As a tool used to investigate phenomena from the nature of quantum criticality to the holographic origin of space time, entanglement entropy in quantum field theories has received wide interest. One of the strengths of geometric entanglement entropy (entanglement entropy associated with a particular region of space) is that its definition is independent of the details of the field theory, such as its degrees of freedom, and of the quantum state under consideration. A reflection of this universality is the simple holographic interpretation of geometric entanglement entropy as an area of a minimal surface [1] .

A reflection of this universality is the simple holographic interpretation of geometric entanglement entropy as an area of a minimal surface.


For a single non-Abelian gauge group, increasing the multiplicity of matter content can suppress the first term in the beta function and potentially generate a nontrivial and perturbative infrared fixed point (IRFP) [21] . For the QCD and dark QCD gauge groups, SU (N c ) QCD × SU (N d ) dQCD , the two gauge couplings can have coupled beta functions as well as related IRFP values, α * s and α * d , if some matter fields are charged under both gauge groups. Since we have not observed any additional particles charged under QCD below around the top quark mass, the fields charged under both gauge groups should have a mass at a scale M m t (for simplicity, we assume a common mass for them).

For a single non-Abelian gauge group, increasing the multiplicity of matter content can suppress the first term in the beta function and potentially generate a nontrivial and perturbative infrared fixed point (IRFP).


During the low-water period, greater variations in abundance were related to higher variations in environmental conditions. Thus, these water bodies were more unstable, and that variation directly affected the organism density. During the high-water period, the high similarity between the abundance patterns was related to the homogenising effect of flooding (Thomaz et al., 2007) . Temporal variation in community structure was observed in all water bodies, with environmental conditions changing the dominance pattern of the community. These results were related to the increased dissimilarity and promoted the reversal of ranks of species distribution as a consequence.

During the high-water period, the high similarity between the abundance patterns was related to the homogenising effect of flooding.


To provide high-quality and high data-rate services for mobile stations (MSs) in wireless networks, various sleep mode operations have been proposed to reduce the power consumption of MSs with limited battery capacity. One good example of the sleep mode operations with a binary exponential algorithm to determine sleep intervals can be found in the IEEE 802.16e standard [1] . The IEEE 802.16e standard suggests three different types of Power Saving Classes I, II and III for the sleep mode operation according to the traffic service types [1] [2] . Among the three types, the binary exponential algorithm is recommended to Power Saving Class I for best-effort (BE) and non-real-time variable rate (NRT-VR) services. Power Saving Class of type II is recommended for the connections of unsolicited grant service (UGS) and real-time variable rate (RT-VR) services. Power Saving Class of type III is recommended for multicast connections and for management operations.

One good example of the sleep mode operations with a binary exponential algorithm to determine sleep intervals can be found in the IEEE 802.16e standard.

The IEEE 802.16e standard suggests three different types of Power Saving Classes I, II and III for the sleep mode operation according to the traffic service types.


In a Rayleigh-Bénard experiment, a horizontal viscous fluid layer is heated from below. When the temperature difference between upper and lower sides is small, heat transfer solely occurs through thermal conduction. Yet once beyond a critical temperature difference, a regular pattern of convection cells or rolls emerges (Bénard, 1901) . This sudden shift from conduction to convection is referred to as the Rayleigh-Bénard (RB) instability, and is often quoted as an archetypal example of self-organization in non-equilibrium systems (Nicolis and Prigogine, 1989; Prigogine, 1967) .

Yet once beyond a critical temperature difference, a regular pattern of convection cells or rolls emerges.

This sudden shift from conduction to convection is referred to as the Rayleigh-Bénard (RB) instability, and is often quoted as an archetypal example of self-organization in non-equilibrium systems.


The oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) is a measure of how reduced or oxidized the soil environment is. The measurement of soil ORP is significant to explain the soil corrosivity towards the buried materials, because it determines partially the stability of the materials. In general, an anaerobic soils having ORP value less than about 100 mV vs SHE are not helpful for the formation of oxide layers on the surface of the materials, because the anaerobic soils do not contain any free oxygen which is necessary for the passivation of the buried-iron/steels [25] [26] [27] . Furthermore, the presence of excess amounts of free oxygen in soils is generally indicated from the ORP value greater than 100 mV vs SHE [25] [26] [27] . Hence, the ORP value of a soil is helpful to indicate whether the soil is corrosive or not towards the buried materials. On the other hand, the soil ORP indicates whether or not a soil is capable of sustaining sulfate-reducing bacteria, which contribute greatly to the corrosion of soil. A low ORP indicates that oxygen content in the soil is low and consequently, the condition is ideal for the proliferation of the sulfate-reducing bacteria, the greater the sulfide content in soils by reducing sulfate to sulfite. This is possible only the ORP is less than zero or negative values. It is meaningful to mention here that the presence of sulfide in soils is not beneficial to the buried-galvanized steels and cast-iron pipelines.

In general, an anaerobic soils having ORP value less than about 100 mV vs SHE are not helpful for the formation of oxide layers on the surface of the materials, because the anaerobic soils do not contain any free oxygen which is necessary for the passivation of the buried-iron/steels.

Furthermore, the presence of excess amounts of free oxygen in soils is generally indicated from the ORP value greater than 100 mV vs SHE.


Some cyanobacteria are reported to be ubiquitous organisms with a nearly global distribution (Jungblut et al., 2009) . Others are said to have extended their native range (Padisák, 1997; Wood et al., 2014) . It is very difficult to assess the native/alien status of a taxon, but analyses aimed at determining the true status of these 'alien', 'exotic' and 'interesting' microorganisms can help elucidate their biogeography and ecology. We tracked the long-distance 'walk' of three species of cyanobacteria through different climate zones, to see whether we could reliably determine if they have indeed expanded their ranges. The larger aim was to establish the context in which the migration and evolution of these microorganisms should be understood, so that a proper assessment of their geographic expansion can be made.

Some cyanobacteria are reported to be ubiquitous organisms with a nearly global distribution.

Others are said to have extended their native range.


Among them, the TMD has received particular attention, which prevents galloping by increasing damping energy dissipation of system. Although the TMDs have been widely used in vibration control of building, bridge and mechanical systems, and acquired expected vibration control effect in some applications, their efficiency is not high enough in galloping control of iced conductors. Previous studies are mainly devoted to design the spring-viscous connection of the added mass to the system for reaching a suitable tuning to the frequency of an assigned mode [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . TMD devices may need to be improved.

Previous studies are mainly devoted to design the spring-viscous connection of the added mass to the system for reaching a suitable tuning to the frequency of an assigned mode.

TMD devices may need to be improved.


Because of time limitation, we did not test the model on testing data set. Although we believe the evaluation of training data set is sufficient to reflect different models' and classifiers' ability, we decide to test our models on provided test data set in the future research. We are still considering to implement a 3D FCNN to segment the whole 3D MRI image in 4 channel. Researchers have attempted to achieve a 3D segmentation or some of the researchers analyse 2D slices through 3 axis to give a holistic result [12] . We believe 3D segmentation should be more effective and more accurate because the receptive fields of elements in 3D FCNN should be much larger than 2D FCNN. We decide to achieve 3D semantic segmentation aiming to solve the problem of huge memory demand and make a trade-off between accuracy and recourse consuming.

Researchers have attempted to achieve a 3D segmentation or some of the researchers analyse 2D slices through 3 axis to give a holistic result.


Composites are a special class of materials originating from combinations of two or more compounds by a suitable technique, which results in materials having unique physiochemical properties and large potential for application in diverse areas. Novel properties of composites can be derived from the successful combination of the characteristics of the parent constituents into a single material. Conventional polymers usually serve as the matrix, which result in a special class of hybrid materials termed "polymeric nanocomposite". This composite material differs from the pure polymer in respect to some of the physical and chemical properties and hence it is useful for many applications in different fields [1] .

This composite material differs from the pure polymer in respect to some of the physical and chemical properties and hence it is useful for many applications in different fields.


Population carrier screening for FXS presents challenges due to the complexity of information to be conveyed, the fact that carrier status conveys both personal health and reproductive risks, and the lack of awareness of FXS in the general community and among health professionals. We have previously reported that stakeholders support population-based carrier screening for FXS, provided it is optional and offered in a way that promotes choice (Archibald et al. 2013) . The results of this component of this large qualitative study demonstrate a strong preference for preconception genetic carrier screening. Due to an emphasis on the importance of accessibility, primary healthcare was the preferred setting for which screening would be offered. However, the results highlight some possible barriers to general practitioners offering screening and suggest that further work is needed to develop models for screening program service delivery.

We have previously reported that stakeholders support population-based carrier screening for FXS, provided it is optional and offered in a way that promotes choice.


A1 protein is abundantly expressed in bone marrow cells, spleen, and lung in several lineages originating in thymus, testicle, and intestine cancers (Thomadaki; Scorilas, 2006) . It has an important role in high risk leukemia and other B cell malignancies. This molecule is a direct target in the transcription of NF-kb, which is involved in myeloid and lymphoid differentiation, in apoptosis resistance by different stimuli, like the activation of death receptors (Simpson et al., 2006; Brien et al., 2007) .

A1 protein is abundantly expressed in bone marrow cells, spleen, and lung in several lineages originating in thymus, testicle, and intestine cancers.

This molecule is a direct target in the transcription of NF-kb, which is involved in myeloid and lymphoid differentiation, in apoptosis resistance by different stimuli, like the activation of death receptors.


At present, there are some but not much work on frame identification. Main works are as follows: CL Research participated in the SemEval-2007 task for Frame Semantic Structure Extraction. They integrated the use of FrameNet in the Text Parser component of the CL Research KMS. In particular, they created a FrameNet dictionary from the FrameNet databases with the CL Research DIMAP dictionary software and used this dictionary as a lexical resource. The current FrameNet DIMAP dictionary contains 7575 entries, with many entries having multiple senses. For each sense, the FrameNet part of speech, the definition, the frame name, the ID number, and the definition source (identified as FN or COD) are captured from the FrameNet files. When a lexical unit is recognized in processing the text, the first step is to retrieve the entry for that item in the dictionary and use the frame element realization patterns to disambiguate among the senses. A score is computed for each sense and the score with the highest sense was selected. They evaluated on three texts and the best result is 66.10% precision (Litkowski, 2007) .

They evaluated on three texts and the best result is 66.10% precision.


The dimensionality of neural responses is often assessed by first computing the average response of each neuron, in each task condition, and then characterizing the dimensionality of these average responses [4, 5] . Because dimensionality is usually characterized on the mean activity of the population across different task conditions, it is a function of the single neuron tuning functions across time and across task variables [6] . If single neurons have strong temporal autocorrelations during tasks, the neural activity of the population does not change quickly over time, and therefore the population does not explore multiple dimensions in time, within a condition. Similarly, if neurons are broadly tuned to the task parameters being studied, population activity will change slowly as visual inputs or motor responses vary. Dimensionality, therefore, characterizes the diversity of activity patterns, generated in a population of neurons, across task conditions. Information, like dimensionality, also characterizes activity patterns across task conditions. Linear information in a population of neurons, including linear Fisher Information, is a measure of the signal to noise ratio [7, 8] . The signal is a measure of the difference between patterns of activity between conditions. If mean population patterns of activity are similar for two different task conditions, the population will have minimal information about those conditions. The noise is a measure of the variability in the population, within a condition. The noise that is relevant to linear information is the noise in the dimensions that differ across conditions [9, 10] . If there is minimal information, the conditions cannot be reliably decoded. Information, therefore, is also a measure of differences in activity patterns across conditions. Information, however, unlike most dimensionality measures, also takes into account the amount of noise in the task dimensions.

The dimensionality of neural responses is often assessed by first computing the average response of each neuron, in each task condition, and then characterizing the dimensionality of these average responses.

Because dimensionality is usually characterized on the mean activity of the population across different task conditions, it is a function of the single neuron tuning functions across time and across task variables.

Linear information in a population of neurons, including linear Fisher Information, is a measure of the signal to noise ratio.

The noise that is relevant to linear information is the noise in the dimensions that differ across conditions.


Many of the previous studies on dimensionality have focused on temporal dynamics, whereas we have focused mostly on static population codes. However, temporal dynamics and the complexity of the code for decisions, drive dimensionality in a related way, at least as they are normally analyzed [6, 34] . Temporal dynamics function as another task dimension. Therefore, if we included temporal dynamics (beyond the two time points we used) we would have arrived at a similar answer with respect to learning driven increases in dimensionality. Although we explored this option, we did not have enough trials in each block to accurately estimate both temporal dynamics and coding of object choice (data not shown).

However, temporal dynamics and the complexity of the code for decisions, drive dimensionality in a related way, at least as they are normally analyzed.


Thomas and Yong have conjectured a K-theoretic Littlewood-Richardson rule for all minuscule homogeneous spaces, and proved that their rule is a consequence of a welldefinedness property of a jeu-de-taquin algorithm, together with a proof that their conjecture gives the correct answer for a generating set of Schubert classes [24] . For maximal orthogonal Grassmannians, the well-definedness property has later been proved by Cli¤ord, Thomas, and Yong [9] . Since the special classes O p generate the K-theory ring, the Pieri rule proved here provides the second ingredient required for the proof of Thomas and Yong's conjecture.

Thomas and Yong have conjectured a K-theoretic Littlewood-Richardson rule for all minuscule homogeneous spaces, and proved that their rule is a consequence of a welldefinedness property of a jeu-de-taquin algorithm, together with a proof that their conjecture gives the correct answer for a generating set of Schubert classes.

For maximal orthogonal Grassmannians, the well-definedness property has later been proved by Cli¤ord, Thomas, and Yong.


The standard way to prove cohomological Pieri rules is to use that any cohomological Pieri coe‰cient c n l; p counts the number of points in an intersection of three Schubert varieties, one of which is special [14] , [23] , [1] , [7] . We prove our formulas by using a K-theoretic adaption of this method. For Grassmannians of type A, this gives a new and geometric proof of Lenart's Pieri rule [18] .

The standard way to prove cohomological Pieri rules is to use that any cohomological Pieri coe‰cient c n l; p counts the number of points in an intersection of three Schubert varieties, one of which is special.

For Grassmannians of type A, this gives a new and geometric proof of Lenart's Pieri rule.


Coffee (Coffea sp.) grows over seventy countries, and therefore is one of the most important crops in the world. Coffee production, with an annual estimated retail value of over US$ 70 billion, is surpassed only by oil. Brazil is the leading country in this activity, being responsible for, at about, 25% of the world coffee production (LEWIN et al., 2004) .

Brazil is the leading country in this activity, being responsible for, at about, 25% of the world coffee production.


Hydrodynamic studies by means of the gauge/gravity correspondence have been focusing to-date on theories without fundamental flavors (apart from what concerns the universal shear viscosity [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] ). Fundamental flavors are clearly relevant in the RHIC plasma [1, 8] . In this paper, the results for the flavor contribution to the bulk viscosity and to some relevant second order transport coefficients (relaxation times, κ, κ * ) of the strongly coupled N = 4 SYM plasma are presented.

Hydrodynamic studies by means of the gauge/gravity correspondence have been focusing to-date on theories without fundamental flavors (apart from what concerns the universal shear viscosity).

Fundamental flavors are clearly relevant in the RHIC plasma.


Hydrodynamic models provide a fairly accurate description of the large-time evolution after thermalization of the QCD plasma produced at RHIC [1] . In this respect, a first principle computation of the transport coefficients is both relevant and challenging, due to the strongly coupled nature of the system. Surprisingly, some features of the known transport coefficients appear to be common to many plasmas of strongly coupled theories, including QCD. The prototype example is the shear viscosity, whose ratio with the entropy density has, in theories with two-derivative gravity duals, a universal value which is quite close to the QCD one [2] . This observation justifies a careful analysis of first and second order transport coefficients in the class of four dimensional quantum field theories admitting a gravity dual.

Hydrodynamic models provide a fairly accurate description of the large-time evolution after thermalization of the QCD plasma produced at RHIC.

The prototype example is the shear viscosity, whose ratio with the entropy density has, in theories with two-derivative gravity duals, a universal value which is quite close to the QCD one.


Secondary loss, or endwall loss, arises from the interaction between the pitchwise pressure gradient and the inlet boundary layer on the endwall. Due to the high loss associated with secondary flow, a great deal of studies have been dedicated to this topic. Some basic understanding of secondary flow features and the associated loss mechanism have been established. Figure 1 shows a sketch of endwall flow features and some possible disturbances from the upstream rotor and purge flow. When the incoming endwall boundary layer approaches the blade leading edge, it rolls up to form a vortex, i.e., the horseshoe vortex. Two legs (pressure leg and suction leg) of the horseshoe vortex move into the adjacent blade passages. Under the effect of cross flow, the pressure leg develops to the passage vortex, which is the dominant flow structure in the endwall region. Since the incoming boundary layer is separated and washed away, a new laminar boundary layer is created So far, most studies on the endwall flow are either experimental or lowfidelity (RANS) modelling. Detailed experimental measurements in the region downstream of the Trailing Edge (TE) have been reported [2] . However, due to the limitation of accessibility no measurements were taken within the blade passage.

Detailed experimental measurements in the region downstream of the Trailing Edge (TE) have been reported.


The main characteristics of pulses at different pump power in the range between 0.85 W and 4.5 W are shown in Fig. 3 . Fig. 3(a) shows the optical spectra centered at 1873.5 nm with a SNR value of ∼55 dB. The spectra have the same profile for the pump power in the range between 0.88 W and 4.5 W. Because that the DSR light pulse have a low linear chirp across the pulse, except at the edges, where the chirp changes exponentially [32] . As it can be expected from DSR laser operation, as the pump power is increased, the duration of the squared pulses increases [see Fig. 3(b) ], whereas the optical spectrum of the laser output remains constant [see Fig. 3(a) ]. In the pump power range from 0.88 to 4.5 W the squared pulses width increases from 14.24 to 85.18 ns. In order to confirm stable DSR laser operation, the RF spectrum was measured with a 100 MHz span and 1 kHz resolution. As it can be observed in Fig. 3(c) , the frequency of the first power minimum decreases from 70.22 MHz to 11.73 MHz as the pump power is increased from 0.88 to 4.5 W. These frequency displacements correspond to the pulse duration variations from ∼14.24 ns to ∼85.8 ns. Then, the modulation pattern is defined by the duration of generated pulses, which corresponds to the reciprocal value of the pulse duration. Fig. 4 shows the average power, pulse duration, pulse energy, and peak power as a function of the pump power variations. Fig. 4(a) shows an increasing linear dependence of the average power and the pulse energy with the pump power. At the maximum pump power of 4.5 W, the average output power is of 245 mW and the pulse energy is of ∼206 nJ. From Fig. 4(b) can be observed pulse duration increase from 14.24 to 85.18 ns as the pump power is increased from 0.88 to 4.5 W.

Fig. 3(a) shows the optical spectra centered at 1873.5 nm with a SNR value of ∼55 dB. The spectra have the same profile for the pump power in the range between 0.88 W and 4.5 W. Because that the DSR light pulse have a low linear chirp across the pulse, except at the edges, where the chirp changes exponentially.


Wood forming processes such as compression and bending of solid wood have been researched from various aspects [1] . In these processes, simple shape products can be obtained by wood cell deformation under high pressure (C1 MPa). In addition to these conventional techniques, a new forming process of wood flow forming has been developed to enable the processing of solid wood into more complex forms within a shorter production time [2] [3] [4] . This new technique is caused not only by cell deformation, but also by mutual position changes between adjacent wood cells.

Wood forming processes such as compression and bending of solid wood have been researched from various aspects.

In addition to these conventional techniques, a new forming process of wood flow forming has been developed to enable the processing of solid wood into more complex forms within a shorter production time.


After these deformation processes, the deformed wood (products) must have their shape fixed. One effective method to overcome the dimensional instability of the products due to moisture is the impregnation of low molecular weight resins, such as phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin, into the wood prior to the forming process [3] [4] [5] . Low molecular weight PF resin can penetrate into the cell walls and softens them, so that PF resin-impregnated woods can be compressed under pressure of more than approximately 2 MPa with heating [6] . After curing under pressure and heat, the impregnated PF resin is polymerized to form a rigid cross-linked network in the cell wall, which prevents recovery of the original shape and results in a compressed and densified form of wood. The PF resinimpregnated compressed wood, which is generically referred to as Compreg, has been used for applications such as furniture and flooring because of its high dimensional stability and mechanical properties [7] .

One effective method to overcome the dimensional instability of the products due to moisture is the impregnation of low molecular weight resins, such as phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin, into the wood prior to the forming process.

Low molecular weight PF resin can penetrate into the cell walls and softens them, so that PF resin-impregnated woods can be compressed under pressure of more than approximately 2 MPa with heating.

The PF resinimpregnated compressed wood, which is generically referred to as Compreg, has been used for applications such as furniture and flooring because of its high dimensional stability and mechanical properties.


WPG and swelling Figure 2 shows the relation between the PF resin concentration and the average of WPG or swelling in the tangential direction of the impregnated wood specimens. The WPG increased linearly with the PF resin concentration. On the other hand, swelling increased rapidly with the increase in the PF resin concentration at lower PF resin concentrations and then only slightly increased at higher PF resin concentrations (C20 %). It is known that phenolic resin with average molecular weight of approximately 500 can penetrate into cell walls and then swells the woods [13, 14] . From these reports, the results in Fig. 2 suggest that the amount of PF resin in the cell walls increases with the PF resin concentration at lower concentration. In contrast, at higher PF resin concentrations, it is speculated that the amount of PF resin in the cell walls increases only slightly, whereas that in the cell lumens increases more significantly. Thermal behavior of the wood specimens Figure 3 shows thermal analysis results with respect to the relative storage elastic modulus. The relative storage elastic modulus (E 0 /E 0 60°C ) was defined as the ratio of the storage elastic modulus measured at each temperatures to the storage elastic modulus measured at 60°C. The relative storage elastic modulus for the untreated sample showed no significant change during the measurement. Impregnation of PF resin into the wood specimens resulted in significant changes in the relative storage elastic moduli, whereby it decreased with elevating temperature from the beginning (60°C) to approximately 120°C and then increased from approximately 130°C. This result indicates that the PF resin-impregnated woods soften at temperatures lower than 120°C and harden by curing of the PF resin from approximately 130°C. These changes became more significant with an increase in the WPG of the PF resin-impregnated specimens.

It is known that phenolic resin with average molecular weight of approximately 500 can penetrate into cell walls and then swells the woods.


In the current era, the internet has become more competent in helping individuals in everyday life activates, for this reason; it is globally utilizes in different fields of education, which becomes potential and appropriate. Very briefly, the extensive usage of computer technologies and internet had led to the acknowledgement of this technology in many different educational fields. Employing the technology as teaching and learning appliances has become to an increasing extent more wide-spread; the teaching materials are enriched and have been requested as a part of educational processes and even a priority objective (Yalman, GӦnen, & BaȘaran, 2013) .

Employing the technology as teaching and learning appliances has become to an increasing extent more wide-spread; the teaching materials are enriched and have been requested as a part of educational processes and even a priority objective.


SA also allows a stakeholder to explore design trade-offs for the software. Increased performance, a quality attribute for the software, does not always have a direct relation with EC [35] . A different design trade-off is to exchange modules or services for more energy efficient sustainable variants, e.g. cloud federation [28] . SA helps to identify adjustments on different levels in complex environments [5] .

Increased performance, a quality attribute for the software, does not always have a direct relation with EC.

A different design trade-off is to exchange modules or services for more energy efficient sustainable variants, e.g. cloud federation.

SA helps to identify adjustments on different levels in complex environments.


Note that ' is increasing in ; since~ ( ) and^ ( ) are both decreasing and F ( ) and G ( ) are both increasing. Furthermore, '(0) = 0 and '(1) = 1: The latter follows from the fact that G ~ (1) = 0 (facing certain violence, all victims comply) and F (^ (0)) = 1 (facing certain compliance, all robbers confront). Hence there is a unique value of 2 (0; 1) that satis…es the equilibrium condition (11) . This implies a unique equilibrium value of from (4).

Hence there is a unique value of 2 (0; 1) that satis…es the equilibrium condition.


Pure deionized water was used to saturate the specimens and, in general, its use can trigger chemical reactions and affect measurements of permeability and drained properties [48] . Here, the saturation of specimens with water was performed for at least 2-3 days and this period of time has been observed to be enough to establish chemical equilibrium between the pore fluid and carbonate rock [48] . This observation is confirmed by the constant values of rock permeability obtained during the repetitive measurements. Saline water that would represent the in-situ fluid for deep carbonate aquifers was not used because possible effects of salt precipitation and evaporation are involved and could not be captured by the model, even though we recognize that these effects may influence the evolution of rock's petrophysical properties.

Pure deionized water was used to saturate the specimens and, in general, its use can trigger chemical reactions and affect measurements of permeability and drained properties.

Here, the saturation of specimens with water was performed for at least 2-3 days and this period of time has been observed to be enough to establish chemical equilibrium between the pore fluid and carbonate rock.


Next, we describe the theorised complementarity of tacit and codified knowledge in the organisational learning literature, and find a more ambivalent relationship between the two forms of knowledge in studies conducted within health services research that emphasise social practices of learning e.g. emphasising tacit 'mindlines' derived by primary care clinicians from interaction with colleagues relative to use of formal guidelines (Gabbay and Le May, 2011) . We analyse the limitations of tacit knowledge in relation to the implementation of quality improvement and revisit knowledge codification as a potential means to overcome this downside to tacit knowledge. We then describe the two patient safety initiatives and discuss the findings relating to attitudes among health care professionals to knowledge codification.

Next, we describe the theorised complementarity of tacit and codified knowledge in the organisational learning literature, and find a more ambivalent relationship between the two forms of knowledge in studies conducted within health services research that emphasise social practices of learning e.g. emphasising tacit 'mindlines' derived by primary care clinicians from interaction with colleagues relative to use of formal guidelines.


The substrate used in this study was food waste (FW) collected in the Treviso municipality in north-eastern Italy. This material originated from a door-to-door collection scheme and was composed primarily of kitchen waste [30, 31] . This food waste was minced and mixed to form a homogeneous mixture.

This material originated from a door-to-door collection scheme and was composed primarily of kitchen waste.


In addition, ERK phosphorylation was impaired in both transiently and stably 8-60hIPP5 m transfected cells (Zeng et al., 2012) . It is known that ERK promotes Cdc2/ cyclin B activation and M phase progression, and that suppression of the MKK/ERK signaling would sufficiently delay mitotic entry and Cdc2 activation (Wright et al., 1999) . Importantly, ERK inactivation delays cyclin B1 nuclear translocation, as well as cell progression from metaphase into anaphase (Roberts et al., 2002) . This suggests that in addition to promoting M phase entry by facilitating activation of Cdc2-cyclin B and cyclin B1 translocation, MKK/ERK pathway is important for mitotic progression and mitotic exit.

In addition, ERK phosphorylation was impaired in both transiently and stably 8-60hIPP5 m transfected cells.

It is known that ERK promotes Cdc2/ cyclin B activation and M phase progression, and that suppression of the MKK/ERK signaling would sufficiently delay mitotic entry and Cdc2 activation.

Importantly, ERK inactivation delays cyclin B1 nuclear translocation, as well as cell progression from metaphase into anaphase.


There are several analytical methods for the determination of nitrates in different samples; automated colorimetric methods using reduction with cadmium, direct spectrophotometric methods, ion chromatographic method, polarimetric methods, fast UV screening methods, tests with nitrate-selective electrodes or quick tests with Reflectoquant applicable in the field (Raikos et al., 1988) . The most suitable method for nitrate determination in vegetable samples is considered to be the automated colorimetric method with reduction with cadmium. In our laboratory, the automated colorimetric method (CFA, continuous flow analysis technique) was used for the determination of mineral nitrogen in soil samples and gave accurate and reliable results (Kmecl et al., 2005) .

There are several analytical methods for the determination of nitrates in different samples; automated colorimetric methods using reduction with cadmium, direct spectrophotometric methods, ion chromatographic method, polarimetric methods, fast UV screening methods, tests with nitrate-selective electrodes or quick tests with Reflectoquant applicable in the field.

In our laboratory, the automated colorimetric method (CFA, continuous flow analysis technique) was used for the determination of mineral nitrogen in soil samples and gave accurate and reliable results.


None of these singularities are restricted to the box diagrams. The conditions to have a collinear or soft singularity in a one-loop diagram are well-documented [3, 4] . The double parton scattering singularity will occur for any one-loop diagram which satisfies the following criteria. First, the two initial state particles must be massless, and each of these initial state particles should be connected to two loop particles which are also massless. Then, the four massless loop particles should interact in two separate pairs, with particles from different initial state particles interacting. There is no restriction on the final state from each interaction, only that it should have total invariant mass squared which is timelike. Such diagrams will also generically contain collinear singularities.

The conditions to have a collinear or soft singularity in a one-loop diagram are well-documented.


This answer to this question is of interest to two groups of people. The first of these is the NLO multileg community, who need to know where the singularities are in a loop integral, and how bad they are, to ensure (for example) accurate numerical evaluation of the loop integral [2, 5, 6] . It is also of interest to the multiple parton interaction (MPI) community, since the nature of the DPS singularity in one loop diagrams determines whether part of these diagrams should be regarded as a leading order (LO) double parton scattering process or not. If the infra-red DPS singularity in one-loop diagrams of the appropriate structure is not integrable at the cross section level, then the singularity should be absorbed into multiparton distributions, and a part of each loop diagram can be associated with LO DPS. On the other hand, if the DPS singularity is integrable at the cross section level, then the one-loop diagrams can simply be regarded as contributing to single parton scattering processes.

The first of these is the NLO multileg community, who need to know where the singularities are in a loop integral, and how bad they are, to ensure (for example) accurate numerical evaluation of the loop integral.


Sodium alginate flocculant is widely used in medicine, food, printing, dyeing, papermaking and other industries as its gelling ability, stabilizing properties, and high viscosity in aqueous solutions [6] [7] [8] . Sodium alginate is a polysaccharide carbohydrate which is a linear polymer consisting of (1-4)-poly-β-D-mannuronic acid and (1-4)-α-L-guluronic acid [9] [10] [11] . Sodium alginate can be extracted from the kelp seaweeds and other algae [12] . Sodium alginate is a flocculation reinforcing agent in papermaking wastewater treatment and it is acted as a framework material in flocculation. It will accelerate the forming of flocculation particles and shorten the time of flocculation.

Sodium alginate flocculant is widely used in medicine, food, printing, dyeing, papermaking and other industries as its gelling ability, stabilizing properties, and high viscosity in aqueous solutions.

Sodium alginate is a polysaccharide carbohydrate which is a linear polymer consisting of (1-4)-poly-β-D-mannuronic acid and (1-4)-α-L-guluronic acid.

Sodium alginate can be extracted from the kelp seaweeds and other algae.


Time-triggered architecture (TTA) has been proposed and widely used to address the composability and predictability challenges in CPS. As a computation platform, TTA provides precise timing and fault-tolerance guarantees for both control software and networked data communications [9] . In addition, there have been on-going efforts towards the standardization of communication systems based on timetriggered (TT) paradigm, especially in-vehicle networks (e.g. FlexRay and TTEthernet), with the overall goal of ensuring highly reliable, deterministic, and fault-tolerant system performance [16] [14] .

As a computation platform, TTA provides precise timing and fault-tolerance guarantees for both control software and networked data communications.

In addition, there have been on-going efforts towards the standardization of communication systems based on timetriggered (TT) paradigm, especially in-vehicle networks (e.g. FlexRay and TTEthernet), with the overall goal of ensuring highly reliable, deterministic, and fault-tolerant system performance.


Indeed, based on the positive correlation between problem size and the frequency of retrieval errors, combined with the finding that most of these errors were table-related, suggests that the interfering effects of competing associations probably contributed to the problem-size effect for the Chinese adults (Campbell, 1995) . In fact, when the frequency of retrieval errors is partialled from the relationship between retrieval RTs and the product variable, the magnitude of the problem-size effect is reduced (b = 0.81 vs. 1.02) but is still marginally significant, t(38) = 1.69, p < 0.10. Thus, if the frequency of retrieval errors provides an estimate of the interfering effects of multiple associations, then an additional influence on the problem-size effect, such as access to magnitude representations, is plausible.

Indeed, based on the positive correlation between problem size and the frequency of retrieval errors, combined with the finding that most of these errors were table-related, suggests that the interfering effects of competing associations probably contributed to the problem-size effect for the Chinese adults.


There is biological plausibility for opioids to have effects on the kidney. Most previously reported effects primarily relate to changes in water and electrolyte balance [29] . However, a recent study in mice reported morphine-induced albuminuria through compromised integrity of podocyte structure and the slit diaphragm of the glomerular basement membrane. In particular, effacement of podocyte foot processes was observed in this model [30] . As the present association of opioid use with albuminuria in humans is a novel finding, further experimental studies are needed to more clearly elucidate underlying mechanisms.

Most previously reported effects primarily relate to changes in water and electrolyte balance.

In particular, effacement of podocyte foot processes was observed in this model.


Carboplatin is used as a safer PBD with less reported nephrotoxicity; however its myeloablative doses of 800 mg/m 2 were shown to be nephrotoxic [25] . Also, acute interstitial nephritis was reported in 2 cases receiving Carboplatin [26] . In addition, Carboplatin induced hematuria and AKI in an old patient on Carboplatin for ovarian carcinoma was reported [27] . Furthermore, grades 1 and 2 nephrotoxicity were reported in 4-5% of cases receiving Carboplatin [28] .

Carboplatin is used as a safer PBD with less reported nephrotoxicity; however its myeloablative doses of 800 mg/m 2 were shown to be nephrotoxic.

Also, acute interstitial nephritis was reported in 2 cases receiving Carboplatin.

In addition, Carboplatin induced hematuria and AKI in an old patient on Carboplatin for ovarian carcinoma was reported.

Furthermore, grades 1 and 2 nephrotoxicity were reported in 4-5% of cases receiving Carboplatin.


Several distinctions may be made among the possible approaches to the indexing of the future linear trajectories of moving points. First, approaches may differ according to the space that they index. Assuming the objects move in -dimensional space ( ½ ¾ ¿), their future trajectories may be indexed as lines in ( · ½ )-dimensional space [26] .

Assuming the objects move in -dimensional space ( ½ ¾ ¿), their future trajectories may be indexed as lines in ( · ½ )-dimensional space.


The transverse polarization parton distribution h 1 (transversity) is the least known of parton distribution functions (PDFs) because it is not diagonal in the helicity basis (in jargon, it is a chiralodd function). As such, h 1 is suppressed in simple processes like inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (DIS). It can be measured only in processes with at least two hadrons: semi-inclusive DIS (SIDIS) or hadronic collisions. On the other hand, the chiral-odd transversity is very peculiar. There is no transversity for gluons in a spin- 1 2 hadron. Therefore, h 1 scales under QCD evolution as a pure non-singlet function. Its first Mellin moment, the so-called tensor charge, can be useful to search for effects from physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) [1] .

Its first Mellin moment, the so-called tensor charge, can be useful to search for effects from physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM).


Alternatively, transversity can be extracted in the standard framework of collinear factorization using data from two-hadron SIDIS. In fact, the related cross section at leading twist contains a term which is proportional to the product of h 1 and H 1 , a specific chiral-odd Di-hadron Fragmentation Function (DiFF) [4, 5] . The same H 1 appears in the leading-twist cross section for the semi-inclusive emission of back-to-back hadrons pairs in e + e − annihilations [6] . The H 1 was parametrized from the e + e − data of BELLE for production of (π + π − ) pairs [7] . The valence components h u v 1 and h d v 1 of transversity were subsequently extracted from the HERMES and COMPASS data for SIDIS production of (π + π − ) pairs [8, 9] . Recently, the analysis was updated by enclosing the latest and more precise COMPASS data for a transversely polarized proton target [10] . The fit is based on a functional form for h 1 that satisfies the Soffer bound at any scale, and whose low-x behaviour is constrained to give a finite integrated tensor charge; in fact, present fixed-target data do not put sufficient bounds on the low-x trend. The functional form was taken enough flexible to accommodate different scenarios with one, two, or three nodes, and varying as well the normalization of the strong coupling constant at the Z boson mass to account for the theoretical uncertainty in the determination of the Λ QCD parameter. The outcomes turned out to be rather stable against these variations [10] . In the following, only the results from the scenario with two nodes (the socalled flexible scenario) will be shown. The error analysis was carried out by fitting 100 different replicas of data obtained by altering the experimental points with a random noise within the experimental uncertainty [10] . This approach is more general than the traditional Hessian method. It does not rely on approximating the parameter dependence by a linear expansion around the minimum; moreover, it gives a more realistic description of the statistical uncertainty, particularly when extrapolation outside the range of experimental data is needed [9] .

In fact, the related cross section at leading twist contains a term which is proportional to the product of h 1 and H 1 , a specific chiral-odd Di-hadron Fragmentation Function (DiFF).

The same H 1 appears in the leading-twist cross section for the semi-inclusive emission of back-to-back hadrons pairs in e + e − annihilations.

The H 1 was parametrized from the e + e − data of BELLE for production of (π + π − ) pairs.

The valence components h u v 1 and h d v 1 of transversity were subsequently extracted from the HERMES and COMPASS data for SIDIS production of (π + π − ) pairs.

Recently, the analysis was updated by enclosing the latest and more precise COMPASS data for a transversely polarized proton target.

The outcomes turned out to be rather stable against these variations.

The error analysis was carried out by fitting 100 different replicas of data obtained by altering the experimental points with a random noise within the experimental uncertainty.

It does not rely on approximating the parameter dependence by a linear expansion around the minimum; moreover, it gives a more realistic description of the statistical uncertainty, particularly when extrapolation outside the range of experimental data is needed.


Recently, experimental evidence for the predicted azimuthally asymmetric distribution of (π + π − ) pairs in the pp ↑ → π + π − X process, has been released by the STAR Collaboration. Using the h 1 and H 1 obtained from the fit to the SIDIS and e + e − di-hadron data, we have compared our predictions based on the h 1 H 1 mechanism with the STAR data, obtaining an asymmetry with size and shape in very reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements [13] . This is an important achievement because it suggests that the same universal elementary mechanism is active in all hard processes leading to the inclusive production of (π + π − ) pairs, thus opening the way to include also hadronic collision data for the extraction of transversity. Incidentally, by excluding from the fit the above mentioned deuteron bins from the COMPASS SIDIS data set we also notice that discrepancies at forward rapidities between theoretical predictions and STAR data get reduced [11] . In turn, this suggests that proton-proton collision data would have a large impact on our knowledge of transversity if included in a global fit. Therefore, such a global fit is timely. In the following, we will show some preliminary results along this line.

Using the h 1 and H 1 obtained from the fit to the SIDIS and e + e − di-hadron data, we have compared our predictions based on the h 1 H 1 mechanism with the STAR data, obtaining an asymmetry with size and shape in very reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements.

Incidentally, by excluding from the fit the above mentioned deuteron bins from the COMPASS SIDIS data set we also notice that discrepancies at forward rapidities between theoretical predictions and STAR data get reduced.

Therefore, such a global fit is timely.


One of the major focuses in Swedish forestry is to decrease fuel consumption at forestry work [1] . Presently it is estimated that the average fuel consumption is 1.7 l/m 3 harvested wood from stump to landing at road side [2] . Usually this figure includes a harvester felling and bucking the trees, and a forwarder for the terrain transport of timber to the landing. However, in the work performed large masses are handled (trees or logs) and, thus, the machines are often heavy. Machine masses are especially high in the work of transporting trees or logs from the terrain to roadside landing points, as it is operational and fuel efficient to maximize payloads with good transport speed. At harvesting operation it is suggested that the forwarder fuel consumption could be decreased by improving the transmission chain. Another motive to look closer at the transmission chain is the concerns about soil damage at harvesting operation. One reason for this is the year around harvesting operation to supply the industry with timber. The expected more rainy periods and less frozen ground in north Europe due to climate change will increase soil moisture content and reduce the bearing capacity which in turn would increase wheel slippage. Good planning before harvesting should steer the operation towards better areas, but unexpected heavy rains can alter ground conditions very fast. Heavy axle loads and wheel slippage will create deep rutting and soil compaction and increase the fuel consumption [3, 4, 5] . Thus, there is generally a conflict between minimized soil disturbance and maximized operational efficiency.

One of the major focuses in Swedish forestry is to decrease fuel consumption at forestry work.

Presently it is estimated that the average fuel consumption is 1.7 l/m 3 harvested wood from stump to landing at road side.

Heavy axle loads and wheel slippage will create deep rutting and soil compaction and increase the fuel consumption.


For computer simulations, the regional power system model in Power System Simulation for Engineers (PSS/E) software format has been used [20] . It has been developed and regularly updated and verified by 12 regional TSO. The model consists of more than 5500 nodes, 2000 power plants, 2200 generators, 9000 lines and 2800 transformers. It is the most detailed SE European power system model ever prepared and it has been used for reserve, load flow and voltage analyses. On the other side, besides power system model, the SE regional context is analyzed through the WPP data collected and verified by 12 TSO (including Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Kosovo, Albania, Turkey and Greece) through a series of detailed questionnaires (324 inputs collected) and intensive regional cooperation supported by USAID and USEA since 2000. Besides that, large set of input data on hourly wind energy generation profiles for each power system for the 2020 planning horizon was employed from the Pan-European Market Database (PEMD). Also, historical data on wind energy generation was applied as a reference when such data was available, as well as data from the national wind energy integration studies. In order to make computer simulations suitable for this analysis, South East European Regional Transmission System Models (RTSM) for 2020 have been upgraded in accordance to the updated national wind power plant development plans, including best knowledge of the national TSO. It includes grid connection points of the planned WPP and their installed capacity. Analyses on the RTSM with PSS/E software platform ensured clear view to transmission system adequacy under different wind power integration scenarios in this region. Special attention was given to the network overloading and voltage profiles in different wind power scenarios. Expected network bottlenecks and the role of new interconnection and internal lines under different future wind power integration scenarios has also been checked [21] . Novelty of this analysis among mostly small regional systems is in the regional approach that has never been used in this region before and it is giving clear quantification of potential savings which was missing in this region. It is important to note that all power system regimes in which transmission lines are overloaded (beyond thermal limit), in full (n) topology or (n − 1) contingency analyses are treated and referenced as "insecure states". So, operational security of the system was taken into account. Voltage values are also analyzed both in full (n) topology as well as in (n − 1) contingency scenarios. However, voltage values out of limits are not treated as limiting factor here, since usually these issues have local character.

For computer simulations, the regional power system model in Power System Simulation for Engineers (PSS/E) software format has been used.

Expected network bottlenecks and the role of new interconnection and internal lines under different future wind power integration scenarios has also been checked.


This analysis reveals that a regional approach reduces the power reserves required to balance wind energy fluctuations. Maximum fluctuations of the total sum of regional wind energy output ranges from ±1900 MWh/h. This is equivalent to 11% of total WPP capacity projected to be installed in the region. As a result, the regional approach reduces the required power reserve capacity to less than a half of the power reserve capacity when compared to the current country-by-country individual approach. More precisely, with the regional approach we need only 1900 MW of the reserve capacity, which is 42-48% of the reserve requirements of the individual country-by-country approach (4600 or 4000 MW). Also under the regional approach, to managing WPP variation 99% of the time, the fluctuations will range from ±800 MWh/h. By comparing the regional to country-by-country approach, TSO coordination balancing of power reserves decreases total reserve requirements by −2600 MWh/h, respectively +2000 MWh/h [21] . Therefore, the regional approach would significantly decrease the power system reserve requirements for balancing wind energy fluctuations to less than half of that required by the current individual country approach. In addition, the calculation mechanism that determines the power reserve capacity for the regional approach as well as the benefits of TSO coordination of balancing power reserves as if it were a single power system could be extended to other interconnected regions.

By comparing the regional to country-by-country approach, TSO coordination balancing of power reserves decreases total reserve requirements by −2600 MWh/h, respectively +2000 MWh/h.


The study found positive associations between ever having had a mammogram, having CBE within the past two years, and performing monthly breast-exams, that is, adoption of one screening practice was positively correlated with other breast screening modalities in the current study. This finding was consistent with a previous study conducted in the U.S. among immigrant Asian women [39] . While CBE may be the more commonly accessible screening in China, the encounter can act as an ideal educational moment for care providers to educate women about the importance of mammography and improve adherence with both screening modalities. It is also equally important that during these educational encounters the need to emphasize the importance and relevance of screening, particularly among previously never-screened women, and to encourage women who had previously performed CBE and breast self-exams (BSEs) that mammogram screening cannot be replaced by the compliance of regular CBEs and monthly BSEs.

This finding was consistent with a previous study conducted in the U.S. among immigrant Asian women.


In this paper, the high correlation of neighboring SMVQ indices in the index table is explored in order to propose a new SMVQ-based reversible data hiding scheme. Our proposed scheme combines SMVQ and SOC coding to improve both embedding capacity and the compression rate of an SMVQ-compressed image further. In addition, the restoration of the original SMVQ is obtained after extracting the secret data. In the proposed scheme, which is based on SMVQ and SOC, each index is classified into one of five different cases. Then, the indices that belong to Case 1 and Case 2 are used to support a high embedding capacity. Whereas, the indices belonging to Case 4 and Case 5 are used to support a low compression rate. As a result, a great amount of embedding capacity is obtained in the proposed scheme, which successfully solves the weakness (low embedding capacity) of the currentexisting schemes [8, 9, 11, 12] . The experimental D results show the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of embedding capacity, embedding rate, compression rate, and visual quality compared to certain existing schemes [8, 9, 11, 12] .

As a result, a great amount of embedding capacity is obtained in the proposed scheme, which successfully solves the weakness (low embedding capacity) of the currentexisting schemes.

The experimental D results show the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of embedding capacity, embedding rate, compression rate, and visual quality compared to certain existing schemes.


Lately, microorganisms employed as support materials has being attracting great interest because of their major advantages such as ample resources, environmentally friendliness, and abundant functional groups [13] . Bacillus subtilis is a kind of genus Bacillus and can be easily found in water, soil, air, and decomposing plant matter [13] [14] [15] . Thus, owing to its distinguished physicochemical/biological properties, B. subtilis has been selected as an ideal candidate for the synthesis of composite materials for organic pollutants removal [13] [14] [15] [16] . However, until now, no one has been focused on the preparation and application of integrated Fe 3 O 4 @B. subtilis heterogeneous catalyst.

Lately, microorganisms employed as support materials has being attracting great interest because of their major advantages such as ample resources, environmentally friendliness, and abundant functional groups.

Bacillus subtilis is a kind of genus Bacillus and can be easily found in water, soil, air, and decomposing plant matter.

Thus, owing to its distinguished physicochemical/biological properties, B. subtilis has been selected as an ideal candidate for the synthesis of composite materials for organic pollutants removal.


Air-breathing hypersonic vehicle (AHV) is a new type of aircraft flying in the near space at a speed of more than Mach 5. It has outstanding advantages in terms of high speed, high maneuverability, and large flight envelope that traditional aircrafts do not have, which possesses potential applications in both civilian and military fields [1] [2] [3] . But it also has more complex coupling, stronger nonlinearity, more severe elastic vibration, and tighter control input constraints than ordinary aircraft due to the flat and slender body design of the AHV and the integration of scramjet engine, which make the flight control of AHV a frontier issue in today's control field [4, 5] .

It has outstanding advantages in terms of high speed, high maneuverability, and large flight envelope that traditional aircrafts do not have, which possesses potential applications in both civilian and military fields.

But it also has more complex coupling, stronger nonlinearity, more severe elastic vibration, and tighter control input constraints than ordinary aircraft due to the flat and slender body design of the AHV and the integration of scramjet engine, which make the flight control of AHV a frontier issue in today's control field.


In this present study, the viable counts of Lactobacillus spp for both types of yogurts confirmed to reduce during refrigerated storage (by day 14 for cow-milk yogurts and day 7 for camel-milk yogurts). This result was in agreement with previous study that found refrigerated storage decreased the viable counts of Lactobacillus spp significantly by the 14th day of refrigerated storage (Shah and Ravula, 2001; Haynes and Playne, 2002; Kailasapathy and Sultana, 2003; Laniewska-Trokenheim et al., 2010) . Additionally, the reduction of Lactobacillus spp counts could be associated with the post-acidification of yogurt which causes a further reduction in pH values (Shah, 2000; Omer and Eltinay, 2009; Eissa et al., 2010) . However, in this present study, the pH of cow-milk yogurts reduced at faster rates than camel-milk yogurts during refrigerated storage (data not shown). Thus, the more rapid reduction of Lactobacillus spp counts in all camel-milk yogurts than cow-milk yogurts (Figs. 1 and 2 ) could be attributed to the higher antibacterial properties of camel milk than cow milk (El Agamy et al., 1992) .

This result was in agreement with previous study that found refrigerated storage decreased the viable counts of Lactobacillus spp significantly by the 14th day of refrigerated storage.

Additionally, the reduction of Lactobacillus spp counts could be associated with the post-acidification of yogurt which causes a further reduction in pH values.

Thus, the more rapid reduction of Lactobacillus spp counts in all camel-milk yogurts than cow-milk yogurts (Figs. 1 and 2 ) could be attributed to the higher antibacterial properties of camel milk than cow milk.


Full face rock boring machine (TBM) is a symbol product of the equipment manufacturing industry. The design, manufacturing capacity is one of the important symbols to measure a country's development and advanced degree in manufacturing industry [1] . In hard rock, the boring process often accompanies with big torque, thrust, and large impact load. The excessive vibration of TBM will cause nonnormal damage in critical components and shorten the life of TBM. Therefore, studying the vibration characteristics of TBM from the angle of dynamics is quite important.

The design, manufacturing capacity is one of the important symbols to measure a country's development and advanced degree in manufacturing industry.


Conceptually, a true zero is different from a censored zero. A true zero typically symbolizes something not happening, whereas a censored zero only means that its occurrence was below a certain threshold. To deal with such situations, conventional likelihood methods have been proposed to test for the presence of censoring (Berk & Lachenbruch, 2002) . Such observations usually require a different strategy, and will not be presented in this article.

To deal with such situations, conventional likelihood methods have been proposed to test for the presence of censoring.


When the original homeomorphism h belongs to a Banach space X of functions that includes piecewise affine functions, it is desirable to approximate h by a piecewise affine homeomorphism both in the supremum norm and in the norm of X. In fact, the difficulty of proving approximation of homeomorphisms h by piecewise affine ones depends on the dimension n, the differentiability properties of h, and the norm in which this approximation is done. In the context of Nonlinear elasticity explained above, ideally one assumes that n ∈ {2, 3}, the function h and its inverse are in W 1,p , and looks for approximation in the W 1,p norm. Unfortunately, this is still an open problem, as put forward by Ball [3] .

Unfortunately, this is still an open problem, as put forward by Ball.


In recent years, air pollution has been an area of concern of the public, governments, as well as academia. This is partly due to the rising awareness of the negative health consequences associated with air pollution, particularly in developing countries. Estimates from a report by the World Health Organization (WHO) suggest air pollution to be responsible for one in every nine deaths annually, while outdoor pollution alone kills around 3 million people each year. The report further reveals that only one in every ten persons resides in a city which complies with WHO air quality guidelines (VOC) and their effect on ozone formation. The authors found liquefied petroleum gas and solvent in coating/painting to be the major contributor of ozone formation. A follow-up study to this went far to unveil the contribution of agricultural burning to ozone formation (18%) [19] . The authors suggest VOC control and a ban on agricultural biomass burning to be considered as a means of improving air quality in Wuhan.

A follow-up study to this went far to unveil the contribution of agricultural burning to ozone formation (18%).


In addition to the technology trajectory of miniaturizing components for enhanced performance as per Moore's law, which has been the dominating roadmap that drives the advancement of information technology in the last few decades, much effort has been paid on integrating individual micro/nanodevices with diversified functionalities into multi-functional micro/nano-systems (MNS) and large-scale networks for structural health and environmental monitoring, personal electronics, human-machine interfacing and biomedical diagnosis/therapy [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Integration of these discrete devices with dedicated functionality toward self-powered smart systems, which incorporate the embedded energy scavenging/storage units for perpetual and maintenance-free operations, is proposed to be one of the major roadmaps for electronics [7] [8] [9] . The miniaturized dimensions of nanomaterials and the capability of modulating their compositions/properties in well-controlled manners not only present the potential for addressing some of the critical challenges faced by silicon-based microelectronics, but also enable the possibility of incorporating into systems with diversified functionalities, which do not necessarily scale as per Moore's law to complement digital signal/data processing with augmented functional capabilities, such as interactions between machine and human/environment (Fig. 1) . Approaches for developing a direct interface between the machine and human/ambient are highly desired for realizing the above applications.

In addition to the technology trajectory of miniaturizing components for enhanced performance as per Moore's law, which has been the dominating roadmap that drives the advancement of information technology in the last few decades, much effort has been paid on integrating individual micro/nanodevices with diversified functionalities into multi-functional micro/nano-systems (MNS) and large-scale networks for structural health and environmental monitoring, personal electronics, human-machine interfacing and biomedical diagnosis/therapy.

Integration of these discrete devices with dedicated functionality toward self-powered smart systems, which incorporate the embedded energy scavenging/storage units for perpetual and maintenance-free operations, is proposed to be one of the major roadmaps for electronics.


Most OECD countries face major challenges in (re-)organising the funding and provision of care to respond to the increasing demands of patients with chronic diseases. Notably, most of those patients suffer more than one chronic condition at the same time and become multimorbid patients [1] . In fact, it has been suggested that multimorbidity itself is the ''most prevalent chronic condition'' [2] , [3] . Individuals manifesting multimorbidities typically have a lower quality of life, and higher degree of disability, psychological distress, risk of mortality, and utilisation of health (and social) services than if we considered their chronic conditions in isolation or individuals with a single chronic condition [4] . Therefore, it is widely accepted that health systems need to focus their strategies for confronting such problem.

Notably, most of those patients suffer more than one chronic condition at the same time and become multimorbid patients.

In fact, it has been suggested that multimorbidity itself is the ''most prevalent chronic condition''.

Individuals manifesting multimorbidities typically have a lower quality of life, and higher degree of disability, psychological distress, risk of mortality, and utilisation of health (and social) services than if we considered their chronic conditions in isolation or individuals with a single chronic condition.


In its development, several studies have considered alternative transport modes (e.g. private vehicles, school buses, public transports) and the effect of household characteristics such as factors of income and number of private motor vehicles ownership into children's travel mode (DiGuiseppi et al., 1998; Vovsha and Petersen, 2005) . However, only a few studies that examine more deeply about the characteristics of each household member. For instance, whether or not there is an influence of the number of employees with designated start time at workplace or the number of school going children in a household on children's travel mode choice to school.

In its development, several studies have considered alternative transport modes (e.g. private vehicles, school buses, public transports) and the effect of household characteristics such as factors of income and number of private motor vehicles ownership into children's travel mode.


Although it might be argued that the findings of the present study are less meaningful because we chose not to include a group of older adults who had sustained only one as opposed to multiple falls in the previous year, our decision was guided by previous arguments in the literature that recurrent falls might be not only more predictive but also more likely to signal a true physiological disposition to falling (Chandler, 2000; Nevitt et al., 1989) . In reviewing our own database comprising more than 500 community-residing older adults who have completed comprehensive balance and mobility screenings within the past 3 years, of the 109 adults who reported sustaining a single fall during the previous year, approximately 50% of the older adults tested were considered to be at low risk for falls based on their performance on multiple clinical tests of balance and mobility, as well as impairment-based tests using computerized posturography. Only 12 older adults who had reported a single fall during the previous year were categorized at high risk after completing the comprehensive assessment. These additional data would appear to support previous arguments that sustaining a single fall in a 12-month period is not a reliable indicator of actual fall risk.

Although it might be argued that the findings of the present study are less meaningful because we chose not to include a group of older adults who had sustained only one as opposed to multiple falls in the previous year, our decision was guided by previous arguments in the literature that recurrent falls might be not only more predictive but also more likely to signal a true physiological disposition to falling.


The decision to exclude older adults who had sustained only one fall during the previous year was made in order to maximize the identification of "true" fallers. It has been previously argued that recurrent falls might be more predictable and associated with a physiological predisposition to falling or more serious consequences than a single, isolated fall event (Chandler, 2000; Nevitt, Cummings, Kidd, & Black, 1989) . Participants meeting both the general and the specific eligibility criteria for the present study included 71 older adults (mean age 76.6 years, SD = 6.2, range 63-89) with no history of falls during the previous year and 63 older adults (mean age 78.1 years, SD = 6.5, range 62-90) with a history of two or more falls (M = 2.8, SD = 1.4) within the same time period. A health and physical activity questionnaire was used to obtain important demographic and health information, as well as each participant's fall history. Participant characteristics are summarized in Table 1 .

It has been previously argued that recurrent falls might be more predictable and associated with a physiological predisposition to falling or more serious consequences than a single, isolated fall event.


Although it is important that clinicians be able to identify individuals who are in need of immediate intervention, using a cutoff score assumed to predict the probability of falls from a single test of balance might not constitute the best decision-making method. One alternative and perhaps more appropriate method that could be adopted by developers of screening tests would be to calculate threshold values or criterion reference points that identify when an individual is at risk for loss of functional mobility or independence. Clinicians could then use these values to guide their recommendations for further treatment. Such criterion reference points have been established for each of the physical tests that make up the Senior Fitness Test (Rikli & Jones, 2001) . For the UG, for example, criterion reference points of 8.9 and 8.8 s were established for men and women, respectively. These scores mark the upper boundary of the zone for those at risk for loss of functional mobility or independence. It is interesting to note, however, how very close these values are to the fall-risk cutoff value of 8.5 s established in the present study. Given that a clinician's goal should be to identify older adults in need of immediate intervention before they begin falling, the use of criterion performance scores might constitute a better method for making appropriate treatment recommendations.

Such criterion reference points have been established for each of the physical tests that make up the Senior Fitness Test.


At present, advanced control techniques are based on reliable process models (Henson and Seborg, 1997) . In general, bioreactor modeling is a difficult task that requires a significant amount of time and effort to properly understand the system and to identify its phenomenological model. Indeed, many aspects complicate the modeling of bioprocesses. For example: biochemical reactions in a fermentation process are highly nonlinear and depend on several inducing ambient parameters (e.g., temperature, pH, etc.); the metabolic processes of microorganisms are very complex and, generally, are not well understood (Wiechert, 2002; Hiroshi, 2002) . The modeling task is further complicated because the fermentation duration is short and large differences arise among different fermentations having the same initial and operating conditions. Therefore, this partial understanding makes it difficult to design a reliable advanced controller. The model complexity depends on factors such as: the amount of fundamental knowledge; data requirements and availability for the model construction and validation; computational power requirements; and the intended use of the model. Some model uses are e.g.: to explain an observed behavior; to predict the system evolution; to include it as a part of the control system; to detect anomalies; and similar purposes (Bernard, 2001) .

At present, advanced control techniques are based on reliable process models.

For example: biochemical reactions in a fermentation process are highly nonlinear and depend on several inducing ambient parameters (e.g., temperature, pH, etc.); the metabolic processes of microorganisms are very complex and, generally, are not well understood.

Some model uses are e.g.: to explain an observed behavior; to predict the system evolution; to include it as a part of the control system; to detect anomalies; and similar purposes.


It was reported in literature that PbAc-TU complex is metastable in methanol and the decomposition of simple methanolic lead acetate-thiourea complex takes place by itself at room temperature leading to PbS particles [22] . At an initial stage, -NH 2 moiety of ACA interacts with Pb surface through lone pair in methanolic medium. The interaction of ACA on Pb surface probably decreases the rate of decomposition of PbAc-TU complex. However, this decomposition is further accelerated by continuous stirring. In the reaction mechanism, stirring is a driving force of the reaction. It provides an exposure for the deomposition of PbAc-TU complex. Apart from that, stirring also provides a favorable condition for heterogeneous nucleation, which is ultimately responsible for obtaining regular size and shape of NPs.

It was reported in literature that PbAc-TU complex is metastable in methanol and the decomposition of simple methanolic lead acetate-thiourea complex takes place by itself at room temperature leading to PbS particles.


In the present contribution, PbS NPs were synthesized via an easily and rapid technique using ACA mixed PbAc-TU complex as a precursor. Utilization of this precursor allows a simple route for the synthesis of well-dispersed PbS NPs at room temperature compared to previously reported synthetic route for the synthesis of PbS NPs using PbAc-TU complex by microwave and sonochemical techniques [22] . Physical, optical and surface properties of the as-prepared PbS NPs show that these NPs are nanocrystalline and size quantized. ACA molecules work as a soft template and are bound to Pb surface through nitrogen lone pair.

Utilization of this precursor allows a simple route for the synthesis of well-dispersed PbS NPs at room temperature compared to previously reported synthetic route for the synthesis of PbS NPs using PbAc-TU complex by microwave and sonochemical techniques.


This paper has demonstrated the important role of commodity-specific consumption externalities in generating structural change using a two-sector general equilibrium model. Under the presence of commodity-specific consumption externalities, the utility function exhibits non-homothetic from the perspective of social consumption, even though the individual's preference is homothetic with respect to each good and production function of each sector is of the AK form with constant productivity. We have shown not only that structural change occurs when the degrees of consumption externalities are different from each other, but also that aggregate economy exhibits balanced growth in the sense that capital stock and expenditure grow at the same constant rate, which is consistent with the Kaldor facts. Our results have shown the important implications for differences in country pattens of structural change. If the two countries have different initial benchmark levels of consumption goods, they follow the different patterns of structural change despite the same initial values of capital stock, technologies and preferences. Furthermore, their aggregate economy exhibit exactly the same performance. This could be a possible explanation for why the patterns of structural change vary across structurally similar countries (Jorgenson and Timmer, 2011) .

This could be a possible explanation for why the patterns of structural change vary across structurally similar countries.


In large-scale energy storage systems operational safety is of prime importance and characteristics such as energy (Wh l À 1 ) and power density (W l À 1 ), which are major drivers in the development of devices for mobile applications, are of lesser concern. Other desirable characteristics for large scale energy storage systems are a low installed cost, long operating life, high energy efficiency and that they can be easily scaled from several kWh to hundreds of MWh. Different battery chemistries demonstrated for use at this scale include leadacid, lithium-ion and sodium-based batteries. Lithium-ion batteries exhibit very high round trip efficiencies (as high as 99%), energy densities in the range of 100-200 Wh kg À 1 and can typically withstand 1000 cycles before fading [17] . Sodium-based batteries (sodium-sulfur, ZEBRA) operate at temperatures in the region of 300-350°C and are characterized by a round trip efficiency of 80%, energy densities up to 150 Wh kg À 1 and lifetimes in excess of 3000 cycles [17] .

Lithium-ion batteries exhibit very high round trip efficiencies (as high as 99%), energy densities in the range of 100-200 Wh kg À 1 and can typically withstand 1000 cycles before fading.

Sodium-based batteries (sodium-sulfur, ZEBRA) operate at temperatures in the region of 300-350°C and are characterized by a round trip efficiency of 80%, energy densities up to 150 Wh kg À 1 and lifetimes in excess of 3000 cycles.


There have been several recent incidents where lithium-ion cells and sodium-sulfur batteries have failed which has resulted in the release of toxic materials; this aspect has raised serious safety concerns over the application of these batteries to large-scale energy storage [18] [19] [20] [21] . Not only there are safety concerns with these chemistries, but also these technologies are associated with high costs due to the materials used, manufacturing processes and auxiliary systems required for their operation. As a result of these considerations, the inherent safety and potential low cost offered by the aqueous-based electrochemical energy storage devices discussed in the following sections reveals that they can contribute positively to large-scale energy storage applications.

There have been several recent incidents where lithium-ion cells and sodium-sulfur batteries have failed which has resulted in the release of toxic materials; this aspect has raised serious safety concerns over the application of these batteries to large-scale energy storage.


Lead acid batteries are well known for their low rate of self-discharge, complicated production process, low cost of raw materials, recyclability, and good performance over a wide range of operating temperatures. Significant developments in performance have been achieved by the introduction of a valve-regulated system and also by the addition of carbon material to the anode. The use of carbon in the Pb anode improves both cell efficiency and cycle life due to reduced PbSO 4 accumulation [31] .

The use of carbon in the Pb anode improves both cell efficiency and cycle life due to reduced PbSO 4 accumulation.


The Norwegian electricity system is dominated by renewable hydroelectricity, itself a clean and cheap energy source. In the period from the end of WWII to the late 1980s, several factors combined to accustom both individual and large-scale Norwegian electricity consumers to abundant electricity at a very low price. Norway has many waterfalls and a history of social democratic governments willing to subsidise dam construction to provide cheap electricity for industry and price controls for household consumers. It also has had a highly centralised supply-driven approach to generation and transmission of electricity that relied on constructing new production capacity well in advance of increases in demand (Thue 1996) . This means that many Norwegian hydro plants have been in operation for decades and are paid for many times over.

It also has had a highly centralised supply-driven approach to generation and transmission of electricity that relied on constructing new production capacity well in advance of increases in demand.


However, the last large-scale hydro development in Norway took place in the early 1980s, when a large dam project in the far north was constructed against opposition from conservationists and indigenous activists. The controversy led to a de facto moratorium on large hydro dam constructions. There are not many large waterfalls left in Norway, and using the remaining few for electricity production would be extremely controversial. As a result, when demand for electricity caught up with available supply towards the end of the 1990s, the question of more small-scale new electricity generation came to the forefront of public discussion. At the same time, Norway committed to increasing its production of renewable energy through EU agreements (Skjølsvold, Ryghaug, and Dugstad 2013) .

At the same time, Norway committed to increasing its production of renewable energy through EU agreements.


Salmonella spp. remains as one of the main causes of alimentary infection in humans. Poultry meat and eggs are constantly linked to clinical cases. The success of control strategies for salmonellosis in chickens is associated with several factors, among which is the control of bacterial contamination at its sources [1] . The reduction of novel infections in positive flocks is an important part of control programs for Salmonella, to which immunization has a relevant role [1] .

The success of control strategies for salmonellosis in chickens is associated with several factors, among which is the control of bacterial contamination at its sources.

The reduction of novel infections in positive flocks is an important part of control programs for Salmonella, to which immunization has a relevant role.


Previous studies discussing CO 2 capture with carbide slag or modified carbide slag reported that carbonate conversions up to 28% could be reached after 100 calcination/carbonation cycles in the optimal temperature range of 650 to 700 • C [17] . Modified sorbents produced from carbide slag using reagents such as aluminum nitrate hydrate and glycerol water solution and propionic acid has higher CO 2 capture capacity compared to untreated slag. While these studies focused on enhancing the conversion of carbide slag, there was a limited fundamental understanding of the phase transitions and textural behavior of the key constituents of carbide slag such as calcium hydroxide [26, 27] . This fundamental understanding is essential for engineering efficient reaction routes for accelerated carbon mineralization with targeted conversions to minimize the associated energy consumption and costs.

Previous studies discussing CO 2 capture with carbide slag or modified carbide slag reported that carbonate conversions up to 28% could be reached after 100 calcination/carbonation cycles in the optimal temperature range of 650 to 700 • C.

While these studies focused on enhancing the conversion of carbide slag, there was a limited fundamental understanding of the phase transitions and textural behavior of the key constituents of carbide slag such as calcium hydroxide.


One of the emerging challenges in sustainable energy production is the development of integrated pathways for carbon dioxide capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). With CO 2 concentrations increasing from~280 ppm before the industrial age to over 400 ppm presently, the need for CCUS technologies is unprecedented [1] [2] [3] [4] . The transition to a low carbon economy will require us to develop a portfolio of technologies for capturing, utilizing, and storing CO 2 at the gigaton scale [5] . Carbon mineralization is one approach which involves the accelerated conversion and storage of CO 2 as water insoluble calcium and magnesium carbonate via thermodynamically downhill routes [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . Various routes including gas-solid and gas-liquid-solid reaction routes have been explored to accelerate the conversion of CO 2 to calcium and magnesium carbonates [13] [14] [15] . While gas-solid reaction routes are easier to implement, the kinetics of CO 2 conversion to calcium and magnesium carbonates may be slower. However, with increasing interest in the direct use of dilute concentrations of CO 2 representative of flue gas concentrations or atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, the need to understand the phase transitions and the textural changes in sorbents such as calcium hydroxide as it is converted to calcium carbonate provides important insights into the composition of these materials for potential use.

With CO 2 concentrations increasing from~280 ppm before the industrial age to over 400 ppm presently, the need for CCUS technologies is unprecedented.

The transition to a low carbon economy will require us to develop a portfolio of technologies for capturing, utilizing, and storing CO 2 at the gigaton scale.

Carbon mineralization is one approach which involves the accelerated conversion and storage of CO 2 as water insoluble calcium and magnesium carbonate via thermodynamically downhill routes.

Various routes including gas-solid and gas-liquid-solid reaction routes have been explored to accelerate the conversion of CO 2 to calcium and magnesium carbonates.


While including a formal TMI in the behavioral consultation model holds promise for enhancing treatment integrity, there are limitations inherent in this approach. For example, the consultation process conceptualized here is likely to be a labor-intensive activity. The four consultation interviews require a substantial investment of time from both the consultant and consultee(s). This high level of active participation and commitment required by the expanded BC model might be unrealistic for many educators given their classroom schedules and limited planning time (Wilczynski et al., 2000) . Likewise, more frequent feedback than that provided by the TMI may be required to sustain treatment implementation, further increasing logistic demands (Jones et al., 1997; Noell et al., 2005) . From a costbenefit perspective, procedural aspects of BC may need adjustment to accommodate these empirical barriers. For example, it might be necessary to streamline the process and reduce duplication to improve efficiency. Another important limitation involves the use of consultee self-reports to monitor treatment plan implementation. This method can be influenced by social desirability and may inflate estimated levels of integrity when compared to direct observation and permanent product data (Gresham et al., 2000; Lane et al., 2004) .

This high level of active participation and commitment required by the expanded BC model might be unrealistic for many educators given their classroom schedules and limited planning time.

Likewise, more frequent feedback than that provided by the TMI may be required to sustain treatment implementation, further increasing logistic demands.

This method can be influenced by social desirability and may inflate estimated levels of integrity when compared to direct observation and permanent product data.


The fidelity with which consultative-derived intervention plans are implemented with students is an essential component of consultation practice (Gresham et al., 2000) . As problem-solving consultation is more widely adopted by the school psychology community, practitioners must recognize the importance of treatment integrity as a defining feature of successful intervention (Erchul & Schulte, 1996) . Expanding the behavioral consultation model to include the treatment monitoring interview (TMI) described in this article represents an initial step in developing the structure and technology necessary to address one of the most critical aspects of school-based consultation practice: ensuring the accurate implementation of our behavioral interventions.

The fidelity with which consultative-derived intervention plans are implemented with students is an essential component of consultation practice.

As problem-solving consultation is more widely adopted by the school psychology community, practitioners must recognize the importance of treatment integrity as a defining feature of successful intervention.


Other emotions were also related to some behaviors and outcomes. For example, presession disgust and guilt were associated with more cooperative plays at the beginning of game play (but after the very first play). The findings for guilt were consistent with other studies that have demonstrated a link between guilt and cooperation (Burton-Chellew et al., 2010; Ketelaar & Au, 2003; Reuben & van Winden, 2010) . That presession disgust was positively correlated with cooperative behaviors was counterintuitive; inspection of the presession mean for disgust, however, suggested that it was negligible, M disgust = .58, SD = 1.09 (which was not true of contempt). Thus, the correlations with presession disgust may have reflected statistical artifacts due to floor effects.

The findings for guilt were consistent with other studies that have demonstrated a link between guilt and cooperation.


Currently, applications of aluminum include industrial sectors such as automotive, aerospace and construction. Aluminum is also the most abundant crust element in earth after oxygen and silicon. Especially, pure aluminum has soft and low strength characteristics, other elements are added to aluminum composition for improving their strength. There are variety types of aluminum. Aluminum alloy AA6061 is based on Magnesium (Mg) -Silicon (Si) and are widely used in automotive industry. It is was reported that 1 kg of aluminum in a car can reduce CO 2 emissions by 19 kg during its whole life-cycle [1] . In addition, 5−7 percent fuel savings can be realized for every 10% weight reduction by substituting aluminum as a car body to replace a heavier steels through an appropriate car design.

There are variety types of aluminum.

It is was reported that 1 kg of aluminum in a car can reduce CO 2 emissions by 19 kg during its whole life-cycle.


Currently, most of the solutions for authenticating users into their devices and other mobile services are based on the same solutions offered when using desktop computers, which usually involve the use of a PIN, a strong password, or some sort of extra external security token device. These techniques become cumbersome when applied to mobile devices and do not always provide a satisfactory user experience. Besides, they are not a sustainable approach for the future of mobile interactions, in which people would carry only one secure trustable device to perform most of their tasks and would preferably use only one hand to operate such device [17] .

Besides, they are not a sustainable approach for the future of mobile interactions, in which people would carry only one secure trustable device to perform most of their tasks and would preferably use only one hand to operate such device.


Fault tolerance basically means guaranteeing the correct operation despite a fault occurrence, and thus signifies higher reliability. Occurrence of a fault internal or external to a function module 1 should not affect the actual output of that function module. If this is ensured, then the fault occurring internally or externally is said to be masked or successfully hidden from being observed by the outside world. On the contrary, if the fault is not masked, it would affect the desired output expected from a function module causing an erroneous output to be produced instead of producing the correct output. Hence, faults which do not cause an error are said to be masked (concealed). On the other hand, faults that result in an error are said to be exposed (revealed). In short, the manifestation of a fault is construed to be an error [4] .

In short, the manifestation of a fault is construed to be an error.


Second the appropriateness of the construct representation that, in the absence of specific construct facets, pertains to the number of variables is important (Hogarty, Hines, Kromrey, Ferron, & Mumford, 2005; MacCallum, Widaman, Zhang, & Hong, 1999) . To some degree the number of necessary variables depends on the response format. If the response format includes two categories only, usually a larger number of variables is necessary than in the multi-category case.

Second the appropriateness of the construct representation that, in the absence of specific construct facets, pertains to the number of variables is important.


While spectroscopic techniques are easy to use, they produce a huge amount of data which can be difficult to handle. Researchers resolve this problem by applying data reduction methods, such as principal component analysis, partial least squares or rule-based regression (Bellon-Maurel and McBratney, 2011) . Because of the complex and overlapping absorption of soil constituents in the infrared spectra, it is unfeasible to predict OM from the reflectance at selected wavelengths. The use of these chemometric methods in the past twenty years made it possible to predict various soil properties from the whole spectra. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) is a linear model, which uses both the spectral and known property data during the calculation of the principal components (Wold et al., 1984) . The known property data, spectral information and organic matter content, are projected onto a latent variable, and a second orthogonal variable is derived from the residuals. This process is repeated until the model is complete. The method has advantages in reducing spectral dimension, noise, and avoiding the need for wavelength selection. PLSR has been used routinely in NIR spectroscopy for predicting soil properties. However, because of its linear nature, the PLS model have limitations in its prediction power.

Researchers resolve this problem by applying data reduction methods, such as principal component analysis, partial least squares or rule-based regression.

Partial least squares regression (PLSR) is a linear model, which uses both the spectral and known property data during the calculation of the principal components.