Given these premises, this literature review draws from multiple disciplines and research streams to reveal how different areas understand F&G resources as elements that might support sustainable place development. The overall objective of this review article is to reduce research fragmentation by providing an understanding of the main elements underlying F&G as factors that may support place development and by identifying common dimensions that may support sustainability principles and sustainable development goals. Indeed, fragmentation is one of the major issues that a sustainable development approach must overcome. The disciplines underlying these concepts have often developed separately. Therefore, many of the sustainable development challenges being confronted by academics and policymakers are rooted in the sectorial fragmentation of responsibility [1] . To address this topic, this article offers a more holistic framework by selecting and analysing academic discourses relating F&G to sustainable place development, which is understood as economic growth at the local level with respect to natural, social, human and manufactured capital [2] .

Therefore, many of the sustainable development challenges being confronted by academics and policymakers are rooted in the sectorial fragmentation of responsibility.

To address this topic, this article offers a more holistic framework by selecting and analysing academic discourses relating F&G to sustainable place development, which is understood as economic growth at the local level with respect to natural, social, human and manufactured capital.


The mangrove ecosystem is a particular environment harboring diverse groups of microorganisms that play key roles in nutrient transformation (Thatoi et al., 2013) . Degradation of mangrove plant material begins with the colonization of fungi and bacteria (Grossart et al., 2003) . These bacteria produce numerous metabolic substances with a wide range of biological activity, such as enzyme production, phosphate solubilization, hydrocarbon utilization, plant growth hormone production, nitrogen fixation and microbial activities (Sahoo & Dahl, 2009) . Within a community, this is considered a selective force, a competition for resources that promotes the biosynthesis of antimicrobial compounds (Slattery et al., 2001) . In concordance, a number of bacteria collected in the mangrove ecosystem in this study presented activity.

The mangrove ecosystem is a particular environment harboring diverse groups of microorganisms that play key roles in nutrient transformation.

Degradation of mangrove plant material begins with the colonization of fungi and bacteria.

These bacteria produce numerous metabolic substances with a wide range of biological activity, such as enzyme production, phosphate solubilization, hydrocarbon utilization, plant growth hormone production, nitrogen fixation and microbial activities.

Within a community, this is considered a selective force, a competition for resources that promotes the biosynthesis of antimicrobial compounds.


The project was initiated at an interactive workshop (WS1) in which the scope and the boundaries for the project were discussed. The organizations also presented their challenges and priorities with organizational governance for a sustainable development. The following step was to collect data on the participating organizations' sustainability efforts. Initially, a study of the organizations' communications was carried out based on the information and documentation published on their websites. Documents play an explicit role in case study data collection and systematic searches for relevant documents are important [35] . In this case study, the documentation comes from the participating organizations' websites or is provided by the participants from the respective organizations. The studied documents consist of documented information such as policies and activating documentation such as programs and action plans. The documentation studied for the participating organizations is presented in Table 5 .

Documents play an explicit role in case study data collection and systematic searches for relevant documents are important.


At an organizational level there are sustainability initiatives, guidelines and tools other than Agenda 2030 and planetary boundaries to consider when planning, working with and reporting on sustainable development. Different standards, such as the ISO 14000 family on environmental management, the ISO 26000 on social responsibility, the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards and the OHSAS 18001 on occupational safety and health, provide further directives. By including a multiplicity of sustainability goals, the variety of sustainability initiatives, guidelines and tools also increases the complexity of managing sustainability in organizations. Although several of the initiatives appear to conform, it may still be a challenge for individual organizations, such as a municipality, to interpret and prioritize which goals to implement and take action on, especially when organizations often have to focus on the local stakeholders that they create value for [11] .

Although several of the initiatives appear to conform, it may still be a challenge for individual organizations, such as a municipality, to interpret and prioritize which goals to implement and take action on, especially when organizations often have to focus on the local stakeholders that they create value for.


Adding value in the economic advancement from commodities and products to services, and from services to experiences can be explained by the following example of the coffee bean. Consumers typically derive little value from the coffee bean in its raw, unprocessed form (commodity). However, value is added when they can buy a packet of roasted coffee beans (product) to brew a cup of coffee at home. A further progression in value results when consumers are served a cup of freshly brewed coffee at the local coffee shop (service). The satisfaction derived from the coffee, and even from the service, is significantly enhanced when consumers sip coffee in Café Florian on the piazza San Marco in Venice (Boswijk, Peelen & Olthof, 2012) . The latter experience is filled with symbolism and sensations, and the consumer is likely to be physically, emotionally, intellectually and spiritually engaged in the experience.

The satisfaction derived from the coffee, and even from the service, is significantly enhanced when consumers sip coffee in Café Florian on the piazza San Marco in Venice.


However, few quantitative standardized assessments of subjective resilience have taken place (Marshall 2010) . As such, little is known about their feasibility as a resilience measurement tool and how they compare with traditional objective methods, particularly when applied at scale. Accordingly, in this study, we propose a simple tool that seeks to measure 'subjective resilience' at a household level alongside numerous characteristics that often form part of objective assessments of resilience. We subsequently apply this tool to investigate the following research question: Is subjective resilience connected to particular socio-demographic characteristics of households, and if so, which ones?

However, few quantitative standardized assessments of subjective resilience have taken place.


The survey results also suggest that low resilience-related capacities appear to be a concern in Tanzania where most households reported limited capacities to be prepared for, respond to, or change their livelihood strategies in response to an extreme flood. The scores across the three capacities were fairly similar; around one-third of respondents felt they were likely to be prepared in the event of a flood, one-quarter felt they could recover fully within six months, and 4 in 10 felt they could change their livelihood if needed. It is intriguing, however, that a greater proportion of respondents felt able to change their livelihood strategies than to prepare for, and to a much greater extent, cope with, an extreme flood. This may suggest that perceived levels of adaptive capacity are higher relative to the other two resilience capacities. The share is somewhat lower among people with less education and fewer assets (though only the wealth differences are statistically significant); however, fully 30% of respondents without education and one-third of those from households in the poorest asset quintile felt that they would be able to adapt. The results could, in part, be explained by increasing levels of livelihood diversity and flexibility with regards to sources of income and livelihood among Tanzanians (Hedges et al. 2016) . In future work, it would be advisable to probe understandings of the adaptive capacity-related question, including whether people associate it with longer term change rather than short-term coping strategies, and the sorts of livelihood strategies people feel they can adopt.

The results could, in part, be explained by increasing levels of livelihood diversity and flexibility with regards to sources of income and livelihood among Tanzanians.


Adaptive immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection and disease vary widely and are heterogeneous between infected individuals [1] . During the early stages of infection with tuberculosis there is a high T helper (Th) 1, and to some extent Th17, immune response to M.tb antigens [2, 3] . As mycobacteria multiply and M.tb infection progresses to disease, Th1 and Th17 responses tend to be suppressed and Th2 and regulatory responses emerge. Of note, interleukin (IL)-4, is associated with marked immunopathology and increased severity of the disease [4] . Certain M.tb strains, such as some subtypes of the W-Beijing strain, are associated with prominent Th2 type responses and inhibition of Th1 immune responses, and these strains are characterised by greater severity of tuberculosis infection and disease [5, 6] . The effects of IL-4 are accentuated in the presence of the Th1 cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) [7, 8] .

Adaptive immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection and disease vary widely and are heterogeneous between infected individuals.

During the early stages of infection with tuberculosis there is a high T helper (Th) 1, and to some extent Th17, immune response to M.tb antigens.

Of note, interleukin (IL)-4, is associated with marked immunopathology and increased severity of the disease.

Certain M.tb strains, such as some subtypes of the W-Beijing strain, are associated with prominent Th2 type responses and inhibition of Th1 immune responses, and these strains are characterised by greater severity of tuberculosis infection and disease.

The effects of IL-4 are accentuated in the presence of the Th1 cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα).


Phylogenetically, the Cdc48/p97 proteins, which are involved in homotypic vesicle fusion and ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation, appear to represent the ancestral form of group II proteins as they contain two highly conserved AAA domains [11, 14] . Other group II proteins, such as Pex1 and Pex6, involved in peroxisome biogenesis, or Sec18/NSF, involved in heterotypic vesicle fusion, have lost critical active-site residues from one of the two ATPase domains. Within the Cdc48/p97 family of proteins, archaebacterial representatives have diverged the least from the group II ancestor, as judged from their phylogenetic position and significantly shorter branch lengths.

Phylogenetically, the Cdc48/p97 proteins, which are involved in homotypic vesicle fusion and ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation, appear to represent the ancestral form of group II proteins as they contain two highly conserved AAA domains.


Lake Hwajinpo water quality demonstrated in this study showed wide variations run physicochemical and biological processes in water [27] . Similarly, suspended solids mean value was significantly higher in this period than the previous pe- and South due to the narrow connecting channel [16] . The nutrient (N and P) components were slightly lower in the third period of the study as well as SD.

Lake Hwajinpo water quality demonstrated in this study showed wide variations run physicochemical and biological processes in water.

Similarly, suspended solids mean value was significantly higher in this period than the previous pe- and South due to the narrow connecting channel.


The ability to control the output voltage through the use of thyristors does not come without a cost. As the firing angle (α) increases, the non-linearity of the rectifier circuit does as well. This means that the shapes of the output voltage and input current waveforms become less sinusoidal. Consequently, this increases the harmonic content of the device both at the input and at the output. At the input of the rectifier, the voltage supplied by the grid is relatively stable and the physics of the device allow the input voltage to remain sinusoidal with minimal harmonic distortion. On the contrary, the input current's behavior depends on how long the thyristors conduct inside the rectifier circuit. The less the conduction time of the thrystors, the more harmonics will be drawn from the source which may affect neighboring loads and power system equipment up the stream. The adverse effects of the harmonic distortion in the input current come in many forms. One detrimental effect is that input current harmonic distortion can lead to voltage distortion further up the line due to the line impedance. This harmonics may reach the distribution transformers which are not rated to handle large amounts of harmonics. Therefore, despite their increased cost of approximately twice as much as and weight 115% more than the standard transformer, the k-rated transformers would sometimes be necessary [3] . Additionally, these higher frequencies of harmonics can increase the eddy currents and hysteresis losses and heat up the transformer. Lastly, these effects can add up and cause larger issues to the entire power system [4] [5] .

Therefore, despite their increased cost of approximately twice as much as and weight 115% more than the standard transformer, the k-rated transformers would sometimes be necessary.

Lastly, these effects can add up and cause larger issues to the entire power system.


Simulation models predict that even moderate levels of hunting can lead to substantial population declines in large carnivores ). Accordingly, harvest data suggest that in African countries and US states with the highest intensity of hunting, lions (Panthera leo) and cougars (Puma concolor) suffered the steepest population declines over the past 25 years ). Similar effects in leopards (Panthera pardus) may have been masked by competitive release owing to declines in sympatric lion populations ). Nevertheless, hunting areas in Tanzania with the highest initial harvests suffered the steepest declines in leopard populations (Packer et al. 2011) .

Nevertheless, hunting areas in Tanzania with the highest initial harvests suffered the steepest declines in leopard populations.


Field illumination by a generic source at close distance involves not only propagating modes with wavelength roughly determined by the formula λ = f /c, but also short-wavelength components or evanescent modes that represent the rapid variation in the near field [5] . Note that for a specially prepared discretization mesh, it is possible to compute the response to any near field using full-wave analysis methods such as MoM [6] . However, for each new type of near field, e.g., different composition of short-wavelength components, it is necessary to change the mesh in order to obtain an accurate solution to the problem [7, 8] . Recently, some methods to compute the response of antennas to generic near fields were proposed but for special antennas [9, 10] . These methods, though useful, don't address the problem at the most general level, besides being already contained in the method presented here as a special case.

Field illumination by a generic source at close distance involves not only propagating modes with wavelength roughly determined by the formula λ = f /c, but also short-wavelength components or evanescent modes that represent the rapid variation in the near field.

Note that for a specially prepared discretization mesh, it is possible to compute the response to any near field using full-wave analysis methods such as MoM.

However, for each new type of near field, e.g., different composition of short-wavelength components, it is necessary to change the mesh in order to obtain an accurate solution to the problem.

Recently, some methods to compute the response of antennas to generic near fields were proposed but for special antennas.


Both the legitimation and the criticism strategy contribute to creating an image of uncertainty. First, if the countermovement is successful in persuading a relevant sector of the public with its dissenting views, this accelerates the level of uncertainty about a certain issue as an opposing view arises and gains relevance. Second, the criticism strategy contributes to uncertainty, as it tries to discredit the representatives of scientific consensus or their empirical findings (Leenen and Penders 2016) . Smithson (1993, p. 134) mainly identifies interest groups with certain political goals, who Bselectively manipulate uncertainty (or ignorance) about scientific matters to their own ends.^Following this argument, the present study focuses on civil society countermovement actors.

Second, the criticism strategy contributes to uncertainty, as it tries to discredit the representatives of scientific consensus or their empirical findings.


As we move into the world incorporating social networks and Internet of Things (IoT), the living and production have changed much. On one hand, as a kind of social sensors, smart terminals/mobile devices (e.g. smartphones, tablets, wearable terminals, etc) facilitate people's daily activities and offer a fast way to communicate with others via online social networks. With the aid of mobile devices, objective data (e.g. positions, relations, etc) and subjective data (e.g. needs, feelings, intentions, and other human behaviors), can be achieved to analyze some social phenomena [6] . However, mobile devices should not only act as a vehicle to deliver information and communication applications in living, but also as a tool to activate the sophisticated multi-role interactions and collaborations in production. Based on the mobile devices and social networks, the cyber-social interconnection of different stakeholders in production is built.

With the aid of mobile devices, objective data (e.g. positions, relations, etc) and subjective data (e.g. needs, feelings, intentions, and other human behaviors), can be achieved to analyze some social phenomena.


On the other hand, cyber-physical system (CPS) in industry 4.0 has been leveraging the interconnectivity and management of physical assets (e.g. machines, tools, auxiliaries, etc) and information systems in smart factories [7, 8] . CPS nodes, which represent the integration of equipment, physical sensors, actuators, and embedded systems, are the enhanced components of IoT in production. CPS nodes have self-aware and self-control capabilities and CPS nodes-driven production is self-organized, self-coordinated, and rapid-responsive with the application of cyber technologies in the physical space [9] . Smart workpieces are manufactured by various intelligent equipment with seamless interoperations and plug-and-play configurations. By clouding the CPS nodes of different enterprises under certain authority and privacy, the cyberphysical interconnection and the production information sharing of different stakeholders is built.

On the other hand, cyber-physical system (CPS) in industry 4.0 has been leveraging the interconnectivity and management of physical assets (e.g. machines, tools, auxiliaries, etc) and information systems in smart factories.

CPS nodes have self-aware and self-control capabilities and CPS nodes-driven production is self-organized, self-coordinated, and rapid-responsive with the application of cyber technologies in the physical space.


A passive RFID system is composed of two main components: a digital device called tag, that includes an antenna and an IC-chip, which works like a label and the radio scanner device called reader. The tag carries the identification data saved inside its memory, whereas the reader interrogates the passive tag by means of radio-frequency electromagnetic signals. In this way, the unique identification code (ID) can be wirelessly transferred between the two devices [1] .

In this way, the unique identification code (ID) can be wirelessly transferred between the two devices.


Since the dissemination process of rumor is similar to the spreading of infectious disease, epidemic models have usually been applied to investigate the spread of rumors [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . The ignorant, the spreader, and the stifler are equivalent to the susceptible, the infected, and the recovered. Some models are established based on network [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . Some are built on the basis of the random theory [20] [21] [22] [23] .

Since the dissemination process of rumor is similar to the spreading of infectious disease, epidemic models have usually been applied to investigate the spread of rumors.

Some models are established based on network.

Some are built on the basis of the random theory.


Here, we present a new statistical framework to describe and compare niches in a gridded environmental space (i.e. where each cell corresponds to a unique set of environmental conditions). Within this framework, we quantify niche overlap using several ordination and SDM techniques and evaluate their performance. The framework overcomes some of the shortcomings of current approaches to quantifying niche differences: (1) it accounts for biases introduced by spatial resolution (grid size), (2) makes optimal use of both geographical and environmental spaces, and (3) corrects observed occurrence densities for each region in light of the availability of environmental space. Case studies from nature are unlikely to provide an unbiased assessment of methods used to quantify niche overlap because of sampling errors and unknown biases. To overcome these issues, we test the methods using simulated species distributions for which niche overlap and the constraining environmental gradients are known without error. Finally, we illustrate our approach using two invasive species that have native and invaded ranges on different continents and which have been subjects of recent studies of niche dynamics (Broennimann et al., 2007; Fitzpatrick et al., 2007) .

Finally, we illustrate our approach using two invasive species that have native and invaded ranges on different continents and which have been subjects of recent studies of niche dynamics.


The meshless techniques are still under development and much attention has been given to overcoming some of their drawbacks. For instance, when solving boundary value problems, the imposition of the essential boundary conditions may be a problem since some of the meshless shape functions do not always satisfy the Kronecker-delta condition. Over the last decade, some authors have proposed the use of techniques such as the Lagrange multiplier, the penalty method and FEM coupling in an attempt to overcome this drawback [2] . Nevertheless, the use of such techniques may bring about undesired minor issues, such as the increased number of unknowns in the system because of the Lagrange multiplier technique and the uncertainty involved in finding a suitable value for the penalty parameter when using the penalty method. This latter one may also lead to a poor conditioning of the stiffness matrix [2] .

Over the last decade, some authors have proposed the use of techniques such as the Lagrange multiplier, the penalty method and FEM coupling in an attempt to overcome this drawback.

This latter one may also lead to a poor conditioning of the stiffness matrix.


Meshfree methods do not need any connectivity structure among nodes avoiding the mesh generation problem. It is a very attractive choice, especially when solving problems that involve movement, boundary and shape deformation. However, because of the absence of a mesh a few drawbacks are introduced such as neighbour search, local matrix inversions and other computations that ultimately increase the computational cost. Consequently, in order to increase the efficiency of the methods, special techniques should be employed [1] .

Consequently, in order to increase the efficiency of the methods, special techniques should be employed.


Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has excellent film-forming properties and has been frequently blended with synthetic and natural polymers due to its water-soluble, biodegradable, innocuous, noncarcinogenic, and biocompatible character [4, 5] . Blended materials assemble the properties of each material on its own. In general, blended materials are made of a material that acts as a matrix, while the other is imbedded in the matrix material improving its mechanical and physical properties. In this sense, the final properties of the blended material depend on the properties of the imbedded material [6] .

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has excellent film-forming properties and has been frequently blended with synthetic and natural polymers due to its water-soluble, biodegradable, innocuous, noncarcinogenic, and biocompatible character.

In this sense, the final properties of the blended material depend on the properties of the imbedded material.


On the other hand, polysaccharides have been explored as biomaterials, particularly when used as scaffolds for tissue regeneration and controlled drug releasing. Several plants produce gummous exudates mainly composed of high-molecular polysaccharides. Studies of several different gummous materials showed that they consist of complex branched polysaccharides with highly varied chemical and structural composition. Red angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa) produces gummous exudates composed of arabinose (67%), galactose (24%), rhamnose (2%), and glucuronic acid (7%) [7, 8] . Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) also produces gummous exudates, constituted of galactose (72-61%), glucose (14-8%), arabinose (4.6-14%), rhamnose (3.2-7%), and glucuronic acid (4.7-5%) [9] [10] [11] . These gummous exudates are inexpensive, nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymers with good rheological properties. These factors enable their use for biodegradable membrane fabrication [7, 9] .

Red angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa) produces gummous exudates composed of arabinose (67%), galactose (24%), rhamnose (2%), and glucuronic acid (7%).

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) also produces gummous exudates, constituted of galactose (72-61%), glucose (14-8%), arabinose (4.6-14%), rhamnose (3.2-7%), and glucuronic acid (4.7-5%).

These factors enable their use for biodegradable membrane fabrication.


There has been an expanding search for new materials with high performance at affordable costs in recent years [1] . Particularly important are the efforts to develop new materials with film-forming capacity for biomedical applications. Materials for biomedical applications or biomaterials have been defined as those intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment, or replace any tissue, organ, or function of the body [2] . Currently, bioresorbable and biodegradable membranes have been highlighted in the medical market, owing to their inherent biocompatibility [2, 3] .

There has been an expanding search for new materials with high performance at affordable costs in recent years.

Materials for biomedical applications or biomaterials have been defined as those intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment, or replace any tissue, organ, or function of the body.

Currently, bioresorbable and biodegradable membranes have been highlighted in the medical market, owing to their inherent biocompatibility.


Zein, the major storage corn protein having a high content of hydrophobic amino acids, has been extensively used to produce biodegradable films [3] . Zein films are glossy, hydrophobic, greaseproof and resistant to microbial attack, ensuring their suitability as coatings and packaging films for food products [3, 4] . An important factor that could promote zein as industrial polymeric material for food packaging applications is the incorporation of antimicrobial compounds into its matrix [5] . Antimicrobial food packaging is a form of active packaging, which acts to reduce, inhibit or retard the growth of microorganisms that may be present in the packed food or packaging material itself [6] . The use of antimicrobial packaging material offers promise for enhancing the efficacy of existing antimicrobial agents and minimizing environmental problems by reducing their residual toxicity, increasing efficiency and selectivity, and prolonging their lifetime [7] .

Zein, the major storage corn protein having a high content of hydrophobic amino acids, has been extensively used to produce biodegradable films.

Zein films are glossy, hydrophobic, greaseproof and resistant to microbial attack, ensuring their suitability as coatings and packaging films for food products.

An important factor that could promote zein as industrial polymeric material for food packaging applications is the incorporation of antimicrobial compounds into its matrix.

Antimicrobial food packaging is a form of active packaging, which acts to reduce, inhibit or retard the growth of microorganisms that may be present in the packed food or packaging material itself.

The use of antimicrobial packaging material offers promise for enhancing the efficacy of existing antimicrobial agents and minimizing environmental problems by reducing their residual toxicity, increasing efficiency and selectivity, and prolonging their lifetime.


The uses of plant extracts, like essential oils, as antimicrobial additives are perceived safe [8] . Essential oils are aromatic oily liquids obtained from plant material like flowers, buds, seeds, leaves, twigs, bark, herbs, wood, fruits and roots [9] . Essential oils are very complex natural mixtures containing hydrocarbons (mainly terpenoids) and oxygenated compounds (alcohols, esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, lactones, phenols and phenol ethers) [10] .

The uses of plant extracts, like essential oils, as antimicrobial additives are perceived safe.

Essential oils are aromatic oily liquids obtained from plant material like flowers, buds, seeds, leaves, twigs, bark, herbs, wood, fruits and roots.

Essential oils are very complex natural mixtures containing hydrocarbons (mainly terpenoids) and oxygenated compounds (alcohols, esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, lactones, phenols and phenol ethers).


It is noticeable that velocity measurements are not free from errors, especially for the low-velocity measurements in room environment [94] . Unlike other anemometers, PIV is a measuring technique whose accuracy is directly determined by both the displacement error and the uncertainty in the time delay between pulses. The uncertainty in the time delay between pulses could be minimized by using the methods mentioned in section 2.2 or trials in the experimental procedure.

It is noticeable that velocity measurements are not free from errors, especially for the low-velocity measurements in room environment.


Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily considered to be a movement disorder, with a prevalence of about 1% in individuals over 60 years of age [1] . Dopamine replacement therapy, which has been the dominant treatment for PD since the early 1960s, effectively relieves the motor deficits [2] . Moreover, systematic reviews have indicated that various nonmotor symptoms, including psychiatric and behavioral problems, usually do not respond to dopaminergic medications and thus are major factors that can affect the patients' healthrelated quality of life (QOL), progression of disability, level of care dependency, and the caregivers' level of distress [3] .

Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily considered to be a movement disorder, with a prevalence of about 1% in individuals over 60 years of age.

Dopamine replacement therapy, which has been the dominant treatment for PD since the early 1960s, effectively relieves the motor deficits.

Moreover, systematic reviews have indicated that various nonmotor symptoms, including psychiatric and behavioral problems, usually do not respond to dopaminergic medications and thus are major factors that can affect the patients' healthrelated quality of life (QOL), progression of disability, level of care dependency, and the caregivers' level of distress.


Polymers and polymer composites have been used increasingly as engineering materials for technical applications in which tribological properties are of considerable importance. Recent investigations on inorganic nanoparticles filled polymers demonstrate their significant potential in producing composites with low friction and high wear resistance [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Compared with the composites incorporated with micro-particles, which are characterized by severe wear resulting from abrasion and particles pull-out, nanocomposites exhibit rather mild wear with fine individual debris acting as lubricant and contributing to material removal by polishing. Evidently, a uniform dispersion of nanoparticles and strong filler/matrix interfacial interaction in the composites are the prerequisites for the aforesaid performance improvement.

Recent investigations on inorganic nanoparticles filled polymers demonstrate their significant potential in producing composites with low friction and high wear resistance.


Many experienced instructors design courses that encourage students to actively participate in classroom activities and discussions. In fact, some teachers include participation as a part of the students' overall grade in a class. While this practice may be viewed as an easy part of the course for some, it is a daunting challenge for others. Educators are aware of this challenge and design learning environments where students are encouraged to experiment and experience the freedom to share ideas and ask difficult questions (King, 2000) . This can create a paradox of participation. The more difficult the conversation becomes, the more risky it becomes to participate in the discussion. The danger is that considering emotional, enduring issues can stifle careful interrogation and deep learning. Risk-taking is part of academic life and intellectual growth, and participatory inquiry is at the center of challenging pedagogy.

Educators are aware of this challenge and design learning environments where students are encouraged to experiment and experience the freedom to share ideas and ask difficult questions.


Humans have an unusual ability to socially learn complex, arbitrary information -we learn from others how to build kayaks, write papers and fold them into aeroplanes. These social learning capacities made possible the accumulation of complex technologies we now rely on and likely underlie our capacity for large-scale cooperation (Chudek & Henrich, 2011) . Evolutionary and developmental insights into children's social learning have great potential for cross-fertilisation. Evolutionary theories can generate and integrate developmental hypotheses, while developmental investigations test and inform evolutionary theory. However this intersection is also rich with potential for spurious storytelling.

These social learning capacities made possible the accumulation of complex technologies we now rely on and likely underlie our capacity for large-scale cooperation.


The growth of Cayley graphs (growth of groups) is one of the central objects of study in geometric group theory. The celebrated theorem of M. Gromov characterizes groups of polynomial growth. Many classical groups (like linear groups, solvable groups, hyperbolic groups, etc.) have either polynomial or exponential growth. The first group of intermediate growth between polynomial and exponential was constructed by R. Grigorchuk [8] . Nowadays, the Grigorchuk group is the best known example of automaton groups (also known as self-similar groups, or groups generated by automata).

The first group of intermediate growth between polynomial and exponential was constructed by R. Grigorchuk.


The increasing environmental pollution from domestic and industrial effluents, particularly in the developing countries is of major concern. One kind of contaminants that are frequently polluting the water systems are dyes. Dyes are complex aromatic substances that indispensable in many industries such as textile, paper, paint, leather, pigment, and pharmaceutical to impart color. Compared with natural dyes, synthetic dyes are superior in terms of color availability, permanent, ease to use, quick-setting and ensured by accurate formulas [1] . More than 100,000 kinds of synthetic dyes are commercially available with total amount of production reach 7 × 10 5 tonnes annually [2] . Of these, malachite green (MG) and methylene blue (MB) are two kinds of dyes that are most widely used among all other dyes in basic dye class [3, 4] . Malachite green (4-[(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phenylmethyl]-N,N-dimethylaniline) is a triphenylcarbenium salts, which composed of triarylmethane ring as the chromophore structure. Its applications are widely found in the paper, leather, silk and wool industries to color such products and aquaculture field as a biocide, fungicide and parasiticide therapeutic agent [3] . In other hand, methylene blue (3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride) is a thiazine dye that used as redox indicator in the chemistry field, bacteria stain and indicator of viable yeast cell in the biology field and dyestuff for cotton, wool, paper and silk [4, 5] .

Compared with natural dyes, synthetic dyes are superior in terms of color availability, permanent, ease to use, quick-setting and ensured by accurate formulas.

More than 100,000 kinds of synthetic dyes are commercially available with total amount of production reach 7 × 10 5 tonnes annually.

Of these, malachite green (MG) and methylene blue (MB) are two kinds of dyes that are most widely used among all other dyes in basic dye class.

Its applications are widely found in the paper, leather, silk and wool industries to color such products and aquaculture field as a biocide, fungicide and parasiticide therapeutic agent.

In other hand, methylene blue (3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride) is a thiazine dye that used as redox indicator in the chemistry field, bacteria stain and indicator of viable yeast cell in the biology field and dyestuff for cotton, wool, paper and silk.


Despite of the commercial importance of MG and MB dyes, the presence of these substances in natural environment (e.g. water bodies) even in trace quantities are highly undesirable for both toxicological and esthetical reasons. Moreover, the prolonged accumulation of these dyes in human body via food chain can cause several diseases and disorders due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic activity [6, 7] . Therefore, the removal of these dyes from waste effluents is of interest prior to release into natural environment.

Moreover, the prolonged accumulation of these dyes in human body via food chain can cause several diseases and disorders due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.


In March 2011 the system was expanded to cover sub-seasonal time-scales, specifically the period from 2 to 6 weeks. To facilitate this change, the number of forecast ensemble members was increased and the member initialization was changed from weekly to daily. In November 2011 the scientific configuration of the model was upgraded to the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) Global Atmosphere 3.0 (Walters et al., 2011) .

In November 2011 the scientific configuration of the model was upgraded to the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) Global Atmosphere 3.0.


In general, Young's modulus (E, stiffness) characterizes the elastic domain of polymers, where weak inter-chain bonds are observed at the microscopic scale; this could be related to fundamental bond properties. Stiffness explores essentially low displacements such as (a) van der Waals bonds (the change of the distance between chains and of dipole-dipole interactions), (b) defects, such as entanglements, and (c) the presence of solvents, such as water and DMSO. Yield stress (YS) and tensile strength (TS) are instead related to strong bonds, including covalent cross-links between macromolecular chains, and they constitute macroscopic scale properties. Tensile strength and yield stress explore large displacements (plasticity). It is evident from the mechanical measurements that the thermal treatment at 180 °C enhances significantly the membrane mechanical properties: the In Figure 8 is reported an application of the INCA method (ionomer n c analysis). The INCA method is based on the use of n c /T plots to derive important properties of the ionomer, such as the degree of crystallinity, mechanical properties, glass transition and melting temperature. The n c vs. temperature graph shows that membranes completely lose their mechanical properties (n c = 0), and they present infinite swelling already at 10 • C for SPEEK with DS 0.9 and at 25 • C with DS 0.7. The weak van deer Waals forces inside the macromolecular chains, which are broken at low temperatures, and the presence of a larger number of sulfonic groups, which determine a greater absorption of water, are responsible for the previous behavior [21, 49] . The presence of covalent bonds in the XL derivative ( Figure 9 ) completely changes this trend, improving the resistance in water.

The weak van deer Waals forces inside the macromolecular chains, which are broken at low temperatures, and the presence of a larger number of sulfonic groups, which determine a greater absorption of water, are responsible for the previous behavior.


For many students good "financial rewards" is a driver for wanting to enter a medical school. In a survey by Kaplan in 2008, money was found to be the primary motivator in 41% opting for medical studies. A much higher percentage of pre-law students (71%) chose money as their primary motivator. On the other hand 89% mentioned that a desire to help others, a genuine interest in the sciences, or personal exposure to medicine as the impetus for their decision (O'Brien CDaM. 2008) .

On the other hand 89% mentioned that a desire to help others, a genuine interest in the sciences, or personal exposure to medicine as the impetus for their decision.


Transition zones between adjacent ecological systems, such as the ecotones along altitudinal and continental gradients, where contrasting vegetation types and biomes meet, are strongly affected by climate change [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . In ecotones, rapid climate change challenges local ecosystem management to a far greater extent compared to other zones that are more buffered by regional climate patterns. These gradients, however, are an opportunity to promote adaptation to climate change, as already conducted in areas exhibiting conditions similar to those expected under climate change projections. For instance, in regions such as the Mediterranean Basin, steep gradients with extremely contrasting temperatures and rainfall regimes over a few hundred kilometers have for centuries allowed different types of agriculture, husbandry, and forestry practices, which may shift because of ongoing global change [12] . Likewise, natural vegetation may be adjusting to the new conditions that already exist in the drier parts of the continent, with community turnover favoring more drought-resistant species [13, 14] .

Transition zones between adjacent ecological systems, such as the ecotones along altitudinal and continental gradients, where contrasting vegetation types and biomes meet, are strongly affected by climate change.

For instance, in regions such as the Mediterranean Basin, steep gradients with extremely contrasting temperatures and rainfall regimes over a few hundred kilometers have for centuries allowed different types of agriculture, husbandry, and forestry practices, which may shift because of ongoing global change.

Likewise, natural vegetation may be adjusting to the new conditions that already exist in the drier parts of the continent, with community turnover favoring more drought-resistant species.


Natural languages change as they are passed from person to person and from generation to generation. Although many explanations have been proposed for these changes, one way to analyze the process is to focus on the iterative nature of language learning: people learning a language are being taught by other people who themselves previously learned that language. Formal analysis of this "iterated learning" process has yielded some important insights into how learners' biases affect the languages likely to be used by a population (Kirby, 2001) . In particular, it has been shown that if we assume the learners are Bayesian agents who compute posterior distributions over languages based on their prior beliefs and evidence from the previous generation of learners, then the iterated learning procedure will converge on a population whose preferences reflect the learners' prior beliefs (Kirby, Dowman, & Griffiths, 2007; Griffiths & Kalish, 2007) . This relationship between the prior beliefs of a population and the stationary distribution over linguistic characteristics is important for understanding the evolution of human language use. For example, it suggests that we should more closely examine universal properties of natural languages, since they are likely to reflect the biases underlying human language learning.

Formal analysis of this "iterated learning" process has yielded some important insights into how learners' biases affect the languages likely to be used by a population.

In particular, it has been shown that if we assume the learners are Bayesian agents who compute posterior distributions over languages based on their prior beliefs and evidence from the previous generation of learners, then the iterated learning procedure will converge on a population whose preferences reflect the learners' prior beliefs.


Source localization is an inverse problem, and the solution is usually ill-posed, especially for multipath propagations caused by atmospheric duct environments. Previous studies treated these problems as an optimization problem and solved them by matching the observed signals with the OPEN ACCESS predicted fields through the construction of an appropriate cost function [4] [5] [6] . Using these matching methods, repeated computations of a forward propagation model cannot be helped. In order to reduce computation time, some heuristic optimization methods are used, such as simulated annealing or a genetic algorithm.Even so, the amount of the iterations is still considerable, and the cost function may fall into a local minimum.

Previous studies treated these problems as an optimization problem and solved them by matching the observed signals with the OPEN ACCESS predicted fields through the construction of an appropriate cost function.


Malondialdehyde indicates the degree of muscle fat oxidation. The greater the amount of malondialdehyde per kg of muscle, the lower the resistance of the meat to oxidation. Oxidative rancidity, or lipid peroxidation, is the main cause of loss of quality in feedstuffs or feeds, affecting their taste, flavor, color, and texture, besides seriously decreasing the nutritional value (Scott et al., 1982) .

Oxidative rancidity, or lipid peroxidation, is the main cause of loss of quality in feedstuffs or feeds, affecting their taste, flavor, color, and texture, besides seriously decreasing the nutritional value.


Machining tests suggest that there should be a threshold value for cutting temperature above which BUL is unable to remain stable on the tool rake face. This temperature is about 650°C for the steel being machined and the tool being used. This leads us to believe that BUL range of existence should be expressed using both cutting speed and Uncut Chip Length. Brief machining operations could be then performed at high cutting speed allowing BUL to appear: in an industrial context involving a production in series, the UCLs of the turning passes are currently less than 30 m. Inclusions as well as tools and cutting conditions should be selected to protect the cutting tool efficiently with the BUL as far as possible. The promptness to form a BUL appears as the most critical point. These results correspond to those of other authors (Brion, 1993) .

These results correspond to those of other authors.


Brazil is the second largest world producer of soybean, accounting for 30% of the global production. It comes after the United States, which accounts for about 35% of the world production. According to Brazil's Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply (MAPA), the country's soybean production reached 95 million tons (2014/2015 crop). Soybean harvesting residues generate stems, leaves, and pods, which are collectively designated soybean straw [1] . The straw is usually disposed as waste through landfilling, incineration, or dumping. The average composition of soybean straw is 35% cellulose, 21% insoluble lignin, 17% hemicelluloses, 11% ash, and 1% acid soluble lignin; the remaining constituents are protein, pectin, and glucuronic acid substitutes [2, 3] . Stems and pods have slightly different lignocellulosic composition: the holocellulose content is 69.2% and 53.8%, respectively, and the lignin content is 21.6% and 17.2%, respectively [4] . Soybean stem displays lower ash contents than pods: 2.28% and 7.25%, respectively. Therefore, soybean straw constitutes a source of lignocellulosic material, mainly cellulose fibers, and could be used to produce cellulose nanocrystal/nanofibers or in reducing sugars by chemical, physical, or enzymatic treatment.

Soybean harvesting residues generate stems, leaves, and pods, which are collectively designated soybean straw.

The average composition of soybean straw is 35% cellulose, 21% insoluble lignin, 17% hemicelluloses, 11% ash, and 1% acid soluble lignin; the remaining constituents are protein, pectin, and glucuronic acid substitutes.

Stems and pods have slightly different lignocellulosic composition: the holocellulose content is 69.2% and 53.8%, respectively, and the lignin content is 21.6% and 17.2%, respectively.


The EDUTELLA framework aims to provide an RDF-based infrastructure which allows services to exchange metadata via a peer-to-peer network [2] . A peer-to-peer architecture goes beyond the boundaries of a classical client-server architecture. Each node can act as a provider or consumer of information and services. The network as a whole provides a discovery mechanism for finding relevant information and service providers. This approach increases the flexibility of system design and contributes to a more effective infrastructure for discovery, delivery and processing of information and service [3] . We envision a peer-to-peer infrastructure as the primary infrastructure for the Semantic Web, due to the increased heterogeneity of interoperable, high-level services we expect on the Semantic Web.

The EDUTELLA framework aims to provide an RDF-based infrastructure which allows services to exchange metadata via a peer-to-peer network.

This approach increases the flexibility of system design and contributes to a more effective infrastructure for discovery, delivery and processing of information and service.


Under normal working condition, the membrane separator keeps the cathode and the anode away from each other. During normal operation, heat generation of a Li-ion battery cell is usually mild, and can be well handled by the battery management system (BMS) and the battery thermal management system (BTMS) [10] . If the battery cell is damaged, e.g. by a blunt impact or nail penetration, the membrane separator is broken apart, leading to the internal shorting. As a large internal current is generated, local temperature can rapidly rises to more than 100-110 °C, which further triggers exothermal electrochemical reactions and decomposition of electrolyte. Since the electrolytes of today's Li-ion batteries are based on flammable organic solvents, such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and/or diethyl carbonate (DEC), fire safety becomes a major concern. Several studies have been conducted to mitigate the heat generation in the event of mechanical abuse, including safety vents, shutdown separators, non-flammable electrolyte, etc [11] . In this study, we focus on the CB particles.

During normal operation, heat generation of a Li-ion battery cell is usually mild, and can be well handled by the battery management system (BMS) and the battery thermal management system (BTMS).

Several studies have been conducted to mitigate the heat generation in the event of mechanical abuse, including safety vents, shutdown separators, non-flammable electrolyte, etc.


Cycle life measurement is conducted on cathode half-cells. Compared to the graphite anode in a full cell, the lithium anode in a half-cell is more prone to dendrite growth and limited coulombic efficiency during cycling, as it is more thermodynamically unstable in organic solvents [14] . Figure 2 shows typical cycling performance of reference cathode halfcells and CBMP-modified cathode half-cells. The discharge capacity is normalized by the capacity of the second discharge cycle. With everything else being the same, addition of 1 wt% CBMP does not cause any increase in degradation rate, since the chemical composition of CBMP is identical to CB. The major difference between CBMP and CB is the particulate size, and its effect is reduced by keeping the CBMP surfaces hydrophilic. The high degree of hydrophilicity ensures a relatively strong van der Waals bonding between the CBMP fillers and the matrix, during slurry processing as well as the cycle life testing. The electrode is processed using the wet slurry casting method and NMP is used as the solvent for the PVDF binder. Due to its high degree of hydrophilicity, CBMP attracts the NMP-PVDF solution; thus, PVDF can be effectively distributed around the CBMP and adhere to them. However, as the uniformity of PVDF distribution around active materials is affected, the overall strength and conductivity of the electrode tend to be lower.

Compared to the graphite anode in a full cell, the lithium anode in a half-cell is more prone to dendrite growth and limited coulombic efficiency during cycling, as it is more thermodynamically unstable in organic solvents.


Upon the nail penetration, in a non-preheated reference cell, the temperature increases by ~5 °C in 10-15 s. The rapid heat generation is a result of short circuit, where a sequence of rapid chemical reactions take place as the electrons quickly travel across anode and cathode charge collectors through the conductive nail [17, 18] . As heat generation continues, it competes with heat transfer [19] . Eventually, ΔT enters a plateau region for ~30 s, followed by a gradual temperature decrease. The temperature decrease rate is around 0.2 °C min −1 , until the cell is nearly fully discharged and the stored electrical energy is dissipated.

Upon the nail penetration, in a non-preheated reference cell, the temperature increases by ~5 °C in 10-15 s. The rapid heat generation is a result of short circuit, where a sequence of rapid chemical reactions take place as the electrons quickly travel across anode and cathode charge collectors through the conductive nail.

As heat generation continues, it competes with heat transfer.


Like glucoiberin and glucoraphanin, the production of sinigrin (P < 0.01) and gluconapin (P < 0.05) was significantly hindered by the presence of Se in nutrient solutions. Unlike glucoiberin and glucoraphanin, however, the decrease in sinigrin and gluconapin concentrations was a sharp drop in production at any Se exposure (%34% to 38% less than control plants) rather than a gradual decrease with increasing treatment concentrations. There were no notable differences in glucosinolate concentrations among the Se treatments themselves. The 37 mgÁL -1 sulfate treatment yielded higher sinigrin and gluconapin concentrations than control plants, with concentrations being 4% and 16% higher respectively. Plants in the 0.75 mgÁL -1 selenate/37 mgÁL -1 sulfate treatment had sinigrin concentrations falling between controls and Se treatment plants (Table 2) . Interestingly, gluconapin concentrations in plants in the 0.75 mgÁL -1 selenate/37 mgÁL -1 sulfate treatment were significantly higher than any other treatment, including 9.5% higher than the 37 mgÁL -1 sulfate treatment. Like glucoiberin, glucoraphanin, and progoitrin, the R-groups of sinigrin and gluconapin are derived from methionine. However, sinigrin and gluconapin do not retain the S from methionine within their molecular structures. Unlike all three aforementioned glucosinolates, final side-chain modification of sinigrin and gluconapin is controlled by alleles at the Gsl-alk locus of the plant's chromosome (Halkier and Du, 1997; Kliebenstein et al., 2001) .

Unlike all three aforementioned glucosinolates, final side-chain modification of sinigrin and gluconapin is controlled by alleles at the Gsl-alk locus of the plant's chromosome.


The R-groups of glucoiberin and glucoraphanin are both derived from methionine. Unlike other glucosinolates investigated with R-groups that are derived from methionine, glucoiberin and glucoraphanin retain the S atom from methionine. In addition, recent experiments with the genetic control of the final side-chain modification step in the biosynthesis of both glucoiberin and glucoraphanin have revealed that both are controlled by the same genetic alleles at the Gsl-oxid locus (defined as a specific location on a chromosome) of the plant's chromosome (Halkier and Du, 1997; Kliebenstein et al., 2001) .

In addition, recent experiments with the genetic control of the final side-chain modification step in the biosynthesis of both glucoiberin and glucoraphanin have revealed that both are controlled by the same genetic alleles at the Gsl-oxid locus (defined as a specific location on a chromosome) of the plant's chromosome.


Overall, total glucosinolate concentrations in rapid-cycling B. oleracea were higher in the elevated sulfate treatment. This is consistent with increases in total glucosinolate concentrations observed in Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L. grown under increasingly elevated S regimes (Mailer, 1989) . This is the first report on the influence of elevated S on glucosinolate production in rapid-cycling B. oleracea. The dearth of research on elevated S influencing glucosinolate production in B. oleracea is most likely the result of most cultivars of this species being consumed in relatively small quantities by humans. B. napus, on the other hand, is consumed in larger quantities as high-protein meal by livestock. The negative health impacts associated with the consumption of large quantities of glucosinolates have thus spurred S research with B. napus, whereas S influences on B. oleracea remain largely unexamined.

This is consistent with increases in total glucosinolate concentrations observed in Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L. grown under increasingly elevated S regimes.


As the awareness of the dangers of global warming grows, many novel ideas are being put forward to prevent the problem from developing further. Lots of research has been performed to find the method of cooling that minimizes the amount of air pollution and energy consumption in buildings, vehicles, and clothing [1] [2] [3] . Recently developed approaches are focused on radiative cooling, a technique requiring no energy to lower the ambient temperature, thus considered as a key to help to slow down the disastrous effects of global warming. Radiative cooling is a way of radiating heat into the universe using the transparency window of the Earth's atmosphere (8-13 µm) .

Lots of research has been performed to find the method of cooling that minimizes the amount of air pollution and energy consumption in buildings, vehicles, and clothing.


Many of them attend day centres, with a few being in full-time employment and a few others pursuing vocational education. Membership is evenly balanced between males and females. The meetings are planned and led by the Core Group, a group of seven persons with intellectual disability (four females and three males) who are elected by the KCC members themselves. The two support members also assist the Core Group members is planning the KCC meetings, taking minutes and organising the logistics of the meetings (Cone 2000) .

The two support members also assist the Core Group members is planning the KCC meetings, taking minutes and organising the logistics of the meetings.


In this paper, we have studied the zero-mode wavefunctions on local D7-brane with and without a magnetic flux in the AdS 5 × T 1,1 background where the large number of D3-branes are placed at the tip of conifold, so called the Klebanov-Witten model [6] . We have considered the case that the D7-branes wrap the internal cycles in the conifold in a kappa-symmetric way, which ensures the stability of D7-brane. The kappa-symmetry condition determines the induced metric of such D7-brane. We have explored the zero-mode wavefunctions by solving the Laplace and Dirac equations employing the explicit metric.

In this paper, we have studied the zero-mode wavefunctions on local D7-brane with and without a magnetic flux in the AdS 5 × T 1,1 background where the large number of D3-branes are placed at the tip of conifold, so called the Klebanov-Witten model.


The phenotypically untypable isolates were classified as type D by multiplex PCR. This can be explained by the fact that some type D strains show a slight reduction in colony size when grown near a Staphylococcus aureus streak, which indicates that these strains may possess a small amount of peripheral hyaluronic acid [4] . Phenotypic tests results can also change in some P. multocida isolates when they produce capsules with different properties as part of the colony ageing process or even as a response to changes in the composition of the medium [8] .

This can be explained by the fact that some type D strains show a slight reduction in colony size when grown near a Staphylococcus aureus streak, which indicates that these strains may possess a small amount of peripheral hyaluronic acid.

Phenotypic tests results can also change in some P. multocida isolates when they produce capsules with different properties as part of the colony ageing process or even as a response to changes in the composition of the medium.


The Roach formula is shown in Equation 1. In its last formulation it gives the estimated risk of SNM and when this risk is bigger than 15-25%, Radiation Oncologists often deliver EBRT to the pelvic nodes. Despite that, this method presents some important limits in the more updated and used formulation, the principal one being the absence of information about the clinical stage of the tumor, that has been already showed to be an important factor influencing the risk of nodal involvement [17] .

Despite that, this method presents some important limits in the more updated and used formulation, the principal one being the absence of information about the clinical stage of the tumor, that has been already showed to be an important factor influencing the risk of nodal involvement.


Free radicals are harmful to humans, leading to inflammation, tissue damage and disease development. Antioxidants are usually found in fruits and vegetables and thus its consumption has been associated with protection against several non-communicable diseases (Alvarez-Parrilla et al., 2012) . Peppers are rich in antioxidants, including chlorophyll, carotenoids, tocopherols and capsaicinoids (Drnelas-Paz et al., 2010) . Furthermore, produce neutral and acids phenolic antioxidants, which are important in plant defense responses (Shetty et al., 2013) .

Antioxidants are usually found in fruits and vegetables and thus its consumption has been associated with protection against several non-communicable diseases.

Peppers are rich in antioxidants, including chlorophyll, carotenoids, tocopherols and capsaicinoids.

Furthermore, produce neutral and acids phenolic antioxidants, which are important in plant defense responses.


Let Σ (0,3) be a thrice-punctured sphere. Adams showed that if M is an oriented 3-manifold with boundary with hyperbolic interior such that Σ (0,3) embeds incompressibly into M, then intM has an embedded totally geodesic thrice-punctured sphere [1] . Adams also gave many examples of hyperbolic manifolds containing embedded incompressible thrice-punctured spheres, and indeed one may easily produce infinite families of examples. We study immersed π 1 -injective maps f : Σ (0,3) → M, where intM is hyperbolic and f is not homotopic to an embedding. If one takes one component of the Whitehead link, then it bounds an immersed 2-punctured disk in the complement of the other component, which has a single clasp (double-point arc) singularity as in Figure 2 . One may perform surgery on the other component to obtain infinitely many hyperbolic 3-manifolds with an immersed pants. We prove that this is the only possible way that a pants may be non-trivially immersed in a hyperbolic 3-manifold.

Adams showed that if M is an oriented 3-manifold with boundary with hyperbolic interior such that Σ (0,3) embeds incompressibly into M, then intM has an embedded totally geodesic thrice-punctured sphere.


For arbitrary surfaces, it's hard to imagine a complete classification of immersions into 3-manifolds. We conjecture a structural result for immersed surfaces: for a fixed topological type of surface, there are finitely many homeomorphism types of 3-manifolds and π 1 -injective maps of the surface into these manifolds, such that any π 1 -injective immersion of the surface into a 3-manifold factors through an embedding of one of these manifolds. This conjecture seems feasible at least when the target manifold is hyperbolic, and the main result in this paper proves this conjecture for immersions of pants. Rafalski has shown the analogue of this conjecture for turnovers immersed in hyperbolic 3-orbifolds [12] .

Rafalski has shown the analogue of this conjecture for turnovers immersed in hyperbolic 3-orbifolds.


As a matter of fact, another explanation for the presence of magnetic fields in galaxies and galaxy clusters may come from astrophysical mechanisms, such as supernovae, active galactic nuclei, galactic outflows or even battery effects [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] . However, neither a cosmological origin nor the astrophysical interpretation have hitherto been thoroughly confirmed by observations. Therefore, we find it worth investigating to analyse the effects of PMFs, particularly in the light of the new generation of wide-field experiments that will soon provide us with accurate data on the large-scale cosmic structure and its evolution.

As a matter of fact, another explanation for the presence of magnetic fields in galaxies and galaxy clusters may come from astrophysical mechanisms, such as supernovae, active galactic nuclei, galactic outflows or even battery effects.


Valuing mianzi will encourage owning symbolic goods which improve personal visibility within the social hierarchy (Wong and Ahuvia, 1998) . The collective emphasis of Chinese culture encourages the use of material possessions to establish long-term social relations with significant persons. Contemporary Chinese cultural values are also shaped by communist education (Pan et al., 1994; Zhao, 1997) . Communism values personal sacrifice and contribution to the state and mankind (Chan, 2006a) . In recent years, China has been characterized by a tension between the traditional and the modern, between idealistic and pragmatic values, and a struggle between an authoritarian state and a market economy (Lu, 2002) . Because of the one child per family policy, parents have high expectations of their children. Parents who were themselves born in times of severe material shortage want to compensate by providing a material-rich future to their children (Zhao, 1996) .

Valuing mianzi will encourage owning symbolic goods which improve personal visibility within the social hierarchy.

Contemporary Chinese cultural values are also shaped by communist education.

Communism values personal sacrifice and contribution to the state and mankind.

In recent years, China has been characterized by a tension between the traditional and the modern, between idealistic and pragmatic values, and a struggle between an authoritarian state and a market economy.

Parents who were themselves born in times of severe material shortage want to compensate by providing a material-rich future to their children.


In the Western context, scholars have found that adolescents tend to perceive wealthy people to be intelligent and hard-working, while poor people tend to be perceived as lazy and lacking in skills (Dittmar, 1992) . However, recent studies of Chinese children and young people have demonstrated different results. These studies have consistently found that other children who own lots of toys or branded goods were perceived as being wasteful and as achieving poor academic results (Chan, 2004a; 2006b; 2006c) . Because of the small samples in these three studies, the findings need to be verified.

In the Western context, scholars have found that adolescents tend to perceive wealthy people to be intelligent and hard-working, while poor people tend to be perceived as lazy and lacking in skills.

These studies have consistently found that other children who own lots of toys or branded goods were perceived as being wasteful and as achieving poor academic results.


While some may view materialism as a positive value, others suggest that it is undesirable and induced in part by advertising (John, 1999) . In our opinion, materialism is a negative value because it works against interpersonal relationships and it is negatively associated with happiness and subjective perceptions of well being (Kasser, 2002) . High levels of materialism have been found to create tension between the individual's orientation toward material possessions and a collective orientation toward family and religious values (Burroughs and Rindfleisch, 2002) .

While some may view materialism as a positive value, others suggest that it is undesirable and induced in part by advertising.

In our opinion, materialism is a negative value because it works against interpersonal relationships and it is negatively associated with happiness and subjective perceptions of well being.

High levels of materialism have been found to create tension between the individual's orientation toward material possessions and a collective orientation toward family and religious values.


A qualitative study among Chinese teenagers aged 13 to 19 in Hong Kong demonstrated differences in young people's perceptions of someone with or without a lot of branded goods in terms of the type of possessions they would own, their leisure activities, observable qualities and personality traits (Chan, 2006c) . The participants were more likely to relate possession of branded goods with happiness, friendship and self-esteem. A person described as having a lot of branded goods, however, was perceived as likely to be arrogant, wasteful, vain and superficial.

A qualitative study among Chinese teenagers aged 13 to 19 in Hong Kong demonstrated differences in young people's perceptions of someone with or without a lot of branded goods in terms of the type of possessions they would own, their leisure activities, observable qualities and personality traits.


FDSSCs act as units, and they are easily encapsulated because only one end or both ends of the capillary need to be sealed during the sealing process [20] . This fact enables the possibility of more conveniently renewing the electrolyte, in contrast to planar DSSCs whose electrolytes cannot be refreshed once they are sealed tightly. In the present paper, the effect of electrolyte refreshing on the photovoltaic performance of FDSSCs was studied. The electron transport and interfacial recombination kinetics were also systematically investigated using electron impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

FDSSCs act as units, and they are easily encapsulated because only one end or both ends of the capillary need to be sealed during the sealing process.


The additive TBP and Li + play important roles in maintaining a high V oc [35, 36] . The tendency shown in Figure 3 may be attributed to the remaining additive in the solar cell with electrolyte refreshing. To prove this assumption, the electrolyte refreshing effects on devices based on different electrolytes A, B, and C were investigated. The contents of electrolytes A, B, and C were detailed as follows: A: 0.04 M I 2 and 0.6 M BMII; B: 0.04 M I 2 , 0.6 M BMII, and 0.03 M TBP; C: 0.04 M I 2 , 0.6 M BMII, and 0.05 M LiI. All the I-V parameters of the devices based on A, B, and C are shown in Figure 6 . In Figure 5 (a), V oc of the devices based on A and B changed little, whereas that of the devices based on C obviously increased with electrolyte refreshing. FF of all the devices only slightly changed with electrolyte refreshing. J sc and PCE of all the devices decline in a similar tendency, International Journal of Photoenergy 7 which can be ascribed to the interface charge transport and recombination analyzed in the previous parts. Therefore, we could conclude from Figure 6 that the remaining Li + significantly influenced V oc with electrolyte refreshing, the remaining TBP little influenced V oc with electrolyte refreshing and the factors that decreased J sc were mainly related to the decreased PCE. Comparing Figures 3 and 6 , we could find that V oc of devices based on electrolyte with both TBP and Li + was larger than that of A, B, C, which were based on electrolyte with no additive, with TBP only and with Li + only, respectively. It is confirmed that TBP and Li + were in synergism to increase V oc .

The additive TBP and Li + play important roles in maintaining a high V oc.


We have previously reported the benefits of lipid lowering with atorvastatin in reducing major cardiovascular events among over 10 000 hypertensive patients in the AngloScandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-lipid-lowering arm (ASCOT-LLA) [1] . In a subsequent report, we conducted a prespecified analysis to determine whether there was any synergy between assignment to atorvastatin and either of the antihypertensive treatment arms. We demonstrated that the reduction in coronary heart disease (CHD) event rates, associated with atorvastatin compared with placebo, appeared to be greater in those assigned amlodipine-based treatment compared with those assigned atenolol-based treatment (53 versus 16%, respectively). This observation was of borderline statistical significance for a tertiary endpoint (P heterogeneity ¼ 0.025) [2] .

We have previously reported the benefits of lipid lowering with atorvastatin in reducing major cardiovascular events among over 10 000 hypertensive patients in the AngloScandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-lipid-lowering arm (ASCOT-LLA).

This observation was of borderline statistical significance for a tertiary endpoint (P heterogeneity ¼ 0.025).


One clear limitation is that, due to the exploratory nature of the study, no control group was included. However, the use of multiple dependent measures in the current study could help minimize internal validity threats (Coryn & Hobson, 2011) . Nevertheless, the inclusion of a placebo control or an alternative intervention condition would help rule out the possibility that factors, other than the storytelling intervention, contributed to the program's efficacy.

However, the use of multiple dependent measures in the current study could help minimize internal validity threats.


There is evidence suggesting that fear of negative evaluation by others is a core feature of pathological shyness (Chavira, Stein, & Malcarne, 2002; Jackson, Towson, & Narduzzi, 1997) . In a final exploratory analysis, we examined whether perceptions of being negatively evaluated (as assessed by Other As Shamer Scale) were predictive of outcomes related to childhood shyness (as assessed with Shyness Negative Affect Scale). We conducted a regression analysis predicting post-intervention shyness, in which pre-intervention shyness scores were entered in the first step, followed by a step in which pre-intervention OAS scores and an index representing change in OAS scores were entered. Results of the first step showed that pre-intervention shyness scores predicted post-intervention shyness scores, β = .74, t(46) = 7.37, p <.001, R 2 = .55. In the second step, both pre-intervention OAS scores, β = .38, t(46) = 2.47, p =.01, and OAS change scores, β = .31, t(46) = 2.37, p =.02, were predictive of reduced shyness (R 2 change = .07).

There is evidence suggesting that fear of negative evaluation by others is a core feature of pathological shyness.


According to the theory of social constructivism, the concept of identity formation is to be found within the social realm. That is, our identities are not fixed but fluid and they arise, not from inside us, but from the interactions and discourses that we encounter on a daily basis (Burr, 1995) . Inevitable, in such a context, dominant cultural discourses have the power to shape identities. Thus, people who deviate from some social norm, might get trapped into internalizing deficit-based descriptions as authoritative versions of who they are. On the other hand, from an information processing perspective, we are inclined to jump to conclusions about the underlying personality of other people based on limited or biased information about them (Dion, Berscheid, & Walster, 1972; Pronin, 2007) .

That is, our identities are not fixed but fluid and they arise, not from inside us, but from the interactions and discourses that we encounter on a daily basis.

On the other hand, from an information processing perspective, we are inclined to jump to conclusions about the underlying personality of other people based on limited or biased information about them.


The Turing test (TT) scenario is based on an interrogator in one room chatting remotely with a machine and a human over some sort of network. The interrogator asks several questions to both human and machine and inspects their answers. If the interrogator can accurately differentiate between human and machine by virtue of the human's answers being more accurate, then the investigated system is not intelligent, and vice versa (Turing, 1950) .

If the interrogator can accurately differentiate between human and machine by virtue of the human's answers being more accurate, then the investigated system is not intelligent, and vice versa.


Although Horndeski theories are often considered as the most general scalar-tensor theories immune from Ostrogradski's instabilities, we have recently showed that this is not the case and proposed a new class of scalar-tensor theories, reviewed in Sec. 3 (see also Appendix A for the details of the calculations), that do not suffer from such instabilities [1] . Since our theory contains generalized galileons (Horndeski) as a special limit, we dubbed it "Generalized Generalized Galileons" or G 3 for brevity. It turns out that our theories have the same decoupling limit of Horndeski theories, as briefly showed at the end of Sec. 3.

Although Horndeski theories are often considered as the most general scalar-tensor theories immune from Ostrogradski's instabilities, we have recently showed that this is not the case and proposed a new class of scalar-tensor theories, reviewed in Sec. 3 (see also Appendix A for the details of the calculations), that do not suffer from such instabilities.


As an important research method for modern automotive engineering, driving simulators have become an increasingly widespread tool to understand and assess traffic safety [5] . One of special studies centers on the individual differences and driver state. By means of driving simulator, which has good test reproducibility in the analysis of the driver emergency response under complex working conditions, the different driver behavior can be tested in a safe environment. A driving simulator was developed to study a driver's mental state in a traffic accident occurring between vehicles at an intersection [6] . The experimental results showed that the driving simulator could be used to study the relationship between driver's physiological data and the mental state. Driver 2 Advances in Mechanical Engineering performance in the moments during microsleep was studied by licensed drivers based on a high fidelity driving simulator [7] . Results indicated that driving performance deteriorates during microsleep episodes, which is important for the design and implementation of countermeasures such as drowsy driver detection systems. At Ford Motor Company, a fixedbase driving simulator study was conducted to analyze the driver workload effects of cell phone, music player, and text messaging tasks, which are the common risk factors related to crash [8] . As significant risk factors, alcohol and distraction were combined, and their synthetical effects on driving performance were examined successfully by a driving simulator [9] . Besides, driving simulator can be used in the product development, education, entertainment, and other research fields [10] [11] [12] .

As an important research method for modern automotive engineering, driving simulators have become an increasingly widespread tool to understand and assess traffic safety.

A driving simulator was developed to study a driver's mental state in a traffic accident occurring between vehicles at an intersection.

Driver 2 Advances in Mechanical Engineering performance in the moments during microsleep was studied by licensed drivers based on a high fidelity driving simulator.

At Ford Motor Company, a fixedbase driving simulator study was conducted to analyze the driver workload effects of cell phone, music player, and text messaging tasks, which are the common risk factors related to crash.

As significant risk factors, alcohol and distraction were combined, and their synthetical effects on driving performance were examined successfully by a driving simulator.

Besides, driving simulator can be used in the product development, education, entertainment, and other research fields.


This Cosserat finite element has the advantage of providing accurate results even in the case of reduced integration, without using any hourglass control method. In classic FE formulations the hourglass control is frequently made by introducing an artificial stiffness to the in-plane rotations [41] - [46] . In FE formulations based on Cosserat continuum, this stiffness is introduced in a physical way, because of the inherent drilling rotational DOF. The occurrence of zeroenergy modes can be thus naturally avoided in the Cosserat FE formulations, and the element stiffness matrix is never deficient.

In classic FE formulations the hourglass control is frequently made by introducing an artificial stiffness to the in-plane rotations.


In a sense, our passive Wi-Fi localization method is the converse of the now commonplace Wi-Fi localization [10] technique. In our scheme, a non-instrumented device is localized by placing monitors in the area of interest. Active Wi-Fi localization works by modifying the device to listen for un-instrumented stationary access points.

In a sense, our passive Wi-Fi localization method is the converse of the now commonplace Wi-Fi localization technique.


As shown in Table 1 , due to the structural differences of RSPSs and FSPSs, they exhibit different characteristics. According to the surveys, it was found that many entrepreneurs do not fully understand the differences in performance between RSPSs and FSPSs. Indeed, in sprinkler selection, more attention was paid to the difference in price between the two sprinklers. Although price is a factor in sprinkler selection for center pivots, the results of sprinkler selection can influence the sprinkling uniformity [22] [23] [24] . Sprinkling uniformity is important and affects the quality of sprinkling irrigation. Under conditions of low sprinkling uniformity, some irrigated areas will be applied excess water, and the crop yields and qualities will therefore not improve or even become degraded. However, the other area will suffer insufficient irrigation, and this also will cause the deceases of crop yields and qualities, thus leading to low efficiency for irrigation systems [25] . Center pivots play an important role in the integration of water and fertilizers, so its performance ultimately influences crop productivity and chemical characteristics in the rhizosphere [26] . Low sprinkling uniformity results in uneven growth of forage grass, reducing the commodity grade, and directly affecting the benefits of forage production [27] [28] [29] . Furthermore, the center pivot applies water over a fairly extensive area, so the problems of sprinkling uniformity in center pivot must influence the crop production in a wide range.

Although price is a factor in sprinkler selection for center pivots, the results of sprinkler selection can influence the sprinkling uniformity.

However, the other area will suffer insufficient irrigation, and this also will cause the deceases of crop yields and qualities, thus leading to low efficiency for irrigation systems.

Center pivots play an important role in the integration of water and fertilizers, so its performance ultimately influences crop productivity and chemical characteristics in the rhizosphere.

Low sprinkling uniformity results in uneven growth of forage grass, reducing the commodity grade, and directly affecting the benefits of forage production.


Corrosion inhibitors have been developed for use in chloride-contaminated environments and the sulphate resistance of inhibitor-containing mixtures in the absence of chlorides therefore is considered meaningless. The presence of chlorides differentiated the expansion of CNIcontaining mortars (mixtures 13-16), as was the case of mortars without CNI (mixtures 5-8). Expansion of mixture 14 (immersed in chloride and sodium sulphate-originated sulphate solution) was almost the same and still met the limits for high sulphate resistance. When sulphates originated from magnesium sulphate salt, the expansion at the age of 1 year was signi® cantly greater and led to the characterisation of mortars 15 and 16 as being only moderately sulphate-resistant. In this case, it should be noted that expansion measurements should be considered, as the specimens were slightly damaged at the ends and adhesion between studs and mortar had been reduced after the age of approximately 8 months. Similar problems also were reported by other researchers (Al-Amoudi, 1995) .

Similar problems also were reported by other researchers.


The first approach borrowing ideas from statistical physics is the kinetic theory of vehicular traffic [6] . Here traffic is treated as a gas of interacting particles. The interactions are described by a dynamical equation in phase space which is the analogue of the Boltzmann equation in the kinetic theory of gases.

The first approach borrowing ideas from statistical physics is the kinetic theory of vehicular traffic.


Sec. 4 will provide the translation of the resulting functional Fokker-Planck equation to an equivalent Langevin description.This will allow to identify explicitly both real and virtual contributions to the amplitudes in a closed form. At the same time one gains a tool to study this evolution equation at finite N c numerically, in analogy to what has been done already in the JIMWLK case [19] . It will also provide insights into the structures that will be needed to derive the underlying Fokker-Planck equation.

At the same time one gains a tool to study this evolution equation at finite N c numerically, in analogy to what has been done already in the JIMWLK case.


In order to prepare communities to better cope with traumatic events, and in order to access social capital, the local people-a primary resource of any community-must be engaged meaningfully during each step of the process (Norris et al., 2008) . Supported by professional practitioners as necessary, community members must assess and address their own vulnerabilities to hazardous and difficult situations, identify and invest in their own networks of assistance and information, and enhance their own capacities to cope and solve problems. This process could help strengthen the community's resources and limit the loss of attachment and belonging both to one's own community and to the wider community as well.

In order to prepare communities to better cope with traumatic events, and in order to access social capital, the local people-a primary resource of any community-must be engaged meaningfully during each step of the process.


It is assumed that in cases of community trauma, the natural process of the trauma includes feelings of estrangement from the general society and a strengthening of internal community ties (Hobfoll, Canetti-Nisim, & Robert, 2006) . However, this natural process could not take place in the context of the Gush Katif relocation, as the relocation itself caused the communities to fall apart. Whereas the communities acted as a source of support during the period of extensive terror and the protest prior to the relocation, they were not available for the evacuees following the relocation, a loss that might have contributed to greater feelings of anger and distress.

It is assumed that in cases of community trauma, the natural process of the trauma includes feelings of estrangement from the general society and a strengthening of internal community ties.


Evidence from the literature on animal learning suggests that organisms are likely to have a variety of special-purpose mechanisms (Gallistel, Brown, Carey, Gelman, & Keil, 1991) . The application of an associative system to reasoning may represent the development of just such a special-purpose mechanism. Associative systems can capitalize on the ability of memory and similarity-based generalization to usually draw reasonable inferences, while maintaining the flexibility to do so in uncountable varieties of situations. Such a system would complement one that reasons by rules.

Evidence from the literature on animal learning suggests that organisms are likely to have a variety of special-purpose mechanisms.


Nowadays, in modern electric drives frequency converters are used for smooth control of electromagnetic and mechanical variables of the electric drive [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . A diagram of a typical frequency converter is shown in Figure 1 . A two-level autonomous inverter (AI) is installed at the output of the frequency converter [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . The modulation control system is used to control a two-level AI, which is part of an electric drive control system, on the algorithms of which the energy characteristics of the frequency converter (FC) and the whole electric drive as well. The most widely used algorithms are sinusoidal PWM, which can be modified by changing the shape of the carrier signal [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . The study of this topic allows us to formulate recommendations on the choice of the form and frequency of the carrier signal. To control two-level AI transistors, the PWM system generates switching functions, which are control signals. Two signals are used to form the switching functions: controller; carrying [16] [17] [18] . The energy characteristics of an autonomous inverter depend on the form and parameters of the carrier signal, such as: voltage form; voltage spectral factor; distortion factor [19] [20] [21] . Using triangular and sawtooth signals and changing their frequency, we research by using Matlab Simulink by means of simulation and mathematical modeling.

Nowadays, in modern electric drives frequency converters are used for smooth control of electromagnetic and mechanical variables of the electric drive.

A two-level autonomous inverter (AI) is installed at the output of the frequency converter.

The most widely used algorithms are sinusoidal PWM, which can be modified by changing the shape of the carrier signal.

Two signals are used to form the switching functions: controller; carrying.

The energy characteristics of an autonomous inverter depend on the form and parameters of the carrier signal, such as: voltage form; voltage spectral factor; distortion factor.


It is estimated that after 8-year and 15-year, the depreciation of the tractor becomes 61% and 73%, respectively of its purchase value [20] . This estimate also takes into account the effect of inflation. So, it is assumed that the ICEV salvage cost after 8 years is 39% of its initial cost while the EV salvage cost after 15 years is 27% of the initial cost.

It is estimated that after 8-year and 15-year, the depreciation of the tractor becomes 61% and 73%, respectively of its purchase value.


Previous research has examined potential environmental and lifestyle risk factors for MS disease development and progression. The longest studied of these factors has been the association of increasing latitude with MS incidence [5, 6] . A substantial body of research has linked this association to reduced sun exposure, probably largely through low exposure to ultraviolet light mediated by reduced endogenous vitamin D production [7] . Less attention has been focused on the effects of sun exposure on MS disease course, although clinical trials are now suggesting vitamin D supplementation has a favourable effect. Some are suggesting that vitamin D supplementation should now be considered standard of care for people with MS (PwMS) [8] . While opinion leaders in neurology have publicly stated that if they themselves were diagnosed with early demyelination, they would take high dose vitamin D supplements, they still debate whether the evidence of benefit is sufficiently strong to warrant routine supplementation for their patients, and if so, at what dosage [9] . The effects of sun exposure and vitamin D supplementation on MS disease progression are biologically plausible, given their known immunomodulatory effects in the context of the central role of immune dysfunction in MS [10] .

The longest studied of these factors has been the association of increasing latitude with MS incidence.

A substantial body of research has linked this association to reduced sun exposure, probably largely through low exposure to ultraviolet light mediated by reduced endogenous vitamin D production.

Some are suggesting that vitamin D supplementation should now be considered standard of care for people with MS (PwMS).

While opinion leaders in neurology have publicly stated that if they themselves were diagnosed with early demyelination, they would take high dose vitamin D supplements, they still debate whether the evidence of benefit is sufficiently strong to warrant routine supplementation for their patients, and if so, at what dosage.

The effects of sun exposure and vitamin D supplementation on MS disease progression are biologically plausible, given their known immunomodulatory effects in the context of the central role of immune dysfunction in MS.


Also, by spending more time in and feeling the benefits of nature in a calm and natural environment, children's nervous systems can relax from the resulting increase in parasympathetic nerve activation. While not found in this study, several previous studies with adults reported that forest activity leads to an activated parasympathetic nervous system, enhanced HF components of HRV, and lower LF/HF as a positive relaxation effect of forest therapy [41] [42] [43] . In previous studies that provided forest-based interventions, assessments of the effect were made immediately after the intervention. But in the present study, a post-test was performed one week after the last program was provided, which may have increased confounding factors. Therefore, further research is needed to consider the timing of measurement.

While not found in this study, several previous studies with adults reported that forest activity leads to an activated parasympathetic nervous system, enhanced HF components of HRV, and lower LF/HF as a positive relaxation effect of forest therapy.


Anisoplantism is also a dominant source of distortion in horizontal imaging systems used in Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) applications. In these scenarios the field of view is generally much larger and the turbulence, being near the ground, is more severe. Consequently, anisoplanatism is manifested as tip and tilt distortions that vary over the scene [15] . The spatial-variance of the image distortion poses a significant hurdle for most image reconstruction algorithms preferred here for scene enhancement in place of AO systems.

Consequently, anisoplanatism is manifested as tip and tilt distortions that vary over the scene.