The rheological properties of the gelling carrageenans (e.g., kappa and iota) are quite distinct: the kappa type forms gels that are hard, strong, and brittle, whereas iotacarrageenan forms soft and weak gels. The common feature of these carrageenans is the anhydrogalactose bridge of the 4linked galactose residue, DA and DA2S, respectively, which adopts the 1 C 4 -chair conformation. This conformation is crucial for the formation of the helical structure and, thereby, for the ability to form a gel. Lambda-carrageenan and the precursors mu-and nu-carrageenan lack the 3,6-anhydrobridge and, therefore, the 4-linked residue adopts the 4 C 1 -chair conformation, which disturbs the helical conformation. Thus, lambda-carrageenan acts simply as a thickening agent [11] .

Thus, lambda-carrageenan acts simply as a thickening agent.


Fucans (Figure 1 ) are sulphated polysaccharides that are composed of a fucose backbone. One of the best studied fucans from brown algae is fucoidan, which was first isolated by Kylin in 1913 [18] . The fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus has been available commercially for decades (Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO, USA). Early work on its structure showed that it contained primarily (1 → 2) linked 4-O-sulphated fucopyranose residues. However, 3linked fucose with 4-sulphated groups were subsequently reported to be present on some of the fucose residues. Additionally, it was determined to contain branches every 2-3 fucose residues. Subsequently, Chevolot and colleagues reported that the fucoidan from F. vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum contains a predominant disaccharide motif containing sulphate at the 2-position of the 3-linked fucose and sulphate groups on the 2-and 3-positions of the 4-linked fucose [19] .

One of the best studied fucans from brown algae is fucoidan, which was first isolated by Kylin in 1913.

Subsequently, Chevolot and colleagues reported that the fucoidan from F. vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum contains a predominant disaccharide motif containing sulphate at the 2-position of the 3-linked fucose and sulphate groups on the 2-and 3-positions of the 4-linked fucose.


Global Mean IOU The metric evaluates how well the overall parsing predictions match the overall global parsing labels. To obtain the global mean IOU of one image, we first generate the global ground truth parsing labels by overlaying person-level annotations of all the persons (the information to differentiate persons is not preserved). Then we generate the global predictions by overlaying the predicted parsing maps. Finally we perform a pixel level comparison to find the IOU of different categories between the global parsing labels and the global predictions as in the case of single person parsing [8] . The global mean IOU of the dataset is the average of the global mean IOU of each image.

Finally we perform a pixel level comparison to find the IOU of different categories between the global parsing labels and the global predictions as in the case of single person parsing.


Previous studies of L2 production show that speech produced by learners of English differs significantly from the speech produced by native speakers [1, 8] . Studies of L2 perception, however, reported only a few problematic areas for L2 speakers, such as tag questions and sarcasm [3, 13] . This might suggest that, even though learners of English are able to recognize and understand intonational patterns, their production may lag behind their abilities in speech perception.

Previous studies of L2 production show that speech produced by learners of English differs significantly from the speech produced by native speakers.

Studies of L2 perception, however, reported only a few problematic areas for L2 speakers, such as tag questions and sarcasm.


While there are some differences between learners and native speakers in tone choice in particular contexts (research question 2), the learners perform significantly better in production than in perception. This is relevant for our third research question, which asked whether correct perception in learners implies correct production, as speech learning theories predict [14] . Our results indicate the opposite pattern, with the unexpected pattern, correct production without correct perception, in 27% of all trials, and the expected pattern, correct perception without correct production, in only 14%. Thus, correct perception does not appear to imply correct production, but rather the other way around, as some previous studies have suggested [16, 17] . The results further suggest that the perception and production of prosody are aligned in some, but not all contexts. However, it needs to be kept in mind that the native control group did not remain stable in their performance across tasks either. For instance, while the native speakers only reached an accuracy of 44% for checking sentences in the perception data, 90% accuracy was reached in the production task for this sentence type.

This is relevant for our third research question, which asked whether correct perception in learners implies correct production, as speech learning theories predict.

Thus, correct perception does not appear to imply correct production, but rather the other way around, as some previous studies have suggested.


The oil and gas industry uses steel pipelines as a basic element in the production and transport of oil and gas. Operating in harsh environmental conditions and transporting a wide range of high-pressure fluids, pipelines can suffer from a variety of damage scenarios. These may include coating damage, erosion, corrosion or mechanical damage. One of the most common scenarios experienced by the industry is internal and/or external corrosion of the piping. Depending on the severity of the problem this can have significant detrimental effects on the pressure bearing capability of the pipelines and may lead to reduced life spans or at worst to a loss of structural integrity, i.e. failure. In order to extend the durability of pipelines, methods to repair such damage have been developed. A repair must be able to prevent leakage and also to restore all or part of the maximum allowable operating capacity of the pipeline. Usually, traditional repair methods require that the corroded or damaged piping is taken offline while the affected pipe section is replaced or reinforced by external steel strengthening/sealing elements. However, a plant shutdown imposes a significant loss in revenue on the operator. Consequently, rehabilitation methods which can be implemented without shutting down the production are favoured by the industry [1] . The use of Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) systems for rehabilitation and retrofitting of deteriorating structural systems has been embraced worldwide. FRP materials are highly suited for use as repair material as they possess a very high specific strength and stiffness, a high formability and an inherent immunity to corrosion [2] . Hence, they have emerged in many industries over the past decades including aerospace, automotive, infrastructure and oil and gas. In the concrete and bridge industry, for instance, the load-carrying capacity of reinforced concrete beams can be improved significantly by bonding FRP laminates to its tension flange [3, 4] . A recent application of FRPs for the oil and gas industry involves the repair of corroded pipelines by external wrapping of affected sections. Primary benefits associated with FRP overwrap repairs are a continuous fluid transmission while the repair is installed and the fact that no hot work or ignition is required and thus, the explosion potential is eliminated. This results in a significant improvement and reduction in repair costs [5, 6] . A major disadvantage in the use of FRP repairs is the complexity of possible failure mechanisms which can range from intra-laminar failure (e.g. fibre fracture or fibre-matrix debonding) to inter-laminar failure, also known as delamination [7, 8] . If delamination occurs between two different materials, it is called bi-material interface fracture.

Consequently, rehabilitation methods which can be implemented without shutting down the production are favoured by the industry.

FRP materials are highly suited for use as repair material as they possess a very high specific strength and stiffness, a high formability and an inherent immunity to corrosion.

In the concrete and bridge industry, for instance, the load-carrying capacity of reinforced concrete beams can be improved significantly by bonding FRP laminates to its tension flange.

This results in a significant improvement and reduction in repair costs.

A major disadvantage in the use of FRP repairs is the complexity of possible failure mechanisms which can range from intra-laminar failure (e.g. fibre fracture or fibre-matrix debonding) to inter-laminar failure, also known as delamination.


There are a number of general discussion points arising from the results and analysis reported above, both from the 42 maker initiatives investigated in Barcelona, and from the ten case studies drawn from across Europe, most of which appear to be complementary. These are grouped under Some of the case studies addressed environmental challenges with maker inventions (e.g., a water purification tool using solar energy, an energy-harvesting flower-pot, etc.), others experimented with environmentally friendly materials (e.g., mushroom-based textiles replacing leather) or developed substitute parts. While not all makers in the cases were environmentally conscious, there were many examples of makers keen on up-cycling, re-cycling or repairing things in their maker space [19] .

While not all makers in the cases were environmentally conscious, there were many examples of makers keen on up-cycling, re-cycling or repairing things in their maker space.


This study sought to address the argument in the leadership literature as to whether ESI is merely a variation of traditionally constructed intelligence or personality. The literature has not previously seen a simultaneous test of these three constructs against an objective measure of leader performance (Walter et al., 2011) . This study examined ESI competencies as measured by "others' observations" and found that ESI competencies improved prediction of leader performance beyond g and personality.

The literature has not previously seen a simultaneous test of these three constructs against an objective measure of leader performance.


The results provided no evidence for the predictive capacity of g and personality. Of the personality traits, only conscientiousness demonstrated a significant first-order correlation to effectiveness, but it failed to demonstrate any significance in the regressions. As predicted, ESI demonstrated unique variance beyond division size, g, and personality. This is surprising given the consistent evidence from other studies and meta-analyses about the importance of g and specific personality traits such as conscientiousness (Judge et al., 2002; Lord et al., 1986; Zaccaro, 2007) . Given that this study assessed them controlling for a job and the organization, this suggests that there are more contingent factors that may be affecting the relationships reported in earlier studies. All of the subjects in this study were executives, so we might have witnessed a restricted range effect. Although the distribution of scores on the measures of g was similar to senior occupational samples according to the technical manuals, the restricted range could be a result of promotion policies or practices within this firm. The same argument might apply to the lack of unique variance from the personality traits assessed. Firm practices may have resulted in less variation in these personality traits within this sample than shown in other studies.

This is surprising given the consistent evidence from other studies and meta-analyses about the importance of g and specific personality traits such as conscientiousness.


Good looks, a firm handshake, height, weight, extroversion, wit-these attributes have been linked to what makes a successful salesperson. Yet how does one sell to, motivate, or inspire (i.e., lead) salespeople? Although the characteristics of what leads to successful salespeople have long been an area of interest for both researchers and practitioners, the characteristics of leaders in sales organizations that affect performance has been largely neglected. Emotional intelligence (EI), the "the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions" (Salovey & Mayer, 1990, p. 189) , has been associated with sales performance (Rozell, Pettijohn, & Parker, 2006) . Emotional and social intelligence (ESI) also has an emerging track record of being linked to leadership performance (Kerr, Garvin, Heaton, & Boyle, 2006) . Scholars have suggested that future research should look at the particular context of sales leadership and the impact of leader's EI as a contributing factor in the success of sales organizations (Ingram, LaForge, Locander, MacKenzie, & Podsakoff, 2005) . This study is an attempt to build insight and specify causal factors in understanding sales leadership.

Emotional intelligence (EI), the "the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions" (Salovey & Mayer, 1990, p. 189) , has been associated with sales performance.

Emotional and social intelligence (ESI) also has an emerging track record of being linked to leadership performance.

Scholars have suggested that future research should look at the particular context of sales leadership and the impact of leader's EI as a contributing factor in the success of sales organizations.


Adaptive selling has shown to predict sales for insurance agents along with a domain specific test of EI (Kidwell, Hardesty, Murtha, & Sheng, 2010) . The particularly potent role of the influence competency is consistent with this being a sales organization with all levels of management and professionals on full commission-based compensation. Influence is how they sell to a client and, therefore, it appears how they help, inspire, motivate, or manage each other.

Adaptive selling has shown to predict sales for insurance agents along with a domain specific test of EI.


Adaptability is also cited as a key ingredient in leadership effectiveness (Heifetz & Linsky, 2002) . So although we can infer that ESI is an overall factor of importance to recruitment, it may also be important in the training and development of leaders in this context. Future research may focus on the role of the specific ESI competencies of Adaptability and Influence. Assessment centers assess characteristics related to the behavioral approach to ESI. A meta-analysis of assessment center studies found that g, personality, and behaviors similar to ESI contributed significant unique variance in job performance (Meriac, Hoffman, Woehr, & Fleisher, 2008) . They also found that Influencing contributed one of the two highest unique variances with Organizing and Planning.

Adaptability is also cited as a key ingredient in leadership effectiveness.

A meta-analysis of assessment center studies found that g, personality, and behaviors similar to ESI contributed significant unique variance in job performance.


Although the added variance is small, the overall finding is still an important contribution to help refute the claim that ESI does not provide any incremental validity beyond g and personality. A major difference in this study was that it tested incremental validity of the behavioral level of ESI competencies and an independent criterion measure of performance in a work setting (Cherniss, 2010; Riggio, 2010) . Furthermore, the use of a sales leadership context provided an objective outcome measure.

A major difference in this study was that it tested incremental validity of the behavioral level of ESI competencies and an independent criterion measure of performance in a work setting.


NAND flash memory consists of blocks and each block contains a fixed number of pages. NAND flash memory performs three basic operations, which are read, write, and erase operation. Read operation is responsible for reading data from a target page and write operation is used to write data to a target page. Erase operation is in charge of erasing a block. Therefore, the basic unit of read and write operation is a page, while the basic unit of erase operation is a block, as listed in Table 1. NAND flash memory shows several inherent characteristics. Firstly, NAND flash memory presents the erase-beforewrite hardware constraint. Namely, once a page is written, it should be erased in advance before it is written again. NAND flash memory adopts the out-of-place update scheme to address this hardware constraint. Secondly, the erase count of each block is limited, typically 10,000∼100,000 times. If the erase count of a block exceeds this threshold value, the block will be worn out and suffer from frequent write errors. Finally, the costs of write operation and read operation of NAND flash memory are asymmetric in terms of access time and energy consumption, as shown in Table 1 [6] .

Finally, the costs of write operation and read operation of NAND flash memory are asymmetric in terms of access time and energy consumption, as shown in Table 1.


Sorghum presents excellent nutritional value, similar to corn, which allows it to partially or totally replace corn in poultry diets. Moreover, sorghum price is about 80% of corn price, presenting an interesting Garcia economic advantage. However, its low carotenoid content as compared to corn results in yolks with very little pigmentation, which is often below market requirements. This problem may be solved by the inclusion of pigments in layer diets (Assuena et al., 2008) .

This problem may be solved by the inclusion of pigments in layer diets.


The closure proposed in this paper was significantly simplified by restricting the analysis to the vicinity of the order-disorder threshold where λ, Eq. (39), is close to one. More specifically, the scaling assumption 1 − λ = O(ǫ 2 ) allows one to express the time evolution of the moments of the higher order distribution functions f 2 and f 3 in terms of gradients of the hydrodynamic fields. This means these functions depend on time only implicitly through their functional dependence on f 0 and f 1 . Thus, at order O(ǫ 3 ) and near the flocking threshold, I found that the moments f 2 and f 3 are enslaved to f 0 and f 1 , whereas even higher functions such as f 4 can be neglected at this order. This results in a consistent closure of the hierarchy equations and leads to two hydrodynamic equations, as postulated in the Toner-Tu theory [9] .

This results in a consistent closure of the hierarchy equations and leads to two hydrodynamic equations, as postulated in the Toner-Tu theory.


In this paper a novel model of two-stage solidification, typical to hypoeutectic alloys, is presented. The model has been proposed for two dimensional cases, where multi grain structure is modeled. Two phenomena, nucleation and growth, contribute to the process of evolution of dendritic and eutectic structures. In the paper, details of the nucleation and growth models are given. To describe microstructure evolution cellular automata have been utilized, because of their flexibility and extensibility. In this approach every grain is taken into account individually, thus interactions between grains and structures become inherent to the model, and there is no need to apply any correction factors, as it is done in the case of models that concern representative elementary volume [6] [7] [9] [10] [11] [12] . Moreover, the approach captures both temporal and spatial evolution of polistructure. Finally, using proposed model numerical maps of transition between different stages in structure development can be obtained.

In this approach every grain is taken into account individually, thus interactions between grains and structures become inherent to the model, and there is no need to apply any correction factors, as it is done in the case of models that concern representative elementary volume.


In the last few years it has been shown that resistin levels are well correlated with prognosis of critically ill patients [18] . This correlation may be attributed to the fact that resistin is involved in the release of increased levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers-IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-ɑ-that are involved in organ failure caused by sepsis [14, 16] . Taking into consideration that an inflammatory process is involved in hypoxic-ischemic organ injury after CA, we investigated a possible correlation between resistin serum levels and the outcome in resuscitated patients and possible predictive value of resistin combined with S-100B and NSE. To our knowledge this is the first study to evaluate resistin as a biomarker for the outcome of resuscitated patients.

In the last few years it has been shown that resistin levels are well correlated with prognosis of critically ill patients.

This correlation may be attributed to the fact that resistin is involved in the release of increased levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers-IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-ɑ-that are involved in organ failure caused by sepsis.


The generation of optical frequency combs using microresonator devices is currently a hot topic that is attracting a significant amount of research. A mode-locked optical frequency comb can combine an ultra broadband spectrum with coherent and finely resolved comb lines at an equidistant frequency spacing. Microresonator based optical frequency combs have a plethora of potential applications in, e.g., the areas of precision metrology, spectroscopy, optical clocks, wavelength-division multiplexing sources, and arbitrary waveform generation [1] . By enclosing a nonlinear medium within a resonator structure, a wealth of dynamical behaviours appear. Microresonators with a Kerr nonlinearity that are pumped by a continuous wave (CW) laser are known to support bistable CW solutions, as well as both periodic temporal (Turing) patterns and localised cavity soliton solutions. These solutions may be either stable or unstable, depending on the operating regime determined by the power and detuning of the pump laser. Additionally, there exist operating regimes where the intracavity field is chaotic.

Microresonator based optical frequency combs have a plethora of potential applications in, e.g., the areas of precision metrology, spectroscopy, optical clocks, wavelength-division multiplexing sources, and arbitrary waveform generation.


As a motivation for why it might be prudent to consider microresonator dynamics beyond the LLE, we note that mean-field models have been unable to account for the complete range of dynamical behaviours that have been experimentally observed in resonator devices. Recent experimental work at NIST has e.g. shown examples of frequency combs that are not well described by the LLE [6] . Mean-field models are also unable to account for the period doubling behaviour, which has been observed to occur in dissipative fiber-ring resonators [7] [8] [9] . This period doubling behaviour is distinct from the periodic breathing of cavity soliton type solutions of the LLE, which occurs on a different time-scale that is not associated with the roundtrip time. Period doubling in fiber-ring cavities has been experimentally observed in the periodic switching of the amplitude of output pulses when a fiber-ring resonator is pumped by a synchronised pulse train with large input amplitude [8] . The period doubling sequence is also well known to be an essential component in the route to chaos [7, 10] .

Recent experimental work at NIST has e.g. shown examples of frequency combs that are not well described by the LLE.

Mean-field models are also unable to account for the period doubling behaviour, which has been observed to occur in dissipative fiber-ring resonators.

Period doubling in fiber-ring cavities has been experimentally observed in the periodic switching of the amplitude of output pulses when a fiber-ring resonator is pumped by a synchronised pulse train with large input amplitude.

The period doubling sequence is also well known to be an essential component in the route to chaos.


Land represents a finite resource that can supply multiple functions and services but which is also typically subject to competing demands. Patterns of land use are therefore a dynamic consequence of the complex place-based interaction of various cross-scale factors that differ in terms of their relative influence [1] . At the local level, land managers may have different priorities when compared to policymakers, and they may therefore respond in different ways, individually or collectively, to changing circumstances [2, 3] . Key influences on land managers' decision making include local socio-cultural factors and personal attitudes to risk, in addition to biophysical factors, available land resources, and access to markets [4] . These local bottom-up factors influence responses to top-down incentives and regulations that may be set at national or regional level. Important differences may also occur between public-owned and private-owned land due to variations in how regulations are combined with the other influences. As a consequence the response of land use to different types of change may be diverse and its variability acts to preclude simple interpretation of land use transitions as following fixed patterns or as deterministic processes [5] .

Patterns of land use are therefore a dynamic consequence of the complex place-based interaction of various cross-scale factors that differ in terms of their relative influence.

At the local level, land managers may have different priorities when compared to policymakers, and they may therefore respond in different ways, individually or collectively, to changing circumstances.

Key influences on land managers' decision making include local socio-cultural factors and personal attitudes to risk, in addition to biophysical factors, available land resources, and access to markets.

As a consequence the response of land use to different types of change may be diverse and its variability acts to preclude simple interpretation of land use transitions as following fixed patterns or as deterministic processes.


The life cycle of the parasite is closely interlinked to that of its host and largely depends on chemical signals. This is a challenge to researchers particularly in understanding host-parasite biology. Several germination stimulants have been recorded that trigger Striga germination; however, strigolactones are the most common root exudates from many cereals (Scholes & Press, 2008) . Knowledge of the biosysthetic pathways is required so that production of germination stimulants can be manipulated to identify genes involved in the synthesis and regulation of strigolactones. This might probably lead into designing a novel control strategy. Contrary to normal weeds, most of the damage to the host is done before the parasite emerges above the soil (Kiwia et al., 2009; Atera et al., 2012) . Therefore, control methods should focus on reducing soil seed bank and interfere with the parasite's early developmental stages.

Several germination stimulants have been recorded that trigger Striga germination; however, strigolactones are the most common root exudates from many cereals.

Contrary to normal weeds, most of the damage to the host is done before the parasite emerges above the soil.


The invariant mass spectra for both the MSSM and SM categories show no evidence for the presence of a Higgs boson signal, and we therefore set 95% CL upper bounds on the Higgs boson cross section times the branching fraction into a tau pair. For calculations of exclusion limits, we use the modified frequentist construction CL s [78] [79] [80] . Theoretical uncertainties on the Higgs boson production cross sections are taken into account as systematic uncertainties in the limit calculations.

For calculations of exclusion limits, we use the modified frequentist construction CL s.


Similarly, the movement of the CHF front can be studied. To the best knowledge of the authors, full field (2D) studies of the decay of the CHF have not been reported for water sprays yet. One-dimensional measurements of the decay of the CHF wave due to jet impingement have previously been reported using thermocouples [6, 7, 9] .

One-dimensional measurements of the decay of the CHF wave due to jet impingement have previously been reported using thermocouples.


To determine each salient value, e.g. T CHF or T MIN , Gaussian distributions were fitted to the boiling curve at the position of interest. This fitting approach is widely used in scientific practice, e.g. when residual elastic strains are computed by 'single peak fitting' of X-ray or neutron diffraction patterns [24] . In the present analysis, the function values of the boiling curve in the temperature domain of interest were subjected to a rotation in the h, T plane, after which a single Gaussian peak was fitted and the desired salient value was determined. Once the salient temperatures were established, heat fluxes corresponding to these temperatures were computed.

This fitting approach is widely used in scientific practice, e.g. when residual elastic strains are computed by 'single peak fitting' of X-ray or neutron diffraction patterns.


Insect gall sampling. We performed four bi-monthly samplings between December 2009 and June 2010 in the two vegetation types. The insect gall sampling was done through active searches, with duration of 01h30min, along four fixed transects, being two in each vegetation type (Araújo et al., 2011) . In each transect, we sampled every plant that hosted insect galls, including trees, shrubs and herbs. All insect galls encountered were recorded, photographed, collected and placed individually in labeled plastic bags for transportation to the laboratory. Plant fragments of each host plant were collected, part of the material being sent for botanical identification, the remainder being used for obtains the immature and adult insects, in the laboratory.

Insect gall sampling.

The insect gall sampling was done through active searches, with duration of 01h30min, along four fixed transects, being two in each vegetation type.


Regulations stipulated in co-management agreements are legally binding for mobile commercial fishing operators, and are enforced by local environmental agents working in association with the Federal Environment Agency. The regulations commonly put severe restrictions on commercial fishing in floodplain lakes through boat size and gear restrictions as well as total catch limits (Almeida, Lorenzen & McGrath 2002) . Despite this, commercial fishermen have remained largely outside the management process, with no formal representation in the agreements and little power to influence regulations (except where rural-based commercial fishermen participate in their capacity as local residents). The further proliferation of co-management agreements will have major implications for the commercial fishing sector, and its ability to respond to and engage with the co-management process will be important to the institutional sustainability of co-management as well as the future of the sector.

The regulations commonly put severe restrictions on commercial fishing in floodplain lakes through boat size and gear restrictions as well as total catch limits.


Currently, FIA growth data are combined under an assumption that was termed the REMPER (Re-measurement Period) assumption in Roesch and Van Deusen [4] . The REMPER assumption posits that variation in the re-measurement period lengths between individual plots in successive areal samples is ignorable. They found the REMPER assumption to be invalid and that it seemed to contribute more to bias than to variance. Their results did show that the problem is reduced greatly as the distribution of temporal interval lengths becomes more restricted. They concluded that further research was needed to determine what restrictions should be placed on the distribution of temporal intervals to achieve specific objectives. Although this paper does not completely address that goal, it does further the discussion by comparing the effects of different distributions of temporal intervals realized by the FIA Program in several States on various estimation systems.

Currently, FIA growth data are combined under an assumption that was termed the REMPER (Re-measurement Period) assumption in Roesch and Van Deusen.


The cumulative deficit model identifies frailty on the basis of a range of variables that include symptoms, signs, diseases, disabilities and abnormal laboratory values, collectively referred to as deficits [8] . The original model was based on 92 variables, but subsequent work has shown that this can be reduced to a more manageable 30 or so without loss of predictive validity [9] . The variables can be used to calculate a frailty index (FI) score, which is a simple calculation of the presence or absence of each variable as a proportion of the total. The core criteria for variable inclusion into the FI are: (i) biologically plausible; (ii) accumulates with age; and (iii) does not saturate too early (i.e. the prevalence of the deficit does not reach 100% before older age) [10] . This makes the FI very adaptable as a conceptual approach.

The cumulative deficit model identifies frailty on the basis of a range of variables that include symptoms, signs, diseases, disabilities and abnormal laboratory values, collectively referred to as deficits.

The original model was based on 92 variables, but subsequent work has shown that this can be reduced to a more manageable 30 or so without loss of predictive validity.

The core criteria for variable inclusion into the FI are: (i) biologically plausible; (ii) accumulates with age; and (iii) does not saturate too early (i.e. the prevalence of the deficit does not reach 100% before older age).


Epiphora in children is a very common condition affecting 20 % of infants during the first year of life because of a persistent membranous web at Hasner's valve. It is known as congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO), and about 90 % of these obstructions resolve spontaneously with simple conservative methods [1] . In persistent obstruction, probing is performed to relieve the obstruction, which often results in successful resolution of epiphora [2] . Consequently, pediatric DCR is not the first line treatment for children with symptomatic common CNLDO, and it is indicated when there is no response to previous therapy like probing, or is associated with recurrent dacryocystitis [3] .

It is known as congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO), and about 90 % of these obstructions resolve spontaneously with simple conservative methods.

In persistent obstruction, probing is performed to relieve the obstruction, which often results in successful resolution of epiphora.

Consequently, pediatric DCR is not the first line treatment for children with symptomatic common CNLDO, and it is indicated when there is no response to previous therapy like probing, or is associated with recurrent dacryocystitis.


Ultrasonography will readily reveal a cystic structure in the popliteal fossa. Venography should be done only if deep venous thrombosis is still suspected. Computerized axial tomography and MRI can outline the cyst better and also allow assessment for rupture of the cyst, hemorrhagic transformation, and accompanying pyomyositis or osteomyelitis [1, 20] .

Computerized axial tomography and MRI can outline the cyst better and also allow assessment for rupture of the cyst, hemorrhagic transformation, and accompanying pyomyositis or osteomyelitis.


As very expressive graph kernels can usually not be computed in polynomial time, we resorted to a variant of walk-based graph kernels (Gärtner et al., 2003b) . Clearly, there are other graph kernels that can be computed efficiently and we will explore their applicability to RRL in future work. In this work, we used these graph kernels as the covariance function of a Gaussian Process. We will compare this approach to other kernel-based regression algorithms in future work.

As very expressive graph kernels can usually not be computed in polynomial time, we resorted to a variant of walk-based graph kernels.


Scientific discovery research has been existing for more a decade. Its goal is to find knowledge that is novel, interesting, plausible, and understandable [14] . From this general perspective, scientific discovery shares common characteristics with that of knowledge discovery (data mining) in business applications. This work is strongly influenced by the scientific discovery viewpoint and yet leveraged on the existing data mining techniques in discovering interesting patterns from a scientific dataset. The resulting rules are special cases of the qualitative and quantitative laws in the general scientific discovery framework [8] .

Its goal is to find knowledge that is novel, interesting, plausible, and understandable.

The resulting rules are special cases of the qualitative and quantitative laws in the general scientific discovery framework.


There is a wide range of industrial applications where two-phase flows are prevalent. Fig. 1 shows some complex gas-liquid bubbly flow structures that can be encountered in industrial flow systems [1] . In the chemical, petroleum, mining, food and pharmaceutical industries, bubble column reactors are extensively used bubble coalescence driven by random collisions u WE n bubble coalescence driven by wake entrainment u TI n bubble break-up caused by turbulent impact C mass transfer k size of an eddy k e effective thermal conductivity for handling processes that require large interfacial area for gas-liquid mass transfer and efficient mixing of competing gas-liquid reactions (oxidation, hydrogenation, halogenation, aerobic fermentation, etc.). For engineering systems, heat exchangers operate by the presence of two-phase flow mixture of gas and liquid for the efficient removal of heat generation. In the nuclear area, ensuring the safe operation of a power or research reactor is of paramount importance especially where nuclear safety analyses concern the ability to predict the void fraction distributions and other two-phase flow parameters in subcooled boiling conditions.

Fig. 1 shows some complex gas-liquid bubbly flow structures that can be encountered in industrial flow systems.


In this paper, the use of population balance and two-fluid models for gas-liquid bubbly flows is demonstrated through the implementation of an average number density transport equation and the multiplesized-group (MUSIG) boiling model [9] . The latter solves a series of additional equations to accommodate the range of bubble sizes that exist within the two-phase flow volume. The simpler approach of an average number density transport equation is adopted for gas-liquid bubbly flow without heat and mass transfer while the more complex MUSIG boiling model is employed to handle gas-liquid bubbly flows with heat and mass transfer.

In this paper, the use of population balance and two-fluid models for gas-liquid bubbly flows is demonstrated through the implementation of an average number density transport equation and the multiplesized-group (MUSIG) boiling model.


The work of language professionals working with EAL academics may also include translation. Some EAL scholars hire a translator to translate manuscripts, prepared in the scholars' first language, into English. But the translator is usually not recognized in the published text, nor does the manuscript reveal that it was originally written in the scholar's first language and was later translated by someone else. The perception that it is not necessary to disclose this information seems to reflect the assumption that translation is a rather straightforward and neutral task. However, translation is not entirely a neutral process because translators often have to make decisions concerning interpretations, and modifications are often made in the process [18] . Also, translators often function as cultural informants to help the client's writing to be accepted in an international scholarly community.

However, translation is not entirely a neutral process because translators often have to make decisions concerning interpretations, and modifications are often made in the process.


Increasingly more scholars in non-English speaking countries seek publications in English-medium journals to increase visibility to their studies and/or to meet the demands of their academic institutions, which place a high premium on papers published in high-impact English journals for faculty promotion and tenure. Multilingual scholars, who desire to publish in English-medium journals often seek help from language professionals, are faced with challenges, such as the lack of English language facilities and the lack of knowledge regarding genre and disciplinary conventions [1] [2] [3] . Some scholars write their manuscripts in their native language and hire a translator to translate their work into English. Many consider the use of language professionals as appropriate or even essential, and some journals openly encourage receiving help from language professionals, or native English speakers, for scholars who use English as an additional language (EAL). However, the general advice to have the manuscripts reviewed and edited by native English speakers seems to reveal the assumption that the role of editors centers on a narrowly defined set of areas [4, 5] . For the EAL scholars who live in non-English speaking countries, native English-speaking peers who can provide such help are not always easily accessible, and for this reason, scholars resort to the for-pay editors and translators who specialize in scholarly publishing.

Multilingual scholars, who desire to publish in English-medium journals often seek help from language professionals, are faced with challenges, such as the lack of English language facilities and the lack of knowledge regarding genre and disciplinary conventions.

However, the general advice to have the manuscripts reviewed and edited by native English speakers seems to reveal the assumption that the role of editors centers on a narrowly defined set of areas.


In addition, the EMT plays a pivotal role in the dissemination of malignant hepatocytes and metastatic colonization [24] . The EMT is characterized by the loss of epithelial cell-cell adhesion proteins, such as E-cadherin, and the gain of mesenchymal markers, such as vimentin [25] . In this study, RYBP overexpression inhibited hepatoma cell invasion, and decreased the expression of E-cadherin and increased the expression of vimentin in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that the EMT might be a mechanism by which RYBP can induce HCC cell metastasis.

In addition, the EMT plays a pivotal role in the dissemination of malignant hepatocytes and metastatic colonization.

The EMT is characterized by the loss of epithelial cell-cell adhesion proteins, such as E-cadherin, and the gain of mesenchymal markers, such as vimentin.


When continuously illuminated with high fluxes of PAR, the cells of photoautotrophic organisms are normally able to utilize only a small fraction of the absorbed light energy. This phenomenon is mainly due to limitations of the dark photosynthesis reactions, non-photochemical quenching and photoinhibition (Lunch et al., 2013; Zarmi et al., 2013) . In particular, we observed a decline in Fv/Fm in the cultures grown under high constant light (Fig. S8) , which most likely manifest photoinhibition (Jin et al., 2003) . On the contrary, intermittent or flashing light, even of supersaturating intensity, could be efficiently utilized for photochemistry provided that the FL timescale (flashto-dark ratio) is synchronized with the physiological requirement of the cell, as determined by its photosynthetic capacity (Zarmi et al., 2013) . If this condition is not fulfilled, the efficiency of photochemistry under FL is reduced due to the engagement of different photoprotective mechanisms, with a large contribution, as shown in this work, of the upregulation of the VC and the corresponding increase of NPQ.

This phenomenon is mainly due to limitations of the dark photosynthesis reactions, non-photochemical quenching and photoinhibition.

In particular, we observed a decline in Fv/Fm in the cultures grown under high constant light (Fig. S8) , which most likely manifest photoinhibition.

On the contrary, intermittent or flashing light, even of supersaturating intensity, could be efficiently utilized for photochemistry provided that the FL timescale (flashto-dark ratio) is synchronized with the physiological requirement of the cell, as determined by its photosynthetic capacity.


Patterning of graphene with permanently imprinted geometries has been previously proposed [60, 61, 78, 79] . On the other hand, multiple possibilities of transforming a uniform carrier density distribution within a graphene sheet into a complicated spatial dependence, e.g. into a periodic Bragg grating, have also been demonstrated [41, [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] . The one approach that does not require graphene patterning of chemical doping relies on the electrostatic field being periodically shaped using a patterned metasurface or grooved substrates [14, 85] . Potential applications in active plasmonics could also benefit from the ultrafast process of carrier generation and relaxation in graphene, as the Fermi level has been demonstrated to be electrostatically adjusted at sub-nanosecond time scales [86] . Marrying the sub-wavelength nature of graphene plasmonics with local nanoscale patterning of the carrier density distribution in graphene-based metasurfaces thus offers promising opportunities in active and ultrafast manipulation of light at the nanoscale.

Patterning of graphene with permanently imprinted geometries has been previously proposed.

On the other hand, multiple possibilities of transforming a uniform carrier density distribution within a graphene sheet into a complicated spatial dependence, e.g. into a periodic Bragg grating, have also been demonstrated.

The one approach that does not require graphene patterning of chemical doping relies on the electrostatic field being periodically shaped using a patterned metasurface or grooved substrates.

Potential applications in active plasmonics could also benefit from the ultrafast process of carrier generation and relaxation in graphene, as the Fermi level has been demonstrated to be electrostatically adjusted at sub-nanosecond time scales.


Using multiple channels instead of a single one in multihop wireless ad hoc networks has been shown to be able to improve the network throughput considerably [10] . Many MAC and routing protocols that use multiple channels were introduced for wireless ad hoc networks [6, 8, 12] . Moreover, multi-frequency MAC protocols especially designed for WSN have also been recently introduced [5, 16] .

Using multiple channels instead of a single one in multihop wireless ad hoc networks has been shown to be able to improve the network throughput considerably.

Many MAC and routing protocols that use multiple channels were introduced for wireless ad hoc networks.

Moreover, multi-frequency MAC protocols especially designed for WSN have also been recently introduced.


The results of this study point toward several concrete steps that colleges and universities can take to spur the development of students' integrative leadership orientation. First, colleges and universities can enhance students' civic engagement by providing multiple opportunities for students to engage in community service and service learning in a variety of contexts (Mitchell et al., 2011) . Faculty and staff can encourage students to recognize their responsibilities as participants in a diverse democracy-including advocating for social justice, voting in elections, and volunteering to support various causes. These themes can be embedded within classroom conversations and serve as the focus for general education courses-thereby increasing the likelihood that a wide variety of students will be exposed to themes of civic engagement and diversity regardless of their academic major.

First, colleges and universities can enhance students' civic engagement by providing multiple opportunities for students to engage in community service and service learning in a variety of contexts.


Proposition 4 answers the third research question. Firms create social value through CSR activities. Such activities eventually enrich their business ecosystems by accumulating social capital, and their ecosystems finally create positive effects on their competitiveness through social capital. Most interviewees did not expect the direct economic benefits of CSR activities as indicated in their comments. However, they implicitly recognized the indirect reverting paths from CSR to social value and from social capital to firm competitiveness. Therefore, we argue that social capital in the business ecosystem plays the role of a mediator in the virtuous cycle among CSR, the sustainable business ecosystem, and firm competitiveness (see Figure 1 ). This proposition is also supported by the tsunami case of Japan [48] .

This proposition is also supported by the tsunami case of Japan.


This study offers a foundation that integrates firms' economic roles based on market relationships and social roles based on social relationships by analyzing the connection among CSR, social value, and firm competitiveness through social capital from the perspective of business ecosystems. The results have some important theoretical implications. First, the study expands the scope of business ecosystem research, which is not limited to participating firms as members of business ecosystems, by including customers, NGOs, associations, and communities in the business ecosystem, as units of analysis. Second, the study offers an explanation at the business ecosystem level on the relationship between CSR and firm performance by integrating the mixed results produced by previous studies. These previous studies have focused only on the direct relationship between CSR and firm performance and have not considered indirect reverting paths from CSR to social value and from social capital to firm competitiveness. Third, although previous studies have viewed social capital from individual, organizational, and state perspectives, this study has a business ecosystem perspective, extending the application and practice of social capital. Previous studies have viewed social capital within the relationship among firms in the context of market-based economic relationships. In other words, they have focused only on social capital derived from a relation network of firms in terms of relationship-specific assets [50] . Finally, the propositions developed in this study can be used as hypotheses in future empirical studies on CSR and social capital from the perspective of business ecosystems.

In other words, they have focused only on social capital derived from a relation network of firms in terms of relationship-specific assets.


Many findings on the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and firm economic performance remain inconclusive [1] . Various issues on research methodology, the scope of CSR, data on economic performance, and sampling and measurement errors have frequently been highlighted as reasons for such inconsistent results [1] . As such, the business ecosystem perspective may contribute to finding the missing link between CSR activities and firm competitiveness.

Many findings on the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and firm economic performance remain inconclusive.

Various issues on research methodology, the scope of CSR, data on economic performance, and sampling and measurement errors have frequently been highlighted as reasons for such inconsistent results.


A business ecosystem is a mutually dependent system interconnected by a loose foundation of various ecosystem members, including buyers, suppliers, competitors, and other stakeholders [2] . This perspective and the stakeholder theory have similarities, since a stakeholder is defined as a member who has an interest, right, or influence, and/or who is influenced by a given business [3] . By this theory, stakeholders' interests must be traded off while one stakeholder's interest is assumed to be the priority at one time and others' at other times [4] . On the other hand, the business ecosystem perspective, based on system theory, assumes that members recognize a shared purpose as an economic community and use a common platform coordinated by keystones or focal firms [5, 6] .

A business ecosystem is a mutually dependent system interconnected by a loose foundation of various ecosystem members, including buyers, suppliers, competitors, and other stakeholders.

This perspective and the stakeholder theory have similarities, since a stakeholder is defined as a member who has an interest, right, or influence, and/or who is influenced by a given business.

By this theory, stakeholders' interests must be traded off while one stakeholder's interest is assumed to be the priority at one time and others' at other times.

On the other hand, the business ecosystem perspective, based on system theory, assumes that members recognize a shared purpose as an economic community and use a common platform coordinated by keystones or focal firms.


To answer these, this study used a case study methodology based on a thorough review of CSR literature and rich qualitative data from in-depth interviews with nine informants from seven firms across several industries. Interview data were analyzed through open coding [10] . Data collected from the in-depth interviews were used to answer the research questions and confirm the proposed virtuous cycle.

Interview data were analyzed through open coding.


In this paper we propose a method of estimation of the largest Lyapunov exponent using chaos synchronization [5, 6] . Our method is motivated by Fujisaka and Yamada's theoretical studies [5] . They have found the linear dependence between the synchronization value ofthe coupling coefficient oftwo identical continuous dynamical systems and the largest value of Lyapunov exponent of such coupled systems. As an example they have used the Lorenz system. We have shown that this approach can be applied for nonsmooth dynamical systems as well.

In this paper we propose a method of estimation of the largest Lyapunov exponent using chaos synchronization.

Our method is motivated by Fujisaka and Yamada's theoretical studies.


Above-ground biomass and N content of wheat are known to be detectable with a limited number of bands [16, 29, 30] . Therefore, this study focuses on the development of a multispectral camera system capable of estimating parameters for the calculation of optimal N applications. The system is intended to operate on-board a UAS, to be lightweight and fully programmable for future applications. To ensure operability in this context, the system was tested in a split fertilized N field trial in winter wheat before and after the late N application.

Above-ground biomass and N content of wheat are known to be detectable with a limited number of bands.


Some important points should be noted about the above contributions. First, the maximum contribution does not distinguish between the behaviour of the bending and stretching modes, although for nearly all cases the magnitude and the sign of the contribution is mode dependent (Table  3) . For example, the error in the electronic structure calculation is predominantly in the bending mode [4] . Second, the corresponding contributions to the pure rotational energies are rather small so that the net effect is that two-electron relativistic effects contribute little. Finally, the differing signs of the various contributions may lead to a fortuitous cancellation of errors, and results whose agreement with the observations is superficial, and possibly misleading with respect to the accuracy of the individual contributions.

For example, the error in the electronic structure calculation is predominantly in the bending mode.


For the material handling objective function, which will be the main focus of this paper, several approaches have been applied in the literature for estimating the distance travelled between two facilities on the construction site. These approaches rely on the approximation of the transportation route through the use of either the Euclidean or Manhattan distance measure. In the Euclidean method, the routes are taken to be diagonal lines extending from the centroids of the corresponding facilities between which movement is necessary [18, 24, 27, 30, 31] . The Manhattan approach relies on robotic movements in four directions at 90 degrees to one another [32, 33] . The aforementioned approaches have their strengths and weaknesses but one thing common to both is their over-simplification of the actual route typical in a construction site, where obstacles such as facilities etc. might prevent a purely diagonal or rectilinear movement from being achieved. For this reason it is necessary to take into account such limitations when it comes to modelling distance measures. Therefore a model that tackles some of these issues is presented by the authors. A comparison will ensue to determine whether it's worthwhile to overburden the model with additional constraints to produce more realistic route mappings within the objective function. It is worth mentioning that the Euclidean approach seems much of a simplistic approximation as path obstruction and the possibility of passing through forbidden areas is completely ignored. Thus in this study the focus will mainly be on routes modelled via the Manhattan approach.

In the Euclidean method, the routes are taken to be diagonal lines extending from the centroids of the corresponding facilities between which movement is necessary.

The Manhattan approach relies on robotic movements in four directions at 90 degrees to one another.


Our findings show that Word Generation helped RFEP students learn academic vocabulary; but it does not tell us which elements of Word Generation helped RFEPs. It could have been multiple exposures to target words, learning target words in different content areas, reading and writing about target words, or using target words in discussion that improved RFEPs' academic vocabulary knowledge. On the other hand, it could have been that RFEP students were in an advantageous position for learning academic vocabulary words. For instance, some RFEP students had been recently reclassified and may have been primed to learn new target words in their new, rich, second language environment. We must also consider the possibility that students who returned to school in the Fall (at the start of the study) had artificially low vocabulary scores because they had been in L1 environments during the summer; they may have been primed to learn or relearn L2 words at an accelerated rate (Lawrence, 2012) . We intend to use longitudinal models to explore these possibilities in more detail in future analyses. Consistent with a previous study on Word Generation, LEP students in the current study did not benefit from this intervention. We speculate that the Word Generation materials and activities were too difficult for LEP students to engage fully in the program. However, since RFEP students, by definition, gained sufficient English proficiency to exit from language support services, they may have understood the materials fully and participated in meaningful activities that involved the use of target words. It is possible that many RFEP students did not have access to explicit academic vocabulary instruction in their English language development classes, which may explain their significant growth when they were given such support.

We must also consider the possibility that students who returned to school in the Fall (at the start of the study) had artificially low vocabulary scores because they had been in L1 environments during the summer; they may have been primed to learn or relearn L2 words at an accelerated rate.


Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and, more recently, IL-17, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of arthritis, increasing the recruitment of neutrophils into the joint and driving the enhancement of chemokines and degradative enzymes production [4, 5] . In addition, several groups, including ours, have demonstrated the participation of these cytokines in the development of articular pain, which can act directly or indirectly on nociceptive neurons inducing their sensitization [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Although the pathogenic effects of these cytokines are well explored, the contribution of IL-22 in this context is not yet fully understood.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and, more recently, IL-17, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of arthritis, increasing the recruitment of neutrophils into the joint and driving the enhancement of chemokines and degradative enzymes production.

In addition, several groups, including ours, have demonstrated the participation of these cytokines in the development of articular pain, which can act directly or indirectly on nociceptive neurons inducing their sensitization.


Furthermore, this paper analyses the impact of employing different modes of consideration (that is, payment methods) on Chinese acquiring firms both in terms of the average abnormal returns (AARs) and the cumulative average abnormal returns (CAARs) using a 24-day event window surrounding the takeover announcement date. We also identify potential reasons for the differing economic benefits that appear to arise from using cash as against alternative modes of consideration 1 for the shareholders of Chinese acquiring firms. Finally, we test if the pre-takeover stock values of acquiring firms have any relationship with the modes of consideration chosen to finance Chinese M&A activities. When there are informational asymmetries 2 and a company is highly valued then the acquirer has an incentive to use alternative modes of consideration to pure cash (Hansen 1987) . This enables the acquiring company to i) reduce the cost of takeover by issuing new shares at a low expected return (high price) and ii) transfer some of the risk associated with the deal to the target shareholders which benefits the acquirer's shareholders.

When there are informational asymmetries 2 and a company is highly valued then the acquirer has an incentive to use alternative modes of consideration to pure cash.


Pareskevakos presented a system and method for currency authentication [10] . In Pareskevakos's system, the currency is authenticated by evaluating the classifying information taken from the banknote itself, such as the note's correlated serial number, to identify information in a directory related to invalid currency, such as fake currency. If the extorted classifying information matches information on the directory, the note is considered original. Optical character recognition could be used to extract the classifying information.

Pareskevakos presented a system and method for currency authentication.


A limiting factor of our study is that no componentresolved diagnosis was possible for Hev b12 (lipid-transferprotein) and for Hev b13. These might also play a role in latex-sensitized persons and be an explanation for the single case of mono-sensitized Hev b8 with symptoms upon contact [17, 23] . However, in atopic patients with repeated regular exposure contact-dermatitis to latex due to late-type-sensitization as well as contactsensitization to other substances like thiuram should be in-or excluded.

These might also play a role in latex-sensitized persons and be an explanation for the single case of mono-sensitized Hev b8 with symptoms upon contact.


In Phase 1 of the ATS Program, preliminary investigations on different gas turbine cycles demonstrated that net plant LHV based efficiency greater than 60% was achievable (Little et al., 1993) . In Phase 2 the more promising cycles were evaluated in greater detail and the closed-loop steam-cooled combined cycle was selected for development because it offered the best solution with least risk for achieving the ATS Program goals of plant efficiency, emissions, cost of electricity and RAM (Briesch et al., 1994) . Phase 2 also involved conceptual ATS engine and plant design and technology developments in aerodynamics, sealing, combustion, cooling, materials, coatings and casting development (Bannister et al., 1995; Diakunchak et al., 1996) .

In Phase 1 of the ATS Program, preliminary investigations on different gas turbine cycles demonstrated that net plant LHV based efficiency greater than 60% was achievable.

In Phase 2 the more promising cycles were evaluated in greater detail and the closed-loop steam-cooled combined cycle was selected for development because it offered the best solution with least risk for achieving the ATS Program goals of plant efficiency, emissions, cost of electricity and RAM.

Phase 2 also involved conceptual ATS engine and plant design and technology developments in aerodynamics, sealing, combustion, cooling, materials, coatings and casting development.


Phase 3 and Phase 3 Extension involved further technology development, component testing and W501ATS engine design. The technology development efforts consisted of ultra low NOx combustion, catalytic combustion, heat transfer, advanced coating systems, advanced alloys, single crystal casting development and determining the effect of steam on turbine alloys. Included in this phase was full-load testing of the W501G engine at the McIntosh No. 5 site in Lakeland, Florida (Gaul et al., 2001) .

Included in this phase was full-load testing of the W501G engine at the McIntosh No. 5 site in Lakeland, Florida.


The results of minor elements are shown in Table 4 . Minor elements can be classified as potentially toxic (Cd, Pb, Hg), probably essential (Ni, Co) and essential (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) [38] . Essential minerals have several roles in human biochemistry and physiology. Many are cofactors for different enzymes and we are dependent on them for energy efficiency, fertility, mental stability and immunity. According to the data obtained, Fe has the highest concentration followed by B, Mn, V, Cu, Zn etc.

Minor elements can be classified as potentially toxic (Cd, Pb, Hg), probably essential (Ni, Co) and essential (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn).


It is widely accepted that a dietary intake of selected fruits, especially those containing functional bioactives such as phenolic acids, tannins, flavonoids, and vitamins and essential minerals, is linked to the reduced prevalence of several chronic diseases [8] [9] [10] . The apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), a member of the family Rosaceae, is one of the most frequently consumed fruits in many regions all over the world. The apple fruit has been identified as an excellent potential source of carbohydrates, minerals, dietary fiber and antioxidant phenolics [3] [4] [5] . Recent studies have revealed that the consumption of apple fruit and apple juice can provide antiproliferative, anticarcinogenicand anti-inflammatory health benefits and is strongly associated with lower incidence of lung cancer, viral diseases and cardiovascular disorders [8, 10, [13] [14] [15] .

It is widely accepted that a dietary intake of selected fruits, especially those containing functional bioactives such as phenolic acids, tannins, flavonoids, and vitamins and essential minerals, is linked to the reduced prevalence of several chronic diseases.

The apple fruit has been identified as an excellent potential source of carbohydrates, minerals, dietary fiber and antioxidant phenolics.

Recent studies have revealed that the consumption of apple fruit and apple juice can provide antiproliferative, anticarcinogenicand anti-inflammatory health benefits and is strongly associated with lower incidence of lung cancer, viral diseases and cardiovascular disorders.


Se and Co have the lowest concentration. Some of these microelements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) are involved in many biochemical processes supporting life [39] . Among the five cultivars studied, 'Breburn' peel had the highest content of Fe; Red Delicious' peel had the highest content of Co; 'Pink Lady' had the highest content of Se; 'Modi' had the highest content of B, Ni, Ba and Cr and 'Idared' had the highest content of V, Cu, Zn, Mn and Sr.

Some of these microelements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) are involved in many biochemical processes supporting life.


Nutrient levels in foods are variable. In the case of fruits, mineral levels canbe affected by factors such as the variety of the produced item, harvest time, ripeness, climate, soil conditions including fertilizer application, and storage and marketing conditions. As biological materials, fruits are also the subject to random variation in the mineral content [32, 33] .

Nutrient levels in foods are variable.

As biological materials, fruits are also the subject to random variation in the mineral content.


The recommended daily dose for V is not set [43] . Its role in a diet is little known but seems to be very important. It is assumed that it affects the formation of insulin. Together with tin, V is involved in the metabolism of fat and affects the proper functioning of the reproductive system and the production oftestosterone.

The recommended daily dose for V is not set.


In this study, researchers used a constant comparative method and a thematic analysis to examine reflective feedback written by graduate students participating in an introductory counseling skills course. Thematic analysis is an inductive data driven approach to coding data into meaningful concepts or themes (Boyatzis, 1998) . This approach was selected because it relies on the data to drive the formation of ideas and is consistent with a constructivist paradigm.

Thematic analysis is an inductive data driven approach to coding data into meaningful concepts or themes.


Analysis of land cover changes is important for evaluating the transition of ecosystems, the carbon cycle and the water and energy balance in response to climate changes in the subarctic region. The change of water bodies and associated wetland areas will in turn affect the carbon balance, including methane dynamics in the sub-arctic [13, 14] . To date, there is a lack of studies examining land cover changes in a high spatial resolution manner in the sub-arctic. Satellite sensors with a 1 km or coarser resolution are not suitable for detecting the dynamics of relatively small water bodies and new sensors with finer resolutions lack long-time records. In contrast, the Landsat satellites provide a longer temporal record of land observations and Landsat data have been used to reconstruct the history of the Earth's land surface back to 1972 for various regions [15] .

The change of water bodies and associated wetland areas will in turn affect the carbon balance, including methane dynamics in the sub-arctic.

In contrast, the Landsat satellites provide a longer temporal record of land observations and Landsat data have been used to reconstruct the history of the Earth's land surface back to 1972 for various regions.


Insecticidal activities of the plants have been intensively investigated and demonstrated promising for control of field and stored grain pests. Plant derived chemicals are hazard free and possess bitter substances which may show toxic, repellent, antifeedant, and growth and progeny inhibition activity against insect pests (Roy et al., 2005; Roy et al., 2014) . Many plant-derived materials have been proved as toxic and growth regulators against stored products insects (Cosimi et al., 2009) . Plant lectins are biodegradable insecticidal agents that possessed deleterious effects on the survival, growth, oviposition and reproduction of stored grain insect pests (Oliveira et al., 2011) . The leaf extracts of ghagra Xanthium strumerium revealed insecticidal effectiveness against C. chinensis reared on black gram grains.

Plant derived chemicals are hazard free and possess bitter substances which may show toxic, repellent, antifeedant, and growth and progeny inhibition activity against insect pests.

Many plant-derived materials have been proved as toxic and growth regulators against stored products insects.

Plant lectins are biodegradable insecticidal agents that possessed deleterious effects on the survival, growth, oviposition and reproduction of stored grain insect pests.


The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is a serious pest of mung bean and many other pulse grains in the tropics (Roy et al., 2012a) . The larvae of this pest penetrate into the pulse grains and feed endosperms, thus lead to damage grains as well as deteriorate nutritional value and germination capacity (Roy et al., 2014) . Different microorganisms, especially fungi develop in the infested grains and eventually make it unfit for human consumption and propagation (Deeba et al., 2006) .

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is a serious pest of mung bean and many other pulse grains in the tropics.

The larvae of this pest penetrate into the pulse grains and feed endosperms, thus lead to damage grains as well as deteriorate nutritional value and germination capacity.

Different microorganisms, especially fungi develop in the infested grains and eventually make it unfit for human consumption and propagation.


In particular, high impedance two-dimensional (2-D) EBG surfaces such as mushroomlike structures and uni-planar structures have been applied to the ground plane of low profile directive antennas [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . Because the high impedance EBG surface reflects incident waves in-phase rather than out-of-phase in a certain frequency band, a linear antenna designed in this frequency band can efficiently radiate energy even if the radiating element is placed very close to the EBG ground plane. The resulting low profile antenna exhibits directional radiation characteristics, because incident and reflected waves interfere constructively.

In particular, high impedance two-dimensional (2-D) EBG surfaces such as mushroomlike structures and uni-planar structures have been applied to the ground plane of low profile directive antennas.


Isolated lateral malleolar fractures with competent deltoid ligament [supination external rotation fracture type II (SER-II) according to the Lauge-Hansen classification or AO-B1 according to the Mueller classification] are considered stable and are treated non-operatively with excellent results [1] [2] [3] [4] . Fractures with clear lateral subluxation of the talus as seen on the initial non-weightbearing radiographs (SER-IV or AO-B2) are considered unstable and are thought to benefit from operative reduction and internal fixation. For patients with radiographically stable ankles, but clinical symptoms suggesting medial ligament injury, radiographs with either manual or gravity stress have been proposed to detect deltoid ligament incompetence [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .

Isolated lateral malleolar fractures with competent deltoid ligament [supination external rotation fracture type II (SER-II) according to the Lauge-Hansen classification or AO-B1 according to the Mueller classification] are considered stable and are treated non-operatively with excellent results.

For patients with radiographically stable ankles, but clinical symptoms suggesting medial ligament injury, radiographs with either manual or gravity stress have been proposed to detect deltoid ligament incompetence.


Nevertheless, the yield of catechinone is not high in one batch of the reaction solution because of the low solubility of (+)-catechin in an aqueous solution, and then it should be improved for practical use. The solubility of (+)-catechin in ethanol is over 30 times higher than that in water. Then, the chemical dyestuff preparation was attempted by adding ethanol into the reaction solution and increasing the concentration of (+)-catechin to increase the dye production efficiency in the previous study [7] . The results showed that catechinone is not formed in pure ethanol solution but it is obtained in the water/ethanol mixed solution at 0.28 of the ethanol molar fraction of the solvent. The amount of the dyestuff formed in water/ethanol mixed solution is over 20 times larger than that in the aqueous solution system. It was suggested that water-ethanol mixing ratio of the solvent is an important factor for the formation efficiency. The other reaction conditions such as basicity and temperature are considered to be the key factor for the formation, too. It is also interesting to investigate the availability of other water-soluble alcohols for the reaction and the effect of the alkyl group structure of the alcohol on it.

Then, the chemical dyestuff preparation was attempted by adding ethanol into the reaction solution and increasing the concentration of (+)-catechin to increase the dye production efficiency in the previous study.


The 'Data-driven Quality Improvement in Primary care (DQIP)' research programme is designing and testing a complex intervention to improve the quality and safety of medication use in UK primary care. It is based on encouraging and facilitating primary care medical practices to systematically and continuously identify, correct or otherwise manage drug therapy risks that are potential pre-cursors to PDRM [7] . The DQIP approach requires explicit medication assessment criteria which can (1) be operationalised in existing UK electronic data sources in order to (2) identify patients at risk of common or severe PDRM in primary care.

It is based on encouraging and facilitating primary care medical practices to systematically and continuously identify, correct or otherwise manage drug therapy risks that are potential pre-cursors to PDRM.


Increased focus is placed on nearshore wind turbines in the Danish wind power development, and recent tender material for nearshore wind turbines bears witness of a tendency to perceive nearshore wind turbines as a large-scale industry with large energy companies as the main investors [25] . In the last tender for 350 MW Danish nearshore wind turbines, no projects based on local ownership were included in the bidding process. This is despite the fact that two projects (Wind & Welfare and Lemvig Municipality) made a strong effort to participate in the process.

Increased focus is placed on nearshore wind turbines in the Danish wind power development, and recent tender material for nearshore wind turbines bears witness of a tendency to perceive nearshore wind turbines as a large-scale industry with large energy companies as the main investors.


The changes in vegetation caused by forest management practices affect the distribution and abundance of animals including insects, which use the forest as a habitat and food resource. Several studies have reported the negative effects of clearcutting on the distribution of insects, such as saproxylic beetles, carabids, lepidopterans, isopods, and Opiliones [7, 11, [19] [20] [21] [22] . However, clearcutting can increase the abundance of some species adapted to fragmented environments [23] .

Several studies have reported the negative effects of clearcutting on the distribution of insects, such as saproxylic beetles, carabids, lepidopterans, isopods, and Opiliones.

However, clearcutting can increase the abundance of some species adapted to fragmented environments.


There were two options for secondary school teachers trained at M.A. level. First, teachers were intended to be trained in a five-year period (3,5 + 1,5 years). With this option, students could register at the department of education; however they spent the first seven semesters of their education in the relevant field in and completed their last three semesters in their own departments. Graduates of this system were awarded a M.A. The second option included four years of undergraduate work and one and a half years of MA work without a thesis, resulting in 6.5 years in total of education. Following this system, it was possible to arrange three semester-long programs to train graduates of non-education faculties as secondary school teachers. Students who completed this latter option are awarded a M.A. degree without a thesis (YOK, 2007) .

Students who completed this latter option are awarded a M.A. degree without a thesis.


Village Institutes which especially met the teacher demand for village schools were founded between 1940 and 1953. Teachers who graduated from Village institutes trained people who lived in village through schools and courses (Akyuz, 2010) . Village Institutes were closed down in 1954 and were restructured as six year "Elementary Teacher Schools". In 1970 the training duration for primary schools was increased to seven years. With the Resolution Number 191 of Board of Education and Discipline, dated 24 March 1974, it was made necessary to be a graduate of a 2 year education institute to be a primary school teacher. Some of the existing elementary teacher schools were turned into two-year education institutes and some others were turned into teacher high schools (Kucukahmet, 1993; YOK, 2007) . Teacher high schools later continued their education and teaching activities under the name of Anatolian Teacher Training High School (YOK, 2007) . Starting in the 2014-2015 academic year, these programs will begin to be phased out.

Teachers who graduated from Village institutes trained people who lived in village through schools and courses.

Some of the existing elementary teacher schools were turned into two-year education institutes and some others were turned into teacher high schools.

Teacher high schools later continued their education and teaching activities under the name of Anatolian Teacher Training High School.


In 1997, YOK restructured the teacher-training process. After this restructuring, the time allotted to teacher candidates in teacher training programs to get hands on experience increased significantly. Moreover, teacher training programs for both primary (including kindergartens) and secondary schools were planned to be carried out at undergraduate level (4 years) and teacher training programs for secondary schools were planned to be carried out at M.A. level (5 years) (YOK, 2007) .

Moreover, teacher training programs for both primary (including kindergartens) and secondary schools were planned to be carried out at undergraduate level (4 years) and teacher training programs for secondary schools were planned to be carried out at M.A. level (5 years).


Teacher training is carried out in departments of education in Turkey. However, when the demand for teachers is high, teachers are also trained through certification programs (pedagogical formation) and MA programs without a thesis. It is a commonly debated issue whether these short-term teacher-training programs, which are aimed at meeting the demand for teachers, can actually train quality teachers (Yuksel, 2004) . Moreover it is important to determine whether there is a change in the attitudes towards the teaching profession of teacher candidates who enroll in a short-term pedagogical teacher program. This is important because if teacher candidates do not develop positive attitudes towards teaching, and if the education they receive does not serve its purpose, it is not possible for these teacher candidates to fully understand or appreciate the profession. Attitude is the psychological pattern formed with the interaction of emotions, thoughts and behaviors that define behavioral tendencies towards an item or object. When an individual has a positive attitude towards an item or object, he or she will be inclined to behave positively toward that object, to approach it, to be close to it, to support and help it (Adiguzel & Karadas, 2013; Koklu, 1997; Tezbasar, 1997) . By determining the attitudes of teacher candidates towards the teaching profession and the training they need to receive in order to successfully work this profession, it can be seen whether teacher candidates have a positive view of the profession. There are attitude scales towards teaching profession in the literature.

It is a commonly debated issue whether these short-term teacher-training programs, which are aimed at meeting the demand for teachers, can actually train quality teachers.

When an individual has a positive attitude towards an item or object, he or she will be inclined to behave positively toward that object, to approach it, to be close to it, to support and help it.


In 2006-2007 YOK started a restructuring process to update and remedy the failing parts of 1997-1998 models. After this restructuring subject-matter and subject-matter training courses made up 50%-60% of the training, professional teaching courses made up 25%-30%, and general knowledge courses made up the final 15%-20%. In order to improve teachers' general knowledge, classes such as history of science, scientific research methods, effective communication skills, Turkish education history, and service to society and introduction to philosophy were added to the program. To ensure the flexibility of the program, faculties are allowed to offer varying general knowledge classes. Within the context of general knowledge courses a new course titled "Community Service Program" was added. In this course which is compulsory for all programs, students are expected to analyze the contemporary problems of society and prepare projects to develop solutions. With the new adjustment, school practice hours are reduced (YOK, 2007) .

With the new adjustment, school practice hours are reduced.


To this purpose, we analyse a sample of SMEs belonging to the Italian fashion industry, where the SMEs have shown relevant trademarking activity in the last ten years (data from the Italian Office for Patents and Trademarks, UIBM), because branding has become a dominant competitive strategy (Ramello and Silva, 2006) . The paper is divided into three parts. It first deals with the analysis of the literature concerning the relationship between brands and trademarks and their impact on firm performance in order to formulate the hypothesis; then, the second part focuses on the method and the analysis; finally, the third part discusses the results, in order to draw the conclusions and suggest opportunities for further research.

To this purpose, we analyse a sample of SMEs belonging to the Italian fashion industry, where the SMEs have shown relevant trademarking activity in the last ten years (data from the Italian Office for Patents and Trademarks, UIBM), because branding has become a dominant competitive strategy.

The paper is divided into three parts.


Brands have become an increasingly valuable marketing tool in a crowded marketplace because they allow consumers to distinguish sellers and goods and make choices based on information that is more reliable (Lemper, 2012) . The term brand is defined as a complex symbol representing a variety of ideas and attributes that build up in the minds of consumers over time, whose legal term is trademark; the brand is fundamental for competitiveness and long-term survival. Moreover, brand personality might be, in some cases, more important than technical features of the product (Petty, 2010) .

Brands have become an increasingly valuable marketing tool in a crowded marketplace because they allow consumers to distinguish sellers and goods and make choices based on information that is more reliable.

Moreover, brand personality might be, in some cases, more important than technical features of the product.


SMEs generally have different peculiarities in comparison to large firms; their entrepreneurs are often involved in day to day activities, and face some difficulties in distinguishing between current decision (underlying short-term objectives) and long-term business goals; this implies that they often adopt a reactive and emotional decision-making process (Bianchi et al., 1998; Hutchinson and Ray, 1986) . Furthermore, they view strategic planning as a possible limitation of flexibility and on the same time prefer to use the scarce time resources for operational activities rather that for strategic development process. For this reason normally SMEs do not devote many resources to brand and marketing activities which often are not the result of a deliberate strategy. A report of one of the largest Italian financial institutes confirms that among smaller firms effective branding strategies are not so widespread, mainly due to resource constraints, and large firms register a higher number of trademarks with respect to SMEs and also have positive returns on their investment (Intesa San Paolo, 2012) .

SMEs generally have different peculiarities in comparison to large firms; their entrepreneurs are often involved in day to day activities, and face some difficulties in distinguishing between current decision (underlying short-term objectives) and long-term business goals; this implies that they often adopt a reactive and emotional decision-making process.

A report of one of the largest Italian financial institutes confirms that among smaller firms effective branding strategies are not so widespread, mainly due to resource constraints, and large firms register a higher number of trademarks with respect to SMEs and also have positive returns on their investment.


Optical coherence tomography (OCT). Optical coherence-domain reflectometry (OCDR) is a high-resolution axial-imaging technique originally developed for optical-fiber and integrated-optics applications [1] [2] [3] . It offers high resolution, typically of the order of µm, which is achieved via the use of interferometry and the broad bandwidth of the optical source [4] .

Optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Optical coherence-domain reflectometry (OCDR) is a high-resolution axial-imaging technique originally developed for optical-fiber and integrated-optics applications.

It offers high resolution, typically of the order of µm, which is achieved via the use of interferometry and the broad bandwidth of the optical source.


To further improve the sensitivity of OCT, it is useful to implement techniques for handling dispersion. Indeed, a whole host of techniques for mitigating its presence have been developed, ranging from the use of dispersion-compensating optical elements to a posteriori numerical methods. The use of many of these techniques, however, requires an understanding of the character of the dispersion inherent in the sample so that the appropriate optical element or numerical algorithm can be used [7, 9] .

The use of many of these techniques, however, requires an understanding of the character of the dispersion inherent in the sample so that the appropriate optical element or numerical algorithm can be used.


With the addition of transverse scanning, this range-finding technique provides crosssectional images and is called optical coherence tomography (OCT) [5] . Because OCT has the merits of being a non-invasive, non-contact, high-resolution, and rapid procedure, it has revolutionized in vivo biological imaging [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . It has found widespread use in clinical medicine, particularly in the specialties of ophthalmology, gastroenterology, dermatology, laryngology, cardiology, and oncology [12, 13] .

With the addition of transverse scanning, this range-finding technique provides crosssectional images and is called optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Because OCT has the merits of being a non-invasive, non-contact, high-resolution, and rapid procedure, it has revolutionized in vivo biological imaging.

It has found widespread use in clinical medicine, particularly in the specialties of ophthalmology, gastroenterology, dermatology, laryngology, cardiology, and oncology.


Here, our calculations will build on new results for CFT correlators of stress tensors, currents and scalars in general dimensions obtained by solving the conformal Ward identities in momentum space [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] . Our main result will be that 3-point correlators in general CFTs encode double copy relations familiar from scattering amplitudes. The origin of this connection can be understood by dressing the correlators with polarization vectors and interpreting them as cosmological correlators evaluated on the future boundary of de Sitter. Scattering amplitudes then follow by taking the flat space limit, defined as the limit in which energy is conserved. Since energy is not conserved for cosmological correlators, to take this limit in practice requires analytic continuation of the momenta. In odd dimensions, 3-point CFT correlators develop poles in this limit, and flat space scattering amplitudes can be read off from the most singular terms. In even dimensions, the flat space limit is more complicated to evaluate since the analytic structure of CFT correlators is more involved, so here we will focus our attention on odd-dimensional cases. For a parity-invariant but otherwise general CFT with d > 3, we then find that the flat space limit of current correlators is spanned by scattering amplitudes in ordinary and higher-derivative Yang-Mills theory, while the flat space limit of stress tensor correlators is spanned by amplitudes in Einstein, φR 2 and Weyl-cubed gravity, where φR 2 is a curvature-squared theory coupled to scalars which reduces to a certain non-minimal conformal gravity in four dimensions [44] . Remarkably, these theories are related via a double copy [45, 46] .

Here, our calculations will build on new results for CFT correlators of stress tensors, currents and scalars in general dimensions obtained by solving the conformal Ward identities in momentum space.

For a parity-invariant but otherwise general CFT with d > 3, we then find that the flat space limit of current correlators is spanned by scattering amplitudes in ordinary and higher-derivative Yang-Mills theory, while the flat space limit of stress tensor correlators is spanned by amplitudes in Einstein, φR 2 and Weyl-cubed gravity, where φR 2 is a curvature-squared theory coupled to scalars which reduces to a certain non-minimal conformal gravity in four dimensions.

Remarkably, these theories are related via a double copy.


It has been demonstrated that the antipodal TSA, with fins on opposite sides of the substrate, is easily fed by a microstrip line over a wide bandwidth [15] [16] [17] . However, it is the uniplanar TSA, with both fins on the same substrate side, which is usually employed in large array applications. So far, though, its feed has limited the exploitation of an ultra-wide bandwidth [2, 4] .

It has been demonstrated that the antipodal TSA, with fins on opposite sides of the substrate, is easily fed by a microstrip line over a wide bandwidth.

So far, though, its feed has limited the exploitation of an ultra-wide bandwidth.


Free radicals had been reported to be responsible for the pathophysiological of several diseases like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (Ramkumar et al., 2007) . Antioxidant has capacity to dissolve the free radicals cells in human bodies (Erasto et al., 2007; Thaipong et al., 2006) . In recent years, several plants had been studied to contain phytochemicals that can protect a human system against different diseases. However, the structures of these phytochemicals made them scavenge free radical cells (Alara et al., , 2016 Ayoola et al., 2008; Erasto et al., 2007; Farombi and Owoeye, 2011; Igile et al., 1994; Olalere et al., 2017) . The World Health Organization had highlighted that many plants in the world possesses high medicinal values and recommended the use of natural products in place of synthetic drugs because of their adverse effects (Qi, 2015) . Therefore, studies are being done on novel types of antioxidants from different plant matrices.

Free radicals had been reported to be responsible for the pathophysiological of several diseases like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

Antioxidant has capacity to dissolve the free radicals cells in human bodies.

However, the structures of these phytochemicals made them scavenge free radical cells.

The World Health Organization had highlighted that many plants in the world possesses high medicinal values and recommended the use of natural products in place of synthetic drugs because of their adverse effects.


Human studies have been limited by the failure to detect TREM-2 protein on human cells isolated directly ex vivo. DCs and osteoclasts differentiated in vitro from human monocytes have been shown to express TREM-2 on the cell surface (Bouchon et al., 2001b; Cella et al., 2003) . The only demonstration of TREM-2 expression directly ex vivo has been on mouse alveolar macrophages and newly recruited peritoneal macrophages . The present study demonstrates TREM-2 expression on human monocytes that have been recruited to the CSF compartment, but not on blood monocytes obtained from the same subject at the same time. Human monocytes are heterogeneous, and differential expression of antigenic markers can distinguish monocyte subsets. On CD14 + human monocytes the expression of the cell surface marker CD16 (FcRIII) and the chemokine receptor CCR5 defines a subset resembling mature tissue macrophages (Gordon and Taylor, 2005) . In the present study, all CSF monocytes were found to be CD16 + CCR5 + , in contrast to blood monocytes which are known to be predominantly negative for these two markers (Weber et al., 2000) . Together, the above findings suggest that TREM-2 is expressed on a subtype of differentiated myeloid cells that have entered tissues and acquired features of tissue macrophages. The present data support the hypothesis that TREM-2 is expressed on a monocyte subset with a specific effector function.

DCs and osteoclasts differentiated in vitro from human monocytes have been shown to express TREM-2 on the cell surface.

On CD14 + human monocytes the expression of the cell surface marker CD16 (FcRIII) and the chemokine receptor CCR5 defines a subset resembling mature tissue macrophages.

In the present study, all CSF monocytes were found to be CD16 + CCR5 + , in contrast to blood monocytes which are known to be predominantly negative for these two markers.