An entrepreneur is the most important part of the whole entrepreneurship process. Entrepreneurs who are aware of being more innovative than other members of the same social system (e.g., other entrepreneurs) and count upon their innovativeness to face competition should re-organize their firms (Marcati, 2008) . Since entrepreneurs with higher levels of entrepreneurial curiosity gather more data and knowledge, they should transform this base of applicable knowledge with innovativeness to better results of their companies.

Entrepreneurs who are aware of being more innovative than other members of the same social system (e.g., other entrepreneurs) and count upon their innovativeness to face competition should re-organize their firms.


Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is used to "identify the factor structure or model for a set of variables" (Bandalos, 1996) . Exploratory factor analysis was conducted for both, the Slovenian sample and the US sample together. In terms of factors, the results of the factor analysis were similar for the Slovenian and USA samples.

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is used to "identify the factor structure or model for a set of variables".


Innovation is a broad term with multiple meanings; it draws on theories from a variety of disciplines and has been studied using a wide range of research methodologies (Crossan and Apaydin, 2010) . In this research, the innovativeness is seen as the ability of entrepreneur to understand the meaning of the change and adaption. Thus, in relation with entrepreneurial curiosity an entrepreneur is capable to, not only understand but to incorporate innovativeness into the processes, business models and raise the level of innovativeness in whole organization. Since today, the change is the only constant entrepreneurs with high levels of entrepreneurial curiosity and innovativeness could be successful on the market by launching new products or services, explore and penetrate new markets and confront with the challenges on the global market competition.

Innovation is a broad term with multiple meanings; it draws on theories from a variety of disciplines and has been studied using a wide range of research methodologies.


Methodological rigor and appropriateness are key elements of the peer review process across disciplines. Within the CHI community, the instructions to reviewers about the importance of methodological validity are clear. Reviewers are asked to "assess the validity of the results" presented as a key element of any review. Indeed, the "Ensuring Results are Valid" section of the "Guide to a Successful Archival Submission" states, "reviewers often cite problems with validity as the reason to reject a submission" [1] . Therefore, understanding what constitutes a valid methodology is critical for authors who wish to have their research results accepted and published.

Indeed, the "Ensuring Results are Valid" section of the "Guide to a Successful Archival Submission" states, "reviewers often cite problems with validity as the reason to reject a submission".


HCTZ and CDS have been recently suggested as a combination therapy for the treatment of arterial hypertension [1] . HCTZ and CDS have an additive antihypertensive effect [2] . In clinical studies the rate of the devel-oped side effects, especially cough, on the background of simultaneous HCTZ and CDS application was lower than in case of therapy using inhibitors of angitensin converting enzyme and HCTZ application without CDS [3] .

HCTZ and CDS have been recently suggested as a combination therapy for the treatment of arterial hypertension.

HCTZ and CDS have an additive antihypertensive effect.

In clinical studies the rate of the devel-oped side effects, especially cough, on the background of simultaneous HCTZ and CDS application was lower than in case of therapy using inhibitors of angitensin converting enzyme and HCTZ application without CDS.


From our point of view the most convincing arguments supporting the elliptic de Sitter space are: a) the implementation of observer complementarity: all observers have complete information, but have different interpretations, and b) the realization of holography: for every observer time-evolution and the S-matrix are naturally described in terms of a dual theory on a single boundary. The most serious challenge to elliptic de Sitter space is the issue of possible closed timelike curves after including backreaction. Once gravitational backreaction is taken into account, the Penrose diagram of perturbed de Sitter space becomes a "tall" rectangle [31, 32] . This implies that certain antipodal points come into causal contact. The resulting closed timelike curves are contained in the bulk of de Sitter space, and therefore it is not immediately obvious how it would affect the theory on the boundary. One point of view is that the perturbation of de Sitter space should be described by an appropriately perturbed CFT, for which the holographic reconstruction breaks down at some point in the bulk. The presciptions for the time evolution of a single observer and for his observable S-matrix are, however, defined purely in terms of the boundary and could still make sense. Clearly this issue needs further study.

Once gravitational backreaction is taken into account, the Penrose diagram of perturbed de Sitter space becomes a "tall" rectangle.

Clearly this issue needs further study.


Finally, we come to the question of the de Sitter entropy [9] . Conventional global de Sitter space makes it hard to understand the finiteness of the entropy. For, in the far past, the asymptotic geometry is that of an enormous sphere, which can be perturbed in very many ways. The vast majority of these perturbations do not lead to a spacetime that is asymptotically de Sitter in the future; instead, singularities and black holes form. How the finite number of states that do lead to asymptotically de Sitter in the future are characterized is still a mystery. This paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we briefly describe de Sitter space and point out, by way of motivation, some facts about de Sitter space that support the proposed Z 2 identification. In section 3, we define Schrödinger's antipodal identification, and refine it to include CPT. We then discuss its classical properties and show that elliptic de Sitter space does not suffer from any obvious problems, such as closed timelike curves. Next, in section 4, we consider quantum fields propagating in this space. In particular, we discuss the vacuum state in the Fock space of a free scalar field. In section 5, we consider holography. It is here that the advantages of the elliptic interpretation are perhaps most evident; conceptually, the holographic theory seems to have a more natural interpretation with the Z 2 identification than without. In section 6, we discuss how elliptic de Sitter space might be realized in string theory. We conclude in section 7.

Finally, we come to the question of the de Sitter entropy.

This paper is organized as follows.

In section 5, we consider holography.

We conclude in section 7.


Caution also should be exercised by states when using test scores to assess educational performance. Many states, including California, Illinois, and New Jersey, have started using "report cards" of localities to see how districts within states are faring (Banas, 1993; Lait, 1989; Richmond, 1994) . The same perils that erode confidence in interstate comparisons apply to intrastate assessments.

Many states, including California, Illinois, and New Jersey, have started using "report cards" of localities to see how districts within states are faring.


In order to provide seamless extension of cloud computing into the edge of the network for secure control and management of domain specific hardware, software, and standard computing, storage, and network functions within the domain and enable secure rich data processing applications across the domain, a new paradigm known as fog computing is introduced [15] [16] [17] [18] . It represents a completely geodistributed network, multilayered cloud computing architecture for data processing and storage, which contains billions of devices as part of Internet of Things (IoT), multiple local clouds at the edge of the network: fog and main central hyperscalable cloud computing data center. A single application in the fog is distributed to the devices through the cloud components embedded in the nodes in the different network levels, for example, in the RAN, multiservice edge and the core of the network (in the IP/MPLS routers and switches, the gateways of the mobile packet core, etc.). In this way the cloud is closer to the users of mobile devices and is able to offer ultralow latency, higher throughput, lower power consumption, better energy efficiency, quicker response, and high bandwidth, as well as real-time access to the radio information that will be used by the applications in order to offer context related services.

In order to provide seamless extension of cloud computing into the edge of the network for secure control and management of domain specific hardware, software, and standard computing, storage, and network functions within the domain and enable secure rich data processing applications across the domain, a new paradigm known as fog computing is introduced.


Although recent in Brazil, the strategy to form SFNs is widely consolidated in other countries. In Germany, SFNs based on collaborative agreements have existed for over a century, and 200,000 firms allied in over 320 business networks represent an annual turnover of 350 billion Euros (Veltmann, 2009) . In Spain, 350 business networks have combined 46,000 small-and medium-sized firms, which represent 7% of the country's GDP (Asociación Nacional de Centrales de Compra y Servicios [Anceco] , n.d.). Northeast Italy is also a recurring example of cooperation amongst small firms due to the competiveness that firms inserted in business clusters have reached (Casarotto & Pires, 1998; Fiol, Tena, & García, 2011) .

In Germany, SFNs based on collaborative agreements have existed for over a century, and 200,000 firms allied in over 320 business networks represent an annual turnover of 350 billion Euros.

Northeast Italy is also a recurring example of cooperation amongst small firms due to the competiveness that firms inserted in business clusters have reached.


In recent years, high-power (more than 25 MW) marine gas turbine has aroused the attention of every country [1] . Intercooled (IC) cycle or intercooled regenerated (ICR) cycle technology is a feasible method to develop highpower marine gas turbine, which may represent a major development tendency for a new generation of marine main propulsion plants [2] . The successful application of WR-21 marine gas turbine further verified the feasibility and effectiveness of intercooled regenerated cycle technology to increase engine power for marine gas turbine [3] .

In recent years, high-power (more than 25 MW) marine gas turbine has aroused the attention of every country.

Intercooled (IC) cycle or intercooled regenerated (ICR) cycle technology is a feasible method to develop highpower marine gas turbine, which may represent a major development tendency for a new generation of marine main propulsion plants.

The successful application of WR-21 marine gas turbine further verified the feasibility and effectiveness of intercooled regenerated cycle technology to increase engine power for marine gas turbine.


At any rate, our study seems to support our claim that entrepreneurial mindsets are more strongly related to work experiences and learning activities than to stable personality traits. This does not mean that personality is unimportant. Four of the factors in the big five personality inventory (openness, extroversion, consciousness, and agreeableness) relate to the three different entrepreneurial mindsets in a predicted manner, consistent with previous research. Particularly interesting is the fact that openness to experience is a factor that explains most of the variance in entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial performance, emphasizing the role of innovative thinking at an early stage. Also in line with previous research, agreeableness appears to be a consistent and significant negative related to the three different mindsets (Zhao et al., 2010) .

Also in line with previous research, agreeableness appears to be a consistent and significant negative related to the three different mindsets.


Psychometric analyses of these mindsets indicated that they are three distinct latent variables, and related to each other in a meaningful way. Entrepreneurial mindsets appear to develop sequentially from elaborating through implemental mindsets to compulsiveness about business ideas. This stepwise development is in line with what has been described in a previous study (Munoz et al., 2011) .

This stepwise development is in line with what has been described in a previous study.


The three subscales seem to measure reliably different intensities in the types of mindsets related to entrepreneurship and business ideas. The important part of this study is not the content of the mindsets as much as the distinction between the different types. Elaborating mindsets are a necessary initial step towards entrepreneurial activities, a phase where the would-be entrepreneur considers arguments for and against embarking on entrepreneurial activities. This phase is necessary to initial learning activities such as formal education, a kind of open-minded reflective thinking (Dewey, 1958) . In contrast, implementing mindsets are characteristic of closed-or narrow-mindedness necessary to planning of specific actions. Implementing mindsets are less easily influenced by formal teaching methods, since they are easily automatized and related to practice -more like a type of tacit knowledge (Polanyi, 1969) . Finally, compulsiveness is a sign that mindsets are not only automatized, but intense and strongly characteristic of the person (Payne, Youngcourt, & Beaubien, 2007) .

This phase is necessary to initial learning activities such as formal education, a kind of open-minded reflective thinking.

Implementing mindsets are less easily influenced by formal teaching methods, since they are easily automatized and related to practice -more like a type of tacit knowledge.

Finally, compulsiveness is a sign that mindsets are not only automatized, but intense and strongly characteristic of the person.


Tuberculosis is still a neglected disease in animals in the SubSaharan countries, where it is less studied [1] . M. bovis is the principal agent of animal tuberculosis and its transmission to humans constitutes a public health problem as this species is naturally resistant to pyrazinamid, one of the main anti-tuberculosis drugs [2] . In Africa, animal tuberculosis remains endemic and it causes significant losses in the animal industry, with implications for food safety and trade [3] .

Tuberculosis is still a neglected disease in animals in the SubSaharan countries, where it is less studied.

M. bovis is the principal agent of animal tuberculosis and its transmission to humans constitutes a public health problem as this species is naturally resistant to pyrazinamid, one of the main anti-tuberculosis drugs.

In Africa, animal tuberculosis remains endemic and it causes significant losses in the animal industry, with implications for food safety and trade.


We presented a new calibrated trifocal minimal problem, an analysis demonstrating its number of solutions, and a practical solver by specializing numerical algebraic computation techniques. We show these techniques generalize to another difficult minimal problem with mixed points and lines. The proposed problem connects classical multi-view geometry of points and lines to that of points and tangents appearing when observing 3D curves extracted with tools of differential geometry [15, 13] . We believe that our approach to solving minimal problems may be useful for other difficult minimal problems. In the future, our "100 lines of custom-made solution tracking code" will be used to try to improve solvers of many other minimal problems which could not have been solved efficiently with Gröbner basis techniques [37] .

The proposed problem connects classical multi-view geometry of points and lines to that of points and tangents appearing when observing 3D curves extracted with tools of differential geometry.

In the future, our "100 lines of custom-made solution tracking code" will be used to try to improve solvers of many other minimal problems which could not have been solved efficiently with Gröbner basis techniques.


Given the broad array of economic and social benefits that coral reefs provide, there are growing attempts to build more sustainable approaches to reef-related tourism [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] . In large part, however, such efforts remain the target of individual operators, a few small island nations or some operators in the diving sector. The wider call for corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been slow to influence the tourism sector in general, with biodiversity conservation remaining low on the agenda even among those corporations who are engaging in CSR more broadly [38] . Against this background, a clear, quantified and reliable understanding of the value of coral reefs for tourism in specific settings could help, by raising awareness and highlighting opportunities for strengthening coral reef conservation, both in the public sphere and in the tourism sector.

Given the broad array of economic and social benefits that coral reefs provide, there are growing attempts to build more sustainable approaches to reef-related tourism.

The wider call for corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been slow to influence the tourism sector in general, with biodiversity conservation remaining low on the agenda even among those corporations who are engaging in CSR more broadly.


Nature-dependent and nature-based tourism and recreation are of considerable social, cultural and economic importance, far beyond the example of coral reefs. Other ecosystems attract visitors for activities such as birdwatching, boating, recreational fishing, whale-watching, and more. Other studies have begun to explore some of these activities at different scales [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] . Beyond these nature-based activities, there is still a paucity of research around the value of ex-situ, ecosystemadjacent, benefits such as views, water quality enhancement, food supply and so forth. Work is also limited on the value-flows away from critical ecosystems: this work maps the source of benefits (the reefs), however understanding the geographic flow of such value is also critically important [62] . While many benefits may remain in local communities, coral reefs and other ecosystems also contribute to wider tourism and tax revenues within individual jurisdictions. Reef tourism, in particular, is highly international, and benefits extend to remote beneficiaries via international hotel chains, airlines, tour operators and even the manufacturers of products from dive equipment to souvenirs. Such flows of benefits away from the locations where the coral reefs occur can be a source of concern to the host nations. At the same time, raising awareness of such values to reef-remote communities, for example in the countries of northern Europe or the USA, could increase the imperative for supporting coral reef conservation even among nations that do not have coral reefs.

Other studies have begun to explore some of these activities at different scales.

Work is also limited on the value-flows away from critical ecosystems: this work maps the source of benefits (the reefs), however understanding the geographic flow of such value is also critically important.


In this article, we propose a variable step-size proportionate affine projection algorithm (VSS-PAPA) for the identification of sparse impulse response. Theoretically, in a noise free environment, PAPA has optimal convergence speed and zero misalignment by canceling the a posteriori output estimation error at each iteration. However, with the presence of a disturbance signal, canceling the a posteriori estimation error will introduce additional noise into the coefficient update [21] . Taking the effect of background noise into account, we derive a PAPA with variable step size parameter to cancel a posteriori estimation error at each iteration. The variable step size is large when the adaptive filter is in its transient state. Hence, it converges fast. Then the step size becomes small when the adaptive filter reaches the steady state, so misalignment is significantly decreased. The proposed algorithm demonstrates excellent performance by combining the fast proportionate algorithm with variable step-size technique for identification of sparse impulse response.

However, with the presence of a disturbance signal, canceling the a posteriori estimation error will introduce additional noise into the coefficient update.

Hence, it converges fast.


The most commonly used solvent for proanthocyanidin extraction from grape berries is 70% acetone in water (v/v), although 50% ethanol in water (v/v) has also been used (Sarneckis et al., 2006; Mercurio et al., 2007) . Recently, published research comparing different analytical techniques for determining condensed tannin concentrations in grape skin reported significant discrepancies between analytical methods (Seddon & Downey, 2008; Harbertson & Downey, 2009) . One of the suggested causes of this difference was the extraction solvent employed. One method used 50% aqueous ethanol (v/v), while the other used 70% acetone in water (v/v). The authors postulated that the different extraction solvents may have preferentially extracted different classes of the heterogeneous group of compounds that comprise condensed tannins.

The most commonly used solvent for proanthocyanidin extraction from grape berries is 70% acetone in water (v/v), although 50% ethanol in water (v/v) has also been used.

Recently, published research comparing different analytical techniques for determining condensed tannin concentrations in grape skin reported significant discrepancies between analytical methods.


The D-brane intersection rules also allow the possibility of a 4-brane within an 8-brane, and the metric for this solution is already known [10] . Given the M-theory However, it would also be possible to reduce along a direction parallel to the 9-brane but orthogonal to the 5-brane. This would lead to a (5|5, 8) solution, which is therefore required to exist by the M-theory 9-brane interpretation of the IIA 8-brane. We confirm its existence both indirectly by connecting it to known solutions via a 'duality chain' and by a direct construction.

The D-brane intersection rules also allow the possibility of a 4-brane within an 8-brane, and the metric for this solution is already known.


Participants for the present study were adults aged above 18 years who reported performing exercise activities at least once a week during leisure time for at least 15 minutes in duration each time for the last 3 months. Quota sampling (based on gender and ethnicity) was employed to ensure proportionate inclusion of various subgroups in the sample. Based on the composition of the total population of Malaysia, the study set a 50-50 quota for gender, 50-30-20 quota for ethnic groups (Malay, Chinese, and Indian). Quota sampling is deemed appropriate since this study aims at deriving theoretical generalisability of the integrated model as opposed to population generalisability (Calder, Philips and Tybout, 1982) . A total of 512 usable responses made up the final sample size.

Quota sampling is deemed appropriate since this study aims at deriving theoretical generalisability of the integrated model as opposed to population generalisability.


A healthy lifestyle that promotes physical activity is regarded as a key factor in chronic disease prevention (Bolton, Reed, Volpp and Armstrong, 2008) . However, the levels of physical inactivity are increasing worldwide, from developing nations to the industrialised society (Bond and Batey, 2005) . Consumer education plays an important role in cultivating the beliefs that exercise helps to improve one's health status (Thomson, 2000) . In this vein, social marketing which uses commercial marketing strategies can play an important role in health behavioural change (Spotswood and Tapp, 2010) . However, a solid theoretical model is needed to explain exercise and physical activity before adequate intervention efforts can be developed (Thomson, 2000) .

A healthy lifestyle that promotes physical activity is regarded as a key factor in chronic disease prevention.

However, the levels of physical inactivity are increasing worldwide, from developing nations to the industrialised society.

Consumer education plays an important role in cultivating the beliefs that exercise helps to improve one's health status.

In this vein, social marketing which uses commercial marketing strategies can play an important role in health behavioural change.

However, a solid theoretical model is needed to explain exercise and physical activity before adequate intervention efforts can be developed.


Past exercise studies have thus far demonstrated the predictive role of subjective norms to be weak or insignificant (Brickell, Chatzisarantis and Pretty 2006; Rhodes, Blanchard and Matheson 2006) . As such, some exercise researchers divert their attention to other social construct such as social provision and family support (Saunders, Motl, Dowda, Dishman and Pate 2004) . Contrary to these past studies, our finding suggests that subjective norms had a significant effect (though relatively smaller compared to attitude and PBC) on exercise intention.

Past exercise studies have thus far demonstrated the predictive role of subjective norms to be weak or insignificant.

As such, some exercise researchers divert their attention to other social construct such as social provision and family support.


In order to strengthen the cross-validation and theoretical veracity of the findings, we split the sample in two sub-groups based on the level of exercise, gender and age variables. An overall χ² difference test was then assessed for each of the sub-groups based on the second-order TPB model. Model comparisons were conducted between (a) a general two-group model which allows the specified parameters to vary across groups; and (b) a model that restricts the specified paths to be equal across groups (Byrne, 2001) . A significant χ² difference between the constrained and unconstrained model implies that the models for the two sub-groups are dissimilar (Hair et al., 2010) . As presented in Table 3 , the Δχ² for the three proposed sub-groups are consistently lower than the threshold of 7.815 (Δdf = 3), suggesting that the model fit for second-order TPB structure does that change significantly according to the variation in the level of exercise, gender and age. Overall, this finding provides some empirical evidences for the validation of the second-order TPB structure.

Model comparisons were conducted between (a) a general two-group model which allows the specified parameters to vary across groups; and (b) a model that restricts the specified paths to be equal across groups.

A significant χ² difference between the constrained and unconstrained model implies that the models for the two sub-groups are dissimilar.


The traces of SAL and NAR in the sediment indicate that the ionophores have been present in the river water, but the fact that sampling time was not immediately after the chicken litter was applied on the agricultural fields, could cause levels below LOD (Table 1) . Biotransformation of the ionophores is another possible explanation e.g., SAL and NAR have been reported to have a microbial degradation half-live shorter than 2 days [25] . During the first sampling campaign in July 2011, water and sediment samples from three additional sampling sites in a similar agriculture area near Slagelse (Denmark) were also analyzed without detecting any ionophores (data not shown). However, the traces of ionophores in the sediment sample of Site 2 initiated a second sampling campaign in October 2012, and the results are shown in Table 2 . In the second sampling campaign ( Table 2 ) the concentrations of the ionophores in water was below the LOD at Sites 2, 3, and 4, while MON was detected in the water samples at Site 1, a small creek with a low flux of water. NAR was the only ionophore detected in the soil samples at the agriculture field next to the creek while no ionophores were detected in the sediment samples. This could indicate that NAR has a relatively slow biotransformation rate in soil since soil pH is not in the range where hydrolysis has been observed. Alternatively, it has been applied in large amounts, and residues are still present in this environmental compartment.

Biotransformation of the ionophores is another possible explanation e.g., SAL and NAR have been reported to have a microbial degradation half-live shorter than 2 days.


Three years of intensive electrofishing removal severely reduced the brook trout population in Bogard Spring Creek, indicating this method's potential for improving rearing conditions for Eagle Lake rainbow trout. Although there was a severe decline in adult brook trout abundance after 3 years of removal, enough brook trout remained to successfully reproduce even after the population's near-eradication in 2009. The lack of a clear decrease in age-0 brook trout between 2007 and 2008 after the extirpation of more than 4,000 adult brook trout in 2007 suggests the occurrence of compensatory reproduction from remaining brook trout and increased survival of age-0 fish. Even though age-0 brook trout numbers remained similar from 2007 to 2008, their average biomass increased from 4.8 to 8.6 kg/ha. This increase was accompanied by increased individual growth, fecundity, and condition, all of which have negative relationships with density (Donald and Alger 1989; Jenkins et al. 1999) . Therefore, annual electrofishing should be maintained to keep brook trout numbers low.

This increase was accompanied by increased individual growth, fecundity, and condition, all of which have negative relationships with density.


A substantial challenge to implementing the USR framework may be the adoption of integrative approaches by project leaders. Multidisciplinary approaches have logistical and conceptual challenges. Learning how to assimilate information from and communicate with collaborators from other disciplines and the general public is difficult (Groffman et al. 2010) . Stream ecologists must avoid the comfortable choice of defaulting to an emphasis on ecological objectives.

Learning how to assimilate information from and communicate with collaborators from other disciplines and the general public is difficult.


Among the instrumental test devices, texturometers imitate mastication condition and present excellent correlation with sensory evaluation of texture (Szczesniak 1963) . For this reason, they have been widely used to measure texture of different kinds of food. Instrumental measurements are usually cheaper and easier to achieve and thus represent an interesting alternative to the sensory measurement of texture, provided that instrumental data can be related to sensory description. So, these instrumental measurements could be used to monitor bread quality during processing and storage (Lassoued et al. 2008) .

Among the instrumental test devices, texturometers imitate mastication condition and present excellent correlation with sensory evaluation of texture.

So, these instrumental measurements could be used to monitor bread quality during processing and storage.


Meta-heuristic algorithms are used in solving difficult optimization problems in many fields including engineering design, economics, Internet routing and cloud computing: problems such as data migration and resource scheduling. As resources are limited and cost money, an optimal feasible solution is a crucial requirement. Real-world optimization problems vary from nonlinear to multimodal, under different complex constraints. However, finding an optimal solution or even sub-optimal solutions is challenging. Many meta-heuristic algorithms have been proposed (Yang, 2011) .

Many meta-heuristic algorithms have been proposed.


The curvaton model is one of the few models for the generation of primordial density perturbations which predict large non-Gaussianity and is potentially testable in the near future in upcoming experiments such as Planck. Specific models that have been well studied and for which analytic approximate results can be obtained are the simplest ones such as a polynomial potential [11] . In this paper we solved the evolution equations for the quadratic potential to see whether the analytic approximations are really accurate.

Specific models that have been well studied and for which analytic approximate results can be obtained are the simplest ones such as a polynomial potential.


The condition that ρ x be an isomorphism also appears as a hypothesis in recent work of Braverman, Maulik and Okounkov [4] . They use ρ x in order to describe explicitly a quantum multiplication operator on the quantum cohomology of the inverse image of the Slodowy slice S 0 in N under the Springer resolution. They show, with different arguments, that ρ is an isomorphism for simply laced g ( [4] , Appendix). Thus our Theorem 1.3 extends the range of cases where their Theorem 1.3 [4] applies.

The condition that ρ x be an isomorphism also appears as a hypothesis in recent work of Braverman, Maulik and Okounkov.

They show, with different arguments, that ρ is an isomorphism for simply laced g (, Appendix).

Thus our Theorem 1.3 extends the range of cases where their Theorem 1.3 applies.


We hypothesize that diurnal canopy temperatures significantly differ from air temperatures for both, irrigated and deficit-irrigated wheat canopies. Such temperature anomalies impact the simulation of crop development and physiological processes and, therefore, need to be considered in crop system models. The canopy temperature of wheat is directly related to its water status [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] . We therefore hypothesize that environmental variables available from widely applied crop system models, such as daily transpiration and soil evaporation, allow for approximating wheat canopy temperatures.

The canopy temperature of wheat is directly related to its water status.


Women's employment is thus a vital part of any sustainable and equitable model for recovery at both a macro and a micro household level. Contrary to the early years of the European Employment Strategy, there can be no reliance on the state promoting women's employment as an important element of both macro and micro economic sustainability and security. However, there are greater grounds for seeing converging interests of men and women, particularly among lower skilled groups, as both sexes face the problems of downgraded employment conditions and difficulties of making ends meet in single earner households. While developing an alternative macro strategy will still require recapturing the state from the interests of financial capital it is essential that men and women both agree on a common vision of a more equitable, more gender equal and more sustainable strategy for exiting the crisis (Perrons and Plomien, 2014) .

While developing an alternative macro strategy will still require recapturing the state from the interests of financial capital it is essential that men and women both agree on a common vision of a more equitable, more gender equal and more sustainable strategy for exiting the crisis.


The justification, if needed, for continuing with a progressive gender equality policy can also be found in the behaviour of European citizens and households during the recession and austerity. There is no evidence of women retreating from the labour market, or even that they are regarded by employers as less desirable employees; indeed in many countries younger women are faring better in the labour market than younger men, as measured by access to employment, although women may be more likely to accept jobs below the level associated with their education or experience (Elias and Purcell, 2013) . Furthermore women's earnings are ever more important for family budgets making it unrealistic to expect any return to a traditional male breadwinner family model.

There is no evidence of women retreating from the labour market, or even that they are regarded by employers as less desirable employees; indeed in many countries younger women are faring better in the labour market than younger men, as measured by access to employment, although women may be more likely to accept jobs below the level associated with their education or experience.


Adding texture to the surface of a polygonal model can not only profoundly enhance its visual richness, but can also significantly affect our perception of the object's geometry. Certain textures have been shown to impede accurate shape perception, for example by masking faceting artifacts [11] . Others may have the potential to enhance shape perception by emphasizing the lines of curvature of the form [19] . In computer graphics and visualization, where we have the ability to model a textured object in any way that we desire -to both define the texture pattern and define how it is applied over the surface -we have the potential to use texture in highly controlled ways to influence shape perception. Unfortunately, the existing theories on shape perception from texture do not provide sufficient guidance to answer the question of how to best design and apply a texture to a surface in order to facilitate the accurate understanding of its shape.

Certain textures have been shown to impede accurate shape perception, for example by masking faceting artifacts.

Others may have the potential to enhance shape perception by emphasizing the lines of curvature of the form.


Two PCR protocols were used on the viral isolate, one directly amplified a fragment of the DNApol gene with an expected molecular size of 215 to 315 bp [10] . The other protocol directly amplified a 120-bp fragment from the glycoprotein B gene. The last protocol used one forward (P1: 5 'CAG GACTATTGGACTATAGT3') and one reverse (5 'TTG CAATGCCCCTCATAATT3') primer [11] .

Two PCR protocols were used on the viral isolate, one directly amplified a fragment of the DNApol gene with an expected molecular size of 215 to 315 bp.

The last protocol used one forward (P1: 5 'CAG GACTATTGGACTATAGT3') and one reverse (5 'TTG CAATGCCCCTCATAATT3') primer.


Evidence of CHV infections has been found mainly through molecular techniques, such as PCR; however, only a few publications have performed viral isolation and identification [5] - [9] . Therefore, our aim was to detect, isolate and identify CHV in Mexico City in a fashion consistent with the current literature and evaluate pathological changes in dogs less than 25 days old that were submitted for necropsy. We accomplished the isolation of MDCK cells and identified CHV using immunofluorescence, polymerase chain reaction and electron microscopy.

Evidence of CHV infections has been found mainly through molecular techniques, such as PCR; however, only a few publications have performed viral isolation and identification.


To overcome the ineffectiveness of port based classifiers, packets can be considered on a 'per flow' basis rather than individually [4] . A flow is defined as all the packets involved in a single process or task and identified by a 5 tuple value (source and destination IP address, source and destination port number, and transport layer protocol) [4, 5] . On a 'per flow' classification only one packet within the flow requires classifying to enable the identification of the protocol that has generated all packets from the flow.

To overcome the ineffectiveness of port based classifiers, packets can be considered on a 'per flow' basis rather than individually.

A flow is defined as all the packets involved in a single process or task and identified by a 5 tuple value (source and destination IP address, source and destination port number, and transport layer protocol).


The dynamics of a multicomponent gaseous mixture can be described by the NavierStokes equations, which represent the balance of mass, momentum, and energy, and the Maxwell-Stefan equations, which model the diffusive transport of the components of the mixture. Applications arise, for instance, from physics (sedimentation, astrophysics), medicine (dialysis, respiratory airways), and chemistry (electrolysis, ion exchange, chemical reactors) [20] . The understanding of the analytical structure of coupled Navier-StokesMaxwell-Stefan systems is of great importance for an accurate modeling and efficient numerical simulation of these applications. In this paper, we make a step forward to this understanding by proving the global-in-time existence of weak solutions and their longtime behavior for Navier-Stokes-Maxwell-Stefan systems for incompressible fluids under natural assumptions. This is the first analytical result for the full coupled incompressible model.

Applications arise, for instance, from physics (sedimentation, astrophysics), medicine (dialysis, respiratory airways), and chemistry (electrolysis, ion exchange, chemical reactors).


Nutrient availability is probably not the only factor responsible for the difference in virulence between wild type and mutant. The deficiency in appressorium formation may also slow penetration of the mutant into the leaf. The loss of difference between wild type and mutant with increased incubation time (Figure 4) is consistent with this second hypothesis. Indeed, the delay in infection by the MAPK mutant, chk1 (Figure 1) , and the double cga1 cgb1 mutant (Figure 7) , which completely lack appressoria, is much more extreme and full wild type virulence has never been observed [8] [9] . Nevertheless, when chk1 penetrates the leaf, some necrosis does occur (Figure 1) . The expression of two cellulase genes reaches wild type levels after a further delay that apparently results from both the slowed penetration and the direct modulation of cellulase gene expression by chk1 [8] [23] .

Indeed, the delay in infection by the MAPK mutant, chk1 (Figure 1) , and the double cga1 cgb1 mutant (Figure 7) , which completely lack appressoria, is much more extreme and full wild type virulence has never been observed.

The expression of two cellulase genes reaches wild type levels after a further delay that apparently results from both the slowed penetration and the direct modulation of cellulase gene expression by chk1.


During a maximum intensity projection, rays are cast through the 3-D image data volumes and the respective data point with the maximum intensity along the direction of viewing (projection direction) is selected and depicted. Areas of application of MIP include depictions of blood vessels-i.e. CT and MR angiography data sets. MIP was originally developed for clinical use in the field of nuclear medicine; accordingly, the first version was named maximum activity projection (MAP) [1] .

CT and MR angiography data sets.

MIP was originally developed for clinical use in the field of nuclear medicine; accordingly, the first version was named maximum activity projection (MAP).


Unfortunately, with the rise in popularity, misconceptions of Q methodology as a quantitative assessment tool have led to the obscuring of the principles underpinning it in some published research studies (Dziopa and Ahern 2011) . These studies can be potentially confusing to novice researchers. Q methodology has also been labelled as 'qualiquantological' because it uses statistics to obtain qualitative findings (Parker and Alford 2010) .

Unfortunately, with the rise in popularity, misconceptions of Q methodology as a quantitative assessment tool have led to the obscuring of the principles underpinning it in some published research studies.

Q methodology has also been labelled as 'qualiquantological' because it uses statistics to obtain qualitative findings.


Since the expert work is costly, we can rely on crowdsourcing platforms such as CrowdFlower 2 for labeling data, faster and at lower cost (Snow et al., 2008) . This method has shown promising results but it still produces noisy labels. Thus, a solution consists in (i) using redundant annotations from multiple annotators and (ii) resolving their disagreements with a majority voting approach (Sheng et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2015) . However, the consensus mechanism can still produce annotation noise, which (i) depends on crowd workers' skill and the difficulty of the given task; and (ii) can degrade the classifier accuracy.

Since the expert work is costly, we can rely on crowdsourcing platforms such as CrowdFlower 2 for labeling data, faster and at lower cost.

Thus, a solution consists in (i) using redundant annotations from multiple annotators and (ii) resolving their disagreements with a majority voting approach.


The overall plastic strain rate of the bulk polycrystal _ e p is regarded as the average of plastic strain rates _ e p over the volume V of the polycrystal, i.e. the average over all individual grains, which can be determined using a virtual work principle [22] . This requires that the polycrystal is homogeneous (texture-free) at the macroscopic length-scale. It is recognised that austenitic stainless steels with a coarse grain size can have significant crystallographic texture. However, Fig. 5 shows that the present creep pre-strained Type 316H stainless steel specimen has a weak texture with none of the major crystal directions exceeding 1.4 times randomness in three crystallographic orientations {111}, {200} and {220}. Thus, the assumption made for texture-free polycrystal considered in our work is reasonable.

The overall plastic strain rate of the bulk polycrystal _ e p is regarded as the average of plastic strain rates _ e p over the volume V of the polycrystal, i.e. the average over all individual grains, which can be determined using a virtual work principle.


The role of swampy and rain-fed land outside Java in the future has significance as a center of food crops production, especially rice, due to the shrinking of productive paddy fields in Java. The main problems of cultivating paddy in swamp land (tidal, valley and peat) are higher sulfuric acid content that significantly reduce land fertility, the abiotic characteristic of commercial paddy that cannot withstand acidic soil, high pirite, Al, Fe, Mn, and organic acid contents. It was also observed that swamp land has a tendency of having lower basic cation i.e. Ca, K, Mg and microbial activity to support most commercial paddy cultivars (Arsyad, Saidi, & Enrizal, 2014) .

It was also observed that swamp land has a tendency of having lower basic cation i.e. Ca, K, Mg and microbial activity to support most commercial paddy cultivars.


High acidic content of swamp land causes the availability of nutrition and minerals required to grow rice cultivars, in this case related to phosphorous (P) (Wahdah, Langai, & Sitaresmi, 2012; Arsyad, Saidi, & Enrizal, 2014) . The high Fe ions may present in toxic level to rice cultivars (Helmi, 2015) . On the other hand, the insignificant amount of micro minerals i.e. Zn, Cu and Bo hinder the growth of commercial rice cultivars (Suhartini, 2001) .

High acidic content of swamp land causes the availability of nutrition and minerals required to grow rice cultivars, in this case related to phosphorous (P).

The high Fe ions may present in toxic level to rice cultivars.

On the other hand, the insignificant amount of micro minerals i.e. Zn, Cu and Bo hinder the growth of commercial rice cultivars.


Chronic respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung diseases (ILD), bronchiectasis and chronic asthma, contribute 7% to the global burden of disease [1] . Chronic respiratory diseases are the third leading cause of death worldwide, and account for 10% of all disability adjusted life years lost due to disability alone [2] . This level of disability is second only to that of cardiovascular disease, including stroke [2] . People with chronic respiratory disease experience repeated need for hospitalisation, reduced quality of life and life expectancy, poor exercise tolerance and physical functioning, and increased incidence of anxiety and depression [3] .

Chronic respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung diseases (ILD), bronchiectasis and chronic asthma, contribute 7% to the global burden of disease.

Chronic respiratory diseases are the third leading cause of death worldwide, and account for 10% of all disability adjusted life years lost due to disability alone.

This level of disability is second only to that of cardiovascular disease, including stroke.

People with chronic respiratory disease experience repeated need for hospitalisation, reduced quality of life and life expectancy, poor exercise tolerance and physical functioning, and increased incidence of anxiety and depression.


In previous tests with coccinellids and chrysopids, substrates became deterrent after short exposures to conspecific larvae. The chrysopid C. oculata laid, in choice tests, significantly more eggs on clean papers when the other substrate was exposed, prior to the test, to first instars for only 15 minutes (Růžička, 1997a) . The effect was greater when larvae were pre sent for four hours, and further prolongation of larval presence did not increase the deterrent effect.

The chrysopid C. oculata laid, in choice tests, significantly more eggs on clean papers when the other substrate was exposed, prior to the test, to first instars for only 15 minutes.


A large number of o-semiquinone free radicals exist in both the synthetic DOPA-melanin and tyrosine-melanin (~10 21 spin/g), and in the natural melanins isolated from A-375 and G-361 human melanoma malignum tumour cells (~10 19 -10 21 spin/g) ( Table 1) . The stabile and similar EPR spectra were measured for all the tested melanin samples (Figs 1, 3 and 4) . The asymmetrically shaped broad EPR spectra typical of melanin were observed. The shape and parameters of the spectra changes with microwave power (Figs 5-7) . The character of these changes is similar for model DOPA-melanin and melanin synthesized from tyrosine in the presence of tyrosinase (Fig. 5) , and for the examined natural melanins isolated from human melanoma malignum cells ( Fig. 6 and 7) . EPR spectra of DOPA-melanin and melanin synthesized from tyrosine (Fig. 1) , and EPR spectra of melanoma cells ( Fig. 3 and 4) bring to light the fact that the same type of melanin exists in A-375 and G-361 tumour cells. The existence of eumelanin in G-361 cells was pointed out in an earlier work (Latocha et al. 2005) . Similar shapes of the EPR spectra were observed for model eumelanin -DOPA-melanin and G-361 cells (Latocha et al. 2005) .

The existence of eumelanin in G-361 cells was pointed out in an earlier work.

Similar shapes of the EPR spectra were observed for model eumelanin -DOPA-melanin and G-361 cells.


Patterns derived from the diversity of 16S rDNA sequences in a microbial community have been used to rapidly characterize environmental samples [2, 3] . One example, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), creates patterns by digesting amplified community 16S rDNA with restriction enzymes [9, 10] . While faster than cloning, ARDRA data relies on the visual resolution of all restriction fragments. Visual detection may not resolve a significant fraction of the fragments, thereby reducing the amount of data available for analysis. Additionally, the number of restriction fragments per organism presents a problem when community restriction fragments are visually resolved. Restriction fragment analysis effectively divides the visual signal of any one organism's DNA. Therefore, fragments from organisms with a large number of restriction sites may be eliminated from the resulting pattern while fragments from those organisms with few restriction sites are more likely to appear in the pattern. Ideally, a community restriction pattern technique would both resolve all available fragments and limit those fragments to one per organism.

Patterns derived from the diversity of 16S rDNA sequences in a microbial community have been used to rapidly characterize environmental samples.

One example, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), creates patterns by digesting amplified community 16S rDNA with restriction enzymes.


Ultrasound measurements were evaluated by using the simple allometric model: Y = β 0 × X β 1+ ε were: Y = response variable (LMA, RFT or P8); X = Body weight (kg); β 0 = parameter of scalar adjustment; β 1 = allometric coefficient; and ε = random error. The data were linearized by anamorphosis, including the effects of feeding regime (1% or 2% of BW) and genetic type to the model described above. The effect of genetic type was analyzed by using Dummy variables (Draper & Smith, 1966) .

The effect of genetic type was analyzed by using Dummy variables.


From the results it appears that the factor structure of the LTSI, as revealed by means of the exploratory approach, appears differently in the South African context. Moreover, it was also indicated that the singular factor structure is interpretable in a changed context. It is important to note that because of culture and diversity differences between the American and South African contexts, a deliberate decision was made to choose the Exploratory Approach as well as determining the factor structure from the mentioned paradigm. Figure 1 , the Conceptual Model of Transfer, could probably be adapted according to the results in question as indicated in Figure 3 . The adapted model hypothesizes that HRD outcomes are a function of ability/enabling elements, individual characteristics and environmental influences at three outcome levels namely learning, individual performance and organisational performance (Holton 2000) . The outcomes are respectively defined as the achievement of learning outcomes desired in an HRD intervention, change in individual performance as a result of the learning being applied in the job and results as a consequence of the change in individual behaviour (Holton 1996) .

The adapted model hypothesizes that HRD outcomes are a function of ability/enabling elements, individual characteristics and environmental influences at three outcome levels namely learning, individual performance and organisational performance.

The outcomes are respectively defined as the achievement of learning outcomes desired in an HRD intervention, change in individual performance as a result of the learning being applied in the job and results as a consequence of the change in individual behaviour.


Cement is an exceptionally important material for the construction industry, and its production relates directly to the overall condition of this business. In addition, it is in a tight interrelation with the general state of the economy (Dean et al., 2011) . Cement is mainly produced using the dry method in member states of the EU. This technological solution demands an average 50% less energy compared to the wet process, during which clinker, the base material that is ground to powder and mixed with other ingredients to make cement, is incinerated in a kiln. Reducing the heat energy required to cremate clinker is imperative for the manufacturers, as one of the most notable expenses of cement manufacturing is the fuel material (Krzaklewski M. and Činčera p., 2007) .

In addition, it is in a tight interrelation with the general state of the economy.

Reducing the heat energy required to cremate clinker is imperative for the manufacturers, as one of the most notable expenses of cement manufacturing is the fuel material.


The cement business utilizes 60-130 kilograms (KG) of oil or oil equivalent, and an additional 90-130 kilowatts (KWh) of electricity for each ton of cement produced (Iozia and Jarre, 2011) . In the European Union, cement is mainly produced with the dry method, which conserves up to 50% energy when compared to the wet process, a technique commonly used by developing countries. If we want to produce cement in a low carbon way, a range of alternative fuels can be mentioned such waste oil, sewage sludge, used tires and waste derived fuels also. The cement sector's production requires high amounts of capital, approximately 150 million EUR for every million tons of raw materials. Regarding manufacturing costs, consumed fuel and electricity expenditures are usually 35-45% of the total production costs for each ton of cement (Iozia and Jarre, 2011) . According to the cement sector, well-prepared scientific processes can go to waste if their limitations have not been evaluated as a result of the absence of information on implementation, theoretic unpreparedness, lack of motivation, or other various reasons (Kovacs and Fogarassy, 2015) . The role of the cement sector is important for both the European Union (EU) and the Hungarian economy. It affects the construction industry directly and has a strong connection to energy production, due to its energy-intensive nature.

The cement business utilizes 60-130 kilograms (KG) of oil or oil equivalent, and an additional 90-130 kilowatts (KWh) of electricity for each ton of cement produced.

Regarding manufacturing costs, consumed fuel and electricity expenditures are usually 35-45% of the total production costs for each ton of cement.

According to the cement sector, well-prepared scientific processes can go to waste if their limitations have not been evaluated as a result of the absence of information on implementation, theoretic unpreparedness, lack of motivation, or other various reasons.


Although the role of ERβ in breast cancer is only beginning to be understood, an increasing amount of evidence suggests that this receptor might exert tumorsuppressor functions [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . If this is the case, activation of ERβ by specific agonists might be a feasible treatment option for breast cancer. In this study, we tested four ERβ agonists which have been reported to bind preferentially to this receptor, but only to a much smaller extent to ERα. Given that the employed cell lines were ERα-negative, the observed agonist effects most likely were mediated by ERβ.

Although the role of ERβ in breast cancer is only beginning to be understood, an increasing amount of evidence suggests that this receptor might exert tumorsuppressor functions.


It should be borne in mind that the single value depolarization metrics carry some averaged information on the depolarization. This means that in case of anisotropic depolarization the information capabilities of single value depolarization metrics appear to be limited. Moreover, in the literature the cases are described, when certain metrics generally do not adequately characterize the depolarizing properties of the studied object [8] .

Moreover, in the literature the cases are described, when certain metrics generally do not adequately characterize the depolarizing properties of the studied object.


In a flow along a rigid body with a sufficiently high Reynolds number, such as the straight wing of an unmanned aerial vehicle, layers of rotational flow occur close to the surface of the body. It is characteristic for these so-called boundary layers that only the upstream part of the flow determines its downstream development and not vice versa. This observation allows a mathematical description based on a parabolic set of partial differential equations: the boundary-layer equations (Prandtl 1904) . The pressure remains constant in the wall-normal direction and the adjoining potential flow governs the evolution of the boundary layer via the pressure. Two distinct states of a boundary layer are observable: the laminar state and the turbulent state. The region marking the change from the laminar to the turbulent state is denoted the transition region.

This observation allows a mathematical description based on a parabolic set of partial differential equations: the boundary-layer equations.


Further interpretation involves the existing amount of illite in M1 and M2 (Fig. 1) , which promotes elongation and enlargement of particles [25] . The initial setting time of the geopolymer mortar, measured with the Vicat needle apparatus at 348 K, depended on the type of metakaolin used. M1 and M2 were characterised by similar bonding times of 2250 ± s and 3000 ± s, respectively, while samples prepared from raw material M3 required almost twice the bonding time, 5100 ± s. Relatively long bonding times (40-80 min) could be a result of low calcium oxides content (Table 2) , as they significantly accelerate the bonding processes [26] . Calcium-rich materials accelerate the setting of alkali-activated fly ash-based materials where additional calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) coexists with geopolymer products [27] . The results are also in agreement with an effect of metakaolin material particle size. The setting time was longest for M3, with the smallest particles. Similarly, the particles of cement obtained from a 140 mesh (105 lm) showed the longest hardening time, 22 min, which was different when compared to 60 mesh (250 lm, 17 min) and 100 mesh (149 lm, 17 min) [28] .

Further interpretation involves the existing amount of illite in M1 and M2 (Fig. 1) , which promotes elongation and enlargement of particles.

Relatively long bonding times (40-80 min) could be a result of low calcium oxides content (Table 2) , as they significantly accelerate the bonding processes.

Calcium-rich materials accelerate the setting of alkali-activated fly ash-based materials where additional calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) coexists with geopolymer products.

Similarly, the particles of cement obtained from a 140 mesh (105 lm) showed the longest hardening time, 22 min, which was different when compared to 60 mesh (250 lm, 17 min) and 100 mesh (149 lm, 17 min).


The second step is the alkaline activation of metakaolin. The process of alkaline activation involves three types of reactions [3] . The first type leads to the dissolution of metakaolin into silicate monomers and aluminate monomers. This phenomenon has a strong exothermic character. The second type includes the polymerisation processes of these monomers into aluminosilicate oligomers, which immediately polymerise into small geopolymeric fragments or 'proto-zeolitic nuclei'. They are, however, thermodynamically metastable and incompletely cross-linked. Therefore, the third stage involves their combination into larger molecules, i.e. into aluminosilicate inorganic polymer gels and crystallised phases, which allows obtaining a material with stable properties [4] . One major factor affecting the composition of alkali-activated material binding phases is the calcium content; N-A-S-H, C-(N)-A-S-H and C-A-S-H gels are formed in low-, intermediate-and high-calcium systems, respectively. However, in high-calcium systems, the main binding phase is crystalline C-S-H [5] . The reactivity of metakaolin also depends on the Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 content; the higher the Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 content, the more reactive the metakaolin [6] . Moreover, altering the Si/Al molar ratio allows the synthesis of materials with different structures as the aluminium atoms cross-link chains of SiO 4 and MAlO 4 tetrahedra (where M is a monovalent cation, typically Na ? or K ? ). The polymer formation rate is also influenced by alkali concentration. An analysis of DSC curves showed that the polymerisation reaction (starting after the dissolution process) increased with the NaOH solution concentration [3] . Furthermore, various parameters, such as the material's specific surface area, initial solids content, purity and reaction temperature, result in the creation of different structures and networks [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .

The process of alkaline activation involves three types of reactions.

Therefore, the third stage involves their combination into larger molecules, i.e. into aluminosilicate inorganic polymer gels and crystallised phases, which allows obtaining a material with stable properties.

However, in high-calcium systems, the main binding phase is crystalline C-S-H.

The reactivity of metakaolin also depends on the Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 content; the higher the Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 content, the more reactive the metakaolin.

An analysis of DSC curves showed that the polymerisation reaction (starting after the dissolution process) increased with the NaOH solution concentration.

Furthermore, various parameters, such as the material's specific surface area, initial solids content, purity and reaction temperature, result in the creation of different structures and networks.


The above parallel smoothing algorithm can improve the mesh quality to a similar level as its sequential counterpart. However, this algorithm cannot reuse the sequential algorithm as a black box because no general schemes can apply the concept of independent sets for all local operations [29] . In contrast, these schemes have to be revised case by case. A main reason is that the parallel algorithm needs to define different types of mesh dual graphs, depending on the types of local operations to be parallelized, to subdivide work loads into different independent set. For instance, the dual graph used in parallel mesh smoothing considers each mesh point to be smoothed as a graph node, and graph arcs exits between adjacent mesh points. However, for a 2D edge flip operation, to avoid the quad regions involved in concurrently executed flip operations (each region is composed of two triangles sharing an edge) overlap each other, the dual graph considers each mesh edge as a graph node, and graph arcs exists between mesh edges meeting at one ending node [29] . Apparently, this may complicate the parallel implementation of a mesh improver greatly, in particular when this improver may incorporate quite a few types of local operations.

However, this algorithm cannot reuse the sequential algorithm as a black box because no general schemes can apply the concept of independent sets for all local operations.

However, for a 2D edge flip operation, to avoid the quad regions involved in concurrently executed flip operations (each region is composed of two triangles sharing an edge) overlap each other, the dual graph considers each mesh edge as a graph node, and graph arcs exists between mesh edges meeting at one ending node.


Since HIV/AIDS was recognized in the United States in the early 1980s, racial and ethnic minorities and vulnerable marginalized populations have been disproportionately harmed by this epidemic. Specifically, African Americans and Latinos, who represent approximately 27% of the US population, have higher rates of HIV/AIDS-from infection with HIV to death from complications related to AIDS-as compared to other groups [1] . As of 2007, African American/Blacks had AIDS case rates 10 times that of Whites. Even though they account for aproximately12% of the total US population, they represent nearly half of all new infections and 46% of people living with HIV [2] .

Specifically, African Americans and Latinos, who represent approximately 27% of the US population, have higher rates of HIV/AIDS-from infection with HIV to death from complications related to AIDS-as compared to other groups.

Even though they account for aproximately12% of the total US population, they represent nearly half of all new infections and 46% of people living with HIV.


In this paper we extend the Denjoy-Ahlfors theorem on Riemannian manifolds. In addition, this geometrical approach enables us to apply the developed technique to minimal surface theory. We describe briefly some key ideas of our method. Let M be a noncompact p-dimensional Riemannian manifold and let (M, u) be a C 2 -surface given by an immersion u(m) : M → R n . The surface M ≡ (M, u) is called minimal if the mean curvature vector is identically zero. If M is a minimal surface then for an arbitrary vector e ∈ R n the corresponding coordinate function f (m) = e, u(m) is harmonic with respect to the inner metric of M [17] . Then asymptotic tracts of f (m) can be identified with the noncompact components which one can cut off from u(M ) by hyperplanes u, e = const. On the other hand, there exists a priori an upper bound on the growth of f (m) in terms of the growth of the distance function in R n . Hence, a Denjoy-Ahlfors type theorem applied to f (m) on a minimal surface M provides a relation between inner geometric characteristics of M and the number of pieces which one can cut off from this surface by hyperplanes.

If M is a minimal surface then for an arbitrary vector e ∈ R n the corresponding coordinate function f (m) = e, u(m) is harmonic with respect to the inner metric of M.


The use of WLS regression has been proposed as a good alternative to OLS in linear calibrations, as it can manage heteroscedasticity [8, 26, 27, 30] . It should be considered that OLS and WLS regression models consider that the independent variable is free of error. Therefore, biased estimates of the intercept are always to be anticipated in analytical calibrations, but sometimes this error is too small to have any experimental significance [46] . It has been reported that WLS does not alter significantly the slope estimate obtained by OLS, whereas the intercept is moderately affected [26, 27] . In this study, differences for the slopes calculated by OLS and WLS regressions were <5%, a difference that for practical applications can be considered as equivalent. In the case of y-intercepts, the differences were >10% (up to 1300%), which do have experimental significance.

The use of WLS regression has been proposed as a good alternative to OLS in linear calibrations, as it can manage heteroscedasticity.

Therefore, biased estimates of the intercept are always to be anticipated in analytical calibrations, but sometimes this error is too small to have any experimental significance.

It has been reported that WLS does not alter significantly the slope estimate obtained by OLS, whereas the intercept is moderately affected.


Spectral analysis of the time trace reveals that the oscillations at the first part happen in a range of frequencies, see Figure 3 . As can be seen in this figure, there is no dominant frequency in this period and the pressure fluctuations are essentially random. The second time interval is very short (almost 100 ms). Using conventional spectral analysis in such a short period results in a poor spectral resolution. Parametric (model based) methods of spectral analysis were therefore used [44] . These methods improve the spectral resolution of the short length data compared to that obtained by standard techniques (non-parametric) [44] . Applying these techniques to the second interval shows that the spectrum of the second interval tends to have more well-defined peaks. Thus the pressure fluctuations happen at more distinctive frequencies compared to the first interval. The main oscillation frequencies are 70, 102 and 146 Hz.

Parametric (model based) methods of spectral analysis were therefore used.

These methods improve the spectral resolution of the short length data compared to that obtained by standard techniques (non-parametric).


In order to provide a lower bound on the speed, it is instrumental to find a lower bound for the escape probability from the root, as well as an upper bound for the expected number of returns to the root. Both these bounds are obtained with the help of an auxiliary branching process that already appeared in Collevecchio [5] . In particular the escape probability is bounded from below by the survival probability of the branching process, see the Propositions 2.6 and 2.13. For once-reinforced random walk, the branching process can be constructed in such a way that its survival probability is always positive, whereas for random walk in random environment we need additional assumptions.

Both these bounds are obtained with the help of an auxiliary branching process that already appeared in Collevecchio.


Previous measures to assess trust have been diseasegeneric and developed in primary care mainly [4, 10] . These scales might not adequately capture cancer patients' trust, which has been found to be distinctly constructed [3] . Therefore, an oncology-specific measure to assess cancer patients' trust, the Trust in Oncologist Scale (TiOS), has been developed. The TiOS was developed from a theoretical framework and based on qualitative research. It was previously validated in both Dutch and English [11, 12] .

Previous measures to assess trust have been diseasegeneric and developed in primary care mainly.

These scales might not adequately capture cancer patients' trust, which has been found to be distinctly constructed.

It was previously validated in both Dutch and English.


The interviews conducted were transcribed. Pattern analysis was used the used to determine whether the interviews and secondary documentation supported the factors that were identified during the Delphi study [30] . A factor was deemed to be applicable if at least half (four) of the interview or documentation data of all eight cases supported the factor. In the interview questionnaires the interviewees were asked to indicate if there were any factors that they wished to add. The newly identified factors were added by at least half of the interviewees and further confirmation was then sought in the secondary documentation. Ease of maintenance and support over the life cycle of the technology was found to be very important in all the examined cases. The main reason for this is that if the technology is not in working condition, the users will simply abandon it and return to their traditional methods [31e33] .

Pattern analysis was used the used to determine whether the interviews and secondary documentation supported the factors that were identified during the Delphi study.


Piperaquine was described by a three-compartment disposition model, which is in agreement with recently published studies [8, [47] [48] [49] [50] . The variable absorption characteristics of piperaquine were best described with two transit absorption compartments, compared with three or five in previous studies [8, 48] . The difference in the number of transit compartments might be explained by different study designs and sample frequencies during the absorption phase.

Piperaquine was described by a three-compartment disposition model, which is in agreement with recently published studies.

The variable absorption characteristics of piperaquine were best described with two transit absorption compartments, compared with three or five in previous studies.


The only examples in the literature of left-invariant metrics with nonnegative curvature on compact Lie groups are obtained from a bi-invariant metric by shrinking along a subalgebra (or a sequence of nested subalgebras). We review this construction in section 5, which in its greatest generality is due to Cheeger [1] . Do all examples arise in this way? In section 6, we outline a few ways to make this question precise. Even for U (2), the answer is essentially no. Also, since each of our metrics on U (2) induces via Cheeger's method a left-invariant metric with nonnegative curvature on any compact Lie group which contains a subgroup isomorphic to U (2), our classification for small-dimensional groups informs the question for large-dimensional groups.

We review this construction in section 5, which in its greatest generality is due to Cheeger.

Do all examples arise in this way?


Selected extracted gonad as 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight and continued for 17 days, the nutrients contained in the gonad extracted from D. setosum are probably better to induce the IFN-γ, IL-10 cytokine immune responses and expression of FOXP3 gene to provide initial defense when pathogens can escape into the body. Our previous research study, after 10 days of intervention, blood was taken from the three groups, and then mice were left to rest for 3 hours. The groups were then stimulated by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (0.2 ml × 10 3 ml/CFU) of S. typhi. Blood from mice wereas taken again 7 days after stimulation of LPS (Salma et al., 2016b) . The phase of the adaptive immune response after exposure to the antigen was on the 7th day lymphocyte activity (antibody production and effector T cell lymphocytes) occurs, day 14 antigen was eliminated and entering the 21st day there is an apoptosis from effector lymphocyte cells for homeostasis and surviving memory cells (Abbas et al., 2012) .

Blood from mice wereas taken again 7 days after stimulation of LPS.

The phase of the adaptive immune response after exposure to the antigen was on the 7th day lymphocyte activity (antibody production and effector T cell lymphocytes) occurs, day 14 antigen was eliminated and entering the 21st day there is an apoptosis from effector lymphocyte cells for homeostasis and surviving memory cells.


In this work, the effect of Ti and W interlayers deposited by a PVD technique on steel substrates with two different roughness levels was studied. The shear test of adhesion showed that for all samples, their cohesion strength was lower than the adhesion strength. Thus, it was not possible to quantify the combined effect of surface roughness and PVD layer on the adhesion of the plasma sprayed coatings. Nevertheless, the detailed characterization has shed some light on the phenomena taking place at the interface and allowed us to discuss the effect of interlayers. It is commonly accepted that mechanical interlocking is the main adhesion mechanism of thermal spray deposits [9, 14] . However, the interlocking sites, as produced by the grit blasting process, might not offer sufficient adhesion, especially when coupling materials with significantly different properties. With its thermal expansion lying between steel and tungsten, titanium seems to be a promising candidate for improving the adhesion of tungsten coatings. Based on the observations in this study, it can be concluded that a PVD titanium layer has a positive effect on the adhesion of a plasma sprayed tungsten coating due to the formation of a strong diffusion bond and the suppressed effect of titanium oxidation. The titanium layer itself exhibits features conducive to good adhesion to the substrate material: diffusion between the steel substrate and titanium, no significant oxide layer between substrate and titanium as well as no gaps/voids were present at the interface. It was also observed that the PVD layer did not significantly change the roughness of the underlying substrate. Therefore, the positive effect of the substrate roughness can be preserved [11] .

It is commonly accepted that mechanical interlocking is the main adhesion mechanism of thermal spray deposits.

Therefore, the positive effect of the substrate roughness can be preserved.


To our best knowledge, up to now there is no mathematically proved result on the determination of the variable fractional order in variable-order tFDEs. The only available result is a numerical study of simultaneously determining the fractional order and the diffusion coefficient in a variableorder tFDE in which the variable order depends on both space and time variables [33] . In this paper we prove the uniqueness of determining the variable fractional order of the initial-boundary value problems of variableorder tFDEs in one space dimension with some available observed values of the unknown solutions inside the spatial domain. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: In Section 2 we discuss the modeling issues and present a physically relevant initial-boundary value problem of variable-order tFDEs. In Section 3 we address the wellposedness of the proposed model and the smoothing properties of its solutions, based on which we prove a uniqueness result in an inverse problem of determination of variable orders in the proposed model from some available observed values of the unknown solutions inside the spatial domain in Section 4.

The only available result is a numerical study of simultaneously determining the fractional order and the diffusion coefficient in a variableorder tFDE in which the variable order depends on both space and time variables.


Summarization from online reviews, therefore, plays an important role for such dialogue systems. There have been previous studies on review analysis for text-based summarization systems (Mei et al., 2007; Titov and McDonald, 2008a; Branavan et al., 2008) . Mixture models and topic models are used to predict the underlying topics of each document and generate a phrase-level summary. An aspect rating on each facet is also automatically learned with statistical models (Snyder and Barzilay, 2007; Titov and McDonald, 2008b; Baccianella et al., 2009) . These approaches are all very effective, and the review databases generated are well presented.

There have been previous studies on review analysis for text-based summarization systems.

An aspect rating on each facet is also automatically learned with statistical models.


There was also a study on using reviews to generate a dictionary of mappings between semantic representations and realizations of concepts for dialogue systems (Higashinaka et al., 2006; Higashinaka, 2007) . They also used the association between user ratings and reviews to capture semantic-syntactic structure mappings. A set of filtering rules was manually created to eliminate low-quality mappings. In our approach, we use an automatic approach to classifying high/low informative phrases. The learning features are domainindependent with no hand-crafted rules, and can be extended to other domains effortlessly.

There was also a study on using reviews to generate a dictionary of mappings between semantic representations and realizations of concepts for dialogue systems.


Before establishing the experiment, the seeds were treated with fungicide, as well as with biological inoculant. These two treatments were applied at the following sequence: firstly, the seeds were treated with the fungicide Derosal Plus ® (carbendazim + thiram) at a dosage of 200 mL.100 kg -1 seed, and then left to stand for about 10 min., for drying and fixation of fungicide. Immediately after, a peat inoculant, containing the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum was applied at a dosage of 3,0 million bacterial cells per seed (Embrapa, 2011; Sediyama, 2009) . After treatments, seeds were sown into plastic pots, with capacity of 3.0 dm 3 of soil each. The soil used in the experiment was a Red-Yellow Oxisol, originating from a still non-cultivated area.

Immediately after, a peat inoculant, containing the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum was applied at a dosage of 3,0 million bacterial cells per seed.


It is highly desirable to develop an efficient numerical method to investigate and optimize the characteristic properties of laminated plates instead of using experimental testing due to time and cost efficiencies. Because of the limitations of analytical methods in practical applications, numerical methods are becoming the most effective tools to solve many industrial problems. Finite element method (FEM) is a powerful method used to solve most linear and nonlinear practical engineering problems in solid and fluid mechanics. However, FEM has some limitations which include time-consuming task of mesh generation, low accuracy in stress calculation, low accuracy when solving large deformation problems due to element distortions, difficulty in simulating problems with strain localization and shear band formation due to discontinuities that may not coincide with some of the original nodal lines [12] . Meshless method has great potential to overcome those challenges.

However, FEM has some limitations which include time-consuming task of mesh generation, low accuracy in stress calculation, low accuracy when solving large deformation problems due to element distortions, difficulty in simulating problems with strain localization and shear band formation due to discontinuities that may not coincide with some of the original nodal lines.


A one-dimensional integrated radial basis function networks (1D-IRBFN) collocation method for the solution of second-and fourth-order PDEs was presented by Mai-Duy and Tanner [39] . Along grid lines, 1D-IRBFN are constructed to satisfy the governing DEs together with boundary conditions in an exact manner. The 1D-IRBFN method was further developed for the simulation of fluid flow problems. In the present study, the 1D-IRBFN method is extended to the case of free vibration of composite laminates based on FSDT. A number of examples are considered to investigate the effects of various plate shapes, length-to-width ratios, thickness-to-span ratios, material properties and boundary conditions on natural frequencies of composite laminated plates. The results obtained are compared with available published results from different methods.

A one-dimensional integrated radial basis function networks (1D-IRBFN) collocation method for the solution of second-and fourth-order PDEs was presented by Mai-Duy and Tanner.


The soil salinity is the critical abiotic stress that limiting crop production all over the world. It is the major problem of rice based farming systems in the coastal areas. Also, inland is affected by salinity due to improper irrigation and drainage system. Approximately 20% irrigated and 8% of rainfed agricultural land is affected by salinity (Asif et al. 2018) . About one-third of the irrigated rice growing areas are affected by salinity (Prasad et al. 2000) . Salinity stress impacts on rice may vary depending upon its different growth and development stages (Yamaguchi and Blumwald 2005) . Rice can tolerate salt stress at late vegetative and maturity stages and susceptible at early the vegetative stage. In general, germination and seedling are the two most sensitive stages of salinity. Salinity tolerance in rice is a physiologically complex trait and attributed to multiple mechanisms. The effect of salinity stress arises as a result of the relationship between the physiological and molecular responses of plants (Zhang et al. 2018) . Understanding the salt stress tolerance mechanism of rice is crucial for identifying the responsible genetic material. Progress in rice breeding with salt tolerance is still slow because of genetic complexity (Flowers and Flowers 2005) . Besides, salt tolerance Noushin Jahan and Yu Zhang have contributed equally to this work.

Approximately 20% irrigated and 8% of rainfed agricultural land is affected by salinity.

About one-third of the irrigated rice growing areas are affected by salinity.

Salinity stress impacts on rice may vary depending upon its different growth and development stages.

The effect of salinity stress arises as a result of the relationship between the physiological and molecular responses of plants.

Progress in rice breeding with salt tolerance is still slow because of genetic complexity.


Statistical analysis. Results were based on mean values of at least three replicates from two (independent) repeats of experiment. The mean values were then compared using Duncan's multiple range test at P = 0.05. MSTATC computer software was used to carry out statistical analysis (Bricker 1991) .

Statistical analysis.

MSTATC computer software was used to carry out statistical analysis.


Inquiry learning is applied to chemistry subject. Chemistry is a science subject in which its application is close to everyday life (Bailin, 2002) . One of the chemistry materials taught in senior high school related to the utilization of chemicals in everyday life is the alkane derived compounds material. This material is the basic material of organic chemistry in which its development and application is so vast and related to real life of society. Alkana derived compounds are memorizing material with abstract concepts. The learning activities are monotonous, which leads to boredom and results in low student scores.

Chemistry is a science subject in which its application is close to everyday life.


This research is a Research and Development (R & D) study conducted to develop learning media Chemistry Board Game (CBG) named Al Chemist Knight in which the application of this media is combined with inquiry learning model, on chemistry subject by taking the specification of organic chemistry material, a functional group of alkane derived compounds (the material of XII class of senior high school). The development procedure of the Game Development Process on mobile 3D presentation from Perdue UniThe inquiry process begins with formulating problems, developing hypotheses, gathering evidence, testing hypotheses, and drawing temporary conclusions, examining temporary conclu-sions to get conclusions that to some extent are believed by students (Hasnunidah, 2012) . Chemistry board game learning media to be developed in the form of audiovisual media is a set of tools that can project moving and voi-cing images. The combination between image and sound shapes characters equal to their origi-nal form. Computer based chemistry board game learning media is one of the media that can create an interactive teaching environment that provides an active response to the learning needs of students by preparing effective learning activities to ensure the occurrence of independent learning (Arsyad, 2011) .

The development procedure of the Game Development Process on mobile 3D presentation from Perdue UniThe inquiry process begins with formulating problems, developing hypotheses, gathering evidence, testing hypotheses, and drawing temporary conclusions, examining temporary conclu-sions to get conclusions that to some extent are believed by students.

Computer based chemistry board game learning media is one of the media that can create an interactive teaching environment that provides an active response to the learning needs of students by preparing effective learning activities to ensure the occurrence of independent learning.


Interactive concepts in a computer-based learning environment follow three elements, namely (1) adjustable instructional sequences; (2) student work responses or answers; and (3) adjustable feedback. Learning using this interactive media has a positive impact on learning. The use of computer-based learning media in addition to improve learning outcomes, it also increases the role and skills of students' knowledge (Sadiman, 2010) . The learning media used also affects the ability of students to search and investigate new knowledge (Akhlis & Dewi, 2014) .

The use of computer-based learning media in addition to improve learning outcomes, it also increases the role and skills of students' knowledge.

The learning media used also affects the ability of students to search and investigate new knowledge.


The 21 st century is a century of knowledge, where information is scattered and technology evolves. The characteristic of the 21 st century is the increasingly interconnected world of science, so that the synergy between them becomes faster. The context of the utilization of information and communication technology in education is evidenced by the melting factor of "space and time" has been a determinant aspect of the speed and success of science by mankind. The 21 st century is marked with the abundance of (1) information available anywhere and accessible at any time; (2) faster computing; (3) automation that replaces routine jobs; and (4) communication that can be done from anywhere and everywhere. The 21 st century skills can help students to learn and adapt to all forms of change that takes place over time (Ongardwanich et al., 2015) . The change is related to global economic, ecosystem and political networks. This condition requires students to learn how to communicate, cooperate, and solve problems with people all over the world. Students need seven survival skills including: critical thinking and problem solving, leadership and cooperation, agility and adaptability, full of initiative and enterprener spirit, ability to communicate effectively both oral and written, easy access to information and information analysis, imagination and curiosity (Saavedra & Opfer, 2012) .

The 21 st century skills can help students to learn and adapt to all forms of change that takes place over time.

Students need seven survival skills including: critical thinking and problem solving, leadership and cooperation, agility and adaptability, full of initiative and enterprener spirit, ability to communicate effectively both oral and written, easy access to information and information analysis, imagination and curiosity.


The approach of digital technology using as a learning medium has a better and more effective impact than other approaches. To increase students' interest in learning, an interesting learning media support is needed. The use of gaming applications as learning media can increase learning outcomes (Adnan et al., 2017) .

The use of gaming applications as learning media can increase learning outcomes.


Critical thinking will be easier to teach to students if it is included in the course, as opposed to practicing critical thinking independently through critical thinking courses (Ennis, 2016) . Critical thinking skills are very impor-tant to develop because learners can more easily understand the concept, sensitive to problems that occur so as to understand and solve prob-lems, and able to apply the concept in different situations. Critical thinking learned in the science class also affects learners' lives long after they lea-ve formal education by providing tools that can be used to analyze many issues they face in their daily lives. Critical thinking can be developed in learning by enriching meaningful learners' ex-periences. The experiences can be in form of an opportunity to argue verbally or in writing like a scientist (Frydenberg, & Andone, 2011) .

Critical thinking will be easier to teach to students if it is included in the course, as opposed to practicing critical thinking independently through critical thinking courses.

The experiences can be in form of an opportunity to argue verbally or in writing like a scientist.


Receptor models have been widely used over the past three decades to apportion ambient concentrations to sources. Among these, the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) methods are the most widely used. CMB can be used if sources and emission profiles of PM are known "a priori" (Viana et al., 2008a; Ducret-Stich et al., 2013) . However, a detailed knowledge of sources and emissions is often not available; in these cases it is preferable to use multivariate models like PCA and PMF, which attempt to apportion the sources on the basis of the internal correlations at the receptor site (Viana et al., 2008a) . Moreover, some hybrid models combining the features of chemical mass balance models and non-negative factor analysis, such as Multilinear Engine-2 (ME-2) and Constrained Physical Receptor Model (COPREM), can be also used (Paatero, 1999; Wahlin, 2003) .

CMB can be used if sources and emission profiles of PM are known "a priori".

However, a detailed knowledge of sources and emissions is often not available; in these cases it is preferable to use multivariate models like PCA and PMF, which attempt to apportion the sources on the basis of the internal correlations at the receptor site.

Moreover, some hybrid models combining the features of chemical mass balance models and non-negative factor analysis, such as Multilinear Engine-2 (ME-2) and Constrained Physical Receptor Model (COPREM), can be also used.


A number of works in the literature report the source apportionment of PM 10 , PM 2.5 and even PM 1 in several cities located in the Po Valley using different receptor models (Marcazzan et al., 2003; Vecchi et al., 2008; Contini et al., 2012) . In these cities a significant contribution to PM emissions is given by anthropogenic sources, including traffic and industry. Industrial sources are responsible for a wide range of different elemental emissions, depending upon the characteristics of the plants (e.g., steel mills, power plants, waste incinerators, etc.), but the use of elements as tracers of industrial emissions in source apportionment studies is particularly difficult due to their lack of specificity. Many elements, in fact, are emitted in different proportions from a range of different industrial sources.

A number of works in the literature report the source apportionment of PM 10 , PM 2.5 and even PM 1 in several cities located in the Po Valley using different receptor models.


The Po Valley is a large industrialised and highly populated area located in the north of Italy. It is characterized by highly adverse meteorological conditions, including weak circulation of air masses in the winter period, and alternation of hot-dry and humid days in summer (Bernardoni et al., 2011; Larsen et al., 2012) . This leads to the accumulation of pollutants in the local atmosphere and to the consequent frequent exceedance of the European air quality standards, particularly for PM (Marcazzan et al., 2003; Larsen et al., 2012) . The further development of abatement strategies in this area is thus essential for the protection of both human health and environment.

It is characterized by highly adverse meteorological conditions, including weak circulation of air masses in the winter period, and alternation of hot-dry and humid days in summer.

This leads to the accumulation of pollutants in the local atmosphere and to the consequent frequent exceedance of the European air quality standards, particularly for PM.


In addition, the newsvendor problem is also analyzed with other psychological behaviors such as reference dependence, decision bias, bounded rationality, and inequality aversion. Interested readers may please refer to the recently published papers for a thorough review [2, 3, 6, 22, 27, 28] . Although the above studies have made great contributions to the newsvendor model with loss aversion, they seldom consider the price and the advertising effect simultaneously, and they do not describe clearly the impacts of the aversions to the surplus loss and stockout loss on the optimal policy.

Interested readers may please refer to the recently published papers for a thorough review.