The presence of MVD with a CTO has been associated with poorer clinical outcomes. The high mortality rate of STEMI patients with a concurrent CTO can in part be explained by patients with a CTO in a non-IRA had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities compared with SVD patients and MVD patients without a CTO [6, [10] [11] [12] [13] . These patients tend to have lower left ventricular ejection fraction, lower baseline thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grades, history of diabetes and previous myocardial infarction, and cardiogenic shock on admission more often than patients without CTO. However, after adjustment for these differences in baseline characteristics, the presence of a CTO in a non-IRA remained a strong and independent predictor for early mortality and for late mortality. The presence of MVD without a CTO was only predictor for early mortality but not for late mortality.

The high mortality rate of STEMI patients with a concurrent CTO can in part be explained by patients with a CTO in a non-IRA had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities compared with SVD patients and MVD patients without a CTO.


Transportation is a well-known facet of logistics. Accordingly, the name of freight village that facilitates intermodal transportation is often used instead of logistics center. A logistics center is primarily an inter-modal terminal, which is the principal component of the intermodal transport chain that constitutes the node where the transhipment of goods from one mode to the other takes place. Logistics centers must be settled near production and commercial centers, highways, railways, airports and, if possible, seaports (Erkayman et al. 2011) . However, a logistics center is more than a freight village or intermodal terminal, as it provides many other logistics-related services mentioned before.

Logistics centers must be settled near production and commercial centers, highways, railways, airports and, if possible, seaports.


The present experiment investigated the effects of BPA exposure with different concentrationson the sexual behaviors of adult male mice. As far as we know, this research is the first time this topic was conducted on adult male animal mode. We selected 12-week-old male mice as an animal model for examining the effects of BPA on sexual functions and testosterone levels in vivo. In order to investigate whether the administration of BPA can have negative effects on the sexual behaviors of male mice, we tested several relevant items described above. The results indicated that BPA can prolong the latency of mount and intromissionbefore ejaculation, and decrease the frequency of them. No obvious difference of ejaculation latency in BPA-treated groups was seen compared with the control group. Copulatory efficacy was also declined by BPA. Accordingto previous articles, latency of mount and intromission isinversely proportional to sexual motivation, while ejaculation latency, intromission frequency, and copulatory efficacy are indicative of potency [17] [18] . That is, longer latency of mount and intromission implies lower sexual desire, while shorter ejaculate latency, lower intromission frequency and copulatory efficacy mean decreased potency. All of these results suggest that BPA may have a negative effect on sexual functions in male mice. Besides, according to our results, obvious dose-dependent effects were seen. The effect at the higher dose seemed more noticeable.

Accordingto previous articles, latency of mount and intromission isinversely proportional to sexual motivation, while ejaculation latency, intromission frequency, and copulatory efficacy are indicative of potency.


More precisely, the proposed solution is based on the (m,k)-firm model [1] , [2] . In this model, a recurrent activity is said to be under the (m,k)-firm constraint if at least m among k consecutive instances have to be processed before their deadline; m and k are integers and 0 m k < ≤ . Figure 1 shows that the effect of this policy is that some measures on the system are not transmitted to the controller. Consequently, this effect can potentially modify the Quality of the Control.

More precisely, the proposed solution is based on the (m,k)-firm model.


Engagement is an inherently qualitative concept, and most current approaches measure this using user surveys or other self-reporting mechanisms (Lalmas et al. 2013) . Self-reported, qualitative measures of engagement are not desirable because the analysis is only limited to users who are willing to participate in a survey. Since different analysts may hold two different interpretations, that could lead to conflicting measurements and recommendations. An improved measure would be one that: (i) relies on user and behavioral features that are captured as users interact with the OSS; (ii) aggregates the readings of such features across all users into a big data set; and (iii) partitions users into groups according to these features in an automatic, unsupervised way with a minimum number of analyst defined hyper-parameters.

Engagement is an inherently qualitative concept, and most current approaches measure this using user surveys or other self-reporting mechanisms.


We found no evidence to suggest that demographic characteristics like age, sex, and marital status were associated with stage at diagnosis. This may be due to that fact that behavior, lifestyle, or cultural context does not differ substantially among the low socioeconomic population of this study. It is worth mentioning that this population, being homogeneous in terms of health insurance coverage and similar in socioeconomic status, eliminates most of the potential confounding effects of these variables. Whereas, although not statistically significant, patients with a comorbidity index of two or more had a greater possibility to have early stage at diagnosis than patients without comorbidities. Similar findings have been found in other studies [52] [53] [54] . It is possible that these patients tend to have more medical follow-up visits, which could yield an early diagnosis [55, 56] .

Similar findings have been found in other studies.

It is possible that these patients tend to have more medical follow-up visits, which could yield an early diagnosis.


In this paper, we report an integrated silicon coherent receiver with a novel design exploiting an alternative scheme of the optical hybrid which averts waveguide crossings [11] , [12] . This mitigates, in principle, crosstalk and back-reflections. The device was manufactured at the Institute of Microelectronics (IME) through the OpSIS (Optoelectronic Systems Integration in Silicon) foundry service [13] . The PIC, described in detail in the following, in this first fabrication, works with single polarization signals only and is made by two grating couplers (GCs) for the input of the signal and local oscillator (LO), two thermally-tunable 500-m long phase shifters, and two balanced Ge-photodiodes (PDs) with integrated decoupling capacitors. Preliminary results about the circuit were recently presented in a short conference paper [14] . We report the receiver experimental characterization through bit error rate (BER) measurements as a function of the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) together with examples of the recovered constellations after DSP. Device operation is proved with single polarization QPSK and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) signals up to 56 Gb/s and 80 Gb/s, respectively. The experimental results show BER below 10 À4 for the case of QPSK signal and a clearly visible received and demodulated constellation of the 16-QAM signals corresponding to a bit error rate of 3 Ã 10 À2 . Limitations to the performance of the device obtained in this first fabrication run are also discussed. Two single polarization grating couplers (GC) allow for coupling the received signal and the LO. The couplers have been designed to achieve a maximum coupled power at 1550 nm and show a 3-dB bandwidth of around 45 nm. Each grating coupler exhibits an insertion loss of 5.5 dB measured by GC test structures. A MMI 3-dB splitter separates the received signal in the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) arms of the receiver. The use of an MMI splitter instead of a directional splitter is only dictated by space constraints for the circuit on the chip.

In this paper, we report an integrated silicon coherent receiver with a novel design exploiting an alternative scheme of the optical hybrid which averts waveguide crossings.

The device was manufactured at the Institute of Microelectronics (IME) through the OpSIS (Optoelectronic Systems Integration in Silicon) foundry service.

Preliminary results about the circuit were recently presented in a short conference paper.


To conclude, our results emphasize the importance of interpreting with caution the results of RV trawl samples of the fast-swimming mackerel in acoustic estimates of abundance. The size and the age structure utilized in acoustic estimates may be skewed towards younger fish and fish in worse condition than the average individual in the school, which would increase the Size of mackerel in RV trawls and commercial purse-seine catches total abundance estimates and reduce the SSB estimates significantly. Moreover, use of trawl samples is not recommended for any studies on mackerel growth, given the lower length-at-age and weight-at-length (condition) values calculated in comparison with the purse-seine-caught fish. Finally, because of overrepresentation of fish in poor condition in the trawl samples, trawlcaught samples may have a significant influence of on the results of studies of maturation and egg production, both of which are essential to the assessment of this stock (Lockwood et al., 1981) .

Finally, because of overrepresentation of fish in poor condition in the trawl samples, trawlcaught samples may have a significant influence of on the results of studies of maturation and egg production, both of which are essential to the assessment of this stock.


Danforth introduced the concept of FDC [12] . They used a commercial Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)system fromStratasys Inc. (Eden Prairie, MN, USA) to extrude ceramic-loaded thermoplastic filaments.The filament was liquefied, extruded, and re-solidified to retain its shape. Since then, they have significantly improved their process and have been able to produce high quality parts made of different materials for various applications, especially sensors and actuators [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] .

Danforth introduced the concept of FDC.

Since then, they have significantly improved their process and have been able to produce high quality parts made of different materials for various applications, especially sensors and actuators.


However, RP is a wicked problem with a large focus on human intuition, communication, and human capabilities. For a wicked problem, it is not clear what the problem is and, therefore, what the solution is [3] . Additionally, turning the decision maker's (DM) feelings as a useful part of the resolution process may help avoid some resistance or little confidence in the final result [5] . Instead of just providing a simple weight factor for each requirement, for example, we emphasized the importance of providing a refined mechanism to efficiently capture the human preferences and, consequently, guide the search process. This mechanism must intuitively enable the DM to express his/her preferences in a broad scope, focusing the time in essential subjective aspects. As subjective aspects, we refer to the questions that are complex to define without human interaction, especially implicit information. For instance, the DM may want to allocate specific features in different releases, establish precedence relations or coupling relations between features according to his/her subjective knowledge.

For a wicked problem, it is not clear what the problem is and, therefore, what the solution is.

Additionally, turning the decision maker's (DM) feelings as a useful part of the resolution process may help avoid some resistance or little confidence in the final result.


Given the cognitive effort involved in dealing with RP, defining a "suitable" set of releases is inherently challenging. As "suitable, " we may consider that it properly deals with variables that present complex relations such as stakeholders' preferences, technical constraints, limited resources, and subjective business aspects. In addition, this process can be time-consuming, requiring one to analyze an exhaustive list of possible combinations, which tend to be extremely large if the number of requirements is great. There are a number of existing approaches that are based on the belief that RP can be formalized as an optimization problem and widely explored by Search-based software engineering (SBSE) as well. In summary, SBSE proposes to apply search techniques to solve complex problems of software engineering [4] .

In summary, SBSE proposes to apply search techniques to solve complex problems of software engineering.


Because there have been mixed results with regard to the impact of MMT continuation on recidivism, it is important to consider that MMT continuation should be supplemented with intervention strategies that target criminogenic in addition to addiction needs. People who are arrested and incarcerated while receiving MMT in the community are a highrisk group of individuals who despite receiving effective treatment for addiction, still engaged in crime that led to arrest. Engaging in more crime prior to entering MMT is a risk factor for treatment non-compliance (Kelly et al., 2011) . People with a history of opioid use may still be involved in environments wherein crime is common, associate with people who commit crime, or engage in difficult-to-change criminal behavior patterns. Therefore, people who are arrested while receiving MMT may benefit from interventions around risk factors that lead to incarceration. This is an important direction for future intervention development research.

Engaging in more crime prior to entering MMT is a risk factor for treatment non-compliance.


Phytase is a class of phosphatase that catalyzes sequential dephosphorylation of phytate by releasing phosphates, lower inositol phosphates and chelated components (Bohn et al., 2008; Kumar et al., 2010) . Phytases can be found in plant and microbes as the 4/6-phytases (EC 3.1.3.26) and 3-phytases (EC3.1.3.8), but it is absent in gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals (Konietzny and Greiner, 2002; Bohn et al., 2008) . Plant food offer good phytase source for monogastric animal in utilization of phytate complexes, as only minimal phytase activity is contributed by intestinal microflora (Pallauf and Rimbach, 1997) .

Phytase is a class of phosphatase that catalyzes sequential dephosphorylation of phytate by releasing phosphates, lower inositol phosphates and chelated components.

Phytases can be found in plant and microbes as the 4/6-phytases (EC 3.1.3.26) and 3-phytases (EC3.1.3.8), but it is absent in gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals.

Plant food offer good phytase source for monogastric animal in utilization of phytate complexes, as only minimal phytase activity is contributed by intestinal microflora.


Recently, sensors used in most ERFE research are RGB cameras, which can capture only 2D images. Since human faces are 3D objects, the process representing 3D faces with 2D images is deficient in essential geometrical features. Another major challenge in ERFE is the requirement of recognizing facial expressions in real time. Recognition approaches based on RGB cameras are in general computationally expensive (Zhu and Ramanan, 2012) . Even though real-time identification can be realized by performing highly complex calculations in the pre-processing phase instead of the recognition phase, the fundamental problem still exists . This problem must be solved before performing ERFE in video sequences.

Recognition approaches based on RGB cameras are in general computationally expensive.


Using of alternative materials, based on aluminum and composites, for all autobody parts became the trend in modern automobile industry [1] . They have resulted in a steadily increasing demands for weight reduction of passenger cars. Weight reduction of automobiles have direct impact on reduction of fuel consumption, reduce emissions and driveability of car, such as acceleration, breaking performance, stability of a car and driving comfort [2] . Due to constantly increasing demands of passengers safety, it is necessary to increase the number of safety features in car. Therefore, it is expected that the weight cars will continue to increase. Aluminum alloys due to their good properties such as low weight compared to steel, high strength, low density, good corrosion resistance and easy recycling created an ideal replacement of steel in cars bodies [3, 4] .

Using of alternative materials, based on aluminum and composites, for all autobody parts became the trend in modern automobile industry.

Weight reduction of automobiles have direct impact on reduction of fuel consumption, reduce emissions and driveability of car, such as acceleration, breaking performance, stability of a car and driving comfort.

Aluminum alloys due to their good properties such as low weight compared to steel, high strength, low density, good corrosion resistance and easy recycling created an ideal replacement of steel in cars bodies.


In order to achieve best formability of the material, it is necessary for material to have low values of yield strength, high ultimate tensile strength, elongation and ratio Rp0.2/Rm as low as possible. Differences in between the maximum and minimum in all directions (0°, 45° and 90°) were up to 10 MPa. Coefficient of normal anisotropy r was less than 1, and that means that strain occurs On the basis of measurements may be created graphic comparison of ear profile (Figure 3 ) for material AW 5754 H11. As it was mentioned earlier the drawn part was an axial-symmetric cup with diameter Ø50 mm, with friction coefficient set on value m = 0.05, which reply to PTFE foil. However friction coefficient will change during the process because the foil would tear after the radii of cup is formed (in the wall of the cup). This way the friction coefficient will increase and this can greatly influence the forming process [21] . To simplify the whole comparison of different yield functions and hardening laws we didn't use more friction coefficients to find the most accurate results.

This way the friction coefficient will increase and this can greatly influence the forming process.


The HEFCE-funded Open Educational Resources (OER) Programme ran in the UK from 2009 to 2012 and was managed by Jisc and the Higher Education Academy (HEA), with around £12.5 million invested across three rounds of activity (Jisc, 2015a) . The HEA discipline subject centres led 25 projects, and 65 were managed by individuals and Higher Education institutions. In reality, the involvement across the further-and higher education sector was beyond that, with multiple institutions and groups participating in the subject centre activity and as project partners. The pilot phase focused on boosting OER creation skills and release, and the later phases aimed to further embed open practice in institutions. The UK OER programme (UKOER) was part of a global movement of investment in open education innovation provided by charitable foundations and governments, and a parallel tranche of activity has produced guidelines and policy to support OER development at local level (Stacey, 2013) .

The HEFCE-funded Open Educational Resources (OER) Programme ran in the UK from 2009 to 2012 and was managed by Jisc and the Higher Education Academy (HEA), with around £12.5 million invested across three rounds of activity.

The UK OER programme (UKOER) was part of a global movement of investment in open education innovation provided by charitable foundations and governments, and a parallel tranche of activity has produced guidelines and policy to support OER development at local level.


Effects of hypoxia on clam behavior-real time. To gain perspective on the rate of change in burial depth and siphon extension of Mya arenana in response to fluctuating dissolved oxygen concentrations, as indicative of field conditions, 3 clams were acclimated according to the experimental protocol described in the previous section. Following the completion of a 24 h high oxygen acclimation period, dissolved oxygen levels were lowered to severe hypoxia (5 1.5 mg DO 1-l) over a 2 h interval. Values were maintained at this level for 22 h, after which dissolved oxygen levels were returned to norn~oxia (26.0 mg DO I-') over a 2 h interval and maintained for an additional 22 h. During each of 4 replicate trials, burial depth and siphon extension were measured 4, 8, and 24 h after the onset of both the low and high dissolved oxygen treatments (51.5 mg DO l-' and 26.0 mg DO I-', respectively). Experimental dissolved oxygen concentrations (intensity, rate of change, and duration) simulated field data collected by the US Geological Survey, North Carolina District, from the bottom waters of the Neuse River, North Carolina, USA, during mid-August 1998 (Taylor 1998) .

Experimental dissolved oxygen concentrations (intensity, rate of change, and duration) simulated field data collected by the US Geological Survey, North Carolina District, from the bottom waters of the Neuse River, North Carolina, USA, during mid-August 1998.


Chrysanthemum indicum Flower (CIF) is a well-known edible and medicinal plant with small yellow flowers. Flowers and buds of CIF are widely used as a food supplement, or herbal tea, which are considered as the health food by many consumers. It is also widely used to treat various immune-related disorders, hypertension symptoms and several infectious diseases such as stomatitis and fever in folk medicine in China and Korea for centuries [1] [2] [3] . CIF is known to contain several classes of biologically active compounds including essential oils, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids [4, 5] . Among the nonvolatile oil, the major active components include flavonoids of luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and linarin, as well as phenolic acids of chlorogenic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid. The phenolic acids have antibacterial, antiphlogistic, antimutagenic, antioxidant and other biological activities [6] . Linarin and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside are used as remedies because of their antiphlogistic, spasmolytic, good antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties [7] .

It is also widely used to treat various immune-related disorders, hypertension symptoms and several infectious diseases such as stomatitis and fever in folk medicine in China and Korea for centuries.

CIF is known to contain several classes of biologically active compounds including essential oils, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids.

The phenolic acids have antibacterial, antiphlogistic, antimutagenic, antioxidant and other biological activities.

Linarin and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside are used as remedies because of their antiphlogistic, spasmolytic, good antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties.


The «Barrocal» region is set in the highest area of the Algarve sedimentary basin and presents a rugged topography with sloping valleys and ridge lines. It comprises essentially an extensive area of calcite and dolomite rocks along with carbonated terrains, formed in the Triassic and Jurassic periods of the Mesozoic era, extending from West to East, throughout the central belt of the Algarve [16] . The rugged relief of this region is partially promoted by northern constraint caused by the Iberian massif, a geologic formation from the Carboniferous period of the Paleozoic, and also, and not less important, due to the differential erosion of hard rocks and soft rocks, where the hardness of limestone and dolomite contrasts with the softness of marls. This erosion process, as well along with the karstification of the limestone and dolomite rocks, allowed the formation of an extensive variety of clayish soils in this region [17, 18] .

It comprises essentially an extensive area of calcite and dolomite rocks along with carbonated terrains, formed in the Triassic and Jurassic periods of the Mesozoic era, extending from West to East, throughout the central belt of the Algarve.

This erosion process, as well along with the karstification of the limestone and dolomite rocks, allowed the formation of an extensive variety of clayish soils in this region.


The predominance of illite clay mineral was the primary factor to determine which clay quarry should be used for collecting clayish earth for the development of this study since clayish earth with illite predominance is characterized by a significant water vapor adsorption capacity, combined with low swelling when wetted. These characteristics are due to ilite alumino-silicate crystalline structure arranged in a succession of tetrahedron/octahedron/tetrahedron layers, with a interlayer space mainly occupied by potassium cations responsible for the lowered swelling [3, 4] . These properties are most important for indoor plastering because maximize the moisture buffering capacity of the plaster and simultaneously mitigate the chance of the occurrence of shrinkage cracking during their drying.

These characteristics are due to ilite alumino-silicate crystalline structure arranged in a succession of tetrahedron/octahedron/tetrahedron layers, with a interlayer space mainly occupied by potassium cations responsible for the lowered swelling.


This high humidity buffering capacity of earth-based plasters promotes the comfort and health of inhabitants. Firstly because a high relative humidity environment increase the discomfort associated with the perception of heat or cold [7] . Secondly because, by balancing the relative humidity of the indoor environment, earth-based plasters contribute, in one hand, to mitigate health conditions associated with high relative humidity, like infections, allergies or asthma; in another hand, contribute also to mitigate the probability of mucosal membranes irritation and inflammation associated to exceedingly dry indoor environments [8] .

Firstly because a high relative humidity environment increase the discomfort associated with the perception of heat or cold.

Secondly because, by balancing the relative humidity of the indoor environment, earth-based plasters contribute, in one hand, to mitigate health conditions associated with high relative humidity, like infections, allergies or asthma; in another hand, contribute also to mitigate the probability of mucosal membranes irritation and inflammation associated to exceedingly dry indoor environments.


From Figure 1 one can observe that apart of exploration zone n.1, all other clay quarries studied are located in the «Barrocal» region. According to the researchers' conclusions, which can be observed in Table 1 , the clay samples studied have a mineralogy dominated by the illite clay mineral, also being observed, but in small amounts, the presence of kaolinite, dolomite, calcite and quartz. This evidence is consistent with a sedimentogenesis process based in a marine environment, which is the case of «Barrocal» region, located in Algarve sedimentary basin. From the chronostratigraphy analysis of the exploration zones the researchers concluded that the most important clay quarries were located in geologic formations from the Mesozoic era. And among those, the clay quarries located in formations from the Rhaetian / Hettangian age, in the transition from Triassic to Jurassic period, present higher predominance of the illite clay mineral [19] .

And among those, the clay quarries located in formations from the Rhaetian / Hettangian age, in the transition from Triassic to Jurassic period, present higher predominance of the illite clay mineral.


Other key factor was to find, within the group of clay quarries with highest illite concentration factor, a still currently active exploration zone that had the equipment and availability for extracting, prepare and supply the amount of clayey soil needed for the present ongoing research on earthen-based plasters. According with this criteria it was possible to select a clay quarry in close proximity to the clay quarry referenced as nº17 in previously mentioned study from 1985 [19] . This clay quarry integrate a group of still currently active exploration zone comprising also the clay quarries referenced as nº14, 15, 16 (Figure 1 ).

According with this criteria it was possible to select a clay quarry in close proximity to the clay quarry referenced as nº17 in previously mentioned study from 1985.


Earth-based mortars can be considered eco-efficient products for indoor plastering since they can contribute to improve some important aspects of building performance related to health and comfort of inhabitants, as well as building sustainability. Improvements on building life cycle sustainability can be achieved through the use of earth-based mortars mainly due to its low embodied energy. That derives from the use of raw clay as a natural binder, without the need of any heat treatment, and from wide availability of local resources of clayish earth all over the globe, allowing the mitigation of ecological impact of long distance transportations [1] . Another positive contribution of earth-based mortars for building life cycle sustainability comes from the fact that earth-based mortars, produced without addition of any chemical stabilizer like cement or lime, can be easily recycled, just with low consumption of mechanical energy for grinding and the addition of water. Furthermore the use of clayish earth as raw material does not directly lead to any pollutant emissions during building life cycle, therefore mitigating contamination hazards even in an eventual end of life disposal [2] .

That derives from the use of raw clay as a natural binder, without the need of any heat treatment, and from wide availability of local resources of clayish earth all over the globe, allowing the mitigation of ecological impact of long distance transportations.

Furthermore the use of clayish earth as raw material does not directly lead to any pollutant emissions during building life cycle, therefore mitigating contamination hazards even in an eventual end of life disposal.


As part of an ongoing research regarding earth-based plasters the present study also follows that DIN standard for the assessment of physical and mechanical properties of earth-based plasters specifically formulated with clayish earth extracted from 'Barrocal' region in Algarve, in southern Portugal, which have been revealing a high potential for interior plastering [14] . Specifically this study aims to assess how the ratio of clayish earth and sand defined in mortars formulation can influence physical and mechanical properties of plasters. This ratio play an important role on earth-based plasters performance, since it is expectable that formulations with higher concentration of clayish earth maximize plasters moisture buffering capacity, but simultaneously increase probability of occurrence of shrinkage cracking during the plaster drying phase.

As part of an ongoing research regarding earth-based plasters the present study also follows that DIN standard for the assessment of physical and mechanical properties of earth-based plasters specifically formulated with clayish earth extracted from 'Barrocal' region in Algarve, in southern Portugal, which have been revealing a high potential for interior plastering.


The construction of skew-Hadamard matrices is lagging considerably behind that for arbitrary Hadamard matrices. Our previous four notes, written more than 13 years ago, were motivated by the desire to improve this situation. We constructed skew-Hadamard matrices of order m = 4n for the following 24 odd integers n: [2] : 37, 43; [3] : 67, 113, 127, 157, 163, 181, 241; [4] : 39, 49, 65, 93, 121, 129, 133, 217, 219, 267; [6] : 81, 103, 151, 169, 463.

We constructed skew-Hadamard matrices of order m = 4n for the following 24 odd integers n:: 37, 43;: 67, 113, 127, 157, 163, 181, 241;: 39, 49, 65, 93, 121, 129, 133, 217, 219, 267;: 81, 103, 151, 169, 463.


Historically, hard sphere models have been very important in understanding some physical processes. This is because they allow for a direct comparison between the different theoretical approaches and precise numerical simulations [1] . For example, hard sphere models of atoms helped in understanding the development of short range correlations in liquids and the different roles played by the repulsive and attractive components of the interatomic potential energy [2] . Similarly, poly-disperse hard sphere particles helped to improve understanding of the jamming transition in glasses [3] .

This is because they allow for a direct comparison between the different theoretical approaches and precise numerical simulations.

For example, hard sphere models of atoms helped in understanding the development of short range correlations in liquids and the different roles played by the repulsive and attractive components of the interatomic potential energy.

Similarly, poly-disperse hard sphere particles helped to improve understanding of the jamming transition in glasses.


The J-integral is adopted by the majority of the integrity assessment procedures currently used as the elastic-plastic fracture parameter. But for a crack in a residual stress field or the combination of mechanical and residual stresses a general path-independent J-integral appears to be path-dependent (Lei et al., 2000) . In our study, the computed J-integral by ABAQUS has been investigated and compared with the applied J-integral (external loading) to the MBL model. Residual stresses as an additional stress field induce an initial J-integral, which is about 0.04% of the final J-integral caused by the combination of residual stress and external load. The residual stress was found to have significant effect on the path independence at the early stage of loading, while the path dependence becomes less severe with the increase of external loading. We also found that the J-integral in both the cases with and without residual stress loses path independence in the finite strain region, beyond which the J-integral are practically path-independent. The difference between the computed J-integral and applied J-integral is 0:2% $ 2:78% when a residual stress is present with applied J-integral from 200 to 600 N/mm, and it is 1:1% $ 3:25% for the case without residual stresses. The calculated J-integral has been used in the calculation of the stress field, J in the following means the computed J-integral.

But for a crack in a residual stress field or the combination of mechanical and residual stresses a general path-independent J-integral appears to be path-dependent.


Process-induced residual stresses are inevitable for most mechanical or thermal operations used in processing engineering materials. Residual stresses have a significant effect on structural integrity assessment of welded structures. The proper treatment of the welded residual stresses in integrity assessment is becoming an increasing important safety factor when high strength steels are utilized more widely in the offshore industry. In practice, it has been demonstrated that the residual stresses are either overestimated in most cases or underestimated in others (Dong and Brust, 2000) .

In practice, it has been demonstrated that the residual stresses are either overestimated in most cases or underestimated in others.


In the EG approach the S-matrix is directly constructed in the Fock space of free asymptotic fields in a form of formal power series. The coupling constant is replaced by a tempered test function g(x) (i.e. a smooth function rapidly decreasing at infinity) which switches on the interaction. Instead of evaluating the S-matrix by first computing off-shell Greens functions by means of Feynman rules and then applying the LSZ formalism, the S-matrix is directly obtained by imposing causality and Poincaré invariance. The method can be regarded as an "inverse" of the cutting rules. One builds n-point functions out of m-point functions (m < n) by suitably "gluing" them together. The precise manner in which this is done is dictated by causality and Poincaré invariance (see appendix A for details). One shows, that this process uniquely fixes the S-matrix up to local terms (which we shall call "local normalization terms"). At tree level these local terms are nothing but the Lagrangian of the conventional approach [2] .

At tree level these local terms are nothing but the Lagrangian of the conventional approach.


The singular behavior of the distributions d n for x → 0 is crucial for the splitting problem because Γ + n−1 (0) ∩ Γ − n−1 (0) = {0}. One therefore has to classify the singularities of distributions in this region. This can be characterized in terms of the singular order ω of the distribution under consideration which turns out to be identical with the usual power-counting degree. For details on the theory of distribution splitting we refer to the literature [5, 17] . In the case ω(d) < 0 which means that d n is regular at the zero point, the splitting solution is thus unique. In the case ω(d) ≥ 0 the splitting solution is only determined up to a local distribution with a fixed maximal singular degree ω 0 = ω(d). The demands of causality (A.4) and translational invariance leave the constants C a in (A.26) undetermined. They have to be fixed by additional normalization conditions.

For details on the theory of distribution splitting we refer to the literature.


One important example is Yang-Mills theory. In this case, the corresponding Noether current is the BRST current. Because there are unphysical degrees of freedom present in gauge theories, one needs a subsidiary condition in order to project out the unphysical states. The subsidiary condition should remain invariant under time evolution. This means that it should be expressed in terms of a conserved charge. The appropriate charge for gauge theories is the BRST charge [10] . The subsidiary condition is that physical states should be annihilated by the BRST charge Q int (and not be Q int -exact).

The appropriate charge for gauge theories is the BRST charge.


Diarrhea is recognized as an important public health problem among children in developing countries and is a research priority of the Diarrheal Diseases Control Program of the World Health Organization in 1976. John Rohde who highlighted the importance of diarrhea as a prime killer of children in the developing world, asked the scientific community to "take science where the diarrhea is". The World Health Organization estimates that 1 billion diarrheal episodes occur worldwide in infants annually resulting in 3.3 million deaths, making diarrheal disease a major contributor to infant mortality in the developing world. The need for simple, effective and inexpensive intervention to treat diarrhea and prevent its occurrence is urgent and abundantly clear (Abdulla et al., 1999) . In developing countries, it has been estimated that more than 870,000 children die from rotavirus infection every year (Abdulla et al.,1999; Albert et al.,1995) . Our aim is to bring into consideration the incidence of enteropathogens among children in such poor living conditions of the area.

The need for simple, effective and inexpensive intervention to treat diarrhea and prevent its occurrence is urgent and abundantly clear.

In developing countries, it has been estimated that more than 870,000 children die from rotavirus infection every year.


In a study, 80% of diarrheal cases were observed under 2 years of age and rotavirus (19.2%) was found the most frequent enteropathogen associated with diarrhea, followed by Shigella flexneri (6.15%) and Shigella sonnei (1.5%) (Orlandi et al., 2001) . Rotavirus was detected the frequent agent among 6 to 11 month-old children, accounting for 20% of all cases in this age group (Vargas et al., 2004) . These results are quite similar to those found in our study.

In a study, 80% of diarrheal cases were observed under 2 years of age and rotavirus (19.2%) was found the most frequent enteropathogen associated with diarrhea, followed by Shigella flexneri (6.15%) and Shigella sonnei (1.5%).

Rotavirus was detected the frequent agent among 6 to 11 month-old children, accounting for 20% of all cases in this age group.


Bibliometrics can help one examine the growth in citations and understand how tourism destination popularity has been discussed in the literature. Bibliometrics describes the influence of a cited paper on the literature [18] . It has been widely applied in research on the literatures of various disciplines, and it evaluates academic performance based on literature citations. Bibliometrics can capture a snapshot at a distinct time of a changing and evolving knowledge structure [19] . However, researchers have traditionally relied on multivariate analysis (namely, Pearson correlation, cluster analysis, or factor analysis) to identify interrelationships among articles and important research issues in the bibliometric literatures [20] . The analysis of statistical methods appears inappropriate in theory and practice [21] . For example, factor analysis of multivariate analysis is used to explain the interrelationships observed among the original variables by creating a much smaller number of derived variables or factors. Such factor analysis handles the classification of nonvariables (namely, articles or authors) in ways that appear inappropriate [21] . Additionally, the most popular publications are not those that focus most heavily on each of the special subjects [22] . Meanwhile, the use of factor loadings for articles is not directly proportional to the raw citations (i.e., the number of times they are cited).

Bibliometrics describes the influence of a cited paper on the literature.

Bibliometrics can capture a snapshot at a distinct time of a changing and evolving knowledge structure.

However, researchers have traditionally relied on multivariate analysis (namely, Pearson correlation, cluster analysis, or factor analysis) to identify interrelationships among articles and important research issues in the bibliometric literatures.

The analysis of statistical methods appears inappropriate in theory and practice.

Such factor analysis handles the classification of nonvariables (namely, articles or authors) in ways that appear inappropriate.

Additionally, the most popular publications are not those that focus most heavily on each of the special subjects.


Within each discipline, journal articles, books, and monographs perform the fundamental role of storing and disseminating knowledge [32] . Databases form and collect research results from various disciplines, encouraging rapid knowledge dissemination. The ISI Web of Knowledge database has an excellent reputation as the world's leading citation database and is popular among researchers. The Sciences Citation Index (SCI) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) contain over 10 000 journals and cover various research disciplines compiled by the ISI Web of Knowledge database. This study used a keyword search approach and bibliometric and social network analysis to examine the evolution of the intellectual structure in order to provide a favorable direction for research on tourism destinations. Especially, this investigation differs from the literature and might serve as a benchmark for future research examining changes in tourism destinations. The methodology of this investigation also provides a method of quantitative analysis and a tool for identifying the articles and journals most widely cited in a given field, as well as for detecting relational links among them.

Within each discipline, journal articles, books, and monographs perform the fundamental role of storing and disseminating knowledge.


Flap surgery is a fundamental reconstruction method for covering a defect. The recent popularization of microsurgery has rapidly increased the areas to which flap surgery is applicable. Reconstruction using microsurgery, or free flap surgery, is increasingly common, and has become an important area of reconstructive surgery. While these procedures have increased in frequency, quality improvement is necessary. To meet this need, it is important to choose an appropriate donor site and to cover the defect completely [1] .

To meet this need, it is important to choose an appropriate donor site and to cover the defect completely.


The cooling loss to the combustion chamber wall is the dominating factor in the thermal efficiency of hydrogen combustion engines, and therefore it is essential to reduce the cooling loss in order to maximize the thermal efficiency. The rate of heat release provides useful information for the analysis of thermal efficiency, and is a widely used index. Equations describing the mean heat transfer coefficient on the total area of a combustion chamber wall have already been reported [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . These equations are used for the estimation of the real rate of heat release and the calculation of the total cooling loss to the wall. However, they were derived empirically from observations of engines fuelled with gasoline or diesel fuel. Therefore, the applicability of the equations to hydrogen combustion must be verified before using them for the analysis of hydrogen combustion engines. Hence, the aim of this research is to analyze the suitability of the heat transfer equations to describe the cooling characteristics of a hydrogen fuelled SI engine.

Equations describing the mean heat transfer coefficient on the total area of a combustion chamber wall have already been reported.


Background-substraction methods for asymptotically AdS spacetimes are useful to extract a finite value from I E , considering the Euclidean action for the black hole minus the same functional evaluated for the corresponding vacuum solution. The result satisfies Eq.(3) and it is equivalent to integrate out the first law for global AdS (U = Q = 0) as the background. The procedure, however, does not guarantee the existence of such background for a complex enough gravitational configuration because it is not always possible to embed an arbitrary solution into a given reference spacetime. The identification of the thermodynamic variables as asymptotic charges may be more subtle in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence [19] . In this framework, the standard regularization method consists on the addition of counterterms which are covariant functionals of the boundary metric and intrinsic curvature, constructed by a systematic procedure known as holographic renormalization [20, 21] . The counterterms cancel the divergences in both conserved charges and Euclidean action in a background-independent fashion [22, 23] . The novel feature is the appearance of a nonvanishing zeropoint energy E vac for global AdS spacetime in the odd-dimensional case, which matches the Casimir energy of a boundary CFT, and it is helpful to realize explicit examples of the gravity/gauge duality.

The identification of the thermodynamic variables as asymptotic charges may be more subtle in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence.

In this framework, the standard regularization method consists on the addition of counterterms which are covariant functionals of the boundary metric and intrinsic curvature, constructed by a systematic procedure known as holographic renormalization.

The counterterms cancel the divergences in both conserved charges and Euclidean action in a background-independent fashion.


An explicit proof of the Smarr formula in an arbitrary dimension faces the problem of finding a general counterterm action, which is still unknown for a high enough dimension [24] . It also presupposes that one can isolate the contribution from the stress tensor to E vac so as to write down a covariant formula only for that part. However, the fact that such formula has not been found prevents from casting the shift in I E as βE vac for an arbitrary asymptotically AdS solution.

An explicit proof of the Smarr formula in an arbitrary dimension faces the problem of finding a general counterterm action, which is still unknown for a high enough dimension.


Kounterterms prescription is interesting because it has been proved to be universal: the explicit form of the boundary terms which regularize Einstein-Hilbert AdS gravity remains the same when one couples the Gauss-Bonnet term in higher dimensions than four [27] . In this way, the correct black hole thermodynamics can be recovered from a finite Euclidean action. Remarkably, this is still true for any higher-curvature gravity theory of the Lovelock family, whenever an AdS branch can be defined.

Kounterterms prescription is interesting because it has been proved to be universal: the explicit form of the boundary terms which regularize Einstein-Hilbert AdS gravity remains the same when one couples the Gauss-Bonnet term in higher dimensions than four.


Over the past two decades, our reading habits have turned from physical media (books, magazines and newspapers) to their digital counterparts (e-readers, websites, and apps). Pew research estimated last year that 38% of Americans often got their news online, almost twice the number of people who read it in print [31] . Where previously news publishers had to rely on gross sales numbers or small-scale surveys that took weeks or months to collect, they now have near real time information about individual readers engaging with news content on their website.

Pew research estimated last year that 38% of Americans often got their news online, almost twice the number of people who read it in print.


The results of the comparison of urban forests effects and values by land use suggest that residential land use offers the greatest current and potential future ecosystem benefits on a per ha basis. However, city totals for Roanoke's carbon storage and carbon removal value in urban vacant land is high compared to residential land based on number of trees (210,263-1,682,518) (Table 10) . Vacant land can thus be one of the most effective ecological resources providing ecosystem services in a city. Trees on urban vacant land that are growing in natural stand conditions have more large trees with low density and a higher percentage cover (Table 1 ) and, thus, more above-ground biomass (carbon storage) than open-grown trees located on residential land [5] .

Trees on urban vacant land that are growing in natural stand conditions have more large trees with low density and a higher percentage cover (Table 1 ) and, thus, more above-ground biomass (carbon storage) than open-grown trees located on residential land.


Climate change is a major issue around the world. Trees can remove carbon dioxide through photosynthesis in their tissue, which can help counteract climate change. Trees also alter energy consumption by reducing carbon dioxide emission from the fossil-fuels burned by power plants [34] . Trees on urban vacant land reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere by sequestering carbon in new growth every year. The amount of carbon annually sequestered increases with the size and health of the trees. Biomass is a renewable energy source that can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after conversion to various forms of biofuel. Urban vacant land is a valuable ecological resource that can be an effective biomass energy resource and also reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by capturing carbon in new growth every year in a city.

Trees also alter energy consumption by reducing carbon dioxide emission from the fossil-fuels burned by power plants.


Urban vacant land has a different forest structure to single family residential land in terms of the number of trees, species composition, tree sizes, tree health, tree canopy cover, and ground cover types. As one would expect, the different urban forest structures on vacant land and residential land result in different ecosystem services. Single family residential land had more trees (1,683,000) than vacant land (210,000) due in a large part to the differences in land area (32.4 km 2 of vacant land vs. 57.9 km 2 residential) ( Table 1) . While the percentage of tree coverage was almost identical between the land uses (30.6% in vacant to 32.3% in residential), the number of trees per ha is greater on residential land (290.3) than on vacant land (63.4). Many tree benefits are directly proportional to the amount of healthy leaf surface area of the plant [25] . The average healthy leaf surface area on individual trees growing on vacant land is greater than that of individual trees on residential land, and thus individual trees on vacant land currently provide more ecosystem services to citizens on a per tree basis than those growing on residential land. The three most common species growing in vacant land are Ulmus americana (American elm) (16.4%), Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) (12.3%), and Acer negundo (box elder) (6.7%) (Figure 1 ). The three most common species in residential land are Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) (10.8%), Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) (10.0%), and Prunus serotina (black cherry) (9.3%) (Figure 2 ). The overall tree density on Roanoke's vacant land is 63.4 trees per ha, which is lower than residential land (Table 1) . Urban forests are composed of a mix of native and exotic tree species, so they often have higher species diversity than surrounding native landscapes [25] . High species diversity helps minimize ecosystem vulnerability to species-specific pests and disorders, but may also pose a risk to ecosystem health if exotic species are invasive plants that can out-compete and displace native species [26] . Additionally, exotic species may also not provide the habitat needed to support native fauna. About 69% of the trees growing on Roanoke's urban vacant land are species that are native to North America, and 60% are native to the state (Figure 3 ). Exotic species from outside North America make up 31% of the population. Most of Roanoke's urban vacant land exotic tree species are indigenous to Asia (20.2% of the species). However, in Roanoke's residential land, about 72% of the trees are species native to North America, while 71% are native to the state (Figure 4 ). Species exotic to North America make up 28% of the tree population ( Figure 4) . Most of Roanoke's residential land exotic tree species are indigenous to Asia (19.3% of the species).

Many tree benefits are directly proportional to the amount of healthy leaf surface area of the plant.

Urban forests are composed of a mix of native and exotic tree species, so they often have higher species diversity than surrounding native landscapes.

High species diversity helps minimize ecosystem vulnerability to species-specific pests and disorders, but may also pose a risk to ecosystem health if exotic species are invasive plants that can out-compete and displace native species.


Vacant land forest structure has a slightly higher percentage of non-native tree species than residential land, which means that vacant land has proportionally more exotic species that are potentially invasive that can potentially out-compete and displace native species. Vacant lands host pioneer species through secondary succession, which can introduce non-native species over time. Urban forests are composed of a mix of native and exotic tree species, so they often have higher species diversity than surrounding native landscapes [25] . High species diversity helps minimize ecosystem vulnerability to species-specific pests and disorders, but may also pose a risk to ecosystem health if exotic species are invasive plants that can out-compete and displace native species [26] . Additionally, exotic species may also not provide the habitat needed to support native fauna. About 69% of the trees growing on Roanoke's urban vacant land are species that are native to North America, and 60% are native to the state (Figure 3 ). Exotic species from outside North America make up 31% of the population. Most of Roanoke's urban vacant land exotic tree species are indigenous to Asia (20.2% of the species). However, in Roanoke's residential land, about 72% of the trees are species native to North America, while 71% are native to the state (Figure 4 ). Species exotic to North America make up 28% of the tree population ( Figure 4) . Most of Roanoke's residential land exotic tree species are indigenous to Asia (19.3% of the species).


The extent to which forests provide ecosystem services depends upon their forest structure (e.g., tree species composition, number of trees, tree size, leaf area, percentage tree canopy cover, tree condition). These structural attributes help determine the ecosystem services derived from trees in urban areas. Different forest structure results in different ecosystem benefits and value among different land uses. Vacant urban land can cover a significant amount of the urban landscape. According to a 2000 Brookings Institution study, vacant land comprised an average of 15% of the land area in 70 U.S. cities [1] . This analysis does not differentiate between different types of vacant land, which can consist of anything from undistributed open space to abandoned, contaminated brownfield sites. The amount of vacant land continues to rise with vacant parcels increasing from 6.8 million nationwide in 2000 to 10.3 million by 2010, a 51% increase [2] . While this problem is especially severe in cities experiencing a population decline, many cities with growing population have also experienced an increase in vacant land. For example, Tucson, AZ, experienced a 6.9% increase in population but a 57.8% increase in abandoned buildings between 2000 and 2010. Indianapolis, IN, and Las Vegas, NV, experienced population increases of 4.9% and 22% but had 48.8% and 137.4% increases in abandoned properties, respectively, over the same period [2] .

According to a 2000 Brookings Institution study, vacant land comprised an average of 15% of the land area in 70 U.S. cities.

The amount of vacant land continues to rise with vacant parcels increasing from 6.8 million nationwide in 2000 to 10.3 million by 2010, a 51% increase.

Indianapolis, IN, and Las Vegas, NV, experienced population increases of 4.9% and 22% but had 48.8% and 137.4% increases in abandoned properties, respectively, over the same period.


This model was used to assess green infrastructure structure, services and value of vacant land and residential land in Roanoke. Within each land use, randomly located 0.04 ha field plots were measured. Plot measurements include the percent of plot tree cover, shrub cover, plantable space, and ground cover types. Trees on each plot were also measured for total height, Diameter at Breast Height (DBH; 1.37 m from base of tree), crown width, percentage of canopy missing and dieback, crown light exposure, and distance and direction of trees to nearby buildings. A total of 197 plots were sampled across the two land use types: vacant land (114) and single family residential land (83). Plots on both public and private property were assessed. All field data were collected during the 2012, 2013 leaf-on season (June-July) to properly assess tree canopies. Field data were input to the i-Tree Eco model to assess forest structure and associated ecosystem services and values [15] .

Field data were input to the i-Tree Eco model to assess forest structure and associated ecosystem services and values.


Tree store and sequester carbon dioxide through their growth process in their tissue. Carbon storage and carbon sequestration is estimated based on tree species, size and estimated growth rates. Carbon storage and carbon sequestration dollar values are calculated based on $78.5 per metric ton of carbon [21] . As trees die and decay, they release much of the carbon that they store.

Carbon storage and carbon sequestration dollar values are calculated based on $78.5 per metric ton of carbon.


A major driver of the type and quantity of ecosystem services in urban areas is land cover [31] . The land cover of vegetation and bare soil provide more provisioning services (e.g., food production, water supply), regulating services (e.g., climate regulation, air pollution removal), and supporting services (e.g., nutrient cycling, soil building) than non-vegetated and impervious surfaces [31, 32] . Urban forest cover reduces the impact of impervious surfaces, such as roads, buildings, and to a lesser degree maintained grass. Impervious surfaces reduce water infiltration and increase runoff, affecting residential water quality. Trees and vegetation ground cover types reduce storm water impacts by intercepting rainfall, slowing water movement, and increasing absoprtion in the ground.

A major driver of the type and quantity of ecosystem services in urban areas is land cover.

The land cover of vegetation and bare soil provide more provisioning services (e.g., food production, water supply), regulating services (e.g., climate regulation, air pollution removal), and supporting services (e.g., nutrient cycling, soil building) than non-vegetated and impervious surfaces.


Vacant land forest structure can be a very cost-effective way of reducing the need for expensive storm water management infrastructure such as retention tanks and sewer systems [33] . Vegetation uses storm water as a resource, capturing a significant percentage of run off. The current forest structure on vacant land can help manage urban storm water to prevent residential floods and can also filter the polluted water running off cities' impervious paving areas, such as parking lots and road systems, to renew clean ground water systems. Vacant land is thus an important component of urban green infrastructure systems that can significantly affect the health of the local urban ecosystem, providing enduring value for the community. Vacant land supports 59.2% of the plantable space, which is higher than residential land (29.2%) ( Table 4) . Vacant land is also 24.8% wild grass, which is again higher than residential land (1.8%). This means that vacant land can be strategically used as part of the urban green storm water infrastructure. Most vacant land consists of previously developed land that is now vacant with no structures, although some vacant sites contain a natural forest structure, which means that vacant land can be easily built upon and there are no environmental and physical constraints to redeveloping those spaces so they can be easily managed for redevelopment as green infrastructure, such as small parks, urban agriculture and community gardens, in the future. Vacant land therefore has a high potential value as green infrastructure that can be used to provide ecosystem services for city residents.

Vacant land forest structure can be a very cost-effective way of reducing the need for expensive storm water management infrastructure such as retention tanks and sewer systems.


Trees on urban vacant land affect energy consumption by shading buildings, providing evaporative cooling, and blocking winter winds, thus reducing building energy consumption in the summer months, either increasing or decreasing building energy use in the winter months, depending on the location of trees around the building. Estimates of tree effects on energy use are based on field measurements of tree distance and direction to space conditioned residential buildings [22] . Energy savings are converted to monetary savings based on state average energy costs.

Estimates of tree effects on energy use are based on field measurements of tree distance and direction to space conditioned residential buildings.


Surface runoff can be a cause for concern in many urban areas as it often increases pollution in streams, wetlands, rivers, lakes, and oceans. When it rains, some portion of the precipitation is intercepted by vegetation (trees and shrubs) while the remainder reaches the ground. The portion of the precipitation that reaches the ground and does not infiltrate into the soil becomes surface runoff [35] . In urban areas, the extensive area covered by impervious surfaces increases the amount of surface runoff. The plantable space available on the vacant land is about 59.2%, which is much higher than residential land (29.2%). Vacant land therefore has considerable potential to reduce surface runoff if planting of vacant lands is increased. Vacant land may be a valuable ecological resource that can be strategically used as urban green storm water infrastructure through urban forests, including trees, shrubs and pervious ground cover classes. For example, urban trees in Roanoke are highly beneficial in reducing surface runoff. Trees intercept precipitation, while their root systems promote infiltration and storage in the soil.

The portion of the precipitation that reaches the ground and does not infiltrate into the soil becomes surface runoff.


Stormwater runoff, diverted from hillslopes or storm drains before it reaches a stream channel, is increasingly considered a potential source of water for MAR (Page et al. 2016) . Collecting hillslope runoff may require less infrastructure and lower operating costs than diverting from a surface water body, particularly if flows are passively routed using gravity. Moreover, stormwater runoff is naturally distributed throughout a watershed, providing many potential locations for managed recharge on multiple scales (Newcomer et al. 2014) . In this study, we focus on "distributed stormwater collection" linked to MAR (DSC-MAR), in which hillslope runoff is infiltrated before it reaches a stream . We specifically target~0.4-4.0 km 2 (~100-1000 ac) drainage areas, large enough to collect a substantial volume of runoff yet small enough to keep costs relatively low.

Stormwater runoff, diverted from hillslopes or storm drains before it reaches a stream channel, is increasingly considered a potential source of water for MAR.

Moreover, stormwater runoff is naturally distributed throughout a watershed, providing many potential locations for managed recharge on multiple scales.


Mobile sensor networks are dynamic networks formed by a set of mobile sensor nodes and sink node connected through wireless links. These sensor nodes sense a data in application domains (ranging from wildlife monitoring to vehicle tracking) and then transmit the sensed data to the sink node through wireless multihop routing. Sensor nodes have processing and communication capacities, whose main tasks include controlling sensors, processing sensed data, and transmitting the collected data to a sink node. A typical sensor node has a low-power CPU, tiny memory (RAM/ROM), R/F module, many kinds of sensing units, and constrained battery power. For example, Berkeley's MICA motes only have an 8-bit CPU, 4 KB RAM, and only two AA alkaline batteries. The most energy-consuming component is the R/F module, which provides wireless communications. The energy consumption when transmitting 1 bit of data on a wireless channel is similar to thousands of cycles of CPU instructions [1] . Thus, the energy efficiency of the routing schemes for wireless sensor networks largely affects the energy consumption and network lifetime of wireless sensor networks [2] .

The energy consumption when transmitting 1 bit of data on a wireless channel is similar to thousands of cycles of CPU instructions.

Thus, the energy efficiency of the routing schemes for wireless sensor networks largely affects the energy consumption and network lifetime of wireless sensor networks.


Due to such mooring-related constraints, the advantages of dynamic positioning (DP) for position control of pipelay vessels was early recognized. A DP vessel has a considerably shorter start-up time, and has the ability to abandon and recover pipelines quickly. The motion control becomes independent of water depth and can operate in congested areas and close to platforms. There is also less mechanical downtime compared to an anchor vessel because the wear and tear on an anchor system is more intense. The first DP-based pipelay vessel was the Allseas' Lorelay, which was introduced in 1985 for deepwater applications [3, 4] . The vessel was ship-shaped, with an aft stinger and large pipecarrying capability. It quickly proved very successful, particularly in the rough North Sea, and experiences gained from the Lorelay was used to construct the largest pipelay vessel currently in operation, the Allseas' Solitaire [5] .

The first DP-based pipelay vessel was the Allseas' Lorelay, which was introduced in 1985 for deepwater applications.

It quickly proved very successful, particularly in the rough North Sea, and experiences gained from the Lorelay was used to construct the largest pipelay vessel currently in operation, the Allseas' Solitaire.


In practice, a DP operator (DPO) manually controls the DP system based on experience and know-how, using specific features that have been developed to aid in pipelay operations [6] . Such features include tension compensation, pipe-pull (i.e., move forward one pipe length at a time), and tracking of vessel path, where the dynamics of the pipe and environmental loads are compensated for by using a crab angle and track offset. However, the technology implemented in commercial DP systems, including pipelay-specific extensions, is classified and not easily accessible for academic researchers.

In practice, a DP operator (DPO) manually controls the DP system based on experience and know-how, using specific features that have been developed to aid in pipelay operations.


In this research, essay writing was used to measure the students' writing ability. Related to the writing process, the writing process is the stage that the writer goes through in order to produce something in the final written form (Harmer, 2004) . Here, the students asked to plan, draft, edit, and write the final draft.

Related to the writing process, the writing process is the stage that the writer goes through in order to produce something in the final written form.


While three spectral channels may be satisfactory for recreating an image for the human eye there are many applications for which having only the red, green and blue content of an image is insufficient [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Traditional hyperspectral imagers exploit a scanning process in which the image is focused onto a slit allowing only a sliver of the image to pass through. This scanning process is used because three dimensions of data (two spatial and one spectral, often referred to as a "hyperspectral cube") are being mapped onto a two dimensional detector. The selected portion of the image is then separated into its spectral components by a dispersive element such as a prism or a grating and measured on a two dimensional detector [6] . The image recorded on the detector resolves the spectral information along one spatial coordinate and therefore must be scanned along the other spatial coordinate in order to construct a full 3D hyperspectral cube. The use of a scanning colour filter to obtain a set of monochromatic 2D images is also a common solution that is rather considered multispectral than hyperspectral as is offers a limited number of spectral channels.

While three spectral channels may be satisfactory for recreating an image for the human eye there are many applications for which having only the red, green and blue content of an image is insufficient.

The selected portion of the image is then separated into its spectral components by a dispersive element such as a prism or a grating and measured on a two dimensional detector.


Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) species can pose significant negative ecological and socio-economic impacts, produce toxins and can occur in concentrations high enough to have adverse effects on fish and human health (Hallegraeff 1993) . Human illnesses resulting from the consumption of HAB species toxins include cyanobacterial toxin poisoning, ciguatera poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP), and paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). PSP is associated with the consumption of a potent toxin, saxitoxin, and is the most concerning of the HABrelated illnesses because extreme cases can result in muscular paralysis and death (Hallegraeff 1993) . Reports of HAB have become increasingly frequent in recent decades, mostly as a result of increasing human impact on the marine environment, aquaculture development, and increased awareness of the problem (Anderson 1989; Hallegraeff 1993; Lilly et al. 2007; Anderson et al. 2012) .

Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) species can pose significant negative ecological and socio-economic impacts, produce toxins and can occur in concentrations high enough to have adverse effects on fish and human health.

PSP is associated with the consumption of a potent toxin, saxitoxin, and is the most concerning of the HABrelated illnesses because extreme cases can result in muscular paralysis and death.

Reports of HAB have become increasingly frequent in recent decades, mostly as a result of increasing human impact on the marine environment, aquaculture development, and increased awareness of the problem.


There is limited data regarding the prognostic role of HER-3 and HER-4 in human cancer and these prove to be controversial. Some reports associate their overexpression with short while others with longer survival, thus, extended studies are required to ascertain definitively their prognostic value [11] [12] [13] . A limited number of studies has been conducted in respect of Her-3 and Her-4 expression and their correlation with clinical parameters and prognosis in colorectal carcinomas. Little therefore is known about their role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. This study was conducted in order to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of Her-3 and Her-4 in colorectal carcinoma, to clarify their role in the prognosis of these carcinomas and to investigate the possible correlation with various clinical and pathological parameters.

Some reports associate their overexpression with short while others with longer survival, thus, extended studies are required to ascertain definitively their prognostic value.


Thus, the enhancement of CO 2 capture in the SDP, as would be the case for example when using dolomite instead of limestone, would help decreasing the energy consumption for CO 2 avoided (SPECCA) while the capture efficiency is kept high [39] . Figure 5 shows that the EMAX milled limestone exhibits a markedly enhanced CO 2 uptake in both the FRP and SDP as compared to as-received limestone. In contrast, carbonation is hindered, especially in the SDP, for the samples milled in the SPEX and Fritsch mills.

Thus, the enhancement of CO 2 capture in the SDP, as would be the case for example when using dolomite instead of limestone, would help decreasing the energy consumption for CO 2 avoided (SPECCA) while the capture efficiency is kept high.


Measurements on the multicycle CaO conversion were performed using a Q5000IR thermogravimetric analyzer (TA instrument), equipped with a high sensitive balance (< 0.1 g ) and a furnace heated by IR halogen lamps, which allows achieving very high heating and cooling rates (up to 300 ºC/min) as well as stable isotherms. Each experiment was started by a calcination step from room temperature to 900 ºC (at 300 ºC/min, and held for 5 min) under high CO 2 concentration (70% CO 2 / 30% air vol/vol) at atmospheric pressure. The milled samples exhibited full calcination at this relatively reduced temperature (900 ºC) as compared with as-received limestone (> 930 ºC) [23] . The precalcination stage was followed by a carbonation stage quickly decreasing the temperature to 650 ºC at 300 ºC/min, which was held for 5 min under 15% CO 2 / 85% air vol/vol. As discussed in detail in previous works, achieving quick transitions between both stages is of paramount importance to mimic realistic CaL conditions for CO 2 capture necessarily involving high CO 2 concentration in the calcination stage [27] . A total of 20 carbonation/calcination cycles were run in which a fixed and small mass (10 mg) was used for avoiding undesired effects due to CO 2 diffusion resistance across the sample bulk. The scheme of the procedure is shown in Figure A1 (Appendix), where the temperature curves recorded for the program and sample are compared. As can be seen, there is a quite good match in the ramps and a high temperature accuracy at the isotherms, which complies with the specifications provided by the manufacturer (+/-1 ºC ).

The milled samples exhibited full calcination at this relatively reduced temperature (900 ºC) as compared with as-received limestone (> 930 ºC).

As discussed in detail in previous works, achieving quick transitions between both stages is of paramount importance to mimic realistic CaL conditions for CO 2 capture necessarily involving high CO 2 concentration in the calcination stage.


In the practical application the method employed in industry to calcine under a rich CO 2 atmosphere in order to avoid CO 2 dilution is oxy-combustion. Oxy-combustion leads to the generation also of H 2 O, which gives rise to a CO 2 concentration in the calciner between 70 and 90% v/v. The thermogravimetric apparatus employed in our study does not allow for the introduction of H 2 O due to its corrosiveness, thus we chose to use 70%CO 2 /30%air atmosphere to replicate the CO 2 concentration in the calciner. Expectedly, the presence of H 2 O would accelerate the reaction as reported in previous works [28] .

Expectedly, the presence of H 2 O would accelerate the reaction as reported in previous works.


On the other hand, bionanofluid refers to water-based fluid that consists of both nanoparticles and living microorganisms. The living microorganisms are found to be denser than the water-based fluid and are likely to swim in upward direction. Bioconvection is a process of heat transfer impelled from the collective upswimming motion by the motile microorganisms due to the unstable density delamination [4] [5] [6] . The mechanism of impelling upswimming motion is closely related to the species of the living microorganisms which responds to the external stimulus. For example, oxytaxis responds to the oxygen concentration gradient, phototaxis responds to light intensity, and gyrotaxis microorganisms respond to the combination of viscous torque and gravitational pull. Bioconvection is developed as a significant mechanism in bioenergy systems and biomicrosystems [7, 8] . It is worth mentioning that various features and aspects of bioconvection with suspension of nanoparticles have been 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering conducted in the field of biomedicine and biomedical engineering. This action is aimed towards a better state of health. Therefore, the knowledge of bionanofluid thermophysical properties becomes essential when a health treatment is considered.

Bioconvection is a process of heat transfer impelled from the collective upswimming motion by the motile microorganisms due to the unstable density delamination.

Bioconvection is developed as a significant mechanism in bioenergy systems and biomicrosystems.


Inclusion criteria were (1) research undertaken in an occupational setting; (2) empirical assessment of mindfulness, wellbeing, and/or performance outcomes; (3) quantitative or qualitative analysis; (4) published (or in press) in a peer-reviewed academic journal; and (5) written in English. Regarding point (4), it was deemed necessary to restrict the review in this way, e.g., instead of also exploring the far broader terrain of registered trials and grey literature, to keep the review to a manageable size, as well as to ensure a certain level of quality (i.e., as provided by the peer-review process, which would not necessarily be present with grey literature). Exclusion criteria were (1) theoretical articles or commentaries without statistical or qualitative analyses and (2) interventions in which mindfulness practice is not the central component (even if they incorporate elements of mindfulness practice or theory), such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) (Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999) . Regarding this latter point (2), interventions like ACT are sometimes described as "incorporating" or being "based on" mindfulness. Thus, ascertaining whether mindfulness is "the central component" of these is a judgement call. However, to keep the review to a manageable scale, the focus here is on interventions that "self-identify" as having mindfulness as their central component (indicated, as noted earlier, by mindfulness either featuring in the title of the intervention or being given prominence in the abstract).

Exclusion criteria were (1) theoretical articles or commentaries without statistical or qualitative analyses and (2) interventions in which mindfulness practice is not the central component (even if they incorporate elements of mindfulness practice or theory), such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT).


Papers were divided into experimental intervention studies and non-intervention (e.g., correlational) studies. For intervention studies, the following variables were extracted from each paper: type of design (RCT vs. non-randomized samples), occupation of participants, number of experimental and control participants (if applicable), type of MBI, length of MBI, control condition, principle well-being and performance outcomes, and the effect sizes of principle outcomes (and in cases where this information was not available, it was calculated). For non-intervention studies, the following variables were extracted from each paper: type of analysis (quantitative or qualitative), occupation of participants, number of participants, well-being and performance outcomes, and the regression or correlation coefficients of outcomes. The primary measures of interest were mindfulness, mental health (anger, anxiety, burnout, depression, distress, stress, satisfaction, wellbeing), and physical health (illness, diet, exercise and sleep). Secondary measures of interest were outcomes that pertain to well-being (compassion, empathy, emotional intelligence and regulation, resilience and spirituality). Tertiary summary measures of interest were outcomes relating to job performance (often specific to particular occupations). Finally, we sought to classify studies in terms of whether they observed a significant improvement in each outcome in relation to an MBI (or a significant association with mindfulness in the case of nonintervention studies). This classification -e.g., per Table 3 in the results section -was made, where possible, based on effect size (in the case of intervention studies). In that respect, we applied the usual criterion of Cohen's d, where d ≥ .20 indicates a change, and small, medium, and large values of d are considered to be .2, .5 and .8, respectively (Cohen, 1988) . In terms of data extraction, the second and last author independently checked all the 153 included papers and agreed on the relevant outcomes (as reported in Tables 1 and 2 ).

In that respect, we applied the usual criterion of Cohen's d, where d ≥ .20 indicates a change, and small, medium, and large values of d are considered to be .2, .5 and .8, respectively.


The intake of our daily exclusive drinking water of 1.5-3 liters should contain some of the above minerals, in such a way that the TDS should be 100-500 ppm (healthy water) to ensure good health. The optimum TDS has been decided on the basis of good organoleptic characteristics, reduced corrosive nature and thirst-quenching properties of water [4] [5] [6] . Remineralization alone could not provide perfect composition of minerals for drinking water [7] [8] [9] . So, instead of demineralizing and remineralizing, it is better to come up with robust new methods of purifying water at lower cost with less energy and at the same time minimizing the usage of chemicals and the impact on the environment. One of such methods in recent times is nanofiltration (NF) for transforming surface water into healthy water [10] [11] [12] . NF is the newly developed pressure-driven membrane process for liquid-phase separations and has substituted reverse osmosis (RO) in several applications, owing to greater flux and lesser energy utilization rates. It is in fact termed as future technology for drinking water in 21st century. This work was taken up to show the effectiveness of NF in providing the optimum TDS (100-500 ppm) in the permeate water as per the standards of WHO.

The optimum TDS has been decided on the basis of good organoleptic characteristics, reduced corrosive nature and thirst-quenching properties of water.

Remineralization alone could not provide perfect composition of minerals for drinking water.

One of such methods in recent times is nanofiltration (NF) for transforming surface water into healthy water.


Membrane performance will be influenced by the variation of the feed pressure and percent rejection of TDS, chlorides of the surface water [14, 15] . Moreover, the permeate TOC has been observed with the variation of pressure as it is very important parameter for surface water evaluation. Permeate flux, percent rejection of TDS and chlorides, and power consumption were compared for NF and RO membrane. Figure 3 shows the effects of applied pressure on permeate and concentrate fluxes as the pressure increases. The permeate flux increases linearly with increase of applied pressure which suggests that there may be negligible concentration polarization. As expected the concentrate flux is reduced as the pressure is increased. This indicated that the performance of membrane module is good. The permeate flux for both RO and NF is compared in Figure 4 . In both cases, the permeate flux increases linearly with increase of applied pressure which suggests that there may be negligible concentration polarization for RO membrane as well. However, it can be observed that permeate flux obtained was more in case of NF. For the same pressure (3 bars), 20.4 Lmh of permeate flux was obtained during NF process whereas RO could facilitate only 8.4 Lmh. This is because of the small pore size of RO membranes, consequently yielding a higher pressure drop.

Membrane performance will be influenced by the variation of the feed pressure and percent rejection of TDS, chlorides of the surface water.


In early days of industrialization, the artificially produced demineralized or distilled or deionized or reverse osmosis water had extensive industrial uses rather than domestic applications [1] . It was clear from the very beginning that desalinated or demineralized water must be enriched with some minerals such as calcium carbonate or limestone to make it suitable as drinking water. This will also improve the taste [2, 3] .

In early days of industrialization, the artificially produced demineralized or distilled or deionized or reverse osmosis water had extensive industrial uses rather than domestic applications.

This will also improve the taste.


The application of Membrane Separation Technology (MST) has grown significantly in recent years. Membranes are mainly utilized in microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO) and gas separation. The most important part of each application is the membrane itself. Before any action, a membrane of appropriate material and structure needs to be selected for separation. In microfiltration and ultrafiltration, the porosity as well as the pore size determine the membrane performance. Porosity is a main feature of the membrane even in gas separation processes in which a dense and non-porous selective layer in the outer surface overlies the porous supporting layer [1] [2] [3] [4] . Mechanical strength is another important response to characterize the membrane structure.

Porosity is a main feature of the membrane even in gas separation processes in which a dense and non-porous selective layer in the outer surface overlies the porous supporting layer.


There are several methods to fabricate porous membrane. Depending on the type of polymer, the required porosity, mechanical strength and the availability of fabrication technology a proper method can be selected. Fabrication methods include thermal *Address corresponding to this author at the Membrane Technology Research Center, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Post Box: 51335/1996y, Tabriz, Iran; Tel: (0098) 412345-9147; Fax: (0098) 412344-4355; E-mail: ryegani@sut.ac.ir sintering, track etching, stretching and phase separation [5] . However, phase separation is a conventional process in the fabrication of polymeric membranes in which a homogenous solution of polymer, diluent and any other additives is converted into the lean and rich phases of the polymer. The polymer-rich phase forms the polymeric matrix of the membrane where polymer-lean phase forms the membrane pores.

Fabrication methods include thermal *Address corresponding to this author at the Membrane Technology Research Center, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand New Town, Post Box: 51335/1996y, Tabriz, Iran; Tel: (0098) 412345-9147; Fax: (0098) 412344-4355; E-mail: ryegani@sut.ac.ir sintering, track etching, stretching and phase separation.


Numerous studies have been conducted on the effect of influential parameters like polymer concentration and cooling bath temperature on the porosity and mechanical strength; however, no accurate study is available regarding the mutual impacts of these parameters and the significance of influential factors. The design of experiment is a branch of knowledge helping to measure the impact of influential factors (X 1 , X 2 , X 3 ,…) on the outputs (Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 ,…) under Y i = F(X i ) equation [42] . The objectives behind the design of experiments include minimizing the number of tests, saving time and costs, determining significant variables or specifying optimal conditions. Analysis of the results should also determine their reliability. For this purpose the compatibility analysis was applied.

The design of experiment is a branch of knowledge helping to measure the impact of influential factors (X 1 , X 2 , X 3 ,…) on the outputs (Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 ,…) under Y i = F(X i ) equation.


Exercise EE for aerobic metabolism was converted as 1 L of O 2 = 5 kcal. Upon completion of the session, subjects immediately rested standing up, and the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was recorded using the OM until it fell below the respective 10 min resting O 2 uptake recorded in the RMR test. The EPOC was calculated as 1 L of O 2 consumed = 4.64 kcal used (Scott and Kemp 2005) . The latter figure was assumed to exclude rapid glycolytic ATP re-synthesis as part of EE; thus EPOC represented aerobic EE only (Scott and Kemp 2005) .

The EPOC was calculated as 1 L of O 2 consumed = 4.64 kcal used.

The latter figure was assumed to exclude rapid glycolytic ATP re-synthesis as part of EE; thus EPOC represented aerobic EE only.


The deployment of root architectural traits in plant breeding programs has great potential to alleviate a primary constraint to crop production in world agriculture. Recent advances with legumes need to be confirmed with cereals, which have distinct root morphology and architecture. The objective of the present study was to assess the value of topsoil foraging for phosphorus acquisition in maize, including an examination of the effects of mycorrhizal colonisation on root shallowness, and physiological analysis of the effects of mycorrhizal colonisation and root shallowness on phosphorus acquisition efficiency. The soil was a Withee silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Glossoboralf). There were two biological replicates for each genotype per year, and each replicate had 60 plants grown in two 6.1-m rows. The low phosphorus soil had 16 ppm available phosphorus, the soil pH was 6.3 with 2.6% of organic matter. Two representative root crowns of 7-week-old seedlings in each replicate were excavated, soaked in a container filled with water for 1 h, rinsed with a fine spray of pressurised water, and collected on a sieve in early July 2001 and 2002. The intact root image of each plant was scanned into a computer by image-analysis software (Delta-T SCAN, Delta-T Devices Ltd, Cambridge, UK). Root length at different horizontal layers was separated and collected by this software. Relative root length in the upper 5-cm horizontal layer was determined by dividing root length of the upper 5-cm horizontal layer over the total root length. The arithmetic mean (n = 4) was used for correlation analysis. In preliminary studies, H99 × W64A and B73 × WH genotypes had been characterised as being phosphorus inefficient with deep root systems, yet responsive to phosphorus fertilisation; while Oh43 × B37 and H99 × Oh43 genotypes were characterised as being phosphorus efficient with shallow root systems, yet responsive to phosphorus fertilisation (Fig. 1) . These four genotypes did not differ for root hair length in cigar roll culture before transplanting, which is important since genotypic variation in root hair length is associated with enhanced adaptation to low soil phosphorus availability in maize (Zhu 2003) .

These four genotypes did not differ for root hair length in cigar roll culture before transplanting, which is important since genotypic variation in root hair length is associated with enhanced adaptation to low soil phosphorus availability in maize.


Since a deterioration of the accuracy is noted in datasets containing a large number of outliers, future investigations will be carried out to deal with this issue. On top of designing a pre-processing phase to filter out outliers, we will focus on the algorithmic design to obtain a novel optimisation algorithm displaying a more robust structure. This should be doable by means of the EDA paradigm, as distributions can be updated so as to move their mean value away from outlier points. Alternatively, the use of multivariate Gaussian distribution could also help avoid this deterioration of the accuracy. Another future line of research is to handle the different types of search spaces (numerical, integer, binary) by means of the algebraic framework for evolutionary computations proposed in References [46, 69, 70] .

Another future line of research is to handle the different types of search spaces (numerical, integer, binary) by means of the algebraic framework for evolutionary computations proposed in References.


Recent investigations in youth sport coaching have capitalized on the benefits of training coaches to be autonomy supportive (Duda, 2013) . In evaluating the use of autonomy supportive behaviors, Tessier and colleagues implemented a training program that spanned over 3 countries and included 57 soccer coaches (Tessier et al., 2013) . Evaluations of coaches indicated a modest use of need-supportive behaviors (including autonomy and relatedness support). Coaches used a higher percentage of controlling behaviors than autonomy supportive, while maintaining a similar percentage of relatedness supportive behaviors. Athletes participating in the project had high levels of participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, which was positively associated with their overall self-esteem and subjective vitality . Studies have yet to be conducted on autonomy supportive coaching behaviors in a gameplay setting. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the use of autonomy supportive coaching behaviors across an entire sport season. A secondary purpose was to investigate differences in perceived autonomy support, basic need satisfaction, and motivation among youth sport athletes. We hypothesized that upon exposure to training materials on autonomy supportive coaching, participants' levels of autonomy support, relatedness support, and structure would improve, while controlling behaviors and relatedness thwarting would decrease. With regards to the athletes, it was expected that changes in perceptions of autonomy support, satisfaction of basic needs, and motivation would improve across the sport season.

Recent investigations in youth sport coaching have capitalized on the benefits of training coaches to be autonomy supportive.

In evaluating the use of autonomy supportive behaviors, Tessier and colleagues implemented a training program that spanned over 3 countries and included 57 soccer coaches.