determination of bioactivity of plant product (Silva et al., 2007; Subhan et al., 2008) . This present study was conducted to assess toxicity of leaves by brine shrimp lethality assay and cytotoxicity activity against bovine kidney cells.

Also, the brine shrimp have been used to detect general toxicity, in teratology screens, ecotoxicology and detection of plant extract toxicity for the past 30 years.

It has been established as safe, practical and economic method for determination of bioactivity of plant product.


Due to their advantages (extremely low power consumption and small geometries) over other conventional technologies, they have become very important to the development RF systems such as space-based radar and tunable filters for secure communication channels. Fundamental to all RF systems is the requirement to switch between RF loads both efficiently and reliably. Two types of MEMS switches have been developed and incorporated into these systemscapacitive coupled and direct contact microswitches. Though both devices operate adequately with their own inherent limitations and reliability issues (capacitive switches suffer from charge buildup and contact switches fail over time due to either increased contact resistance or stiction) the microswitch has the advantage of extremely low line losses in the off-state. As a result, MEMS engineers have continued to develop these important devices and improve their reliability by investigating contact force, contact resistance, contact materials, mechanical switch designs and packaging. Test fixtures including: actual MEMS devices, atomic force microscopes (AFM) and nanoindentors, have been used to collect the required data (i.e. contact resistance and contact force) [2] [3] [4] . All of these methods, however, have limitations which restrict their ability to offer a complete analysis. For example, MEMS devices allow for lifecycle testing but not direct measurement of contact force which must be inferred through modeling. AFM and nanoindentor test fixtures allow direct contact force and resistance measurements but are limited by low resonance beams and piezoelectric sensors. Additionally, these type of fixtures do not allow testing contacts in unique ambient environments. However, this body of work has been quite productive in developing models for predicting contact resistance of unused surfaces, with respect to contact force [2, [5] [6] [7] . Microswitch reliability has been primarily improved through mechanical switch design improvements and packaging that "engineer away" unknown elements of the contact physics. A thorough understanding of the underlying physics is needed to facilitate further improvements. Obtaining data for studying these effects requires a unique fixture capable of high cycle rates with the added flexibility of conducting a wide range of reliability tests. Data collected will provide researchers with information necessary to design robust microswitches and to develop advanced reliability models.

Test fixtures including: actual MEMS devices, atomic force microscopes (AFM) and nanoindentors, have been used to collect the required data (i.e. contact resistance and contact force).

However, this body of work has been quite productive in developing models for predicting contact resistance of unused surfaces, with respect to contact force.


As commonly recognized, most schedules for building facilities are constructed with a multi-level WBS structure. This solution increases the schedule clarity, enables assigning responsibility for particular technological processes or single tasks to particular teams or persons. It allows for aggregating, analysing and presenting the schedule at several levels of detail, or precise planning of the distribution of time, resources and financial measures onto separate sub-tasks [12, 21] . A work breakdown structure is usually created taking into account the course of particular technological processes and in connection with the employment structure of subcontractors or workgroups. As a result, the set of real activities at the lowest level of the WBS structure covered by a single summary task is usually uniform in terms of technology and reflects the execution of a particular facility fragment or work type. Accomplishment of a task group such as this takes place in similar conditions and with exposure to similar risk factors that can disturb the work process. Costs assigned to such tasks have also been created on a methodologically similar assessment. All these factors indicate that it is favourable to cover such a task group with one cost buffer. Their technological uniformity and exposure to similar risk factors allow reasonable determination of the quantity of indispensable financial reserve measures to accumulate in such buffers.

It allows for aggregating, analysing and presenting the schedule at several levels of detail, or precise planning of the distribution of time, resources and financial measures onto separate sub-tasks.


Introduction of time and/or cost buffers to CPM schedules comes down to two basic issues: setting their quantity and location as well as determining their value. In the case of time buffers, their location should be linked with the course of the critical path (or the critical chain when resources are included) and their duration is a function of the time in a protected sequence. In the case of financial buffers it should be considered whether the schedule will include both time and cost buffers, or only one buffer type. If time buffers are applied, then establishing their quantity and location is governed by strict rules. In this case it seems rather natural that separate cost buffers should not be planned; in turn the scheduled time buffers should be enriched with essential financial reserve measures. This solution has been presented by the author in an earlier report [20] . However, the case is different when the schedule needs to be enriched only in financial buffers. The paper presents a solution in which the basis for setting the location of cost buffers is the work breakdown structure (WBS) accepted in the schedule. The proposed solution has been adjusted and presented in consideration of the possibilities offered by MS Project scheduling software. However, its general assumptions can be implemented with application of other specialist tools.

This solution has been presented by the author in an earlier report.


Fulfilling the scheduled time of enterprise accomplishment is obviously a crucial issue; however it is not the only one that results in a successful contract. It is equally important (if not the most important) to stay within the scheduled budget. Numerous studies by various authors carried out at different facilities and at different times indicate a common problem of overrunning of scheduled costs [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . The authors of these reports have pointed out a number of factors responsible for this phenomenon, e.g. non-realistic or over-optimistic cost planning for the project accomplishment. In the search for solutions to achieve higher economical effectiveness for both the owner and the work contractor, attempts to optimize costs are highly justified. However, the quest for additional income often exceeds the limit of feasible possibilities and brings the opposite results, i.e. overrunning scheduled costs, difficulties fulfilling the time schedule, activation of unscheduled reserves, decrease in quality standards in the accomplished works, the charging of liquidated damages, etc.

Numerous studies by various authors carried out at different facilities and at different times indicate a common problem of overrunning of scheduled costs.


Log-rank P = 3e-07 Log-rank P = 7.5e-06 are significantly associated with poor PFS and OS in patients with myeloma. While TLG, MTV, and the number of focal osseous lesions were all found to be statistically significant in evaluating tumor burden, TLG and MTV were found to be more highly associated with survival than the number of focal osseous lesions. In a smaller study of 47 patients, Fonti and colleagues explored the role of TLG and MTV and prognosis in a mixed group of patients who received various therapies (19) . They noted that a MTV value of 77.6 mL and a TLG value of 201.4 g predicted patients with a good OS. Our study extends these findings in a clinical trial setting, comparing these functional parameters to the traditional metrics of lesion number and SUV max , and demonstrates their clinical utility in predicting both PFS and OS. As well as increased predictive/prognostic power, measurement of TLG and MTV has a further clinical advantage over the manual determination of the SUV max and number of lesions. Recent improvements in commercially available software now render the process of lesion detection and delineation more practicable than with the labor-intensive techniques required in the past. These advances result in a higher degree of reproducibility and, therefore, a greater clinical accuracy and utility. Although the software for calculating TLG and MTV are FDA approved, international standards for image acquisition and lesion delineation should be developed to facilitate meaningful data comparisons in clinical research and trials.

In a smaller study of 47 patients, Fonti and colleagues explored the role of TLG and MTV and prognosis in a mixed group of patients who received various therapies.


Preliminary analysis showed that due to the a large proportion of glazing in the case study, windows are the place where most deficits and pathologies causing uncomfortable conditions are concentrated and they are also strongly involved in contributing to the overheating effect. Therefore the replacement of the existing windows represents an unavoidable element to achieve effective renovation actions. However the choice of other opaque cladding materials also has a significant impact on microclimate, increasing or mitigating the heat exchange between the building and its surroundings. This phenomenon is acquiring a growing importance due to the average increase of air temperature and to UHI which makes the urban environment uncomfortable and contributes to a higher cooling demand [52] . Simulations and analysis evidenced that RO2 and RO4 demonstrate the most mitigating impacts despite them being based on different strategies. The first adopts a high performance cladding which exploits the properties of ceramic, while the second reduces the proportion of glazing benefits by the adoption of "cool coating". Offering equivalent indoor comfort conditions and remarkable operational energy savings (−86% compared to starting conditions), the Renovation Options significantly differ in terms of energy investment required. An increase of approximately 15% compared to the energy investment needed for RO1 is required for RO2, mainly due to the EE quota deriving by the adoption of the ceramic cladding elements, while an increasing of 11% is required by RO3 due to the different process and own EE of the insulated GRC panels. RO2 produces the highest energy amortization quota and it is also the most expensive choice with a financial payback time of 12 years, despite being the one with the best mitigating impact. RO3 represents a competitive choice in terms of performance, despite being more expensive compared to RO1.

This phenomenon is acquiring a growing importance due to the average increase of air temperature and to UHI which makes the urban environment uncomfortable and contributes to a higher cooling demand.


To conclude, the findings of our study confirm that dyslexia at the age of twelve to thirteen is related to problems in phonological recoding, in speed of word recognition, and in rapid naming of letters and digits. Thus, our results support the hypothesis of a very specific automatic decoding deficit (Yap and Van der Leij 1993; Van der Leij and Van Daal 1999) . Furthermore, our findings suggest that, at least at this age, dyslexic students do not suffer significantly from more general deficits in the domains of phonological processing, naming speed, working memory, and automatization. In our sample, it was the performance of the garden-variety students, rather than that of the dyslexics, that seemed more in line with the predicted characteristics. This finding suggests that, in order for such deficits to be present at this age, pure dyslexia must be surrounded by a more general learning b-.,a disability such as specific language impairment or lower intelligence. These tantalizing conclusions should be regarded as tentative, and we eagerly await further investigation on this subject.

Thus, our results support the hypothesis of a very specific automatic decoding deficit.


For the sake of reusability and reliability, pooling should cover possible sources of variation -for example, pools need to cover a large range of present (and anticipated) systems since different retrieval systems act differently and will retrieve different documents. The validity of scoring systems that didn't contribute to the original pool has been explored [4, 15] . For smaller collections, it was found that non-contributing systems are fairly evaluated when test collections are re-used; however, for large collections, where pools are small relative to the full collection, a bias may be introduced towards those documents that directly match query keywords [3] .

The validity of scoring systems that didn't contribute to the original pool has been explored.

For smaller collections, it was found that non-contributing systems are fairly evaluated when test collections are re-used; however, for large collections, where pools are small relative to the full collection, a bias may be introduced towards those documents that directly match query keywords.


Startups are the result of entrepreneurial activity (Ripsas et al., 2015) . Modern startups do more than just seize opportunities, because they also create opportunities themselves (Stevenson et al., 1994) . Entrepreneurship can be defined as the process of developing an innovative and value-creating business model, starting and leading a company to serve customers and users with new products or services, and changing the way companies and people work and live (Faltin and Ripsas, 2011) . Startups also need innovation to survive. Business model innovation that requires effective management of the intellectual capital of a startup can also be a key to success because it can unleash value creation from the company (Elia et al., 2017) .

Startups are the result of entrepreneurial activity.

Modern startups do more than just seize opportunities, because they also create opportunities themselves.

Entrepreneurship can be defined as the process of developing an innovative and value-creating business model, starting and leading a company to serve customers and users with new products or services, and changing the way companies and people work and live.

Business model innovation that requires effective management of the intellectual capital of a startup can also be a key to success because it can unleash value creation from the company.


The other difference between startups and large corporations is that for startups, there will be unused capacity in the earlier stages of the firm when the funding is usually tight. Although unused capacities are generally not desirable, firms build it to accommodate uncertainty and plan for potential growth (Balanchandran et al., 2007) . This excess capacity is particularly important for startups because startups face a tremendous amount of uncertainties and, at the same time, aim for high growth. The inclusion of unused capacity certainly brings challenges to startups.

Although unused capacities are generally not desirable, firms build it to accommodate uncertainty and plan for potential growth.


Startups differ from large corporations. Each possesses what the other lacks. For example, corporations have resources, scale, power and the processes needed to efficiently operate a proven business model. Conversely, a startup has none of these, but typically has promising ideas, organizational agility, the willingness to take risks and aspirations of rapid growth (Weiblen and Chesbrough, 2015) .

Each possesses what the other lacks.

Conversely, a startup has none of these, but typically has promising ideas, organizational agility, the willingness to take risks and aspirations of rapid growth.


Effective public health interventions for HIV rely on accurate and timely information on the extent and patterns of *Address correspondence to this author at the CFI Building, Corner of West and Boundary Streets, Darlinghurst, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia; Tel: +61 2 9385 0900; Fax: +61 2 9385 0920; E-mail: lzhang@nchecr.unsw.edu.au spread of infection. As such, an efficient and comprehensive population-level surveillance system for describing epidemics trends and risk behaviours associated with HIV acquisition are essential [13] . Previous studies have provided reviews of the current HIV surveillance system in China, mainly from a functional and epidemiological perspective [14] [15] [16] . In contrast, the current review aims to describe the overall strength of the Chinese HIV surveillance system and its structural weaknesses from a political and social perspective.

As such, an efficient and comprehensive population-level surveillance system for describing epidemics trends and risk behaviours associated with HIV acquisition are essential.

Previous studies have provided reviews of the current HIV surveillance system in China, mainly from a functional and epidemiological perspective.


The results presented in this paper show that incorporating a waveguide array in a fiber can result in mode-locking and thus provide an avenue to developing a new type of mode-locked laser. Further parametric studies are needed to perfect the design and optimize the mode-locked performance. The results also suggest that waveguide arrays could be used for mode-locking other types of lasers, for example, diode lasers [16] .

The results also suggest that waveguide arrays could be used for mode-locking other types of lasers, for example, diode lasers.


Before two or more people can enter into a focused interaction, they must somehow mutually signal their cognitive focus and readiness. Eye contact and eye gaze play an important role in initiating and regulating communication between people [14] . Throughout this work, we will use the term face engagement, as coined by Goffman, to describe the process in which people use eye contact, gaze and facial gestures to interact with or engage each other [9] .

Eye contact and eye gaze play an important role in initiating and regulating communication between people.

Throughout this work, we will use the term face engagement, as coined by Goffman, to describe the process in which people use eye contact, gaze and facial gestures to interact with or engage each other.


Analytical approaches are also difficult, and even a linearized version of the standard electrokinetic model yields a complicated set of coupled partial differential equations with no known analytical solution. When κa 1, however, it is appropriate to analyse the limiting case where free charge is negligible throughout most of the domain of interest and this offers an opportunity to use asymptotic methods. Accordingly, the electric field can be described by solutions to Laplace's equation and transport processes near the particle surface represented with an adaptation of Bikerman's model for surface transport to provide boundary conditions (Bikerman 1939; O'Brien 1986) .

Accordingly, the electric field can be described by solutions to Laplace's equation and transport processes near the particle surface represented with an adaptation of Bikerman's model for surface transport to provide boundary conditions.


A growing and increasingly detailed and comprehensive body of scientific evidence documents that lifetime experiences and existential circumstances have a significant impact on human health and disease development [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Currently, however, there exists within the field of medicine only a rudimentary tradition for gathering, transferring and emphasizing such personrelated, biographical knowledge, even in the first line of medical care which is served by general practitioners (GPs). The theoretical understanding of the significance of such knowledge has not yet been thoroughly explored [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] .

A growing and increasingly detailed and comprehensive body of scientific evidence documents that lifetime experiences and existential circumstances have a significant impact on human health and disease development.

The theoretical understanding of the significance of such knowledge has not yet been thoroughly explored.


Medically relevant knowledge, according to the traditional view informing the biomedical basis of contemporary Western healthcare systems, utilizes observable and measurable variables. These facilitate the objectification of bodily functions and symptoms based on the current, established classification systems for diagnosing somatic and mental diseases. Within this natural science framework, human subjectivity, the patient's world of personal experiences, values and relationships, is rarely assessed or treated as relevant [21] .

Within this natural science framework, human subjectivity, the patient's world of personal experiences, values and relationships, is rarely assessed or treated as relevant.


The second analytical pattern concerns the undercommunicated or missing topics within the GPs' knowledge of their patients, those which are routinely omitted in conversations between doctors and patients and therefore remain unrecorded. These are primarily issues which are traditionally defined as "private," "intimate" or "sensitive" and thus considered either inappropriate to broach and/or irrelevant to the medical problem at hand. This pattern of omission reflects the fact that doctors are dually socialized: they are both medically trained professionals and socio-culturally shaped fellow human beings. These 2 value systems manifest in doctors' encounters with patients as behavioral habits, as has been addressed by scholars within the fields of ethics, philosophy and the social sciences [30, 31] . Interestingly, a growing body of consistent evidence indicates that much of what continues to be defined as both "private" and "intimate" and therefore "untouchable" in routine clinical practice does indeed hold medical relevance and ought, therefore, to be discussed [6] [7] [8] . We recognize, however, that neither such evidence nor professional ways to interpret and implement it has as yet been integrated into mainstream medical practice.

These 2 value systems manifest in doctors' encounters with patients as behavioral habits, as has been addressed by scholars within the fields of ethics, philosophy and the social sciences.

Interestingly, a growing body of consistent evidence indicates that much of what continues to be defined as both "private" and "intimate" and therefore "untouchable" in routine clinical practice does indeed hold medical relevance and ought, therefore, to be discussed.


The comprehensive body of knowledge linking the subjective phenomena of personal experience to human health and disease draws upon a variety of scientific disciplines, including, among others: stress research, psychoneuroimmunology, genomics and telomere research. The emerging evidence affirms the impact of someone's biographical experience -her/his interpersonal relationships and human life-world -on that person's body, both its physiology and its functioning. This attests to the fact that mind informs matter. Or, put more concisely: the evidence shows that mind matters [6] [7] [8] .

Or, put more concisely: the evidence shows that mind matters.


Based on the geological record, Taiwan, an island separated from mainland China by the Taiwan Strait, emerged above sea level not more than 500 million years ago (MYA). About 300 MYA, the first uplifted land appeared as the earliest stage of the Central Mountain Range (Teng 2002) . After the formation of the Central Mountain Range, other series of mountain formations formed Xueshan Range, Yushan Range, and Alishan Range (Figure 1 ). Today these four major mountain systems cover the two third of the land area of Taiwan; the Central Mountain Range stretches along the central area of island from north to south and off to the east. Along the west side of central mountain ridge are the Xueshan Range and Yushan Range. West of Alishan and slightly further south is the Yusan Range. The northern part of Xueshan Range is more isolated from the main range, and the LanYang River system flows through the deep valley between Xueshan Range and Central Mountain Range and northward into Ilan Bay. DaJia River system runs across middle region of Xueshan Range then through the western plain into the Taiwan Strait, with its headwaters near the origin of LanYang River. Zhuoshui Figure 1 Major mountain system of Taiwan and location of lakes and ponds surveyed by the present study.

About 300 MYA, the first uplifted land appeared as the earliest stage of the Central Mountain Range.


Much of the research on plant stress responses in this area has been conducted with Arabidopsis as a model system. Substantial similarities between the defence responses of Arabidopsis and legumes exist, however, there are also significant differences (Anderson et al., 2005) . Thus, it is necessary to increase our understanding of the specific aspects of the defence/stress responses in legumes in order to solve some of the major constraints facing these crops. In this review, relevant advances in marker-assisted breeding, tissue culture, genetic transformation, and gene expression, including large-scale approaches and functional analyses are presented and discussed as a way to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses in legumes.

Substantial similarities between the defence responses of Arabidopsis and legumes exist, however, there are also significant differences.


Another method of relating medication beliefs to medication is by subtracting the BMQ concern score from the BMQ necessity score to generate a necessity-concerns differential. A positive score indicates the individual has stronger beliefs in the necessity of medication relative to concerns [4] . The necessity-concerns differential is an important aspect of the Beliefs about Medicines Framework as it is a method of illustrating the cost-benefit analysis individuals make in their adherence-related decisions as described in the Health Belief Model [4] .

A positive score indicates the individual has stronger beliefs in the necessity of medication relative to concerns.

The necessity-concerns differential is an important aspect of the Beliefs about Medicines Framework as it is a method of illustrating the cost-benefit analysis individuals make in their adherence-related decisions as described in the Health Belief Model.


In this work, CUF is adopted to automatically build any-order beam theories. Then, the Principle of Virtual Displacements (PVD) is used to derive the differential governing equations and the associated natural boundary conditions for the generic N -order model. Next, by assuming harmonic oscillation, the equilibrium equations and the natural boundary conditions are formulated in the frequency domain. The resulting system of ordinary differential equations of second order with constant coefficients is subsequently solved by making use of collocation with Wendland's C 6 RBFs [43] . Finally, modal analyses of both solid and thin-walled structures are produced and compared by published literature and solid/shell models from the commercial code MSC Nastran.

The resulting system of ordinary differential equations of second order with constant coefficients is subsequently solved by making use of collocation with Wendland's C 6 RBFs.


Most of the aforementioned models have in common that decisions by all players are taken simultaneously. This model type can be extended to represent bi-level games, the classical example being Stackelberg games (Stackelberg, 1952) . There are several applications for this type of problem, which can be modelled as a Mathematical Problem with Equilibrium Constraints (MPEC).

This model type can be extended to represent bi-level games, the classical example being Stackelberg games.


Much research on large-scale environmental change, including climate change, concerns not only the current state of the environment but also its future. Anticipating environmental changes beyond what has already been observed can inspire policies for better resource management or adaptation (Alcamo 2008) . Conceptualizing future states of the world requires exploring environmental, and often social, change over the long term (Burton et al 2004) . Many methods may be employed to do this including projections, sensitivity analysis, or quantitative scenarios coupled with qualitative storylines (Carter et al 2007) . This paper focuses on a particular technique for coupling scenarios and storylines known as story and simulation (SAS) and the selection of qualitative storylines in particular. Studies embodying the SAS approach have appeared in regional and global environmental assessments including the US National Assessment, the UK Climate Impacts Programme, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, and the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios commissioned by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC (Parson et al 2007) .

Anticipating environmental changes beyond what has already been observed can inspire policies for better resource management or adaptation.

Conceptualizing future states of the world requires exploring environmental, and often social, change over the long term.

Many methods may be employed to do this including projections, sensitivity analysis, or quantitative scenarios coupled with qualitative storylines.

Studies embodying the SAS approach have appeared in regional and global environmental assessments including the US National Assessment, the UK Climate Impacts Programme, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, and the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios commissioned by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC.


A second assumption of the theory is that raising IQ does not ensure raising g. An IQ test is often composed of different subtests and these subtests correlate with the g factor to different extents. The assumption is mainly from IQ to g. One can raise IQ scores without raising g (as opposed to raising g without affecting IQ scores). When this occurs, the gains are "hollow" (like the runner who leans forward to increase his time). One way to see if g is raised is to examine the subtest scores following an intervention and see if it is related to the subtest's g-loading. If one raised g, subtests that correlate heavily with g will increase more than subtests that are less g-loaded; more g, more movement. If one did not raise g then the more g-loaded a subtest, the less it is affected (Jensen, 1997) .

If one did not raise g then the more g-loaded a subtest, the less it is affected.


Using a paradigm that attempts to raise intelligence and not just IQ scores, we examine the fadeout effect. A possible reason for the fadeout effect is the gains in IQ were never to the underlying construct g; the gains were merely to extraneous variance in the IQ test (Jensen, 1997) . The gains were not real or appreciable in the first place, they were not gains to g. This implies that the fadeout occurred because without effects on g-there can be no lasting effect.

A possible reason for the fadeout effect is the gains in IQ were never to the underlying construct g; the gains were merely to extraneous variance in the IQ test.


This does not mean that an intervention can only affect the underlying construct or else be an example of teaching to the test. An intervention can affect test-specific variance that is independent of an underlying construct. However, if a scientific question is aimed at the construct level, such as does an intervention raise intelligence (as a construct), analysis should be aimed at the latent variable level and not test-specific variance (Borsboom & Mellenbergh, 2002) .

However, if a scientific question is aimed at the construct level, such as does an intervention raise intelligence (as a construct), analysis should be aimed at the latent variable level and not test-specific variance.


Age eight: Five years after the intervention ended, the basic increase in IQ seen at age three was still absent in the full sample (McCarton et al., 1997) . We derive a g factor from the PPVT, the DAS, and all ten subtests of the WISC. For the age 8 data we repeat the same procedures above. The analysis first revealed single factor model (CFI = .919) did not fit as well as a two-factor (CFI = .966) hierarchical model (consistent with the factor structure of the WISC-III; ΔCFI = .047).

Age eight: Five years after the intervention ended, the basic increase in IQ seen at age three was still absent in the full sample.


The mechanism that shapes the spatial distribution of liana species can be decomposed into three distinct, spatially structured causes: host tree availability, light availability and nutrient and/or water availability within a forest. The availability of host trees and light is determined by aboveground structures of tree vegetation, while availability of nutrients and/or water is determined by environmental heterogeneity, which is often a function of landscape topography. The relative importance of these causes is expected to differ among species with different functional traits. Such spatially structured ecological processes probably generate spatial autocorrelation in liana occurrence. Models that ignore spatial autocorrelation promote inaccurate parameter estimation and inadequate quantification of uncertainty (ver Hoef et al. 2001) . Hierarchical modelling with inclusion of spatial dependent random effects largely contributes to the disentanglement of such confounding mechanisms while at the same time taking account of spatial autocorrelations (Ogle et al. 2006) .

Models that ignore spatial autocorrelation promote inaccurate parameter estimation and inadequate quantification of uncertainty.

Hierarchical modelling with inclusion of spatial dependent random effects largely contributes to the disentanglement of such confounding mechanisms while at the same time taking account of spatial autocorrelations.


Sld3 also mediates control of DNA replication fork progression in both HU and MMS (Fig. 2B  and 8B) . The sld3-38A mutant exhibits a dramatic slowdown in replication fork progression. This is a somewhat surprising observation because Sld3 is not considered a replication fork component because it is required for initiation, but not for elongation in normal S phase progression (Kanemaki and Labib 2006) . It is not clear why DNA synthesis is so limited in the this mutant but the mutation does not seem to result in a defective replication factor because the replication profile of this mutant is similar to the wild type in an unperturbed S phase and this mutant grows at a rate comparable to wild type cells. Furthermore, a previous study reported that yeast strains expressing sld3-38A as the sole copy of Sld3 displayed no increase in sensitivity to hydroxyurea or DNA damaging agents and did not exhibit synthetic growth defects with several conditional alleles of essential replication proteins (Zegerman and Diffley 2010) . Therefore, this phenotype is likely due to regulation of fork function. Replication profile analysis of the double mutant combining sld3-38A and NSD mutants in the distal segment showed that the effect of the sld3-38A mutant on fork progression in HU and distal NSD mutant are not epistatic to each other (Fig. 4) , consistent with the idea that these two factors operate in separate pathways to regulate fork progression in HU. In contrast to its role in HU and MMS, the checkpoint resistant sld3-38A mutant did not affect fork progression in an unperturbed S phase (Fig. 7) . Thus, the control of fork progression through Rad53 target sites on Sld3 is a specific feature in the genotoxic-stressed condition.

This is a somewhat surprising observation because Sld3 is not considered a replication fork component because it is required for initiation, but not for elongation in normal S phase progression.

Furthermore, a previous study reported that yeast strains expressing sld3-38A as the sole copy of Sld3 displayed no increase in sensitivity to hydroxyurea or DNA damaging agents and did not exhibit synthetic growth defects with several conditional alleles of essential replication proteins.


Protein sample preparation and immunoblot analysis. TCA extraction of yeast proteins was as described previously (Sheu et al. 2014) . For chromatin fractionation, chromatin pellets were prepared from ~5x10 8 yeast cells and chromatin-bound proteins were released using DNase I using a procedure described previously (Sheu et al. 2014) . For immunoblot analysis, proteins samples were fractionated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Immunoblot analysis for Mcm3, Cdc45, Orc6, Mcm4, Rad53, γ-H2A, Rnr4 and Sml1 were performed as described (Sheu et al. 2014) .

TCA extraction of yeast proteins was as described previously.

For chromatin fractionation, chromatin pellets were prepared from ~5x10 8 yeast cells and chromatin-bound proteins were released using DNase I using a procedure described previously.

Immunoblot analysis for Mcm3, Cdc45, Orc6, Mcm4, Rad53, γ-H2A, Rnr4 and Sml1 were performed as described.


Based on EASL guidelines, third-generation cephalosporins (including cefotaxime and ceftriaxone) are recommended as the first-line therapy [1] [2] [3] [4] . However, knowledge about the local epidemiological pattern of antibiotic resistance would be necessary for an effective treatment [2] . According to the pattern of antibiotic consumption, great differences exist in antibiotic sensitivity and resistance among various countries. Meanwhile, information regarding the spectrum of the involved bacteria and the pattern of antibiotic resistance in developing countries is scarce. The present study aims to determine the current causative agents of SBP and the pattern of antibiotic resistance, in a large number of ascitic samples. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns are delineated by in vitro methods. We further assess the trends of resistance to the first-line empirical antibiotics within a six-year period. The result of this study could be implicated in future management and treatment of patients with SBP in similar settings.

Based on EASL guidelines, third-generation cephalosporins (including cefotaxime and ceftriaxone) are recommended as the first-line therapy.

However, knowledge about the local epidemiological pattern of antibiotic resistance would be necessary for an effective treatment.


There are also operation methods that were designed specifically to protect critical loads [5] . Microgrids differ from traditional power system control regarding control and management. Although traditional power systems are primarily controlled by central units and large-scale power systems are managed, microgrids are comprised of multiple distributed energy sources with varying capacities and features and that have low-voltage compact power. Thus, effectively planning microgrid power sources and load management is a vital issue for power supply [6, 7] .

There are also operation methods that were designed specifically to protect critical loads.

Thus, effectively planning microgrid power sources and load management is a vital issue for power supply.


A multi-agent system is a type of smart management system comprising multiple agents that can communicate and interact, possess a high degree of autonomy, and make judgments independently or cooperate to complete objectives. These systems are adaptable to various system environments and designed with significant elastic space. Therefore, numerous studies have focused on the use of multi-agent systems in microgrid management [8] [9] [10] .

Therefore, numerous studies have focused on the use of multi-agent systems in microgrid management.


Small soil animals affect many processes taking place in soil and their presence mostly positively affects its fertility and productivity. Thus mesofauna may intensify the soil processes and revitalize degraded soils. The soil fauna can be used in the processes of revitalizing soils in 2 ways: as soil health bioindicators or as soil supplements, because the introduction of mesofauna can speed up soil metabolism (Haimi 2000) . The restoration of soil fauna usually also takes place in 2 ways: by improving the life conditions (stimulation of native populations) as well as soil inoculation: introducing species potentially beneficial for us.

The soil fauna can be used in the processes of revitalizing soils in 2 ways: as soil health bioindicators or as soil supplements, because the introduction of mesofauna can speed up soil metabolism.


Dulaglutide was associated with an increased incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events similar to other GLP-1 receptor agonist medications [18, [21] [22] [23] [24] . These adverse events were reported mostly during the initial 2 weeks of treatment, with a steady decrease in reporting in subsequent weeks. The events were mostly mild to moderate and rarely caused treatment withdrawal (1-3% of participants).

Dulaglutide was associated with an increased incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events similar to other GLP-1 receptor agonist medications.


More recently, a number of techniques that yield partial solutions to the spatiotemporal measurement problem have been proposed and demonstrated [1, 25] . Beginning with methods that measure the temporal profile using a measured trace that is only one-dimensional (such as spectral interferometry), it is straightforward to extend the measurement using a standard two-dimensional camera to also include one spatial domain, i.e., Ex; t or Ex; ω [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] . The resulting measurement, however, remains incomplete in space (either cropping or averaging over the missed spatial dimension), so assumptions must be made about the spatial homogeneity or cylindrical symmetry-which may not be valid in practice. To obtain the additional dimension, one must scan over the missed dimension.

More recently, a number of techniques that yield partial solutions to the spatiotemporal measurement problem have been proposed and demonstrated.

Beginning with methods that measure the temporal profile using a measured trace that is only one-dimensional (such as spectral interferometry), it is straightforward to extend the measurement using a standard two-dimensional camera to also include one spatial domain, i.e., Ex; t or Ex; ω.


In general, there are three sources of vehicle surface contamination. The first two sources are wind-driven rain (referred to as primary contamination) and a mixture of water and solids raised by vehicles from the road surface which are consequently deposited on the surface of preceding cars (also referred to as third-party contamination). Finally, the third source is called self-soiling and results from the spray generated by the rotation of the vehicle's wheels without any influence from other road users. The contaminant spray is advected into the vehicle's wake which deposits it onto the rear surfaces. These processes involve a complex and broad range of multiphase physics. The issue of self-soiling is particularly relevant for vehicles with a large base area, such as off-road vehicles, Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) and Estates (Station wagons). This is because the blunt rear geometry of these vehicles causes the formation of strong large-scale recirculating vortices which draw spray towards the rear surfaces [3] .

This is because the blunt rear geometry of these vehicles causes the formation of strong large-scale recirculating vortices which draw spray towards the rear surfaces.


Equalization of room impulse responses (RIRs) is an important research topic with several applications in acoustic signal processing, such as hands free telephony and automatic speech recognition [1] . We focus here on the case of a single source (talker) and M ≥ 2 microphones. Such multichannel equalization is often preceded by a process of identifying the acoustic channels between the source and the receivers.

Equalization of room impulse responses (RIRs) is an important research topic with several applications in acoustic signal processing, such as hands free telephony and automatic speech recognition.


Although the use of operating reserve is ubiquitous, there is no universal methodology to determine the amount of reserve that should be carried, thus virtually each power system around the world follows different procedures. The advent of VG may raise the importance of different forms of both upward and downward reserve and the methods for determining the amounts needed [8] . In traditional power systems, requirements are based on heuristic needs that have been in place for decades. These methods are typically static and are rarely based on updated system information in real time. This means that if the characteristics of variability and uncertainty change with time and time horizon, the reserve requirements are not taking advantage of this information for more reliable and efficient requirements. However, operating reserve is traditionally needed as a result of the uncertainty from conventional generator or large transmission outages. The characteristics of this uncertainty-the probability of these facilities being forced offline-generally does not change significantly with time. Even so, researchers have discussed ways to improve upon representing reserve used for this type of uncertainty as well [9] - [10] .

The advent of VG may raise the importance of different forms of both upward and downward reserve and the methods for determining the amounts needed.

Even so, researchers have discussed ways to improve upon representing reserve used for this type of uncertainty as well.


Power system operators have a number of responsibilities that focus on maintaining reliability [1] - [3] . System generation must be as close as possible to the system load and electrical losses to ensure that system frequency is maintained at or very close to nominal levels (60 Hz in North America). In large, synchronous interconnections, standards require that tie-line flows between areas are kept close to their scheduled flows. Also, a system must be able to withstand contingency events by implementing preventive control actions, such as holding reserve and limiting pre-contingency flows, so that the system can survive the event and normal operations can be fully restored shortly afterward.

Power system operators have a number of responsibilities that focus on maintaining reliability.


Many properties of a power system-including its generation levels, load levels, and transmission equipment availability-are both variable and uncertain. Variable generation (VG), such as wind and photovoltaic (PV) solar power, increases the amount of variability and uncertainty on power systems because VG units have a maximum available limit that varies with time (variability) and that limit is not known with perfect accuracy (uncertainty). Variability and uncertainty occur at multiple timescales (e.g., 5-minute or hourly ramps) and time horizons (e.g., day-ahead or hourahead forecasts) [4] . Variability and uncertainty on power systems cause the need for additional capacity above or below the energy that is scheduled to meet the average expected demand. This capacity is referred to as operating reserve. There are different types of operating reserve, and they are utilized for many different reasons. In this paper, operating reserve is defined as the capacity above or below that which is scheduled to meet the expected energy demand, used to maintain the active power balance of the electric power system during operation time frames [5] .

Variability and uncertainty occur at multiple timescales (e.g., 5-minute or hourly ramps) and time horizons (e.g., day-ahead or hourahead forecasts).

In this paper, operating reserve is defined as the capacity above or below that which is scheduled to meet the expected energy demand, used to maintain the active power balance of the electric power system during operation time frames.


In 2011, as a result of a four-year research project, the Institute of Electrical Power Engineering at the Poznan University of Technology (Poznan, Poland) developed a prototype system (called PDtracker), which was one of the first in Europe for PD online monitoring of power transformers (Figure 1 ). PDtracker was intensively tested and developed for almost two years at one of the power substations belonging to a Polish Transmission System Operator (PSE) [5] . After this time, PDtracker was used for PD detection and monitoring in numerous power transformers and allowed the authors to expand their knowledge on this important issue [6] .

PDtracker was intensively tested and developed for almost two years at one of the power substations belonging to a Polish Transmission System Operator (PSE).

After this time, PDtracker was used for PD detection and monitoring in numerous power transformers and allowed the authors to expand their knowledge on this important issue.


One of the currently used methods of online measurement of PDs is a method of detection and localisation of acoustic emission (AE) signal sources and the ultra-high frequency (UHF) signal, both of which belong to a group called unconventional methods [2] [3] [4] . In these methods, the recorded measuring signal, based on different physical phenomena, is associated with the effect of PD generation in a way that prevents its calibration, e.g., correlation with the apparent charge, which is a widely accepted parameter describing the phenomenon of PD generation. In practice, this means that generally accepted normative criteria expressed in pico/nano Coulombs cannot be used for an assessment of the power transformer, and only quantities describing parameter changes over time, the trends of these changes, etc. are used. Implementation of a monitoring system that will take into account all of these factors and also carefully protect the object is extremely difficult. It requires the creation of complex algorithms of inference that should be verified based on the system's operation as installed on the units in service.

One of the currently used methods of online measurement of PDs is a method of detection and localisation of acoustic emission (AE) signal sources and the ultra-high frequency (UHF) signal, both of which belong to a group called unconventional methods.


Complete feed is one of the techniques used to improve feed utilization of waste agriculture or plantation and agro-industry through processing with physical treatment and supplementation for ruminant feed production (Wahyono and Hardianto, 2004) . The principles of complete feeds formulation were consider the availability of raw materials, cheap, the quality of raw materials. Feedstuff is arranged according to the needs of livestock and divided based on the nutrient content that is dominant as a source of protein, energy, minerals and vitamins. One of the specific potential feed that could be developed in the Province of Jambi is oil palm fronds.

Complete feed is one of the techniques used to improve feed utilization of waste agriculture or plantation and agro-industry through processing with physical treatment and supplementation for ruminant feed production.


Preferential grass herbivory by bison does incidentally benefit some prairie vegetation. Ungrazed forbs often are released from competition with nearby grazed grasses, which increases their growth and productivity (Fahnestock and Knapp 1994) . The presence of bison grazing also results in a general increase in plant species diversity and spatial heterogeneity of vegetation due to bison-generated microsite diversity (Hartnett et al. 1996) . Thus, the interaction between tire and bison grazing is an important influence on tallgrass prairie floristics because it alters both vegetative structure and diversity (Hartnett et al. 1996) .

Ungrazed forbs often are released from competition with nearby grazed grasses, which increases their growth and productivity.

The presence of bison grazing also results in a general increase in plant species diversity and spatial heterogeneity of vegetation due to bison-generated microsite diversity.

Thus, the interaction between tire and bison grazing is an important influence on tallgrass prairie floristics because it alters both vegetative structure and diversity.


The favourable properties of bamboo scrimber products in terms of dimensional stability, natural colour, elegant texture, and ease of processing has led to its widespread application. Further, bamboo scrimber is considered to be a good biological material for outdoor application [1] . However, when it is exposed to outdoor conditions, such as solar radiation, moisture, oxygen, high temperature, and bacteria and fungi, its exterior tends to undergo discolouration, decreasing the glossiness and increasing the roughness. Further, it loses its strength and adhesiveness and becomes sensitive to decay [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Among the abovementioned factors, solar radiation, especially ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is the major contributor of degradation.

Further, bamboo scrimber is considered to be a good biological material for outdoor application.

Further, it loses its strength and adhesiveness and becomes sensitive to decay.


However, these advantages require the particles to be of nanosize, which is difficult to achieve homogeneously disperse nanoparticles in a coating [11] . Surface modification is a common method to improve the dispersion of nanoparticles in the coating. This method also may result in detrimental for UV radiation shielding capability of coatings [12] . Some studies have found that ZnO and TiO 2 nanoparticles are opaque to partial visible light, especially over wavelengths of 400-500 nm. Therefore, they may not be the most suitable materials to form clear UV radiation shielding coatings [9, 13] . Organic UV absorbers, such as benzotriazoles, triazines, malonates, and oxalanilides, also have the ability to absorb UV radiation [5, 14, 15] . Organic UV absorbers exhibit high UV-radiation absorption rates and good transmission in visible light [5] . Comparative studies on the photostabilities of coatings to which benzotriazoles and micronized TiO 2 have been added have found that benzotriazoles are better than TiO 2 [16, 17] .

However, these advantages require the particles to be of nanosize, which is difficult to achieve homogeneously disperse nanoparticles in a coating.

This method also may result in detrimental for UV radiation shielding capability of coatings.

Therefore, they may not be the most suitable materials to form clear UV radiation shielding coatings.

Organic UV absorbers, such as benzotriazoles, triazines, malonates, and oxalanilides, also have the ability to absorb UV radiation.

Organic UV absorbers exhibit high UV-radiation absorption rates and good transmission in visible light.

Comparative studies on the photostabilities of coatings to which benzotriazoles and micronized TiO 2 have been added have found that benzotriazoles are better than TiO 2.


Morphological and agronomic data analyses using the analysis of variance and cluster analysis revealed the existence of a wide variability of genus Malus in a very small area such as south Serbia. This study demonstrated that the numerical analysis of apple morphological traits could be used as a rapid and comprehensive method to establish accessions classification within the germplasm collections. Based on these results, it could be concluded that all apple cultivars of cluster I were the best sources of genotypes having high fruit weight and yield and with the longest period from the flowering till the harvest time. Genotypes G-3 and G-4 could be used for cider production. Accessions grouped into cluster II appeared to be industrial one because of the enormously high yields. Cluster III had accessions that could be used for table consumption, especially G-16 as the most quality one. Further accumulation of data across the years and across the country might result in an increase of the precision of accessions assessment. It was interesting that in each cluster, accessions could be found with low susceptibility to diseases and pest, so the cultivars could be used in future breeding program for apple improvement in all the directions. Obviously, the multiplication of representative accessions of these clusters will be given priority. Present study confirmed the necessity of preserving these unique genetic resources and continuing its study no matter the fact that in practice. However, it was difficult to determine whether a specific genetic variant would be of future value. For this reason, all the collected accessions were transferred to the Experimental Station `Radmilovac` of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade for further study. The main goal was to ensure the conservation of a wide range of genetic variability and progress in long-term breeding program because greater genetic diversity would be desirable for future development of innovative, market-driven cultivars (Noiton 1998) .

The main goal was to ensure the conservation of a wide range of genetic variability and progress in long-term breeding program because greater genetic diversity would be desirable for future development of innovative, market-driven cultivars.


ZnO has the hexagonal wurtzite structure and a deep exciton level ∼60 meV, while MgO has the NaCl cubic structure and excitonic binding energy ∼140 meV [17, 18] . Due to their deep excitonic binding energies and direct bandgaps, the MgO-ZnO solid solution is an attractive alloy system for the creation of efficient light emissions. However, because of the different crystal structures, the two oxides do not show complete solid solubility. Mg x Zn 1−x O thin films over a wide composition range have been grown by pulsedlaser deposition (PLD) and by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) techniques [13] [14] [15] [19] [20] [21] . Other research groups have extended research efforts into the field of Mg x Zn 1−x O in its nanocrystalline and nanostructure form [16, [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] . Key findings are that at Mg composition up to ∼30% the alloy is soluble and has mainly the wurtzite structure with tunable bandgap spanning the range of ∼3.4 eV-4 eV, while at the composition range of ∼30-60% (referred to as the transition range) the alloy is phase-separated into Zn-and Mg-rich precipitates, and at Mg composition above ∼60% it has the cubic structure and bandgaps tuned in the range ∼5 eV-7 eV. Recently, a study on ZnO-based films and UV detectors found that by introducing a MgZnO buffer layer of low Mg composition for the epitaxy of MgZnO with high Mg content, a suppression of the phase segregation can be achieved [29] . Our previous studies concerning the optical properties of Mg x Zn 1−x O nanocrystals demonstrated that PL renders a useful technique for the investigation of the phase segregation. It was found that at the transition range, the PL of the nanocrystals exhibits multiple emission lines due to the phase segregation of Zn-rich and Mg-rich precipitates in the nanocrystal samples [16] .

ZnO has the hexagonal wurtzite structure and a deep exciton level ∼60 meV, while MgO has the NaCl cubic structure and excitonic binding energy ∼140 meV.

Mg x Zn 1−x O thin films over a wide composition range have been grown by pulsedlaser deposition (PLD) and by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) techniques.

Other research groups have extended research efforts into the field of Mg x Zn 1−x O in its nanocrystalline and nanostructure form.

Key findings are that at Mg composition up to ∼30% the alloy is soluble and has mainly the wurtzite structure with tunable bandgap spanning the range of ∼3.4 eV-4 eV, while at the composition range of ∼30-60% (referred to as the transition range) the alloy is phase-separated into Zn-and Mg-rich precipitates, and at Mg composition above ∼60% it has the cubic structure and bandgaps tuned in the range ∼5 eV-7 eV. Recently, a study on ZnO-based films and UV detectors found that by introducing a MgZnO buffer layer of low Mg composition for the epitaxy of MgZnO with high Mg content, a suppression of the phase segregation can be achieved.

It was found that at the transition range, the PL of the nanocrystals exhibits multiple emission lines due to the phase segregation of Zn-rich and Mg-rich precipitates in the nanocrystal samples.


The gradual absorption edge of the Mg 0.3 Zn 0.7 O, as can be seen in Figure 6 , may indicate that the alloy is at the phase transition range. To further investigate the solubility of the alloy, PL at room temperature was acquired: Figure 8 depicts the PL spectrum of the Mg 0.3 Zn 0.7 O film and that of the ZnO film (see inset). As can be seen in Figure 8 , the PL of the alloy film exhibits two broad peaks at 3.38 eV and at 3.95 eV, that can be assigned to PL originating from Znrich and Mg-rich distribution of precipitates. Our previous studies of Mg x Zn 1−x O nanocrystals, grown via a chemical approach, have found a similar trend in the PL characteristics for crystals at the phase separation range. Specifically, the PL spectra of nanocrystals of Mg composition ∼40% were found to have multiple emission lines: the low energy ones corresponding to the Zn-rich of the wurtzite structure, and the higher energy ones corresponding to the Mg-rich [16] .

Specifically, the PL spectra of nanocrystals of Mg composition ∼40% were found to have multiple emission lines: the low energy ones corresponding to the Zn-rich of the wurtzite structure, and the higher energy ones corresponding to the Mg-rich.


Additionally, as can be seen in the inset to Figure 8 , the room-temperature PL of the ZnO film is at 3.26 eV, which is lower than the expected value of the free A-exciton of ZnO [16, 36] . To further investigate this emission, PL at 77 K was acquired: the spectrum of the ZnO film along with that of a reference bulk ZnO crystal are shown in Figure 9 . As can be seen in Figure 9 , the PL of the bulk ZnO consists of two main emissions at 3.361 eV and at 3.376 eV. These PL emissions have been previously observed and studied by various groups and have been assigned to a neutral donor-bound exciton D 0 X and to the free A-exciton (denoted as X), respectively [36] . As is shown in Figure 9 , the spectrum of the ZnO film exhibits a PL at 3.370 eV, which is in the same spectral range of the bulk excitons, indicating that the PL is a convolution of the D 0 X and the free Aexciton. Additionally, phonon replicas are also present at the lower energy range of the PL spectra of the bulk and the film. A principal finding is that in addition to the excitonic emission line, the PL of the ZnO film exhibits a strong line at 3.316 eV, referred to as the ε-PL, which is redshifted by ∼55 meV from the excitonic emission. The ε-emission had been previously reported by us to be the main PL in ZnO nanocrystals of size ∼40 nm that were grown via a thermal decomposition method [16] . There it was discussed that the ε-emission is due to surface structural defects. Similar PL emission has also been previously studied in ZnO thin films grown via a PLD method [37] . In particular, optical studies of ZnO thin films utilizing cathodoluminescence (CL) in conjunction with high-resolution imaging techniques have indicated that an emission at ∼3.31 eV in the ZnO film originates predominantly from stacking faults, and dangling bonds were suggested to be the possible optical centers [37] . As was mentioned above, the ε-emission was found by us to be significant also in ZnO nanocrystals that were grown via the thermal decomposition of Zn-acetate. The average size of the crystallites was found to be ∼40 nm, and their surfaces were found to exhibit structural surface defects [16] . Additionally, our preliminary results (work to be published elsewhere) on the optical properties of sintered cold-pressed ZnO ceramics of large grain-size ∼1 μm and of relatively high-quality surface morphology, have established that the ε-emission is absent in these samples, and the predominant PL is due to D 0 X and the free A-exciton as expected. The above points indicate that the ε-emission is a surface-related PL and thus, due to the large surface to volume ratio inherent to the nanocrystalline morphology of the studied samples, this PL emission is expected to be pronounced. Future investigation is merited in order to pinpoint the exact nature and the chemical identity of the ε-emission.

Additionally, as can be seen in the inset to Figure 8 , the room-temperature PL of the ZnO film is at 3.26 eV, which is lower than the expected value of the free A-exciton of ZnO.

As can be seen in Figure 9 , the PL of the bulk ZnO consists of two main emissions at 3.361 eV and at 3.376 eV. These PL emissions have been previously observed and studied by various groups and have been assigned to a neutral donor-bound exciton D 0 X and to the free A-exciton (denoted as X), respectively.

The ε-emission had been previously reported by us to be the main PL in ZnO nanocrystals of size ∼40 nm that were grown via a thermal decomposition method.

Similar PL emission has also been previously studied in ZnO thin films grown via a PLD method.

In particular, optical studies of ZnO thin films utilizing cathodoluminescence (CL) in conjunction with high-resolution imaging techniques have indicated that an emission at ∼3.31 eV in the ZnO film originates predominantly from stacking faults, and dangling bonds were suggested to be the possible optical centers.

The average size of the crystallites was found to be ∼40 nm, and their surfaces were found to exhibit structural surface defects.


The wide variety of computational architectures (multicore, many-core, accelerated), data storage formats (sparse vs. dense), and programming models (distributed, threaded, task-based) renders the implementation, testing, and optimization of scientific algorithms increasingly "overwhelming" [1] . In particular, quantum chemistry packages suffer from this issue because they tend to cover a wide range of physics using algebraic solvers including matrix-matrix operations and are typically computationally very demanding. Consequently, quantum chemical solvers and their underlying matrix technology have been and still are the focus of countless theoretical, computational and pure algorithmic improvements [2] . An advancement of efficient quantum chemistry codes benefits most from a combined effort of both domain scientists in chemistry and physics and computer scientists, which may not always be available.

The wide variety of computational architectures (multicore, many-core, accelerated), data storage formats (sparse vs. dense), and programming models (distributed, threaded, task-based) renders the implementation, testing, and optimization of scientific algorithms increasingly "overwhelming".

Consequently, quantum chemical solvers and their underlying matrix technology have been and still are the focus of countless theoretical, computational and pure algorithmic improvements.


Evolutionary robotics is a powerful tool for reproducing phenomena in order to understand how they have been shaped over the long history of life on Earth [1] [2] [3] . The evolution of communication is an important topic in the artificial life community, and communication models can be roughly classified into two groups, based on different modeling assumptions and ways of reproducing the evolution of communication. One group consists of models where signals or symbols are exchanged among agents. How to react to (or interpret) these symbols is not initially determined, i.e., it is random.

Evolutionary robotics is a powerful tool for reproducing phenomena in order to understand how they have been shaped over the long history of life on Earth.


Carbon monoxide (CO) is a product of incomplete combustion and is also produced from oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. It is of interest as an indirect greenhouse gas and acts as a major sink for the OH radical. The resulting inverse relationship between CO and OH is a reason for its important indirect control function on the global atmospheric chemical composition (Novelli et al., 1998) . CO is also a precursor for tropospheric ozone and thus affects regional air quality.

The resulting inverse relationship between CO and OH is a reason for its important indirect control function on the global atmospheric chemical composition.


The lack of large-scale wind information in the current Global Observing System is critical for the application of variational assimilation schemes, in which the data analysis problem is solved globally. As a consequence, significant differences between the National Center for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) and European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) re-analyses are located in the tropics, throughout the vertical depth of the atmosphere (Kistler et al., 2001) . For example, mean re-analysis differences in the wind fields are found to be of the order of their full mean variations. This uncertainty is furthermore transported to ocean models, in which the poorly known surface fluxes usually provided by the atmospheric model, together with the parameterization of physical processes, are main limiting factors for prediction capabilities (Hao and Ghil, 1994) .

As a consequence, significant differences between the National Center for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) and European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) re-analyses are located in the tropics, throughout the vertical depth of the atmosphere.

This uncertainty is furthermore transported to ocean models, in which the poorly known surface fluxes usually provided by the atmospheric model, together with the parameterization of physical processes, are main limiting factors for prediction capabilities.