A slightly more sophisticated approach is to use single imputation, where missing values in a variable are simply filled in by a plausible estimate, such as the mean or median for that variable on other participants. Better estimates may be obtained by using the predicted means from a regression model or a hotdeck procedure (Little and Rubin 1987) . Relative to the complete-case approach, single imputation has the advantage of retaining the full sample size, and in some situations, it can produce unbiased estimates of target parameters. It cannot, however, provide valid standard errors and confidence intervals, as it ignores the uncertainty implicit in the fact that the imputed values are not the actual values.

Better estimates may be obtained by using the predicted means from a regression model or a hotdeck procedure.


A suite of tools was recently developed by the authors that allows one to identify the parameters of linear time-periodic (LTP) systems experimentally [9] . A few other methods also exist [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . The methods developed by the authors are the LTP analog to experimental modal analysis, allowing one to identify the order of the system from experimental measurements and identifying a parametric model for the system using robust, well established tools for linear timeinvariant (LTI) systems. Allen simulated system identification of a Jeffcott rotor on anisotropic bearings and then demonstrated how the state transition matrix and dynamic system matrix can be reconstructed from the experimentally identified parametric model. These methods have been applied to continuous-scan laser-Doppler vibrometer measurements, verifying their applicability to a relatively high order, complicated nonlinear dynamic system [15, 16] . This work applies these new LTP identification methods to identify the parameters of two nonlinear systems having cubic nonlinearities. The systems are excited in a stable, periodic limit cycle and then perturbed from that limit cycle slightly. Assuming that the system is well approximated as LTP with respect to that limit cycle, the LTP identification methods can then be applied to identify a model for the system. That model is then used together with the measured steady-state limit cycle to develop a model for the nonlinear system.

A suite of tools was recently developed by the authors that allows one to identify the parameters of linear time-periodic (LTP) systems experimentally.

A few other methods also exist.

These methods have been applied to continuous-scan laser-Doppler vibrometer measurements, verifying their applicability to a relatively high order, complicated nonlinear dynamic system.


EDA is known as the physiological signal that allows emotions to be recognized with one of the highest accuracies [39] . However, the best locations for these sensors are the fingers. Clearly, because of the nature of the work of programmers, it is not possible to use this location. The research participant must be able to use the computer as in everyday work, and for programmers, the freedom to move the fingers is crucial. Therefore, an alternative location was chosen, and the sensor was attached to the participant's wrist. It has been shown in studies that this allows correct but less-accurate monitoring of EDA [40] . For similar reasons, the BVP sensor was placed on the ear lobe instead of the tip of the finger. However, it is necessary to be aware that such workarounds may lead to decreasing accuracy of collected data.

EDA is known as the physiological signal that allows emotions to be recognized with one of the highest accuracies.

It has been shown in studies that this allows correct but less-accurate monitoring of EDA.


Some intents to improve the bioavailability of curcumin, such as the using of nanoparticles, liposomes, structural analogues and phospholipid complexes (Gupta, Patchva, Aggarwal, 2013) . Phytosome is a technology, which incorporate natural product compound or extract into phospholipids to produce lipid compatible molecular complex and then increase their absorption and bioavailability. Marczylo have prepared a formulation of curcumin with phosphatidylcholine (phytosome curcumin) to increase its oral bioavailability. The author showed that the maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration time curve values for phytosome curcumin after administration were fivefold higher than the equivalent values seen after curcumin free in rats plasma (Marczylo et al., 2007) . In other study, the bioavailability of phytosome curcumin was investigated in human clincal trial. Phytosome curcumin showed the total curcuminoid absorption was 29-fold higher than for its corresponding curcuminoid free. Interestingly, the main plasma curcuminoid after administration of phytosome curcumin was demethoxycurcumin, but not curcumin (Cuomo et al., 2011) .

Some intents to improve the bioavailability of curcumin, such as the using of nanoparticles, liposomes, structural analogues and phospholipid complexes.

The author showed that the maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration time curve values for phytosome curcumin after administration were fivefold higher than the equivalent values seen after curcumin free in rats plasma.

Interestingly, the main plasma curcuminoid after administration of phytosome curcumin was demethoxycurcumin, but not curcumin.


Phytosome curcumin protects the mice from PARinduced acute liver injury in vivo. After administration of paracetamol, serum ALT and AST levels in mice were significantly greater than those in control group, and phytosome curcumin could reduce those levels. Our results indicate that phytosome curcumin protects hepatocytes in vivo from damage induced by paracetamol administration. Our data are in line with previous report that curcumin can protect damages in liver caused by paracetamol (Kheradpezhouh et al., 2010) .

Our data are in line with previous report that curcumin can protect damages in liver caused by paracetamol.


Preparing new formulation for curcumin delivery is important because of many beneficial effect of curcumin. Curcumin has poor absorption because of its low solubility (Maiti et al., 2007) . Phospholipids are now using in many application of drug delivery technology. The advantage of phospholipids is increasing solubilizing property of many natural products. In this study, we have developed successfully phytosome curcumin which can improve the bioavailability of curcumin. The physicochemical data showed that curcumin formed a complex with phosphatidylcholine by hydrogen bonds. We also showed that the phytosome has increased the solubility of curcumin in different medium.

Curcumin has poor absorption because of its low solubility.


Evidence from transition economies, where financial frictions are exacerbated by relatively underdeveloped legal systems, suggests that financial constraints are more serious in the presence of fiercer competitive pressure. By disentangling the impact of competition on the demand and supply of credit, we support the hypothesis that competitive pressure on borrowers affects both sides of the credit market; demand for credit is higher in competitive industries but a greater proportion of firms are discouraged from loan application because of high collateral requirements and high cost of credit. This result can be explained by the fact that firms under greater competitive pressure are perceived as riskier borrowers. Indeed, the relation between competition and financial constraints is relaxed for firms that have their financial statements audited and for exporters whose international activity is a strong signal of their survival prospects on the domestic market (Bridges and Guariglia, 2008) . Moreover, the results in this paper emphasize that the collateral channel plays a prominent role in the link between competitive pressure faced by the firms and discouragement from loans application.

Indeed, the relation between competition and financial constraints is relaxed for firms that have their financial statements audited and for exporters whose international activity is a strong signal of their survival prospects on the domestic market.


Systemic inflammation plays a major role in the development of atherosclerosis leading to coronary heart disease. C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase protein, is the hepatic product of cytokine activation and may act as a marker of inflammatory mediators involved in atherogenic plaque progression and stability. CRP concentrations, when measured using highly sensitive assays (hsCRP), may predict future coronary events [12] . It is generally agreed that a hsCRP concentration >3 mg/L is a strong risk factor for a coronary event [13] .

CRP concentrations, when measured using highly sensitive assays (hsCRP), may predict future coronary events.

It is generally agreed that a hsCRP concentration >3 mg/L is a strong risk factor for a coronary event.


The main advantage of AM over other manufacturing techniques for the production of interconnected lattice structures is the greater predictability of the manufactured product. The controlled shape and size of the interconnected structure ensure the biomimetic characteristics that will enable tissue ingrowth and prevent the prosthesis loosening [18, 19] . However, the success of the parts depends on the achieved quality and therefore the manufacturing process needs to be examined and tested. Conventional tests include destructive examinations that provide limited data and potentially destroy problematic areas.

The controlled shape and size of the interconnected structure ensure the biomimetic characteristics that will enable tissue ingrowth and prevent the prosthesis loosening.


CT scanning can also provide useful information on other defects related to AM acetabular hip prosthesis such as cracks and porosity in the main body of the part, as well as powder trapped within the porous structure. These defects can be identified during the preparation of image processing. The method described in this paper concentrates on the porous structure of AM acetabular hip prosthesis with image processing. It provides accurate dimensional measurements by reducing human interference and error while following metrological guidelines [32] .

It provides accurate dimensional measurements by reducing human interference and error while following metrological guidelines.


In this study, the post-buckling behavior of FG microplates under mechanical or thermal loads is investigated using IGA-based numerical model and the MST. The shear deformation effect is also investigated using the Reddy third-order shear deformation theory [65] . The von Kámán nonlinear strains and temperature dependent properties are accounted for. The principle of virtual work is utilized to derive the weak form equation of the problem. Based on the IGA technique, the C 2 -continuity of the interpolation functions is met naturally and efficiently. The post-buckling paths are traced using Newton's iterative procedure with small initial imperfection. Verification exercises are performed to present the accuracy of the present approach. In addition, various parametric studies are carried out to determine the influences of the power-law indices, size effects, thickness ratios, and boundary conditions on the post-buckling response of FG microplates.

The shear deformation effect is also investigated using the Reddy third-order shear deformation theory.


In the past decades, microstrip patch antenna technique has been developed rapidly [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . However, the design of a broadband circularly polarized patch antenna that uses a single feed has long been a challenging problem, as compared to the design of linearly polarized (LP) and the dual-fed circularly polarized (CP) patch antennas [7, 8] . Especially, the single-fed single-patch CP antenna has inherently narrow impedance and axial ratio (AR) bandwidths of 1%-2% [9, 10] .

In the past decades, microstrip patch antenna technique has been developed rapidly.

However, the design of a broadband circularly polarized patch antenna that uses a single feed has long been a challenging problem, as compared to the design of linearly polarized (LP) and the dual-fed circularly polarized (CP) patch antennas.

Especially, the single-fed single-patch CP antenna has inherently narrow impedance and axial ratio (AR) bandwidths of 1%-2%.


Bilevel programming is an NP hard problem and it is especially difficult to find numerical solutions using nonlinear bilevel programming. The existence and uniqueness of the bilevel programming solution have been discussed by many scholars [16] . They have also discussed the impact of the lower level optimal solutions on the upper level decision variable. Existing methods for solving bilevel programming problems can be divided into the following categories.

The existence and uniqueness of the bilevel programming solution have been discussed by many scholars.


To implement a mathematical search system, various challenges must be overcome. First, in contrast to text which is linear, mathematical expressions are hierarchical: operators have different priorities, and expressions can be nested. The similarity between two mathematical expressions is decided first by their structure and then by the symbols they contain [18, 19] . Therefore, current text retrieval techniques cannot be applied to mathematical expressions because they only consider whether an object includes certain words. Second, mathematical expressions have their own meanings. These meanings can be encoded using special markup languages such as Content MathML or OpenMath. A few existing mathematical search systems also make use of this information. Such markup, however, is rarely used to publish mathematical knowledge related to the Web [18] . As a result, we were only able to use presentation-based markup, such as Presentation MathML or T E X, for mathematical expressions. This paper presents an approach to a content-based mathematical search system that uses the information from semantic enrichment of mathematical expressions system. To address the challenges described above, the proposed approach is described below. First, the approach used Presentation MathML markup, a widely used markup for mathematical expressions. This makes our approach more likely to be applicable in practice. Second, a semantic enrichment of mathematical expressions system is used to convert mathematical expressions to Content MathML. By getting the underlying semantic meanings of mathematical expressions, a mathematical search system is expected to yield better results.

The similarity between two mathematical expressions is decided first by their structure and then by the symbols they contain.

Such markup, however, is rarely used to publish mathematical knowledge related to the Web.


To support the task of usability and user experience design and evaluation, several procedures, called usability or sometimes, user experience (UX) evaluation methods, have been proposed through the years [13] . However, not all methods are well suited or may be used in all situations. In general, methods present a set of characteristics, which may make them better matched for particular situations or problems (usually those to which they were proposed to solve). This work intends to show how MCDM could be applied to help perform this selection using the knowledge of those characteristics.

To support the task of usability and user experience design and evaluation, several procedures, called usability or sometimes, user experience (UX) evaluation methods, have been proposed through the years.


Our results indicate that the study of desynchronisability should no longer focus on the properties one needs to retain equivalence of behavior in a certain communication context, but rather should focus on changing the communication context in such a way that these properties actually become attainable. Furthermore, we have shown that reasonable desynchronisability results can be obtained even for the finest equivalence in the van Glabbeek spectrum. Perhaps some of the necessary conditions can be relaxed by resorting to any equivalence weaker than contra-simulation [17] . For example, we know that we can eliminate the input determinism property by studying desynchronisability modulo contra-simulation. But so far the properties obtained using weaker equivalences are very similar to the ones we found, which indicates that there is not much to be gained there.

Perhaps some of the necessary conditions can be relaxed by resorting to any equivalence weaker than contra-simulation.


Finally, we observe a similarity between our work and the work on choreographies and contracts, which turns out to be useful in model checking of asynchronous systems [4, 5, 25] . Basically, such choreographies serve to restrict the occurrence of diamonds in an asynchronous system, which means that it becomes synchronisable [5] . Perhaps it is also possible to use this idea in the other direction, i.e., to desynchronise a system using a choreography on the communication buffer. It would be interesting to see if, for example, the proposed semi-duplex buffering strategy discussed in Subsection 3.7 can be implemented using a choreography. for putting us on the track of this problem.

Finally, we observe a similarity between our work and the work on choreographies and contracts, which turns out to be useful in model checking of asynchronous systems.

Basically, such choreographies serve to restrict the occurrence of diamonds in an asynchronous system, which means that it becomes synchronisable.


A problem with asynchronous communication is that the presence of buffers makes ensuring the correctness of a system a non-trivial task. In general, if the buffers are modelled to have infinite capacity, analysing correctness of such systems is undecidable [2] . But also, if the buffers are modelled to have finite capacity, we may still face the state-space explosion problem.

In general, if the buffers are modelled to have infinite capacity, analysing correctness of such systems is undecidable.


More specifically, from the above theoretical perspective, one can underline a specific issue: in this paper, generativity follows from the forcing protocol, as already shown in the literature (Hatchuel et al. 2013; Le Masson et al. 2016) . In the forcing protocol, however, the logic of generativity relies not only on the splitting knowledge structure but also on dense subsets. The present paper emphasized the issue of the splitting knowledge structure. However, this raises a complementary question: when building a splitting knowledge base, what are the consequences for the dense subsets? The generative filter that allows the generation of a new object is the intersection of the dense subsets of the initial set of objects. In the case presented here, the properties refining all properties of a potential new object are the constraints set by the architect; these constraints are indeed properties that each new façade or each new bookcase must absolutely satisfy in the eyes of the architect. In the bookcase sequence for instance, the dense subsets correspond to the stability, the respect of the firm identity and the possibility of integrating glass tiles. Since the generative effects of knowledge preordering come from the constitution of a splitting knowledge basis and the dense subsets, new objects could also come from a change in dense subsets. Further research is needed to understand how a change in dense subsets affects idea generation.

More specifically, from the above theoretical perspective, one can underline a specific issue: in this paper, generativity follows from the forcing protocol, as already shown in the literature.


Beyond presenting the case of a single designer, the present study contributes to clarifying the logic of generativity through knowledge expansion. The study of the architect echoes works done on generativity at Bauhaus (Le or generativity in breakthrough engineering projects (Lenfle et al. 2016) . These works highlight the importance of knowledge structuration in idea generation: the efficiency of knowledge preordering appears closely linked to the nature of new knowledge. In our study, new knowledge involving originality consists of elements breaking existing rigidities in the knowledge basis; i.e., classical rules such as modularity and determinism. The introduction of knowledge distant from the initial topic is thus no mere coincidence; it follows from the very knowledge structure that was related to the topic in the first place.

The study of the architect echoes works done on generativity at Bauhaus (Le or generativity in breakthrough engineering projects.


The main peculiarity of the CompCert C-compiler is that it is equipped with a proof of semantic preservation [20] . This proof is made possible thanks to the formal semantics of the languages of the compiler. The proof states that any compiled program behaves exactly as specified by the semantics of its original program. It consists of the composition of correctness proofs for each compiler pass and thus involves reasoning on the different intermediate languages of the compiler.

The main peculiarity of the CompCert C-compiler is that it is equipped with a proof of semantic preservation.


The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) provides the Earth-fixed position information to surface-based motion systems. GPS, being the most widely used, has been a necessary part to navigation systems of modern marine systems in recent decades. The differential global positioning systems (DGPS) improves the positioning accuracy. However, the GPS signals may experience drifts during some extreme conditions, such as solar events and sudden ionospheric disturbances (SID). SID is a phenomenon with sudden increase of electron density in the ionosphere caused by solar flares, earthquake, storm, or tsunami. It results in a sudden decrease of the upper medium frequency and lower high frequency components in radiowaves (Afraimovich et al., 2000) . Normally, SID happens simultaneously with ionospheric storms. These phenomena can last for 1-3 days, even 10 days, significantly degrading the reliability of marine control systems (Tsugawa et al., 2011) .

It results in a sudden decrease of the upper medium frequency and lower high frequency components in radiowaves.

These phenomena can last for 1-3 days, even 10 days, significantly degrading the reliability of marine control systems.


Automatic building detection is a difficult task in applications like city model generation and a main problem is to distinguish the buildings from the trees in a dense vegetation area. This problem is even more complex if buildings are on a hilly area. The main limitation for photogrammetric-based methods is color changing characteristic of trees in different seasons. Furthermore, different trees have different textures [1] . On the other hand, the LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) data have lower horizontal resolution as compared to photogrammetric images, and inaccurate vertical resolution [1] . Therefore, the vegetation problem cannot be solved solely using either photogrammetric image or LIDAR data [2] [3] [4] .

Furthermore, different trees have different textures.

On the other hand, the LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) data have lower horizontal resolution as compared to photogrammetric images, and inaccurate vertical resolution.

Therefore, the vegetation problem cannot be solved solely using either photogrammetric image or LIDAR data.


These climatic characteristics enable the development of horticultural greenhouse production in the region without the need for heating systems. Nevertheless, in the continuous search for an efficient production system with high profitability, it is necessary to point out that the establishment of greenhouse structures is also essential to the understanding of the huge development in horticultural production in this area. The most common greenhouse structure adopted in this region to satisfy the climatic requirements of vegetables associated with a winter commercial calendar of production is the parral-type greenhouse. This greenhouse is characterized by a low-cost structure composed of a vertical structure of rigid pillars (wood or steel) on which a double grid of wire is placed to attach the polyethylene plastic film [6] .

This greenhouse is characterized by a low-cost structure composed of a vertical structure of rigid pillars (wood or steel) on which a double grid of wire is placed to attach the polyethylene plastic film.


Nowadays, one of the major problems in the horticultural production system in this region is the discharge of leachates into natural ecosystems generating the eutrophication of inland and coastal aquatic systems, as well as nutrient enrichment of terrestrial ecosystems [10] . In addition, there is increasing environmental concern amongst the population concerning the pollution of rivers and water in Europe, therefore the European Environment Agency (EEA) has established the Total Maximum Daily Loads for pollutants, considering NO3 − as the greatest pollutant. Almería (1966 Almería ( -2016 [3] .

Nowadays, one of the major problems in the horticultural production system in this region is the discharge of leachates into natural ecosystems generating the eutrophication of inland and coastal aquatic systems, as well as nutrient enrichment of terrestrial ecosystems.

Almería (1966 Almería ( -2016.


It is remarkable that text message ostracism was found to be so aversive, considering the following factors. First, the participants did not know the confederates and did not anticipate any further interaction with them. Second, text messages lack nonverbal and paralanguage information that is important when conveying interpersonal and potentially threatening attitudes (Short, Williams, & Christie, 1976) . Third, the participants felt the effects of ostracism even though they had no direct evidence that they were being deliberately ostracized or that the others continued interacting with each other. Yet, not only were the state levels of the four needs significantly lower for those who were ostracized by the text-messaging method, but the effect sizes were large (for most, d Ͼ 1.00) and comparable to the effect sizes observed for face-to-face and Cyberball ostracism.

Second, text messages lack nonverbal and paralanguage information that is important when conveying interpersonal and potentially threatening attitudes.


Finally, our analysis might be relevant for understanding the emergence of bulk locality in the AdS/CFT correspondence. In the standard way of thinking about AdS/CFT, bulk locality is a consequence of the large-n limit of the boundary CFT. Since the large-n limit also corresponds to the weak coupling limit, it would be quite satisfying if local AdS space were the most weakly coupled possibility from the IR point of view. Our analysis of the various deconstructions of AdS 5 provides some compelling hints in that direction. Because maximizing R leads to f -flat deconstructions, we expect that the analysis of nonlocality in AdS space should mirror the analysis of nonlocality in flat space. More rigorously, one should also check that locality is preferred for gravitational modes, in the framework of a deconstructed gravitational dimension [38] [39] [40] [41] . If the most weakly coupled AdS theories turn out to be the local ones, this would give an IR perspective for why large-n CFTs should have local AdS duals.

More rigorously, one should also check that locality is preferred for gravitational modes, in the framework of a deconstructed gravitational dimension.


Most of the solutions are far off as compared to the ones from the literature. Hence, it is reported that this study's implementation of the CS algorithm is not effective. The results obtained for these problem instances are significantly larger than the best known solutions. The large difference could be attributed to several factors, such as the parameter settings (e.g. number of iterations), the interpretation and application of the Lévy Flights, the operations used (2-opt and double-bridge), or merely the nature of random walks and metaheuristics (Yang and Deb 2010) .

The large difference could be attributed to several factors, such as the parameter settings (e.g. number of iterations), the interpretation and application of the Lévy Flights, the operations used (2-opt and double-bridge), or merely the nature of random walks and metaheuristics.


The fundamental matrix provides a sceneindependent algebraic representation of the epipolar geometry of a stereo camera system, that depends only on the cameras' intrinsic parameters and relative pose [6] . Given the key role that this matrix plays in a large number of problems in computer vision applications, such as stereo camera calibration, 3D reconstruction, etc., the problem of estimating it from experimental data (typically consisting of point correspondences from two images) has been the subject of a large research effort. In general, existing techniques reduce the problem to a constrained optimization, where the main difficulties stem from the need to impose that the resulting matrix must be rank deficient, and from the presence of outliers, which if not properly handled can substantially skew the estimate.

The fundamental matrix provides a sceneindependent algebraic representation of the epipolar geometry of a stereo camera system, that depends only on the cameras' intrinsic parameters and relative pose.


Ireland is situated on the east of the Atlantic ocean with a coastline approximately 7500 km long [11, 12] . Along this coastline are numerous inlets and islands between which there are channels which are ideal for tidal-current-energy extraction due to the high tidal current speeds. Strong tidal currents are common along the north and east coasts and are particularly energetic entering the Irish Sea from the St. Georges Channel and the North Channel [10] . Figure 1 illustrates the oceans around Ireland and the direction of the flood [13] [14] [15] . The bathymetry and hydrography of Ireland's coastline influences the local tidal currents. The kinetic flux density is an excellent indicator of the tidal current energy resource available at a site which is proportional to the fluid density and the cube of its speed [16] [17] [18] [19] . Therefore the speed is the most significant factor when deciding if a site is feasible for energy extraction [20] [21] [22] [23] . Most of the tidalcurrent-flow research along the coastline to-date was done for the purpose of mapping fish species and spawning areas, and for the benefit of shipping.

Ireland is situated on the east of the Atlantic ocean with a coastline approximately 7500 km long.

Strong tidal currents are common along the north and east coasts and are particularly energetic entering the Irish Sea from the St. Georges Channel and the North Channel.

Figure 1 illustrates the oceans around Ireland and the direction of the flood.

The kinetic flux density is an excellent indicator of the tidal current energy resource available at a site which is proportional to the fluid density and the cube of its speed.

Therefore the speed is the most significant factor when deciding if a site is feasible for energy extraction.


Ireland's over dependence on the combustion of fossil fuels to meet energy demands has led to several energy related issues. These issues include security of supply, climate change, and fluctuating costs. The effect of the outlined issues has forced political leaders to consider alternative energy sources, and in particular renewable energies [1] .

The effect of the outlined issues has forced political leaders to consider alternative energy sources, and in particular renewable energies.


Sites where tidal-current-energy extraction is feasible are generally found along coastlines, inlets, channels and between headlands, as in these areas the tidal current speed is generally greater than tidal current speeds in the open ocean. When assessing the suitability of a site for tidal-current-energy extraction the tidal current speed is the main determinant [8] . The frequency of occurrence of speed is an excellent indicator as to the annual energy output which can be achieved.

When assessing the suitability of a site for tidal-current-energy extraction the tidal current speed is the main determinant.


A tidal-current-energy resource assessment was conducted for Ireland in 2004 [9] . The assessment Estuary. The data may also be used for arranging the site-specific layout of tidal current turbines.

A tidal-current-energy resource assessment was conducted for Ireland in 2004.

The assessment Estuary.


Recall that a system is indecomposable if it can not be written as a direct sum of two non-trivial systems. It is well known that a system is indecomposable if and only if its endomorphism ring is local. A numerical criterion of indecomposability was given in terms of links [16] .

A numerical criterion of indecomposability was given in terms of links.


We further recommend dissecting tissue for DNA extraction directly on board and after an over−all fixation period of 48 hours. Although we cannot prove this statistically, the cooling chain and fresh tissue may be regarded as essential for a high success rate. However, there is evidence (not shown here) suggesting that ac− ceptable results might be possible even after two years of storage as long as the samples were constantly kept in chilled conditions as recommended for various other taxa (Quicke et al. 1999; Gemeinholzer et al. 2010; Nagy 2010) .

However, there is evidence (not shown here) suggesting that ac− ceptable results might be possible even after two years of storage as long as the samples were constantly kept in chilled conditions as recommended for various other taxa.


We propose a method of finding that alignment using dynamic programming, namely Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) [15] . DTW estimates the globally minimal distance between two time series patterns by elastically matching elements using dynamic programming along a constrained path on a cost matrix. While DTW is traditionally used just as a distance measure, we exploit the elastic matching byproduct of DTW to align the weights of the filter to the elements of the corresponding receptive field to create more efficient feature extractors for CNNs.

We propose a method of finding that alignment using dynamic programming, namely Dynamic Time Warping (DTW).


Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an important industrial crop, ranking among the ten most planted crops in the world. Besides being the major sugar contributor, accounting for more than 70% of the world's sugar, sugarcane is important as the raw material for sugar-producing and allied industries [1] . Conventional breeding has contributed greatly to the development of agronomically improved varieties; but limitations such as a narrow gene pool, a complex genome, poor fertility, and a long breeding/selection cycle make it difficult to undertake further improvement. Agronomically improved sugarcane varieties endowed with tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses are highly beneficial, as unfavorable environmental factors can challenge cultivation and crop productivity. Although crops tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses have been selected by conventional breeding programs, speeding up the pace of breeding is essential for developing improved varieties.

Besides being the major sugar contributor, accounting for more than 70% of the world's sugar, sugarcane is important as the raw material for sugar-producing and allied industries.


Despite the fact that intangible assets, such as knowledge assets and customer relations, are the driving force behind business success in today's knowledge economy and global, dynamic and complex business environment, measuring the efficiency of these assets (the Intellectual Capital ) remains a challenge at both macro and micro level of economy. It is also a challenge for government which are or becoming less efficient, for corporations which have no reliable indicators for their business success and for the employees who are unaware of their significant role in the value creation process [1] . Unfortunately, the current conventional accounting and performance measurement systems do not provide much help in this matter as they are heavily inclined towards financial and physical resources and lack relevant information on the performance of Intellectual Capital (IC) resources [2] .

It is also a challenge for government which are or becoming less efficient, for corporations which have no reliable indicators for their business success and for the employees who are unaware of their significant role in the value creation process.

Unfortunately, the current conventional accounting and performance measurement systems do not provide much help in this matter as they are heavily inclined towards financial and physical resources and lack relevant information on the performance of Intellectual Capital (IC) resources.


Reconstruction of missing data is a common problem in signal processing. For SAR applications, the issue might be related with interrupted operation, new acquisitions modes with variation of the system PRF or with calibration and synchronization of bistatic spaceborne SAR, among others [1] . The missing information in the SAR raw data translates into corruption of the SAR image products, which can be more or less accentuated depending on the amount of missing information and on how close to Nyquist the system operates.

For SAR applications, the issue might be related with interrupted operation, new acquisitions modes with variation of the system PRF or with calibration and synchronization of bistatic spaceborne SAR, among others.


In this article we present the measurement of p T -differential yields and nuclear modification factors of prompt D 0 , D + and D * + mesons (including their antiparticles), reconstructed via their hadronic decays in Pb-Pb collisions at √ s NN = 2.76 TeV, using the data sample recorded in 2011. For central collisions, the integrated luminosity is larger by a factor of about 10 than that used for the previously published results [32] . This allows us to extend the measurement of R AA to lower and higher p T (from 2-16 GeV/c to 1-36 GeV/c), to improve its precision, and to perform the study in a narrower class of the most central collisions (10% most central instead of 20% most central).

For central collisions, the integrated luminosity is larger by a factor of about 10 than that used for the previously published results.


Hits in the ITS are associated to the prolongation of the TPC tracks, forming the global tracks. The ITS consists of six cylindrical layers of silicon detectors [42] . The two innermost layers, placed at 3.9 and 7.6 cm from the beam line, consist of Silicon Pixel Detectors (SPD). The third and fourth layers use Silicon Drift Detectors (SDD) and the two outermost layers contain double-sided Silicon Strip Detectors (SSD). The effective spatial resolutions, including the intrinsic detector resolutions and residual misalignments, are about 14, 40 and 25 µm, for SPD, SDD and SSD, respectively, along the most precise direction (rϕ) [42] .

The ITS consists of six cylindrical layers of silicon detectors.

The effective spatial resolutions, including the intrinsic detector resolutions and residual misalignments, are about 14, 40 and 25 µm, for SPD, SDD and SSD, respectively, along the most precise direction (rϕ).


Pb-Pb collision data were recorded with a minimum-bias interaction trigger based on information from the V0 detector, which consists of two scintillator arrays covering the full azimuth in the pseudorapidity intervals −3.7 < η < −1.7 and 2.8 < η < 5.1 [38] . The trigger logic required the coincidence of signals on both sides of the detector. An online selection based on the V0 signal amplitudes was used to enhance the sample of central and mid-central collisions through two separate trigger classes. The scintillator arrays have an intrinsic time resolution better than 0.5 ns, and their timing information was used together with that from the ZDCs for offline rejection of events produced by the interaction of the beams with residual gas in the vacuum pipe. Only events with a reconstructed interaction point (primary vertex) within ±10 cm from the centre of the detector along the beam line were used in the analysis.

Pb-Pb collision data were recorded with a minimum-bias interaction trigger based on information from the V0 detector, which consists of two scintillator arrays covering the full azimuth in the pseudorapidity intervals −3.7 < η < −1.7 and 2.8 < η < 5.1.


A suppression of a factor about 2-3 persists in the highest p T interval covered by the measurements (24-36 GeV/c). At low p T (1-3 GeV/c), the R AA has large uncertainties, that span the range from 0.35 (factor of three suppression) to 1 (no suppression). In all p T intervals above 5 GeV/c, the R AA for the 30-50% centrality class is about twice that for the 0-10% centrality class. The suppression observed for p T > 3 GeV/c is interpreted to be due to interactions of the charm quarks within the high-energy density medium formed in the final-state of Pb-Pb collisions. This is demonstrated by the nuclear modification factor measurements in p-Pb collisions at √ s NN = 5.02 TeV, which indicate that D-meson production is consistent with binary collision scaling [33] .

This is demonstrated by the nuclear modification factor measurements in p-Pb collisions at √ s NN = 5.02 TeV, which indicate that D-meson production is consistent with binary collision scaling.


The well-recognized cyclical pattern of EV-A71 epidemics seen in some countries has been attributed to the time taken for accumulation of enough susceptible children in the population. In Tokyo, the overall EV-A71 seroprevalence dropped to its lowest point in 6 years during the months just preceding an epidemic in 1973, including an absence of antibodies in children <4 years old [48] . In Guangdong, China, seroprevalence gradually dropped from 2007 to 2009, before a large epidemic in 2010 [49] . In Taiwan, there was evidence of fewer EV71 seroconversions in 1994-1997, before the 1998 epidemic [47] . Our study is unusual as it charts seroprevalence over a long period of time, covering 18 years and 6 epidemics, and we showed that changes in population immunity in children appear to be the major driving force of the observed cyclical epidemics. Specifically, we demonstrated that falls in seroprevalence were clearly associated with higher odds of a subsequent epidemic. Seroprevalence in both 1-6 and 7-12 years age groups increased in epidemic years, suggesting that both groups are involved in disease burden and transmission. The higher HFMD rates seen in children aged 1-6 years is most likely due to their greater susceptibility (as shown by their lower seroprevalence rates in non-epidemic years), but it may also be due to under-reporting in older children, who often have milder disease [38, 50] .

In Tokyo, the overall EV-A71 seroprevalence dropped to its lowest point in 6 years during the months just preceding an epidemic in 1973, including an absence of antibodies in children <4 years old.

In Guangdong, China, seroprevalence gradually dropped from 2007 to 2009, before a large epidemic in 2010.

In Taiwan, there was evidence of fewer EV71 seroconversions in 1994-1997, before the 1998 epidemic.

The higher HFMD rates seen in children aged 1-6 years is most likely due to their greater susceptibility (as shown by their lower seroprevalence rates in non-epidemic years), but it may also be due to under-reporting in older children, who often have milder disease.


Concerns about PPI and clopidogrel interaction were raised when omeprazole was found to inhibit the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel in an in vivo study of 124 patients undergoing elective coronary stent implantation [21] . Several studies have suggested that omeprazole interacts with clopidogrel efficacy by inhibiting the formation of its active metabolite via CYP2C19 inhibition [22, 23] . Whether this occurs with all PPIs or is even of significant amplitude with omeprazole remains a matter of debate [9, [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] . However, it was recently demonstrated that generation of clopidogrel active metabolite and inhibition of platelet function are reduced less by the co-administration of dexlansoprazole or lansoprazole with clopidogrel than by the co-administration of esomeprazole or omeprazole [30] .

Concerns about PPI and clopidogrel interaction were raised when omeprazole was found to inhibit the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel in an in vivo study of 124 patients undergoing elective coronary stent implantation.

Several studies have suggested that omeprazole interacts with clopidogrel efficacy by inhibiting the formation of its active metabolite via CYP2C19 inhibition.

Whether this occurs with all PPIs or is even of significant amplitude with omeprazole remains a matter of debate.

However, it was recently demonstrated that generation of clopidogrel active metabolite and inhibition of platelet function are reduced less by the co-administration of dexlansoprazole or lansoprazole with clopidogrel than by the co-administration of esomeprazole or omeprazole.


The Greek economy entered the second phase of EMU with both a large public debt and a large budget deficit, and went through a reduction of more than 9 percentage points (of GDP) in its budget deficit between 1993 and 2000 in order to be admitted to the euro area. Unfortunately, these efforts were to a large extent abandoned in the subsequent years. This was because in the pre-EMU accession phase, the threat of exclusion acted like a hard budget constraint which forced the Greek government to redress its fiscal imbalances. In contrast to the, output-driven, "hard-conditionality" of the pre-accession period, the post-EMU accession period was characterized by the "soft-conditionality" of the Stability and Growth Pact, which allowed Greece (even more than other governments) to breach both the letter and the spirit of the Pact (von Hagen, 2005) . Of more concern for the current developments is the fact that the Maastricht criteria stated numerical targets without paying any attention to the modality or quality of fiscal adjustment.

In contrast to the, output-driven, "hard-conditionality" of the pre-accession period, the post-EMU accession period was characterized by the "soft-conditionality" of the Stability and Growth Pact, which allowed Greece (even more than other governments) to breach both the letter and the spirit of the Pact.


A Markov basis is a set of moves between objects with the same sufficient statistics so that the transition graph for the MCMC is guaranteed to be connected for any observed value of the sufficient statistics (see Section 2.1 and [8] ). In algebraic terms, a Markov basis is a generating set of a toric ideal defined as the kernel of a monomial map between two polynomial rings. In algebraic statistics, the monomial map comes from the design matrix associated with a statistical model.

A Markov basis is a set of moves between objects with the same sufficient statistics so that the transition graph for the MCMC is guaranteed to be connected for any observed value of the sufficient statistics (see Section 2.1 and).


In order for a statistical model to reflect the observed data, it has to pass a goodness-of-fit test. For instance, for the time-homogeneous Markov chain model, it is necessary to test if the assumption of time-homogeneity fits the observed data. In 1998, Diaconis-Sturmfels developed a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC) for goodness-of-fit test by using Markov bases [2] .

In 1998, Diaconis-Sturmfels developed a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC) for goodness-of-fit test by using Markov bases.


Measurements are acquired by passing an alternating current through excitation coils, producing a primary magnetic field. This magnetic field interacts with conductive and permeable objects in the medium to produce eddy currents, which, in turn, produce a secondary magnetic field, which is measured by sensing coils. As the secondary field depends on the materials present, the measured induced voltage is a non-linear function of the electrical and magnetic properties of the medium, i.e., conductivity. MIT is a difficult problem for several reasons: 1) the secondary fields are very small compared to the primary for weakly conducting objects (such as geophysical and biological tissue); 2) measured data are very sensitive to artifacts due to sensor movement, and nearby conductive objects; 3) the mathematical problem is highly ill-posed and non-linear [1, 4] .

MIT is a difficult problem for several reasons: 1) the secondary fields are very small compared to the primary for weakly conducting objects (such as geophysical and biological tissue); 2) measured data are very sensitive to artifacts due to sensor movement, and nearby conductive objects; 3) the mathematical problem is highly ill-posed and non-linear.


Antibiotic resistance in H. pylori is the major cause of eradication failure. Growing resistance often parallels the patterns of antibiotic consumption, and may vary within patient groups according to the geographic region, patient age and sex, type of disease, birthplace and the presence of other infections. The geographic map and the process of primary H. pylori resistance are clinically important, and should be considered when choosing eradication regimens, as is constant monitoring at both national and global level in an attempt to reach the recently recommended goal of eradicating more than 95% of resistant cases [8] . Different mechanisms of resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, quinolones, amoxicillin and tetracycline are accurately detailed (point mutations, redox intracellular potential, pump efflux systems, membrane permeability) on the basis of the most recent data available from the literature [9] .

The geographic map and the process of primary H. pylori resistance are clinically important, and should be considered when choosing eradication regimens, as is constant monitoring at both national and global level in an attempt to reach the recently recommended goal of eradicating more than 95% of resistant cases.

Different mechanisms of resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, quinolones, amoxicillin and tetracycline are accurately detailed (point mutations, redox intracellular potential, pump efflux systems, membrane permeability) on the basis of the most recent data available from the literature.


Some studies have shown good results when using fluoroquinolone based triple therapies for H. pylori eradication. In a German study, a 7 day course including LVX in patients with persistent H. pylori infection resulted in eradication rates of greater than 85% [22] . Similarly, an Italian study clarified that H. pylori eradication was achieved in 90% of patients treated with MOX, clarithromycin and lansoprazole [23] . However, the widespread use of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of H. pylori infection has led to an increase in its resistance rate in some areas, leading to unacceptably low eradication rates [10] . Several studies have shown that LVX based therapies are not superior to the traditional quadruple therapy or triple therapy in the treatment of H. pylori infection, especially in the case of resistant H. pylori strains [24, 25] .

In a German study, a 7 day course including LVX in patients with persistent H. pylori infection resulted in eradication rates of greater than 85%.

Similarly, an Italian study clarified that H. pylori eradication was achieved in 90% of patients treated with MOX, clarithromycin and lansoprazole.

However, the widespread use of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of H. pylori infection has led to an increase in its resistance rate in some areas, leading to unacceptably low eradication rates.

Several studies have shown that LVX based therapies are not superior to the traditional quadruple therapy or triple therapy in the treatment of H. pylori infection, especially in the case of resistant H. pylori strains.


The feasibility and efficiency of load control have been justified [11] [12] [13] [14] . Direct load control (DLC) is a centralized scheme that is exerted directly by the control center for large-scale industrial loads [15] [16] [17] . As opposed to DLC, load control through small-scale residential and commercial loads is implemented on disperse end-users [18, 19] . Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), e.g., air conditioners, heat pumps and refrigerators, are good options for primary frequency control because of their inherent heat capacity [20] . Compared with DLC, decentralized control through TCLs is much more flexible. Moreover, TCLs, especially air conditioners take a large proportion in load portfolio. For instance, in China, the proportion of air conditioners in peak power is almost 30%-40% during summer and grows year by year [21] . Consequently, air conditioners can take an active role for frequency control [22] .

The feasibility and efficiency of load control have been justified.

Direct load control (DLC) is a centralized scheme that is exerted directly by the control center for large-scale industrial loads.

As opposed to DLC, load control through small-scale residential and commercial loads is implemented on disperse end-users.

Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), e.g., air conditioners, heat pumps and refrigerators, are good options for primary frequency control because of their inherent heat capacity.

For instance, in China, the proportion of air conditioners in peak power is almost 30%-40% during summer and grows year by year.

Consequently, air conditioners can take an active role for frequency control.


There are analagous systems of parasitoid host location that have been well studied and may provide an insight to understanding host location by parasitoids of P. semipunctata. Parasitoids of scolytid bark beetles arrive at host trees well after the initial colonization when the larval hosts are at a suitable stage of development (Camors and Payne, 1973; Salom et al., 1991) . The parasitoid response is mediated by semiochemicals associated with the infested trees (Borden, 1982; Payne, 1989) .

Parasitoids of scolytid bark beetles arrive at host trees well after the initial colonization when the larval hosts are at a suitable stage of development.

The parasitoid response is mediated by semiochemicals associated with the infested trees.


Additional biological structures may be added at any time and incorporated into the model. As the overall model is attempting to analyse the path of an electrical nerve impulse into a muscle it is envisaged that an electrical skin model may be incorporated in the future, as this will allow the surface skin electrodes to be modelled as used in artificial muscle stimulation. With any electrical model, dielectric properties of the electrical components used may be varied and in this case, this would relate to the dielectric properties of the biological tissue itself and are easily incorporated into the model. A description of the dielectric properties of biological tissue has been given by Dissado [11] .

A description of the dielectric properties of biological tissue has been given by Dissado.


The loss of total gene diversity detected at microsatellite loci (9.4%) was similar to the decrease of genetic variance (8.8%) obtained for yield (Table 6) . A similar result was observed in the BSSS and BSCB1 maize populations in which the loss of genetic diversity assessed at RFLP markers was consistent with the decrease in additive and dominant genetic variance in the BSSS population after 12 RRS cycles (Holthaus and Lamkey, 1995; Labate et al., 1999) . Both studies confirmed that diversity, or expected heterozygosity, is proportional to genetic variance (Lacy, 1987) .

A similar result was observed in the BSSS and BSCB1 maize populations in which the loss of genetic diversity assessed at RFLP markers was consistent with the decrease in additive and dominant genetic variance in the BSSS population after 12 RRS cycles.

Both studies confirmed that diversity, or expected heterozygosity, is proportional to genetic variance.


The present study was limited by using a questionnaire to determine PPD. The diagnosis of PPD was established with the EPDS, a self-report rating scale, rather than a clinicianadministered structured diagnostic interview. Moreover, the validity and reliability of such tools have already been documented [30] . Due to significant association between prenatal and postnatal maternal depressions, it can be recommended that the Edinburgh questionnaire should routinely be used in the third trimester of pregnancy to diagnose susceptible mothers and to undertake preventive strategies and controlling approaches.

Moreover, the validity and reliability of such tools have already been documented.


In a parallel development a dynamical transition to a self-organised phase in optical lattices was found for classical particles, when the lattice is placed inside an optical resonator. It originates from interference of the resonantly enhanced light field scattered by the atoms into the cavity mode with the lattice light itself and leads to a preferred occupation of every second site [5] . For a finite temperature cloud thermal density fluctuations are amplified and lead to a runaway self-organisation by feedback from the cavity field. However, for a BEC (T ≈ 0) the initial density is perfectly homogeneous and only quantum fluctuations which go beyond a mean field description of the cold gas can start the self-organising process when the cavity interaction is switched on. Tunnelling results in a dynamical change of the atomic phase at T = 0 which gets irreversible only if cavity decay is included. In this work we study this quantum dynamics on the microscopic level and show how it depends on the precise quantum properties of the initial atomic and field state beyond any mean field density.

It originates from interference of the resonantly enhanced light field scattered by the atoms into the cavity mode with the lattice light itself and leads to a preferred occupation of every second site.


Printed circuit boards (PCBs) for the high-speed digital circuits with fast edge rates, high clock frequencies, and low voltage levels, ground bounce noise (GBN), also known as simultaneous switching noise (SSN), on the power/ground planes has become one of major concerns. The resonance modes among the power and ground planes excited by the SSN causes serious signal integrity (SI) or power integrity (PI) problems for the high-speed circuits [1] [2] [3] . With increasing the clock frequencies, the mitigation of the SSN is becoming important.

The resonance modes among the power and ground planes excited by the SSN causes serious signal integrity (SI) or power integrity (PI) problems for the high-speed circuits.


In recent years, the high power super-continuum (SC) all-fiber laser source has been attracting extensive attention in many areas, including sensors and detection, laser radar, advanced medical imaging, and fiber communication because of its broadband spectrum, high spatial coherence, high brightness, and compact structure [1] - [3] . It has also been developing dramatically in terms of SC average power. For example, 35 W high power SC source was obtained in the photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with spectrum ranging from 600 nm to 1700 nm, which was pumped by a 57.7 W passively mode-locked picosecond pulse fiber laser [4] . In another case, based on a new type of seven-core PCF, the average power of 42.3 W SC pumped with an ytterbium-doped fiber master oscillator power amplifier was generated and it covered the wavelength range from 720 nm to 1700 nm [5] . The report on SC with 116 W output power is the latest record. It employed a repetition rate of 1.9 GHz picosecond fiber laser to pump a piece of multi-core PCF; finally, the high power SC was obtained with spectrum spanning from 800 nm to 1700 nm [6] .

In recent years, the high power super-continuum (SC) all-fiber laser source has been attracting extensive attention in many areas, including sensors and detection, laser radar, advanced medical imaging, and fiber communication because of its broadband spectrum, high spatial coherence, high brightness, and compact structure.

For example, 35 W high power SC source was obtained in the photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with spectrum ranging from 600 nm to 1700 nm, which was pumped by a 57.7 W passively mode-locked picosecond pulse fiber laser.

In another case, based on a new type of seven-core PCF, the average power of 42.3 W SC pumped with an ytterbium-doped fiber master oscillator power amplifier was generated and it covered the wavelength range from 720 nm to 1700 nm.

It employed a repetition rate of 1.9 GHz picosecond fiber laser to pump a piece of multi-core PCF; finally, the high power SC was obtained with spectrum spanning from 800 nm to 1700 nm.


The difficulty arises when buildings can satisfy IEQ criteria, such as lighting and temperature standards, by the use of mechanical means only. Green buildings that are highly glazed, fully air conditioned, lightweight without solar protection do not achieve a good IEQ by virtue of the building design (architecture) but by the electromechanical services consuming unnecessary amounts of energy in order to compensate for a poor design [10] . In these circumstances, buildings tend to conform to environmental standards within a limited and prescribed "comfort" range which achieve accreditation as "green" but offer little opportunity for user adaptation. This will be discussed further in Section 5 below.

Green buildings that are highly glazed, fully air conditioned, lightweight without solar protection do not achieve a good IEQ by virtue of the building design (architecture) but by the electromechanical services consuming unnecessary amounts of energy in order to compensate for a poor design.


Furthermore, many airports in South-America, Africa, and Asia are under review for being privatized [8] . Airport privatization is almost always accompanied by some form of price regulation. This is basically due to the fact that airports are supposed to exhibit market power. However, Starkie claims that there would be a lack of incentives for airports to exploit it [9] . His conclusion is based on demand complementarities between aeronautical and commercial airport activities in combination with location rents. Aeronautical activities of the airport include the provision of take-o, landing, and parking capacity for aircraft. Commercial activities include, e.g., retailing and car parking. Roughly outlined, Starkie argues that increased airport charges do not only reduce the demand for ights, but, also, the demand for commercial services. This in turn reduces location rents and therefore the returns to the tenant, i.e., the airport itself. Following this reasoning the airport might not want to raise aeronautical charges so that airport regulation might be unnecessary.

Furthermore, many airports in South-America, Africa, and Asia are under review for being privatized.

However, Starkie claims that there would be a lack of incentives for airports to exploit it.


Increased global competition in developing advanced textile-based medical products has created many challenges for textile researchers and industrialists. The rapid growth in medical and wellness textiles has led to many opportunities for the application of innovative functional finishes. Antimicrobial-finished textiles with improved functionality find a variety of applications such as infection control as well as other health and hygiene applications (Purwar and Joshi 2004) .

Antimicrobial-finished textiles with improved functionality find a variety of applications such as infection control as well as other health and hygiene applications.


Single event upsets arise from energetic particles-such as neutron particles from cosmic rays and alpha particles from packaging material-generating electron-hole pairs as they pass through a semiconductor device. Transistor source and diffusion nodes can collect these charges. A sufficient amount of accumulated charge may invert the state of a logic device-such as a latch, SRAM cell, or gate-thereby introducing a logical fault into the circuit's operation [27] . Because this type of fault does not reflect a permanent error of the device, it is termed soft or transient.

A sufficient amount of accumulated charge may invert the state of a logic device-such as a latch, SRAM cell, or gate-thereby introducing a logical fault into the circuit's operation.


Narrowed scope of design space: It could be that the narrow focus of the 1-Function and 2-Functions analogies causes design fixation, constricting the design space through the implied scope of the stimuli, which is limited to just those 1 or 2 subfunctions. This phenomenon has been observed previously in work with good and poor example solutions, in which the good example solution did not address a subfunction of the design problem, and all participants did not include that subfunction in any of their solutions, while those in the poor example condition and control condition did include the subfunction (Fu et al. 2010) . Fixation can occur not only with respect to specific feature transfer, but also with the exclusion of specific functionality through fixation on the implied scope of the design problem in external analogical stimuli. The design fixation theory is contradicted by the quantity of ideas result, which showed the overall number of unique ideas to be the same across all groups-though this could be confounded by other factors like cognitive load, etc.

This phenomenon has been observed previously in work with good and poor example solutions, in which the good example solution did not address a subfunction of the design problem, and all participants did not include that subfunction in any of their solutions, while those in the poor example condition and control condition did include the subfunction.


The effort of writing specifications is arguably comparable to the effort of writing the code itself [38] . A lot of research has dealt with this problem, proposing automatic feature extraction, and code synthesis, to aid the programmer in writing correct applications [39, 31, 20, 21, 5] . Our approach stands to benefit from these complementary research avenues.

The effort of writing specifications is arguably comparable to the effort of writing the code itself.

A lot of research has dealt with this problem, proposing automatic feature extraction, and code synthesis, to aid the programmer in writing correct applications.


Post-combustion decarbonization separates CO 2 from the flue gases; it requires minimal modifications to the power cycle, but large gas quantities must be treated because CO 2 is diluted by the nitrogen that entered with the introduced combustion air. Chemical absorption of the CO 2 is considered to be the most suitable method for this case because of the low CO 2 partial pressure [3, 4] . To improve the absorption process with lower energy consumption and proper reaction speed, efforts are needed for the development of new solvents and optimization of the solvent compositions.

Chemical absorption of the CO 2 is considered to be the most suitable method for this case because of the low CO 2 partial pressure.


A gas turbine with steam reforming is called a chemically recuperated gas turbine (CRGT) [25] [26] [27] . The basic concept is the recovery of turbine exhaust heat for improving the fuel heating value by methane conversion to H 2 and CO. Different from the situation in the plants with pre-combustion decarbonization, it is not essential in the CRGT cycle to obtain an elevated conversion rate because the unconverted reactants are all used as fuel.

A gas turbine with steam reforming is called a chemically recuperated gas turbine (CRGT).


All of the Big Five traits except Agreeableness correlated with SBSOD scores in the hypothesized direction. In other words, SBSOD scores were positively correlated with Conscientiousness (r = 0.32, p b .001), Extraversion (r = 0.22, p b .001), Intellect (r = 0.26, p b .001), and Emotional Stability (low Neuroticism) (r = 0.26, p b .001). The correlations between SBSOD and the cognitive ability measures were notably lower than those of personality (r's between .07 and 0.13). While the ICAR correlations with SBSOD were all similar in magnitude, it was notable that the smallest of these correlations involved the most spatially related item type -the Three-Dimensional Rotation items; this is consistent with prior findings of relatively low correlations between sense of direction and mental rotation (Bryant, 1982; Hegarty et al., 2002; Hegarty et al., 2006) . When considered together, this combination of results suggests that sense of direction is less related to cognitive ability (including mental rotation ability) than to Big Five traits, and that the direction of these associations is consistent with active engagement with the environment. Although it is also possible that the positive correlations between the Big Five and SBSOD scores result from socially desirable responding, correlations were relatively lower between SBSOD and Agreeableness (r = 0.07, p b .001), the Big Five scale which is most typically influenced by social-desirability response patterns. SBSOD scores were also positively associated with several demographic characteristics, including gender (towards males), age, and higher educational attainment. The association with age, though not explicitly hypothesized, is consistent with the possibility that SOD is associated with active engagement in that an integral by-product of engagement is experience. In other words, both the degree and frequency of engagement with the environmental space should be expected to affect one's sense of direction. It is likely that the positive association between SBSOD and educational attainment is a function of the association with age as these two demographic variables are often highly correlated. The fact that SBSOD scores are higher for males is consistent with prior research (Bryant, 1982; Hegarty et al., 2006; Kozlowski & Bryant, 1977; Lawton, 1994; Prestopnik & Roskos-Ewoldsen, 2000; Sholl, Acacio, Makar, & Leon, 2000) . Identifying the mechanism that underlies this association, however, remains an important topic for future research.

While the ICAR correlations with SBSOD were all similar in magnitude, it was notable that the smallest of these correlations involved the most spatially related item type -the Three-Dimensional Rotation items; this is consistent with prior findings of relatively low correlations between sense of direction and mental rotation.

The fact that SBSOD scores are higher for males is consistent with prior research.


In this paper, a vector-quantizer design approach, based on the continuous Hop®eld neural-network model with competitive learning for image compression, is presented. The whole image is divided into n blocks (a block represents a training vector which occupies lÂ l components) and mapped on to a twodimensional Hop®eld neural network which consists of a grid of nÂ c neurons, with each row representing a training vector, and each column representing a codevector of the codebook. The energy function used for the CCHNN is formulated on the basis of within-class or between-class scatter matrices, a concept widely used in pattern classi®cation (Fukunaga, 1972) . That is, the energy function, to be called the`scatter energy function', is formed by a within-class (intra-class) or between-class (inter-class) scatter energy function. In order to achieve the best classi®cation, the scatter energy function should be minimized in such a fashion that either the intra-class scatter energy is minimized, or the inter-class scatter energy is maximized. With these structures, the image compression based on vector quantization can then be regarded as an optimization problem, de®ned as the scatter energy function depicted in this network. The training vectors are then partitioned into dierent feasible classes when the scatter energy function has converged. Then, the codebook is just updated with the centers of the classes after the last iteration. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 demonstrates the general properties for VQ design in image compression. In Section 3, the properties of a vectorquantizer design approach using the CCHNN algorithm based on within-class and between-class scatter matrices, along with the competitive learning, are described. Section 4 presents several experimental results. Section 5 gives the discussion and conclusions. Finally, the minimized intra-class Euclidean distance is equivalent to maximizing the inter-class Euclidean distance, and the convergence of the CCHNN based on within-class and between-class scatter matrices is also proved in the Appendix.

The energy function used for the CCHNN is formulated on the basis of within-class or between-class scatter matrices, a concept widely used in pattern classi®cation.

This paper is organized as follows.


There is a dramatic and urgent demand to develop inexpensive, microfabricated, and extremely sensitive sensors for chem/bio-sensing. As mass sensitive sensors, microcantilever sensors have many advantages over other transducers. For example, these sensors have been shown to exhibit over two orders of magnitude greater absolute sensitivity such as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, acoustic plate mode (APM) devices, chemiresistors, and flexural plate wave (FPW) oscillators [1] . So far, one of the most common ways to detect frequency shift or static deflection of cantilever-based sensors is optical inspection by means of a laser and position sensitive diode (PSD). However, laser and PSD are quite complex and bulky and almost impossible to minimize.

For example, these sensors have been shown to exhibit over two orders of magnitude greater absolute sensitivity such as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, acoustic plate mode (APM) devices, chemiresistors, and flexural plate wave (FPW) oscillators.


Insufficient sleep duration and poor sleep quality during pregnancy may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including growth restriction of fetus, and postpartum depression [8] [9] [10] [11] . Excessive sleep duration is associated with cardiovascular conditions [12] . Poor sleep quality and shorter/longer duration of sleep during pregnancy are independently associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes [13] .

Insufficient sleep duration and poor sleep quality during pregnancy may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including growth restriction of fetus, and postpartum depression.

Excessive sleep duration is associated with cardiovascular conditions.

Poor sleep quality and shorter/longer duration of sleep during pregnancy are independently associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes.


In the ring topology, the stations are located on a directed ring and each station transmits to its downstream neighbor. This is a conventional topology for Local-Area-Networks (LANs) and Metropolitan-Area-Networks (MANs), that offers several advantages as reliability, simplicity of the physical hardware, ease of optical-fiber usage, flexibility in the link length and in the number of stations [1] , [2] . Ring protocols, mainly the token-ring protocol, offer significant performance advantages like fair allocation of the available bandwidth, bounded access delay and high utilization.

This is a conventional topology for Local-Area-Networks (LANs) and Metropolitan-Area-Networks (MANs), that offers several advantages as reliability, simplicity of the physical hardware, ease of optical-fiber usage, flexibility in the link length and in the number of stations.


The clinical presentations of ACC are heterogeneous and the prognosis is generally poor. Although ACCs are often hormonally active with glucocorticoid over-secretion, it is a rare cause of Cushing's syndrome [1] . Here, we report a case of ACC with initial presentations of hypokalemia and hypertension mimicking hyperaldosteronism.

Although ACCs are often hormonally active with glucocorticoid over-secretion, it is a rare cause of Cushing's syndrome.


Despite the increased knowledge on the disadvantages of applying solely peak flow control regulation on stormwater management, many cities, among those, large Norwegian cities, are focusing the design on large design events, while volume control and pollution control are requested but not quantified in the regulations [17] [18] [19] . This has resulted in comprehensive establishment of detention basins, while the introduction of other stormwater measures focusing on volume and pollution control has been limited [4, 7] . This trend is currently changing and there is a growing interest in a wider variety of stormwater measures and their suitability for local climates and conditions [20] [21] [22] .

Despite the increased knowledge on the disadvantages of applying solely peak flow control regulation on stormwater management, many cities, among those, large Norwegian cities, are focusing the design on large design events, while volume control and pollution control are requested but not quantified in the regulations.

This has resulted in comprehensive establishment of detention basins, while the introduction of other stormwater measures focusing on volume and pollution control has been limited.

This trend is currently changing and there is a growing interest in a wider variety of stormwater measures and their suitability for local climates and conditions.


To cope with urbanization, stormwater at-site control was introduced in the 1980s resulting in a large development of distributed stormwater measures [4] . The management was first solely aimed at reducing flooding by peak flow control but has shifted over the past few decades to an approach with multiple objectives related to mitigating the changes in urban hydrology, improving the water quality of receiving waters and delivery of multiple benefits [5] . This approach has been given several different terms like low-impact development (LID), best management practices (BMP), and sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) and will in this paper be referred to as LIDs.

To cope with urbanization, stormwater at-site control was introduced in the 1980s resulting in a large development of distributed stormwater measures.

The management was first solely aimed at reducing flooding by peak flow control but has shifted over the past few decades to an approach with multiple objectives related to mitigating the changes in urban hydrology, improving the water quality of receiving waters and delivery of multiple benefits.


Existing approaches for temporal downscaling can be categorized into stochastic rainfall generation by point process theory, multifractal and cascade processes, and rainfall disaggregation [3] . Common design practice in Norway is usually based on design events, where the design precipitation intensity is chosen from IDF curves following local guidelines. IDF curves are constructed based on frequency analyses of observed precipitation and shows the relationship between the intensity and duration of extreme precipitation events for a range of return periods. Thus, methods for projecting future IDF statistics are of high end-user demand in Norway in order to be able to merge current design practice with considerations for the future. Some studies on temporal downscaling have focused explicitly on such, by using fractal theory and the concept of scale invariance to find a scaling relation between the distribution of extreme precipitation of various durations to project extreme rainfall for the future [29] [30] [31] .

Existing approaches for temporal downscaling can be categorized into stochastic rainfall generation by point process theory, multifractal and cascade processes, and rainfall disaggregation.

Some studies on temporal downscaling have focused explicitly on such, by using fractal theory and the concept of scale invariance to find a scaling relation between the distribution of extreme precipitation of various durations to project extreme rainfall for the future.


Peak flow control has commonly been solved by the use of distributed (site scale) or centralized (catchment scale) detention volumes. Peak flow control can contribute to reduced surface flooding, reduced erosion in natural waterways and reduced capacity problems in downstream piped systems associated with cellar flooding and combined sewer overflows. Challenges to the fixed-flow regulations alone are that they do not counteract the reduced infiltration and evapotranspiration rates, remove pollutants or restore the downstream low-flow regimes, and in some cases, unfortunate superposition of hydrographs might increase peak flows on a large scale and increase combined sewer overflows [1, 4, [6] [7] [8] .

Challenges to the fixed-flow regulations alone are that they do not counteract the reduced infiltration and evapotranspiration rates, remove pollutants or restore the downstream low-flow regimes, and in some cases, unfortunate superposition of hydrographs might increase peak flows on a large scale and increase combined sewer overflows.


Elani and Allison found an association of avoidance attitudes and depression 157 patients with head and neck cancer were examined in the period of 6-12 months from diagnosis. Patients with higher levels of depression had used the strategy of accusing themselves, wishful thinking, and avoidance. Depression was measured using HADS, and coping strategies were measured using WCC (Ways of Coping Checklist) [22] .

Depression was measured using HADS, and coping strategies were measured using WCC (Ways of Coping Checklist).


Furthermore, South Africa is burdened by an undersupply of skilled people (vocational workers, technical workers and educated people) and an oversupply of unskilled work-seekers (Flederman, 2009) . Many jobs are available in the vocational sector, and special attention needs to be paid to this sector to make people aware of the importance of these jobs and the associated future prospects. Addressing the inadequate levels of learners' career maturity and providing an enhanced focus on alternative educational opportunities, especially for learners most at risk, is necessary to ensure that all learners are afforded a fair and equal opportunity to progress educationally and contribute economically to a global society.

Furthermore, South Africa is burdened by an undersupply of skilled people (vocational workers, technical workers and educated people) and an oversupply of unskilled work-seekers.


The Third International Stroke Trial (IST-3) was a multicentre, randomised controlled trial in 3035 patients that tested whether intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), given within 6 h of ischaemic stroke, improved functional outcome at 6 months [5] . Standardised brain imaging (predominantly NCCT) was mandatory for all IST-3 patients prior to randomisation in the trial. In some centres, CTA was also routinely obtained.

The Third International Stroke Trial (IST-3) was a multicentre, randomised controlled trial in 3035 patients that tested whether intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), given within 6 h of ischaemic stroke, improved functional outcome at 6 months.


Allele frequencies of the five loci and x2 goodness-offit tests appear in Table 1 . Diallelic data provide eight degrees of freedom and the model estimates four parameters so that the x2 tests have four degrees of freedom to test the goodness-of-fit (Ritland, 1989) . There was a good fit between the model and the data for at least two loci in each generation (Table 1 ).

Diallelic data provide eight degrees of freedom and the model estimates four parameters so that the x2 tests have four degrees of freedom to test the goodness-of-fit.


Departures from model expectations in the other loci were often an excess of sib-pairs comprised of one homozygote and one heterozygote from a homozygous maternal parent. Sampling relatively few capsules from each parent and variation among the types of mating events occurring within each capsule may have caused this pattern of deviation (Ritland, 1989) . Deviations were not large and, therefore, estimates based on data from all five loci are reported (Ritland, 1989) .

Sampling relatively few capsules from each parent and variation among the types of mating events occurring within each capsule may have caused this pattern of deviation.

Deviations were not large and, therefore, estimates based on data from all five loci are reported.


During a heat run test, the ambient temperature 8a, the bottom oil temperature rise b.8b, the top oil temperature rise b.8o and the mean winding temperature rise b.8w are recorded. Measured temperature rises during a heat run test are presented on a thermal diagram as shown in Fig. 1 in which oil and winding temperature rises are assumed linear along winding height [2] . The gradient g is the temperature difference between the mean oil temperature rise b.8o m and b.8w. The HST rise b.8h is estimated using equation (1) where H is the Hot Spot Factor.

Measured temperature rises during a heat run test are presented on a thermal diagram as shown in Fig. 1 in which oil and winding temperature rises are assumed linear along winding height.


The design flexibility offered by DRAs makes them suitable for many wireless applications. They can maintain high radiation efficiency, even at millimeter-wave frequencies due to low surface wave losses and minimal conductor losses [1] . Several methods have been proposed to enhance the gain of DRAs without considering arraying elements together using a feed network [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Stacking DRAs on top of each other can improve the directivity of the combined DRA with an enhancement of up to about 3 dB above that of a single DRA [2] . The use of a shallow pyramidal horn has been shown to increase the gain of a DRA to nearly 10 dBi [3] . Mushroom-like EBG structures are able to lead to a higher gain [4] . Recently, higher-modes methods are used for rectangular and ring DRAs, which have been proved to improve the gain of DRAs [5, 6] . However, most of these techniques lead to a narrow impedance and gain bandwidth.

They can maintain high radiation efficiency, even at millimeter-wave frequencies due to low surface wave losses and minimal conductor losses.

Several methods have been proposed to enhance the gain of DRAs without considering arraying elements together using a feed network.

Stacking DRAs on top of each other can improve the directivity of the combined DRA with an enhancement of up to about 3 dB above that of a single DRA.

The use of a shallow pyramidal horn has been shown to increase the gain of a DRA to nearly 10 dBi.

Mushroom-like EBG structures are able to lead to a higher gain.

Recently, higher-modes methods are used for rectangular and ring DRAs, which have been proved to improve the gain of DRAs.


The properties of both senders and receivers affect information transfer between predators and prey, but the environment also has an important role. Environmental context affects predator-prey dynamics by modulating the ability of predator and prey to detect one another. For example, in marine systems the fluid environmental context (e.g., bulk flow and turbulence) can reduce consumptive effects by interfering with the ability of predators to find prey using chemical signals (Weissburg and Zimmerfaust, 1994) . Fluid motion also can increase non-consumptive effects by enhancing the ability of prey to remotely detect predators via predator scent (Leonard et al., 1998; Shears et al., 2008; Smee et al., 2010; Pruett and Weissburg, 2018) . The nature of these effects depends on the intensity and characteristics of the flow environment. Generally speaking, community interactions must be placed in an environmental context to fully understand ecosystem dynamics.

For example, in marine systems the fluid environmental context (e.g., bulk flow and turbulence) can reduce consumptive effects by interfering with the ability of predators to find prey using chemical signals.

Fluid motion also can increase non-consumptive effects by enhancing the ability of prey to remotely detect predators via predator scent.


The objectives of this study were to describe and contrast the microbial community composition and seasonal dynamics in two contrasting floodplain lakes with very different roles in the large river system of the Illinois River. Although the initial disturbance of water drainage was similar to both lakes, TL incurred this disturbance for 50 years longer than LC, and was also isolated from the influence of river flood pulse microorganism inoculations. The disturbance imposed by floodplain drainage can create direct effects (e.g., loss of water, habitat, and river connectivity) and also be indirect (e.g., change in water quality, loss of food sources) (Lake, 2003) . As a result, TL recovery may have had an initial bottleneck effect in that repopulation occurred through the vitalization of resting stages of microbial species adapted to drought, as well as reliance on dispersal mechanisms (e.g., wind, waterfowl migration). Even though LC received Illinois River water on three occasions during the study period, the lake maintained a more constant level of transparency and nutrient concentration than did TL. The transition from dry agricultural field to aquatic habitat in the first year of restoration of TL had a greater effect than seasonal flooding, due to release of phosphorus from the soil and the re-colonization of a vast volume of water that was simultaneously creating microhabitats and reconnecting trophic links.

The disturbance imposed by floodplain drainage can create direct effects (e.g., loss of water, habitat, and river connectivity) and also be indirect (e.g., change in water quality, loss of food sources).


It is clear from visualizing bacteria, phytoplankton, protists, and zooplankton community composition that differences existed in both lakes and changes occurred seasonally. With reference to agriculture and drought recovery in TL, plankton succession is likely more determined by past phytoplankton and zooplankton species residing within the system and less to new colonists (Michaloudi et al., 2012) . In particular, the plankton may have come from soil/sediment or spread from extant aquatic habitat that survived the initial drainage and persisted on the property in the form of drainage canals cut into the fields to facilitate pumping of water. A great diversity of green algae was seen in both lakes, with some shared species. It may be possible that the reduced numbers of green algae in early summer in TL represents grazing by rotifers and microcrustaceans that produced a fall bloom in those microconsumers. From a microbial perspective, newly restored TL was an unstable and rapidly changing environment in its transition from eight decades of agriculture to an aquatic ecosystem with initially simple ecological structure and function.

With reference to agriculture and drought recovery in TL, plankton succession is likely more determined by past phytoplankton and zooplankton species residing within the system and less to new colonists.


The goal of this study was to compare microbial communities in two shallow, polymictic lakes located on the large river floodplain of the Illinois River, Illinois. Specifically, our objectives were to compare microbial composition, diversity, and seasonal dynamics in a newly restored system, Thompson Lake (TL), to those in well-established flood-pulsed system, Lake Chautauqua (LC). TL, located within The Nature Conservancy's (TNC) Emiquon Preserve, began its transition from crop field to restored lake as rain waters began to fill the basin in 2007; however, an earthen levee maintained its separation from the river and prevented inoculation of river water to the lake. The time frame of this study represents the first full year following the initiation of ecological restoration at TL after being drained and under agriculture for 80 years. LC was drained about the same time as TL; however, it was reconnected to the river about 70 years ago and currently receives seasonal flood pulses from the river. Thus, LC serves as a reference for how microbial communities change seasonally in lake systems that are periodically connected to the Illinois River. With the recession of floodwater after each flood disturbance, the connection between lake and river becomes less dynamic resulting in lakes that not only differed in character from the river, but also from one another in water quality, bacterial abundance, and zooplankton community composition based on observations of similar systems (Amoros & Bornette, 2002; Luef et al., 2007; De Paggi & Paggi, 2008) .

With the recession of floodwater after each flood disturbance, the connection between lake and river becomes less dynamic resulting in lakes that not only differed in character from the river, but also from one another in water quality, bacterial abundance, and zooplankton community composition based on observations of similar systems.


Many countries are currently experiencing a substantial shift in age demographics, with a rising proportion of the geriatric-aged population. Unfortunately, support for this rapidly growing aging population is becoming more tenuous. It is estimated that the ratio of caregivers to seniors will drop to 4 in 2030, and further fall below 3 in 2050 [15] . In an effort to support caregivers, there has been increasing awareness around smart senior homes -technologies that not only enable frail seniors to remain safely independent in a more sustainable fashion, but can also continuously monitor their health status to serve preemptively assess disease risk [4, 5, 9] .

It is estimated that the ratio of caregivers to seniors will drop to 4 in 2030, and further fall below 3 in 2050.

In an effort to support caregivers, there has been increasing awareness around smart senior homes -technologies that not only enable frail seniors to remain safely independent in a more sustainable fashion, but can also continuously monitor their health status to serve preemptively assess disease risk.


Perhaps one of the most interesting findings of this study concerns the confusion about the interpretation of Qur'anic passages that implicitly address sexuality, and the polarized nature of subsequent discussions. Although the problem of differing interpretations about ambiguous passages is by no means unique to Islam and may be inherent in any religion, it might also reflect the changing domain of sexuality among Muslims as a result of the discrepancies between Islamic doctrine and its application in real life [30] . Indeed, the present results show that, in the case of a dispute, participants who disagreed with one another used the same passages to back their opposing viewpoints. In addition, Muslim participants occasionally questioned the authority and expertise of the Imam when his interpretation contradicted their own opinions about sexuality-related issues. When opponents quoted the Imam on a particular subject, some Muslim adolescents vehemently denied the expertise of the Imam.

Although the problem of differing interpretations about ambiguous passages is by no means unique to Islam and may be inherent in any religion, it might also reflect the changing domain of sexuality among Muslims as a result of the discrepancies between Islamic doctrine and its application in real life.


Prey selection by traditional and modern hunters in tropical and subtropical Asia typically favors large-bodied animals such as wild pigs and deer [17] [18] [19] . Our results agree with other studies in that hunters prefer largebodied game, but our findings also show that hunters opportunistically take a variety of small-bodied species. Prey selection was broad, ranging from snails to wild pigs, but species that yielded large amounts of meat and/or had high monetary value, such as wild pigs, are preferred. As in many other developing countries, money is a major driver of the bushmeat trade in our study area [20] . Thus, improvement of local economic conditions would likely substantially decrease hunting frequency, as was observed in nearby Indonesia [18] . Most hunters take sale orders from clients locally and in nearby towns. Average wages in the local community range from 200-350 Pesos per day, so bushmeat hunting is a profitable activity, with a single wild pig potentially earning the hunter over 10,000 Pesos (wages for ~29 days). Hunting equipment is a significant investment for hunters, with the air rifle, costing approximately 20,000-30,000 Pesos, being the most commonly used method.

Prey selection by traditional and modern hunters in tropical and subtropical Asia typically favors large-bodied animals such as wild pigs and deer.

As in many other developing countries, money is a major driver of the bushmeat trade in our study area.

Thus, improvement of local economic conditions would likely substantially decrease hunting frequency, as was observed in nearby Indonesia.


Evaluation of toxic hazards are most often performed using the toxic gas model [5, 18] . In this methodology, the generation rate of known toxic species are estimated based upon the burning rate of the item and the toxic species yields for the known toxic species. Toxic gas concentrations are predicted and the impact of the time dependent exposure to the various toxic gases is predicted. An alternate method less often used is the mass loss model [5, 18] . In this method individual toxic gases are not identified. Rather, the material is burned or decomposed in a small scale test and the effect of the products on animals is assessed [5, 19] . Predictions of toxic hazard are based upon the total fire effluent toxic potency as measured in the small scale test. The concentration of total fire effluents and the impact of the time dependent exposure to the total effluent are predicted.

Evaluation of toxic hazards are most often performed using the toxic gas model.

An alternate method less often used is the mass loss model.

Rather, the material is burned or decomposed in a small scale test and the effect of the products on animals is assessed.