Parametric instability is a common phenomenon existing on offshore structures, such as ships, spar platforms, the tethers of tension-leg platforms (TLPs) and risers. When parametric instability occurs, motions in some degree of freedom will increase largely so that structures and crews will suffer harm. Over the past few years, several ships have suffered accidents due to parametric roll (France et al., 2003; Hua et al., 2006) . Parametric instability of spar platforms and risers has also been observed in experiments (Hong et al., 2005; Huse et al., 1998) .

Over the past few years, several ships have suffered accidents due to parametric roll.

Parametric instability of spar platforms and risers has also been observed in experiments.


In general, the techniques for Intrusion Detection (ID) fall into two major categories depending on the modeling methods used: misuse detection and anomaly detection. Misuse detection compares the usage patterns with known techniques of compromising computer security. Although misuse detection is effective against known intrusion types, it cannot detect new attacks that were not predefined. Anomaly detection, on the other hand, approaches the problem by attempting to find deviations from the established patterns of usage. Anomaly detection may be able to detect new attacks. However, it may also have a significant number of false alarms because the normal behavior varies widely and obtaining complete description of normal behaviors is often difficult. Architecturally, an intrusion detection system can be categorized into three types: host based IDS, network based IDS and hybrid IDS [15] , [16] . A host based intrusion detection system uses the audit trails of the operating system as a primary data source. Network based intrusion detection systems, on the other hand, use network traffic information as their main data source. Hybrid intrusion detection systems use both methods [17] .

Architecturally, an intrusion detection system can be categorized into three types: host based IDS, network based IDS and hybrid IDS.

Hybrid intrusion detection systems use both methods.


Although a non-palpable lesion is identified mammographically in 10-20% of breast cancer cases, many occult non-palpable tumours are missed because of their small size (up to 30% of occult tumours being \ 5 mm) or are obscured by dense fibroglandular tissue [4, 34] . A negative mammogram should prompt imaging of the breast with ultrasound and/or breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is more sensitive than either mammography or breast ultrasound [35] . In our review of CUPAx patients, breast MRI identified a primary in 59% of 162 cases, data that confirm accuracy rates published previously [35, 36] . The identification of a primary breast cancer by MRI may facilitate breast conserving surgery instead of mastectomy. However, breast MRI is also characterized by high falsepositive rates (29% in one study), therefore biopsy of suspicious lesions is advisable [37] .

Although a non-palpable lesion is identified mammographically in 10-20% of breast cancer cases, many occult non-palpable tumours are missed because of their small size (up to 30% of occult tumours being \ 5 mm) or are obscured by dense fibroglandular tissue.

A negative mammogram should prompt imaging of the breast with ultrasound and/or breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is more sensitive than either mammography or breast ultrasound.

In our review of CUPAx patients, breast MRI identified a primary in 59% of 162 cases, data that confirm accuracy rates published previously.

However, breast MRI is also characterized by high falsepositive rates (29% in one study), therefore biopsy of suspicious lesions is advisable.


Contrary to what was hypothesized, stress does not explain unique variance of self-reported performance. However, more stressed employees feel less comfortable and pleasant. This corroborates the literature which suggests that stress is associated with low levels of job satisfaction and PWB (Deborah et al., 1993; Daniels & Guppy, 1994; Fairbrother & Warn, 2003) . This indicates that the effect of stress on performance may be indirect and that stress may be detrimental of performance when it turns into lower affective well-being.

This corroborates the literature which suggests that stress is associated with low levels of job satisfaction and PWB.


The relevance of psychological climates is also corroborated by the finding suggesting that they predict unique variance of self-reported performance. Perceptions of open and frank communication with leaders may improve the quality of leader member-exchange and foster individual performance. It is also likely that the perceptions of good opportunities for learning and personal development induce employees to get meaning for performing the job, to feel that they can develop their competencies and to put their full potential in carrying out the job. This is consistent with a prominent stream of literature arguing that employees engage more completely and invest their entire selves in the job when they perceive that the work environment is psychologically safe and meaningful and that it provides conditions to satisfy their psychological needs (Brown & Leigh, 1996) .

This is consistent with a prominent stream of literature arguing that employees engage more completely and invest their entire selves in the job when they perceive that the work environment is psychologically safe and meaningful and that it provides conditions to satisfy their psychological needs.


We measure the individuals' perceptions of their work environment, which represent the "psychological climate": how individuals view the organization. The aggregation of these perceptions represents the "collective climate". Collective climates are statistically generated to empirically produce collections of individuals who share similar psychological climate perceptions (Joyce & Slocum, 1984) . Individuals answered in a six-point scale ranging between "the statement is completely false" (1) and "[it] is completely true" (6). Confirmatory factor analysis shows that the six-factor model fits the data well (Table 2) . Only one Lambda is lower than 0.50 (0.49), and Alphas exceed or are very close to 0.70.

Collective climates are statistically generated to empirically produce collections of individuals who share similar psychological climate perceptions.


Resorption of bone Ca for egg shell formation in high producing hens is likely the cause of osteoporosis in layers during post peak production (Abe et al., 1982) . It has also been suggested that the efficiency of the hydroxylation reactions necessary to convert cholecalciferol into its metabolically active form i.e. 1, 25 (OH) 2 D 3 may be reduced in aged hens (Frost et al., 1990; Elaroussi et al., 1994) ). Adequate level of 1, 25 (OH) 2 D 3 is required for the regulation of Ca absorption and excretion and initiate the mobilization of Ca from the bone to provide adequate Ca required for egg shell formation (Abe et al., 1982) .

Resorption of bone Ca for egg shell formation in high producing hens is likely the cause of osteoporosis in layers during post peak production.

It has also been suggested that the efficiency of the hydroxylation reactions necessary to convert cholecalciferol into its metabolically active form i.e. 1, 25 (OH) 2 D 3 may be reduced in aged hens).

Adequate level of 1, 25 (OH) 2 D 3 is required for the regulation of Ca absorption and excretion and initiate the mobilization of Ca from the bone to provide adequate Ca required for egg shell formation.


The elucidation of metabolism of vitamin D 3 and the role of this vitamin in Ca and P metabolism and egg shell quality has been one of the phenomena of nutritional research over the last three decades. Investigations into the ability of the older hens to metabolize or respond to vitamin D 3 have shown that shell quality and bone strength deteriorates more rapidly (Bar and Hurwitz, 1987) . However, supplementation of vitamin D 3 to the deficient diets alleviated the decline in productivity and shell quality (Newman and Leeson, 1997) .

Investigations into the ability of the older hens to metabolize or respond to vitamin D 3 have shown that shell quality and bone strength deteriorates more rapidly.

However, supplementation of vitamin D 3 to the deficient diets alleviated the decline in productivity and shell quality.


Considering that the faults occur in high speed shaft drive trains, this could be a subject of study [31, 32] . The test rig for high speed shaft drive train as subsystem of wind turbine has been constructed in order to do experimental study and acquire data for validation of developed mathematical model. Another purpose of the test rig is to investigate strategies to detect faults. Early fault detection is important since it can reduce the cost of maintenance drastically.

Considering that the faults occur in high speed shaft drive trains, this could be a subject of study.


We propose the global sensitivity analysis (GSA) as a tool to better investigate wind turbine drive train dynamics, more 2 International Journal of Rotating Machinery specifically, high speed shaft drive train models. The aim is to quantify the input structural parameters' effect to objective functions of the system dynamics (interaction quantification set [16] ). From GSA the most influential design parameters on objective functions of wind turbines can be determined, which could ease the optimization process by narrowing down the number of input design parameters.

The aim is to quantify the input structural parameters' effect to objective functions of the system dynamics (interaction quantification set).


The Barents Sea is a highly productive shelf sea with an average depth of approximately 230 m. While other ocean areas within the Arctic region stay ice covered most of the year, the Barents Sea has a long ice-free period due to the inflow of warm water from the Atlantic Ocean. Capelin (Mallotus villosus) and Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) are the dominant fish stocks in the Barents Sea, and the area is of major importance for Norwegian and Russian fisheries. Anthropogenic influences on the Barents Sea ecosystem include large scale commercial fishing, offshore oil and gas exploration, dumping of radioactive wastes, and contaminant input through long range transport (Klungsøyr et al., 1995) .

Anthropogenic influences on the Barents Sea ecosystem include large scale commercial fishing, offshore oil and gas exploration, dumping of radioactive wastes, and contaminant input through long range transport.


Several terms are used in this paper to describe travel by individuals. A trip is a movement between a pair of activity locations, or stops (e.g., between home and work or between a store and a park). In general, a trip does not include travel on the same property. Travel between two different stores in the same shopping complex is considered to be a trip, as long as it involves travel outside of a building. Each trip includes at least one stage. A stage represents movement using a single mode of transportation. If a person changes modes in the middle of a trip between two activity locations (e.g., changing from walking to riding the bus), he or she is changing stages of the trip. Finally, a tour (i.e., trip chain) is the set of all trips that a person makes from leaving home until returning home. These definitions are similar to those proposed to describe travel data from the National Household Travel Survey (McGuckin and Nakamoto 2004) .

Each trip includes at least one stage.

These definitions are similar to those proposed to describe travel data from the National Household Travel Survey.


One of the important issues of ionospheric height variations is the connection with nighttime plasma instabilities at low latitudes. At the magnetic equator, the lower part of the ionosphere rapidly recombines after sunset, and the resultant steep vertical-density gradient leads to an onset of plasma irregularities through the Rayleigh-Taylor (R-T) instability. The growth rate of the R-T instability is high when the ionospheric layer height is high. A high layer height is attained through upward E×B drift due to enhanced eastward zonal electric field through the F-region dynamo process (Matuura, 1974; Heelis et al., 1974; Farley et al., 1986) . A large transequatorial neutral wind, say larger than 100 m/s, also causes an apparent layer uplift, because the plasma at lower altitudes inside the short flux tube is blown away, however, this does not lead to plasma instabilities (Maruyama, 1996) . A possible effect of the transequatorial wind is suppression of the R-T instability through increased Pedersen conductivity at the leeside foot that is electrically connected with the equatorial ionosphere by a magnetic field line with a large conductivity (Maruyama and Matuura, 1984; Maruyama, 1988; Mendillo et al., 1992; Saito and Maruyama, 2006) . Thus, it is important to separate the zonal electric field and meridional neutral wind effects on the ionospheric height changes. However, in general, this separation is not easy to do with ionosonde observations taken at a limited number of locations.

A high layer height is attained through upward E×B drift due to enhanced eastward zonal electric field through the F-region dynamo process.

A large transequatorial neutral wind, say larger than 100 m/s, also causes an apparent layer uplift, because the plasma at lower altitudes inside the short flux tube is blown away, however, this does not lead to plasma instabilities.

A possible effect of the transequatorial wind is suppression of the R-T instability through increased Pedersen conductivity at the leeside foot that is electrically connected with the equatorial ionosphere by a magnetic field line with a large conductivity.


It has been acknowledged that populations of the western part of Indonesia were strongly influenced by Mongoloid gene pool, while those in the eastern part of Indonesia were strongly influenced by Melanesian gene pool (Sofro, 1982) . If this the case, higher frequency of ApoE ε4 allele is peculiar for Melanesian populations. The influence of these two gene pools in Indonesian populations has been also confirmed by the distribution of various genetic markers and genetic relationship analysis (Sofro, 1982) .

It has been acknowledged that populations of the western part of Indonesia were strongly influenced by Mongoloid gene pool, while those in the eastern part of Indonesia were strongly influenced by Melanesian gene pool.

The influence of these two gene pools in Indonesian populations has been also confirmed by the distribution of various genetic markers and genetic relationship analysis.


The global mean sea surface temperature (SST) has increased more than 0.67 ºC during the last 100 years (Trenberth et al., 2007) . Due to this observed tendency and its potential negative implications for natural and socioeconomic systems, several major international scientific organizations and many individual scientists are devoting a great deal of time and efforts to the challenge of measuring, understanding, and forecasting climate change and its impacts. Scientific information on climate change has been dramatically increasing during the last few decades, as reflected in the series of four assessments published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 1990 Change in , 1995 Change in , 2001 Change in and 2007 (the fifth assessment is expected to be published in 2013/14). However, those same documents still have large data gaps that need to be filled during the upcoming years in order to better understand climatic changes.

The global mean sea surface temperature (SST) has increased more than 0.67 ºC during the last 100 years.


In underwater applications, anechoic tiles are often used to minimise the acoustic reflection coefficient of structures submerged in water. These tiles may consist of a rubber substrate containing a significant number of microscopic (∼ 20 µm radius) hollow elastic spheres, whose thickness is around 2 % of their radius. The pressure of the water causes the tiles to be compressed uniaxially, eventually causing the shells to buckle, thus softening the material [1] . A first step in understanding this behaviour is an analysis of the buckling of a single embedded spherical shell.

The pressure of the water causes the tiles to be compressed uniaxially, eventually causing the shells to buckle, thus softening the material.


In soils, as well as in fine roots, strong interactions occurred between the elements Ca and Mg and between Fe and Al. These were apparent before and after the wood ash treatment (except for Ca and Mg in fine roots before the treatment). This indicates that the availability and uptake of Ca is strongly linked with that of Mg, whereas the availability and uptake of Al tends to correlate with that of Fe. This raises questions about the use of the BC/Al or the Ca/Al ratios where the assumption is made in the foreground that Al interferes with the uptake of Ca and Mg (Cronan and Grigal, 1995; Horst, 1995) . Similar highly positive correlations between Fe and Al in fine roots were observed in an earlier study with coniferous trees from various forest stands in Switzerland (Brunner et al., 2002) .

This raises questions about the use of the BC/Al or the Ca/Al ratios where the assumption is made in the foreground that Al interferes with the uptake of Ca and Mg.

Similar highly positive correlations between Fe and Al in fine roots were observed in an earlier study with coniferous trees from various forest stands in Switzerland.


Acidifying pollutants pose a potential threat to the environment. To monitor them ecological assessment indicators based on the concept of critical loads of acidity are used to document the extent and potential health risks associated with these stresses. The main indicator is the molar BC/Al ratio of the soil solution (Sverdrup and Warfvinge, 1993) . The threshold value is 1, which represents a 50% risk of the soil system suffering Al stress (Cronan and Grigal, 1995) . Using this molar BC/Al ratio of the soil solution, an increase in the soil acidification was documented over a period of 10 years at a sensitive forest site in southern Switzerland . With the wood ash application in the present study, the molar BC/Al ratio of the soil solution at a soil depth of 10-15 cm increased within the first two years from about 1 to 6. The increase was still ongoing after four years.

The main indicator is the molar BC/Al ratio of the soil solution.

The threshold value is 1, which represents a 50% risk of the soil system suffering Al stress.


The Kriging-based underwater terrain interpolationreconstruction method ignores the nonlinear terrain features so that the interpolated accuracy is relatively low. Therefore, it needs a nonlinear compensation. Studies have shown that natural terrain has self-similarity, or scale independence, and the feature can be expressed by a stationary random process. Fractal theory is often used for digital terrain modeling [14, 15] . Because of the self-similarity of terrain feature, fractal theory can approximate the terrain better and therefore has theoretical advantage. FBM is the important stochastic process in modern nonlinear time series analysis. FBM can effectively express the nonlinear phenomena in nature, so it is one of the most effective models used to describe the terrain Mathematical Problems in Engineering 3 features. Using analysis of fractal features of underwater terrain data based on the FBM principle, the terrain selfsimilarity features can be extracted and the Kriging based interpolation results can incorporate the nonlinear compensation.

Fractal theory is often used for digital terrain modeling.


Modelled climate change projections are generalized over large areas and demonstrate substantial conti¬ nental variation. They suggest northeastern Ontario may not warm as dramatically as NW Ontario, and the climate may become drier towards the Mani¬ toba border (Parker et al., 2000) . The size, location, unique biophysical landscape and projected climate response of NW Ontario justifies its role as a unique study area for examining the implications of climate change on woodland caribou.

They suggest northeastern Ontario may not warm as dramatically as NW Ontario, and the climate may become drier towards the Mani¬ toba border.


This study is devoted to the description of Ho 2 O 3 -TiO 2 nanolaminates, grown by atomic layer deposition. Earlier, films consisting of mixtures of Ho 2 O 3 and TiO 2 with variable Ho:Ti ratio have been grown by ALD [27] . The present paper will concentrate on stack of alternate Ho 2 O 3 and TiO 2 films with controlled interlayer thickness. Effects of heat-treatment on the film morphology, crystal structure and magnetic properties are presented and discussed. The study was initially motivated by the interest in the materials which could be deposited at low temperatures in a controlled way as structurally and optically well defined layers and, in the as-deposited state or after post-deposition treatment, exhibit magnetization, posssibly allowing development of multiferroic materials.

Earlier, films consisting of mixtures of Ho 2 O 3 and TiO 2 with variable Ho:Ti ratio have been grown by ALD.


Patients with a thick layer of subcutaneous tissue, or sacral anomalies, can pose problems in electrode placement [1] . The most common complications associated with sacral nerve stimulation are: infections in 1-9% of cases and pain in 4-24% of cases. A good part of the complications is related to electrode placement itself, such as poor positioning of the electrode (2-7%) and migration of the electrode (1-20%) [1, 26, 33] .

Patients with a thick layer of subcutaneous tissue, or sacral anomalies, can pose problems in electrode placement.

A good part of the complications is related to electrode placement itself, such as poor positioning of the electrode (2-7%) and migration of the electrode (1-20%).


Speaking activities like pre-writing discussions are popular in ESL writing classes. Little, however, is known about whether talking prior to writing affects the quality of ESL students' compositions. Nor it is clear how peers and teacher led discussions affect students' writing. The few studies that examined the effect of pre-writing discussions have all suggested students write better after talking about a topic (Bossio, 1993; Kennedy, 1983; Meyer, 1980; Reff, 1966; Sweigart, 1991; Vinson, 1980) . However, none of these studies have tried to establish clearly how teacher-student or student-student interactions actually assist students' writing. Inspired by this pedagogical need, Bossio 1993 examined L2 peer and teacher-led prewriting discussions, comparing these two circumstances to situations where students had no discussions before drafting their essays.

The few studies that examined the effect of pre-writing discussions have all suggested students write better after talking about a topic.


The best explanation for this result is the theory of multiple intelligences. This theory provides a way of understanding intelligence which teachers can use as a guide to develop classroom activities and to address multiple ways of learning and knowing (Gardner, 1999) . Teaching strategies informed by multiple-intelligence theory can transfer some control from teachers to learners by giving students choices in the ways they will learn and demonstrate their leaning. By focusing on problem-solving activities that draw on multiple intelligences, these teaching strategies encourage learners to build on existing strengths and knowledge (Kallenbach, 1999) .

This theory provides a way of understanding intelligence which teachers can use as a guide to develop classroom activities and to address multiple ways of learning and knowing.

By focusing on problem-solving activities that draw on multiple intelligences, these teaching strategies encourage learners to build on existing strengths and knowledge.


The experimental study of the production of vector boson pairs by the VBF mechanism is still not fully developed. Observation of the related process p + p → Z + jet + jet has established the feasibility of the VBF method [13, 14] . The results are found to be in agreement with Standard Model predictions [15, 16] .

Observation of the related process p + p → Z + jet + jet has established the feasibility of the VBF method.

The results are found to be in agreement with Standard Model predictions.


Due to massive consumption of primary energy, the problems of energy shortage and environmental deterioration are prominent. Therefore, the recovery of low-grade heat sources such as solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, and low temperature waste heat is imperative [1] [2] [3] . Among all existing technologies, organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has proven to be a viable alternative to convert low-grade heat source into electricity [4, 5] . Additionally, it has advantages of high reliability, small size, and low capital cost since it has the same configuration as conventional steam Rankine cycle [6] . ORC uses organic compounds with a low boiling point instead of water as working fluid. Therefore, a higher inlet pressure of the turbine can be obtained even for the low temperature heat sources [7] . However, the thermal efficiency of the ORC system is at a relatively low level due to the low operating temperature. The ORC expander is another factor limiting the system efficiency, thus a high-performance expander is significant to enhance the performance of the ORC system.

Therefore, the recovery of low-grade heat sources such as solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, and low temperature waste heat is imperative.

Among all existing technologies, organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has proven to be a viable alternative to convert low-grade heat source into electricity.

Additionally, it has advantages of high reliability, small size, and low capital cost since it has the same configuration as conventional steam Rankine cycle.

Therefore, a higher inlet pressure of the turbine can be obtained even for the low temperature heat sources.


It is therefore not surprising that numerous analytical approaches have been employed for quantitation of H2O2 in complex sample matrices including titrimetry, electrochemistry, chromatography and spectroscopy (photometry, chemiluminescence, fluorescence and phosphorescence). The state of electrochemical sensing of H2O2 was reviewed recently [8, 9] . It has been shown that various types of electrochemical sensors can be used for fast measurements in both, the laboratory and the field. The specificity and sensitivity of the electrochemical sensors can be improved by the immobilization of enzymes or of nanoparticles on the surface of the electrode. Nevertheless, the application of electrodes is neither suitable for multiplexed measurements in high-throughput screening nor for intracellular assays or for in vivo imaging. The other drawback of electrochemical determinations of H2O2 is unreliability if other electroactive species are present in the sample.

The state of electrochemical sensing of H2O2 was reviewed recently.


To understand the development of this variation, the mbryogenesis of the renal vein system should be considered. At 8 weeks of embryogenesis, a circumaortic venous ring (so-called 'renal collar') is developed completely (Fig.  2A) . As development procedes, certain predestined parts of this primitive venous drainage obliterate, and normal development of renal vein in adult is completed (Fig. 2B) . In the present case, the left sub-supracardinal anastomosis, the inter-supracardinal anastomosis, the left ventral renal vein, and left supracardinal vein persisted. The left dorsal renal vein and the inter-subcardinal anastomosis were obliterated. This embryological approach can clearly explain the development of SRA-LRV and IRA-LRV in the present case. Persistence of the left sub-supracardinal anastomosis and the intersupracardinal anastomosis became SRA-LRV. Persistence of the sub-supracardinal anastomosis on the left side and the left supracardinal vein became IRA-LRV (Fig. 2C) . In the present report, a rare case with double retro-aortic left renal vein was described. Our report may contribute to the expansion of anatomic knowledge in reno-vascular structure because of its rarity. Awareness of venous variations in kidney may be useful because its variation could enhance iatrogenic injuries or complications during several invasive procedures and influence hemodynamic problems with unexplained symptoms [1, 3, 8] .

Awareness of venous variations in kidney may be useful because its variation could enhance iatrogenic injuries or complications during several invasive procedures and influence hemodynamic problems with unexplained symptoms.


In order to obtain surfaces with antibacterial activity, coatings of PHAs loaded with Genta as an antibiotic were used to cover Ti surfaces. There has been an increasing interest in the use of natural materials as drug delivery vehicles due to their appealing properties. The natural origin, biodegradability, and biocompatibility of PHAs make them suitable for a variety of applications in the health industry [10, 25, 26] . Particularly because of their property of biodegradation, PHAs were studied as a matrix for the antibiotic and as a controlled drug delivery system.

The natural origin, biodegradability, and biocompatibility of PHAs make them suitable for a variety of applications in the health industry.


Biomaterial-associated infection is a serious complication of modern implantation surgery which often leads to prolonged patient pain and functional losses. The removal of an infected implant is the final outcome of most of these infections, generating high costs for the health-care system and discomfort for the patient. Biomaterial infections are developed on the implant surface due to the ability of microorganisms to get attached and to further form biofilms [1] . Therefore, the study and the improvement of the implant surface to avoid the first stage for the biofilm formation of the pathogenic microorganism is required. To overcome implant-related infection and bacterial load on the implant surface, antibiotic drug incorporation and its controlled release can be a promising strategy. Implantable drug-eluting devices (or implantable drug delivery systems-DDS) offer several advantages over conventional drug delivery methods. For instance, they can provide localized, site-specific drug delivery, which is especially important in applications such as cardiology and oncology, where targeted delivery can improve the effectiveness of treatment and minimize side effects or damage to healthy tissue [2] . The design of DDS highly relies on polymers, which is driven by the suitability of physicochemical, mechanical and processability of the polymer-based formulations [3] .

Biomaterial infections are developed on the implant surface due to the ability of microorganisms to get attached and to further form biofilms.

For instance, they can provide localized, site-specific drug delivery, which is especially important in applications such as cardiology and oncology, where targeted delivery can improve the effectiveness of treatment and minimize side effects or damage to healthy tissue.

The design of DDS highly relies on polymers, which is driven by the suitability of physicochemical, mechanical and processability of the polymer-based formulations.


The question of tolerating failures in the population protocol model was raised by Delporte-Gallet, Fauconnier and Guerraoui [7] . They described how an example protocol can be adapted to tolerate failures. However, their approach is not generally applicable to all population protocols.

The question of tolerating failures in the population protocol model was raised by Delporte-Gallet, Fauconnier and Guerraoui.


However, although there was an overall significant priming effect for category coordinates and functionally related targets in Experiment 2, in the absence of associative strength, closer inspection revealed some interesting differences in the strength of priming for the various subtypes of information. Specifically, priming was weak for the artifact category coordinates, such as spade-rake and violin-guitar. As we discussed in the materials section, it has been claimed that category membership may be less important for human-made objects than for natural kinds (Atran, 1989) . This is consistent with our results because category coordinates from natural-kind categories primed much more strongly (e.g., pig-horse and plum-apricot). Further evidence for the hypothesis that functional properties are more important than category relations for artifacts is provided by the robust priming for the instrument relations such as broom-floor and knife-bread. All of the prime words in this condition came from categories of human-made objects such as tools, weapons, and so on. We also found that priming in the script subtype was rather weak when the primes and targets were not associated. So, for example, priming effects for pairs like restaurant-wine and zoo-penguin were only marginally significant in both participants and items analyses. This is also consistent with the idea that activation of this kind of schemabased information may be less central to the meaning of a word than other kinds of information. However, the difference in priming for script and instrument subtypes was not sufficient to give rise to a statistically significant interaction between subtype and priming, so it is not yet clear how marked the difference is between the two kinds of relationship.

As we discussed in the materials section, it has been claimed that category membership may be less important for human-made objects than for natural kinds.


Catch-tentacles are not found in all individuals, their development being stimulated by territorial threats from non-clonemates. Feeding-tentacles can transform into catch-tentacles when the anemone's territory is threatened. Their developments have been induced after non-clonemate individuals are placed together in crowded anemone cultures (Purcell, 1977b; Watson and Mariscal, 1983b) . Following contact with a non-clonemate, a cascade of hostile acts commences (Purcell, 1977b) . Catch-tentacles become inflated up to four times their resting length; they adhere onto their rival and discharge nematocysts. As the catch-tentacle is withdrawn, its tip might autotomise.

Their developments have been induced after non-clonemate individuals are placed together in crowded anemone cultures.

Following contact with a non-clonemate, a cascade of hostile acts commences.


At the microscopic level, point process-based microstructure models capture by construction the intrinsic discreteness of prices and volumes. A question of interest in this context is the microscopic to macroscopic transition in the price dynamics. This strand of research has attracted a lot of interest of late [1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 14, 21] .

This strand of research has attracted a lot of interest of late.


Wind speed time series (TS) is a one-dimensional vector that each value in the vector consists of a wind speed value and a time-stamp. Some statistical models such as Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) can be used for TS modelling and forecasting and was employed for wind speed/power TS forecasting [2] . However, ARMA is a linear model but the nonlinear wind speed TS is not suitable for linear modelling. Some Computational Intelligence (CI) based models were applied for wind speed/power TS forecasting [3] , [4] . These CI based models were evaluated and compared with statistical models and the results showed that they usually outperform statistical models.

Some statistical models such as Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) can be used for TS modelling and forecasting and was employed for wind speed/power TS forecasting.

Some Computational Intelligence (CI) based models were applied for wind speed/power TS forecasting.


EMD is a non-linear and non-stationary TS decomposition tool [10] . It decomposes a TS into a collection of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) and one Residue. Each IMF or Residue reflects a certain characteristic of the original TS, which is less complex than the original TS. The details of EMD are described in Section II-A.

EMD is a non-linear and non-stationary TS decomposition tool.


The invention of broadband terahertz generators, which are based on femtosecond lasers, triggered research in terahertz imaging and tomography, spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, biology and medicine, materials science, security and other applications. In applications which require tunable monochromatic coherent radiation, backward wave oscillators (in the millimeter and high submillimeter regions), injectionseeding parametric generators and difference-frequency generators are commonly used. However, the average power of all the above-mentioned generators is very low. The above-mentioned techniques and methods are described in a comprehensive review [1] .

The above-mentioned techniques and methods are described in a comprehensive review.


Several investigations that have been conducted recently have shown that air pollution affects the development of circulatory and respiratory diseases, with increased morbidity and mortality from these causes [6] [7] [8] . Consequently, air pollution and its effects on health are considered to be a public health problem. Nevertheless, very few studies have been conducted in Latin America on the effects of air pollution on health, particularly with regard to morbidity [9] .

Several investigations that have been conducted recently have shown that air pollution affects the development of circulatory and respiratory diseases, with increased morbidity and mortality from these causes.

Nevertheless, very few studies have been conducted in Latin America on the effects of air pollution on health, particularly with regard to morbidity.


The removal of parallel processing through FBGs, and the ensuing shift of label/code recognition from the wavelength domain (LI detection) to the time-domain (electronic delay computation), greatly increases the flexibility and simplicity of our design. This makes it particularly attractive in situations with high scalability requirements, where a single detector/decoder is used to distinguish a large number of coded signals, such as large optical packet/burst switches or centralized alloptical monitoring systems [23] . Indeed, the time-domain processing involved makes our design more suitable for optical coding applications than for conventional OCDMA, where decoding is required at the data rate [18] . Finally, it should be mentioned that one of the drawbacks of the proposed method is the spectral occupancy tradeoff against the code cardinality. However, network agility and fine granularity that would be enabled by OPS networks will increase the overall network throughput.

This makes it particularly attractive in situations with high scalability requirements, where a single detector/decoder is used to distinguish a large number of coded signals, such as large optical packet/burst switches or centralized alloptical monitoring systems.

Indeed, the time-domain processing involved makes our design more suitable for optical coding applications than for conventional OCDMA, where decoding is required at the data rate.


Regarding HPC platforms, new deployments are increasing significantly the number of cores installed in order to meet the ever growing computational power demand. This current trend to multi-core clusters underscores the importance of parallelism and multithreading capabilities [8] . Therefore, this scenario requires scalable parallel solutions, where communication efficiency is fundamental. This efficiency not only depends heavily on the network fabric, but more and more on the communication middleware. Furthermore, hybrid systems (shared/distributed memory architectures) increase the complexity of communication protocols as they have to combine inter-node and intra-node communications, which may imply efficient communication overlapping. Hence, Java represents an attractive choice for the development of communication middleware for these systems as it is a multithreaded language, supports the heterogeneity of the systems and can rely on efficient communication middleware that provides support on high-performance communication hardware. Thus, Java can take full advantage of hybrid architectures using intra-process communication in shared memory and relying on efficient inter-node communication. Moreover, Java can handle the increasing availability of computing resources thanks to its portability and the use of scalable communication middleware. Therefore, as scalability is a key factor to confront new challenges in parallel computing, we aim at providing such feature in Java message-passing middleware through the use of efficient nonblocking communications and high-speed networks support. Furthermore, MPJ collective primitives must implement scalable algorithms. Our F-MPJ (Fast MPJ) library addresses all these issues.

This current trend to multi-core clusters underscores the importance of parallelism and multithreading capabilities.


The public organizational change story can be briefly summarized as follows. The school principal introduced the change and the new administrative position. She expected that the change effort and the new administrator would be successful in increasing links across the separate groups in the school. However, during the school year several influential administrators strongly resisted the change (Bartunek & Reid, 1992) . Although the new academic coordinator worked very hard to accomplish the goals of the position, she felt like a failure at the end of the school year. She and other top administrators felt that nothing had changed during the year.

However, during the school year several influential administrators strongly resisted the change.


Therefore, it can be expected that with increasing longevity and improved dental care in Japan, there will be a concomitant increase in the number of elderly patients with teeth remaining and/or complex oral prostheses who undergo chemotherapy. This scenario raises the possibility that the complex oral environment will be conducive to poor oral hygiene in patients undergoing chemotherapy, as well as exacerbation of oral cavity adverse reactions [2, 7] . Furthermore, it has been postulated that improvement of oral health would alleviate the symptoms of oral mucositis in patients undergoing chemotherapy for solid tumors. Unfortunately, this hypothesis has not been validated [9] . To address this issue, we conducted the present study with the aim of assessing the efficacy of prophylactic professional oral health care (POHC), performed by dentists and dental hygienists, in reducing chemotherapyinduced oral mucositis in cancer patients.

This scenario raises the possibility that the complex oral environment will be conducive to poor oral hygiene in patients undergoing chemotherapy, as well as exacerbation of oral cavity adverse reactions.

Unfortunately, this hypothesis has not been validated.


In a variety of dynamic problems, exact solutions may not be obtained, and one has to employ approximate methods. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is an approximate numerical method used extensively in several research sectors, but especially in the analysis of structural members [17] . The method can be used for both continuous and discrete systems. It is based on a linear expansion of the solution in terms of admissible functions [18] . In vibration problems, the frequencies are deduced from a quotient with potential energy being the numerator and kinetic energy function being the denominator. This quotient is called the Rayleigh quotient. The expansion coefficients are obtained using the principle of minimum potential energy [18] .

The Rayleigh-Ritz method is an approximate numerical method used extensively in several research sectors, but especially in the analysis of structural members.

It is based on a linear expansion of the solution in terms of admissible functions.

The expansion coefficients are obtained using the principle of minimum potential energy.


In this work, we describe an additional non-fitting approach called the moments method based on the calculation of the first and second order moments of the probability density function p(t) which gives access to the FRET parameters (f D and t F ). A variant of this method has already been proposed by Isenberg and Dyson for resolving single fluorescence decay [23] . However, it requires an iterative fitting procedure for corrections estimation and to the best of our knowledge it was never applied to analyze FLIM image. The moments method that we introduce in this work is a fully non-fitting approach that can be automated.

A variant of this method has already been proposed by Isenberg and Dyson for resolving single fluorescence decay.


Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common inflammatory joint disorder in the world and one of the leading causes of disability [1] . Intra-articular (IA) injection of hyaluronic acid (HA) which is a glycosaminoglycan chain that occurs naturally within the knee joint, or viscosupplementation, is a widely used treatment for relief of OA pain in the knee [2, 3] . In addition to the mechanical effect of HA lubricating the joint and protecting the cartilage from mechanical degradation, IA-HA treatment is believed to exert its therapeutic effect by providing chondroprotection and anti-inflammatory effect, stimulating endogenous proteoglycan and HA synthesis, limiting subchondral bone changes, and reducing the action of joint nociceptors [4, 5] . However, recent OA treatment guidelines by American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) cast doubt on the utility of this therapy [6, 7] . This stands in contrast to the fact that many clinicians have found HA to be a valuable treatment option for those OA patients with cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic comorbidities which render use of many systemic drugs unsuitable [8] . Further analysis of clinical trial data should provide clinicians with more clarity on the utility of IA -HA over the discrepancy between guidelines and clinical practice.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common inflammatory joint disorder in the world and one of the leading causes of disability.

Intra-articular (IA) injection of hyaluronic acid (HA) which is a glycosaminoglycan chain that occurs naturally within the knee joint, or viscosupplementation, is a widely used treatment for relief of OA pain in the knee.

In addition to the mechanical effect of HA lubricating the joint and protecting the cartilage from mechanical degradation, IA-HA treatment is believed to exert its therapeutic effect by providing chondroprotection and anti-inflammatory effect, stimulating endogenous proteoglycan and HA synthesis, limiting subchondral bone changes, and reducing the action of joint nociceptors.

However, recent OA treatment guidelines by American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) cast doubt on the utility of this therapy.

This stands in contrast to the fact that many clinicians have found HA to be a valuable treatment option for those OA patients with cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic comorbidities which render use of many systemic drugs unsuitable.


The World Health Organization (WHO) has alerted governments about the development of the first non-infectious epidemic in human history: obesity (Froguel, Guy-Grand, & Clement, 2000) . Although modern life has brought major advances, it has also contributed to obesity "epidemic". Developed societies foster the overconsumption of energy-rich foods, while individuals expend less and less energy (De Bandt, 2004) . Industrialization and food processing, the sharp rise in home and industrial automation and the fast pace of modern life have strongly encouraged the development of sedentary lifestyles to the detriment of healthy living (Bouchard, 2000) .

The World Health Organization (WHO) has alerted governments about the development of the first non-infectious epidemic in human history: obesity.

Developed societies foster the overconsumption of energy-rich foods, while individuals expend less and less energy.

Industrialization and food processing, the sharp rise in home and industrial automation and the fast pace of modern life have strongly encouraged the development of sedentary lifestyles to the detriment of healthy living.


The results show that the simulated field based on ρ g = 0.1 is in better agreement with the corresponding measured field compared to other simulated fields. Moreover, it illustrates that the ground reflection factor has a direct relationship with the peak of dEz dt . Figure 8 shows a comparison between the simulated vertical electric field based on different values of reflection factor and the corresponding measured field for which the observation point is set on the surface of the ground with the observation point angle equal to 60 • with respect to the image of the lightning channel on the surface of the ground. The results show that the simulated field based on ρ g = 0.1 is in good agreement with the corresponding measured field while the peaks of the simulated fields have a direct relationship with the values of the ground reflection factor. It should be mentioned that the difference between the simulated field (based on ρ g = 0.1) and the corresponding measured field of that period can be due to inherent error of applied current model and also velocity profile along lightning channel, that is assumed as a constant value. In reality return stroke velocity is a height dependent variable [10, 19] .

In reality return stroke velocity is a height dependent variable.


Families in South Africa have been shaped by a combination of political, social, epidemiological, and economic factors [1] . As a result of South Africa's unique sociopolitical history and diverse cultures, the South African family is neither simple to describe nor easy to understand. Historically, South African families, during apartheid, were seen only as 'the white nuclear family' [2] [3] [4] . For black families, the term 'family' meant being separated from fathers and often mothers too because parents were compelled to leave their families to work in towns [3] . Parents faced the daily pain and hardship of not having their own children live with them as their children remained in the reserves with family members. Between 1948 and the early 1990s, the hallmark of black family life was centered on arrests, violence, brutality, detentions, murder, and executions by the apartheid government as South Africans strove for liberation of the country, the rights of people, and an end to separatism and segregation [3, 4] . Almost 2 decades after apartheid ended, new policies and legislation are stipulated to ensure the well-being of South Africans, but has this filtered to the family?

Families in South Africa have been shaped by a combination of political, social, epidemiological, and economic factors.

Historically, South African families, during apartheid, were seen only as 'the white nuclear family'.

For black families, the term 'family' meant being separated from fathers and often mothers too because parents were compelled to leave their families to work in towns.

Between 1948 and the early 1990s, the hallmark of black family life was centered on arrests, violence, brutality, detentions, murder, and executions by the apartheid government as South Africans strove for liberation of the country, the rights of people, and an end to separatism and segregation.


However, the availability of nutrients in these feed components is influenced by anti-nutritional factors present in the grain (non-starch polysaccharides, trypsin inhibitors and chymotrypsin) that negatively affect the use of energy by birds (ARAÚJO, 2007) . Furthermore, the amount of energy provided by the grain can also vary according to the amount of food consumed and the degree of extension of the bird's digestive tract (BLACK et al., 2005) . The amount of food consumed by the birds affects the nutrient application needed to meet their metabolic demands, since the volume of the digestive tract and the rate of passage of digesta affect the efficiency of digestion of food and absorption of nutrients. These factors emphasize the importance of determining the chemical and energetic composition of feed ingredients (TACHIBANA et al., 2010) .

However, the availability of nutrients in these feed components is influenced by anti-nutritional factors present in the grain (non-starch polysaccharides, trypsin inhibitors and chymotrypsin) that negatively affect the use of energy by birds.

Furthermore, the amount of energy provided by the grain can also vary according to the amount of food consumed and the degree of extension of the bird's digestive tract.

These factors emphasize the importance of determining the chemical and energetic composition of feed ingredients.


The determination of the energetic and chemical composition of the ingredients used in feed formulations is critical in order to provide a diet with accurate nutritional composition at minimal production cost. Cereal grains are a rich source of carbohydrates and are responsible for supplying most of the energy in the feed for broilers. Therefore, the digestion and utilization qualities of the grains are important (STAMMEN, 2010) .

Therefore, the digestion and utilization qualities of the grains are important.


The lowest water head of conventional pit turbine units is mostly above 4 meters. The design discharge is larger than 20 m 3 /s and efficiency usually reaches 87%. The highest efficiency is 90% [2] .

The highest efficiency is 90%.


Pit turbine unit is a type suitable for low head, large flow rate with simple structure, and convenient maintenance. The pit power station is rare in our country at present. The main reason is insufficient research on flow design and general structure types of shaft tubular units, key technologies to solve the problem of gearbox for increasing speed and oil supply head's arrangement with double adjusting structure. So, the shaft tubular unit type is not popularization and application, with simple structure, convenient installation and maintenance, and good hydraulic performance and low investment [5, 6] .

So, the shaft tubular unit type is not popularization and application, with simple structure, convenient installation and maintenance, and good hydraulic performance and low investment.


The study used the Big Five personality theory to investigate the student's personality traits and the VARK model to investigate the student's learning style preference. The VARK model can be used for the students to develop their own learning method with which they are conformable with and to perform at their own pace of understanding (Othman and Amiruddin (2010) . Any method in the VARK learning style, students can use to attain new knowledge and it can help students to stimulate a positive and challenging learning environment. Therefore, in some situations this approach might give the students more enjoyment in learning. In addition, by achieving the study's objective through data collection as outlined in the methodology and results sections, we would be able to describe an academic approach that would help in the learning and teaching process for both students and lecturers of the university.

The VARK model can be used for the students to develop their own learning method with which they are conformable with and to perform at their own pace of understanding.


For instance, Indian pharmaceutical industry is one of the most advanced in the world. According to the United Nations, in 2008 India got a position in "Top 15" ranking as one of the major medical products exporters with a share of 1.44%. According to KPMG report, total expenditures including developing, registration and approval of an application of a new drug are on average 10% of the similar costs in the US. Another explanation for the active growth of Indian pharmaceutical market may also be the global trends, such as aging of the population, and a transition to the prevalence cardiovascular and central nervous systems' diseases. India is expected to become one of the top 10 pharmaceutical markets with a volume of US$ 50 billion (Ternovenko, 2010) .

India is expected to become one of the top 10 pharmaceutical markets with a volume of US$ 50 billion.


Among the surprises from the lattice/matrix-model approach has been the discovery of theories which look very similar to the solved models of two-dimensional gravity coupled to matter, but for which no continuum or topological interpretation has been found. For example, a particularly natural family of matrix models can be derived from the integral over a unitary matrix. These have a double scaling limit whose exact solution is strikingly similar to that of the lattice gravity models, with the KdV hierarchy being replaced by the mKdV hierarchy [13, 14] . One is naturally led to ask whether these theories have equally simple world-sheet interpretations.

These have a double scaling limit whose exact solution is strikingly similar to that of the lattice gravity models, with the KdV hierarchy being replaced by the mKdV hierarchy.


The mKdV scaling limits come from tuning a coupling to a critical point where two endpoints of the eigenvalue distribution collide. This is generic for a unitary matrix, but is easy to arrange for a Hermitian matrix as well, for example by taking a double-well potential [15, 16] . Thus there are many possible graphical formalisms which one might try to interpret. Perturbation theory for the unitary matrix integral can be done by changing variables U = exp iH; the resulting graphs have vertices of arbitrary order as well as fermionic lines coming from a fermionic representation of the Jacobian [17] . We will discuss this expansion further in the conclusions. Alternatively one could sum over the expansions about the various minima of the double-well problem.

This is generic for a unitary matrix, but is easy to arrange for a Hermitian matrix as well, for example by taking a double-well potential.

Perturbation theory for the unitary matrix integral can be done by changing variables U = exp iH; the resulting graphs have vertices of arbitrary order as well as fermionic lines coming from a fermionic representation of the Jacobian.


In recent decades, growing environmental concern has motivated the development of sustainable processes and products. The need to develop biodegradable materials to replace synthetic products has led researchers to explore natural and renewable resources (Jim enez, Fabra, Talens, & Chiralt, 2012) . Biodegradable films employed as packaging materials can prevent moisture migration and protect food products during transport, avoiding mechanical damage and maintaining their physical integrity. Furthermore, they act as modified-atmosphere packaging that maintains the sensory characteristics of the product and prolongs its shelf life (Mali, Grossmann, & Yamashita, 2010) .

The need to develop biodegradable materials to replace synthetic products has led researchers to explore natural and renewable resources.

Furthermore, they act as modified-atmosphere packaging that maintains the sensory characteristics of the product and prolongs its shelf life.


The evidence presented here stands at odds with the cross-country evidence for a positive correlation between empowerment and per capita income (Doepke et al., 2012) . One possible explanation for the difference is that the cross-country variation in both income and empowerment is much greater than the within-country variation, and that with sufficiently large changes a positive association can be expected to appear. However, cross-country studies abstract from country-level heterogeneity that may make the association stronger or weaker. It cannot be assumed that economic development (narrowly defined) will inevitably lead to improvements in women's empowerment and wellbeing, and there is some reason to suppose that our findings may 17 The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients are 0.01 for income and freedom, 0.07 for income and decisions-1, and -0.02 for income and absent.

The evidence presented here stands at odds with the cross-country evidence for a positive correlation between empowerment and per capita income.


Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) is an in-vehicle system designed to promote compliance with speed limits by bringing the speed limit into the vehicle [1] . An ISA system can be configured to be 'advisory' or 'intervening' (overridable or non-overridable) [2, 3] . Extensive trials of both configurations have been carried out internationally, with UK trials in real-world driving conditions demonstrating that ISA can significantly reduce speeding and could in its non-overridable version deliver a 29% reduction in injury accidents [1, 3] .

Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) is an in-vehicle system designed to promote compliance with speed limits by bringing the speed limit into the vehicle.

An ISA system can be configured to be 'advisory' or 'intervening' (overridable or non-overridable).

Extensive trials of both configurations have been carried out internationally, with UK trials in real-world driving conditions demonstrating that ISA can significantly reduce speeding and could in its non-overridable version deliver a 29% reduction in injury accidents.


Where speeding occurs it is rarely deliberate but is often associated with cognitive overload because of the complexity of the driving environment. Excess speed can lead to fixed penalty notices (which can result in driver cessation) or increased risk of involvement in road traffic accidents [10] . Underpinning the research presented in this paper is the theory that the ISA can play a role in helping older drivers stay safely on the road for longer. Driving simulator-based experiments are described by examining three versions of ISA technology: Advisory, differential and mandatory. Forty-two volunteers participated, with those aged 60 and under forming a comparison group. The simulator experiments focused on comparing the differences in driving performance in terms of speeding and lateral lane-keeping with and without the three ISA systems. Any conclusions on driving performance are not directly related to participants' everyday driving.

Excess speed can lead to fixed penalty notices (which can result in driver cessation) or increased risk of involvement in road traffic accidents.


According to the self-report, only one older participant remained in paid employment (self-employed) and only two participants aged 60 and under were not in employment. However, more than half of the retired older participants were still doing voluntary work with only 42% (11 out of 26) no longer working. Research into the wellbeing of older people suggests that volunteering benefits health and those who volunteer are generally of better health than those who do not [12, 13] . Hence, it can be assumed that the majority of the older participants were healthy and active.

Research into the wellbeing of older people suggests that volunteering benefits health and those who volunteer are generally of better health than those who do not.


The development of predictive models for fatigue of composites requires proper descriptions of these phenomena, which depends on local mechanical fields. Micromechanics therefore appears to be an adapted approach to combine the required the knowledge of the local stress state in each phase constituting the particulate composite and the description of the effective behavior. This type of modeling approach remain a challenge, especially considering the non-linear behavior of the matrix combined with damage. Multiscale models have always been a key approach to approximate the macroscopic behaviour of microstructure-dependent particulate composite materials such as SFRC [6, 7] . The evolution of the defects and void density are therefore computed as a function of the local stress state [8, 9] . However, the integration of damage at the interface does not properly include the evolution of the load transfer between the reinforcements and the matrix, and has to be enhanced accordingly.

Multiscale models have always been a key approach to approximate the macroscopic behaviour of microstructure-dependent particulate composite materials such as SFRC.

The evolution of the defects and void density are therefore computed as a function of the local stress state.


This lack of clarity is due to a limitation in the number of examples that exist and a gap in research and or the literature regarding the analysis of examples that do exist. Future research would benefit from quantifiable studies exploring and comparing the sustainable quality of the results from these design approaches. It has been suggested, however, that there does not seem to be any way to measure the environmental benefits of services in general and, even in specific cases, calculations are complex and surrounded by many uncertainties (Heiskanen and Jalas, 2003) . The positive attention and awareness being created by such projects, however, is definitely a step forward for industry.

It has been suggested, however, that there does not seem to be any way to measure the environmental benefits of services in general and, even in specific cases, calculations are complex and surrounded by many uncertainties.


In classical gravity a black hole can be detected by its effect on the time evolution of matter in its environment, for instance in-falling particles or waves. Boundary correlation functions encode such information in their time dependence. In the present paper we therefore extend our previous work to the temporal sector of the singlet models and gather more direct evidence for black hole-like behavior in the emergent dual bulk spacetime. We map out characteristic features of temporal correlations at different temperatures and compare them to known black hole signatures in strongly coupled field theories. The overall structure is similar in theories with vector and adjoint matter but there are important differences and we point these out as we go along. We note that a closely related problem has been studied earlier in planar AdS/CFT with the standard N = 4 SYM theory on the boundary [11] . Having a spherical boundary is essential for our work as it permits us to resolve thermal phase transitions and study their influence on correlation functions. We can compare our results to the planar case by taking the limit of ultra-high temperatures and considering short distances and times relative to the size of the spatial sphere.

We note that a closely related problem has been studied earlier in planar AdS/CFT with the standard N = 4 SYM theory on the boundary.


The resulting formulas are analyzed in the remainder of the paper. We first focus on properties of the retarded propagator in Section 4 and find that evanescent modes (item 1 above) are present in the high-temperature phase with adjoint matter, while for vector matter they are already discernible below the phase transition at temperatures that are parametrically comparable to the critical temperature. The existence of such modes has been argued previously from a collective field theory approach to thermo-field dynamics of the boundary theory in a high-temperature limit, well above the phase transition [12, 13] . Our results provide a direct confirmation of evanescent modes in singlet models at any temperature that is sufficiently high for the eigenvalue distribution to deviate from a flat distribution. In Section 5 we turn to a comprehensive analysis of the time-ordered correlator, mainly using analytic methods but also presenting results obtained by numerical means. We establish a period of exponential decay in time of correlations in even boundary dimensions and show that the retarded Green's function is non-zero in the interior of the light cone in odd dimensions (as per item 2 above). For intermediate temperatures, a detailed numerical study is presented in Section 5.4. In particular, we point out features that a naive high-temperature expansion fails to capture. Those features are then the focus of Section 6, where we catch a glimpse of intriguing finite volume behavior in the high temperature phase (item 3). Beyond a certain timescale, the boundary correlation functions return to the form of thermal boundary-to-boundary propagators in an AdS bulk geometry, dressed by a temperature dependent normalization factor. We wrap up with a discussion in Section 7 and this is followed by several appendices with additional technical details and background material.

The existence of such modes has been argued previously from a collective field theory approach to thermo-field dynamics of the boundary theory in a high-temperature limit, well above the phase transition.


Modern agricultural production is made possible by systems working together to deliver energy and water resources necessary to provide a reliable food supply. This interdependency creates the food-energy-water (FEW) nexus. The latter half of the 20th century saw a trend in land use dominated by exurban growth and the conversion and abandonment of agricultural lands (Brown et al 2005) . Currently, some of the fastest growing regions are in the US desert Southwest, where agricultural, water, climate, and population growth come to a head (Gammage et al 2011) . Arizona is a major agricultural producer, supplying considerable animal feed, livestock, milled grain products, meat, and other food products to cities throughout the US, as shown in figure 1 .

The latter half of the 20th century saw a trend in land use dominated by exurban growth and the conversion and abandonment of agricultural lands.

Currently, some of the fastest growing regions are in the US desert Southwest, where agricultural, water, climate, and population growth come to a head.


Disruptions to Arizona's agricultural production could be caused by failures in energy or water systems, or by the effects of temperature change on crop characteristics. Most crops in Arizona are grown using powered irrigation which requires reliable energy and water supply (Bartos and Chester 2014b) . Irrigated agriculture is responsible for the majority of water withdrawals in Arizona, but the proportion used for residential purposes grew as farmland was transformed to subdivisions to accommodate a growing population (Gammage et al 2011) . More frequent and intense climaterelated events such as droughts and extreme heat may place additional strain on the FEW nexus. Shocks and strains on energy and water production and delivery systems may result in failures which cascade to food systems. In addition, feedback loops across the nexus could create compounding vulnerabilities, as failures in one system may propagate to another. The FEW nexus, including flows between systems and feedback loops, is shown in figure 2 . Potential disruptions such as population growth, climate change, and interruptions to energy and water supply cause problems in food, energy, and water systems that combine and cascade to have downstream impacts on food supply and farm viability, which feed back into population growth in an iterative cycle.

Most crops in Arizona are grown using powered irrigation which requires reliable energy and water supply.

Irrigated agriculture is responsible for the majority of water withdrawals in Arizona, but the proportion used for residential purposes grew as farmland was transformed to subdivisions to accommodate a growing population.


However, there are several limitations that should be carefully considered before applying this research. The first limitation is that the material was limited. Though we used a systematic approach to select academic articles for review, other researchers may identify additional articles. However, this view is arguably true of any systematic literature review (Greenhalgh, Robert, Macfarlane, Bate, & Kyriakidou, 2004) . As the material consisted only of peer-reviewed, academic articles found in the EBSCO, Scopus and PsychINFO databases, data are missing from this review. The lack of academic books, scholarly theses and other research could have potential implications on the results. A waekness is that, although a number of competency factors were identified, there was no uniform view of competence that predicted innovation. The concept definitions of innovation varied although the bias assessment was strict. Still, congruent factors were found in the definitions and these were well in line with the definition set for this review. Another potential limitation lies in the method used for the sample selection; this method focused solely on individual perspective despite the likelihood that the surrounding organisational, team level factors and cultural settings would have strong effects on innovation. For example, this can be detected by the importance of the social interaction competences of individuals. Another potential limitation arises from the heterogeneity of the sample. The analysed articles varied greatly by context, sample size and type as well as by research strategy. The sample consisted of both qualitative case studies and the quantitative analysis of large samples collected using different methods in a variety of cultures. Furthermore, some articles were considered to be biased by the authors. However, while heterogeneity may have created some uncertainties in the analysis, the selected articles were not contradictory in terms of the presented results. The rigorous selection and extraction process ensured that, each study was conducted with adequate scientific credibility within its own research genre. Thus, the heterogeneity of the sample can actually be considered a strength of this study because the results are supported by numerous methods collected in different cultural settings. There was a reasonable weight of research evidence to support the suggested findings to give direction to pedagogical processes.

However, this view is arguably true of any systematic literature review.


This study contributes to the educational aim to prepare students to collaborate in solving future problems and producing innovations in areas that presently do not exist (Sawyer, 2006 (Sawyer, , 2012 (Sawyer, , 2014 Zang, Hong, Scardamalia, Teo, & Morley, 2011) . By understanding competency outcomes, innovation processes can be harnessed in educational purposes to foster learning. The learning process can be organised to address competency gaps in relation to the desired problem solving and future oriented, innovative solution. Regarding the innovation process as a learning platform, successful competency development during the process is the core target.

This study contributes to the educational aim to prepare students to collaborate in solving future problems and producing innovations in areas that presently do not exist.


A first type of broadening, termed natural broadening, occurs because the time of the transition between the two energy levels is finite. The spectral lines which have only been broadened by this type have a Lorentzian shape, i.e., have peaks of the form 1/(1 + x 2 /s 2 ) where s is a width parameter. Usually natural broadening leads to very narrow lines. Much larger than natural broadening is usually Doppler broadening which occurs because the emitting (or absorbing) particles are in constant thermal motion which leads to a Doppler effect which shifts the energies of the photons. The shape of spectral lines which only have been Doppler broadened are Gaussian. While the width of the Doppler broadened lines is proportional to the energy we will neglect this here and assume a constant width approximation. Neighbouring particles to the electrons emitting or absorbing the photons produce a third kind of broadening, the pressure broadening. One can show that in the case where only pressure broadening occurs the spectral lines are Lorentzian. Further broadening originates in the instrumentation and even discretisation (or binning) of the spectrum produces a certain amount of broadening [14] . Finally the medium which the photons need to traverse before getting to the observer also produces some broadening. There are other effects which contribute to broadening and there are other distortions of spectra than broadening occurring. This includes spectral shifts and the occurrence of extra peaks, so-called satellites [13] .

Further broadening originates in the instrumentation and even discretisation (or binning) of the spectrum produces a certain amount of broadening.

This includes spectral shifts and the occurrence of extra peaks, so-called satellites.


There is a substantial practical literature on separating overlapping line-shapes which cannot be covered here in any detail. As an example of a method which uses extra information, i.e., the ratio of the heights of two lines and the distance between them is the Rachinger correction formula [40] . This formula allows the determination of the corresponding line strengths u i even without knowledge of the shapes a(·, x i ). In a sense, this is also what spectral enhancement methods attempt to achieve -but without any extra information.

As an example of a method which uses extra information, i.e., the ratio of the heights of two lines and the distance between them is the Rachinger correction formula.


We may compare this estimate with the principal result in work of la Bretèche-Tenenbaum [2] . Take G " Z 2 and Acknowledgements. While working on this paper the first author was supported by ERC grant 306457.

We may compare this estimate with the principal result in work of la Bretèche-Tenenbaum.

Take G " Z 2 and Acknowledgements.


The vector equilibrium problem is a unified model of several classes of problems, for example, vector optimization problems and vector variational inequality problems [24, 25] . In recent years, many authors have intensively studied different types of vector equilibrium problem [26] [27] [28] . Many results on existence and stability of solutions for vector equilibrium problem, generalized vector equilibrium problems, and generalized quasivector equilibrium problems have been established [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] . Moreover, many authors have investigated the gap functions for vector equilibrium problems, generalized vector equilibrium problems, and generalized quasivector equilibrium problems [28] .

The vector equilibrium problem is a unified model of several classes of problems, for example, vector optimization problems and vector variational inequality problems.

In recent years, many authors have intensively studied different types of vector equilibrium problem.

Many results on existence and stability of solutions for vector equilibrium problem, generalized vector equilibrium problems, and generalized quasivector equilibrium problems have been established.

Moreover, many authors have investigated the gap functions for vector equilibrium problems, generalized vector equilibrium problems, and generalized quasivector equilibrium problems.


Quite recently, dual-band, multiband, and even band tunable metamaterials with single negative permeability or permittivity and double negative properties have been reported to enhance the operating frequency bands [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . Also, the band-enhanced metamaterial absorbers were designed as well by using multiband electric resonators [20] [21] [22] [23] . The mentioned band enhanced techniques for metamaterials and absorbers, however, restricted from their complex configurations and difficult controlling abilities.

Quite recently, dual-band, multiband, and even band tunable metamaterials with single negative permeability or permittivity and double negative properties have been reported to enhance the operating frequency bands.

Also, the band-enhanced metamaterial absorbers were designed as well by using multiband electric resonators.


Metamaterials, defined as artificial structures not found in nature, possess interesting properties, for example, negative refraction, perfect image, backward-wave radiation, reversals of both Doppler shift and Cherenkov radiation, and so forth [1] [2] [3] [4] . It has recently shown that metamaterials can be used in various areas including microwave and optical components, absorbers, invisible cloaks, and so forth [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Due to these exciting properties and applications of metamaterials, in the past decade, various types of metamaterial configurations have been reported, operating at very wide frequency spectra ranged from microwave, THz, and even optical frequencies [10] [11] [12] [13] .

Metamaterials, defined as artificial structures not found in nature, possess interesting properties, for example, negative refraction, perfect image, backward-wave radiation, reversals of both Doppler shift and Cherenkov radiation, and so forth.

It has recently shown that metamaterials can be used in various areas including microwave and optical components, absorbers, invisible cloaks, and so forth.

Due to these exciting properties and applications of metamaterials, in the past decade, various types of metamaterial configurations have been reported, operating at very wide frequency spectra ranged from microwave, THz, and even optical frequencies.


The second contribution of the paper is empirical. Although there is a sizable theoretical literature about market power in emission permit markets, only a few empirical studies exist to date. A series of papers have addressed the effect of market power my means of controlled laboratory experiments. The magnitude of the inefficiency arising from market power depends on the experimental context, but the common finding is that including the output market in the experimental setting and ascribing market power to participants in both markets significantly affects the outcome, relative to the case where the goal is strictly to minimize compliance costs (Godby, 2002; Muller and Mestelman, 1998) .

The magnitude of the inefficiency arising from market power depends on the experimental context, but the common finding is that including the output market in the experimental setting and ascribing market power to participants in both markets significantly affects the outcome, relative to the case where the goal is strictly to minimize compliance costs.


Immunologic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of anti-GBM disease may directly or indirectly lead to the genesis of membranous-type deposits. It is possible that the intramembranous and epimembranous immune complexes found in membranous nephropathy alter the glomerular basement membrane, causing release of normal or altered glomerular basement material with subsequent development of anti-GBM antibodies and crescentic glomerulonephritis. Induced autoimmune disease in brown Norway rats with mercuric chloride demonstrated initial anti-GBM disease with linear immunoglobulin deposit formation together with formation of autoantibodies directed against multiple basement membrane proteins and proteoglycan [18] . Membranous deposits may subsequently arise from in situ immune complex formation in anti-GBM disease, increasing antigen synthesis by injured podocytes and facilitated by the capping and shedding of antigen-antibody complexes into the subepithelial space. Alternatively, anti-GBM antibodies might arise after glomerular basement membrane damage that occurs as a vasculitis involving the glomerular capillaries; damage to the glomerular basement membrane might uncover "hidden antigens", inducing the formation of antibodies to this membrane. This mechanism may also explain anti-GBM disease after primary glomerulonephritis such as membranous nephropathy or IgA glomerulonephritis [19] .

Induced autoimmune disease in brown Norway rats with mercuric chloride demonstrated initial anti-GBM disease with linear immunoglobulin deposit formation together with formation of autoantibodies directed against multiple basement membrane proteins and proteoglycan.

This mechanism may also explain anti-GBM disease after primary glomerulonephritis such as membranous nephropathy or IgA glomerulonephritis.


Given the inflammatory nature of PF-E and the known anti-inflammatory action of dexamethasone, we hypothesized that dexamethasone may ameliorate the deleterious effect of PF-E on embryo development. Our results revealed a dosedependent improvement in the blastulation rate of embryos exposed to endometriotic peritoneal fluid with the addition of dexamethasone. This finding is consistent with a study of in vitro murine embryo development in which the embryotoxicity of serum from women with endometriosis was significantly reduced in patients who received a 3 day course of glucocorticoids prior to phlebotomy [28] . The use of dexamethasone in conjunction with IVF is not without precedent in other patient populations. This agent has been investigated in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and in a general population of women undergoing IVF [29, 30] . Though the latter study showed a reduced cycle cancellation with dexamethasone use, the data was not stratified by infertility diagnosis. No significant differences in IVF outcomes and no harmful short-or long-term consequences were observed in women with PCOS undergoing glucocorticoid treatment.

This finding is consistent with a study of in vitro murine embryo development in which the embryotoxicity of serum from women with endometriosis was significantly reduced in patients who received a 3 day course of glucocorticoids prior to phlebotomy.

This agent has been investigated in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and in a general population of women undergoing IVF.


To supplement the data gathered through this technique, it was also decided to use the cognitive mapping technique with the students. This had been effectively used for a Huddersfield pilot-project in a similar way to how Lanclos used them at UNC Charlotte, to find out more about what spaces students use for their academic work and how they use them (Ramsden et al., 2015) . Students were to be given six minutes to draw a map of where they go to learn or study either formal or informal space located on or off campus using different coloured pens for a set duration of time and in a prescribed order. It was stressed to the student that there is no correct way of doing this exercise and that they do not have to draw but can create a mind map or simply list the places they usually visit. As well as giving a verbal explanation to the student, the instructions were written down for the students to read and follow. This was particularly important to this research as some Chinese students may have language difficulties. When the six minutes were up, to gain more detailed information about the drawings, the students were interviewed to help the researcher gain an understanding of the items drawn in the map and confirm various issues that may not have been addressed or answered. Each student was asked to describe what they had drawn. Prompts were then used to find out what they included and what was left out, whether they worked in groups in the space or on their own and finally if they have a favourite place to go. Students were also asked to compare their experience of studying in Huddersfield, UK to their academic experience in China. The interview was fairly flexible giving the interviewer an opportunity to ask any questions they deemed were important or of interest to the research.

This had been effectively used for a Huddersfield pilot-project in a similar way to how Lanclos used them at UNC Charlotte, to find out more about what spaces students use for their academic work and how they use them.


The drying process is an operation that aims at a reduction of the moisture content in most products, industrialized or not, to guarantee their preconservation in storage and transport (Keey, 1992) . The process of fluidization with hot air is highly attractive for the drying of powders and wet granular materials. This technique has been used industrially and is currently quite common in the drying of coarse materials, pharmaceuticals and food products among other solids.

The drying process is an operation that aims at a reduction of the moisture content in most products, industrialized or not, to guarantee their preconservation in storage and transport.


The cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted using TreeAge Pro 2013 software. The base case analysis was a 45-year-old smoker since that was the average age of participants in the clinical study (Prokhorov et al., 2010) . Sensitivity analysis determined how robust the conclusions of the base case analysis were to changes in the model parameters. One-way sensitivity analysis identified the relative effect of changes in the uncertain parameters on the ICER. With a willingness- to-pay threshold of US$50,000/QALY, two-way uncertainty analysis was conducted on the 95% confidence interval (CI) of quit rates on the nondominated strategies (Weinstein, 2008) . The two-way uncertainty analysis determines the effect of change in quit rates on the net benefits valued at the willingness-to-pay threshold.

The base case analysis was a 45-year-old smoker since that was the average age of participants in the clinical study.

With a willingness- to-pay threshold of US$50,000/QALY, two-way uncertainty analysis was conducted on the 95% confidence interval (CI) of quit rates on the nondominated strategies.


The conservation and management of biodiversity are complex challenges that require a basic understanding of the distribution and abundance of species, their mutualistic interactions, their reproductive biology, and the genetic structure of their population (Williams et al., 1990; Barbosa et al., 2010) . Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterize the genetics of P. harmala utilizing random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular markers, focusing on their genetic variability, population structure and gene flow. The study provides some molecular information to understand the genetic background and further to support formulation of effective measures for the germplasm resources conservation, genetic improvement and sustainable utilization of the species.

The conservation and management of biodiversity are complex challenges that require a basic understanding of the distribution and abundance of species, their mutualistic interactions, their reproductive biology, and the genetic structure of their population.


The application of the magnetic field to the flame disturbs the flow velocity profiles determining the field-induced variations of the local and average values of the axial (u z ), azimuthal (u φ ) flow velocity and swirl intensity) above the coils (Fig.  5, a, b) . Along the outside part of the flame reaction zone (r/R > 0.7) the magnetic field-induced force slows down the axial and tangential flow velocity ( Fig. 5-a) by enhancing the axial and swirl motion in the flame centerline (r/R < 0.7) with correlating increase of the average values of the axial, azimuthal flow velocities and swirl intensity (Fig. 5 b) . The results of mathematical modelling have shown a similar increase of the flow vorticity by increasing the magnetic field-induced Lorentz force and magnetic force parameter P e (Table 1 ). This allows suggesting that the magnetic field-induced variation of the average values of the flow velocity components and swirl intensity can be related to the effect of Lorentz force. As follows from Moreover, from the results of numerical modelling ( Table 1 ) it follows that the field-induced variations of the average values of the flow velocity and vorticity correlate with a field-enhanced decrease of the average and peak flame temperatures. Similar decrease of the local and average values of the flame temperature above the coils follows from the results of the experimental study indicating the field-enhanced correlating decrease of the volume fraction of CO 2 , combustion efficiency and produced heat energy by increasing the magnetic field induction (Fig. 6, a-d) . Moreover, in accordance with the results of mathematical modelling, the measurements of the flame composition profiles confirm the field-induced decrease of the reaction rates by increasing the external magnetic force, which results in an increase of the mass fraction of unburned volatiles (CO, H 2 ) at the interface between the axial fuel flow and air swirl with field-enhanced increase of the local and average values of the air excess and correlating decrease of combustion efficiency along the outer part of the flame reaction zone. This correlation confirms the field-enhanced mixing of the axial flow of volatiles with cold air flow with resulting cooling of the flame reaction zone, which shows the direct influence on combustion dynamics by increasing the mass fraction of unburned volatiles and air excess at the interface between the axial flow of volatiles and air swirl decreasing combustion efficiency above the coils. It should be noticed that magnetic field improved mixing of the flame components along the interface is confirmed by the results of the experimental study of magnetic field effect on diffusion flames, which confirm the field-induced forcing of the oxidant stream into fuel stream [11] . By considering the impact of magnetic field effect on the mixing of the reactants, which results in cooling of the flame reaction zone, it is concluded that to restrict the field-induced decrease of the flame temperature, there is a need to provide the additional heat energy supply into the secondary swirling air flow as it follows from the results of experimental study of the magnetic field effects on the flame formation by co-firing the biomass pellets with gas (propane) [6] .

It should be noticed that magnetic field improved mixing of the flame components along the interface is confirmed by the results of the experimental study of magnetic field effect on diffusion flames, which confirm the field-induced forcing of the oxidant stream into fuel stream.

By considering the impact of magnetic field effect on the mixing of the reactants, which results in cooling of the flame reaction zone, it is concluded that to restrict the field-induced decrease of the flame temperature, there is a need to provide the additional heat energy supply into the secondary swirling air flow as it follows from the results of experimental study of the magnetic field effects on the flame formation by co-firing the biomass pellets with gas (propane).


Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a serious cerebrovascular condition leading to high mortality and morbidity in adults. The global incidence of ICH is increasing year by year, with a trend towards growing incidence at a younger age [1] . Despite significant progress in clinical treatment, the 5-year mortality rate remains over 50% (52% for males, 56% for females) in ICH patients older than 45 years [2] . Even after surgical treatment, 20% of ICH patients experience varying degrees of neurological dysfunction, requiring long-term hospitalization and rehabilitation [3] [4] . Thus, ICH not only causes serious morbidity and mortality in patients, but also incurs a serious burden on families and society. The pathological mechanisms of hematoma after ICH within brain parenchyma trigger a series of adverse events and severe neurological deficits. In recent years, progress has been made in ICH research. However, the effects of treatment options on ICH were not satisfying [5] . Thus, it is essential to understand the potential molecular mechanisms of ICH-induced brain injury.

The global incidence of ICH is increasing year by year, with a trend towards growing incidence at a younger age.

Despite significant progress in clinical treatment, the 5-year mortality rate remains over 50% (52% for males, 56% for females) in ICH patients older than 45 years.

Even after surgical treatment, 20% of ICH patients experience varying degrees of neurological dysfunction, requiring long-term hospitalization and rehabilitation.

However, the effects of treatment options on ICH were not satisfying.


In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a cost effective -OTDR system based on cyclic pulse coding and a simple direct detection receiver to accurately determine the frequency of vibration along a 5 km single-mode fiber at a spatial resolution of 5 m. We provide theoretical coherence analysis and experimental demonstration, showing that the use of cyclic coding with a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) distributed feedback (DFB) laser significantly improves the SNR of vibration measurement while reducing the overall cost of the source compared to conventional single pulse systems [12] . The theory of cyclic coding in the proposed phase-OTDR system is presented in Section 2, while the design of the source and the experimental setup of the sensor are reported in Section 3. The detailed noise characterization of the laser is provided in Section 4, followed by the results for the measurement of vibration in Section 5. We also quantitatively compare the performance of direct detection DAS systems based on COTS DFB and highly coherent lasers.

In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a cost effective -OTDR system based on cyclic pulse coding and a simple direct detection receiver to accurately determine the frequency of vibration along a 5 km single-mode fiber at a spatial resolution of 5 m. We provide theoretical coherence analysis and experimental demonstration, showing that the use of cyclic coding with a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) distributed feedback (DFB) laser significantly improves the SNR of vibration measurement while reducing the overall cost of the source compared to conventional single pulse systems.