From them, one can reconstruct the original Lagrangian parameters, in particular the Yukawa couplings, y iα , using equations (3) (4), (5) and (11) . All our models are, by construction, automatically consistent with current neutrino data (at 3σ) [48] . These free parameters are subject to a number of theoretical and experimental constraints, which we now describe. First of all, we impose a perturbativity limit on the Yukawa and scalar couplings: |y iα |, |λ j | < 3. The scalar couplings, λ j , are further required to satisfy the vacuum stability conditions and we ensure compatibility with electroweak precision tests [22, 49] .

From them, one can reconstruct the original Lagrangian parameters, in particular the Yukawa couplings, y iα , using equations (3) (4), (5) and.

All our models are, by construction, automatically consistent with current neutrino data (at 3σ).

The scalar couplings, λ j , are further required to satisfy the vacuum stability conditions and we ensure compatibility with electroweak precision tests.


The hand-transmitted vibration (HTV) is distributed over a wide spectrum of frequencies and the vibration of the handles does not occur only along a preferred direction. Critical combinations of frequencies and amplitudes could cause resonance in the operator body. Low frequency vibration, lesser than 100 Hz, are transmitted without attenuation and therefore the perception is high (Kitazaki and Griffin, 1998) . With increasing of the frequency, the vibration transmissibility decreases similarly to the human sensitivity.

Low frequency vibration, lesser than 100 Hz, are transmitted without attenuation and therefore the perception is high.


Structural investigations of the warship were not initiated until the beginning of the 21st century, when data on on-going deformation were collected. At about the same time, an investigation of different reinforcement concepts for the ship and/or its support cradle was undertaken and different simple finite element (FE) models were also constructed for single cross-sections of the hull to predict future deformation and structural behaviour for different support scenarios [9, 10] . No final decisions have as yet been made about how to support the hull and prevent further movement and deformation. However, research has focused increasingly on the mechanical properties of Vasa oak and the way they are influenced by chemical degradation and PEG content. In the first stage, the compression strength in the radial direction and tensile strength and stiffness in the longitudinal direction of both Vasa oak and PEGimpregnated recent European oak (Quercus robur) have been investigated [7, 8] . In 2013, a new support structure project was initiated with the aim of modelling the structural behaviour of the entire ship. For this reason, a holistic approach is recommended and parameters such as geometry, joints, load transfer within the warship and load transfer from the warship to the existing support cradle have to be thoroughly explored. Material parameters such as stiffness in terms of moduli of elasticity (MOE) and cross-sectional stiffness and strength need to be investigated in more detail than before, which is a difficult task in itself. Due to both natural variation in the Vasa oak and chemical degradation and softening due to PEG in the Vasa timbers, the stiffness and strength properties are expected to vary considerably at different positions. It is therefore desirable to develop a methodology which enables the quick and easy measurement of geometry, damage and predictions of strength and stiffness. Due to the unique nature of the material, the measurements should preferably be as non-invasive and non-destructive as possible.

At about the same time, an investigation of different reinforcement concepts for the ship and/or its support cradle was undertaken and different simple finite element (FE) models were also constructed for single cross-sections of the hull to predict future deformation and structural behaviour for different support scenarios.

In the first stage, the compression strength in the radial direction and tensile strength and stiffness in the longitudinal direction of both Vasa oak and PEGimpregnated recent European oak (Quercus robur) have been investigated.


In order to maintain the integrity of the Vasa, conservation treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG) was carried out for a period of 17 years after the salvage [4, 5] . This treatment prevented the hull from serious shrinkage and distortion that would otherwise have caused the collapse of the cell walls when the hull dried. However, PEG is known to have a negative impact on wood, in terms of reduced strength and stiffness [6] [7] [8] .

In order to maintain the integrity of the Vasa, conservation treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG) was carried out for a period of 17 years after the salvage.

However, PEG is known to have a negative impact on wood, in terms of reduced strength and stiffness.


We manipulated intention through the use of hold instructions (Peterson & Hochberg, 1983) . Before each trial, we asked viewers to try to hold either the horizontal or the vertical line in front at the attended intersection. For Figures 2a, b , and c, the instructions to hold the vertical line forward at the biased intersection and the horizontal line forward at the unbiased intersection were instructions to hold the organization consistent with the bias. For Figures 2d, e, and f, the instructions to hold the horizontal line forward at the biased intersection and the vertical line forward at the unbiased intersections were instructions to hold the organization that was consistent with the bias. We instructed viewers not to move their eyes when following these hold instructions but to simply concentrate on holding the instructed organization.

We manipulated intention through the use of hold instructions.


As such, the over-elaborated, or over-simplified in some rare cases, design of invehicle interfaces do not take into consideration the physical and cognitive limitations that older drivers present. In particular, the navigation systems present various road information that older drivers cannot interpret or use in a timely manner [3] . Recently, technological advances produced numerous collision-avoidance systems which have been tentatively and gradually incorporated into contemporary vehicles. Yet the vast majority alerts the driver before an imminent collision and relies heavily on the driver's response time. A small segment of experimental systems even retains the control of the vehicle and regulates the vehicular activities until it is safe to return the control to the driver. Yet both solutions do not provide a viable solution to the older drivers, which either cannot respond in time on the alerts, or they might feel completely intimidated by the temporarily autonomous navigation of their vehicle. Moreover, adverse weather conditions and unexpected traffic congestion can diminish even further older drivers' reaction times, increasing significantly the possibility of collision occurrence and fatalities.

In particular, the navigation systems present various road information that older drivers cannot interpret or use in a timely manner.


We could not explore the moderating effects of incentive size (Firsch & Dickinson, 1990; Pritchard & Curtis, 1973; Terborg, 1976; Terborg & Miller, 1978) . Although most studies contained information about incentive size, this information could not be coded easily in a way that made between-study comparisons meaningful. Larger incentives probably influence performance more than do smaller incentives. Laboratory studies typically use small incentives. This may have attenuated the relationship between financial incentives and performance in laboratory settings.

We could not explore the moderating effects of incentive size.


Traditionally, paper surface texture is characterized using methods based on air leak instruments that provide a global roughness value relative to a macroscopic region of the sheet [10] . It is known that these methods, despite being very simple, are ineffective in distinguishing and characterizing the different structural scales of the surface, namely as far as the waviness phenomenon is concerned. In fact, this phenomenon is usually described through visual analysis. This type of human-based procedure is time-consuming, fairly subjective and inaccuracy prone, and therefore it is incongruous with the current demands posed by customers to papermakers regarding new product development and product quality assurance.

Traditionally, paper surface texture is characterized using methods based on air leak instruments that provide a global roughness value relative to a macroscopic region of the sheet.


Finally, for the third survey, the results of the second survey, which included points assigned from 1-5 by 30 experts, were summarized and organized, where each respondent was provided with statistical data, like the average value of each item as a reference, so that the respondents could reflect on the survey once more. Additionally, the third survey did not use the method of having the respondents assign points to all of the items, but rather, asked them to select three items that they felt were most important. The three selected items were not given any points, but it was only specified whether they were selected or not. Two weeks were provided to answer each of the first, second and third survey [58] . It has been reported that study results may display the problem of becoming biased when respondents do not participate in all of the iterations of a survey [28] . In this study, 100% of the first 30 survey respondents participated in the second survey, and 90%, 27 respondents, participated in the third survey.

Two weeks were provided to answer each of the first, second and third survey.

It has been reported that study results may display the problem of becoming biased when respondents do not participate in all of the iterations of a survey.


Diatom studies of an applied nature in estuaries and shallow coastal waters have been few in number, especially when compared to the situation in freshwaters and the ocean (Sullivan, 1999) . Diatoms are valuable indicators of environmental conditions, since they respond directly and sensitively to many physical, chemical and biological changes that occur in these systems. Moreover, a number of species have fairly narrow ecological ranges that makes them useful indicators of environmental changes for parameters such as salinity, pH, temperature and nutrient concentrations. The species-specific sensitivity of diatom eco-physiology to many habitat conditions is manifested in the great variability in biomass and species composition of diatom assemblages (Snoeijs, 1999) . The fact that each diatom species has a specific optimum and tolerance for some environmental parameters, including pH, salinity, temperature, nutrients and light availability, makes them particularly useful indicators in estuarine systems (Lim et al., 2001) .

Diatom studies of an applied nature in estuaries and shallow coastal waters have been few in number, especially when compared to the situation in freshwaters and the ocean.

The species-specific sensitivity of diatom eco-physiology to many habitat conditions is manifested in the great variability in biomass and species composition of diatom assemblages.

The fact that each diatom species has a specific optimum and tolerance for some environmental parameters, including pH, salinity, temperature, nutrients and light availability, makes them particularly useful indicators in estuarine systems.


The High Angular Resolution Monolithic Optical and Near-infrared Integral field spectrograph (HARMONI) is a proposed instrument selected as one of two first-light instruments by ESO (Thatte et al. 2010) . HARMONI is being designed as a single-field, visible and near infra-red (NIR) IFS, and will provide a range of spatial pixel (spaxel) scales and spectral resolving powers, which permit the user to optimally configure the instrument for a wide range of science programs; from ultra-sensitive to diffraction limited, spatially resolved, physical (morphology), chemical (abundances and line ratios) and kinematic (line-of-sight velocities) studies of astrophysical sources. HARMONI will be compatible with two modes of adaptive optics (AO) allowing it to tackle a broad range of problems across astrophysics, including: a) the physics of mass assembly of galaxies at high redshifts, b) resolved studies of stellar populations in distant galaxies, and c) detecting and weighing intermediate mass black holes in nearby galaxies or globular clusters. The full design specifications are listed in table 1. The instrument will commence its preliminary design phase in 2015 and so here we undertake detailed simulations of the performance of HARMONI.

The High Angular Resolution Monolithic Optical and Near-infrared Integral field spectrograph (HARMONI) is a proposed instrument selected as one of two first-light instruments by ESO.


Like the condition AC(2), the Poénaru condition P (2) and even the much weaker condition K (2) allows one to construct balls of arbitrarily large radius in the Cayley graph of G. Thus a P (2) or even a K (2) group has solvable word problem. The proof is rather straightforward and follows the proof of J.Cannon in the almost convex case [2] . A careful analysis of the argument implies the following: Theorem 4. Let G be a finitely generated group which satisfies condition K (2) with respect to some finite generating set X.

The proof is rather straightforward and follows the proof of J.Cannon in the almost convex case.


Based on the evolving supply and demand dynamics, and the prospects for new trading opportunities which have been highlighted here, a number of key issues can be seen to emerge that will influence the scope, impact, and success of CBT in promoting improved market access for developing-country suppliers. An important component that underpins the success of CBT for African suppliers is the existence of preferential trading arrangements, particularly from the EU and Norway, in the light of the limited competitiveness that most African suppliers have vis-à-vis those in South America or South Asia. Duty-free privileges under the EU's 'Everything but Arms' initiative could potentially allow African products into the EU at a discount, given higher tariffs placed on South American imports. However, this necessitates meeting the other costs of compliance required for imports, which will likely increase under CBT to ensure that supply-chain systems are credible to certify exports as disease-free. A development which could greatly influence the ability of African suppliers to compete with Latin American and other competitors is a series of preferential trade agreements being discussed between the EU and the countries of Mercosur (Agritrade, 2008) . While details on the proposed negotiations are limited, significant reductions in tariff barriers imposed on Brazilian, Argentinian and Uruguayan beef imports would have major negative impacts on African suppliers and probably put a stop to all but the highest-value niche exports.

A development which could greatly influence the ability of African suppliers to compete with Latin American and other competitors is a series of preferential trade agreements being discussed between the EU and the countries of Mercosur.


The use of vegetation cover on unstable degraded land, such as mine spoils and tailings facilities, has been determined to provide an in situ cost-effective and environmentally sustainable method of stabilizing and reclairning waste lands (Tordoff et aL 2000) . The use of vegetation to reduce erosion and provide long-terrn structural support is known Addition oC biosolids significantly increased AMF inCection oC roots compared to unamended substrates. No clear qualitative differences in colonization were detected. Addition oC biosolids and AMF together clearly improved the establishment and growth oC the native grass. Similar trends in nutritional status were shown Cor biosolids and inoculation with AMF treatments. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant biomass production and the eCCectiveness oC nutrient uptake. The combined use oC biosolids and mycorrhizal inoculation could be a reliable method Cor phytostabilization purposes in polluted substrates.

The use of vegetation cover on unstable degraded land, such as mine spoils and tailings facilities, has been determined to provide an in situ cost-effective and environmentally sustainable method of stabilizing and reclairning waste lands.


After obtaining the IMF components of DLOD, the power spectrum density (PSD) and amplitude spectrum of all of these IMF components are then obtained by Welch method and FFT method. The results are shown in Figs. 3 and 4 , from which we can find around ten periodic signals, as listed in Table 1 . For the purpose of comparison, we also list relevant results observed by some previous studies [5, 6, 9, 12, 33] .

For the purpose of comparison, we also list relevant results observed by some previous studies.


Our study clearly shows a 9.13-day signal in the LOD. Dickman predicted the effects of long-period ocean tides, including the 9.13-day term, on polar motion [38] . Gross even developed an improved empirical model for the effect of longperiod ocean tides, including 9.13-day term, fortnightly term and monthly term, on polar motion [39] . Seize and Schuh indicated that it was induced by solid earth tide [40] . We suppose this signal to be caused by long-term ocean tides, but the mechanism is still open.

Dickman predicted the effects of long-period ocean tides, including the 9.13-day term, on polar motion.

Gross even developed an improved empirical model for the effect of longperiod ocean tides, including 9.13-day term, fortnightly term and monthly term, on polar motion.

Seize and Schuh indicated that it was induced by solid earth tide.


Continuous P fertilization may have a long-term effect on the content of P fractions in the soil in addition to its yield-increasing effect (Wang et al, 2010) . The transformation of different P forms in the soil is usually determined by complex interactions of biotic and abiotic factors. Adsorption and dissolution are some of the abiotic factors controlling nutrient transfer between non-living pools and soluble forms, whereas biotic factors, including microbial activity, change organic P into inorganic P, and vice versa (Azeez and Averbeke, 2010) . Most studies have been focused on the transformation of organic P fractions into inorganic P fractions through the process of mineralization.

Continuous P fertilization may have a long-term effect on the content of P fractions in the soil in addition to its yield-increasing effect.

Adsorption and dissolution are some of the abiotic factors controlling nutrient transfer between non-living pools and soluble forms, whereas biotic factors, including microbial activity, change organic P into inorganic P, and vice versa.


A learner modelling subsystem called XLM has been presented in this paper which tries to capture the multi-dimensional nature of learners. XLM uses a collection of dimensions-subject domain, conceptual and procedural errors, competency, motivation, affect and meta-cognition-defines them using concept maps and arranges them in layers. Together, the internal maps and layered framework provide a rich structure for organising beliefs about learners. Beliefs are represented using belief functions, which allow the representation of ignorance, uncertainty and conflict in evidence and beliefs. Together with a simple algorithm for propagation of evidence, XLM is the first implementation of learner models with belief functions networks we are aware of, providing in this way an alternative to Bayesian networks for learner modelling [7, 12, 13, 14] .

Together with a simple algorithm for propagation of evidence, XLM is the first implementation of learner models with belief functions networks we are aware of, providing in this way an alternative to Bayesian networks for learner modelling.


Entrepreneurship, has always been at the heart of economy's dynamics. Entrepreneurship continues to gain momentum as a significant and relevant research field. Policy makers in the rush to stimulate entrepreneurship in various countries, CEOs and company owners are looking for entrepreneurial employees (Chmielecki, 2013) . Focus on entrepreneurship has been spurred by enormous popularity of start-up firms in high technology industries, the expansion of venture capital financing, successes of regional clusters, notably Silicon Valley and possibilities of crowdfunding. Some management scholars and social scientists interested in entrepreneurship focused their attention on studying metaphors of entrepreneurship. Unfortunately not much on this subject have been written in Polish context. As culture influences entrepreneurship, different nations have their own concepts of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship.

Policy makers in the rush to stimulate entrepreneurship in various countries, CEOs and company owners are looking for entrepreneurial employees.


As regards the ash content, all the samples were in accordance with the official Brazilian parameters (higher than 1.5 g/L). It was observed that the reference wine showed a value very close to the limit that could be justified by the amount of sugar added to the finished product (Amerine and Ough, 1976) . The copper contents were considered normal to Brazilian red wines (Miele et al., 1994) . As regards to the iron content, all the samples showed values below those usually found (1 to 5 mg/L) (Miele et al., 1994) . It could be explained by the non-utilization of iron-made equipments during the producing of the artisanal and laboratorial wines.

It was observed that the reference wine showed a value very close to the limit that could be justified by the amount of sugar added to the finished product.

The copper contents were considered normal to Brazilian red wines.

As regards to the iron content, all the samples showed values below those usually found (1 to 5 mg/L).


We studied a total population and managed to trace nearly all the patients with Type 1 diabetes diagnosed in childhood during the period between 1961and 1985. When the patients were divided into 5-year cohorts according to the time of diagnosis, there was a declining trend in the cumulative proportion of severe retinopathy after 25 to 30 years of diabetes. Furthermore the previously reported marked decrease in the cumulative proportion of diabetic nephropathy persisted [8] . We defined severe retinopathy as laser-treated retinopathy, because it is more definite than just proliferative retinopathy or macular oedema. It is possible that the indications for laser treatment have changed in the direction of more liberal indications during the past several years. This tends to overestimate the cumulative proportion in the younger cohorts compared with the older ones. The cumulative incidence of severe retinopathy is reported to be high in different studies from different diabetes centres and populations. Our figures for the oldest cohort with a cumulative proportion of nearly 60% after 35 years duration are similar to other studies [12, 13] . We found a clear decrease of cumulative proportion for the younger cohorts. This decrease appeared 5 years later compared with the decrease of nephropathy. To our knowledge, this has not been previously reported for an unselected population with diabetes beginning in childhood. In a study from Denmark with follow-up until the year 2000, they also found a declining trend with increasing calendar year of diagnosis [14] . The patients were older at diagnosis and the study was clinic-based. Severe retinopathy, defined as proliferative retinopathy, had decreased to12.5% after 20 years diabetes duration for the cohort with diagnosis between 1979 and 1984. The decrease appeared about 10 years later compared with our study. In our population, severe retinopathy, defined as laser-treated, had decreased to 14.7% already in the cohort diagnosed between 1966 and 1970.

Furthermore the previously reported marked decrease in the cumulative proportion of diabetic nephropathy persisted.

Our figures for the oldest cohort with a cumulative proportion of nearly 60% after 35 years duration are similar to other studies.

In a study from Denmark with follow-up until the year 2000, they also found a declining trend with increasing calendar year of diagnosis.


The design and efficiency of an adsorption process is controlled by the overall dynamics of the fixed-bed, and the regeneration or desorption step is often the cost-determining factor of the separation process. The closest application of an adsorption process for CO 2 separation is the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process for H 2 purification from syngas, which is well-known due to the large scale of H 2 production in petrochemical industries (Ciferno et al., 2011) . However, in that CO 2 /H 2 separation the desired product (H 2 ) is essentially non-adsorbed and can be obtained at high purity (99.9999%).

The closest application of an adsorption process for CO 2 separation is the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process for H 2 purification from syngas, which is well-known due to the large scale of H 2 production in petrochemical industries.


Differences in survival and reproductive rates between individuals of various quality levels are expected to be even more pronounced during unfavorable environmental conditions. For instance, during years of reduced regional primary productivity and/or access to the colony, higher-quality breeders of Adélie penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae, foraged more efficiently, leading to a greater breeding success (Lescroël et al. 2010) . Central-place foragers such as seabirds, which feed at sea but breed on land, are very sensitive to changes in their environment (Le Bohec et al. 2008; Wolf et al. 2010; Barbraud et al. 2011) . Time spent and energy expended during their foraging trips at sea vary according to resource availability, influence the ability of parents to provision their chicks, and consequently affect their breeding success (Orians and Pearson 1979; Chivers et al. 2012) . In this context, it is crucial to understand the ontogeny of behavioral strategies and how changes in resources availability influence these behavioral patterns.

For instance, during years of reduced regional primary productivity and/or access to the colony, higher-quality breeders of Adélie penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae, foraged more efficiently, leading to a greater breeding success.

Central-place foragers such as seabirds, which feed at sea but breed on land, are very sensitive to changes in their environment.

Time spent and energy expended during their foraging trips at sea vary according to resource availability, influence the ability of parents to provision their chicks, and consequently affect their breeding success.


The asymptotic formula (1.2) holds true for a wide class of planar domains with a smooth boundary that satisfy a billiard condition. This suggests that the asymptotic shape with fixed measure is a disc. The proof of this seems well beyond reach, even if an additional convexity constraint is imposed, [6] .

The proof of this seems well beyond reach, even if an additional convexity constraint is imposed.


In this paper, we design and manufacture a PCF. The dispersion and nonlinear properties of the PCF are optimized carefully in order to satisfy the phase matching condition for four wave mixing in a wide wavelength range. Based on this PCF, a FOPA is built up. A homemade modelocked ytterbium doped fiber laser (YDFL) is used as the pump. A 58 dB maximum gain and a wide gain bandwidth from 999 nm to 1139 nm have been obtained by pumping near the zero dispersion wavelength. When the pump wavelength of the FOPA is 1062.5 nm in the normal dispersion regime of the PCF, a 974 nm weak signal can be amplified, and the idler is generated at 1168 nm. The frequency gap between the signal and idler is 51 THz. The signal and idler generated in PCF-based optical parametric amplifier with large frequency gap are attractive in the generation of correlated photon pair with low noise [27] . Based on the high gain of the FOPA, picosecond pulses can be generated in a broad wavelength regime. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a PCF-based optical parametric amplifier pumped at both of the anomalous and the normal dispersion wavelength regimes is achieved at the 1.06 m region.

Based on this PCF, a FOPA is built up.

The signal and idler generated in PCF-based optical parametric amplifier with large frequency gap are attractive in the generation of correlated photon pair with low noise.


In fiber optical parametric amplifiers (FOPAs), the pump and the weak signal are coupled into the gain fiber simultaneously. Weak signals with narrow linewidth can be selected to be amplified, and the energy converted from the pump is focused on a narrow spectral linewidth. Amplified signals with high intensities can be obtained. Large gain with low noise can be achieved [5] - [7] . Wideband parametric gain can often be obtained by pumping in the anomalous dispersion regime [8] , [9] . When the FOPA is pumped in normal dispersion regime, narrow bandwidth gain with large separation from the pump can be achieved based on the gain medium of highly nonlinear dispersion shifted fiber (HNL-DSF) at the communication band [10] , [11] . Furthermore, based on the high gain and the ultrafast response properties of the FOPAs, the continuous-wave (CW) signals with low intensities can be amplified by a pulsed pump. And new pulses can be generated at the signal and the corresponding idler wavelengths [11] , [12] .

Large gain with low noise can be achieved.

Wideband parametric gain can often be obtained by pumping in the anomalous dispersion regime.

When the FOPA is pumped in normal dispersion regime, narrow bandwidth gain with large separation from the pump can be achieved based on the gain medium of highly nonlinear dispersion shifted fiber (HNL-DSF) at the communication band.

And new pulses can be generated at the signal and the corresponding idler wavelengths.


Ultrafast fiber lasers with broad wavelength-tunable ranges are in growing demand for a variety of applications, such as biomedical imaging, spectroscopy, and so on [1] , [2] . The present fiber lasers and amplifiers are mainly operated at several spectral regimes (1.06 m, 1.5 m, and 2.0 m), and the wavelength tunability are confined in limited ranges. It is highly desirable to extend the operating wavelength ranges of optical sources and amplifiers. Based on the four-wave mixing effect in optical fibers, widely tunable parametric gain bands can often be generated by pumping the fibers near the zero dispersion wavelengths [3] . Usually, the parametric gain bands can be inferred from the measurement of the output parametric fluorescence spectra. The 3-dB bandwidth is often broad [4] . The energy converted from the pump is distributed in a wide wavelength band, so the intensity focused at a specific wavelength region is relatively weak.

Ultrafast fiber lasers with broad wavelength-tunable ranges are in growing demand for a variety of applications, such as biomedical imaging, spectroscopy, and so on.

Based on the four-wave mixing effect in optical fibers, widely tunable parametric gain bands can often be generated by pumping the fibers near the zero dispersion wavelengths.

The 3-dB bandwidth is often broad.


Both the CP violation and the out-of-equilibrium processes involved in the generation of the BAU depend on the gauge and Yukawa couplings at the time of the EW transition. For example, it has been shown that by modifying Yukawa couplings in the early universe, CP violation in the SM can be enhanced [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . It has also been shown that gauge couplings in the early universe can be different from their expected values given renormalisation group running in the SM [11] .

For example, it has been shown that by modifying Yukawa couplings in the early universe, CP violation in the SM can be enhanced.

It has also been shown that gauge couplings in the early universe can be different from their expected values given renormalisation group running in the SM.


It has been suggested that the involvement of sodium in bacterial bioenergetics and membrane transport is relatively recent in evolution, with protons being the primitive currency for membrane energy transduction (Dimroth, 1987; Maloy, 1990) . This argument suggests that sodium coupled symporters with differing cation specificities may represent stages in the evolution from proton to sodium driven energetics. However, on the basis of 16s ribosomal RNA sequencing T. thermophifus is a particularly ancient organism, being on the deepest branch on the eubacterial phylogenetic tree after the genus Thermotoga (Hartmann et al., 1989) . Since glutamate transport requires, and is driven by, sodium in Tlzermus strain €3, it therefore seems that a role for sodium in bioenergetics may have evolved earlier than has been supposed.

It has been suggested that the involvement of sodium in bacterial bioenergetics and membrane transport is relatively recent in evolution, with protons being the primitive currency for membrane energy transduction.

However, on the basis of 16s ribosomal RNA sequencing T. thermophifus is a particularly ancient organism, being on the deepest branch on the eubacterial phylogenetic tree after the genus Thermotoga.


Glutamate uptake is sensitive to collapse of both the electrochemical gradient (Ay) and the chemical gradient of sodium ions (ApNa), but proceeds following the artificial imposition of ApNa and is inhibited by compounds that collapse it. Furthermore, transport of glutamate is inactive at pH 6-0 (when the proton motive force comprises a large ApH with little A y ) although the strain can grow at this pH on complex media (Holtom, 1991) . This provides more evidence that ApH plays no role and that A y is essential. The dependence of transport on A I~ implies that uptake is driven eIectrogenically, and predicts a net movement of positive charge. Glutamic acid has one net negative charge throughout the physiological pH range for transport, and therefore a net movement of positive charge requires at least two cations to be transported in symport with one glutamate. Despite this predicted stoichiometry, the effect of sodium ion concentrations upon transport obeys Michaelis-Menten first order kinetics, and a Hill plot of the data has a slope of one (Fig. 2) . However, these results reflect overall transport activity and under such circumstances, the stoichiometry cannot be estimated.

Furthermore, transport of glutamate is inactive at pH 6-0 (when the proton motive force comprises a large ApH with little A y ) although the strain can grow at this pH on complex media.


Divalent and trivalent cation-based materials are known to be effective for phosphorus removal. Therefore, aluminum-based residuals (i.e., alum sludge) are a viable option for being an effective phosphorus removal material. Alum is typically effective in phosphorus removal in chemical precipitation process [17] . Therefore, use of alum sludge can be effective for phosphorus removal. Air-dried alum sludge has also been attempted in limited manner by some researchers with success [18] . However, the use of waste material (alum sludge) not only can provide lowcost appropriate technological alternative for small-scale applications but also reduce hazard and cost related to the disposal of large amount of alum sludge.

Alum is typically effective in phosphorus removal in chemical precipitation process.

Air-dried alum sludge has also been attempted in limited manner by some researchers with success.


Wastewater or contaminated water is a big environmental problem all over the world, in industrial plants; contaminants may be a result of side reactions, rendering the water stream an effluent status. These impurities are at low-level concentration but still need to be further reduced to levels acceptable by various destinations in the plant. Surface waters contain certain level of phosphorus (P) in various compounds, which is an important constituent of living organisms. In natural conditions the phosphorus concentration in water is balanced; that is, accessible mass of this constituent is close to the requirements of the ecological system. When the input of phosphorus to water is higher than it can be assimilated by a population of living organisms, the problem of excess phosphorus content occurs. Regulatory control on phosphorus disposal is evident all over the world recently [1] [2] [3] . Strict regulatory requirements decreased the permissible level of phosphorus concentration in wastewater at the point of disposal (i.e., 1 mg/L). This has made it very important to find appropriate technological solution for treatment of wastewater prior to disposal.

Regulatory control on phosphorus disposal is evident all over the world recently.


The main objective of an optimal ordering policy is that of keeping close production and demand, while inventory levels and capacity requirements are kept at minimum levels [1] . However, a typical effect that arises in supply chains is the bullwhip effect. This effect refers to the phenomenon that occurs when orders to the supplier have larger variance than the ones from the customers, i.e. variance amplification [2] [3] [4] [5] .

The main objective of an optimal ordering policy is that of keeping close production and demand, while inventory levels and capacity requirements are kept at minimum levels.

This effect refers to the phenomenon that occurs when orders to the supplier have larger variance than the ones from the customers, i.e. variance amplification.


Using the method developed by the University of Sydney, samples up to 1 m by 1 m with a U-value of 0.80 W m −2 K −1 in the centre-of-glazing area with a pillar diameter of 0.25 mm have been produced in the laboratory [13] . Due to the high fabrication temperature, many soft coatings and tempered glass cannot be used, since both will degrade at this sealing temperature. The second fabrication method was developed by a team at Ulster University [14, 15] . In this method, an indium based alloy with a melting temperature of less than 200 • C was used as the edge sealant, making the use of a wide range of soft coatings and tempered glass possible. For 0.4 m by 0.4 m samples, a U-value of 0.86 W m −2 K −1 at the centreof-glazing area with a pillar diameter of 0.4 mm has been achieved experimentally [16] .

Using the method developed by the University of Sydney, samples up to 1 m by 1 m with a U-value of 0.80 W m −2 K −1 in the centre-of-glazing area with a pillar diameter of 0.25 mm have been produced in the laboratory.

The second fabrication method was developed by a team at Ulster University.

For 0.4 m by 0.4 m samples, a U-value of 0.86 W m −2 K −1 at the centreof-glazing area with a pillar diameter of 0.4 mm has been achieved experimentally.


Adaptation is usually performed based on a user model. In mobile learning, different devices posses a variety of technical characteristics, and the device model also need to be considered. By using a device based reasoning approach, combined with a standard user model, a technically and educationally appropriate selection of learning objects can be served to learners [20] . In order to facilitate device-based reasoning, device features need to be known for every device using the learning system. Projects like WURFL, OpenDDR, and Apache DeviceMap attempt to maintain databases of all device features for purposes of capability detection [21] .

By using a device based reasoning approach, combined with a standard user model, a technically and educationally appropriate selection of learning objects can be served to learners.

Projects like WURFL, OpenDDR, and Apache DeviceMap attempt to maintain databases of all device features for purposes of capability detection.


Debugging is the most expensive, time consuming and dominantly manual process for software developers. The cost related to debugging is measured mostly on two parameters: (a) manual labor and (b) time required to discover and correct bugs to produce a failure free program. The primary reason for the high cost of debugging is the manual effort required to localize and remove faults and the time consumed in producing failure free software. For an efficient debugging process developers always try to find a good trade-off between the two. Among all debugging activities, fault localization is among the most expensive [1] .

Among all debugging activities, fault localization is among the most expensive.


We have implemented our algorithm on MATLAB. The training is done on a machine with Intel Xeon CPU and 64 GB RAM. The testing running time is measured on a laptop with Intel Core i7 CPU with 2.40 GHz and 8 GB RAM. In order to extract features of the pretrained CNNs, we have used available Matconvnet library [20] .

In order to extract features of the pretrained CNNs, we have used available Matconvnet library.


Moreover, with the help of the R-matrix, we prove (cf. Proposition 2.3) that the c β q-commute, i.e. commute up to a power of q. By the quantized Taylor lemma and the Drinfeld duality, we obtain the claimed theorem for Fract U q (n). We may specify the description of Fract U q (n) as in [ [16] . After localization, they generate a polynomial base.

We may specify the description of Fract U q (n) as in [.


Buildings are usually subjected to static loads, such as occupants' weight, equipment, furniture, and the weight of the structure. However, two important environmental loads that are different in nature may attack our buildings once or twice during their lifetime. The nature of the two loads is totally different from the static load, and even if they could be expressed as equivalent static loads, tall buildings and flexible structures may amplify the internal loads resulting in additional inertia loads which can alarm the serviceability and the comfort concern of people in a building or even lead to a complete collapse. When it comes to dynamics and load-structure interaction, the inherently low damping in buildings is a key parameter that can be used to control the behavior of a structure under such dynamic loads. In addition, building's orientation change can result in wind response/load reduction. High-rise buildings are an increasingly common sight because they provide a high ratio of rentable floor space per unit area of land, in addition to other factors, such as architectural and energy perspectives. Tall buildings or "skyscrapers" can be artificially lighted and the energy requirements can be covered by renewable energy or another electricity generation of lower greenhouse gas emissions. Heating and cooling of skyscrapers can be efficient, because of centralized HVAC systems, heat radiation blocking windows, and small surface area of the building. There is a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification for skyscrapers. For instance, the Empire State Building received a gold rating in September 2011 as the tallest LEED certified building in the United States [3] . Also, the 30 St Mary Axe (the Gherkin) in London, the United Kingdom, is an environmentally friendly skyscraper [4] .

For instance, the Empire State Building received a gold rating in September 2011 as the tallest LEED certified building in the United States.

Also, the 30 St Mary Axe (the Gherkin) in London, the United Kingdom, is an environmentally friendly skyscraper.


Data on the epidemiology of stroke, its pattern and risk factors from Iran is scarce. However, there are numerous case series, mostly well-designed for the local community, reported in the literature highlighting relatively low incidence of stroke. This may reflect a similarity towards the neighbouring Arab nations, and a contrast with the West. It may however, support the lack in nationwide reliable data on the epidemiology of stroke and its risk factors, frequently seen in developing countries. Without an intervention, an increase in stroke burden is expected, as a result of ageing, population growth and "health transition" [49, 50] . To enable better healthcare planning in Iran, there is therefore, a clear necessity for well-designed population-based comprehensive studies, updated and fulfilling published quality criteria, along with public education and awareness to fighting this disabling condition in this part of the world.

Without an intervention, an increase in stroke burden is expected, as a result of ageing, population growth and "health transition".


In this work, therefore, both the translational and rotational motions of oblate and prolate spheres are used to study non-spherical particle behaviour in a turbulent channel flow. This involves solution for both the linear and angular momentum of the particles using shape-and orientation-dependent drag and lift coefficients. The predictive approach developed is of particular relevance to nuclear reactor applications where, for example, corrosion products from boiling water reactor components can be transported into the reactor core by the cooling water, where they can deposit on the outside of fuel pins to form CRUD (an acronym for Chalk River unidentified deposit or corrosion residual unidentified deposit). Due to its low thermal conductivity, once deposited CRUD can additionally interfere with cooling water circulation, and hence be responsible for local temperature increases that can further accelerate CRUD formation rates, leading to localised corrosioninduced failures. Also, if these radioactive deposits break loose and circulate through the plant, they can ultimately result in safety hazards for plant workers. Individual CRUD particles are small, from 0.1-2.0 m, but these generally agglomerate into larger inertial particles with a wide range of sizes and morphologies, varying from needle-like, through near-spherical to platelets or flakes [9] .

Individual CRUD particles are small, from 0.1-2.0 m, but these generally agglomerate into larger inertial particles with a wide range of sizes and morphologies, varying from needle-like, through near-spherical to platelets or flakes.


Curcumin analog based on benzylidine cyclopentanone backbone such as Pentagamavunon-0 (PGV-0) and Pentagamavunon-1 (PGV-1) exert potent cytotoxic and anti-metastatic activities toward several types of breast cancer cells (Meiyanto, et al., 2014; Putri, et al., 2016) . Pentagamaboronon-0 (PGB-0) is a novel curcumin analog based on benzylidine cyclopentanone and boron atom substitution developed by Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Utomo, et al., 2017) . This compound has been developed as an anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agent and boron carrying pharmaceutical for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). PGB-0 is reported to be able to interact with HER2 ATP-binding sites and decrease HER2 expression on the MCF-7/HER2 cells (Utomo, et al., 2017) . Cytotoxicity of PGB-0 toward HER2-positive breast cancer had been determined. PGB-0 also performed anti-metastatic activity toward triple negative breast cancer cells.

Curcumin analog based on benzylidine cyclopentanone backbone such as Pentagamavunon-0 (PGV-0) and Pentagamavunon-1 (PGV-1) exert potent cytotoxic and anti-metastatic activities toward several types of breast cancer cells.

Pentagamaboronon-0 (PGB-0) is a novel curcumin analog based on benzylidine cyclopentanone and boron atom substitution developed by Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada.

PGB-0 is reported to be able to interact with HER2 ATP-binding sites and decrease HER2 expression on the MCF-7/HER2 cells.


Post-anesthetic shivering is spontaneous, involuntary, rhythmic, oscillating, tremor-like muscle hyperactivity that increases metabolic heat production up to 600% after general or regional anesthesia. Post anesthetic shivering may cause discomfort to patients, and aggravate wound pain by stretching incisions and increase intracranial and intraocular pressure. Regional anesthesia produces vasodilatation, which facilitates core-to-peripheral redistribution of heat and the cool periphery is warmed at the expense of the core compartment. Thus, hypothermia from epidural anesthesia results from redistribution of heat from the core to the periphery [5] .

Thus, hypothermia from epidural anesthesia results from redistribution of heat from the core to the periphery.


This study contributes to the literature in several ways. First, unlike previous studies including a large number of cancer sites, this study investigated health behaviors of survivors of a specific type of cancer, namely breast cancer, with a specific comorbid condition, namely hypertension. Previous studies have not reflected differences in health behaviors of cancer survivors according to the type of cancer. This study is part of our ongoing research program. Our results are inconsistent with the findings of a study focusing on gastric cancer survivors under the same program. Second, the present study is not hospital-based but community based study using KNHANES. Therefore, participants recruited may be considered as representatives of the Korea population to reflect real-world practices with no selection bias. Third, propensity score matching, an efficient and useful way to conduct a matched case control study based on a large cohort, was employed to increase the robustness of observed outcomes [41] . This study's quasi-randomized experiment allowed unbiased estimates based on the comparison of health behaviors between the two groups [19] .

Third, propensity score matching, an efficient and useful way to conduct a matched case control study based on a large cohort, was employed to increase the robustness of observed outcomes.

This study's quasi-randomized experiment allowed unbiased estimates based on the comparison of health behaviors between the two groups.


Recently, a lot of attention has been paid to the problem of calculating gluon scattering amplitudes in the context of the maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory (N = 4 SYM). These amplitudes have been extensively studied in perturbation theory where they have been constructed using state-of-the-art unitarity cut techniques [15, 16, 17, 18, 19] . The results of these studies concern both the divergent and finite parts of the amplitude. Although the main subject of the present paper is the finite part, we start with a brief review of the IR singularities.

These amplitudes have been extensively studied in perturbation theory where they have been constructed using state-of-the-art unitarity cut techniques.


The HAE of E. velutina and E. mulungu showed in the present work anti-inflammatory activities in carrageenan or dextran-induced mice paw edema. Carrageenan induces paw edema characterized by an early phase (1-2 h) caused by the release of histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and bradykinin, followed by a late phase (3-4 h) mainly sustained by prostaglandin release. Endogenous nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase are also involved in this type of acute inflammation (Ialenti et al., 1992; Posadas et al., 2004) .

Endogenous nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase are also involved in this type of acute inflammation.


It has long been an open question whether closed subgroups of free profinite monoids must be projective profinite groups. At one time it was even hoped that maximal subgroups would be free profinite groups. Almeida recently associated to each minimal symbolic dynamical system a maximal subgroup of a free profinite monoid, which is a conjugacy invariant of the system [2] . Almeida gave sufficient conditions for the associated subgroup to be a free profinite group and, in particular, showed this to be the case for the group associated to a Sturmian system [2] . He also provided an example of a dynamical system leading to a maximal subgroup that is not free profinite [2] . Almeida lectured about this work at the Fields Workshop on Profinite Groups and Applications, Carleton University, August 2005. Lubotzky asked at the end of the talk whether all closed subgroups of a free profinite monoid are projective. In this paper, we provide a positive answer to Lubotzky's question by showing that closed subgroups of free profinite monoids are indeed projective. In fact, a more general result holds.

Almeida recently associated to each minimal symbolic dynamical system a maximal subgroup of a free profinite monoid, which is a conjugacy invariant of the system.

Almeida gave sufficient conditions for the associated subgroup to be a free profinite group and, in particular, showed this to be the case for the group associated to a Sturmian system.

He also provided an example of a dynamical system leading to a maximal subgroup that is not free profinite.

In fact, a more general result holds.


Dopamine (DA), one of the most important catecholamine neurotransmitters, exists in the mammalian central nervous system at very low concentrations and plays a significant role in central nervous, endocrine, and cognitive functions. Brain tissues will be severely impacted when the level of DA fluctuates. Deficiency of DA may result in serious neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and addiction [1] [2] [3] [4] . Uric acid (UA), the primary end product of purine metabolism, is present in biological fluids such as blood or urine. Abnormal levels of UA are symptoms of several diseases such as gout and hyperuricemia [5, 6] . Therefore, it is important to determine these species. Since DA and UA are electroactive materials, electrochemical methods appear to be suitable for their quantitative determination. Moreover, electrochemical methods are highly sensitive, easily operable, and cost effective [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . However, a major problem that inhibits electrochemical determination is that UA and DA have similar oxidation potential at most of the conventional solid electrodes. In the actual samples, UA presents in concentrations much higher than DA [12, 13] . Therefore, it is critically important to prepare a sensitive and accurate electrode for simultaneous determination of UA and DA.

Deficiency of DA may result in serious neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and addiction.

Abnormal levels of UA are symptoms of several diseases such as gout and hyperuricemia.

Moreover, electrochemical methods are highly sensitive, easily operable, and cost effective.

In the actual samples, UA presents in concentrations much higher than DA.


Few studies have evaluated the abilities of MMSE and MoCA scores within two weeks after stroke event (sub-acute stroke phase) for predicting cognitive impairment at chronic stroke phase. To date, two studies reported that the MMSE and MoCA were both predictive of cognitive impairment determined by formal neuropsychological assessments at 3-6 months after the index cerebrovascular event [10, 11] . Recently, the changing scores of MoCA, through multiple assessments over 90 days after stroke event have been reported to map the temporal patterns of transient cognitive deficits [12] . However, the utility of a decline in brief screening test scores through consecutive assessments over time in suggesting deterioration of neuropsychological diagnosis is unknown and should be investigated. Therefore, our primary aim was to examine the association of declining MoCA and MMSE test scores from sub-acute stroke phase to chronic stroke phase, with the decline in neuropsychological diagnosis from 3-6 months after stroke to a year later.

To date, two studies reported that the MMSE and MoCA were both predictive of cognitive impairment determined by formal neuropsychological assessments at 3-6 months after the index cerebrovascular event.

Recently, the changing scores of MoCA, through multiple assessments over 90 days after stroke event have been reported to map the temporal patterns of transient cognitive deficits.


A recent and relevant contribution to the state of the art of workflow preservation is being developed within the context of the TIMBUS project [21] . The project aims to preserve and ensure the availability of business processes and their computational infrastructure, aligned with the enterprise risk and the business continuity managements. They also propose a semantic approach for describing the execution environment of a process. Even though TIMBUS has studied the applicability of their approach to the eScience domain, their approach is mainly focused on business processes.

A recent and relevant contribution to the state of the art of workflow preservation is being developed within the context of the TIMBUS project.


The computational environment is often conserved by using the physical approach, where computational resources are made available to scientists over a sustained period of time. As a result, scientists are able to reproduce their experiments in the same environment. However, such infrastructures demand huge maintenance efforts, and there is no guarantee that it will not change or suffer from a natural decay process [12] . Furthermore, the infrastructure may be subjected to organization policies, which restricts its access to a selective group of scientists, thus limiting reproducibility to this restricted group. On the other hand, data, code, and workflow description can be conserved by using a logical approach that is not subjected to natural decay processes.

However, such infrastructures demand huge maintenance efforts, and there is no guarantee that it will not change or suffer from a natural decay process.


In the context of scientific experiments, terms such as reproducibility, replicability, and repeatability are sometimes used as synonymous. Even though there is no clear consensus on how to define both (definitions may vary over different scientific areas), in this work we understand them as separated concepts [9] . In this work, we address the reproducibility of the execution environment for a scientific workflow, as we do not aim to obtain an exact incarnation of the original one, but rather an environment that is able to support the required capabilities exposed by the former environment.

Even though there is no clear consensus on how to define both (definitions may vary over different scientific areas), in this work we understand them as separated concepts.


In this work we develop and apply a new model for downscaling aggregate urban and rural population projections to produce spatially explicit future population scenarios. Our work is motivated by the increasing demand for spatial population projections in the global change research community, and is informed by existing large-scale models. Key features of the model include its flexibility in producing alternative outcomes that are consistent with qualitative global change narratives and the ability to calibrate the model to historical data. We can consider alternative national and sub-national projections of urban and rural change, apply the model at different levels of spatial aggregation, employ alternative parameter values that correspond to desired patterns of development or are estimated from historical data, and vary assumptions regarding habitable land. The gravity framework is advantageous in that it is easily expanded or altered to consider additional parameters and/or alternative mathematical forms of distance decay [36] . Similarly, within the framework of the existing model, it may be possible to correlate patterns of spatial change as characterized by the α and β parameters to certain demographic/socio-economic indicators, facilitating both additional exploration into the possible drivers of spatial change and projections guided explicitly by these indicators. The spatial mask could be expanded to include additional geophysical characteristics deemed important, including those that are not temporally static such as projected changes in coastlines, and the gravity field can easily accommodate additional detail including, but not limited to, the projected availability of certain resources, anticipated response to climate feedbacks, and policy designed to influence settlement patterns. Projecting resource availability, policy, and other important indicators into the future was beyond the scope of this work, which was designed specifically to explore a new modeling framework and to improve upon existing large-scale spatial projections. However, as a tool for generating scenarios and exploratory research the gravity structure appears to hold significant promise.

The gravity framework is advantageous in that it is easily expanded or altered to consider additional parameters and/or alternative mathematical forms of distance decay.


A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) allows for the comparison of the population means of all variables of interest at the same time (multivariate response), rather than considering multiple responses as a suite of univariate responses (Zar, 1999) . This reduces the magnitude of Type I errors. The statistical significance of MANOVA can be determined in a variety of ways. The most often used statistic test of Wilks' lambda was applied (Zar, 1999) .

A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) allows for the comparison of the population means of all variables of interest at the same time (multivariate response), rather than considering multiple responses as a suite of univariate responses.

The most often used statistic test of Wilks' lambda was applied.


Professionally trained 'lie detectives' have only a slightly better than even record of detecting deceit (Dando and Bull, 2011) . Nonetheless, psycholinguistic techniques analysing patterns in language and non-verbal cues can be effective for auditors. If these techniques are applied to corporate financial narratives of individuals (such as CEO's), with a view to identifying fraudulent communication, they can help differentiate between truthful and fabricated statements (Larcker and Tayan, 2010) . Ideally, they should be applied as dynamic, longitudinal tests for each audit client, in conjunction with analysis of "financial numbers and non-verbal vocal cues" (Throckmorton et al., 2015) . These are likely to be more revealing as they usually cannot be planned strategically, and written in advance. Thus, informal oral communications seem likely to be more informative in signalling deception by CEOs -especially in circumstances where a CEO is provoked or under stress. Third, we should continue to explore the links between language use by companies and their executives, and financial indicators (such as earnings quality). Finally, we should investigate whether continuing professional development programs for auditors need reform to help auditors develop greater sensitivity to language and stronger awareness of available techniques for analysing language in audit contexts.

Professionally trained 'lie detectives' have only a slightly better than even record of detecting deceit.

If these techniques are applied to corporate financial narratives of individuals (such as CEO's), with a view to identifying fraudulent communication, they can help differentiate between truthful and fabricated statements.

Ideally, they should be applied as dynamic, longitudinal tests for each audit client, in conjunction with analysis of "financial numbers and non-verbal vocal cues".


While silicon photonics is highly promising for optical routing, a complete optical network also requires the generation, modulation, and detection of light -something difficult to achieve in an entirely monolithic platform. The growth of germanium for photodetection and III-V materials for light generation is technologically challenging on a silicon substrate due to mismatched lattice constants and thermal expansion coefficients [3] . Defects arising from imperfections during crystal growth also tend to limit the optical and electrical performance of such devices [4] .

The growth of germanium for photodetection and III-V materials for light generation is technologically challenging on a silicon substrate due to mismatched lattice constants and thermal expansion coefficients.

Defects arising from imperfections during crystal growth also tend to limit the optical and electrical performance of such devices.


After purchases are made, consumers will often make comparisons between their expectations and the product performance they experience. If performance is below expectation, the customer might end up dissatisfied and might sense an imbalance in his/her cognitive system, a phenomenon called 'cognitive dissonance' (Festinger, 1957) . One available strategy for customers who experience discomfort from cognitive dissonance is to share their discomfort via WOM and to seek information via WOM from sources which can reduce the discomfort (Buttle, 1998) . In order to capture this phenomenon, we insert a tasting session designed as a within-subjects information treatment and followed by a second auction round between the first individual auction round and the collective induction treatment.

If performance is below expectation, the customer might end up dissatisfied and might sense an imbalance in his/her cognitive system, a phenomenon called 'cognitive dissonance'.

One available strategy for customers who experience discomfort from cognitive dissonance is to share their discomfort via WOM and to seek information via WOM from sources which can reduce the discomfort.


Head and eye movement has also been examined in the context of discourse and conversation. Looking away from one's interlocutor has been correlated with the beginning of turns. From the speaker's point of view, this look away may prevent an overload of visual and linguistic information. On the other hand, during the execution phase of an utterance, speakers look more often at listeners. Head nods and eyebrow raises are correlated with emphasized linguistic items -such as words accompanied by pitch accents [7] .

Head nods and eyebrow raises are correlated with emphasized linguistic items -such as words accompanied by pitch accents.


Some eye movements occur primarily at the ends of utterances and at grammatical boundaries, and appear to function as synchronization signals. That is, one may request a response from a listener by looking at the listener, and suppress the listener's response by looking away. Likewise, in order to offer the floor, a speaker may gaze at the listener at the end of the utterance. When the listener wants the floor, s/he may look at and slightly up at the speaker [10] . It should be noted that turn taking only partially accounts for eye gaze behavior in discourse. A better explanation for gaze behavior integrates turn taking with the information structure of the propositional content of an utterance [5] . Specifically, the beginning of themes are frequently accompanied by a look-away from the hearer, and the beginning of rhemes are frequently accompanied by a look-toward the hearer. When these categories are co-temporaneous with turn construction, then they are strongly predictive of gaze behavior.

When the listener wants the floor, s/he may look at and slightly up at the speaker.

A better explanation for gaze behavior integrates turn taking with the information structure of the propositional content of an utterance.


Nowadays, the decimal arithmetic is receiving significant attention as the financial, commercial, and Internet-based applications cannot tolerate errors generated by conversion between decimal and binary formats. Furthermore, a number of decimal numbers, such as 0.110, cannot be exactly represented in binary, thus, these applications often store data in decimal format and process data using decimal arithmetic software [1] . The advantage of decimal arithmetic in eliminating conversion errors also comes with a drawback; it is typically 100 to 1,000 times slower than binary arithmetic implemented in hardware.

Furthermore, a number of decimal numbers, such as 0.110, cannot be exactly represented in binary, thus, these applications often store data in decimal format and process data using decimal arithmetic software.


The relevance of shrimp industry, its technology, and a better understanding of the shrimp's physiology may help to develop a small industry of shrimp in lowsalinity water (Pérez-Castañeda et al., 2015) . Currently, different countries display evidence of those farms that work at a commercial scale. The postlarvae are cultured in greenhouses at low densities for a better control of the environmental conditions and where they are adapted daily to low-salinity water (2-10). Poste-riorly, early juvenile shrimp continue growing up until they reach a harvest size to be transferred to grow-out in ponds with low-salinity water (Araneda et al., 2013; Pérez-Castañeda et al., 2015) .

The relevance of shrimp industry, its technology, and a better understanding of the shrimp's physiology may help to develop a small industry of shrimp in lowsalinity water.

Poste-riorly, early juvenile shrimp continue growing up until they reach a harvest size to be transferred to grow-out in ponds with low-salinity water.


Biochar is defined as charred organic matter applied in agriculture. It is recognized as an important material to improve a range of soil properties, by increasing the efficiency of N and P chemical fertilisers and by enhancing the properties of compost (Lehmann and Joseph, 2009) . However, as soon as biochar is amended to soil or composting feedstock, it is subjected to a range of physical, chemical and biological interactions.

It is recognized as an important material to improve a range of soil properties, by increasing the efficiency of N and P chemical fertilisers and by enhancing the properties of compost.


Therefore, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models, where empirical closures are used to model the Reynolds stresses, are still the dominant tools for practical engineering problems. However, RANS predictions are known to be unreliable for flows with strong pressure gradients, curvature, or separation [1] . This is because some assumptions (e.g., the Boussinesq assumption) made in the closure models are not universally valid, and thus model-form errors are potentially introduced in predicting the regime-dependent, physicsrich phenomena of turbulent flows. These assumptions are typically in the form of functional dependency between mean flow properties and turbulent quantities. They have been traditionally formulated by using intuition, physical observations, and theoretical constraints.

However, RANS predictions are known to be unreliable for flows with strong pressure gradients, curvature, or separation.


Boundary layer turbulence is an important transport mechanism in the troposphere (Wang et al., 1999) . In the convective or turbulent atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) tracers can be transported throughout the height range of the ABL in time intervals of tens of minutes. All species emitted at the surface must pass through the ABL in order to reach the free troposphere. Because turbulence acts on spatial scales that are much smaller than the typical size of the grid cells of global atmospheric models, turbulent diffusion must be parameterised in these models.

Boundary layer turbulence is an important transport mechanism in the troposphere.


The yield of winter oilseed rape is a result of development processes, which efficiency is decisive for development of yield component. Two of four key yield components, such as the number of pods per plant, numbers of seeds per pod are highly sensitive to nitrogen supply during spring growth of oilseed rape (diePenBrock 2000) . However, the impact of in-season management of nitrogen taken up by the crop during both a vegetative and reproductive period is weakly recognized. The objective of the conducted study was to evaluate an impact of nitrogen accumulation and its partitioning among the main plant organs of winter oilseed rape in two critical stages such as the rosette and the beginning of flowering on development of structural yield components, and consequently, on final yield of seeds.

Two of four key yield components, such as the number of pods per plant, numbers of seeds per pod are highly sensitive to nitrogen supply during spring growth of oilseed rape.


Compared with traditional wastewater treatment processes, membrane bio-reactor (MBR) has many advantages, such as good effluent quality, small occupy area of equipment, high sludge concentration, low sludge production, and available automatic control, etc. Compared with MBR, the anoxic/aerobic membrane bio-reactor (A/O MBR) with prepositive anoxic zone has a new breakthrough in nitrogen removal. The total nitrogen removal efficiency increased from approximately 47% to 70% [1] [2] [3] . Therefore, A/O MBR has broad prospects in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment [2] [3] [4] [5] .

The total nitrogen removal efficiency increased from approximately 47% to 70%.

Therefore, A/O MBR has broad prospects in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment.


Policy makers from different ministerial departments were clustered almost equally between the first two decision-making scenarios. This reflects their tendency to prioritize more over general macro-economic trends, rising energy costs and local peculiarities of the building sector rather than governance and awareness issues. In fact the need for wider promotion campaigns undertaken by governmental authorities in order to increase public awareness regarding the benefits of energy conservation measures in the Greek building sector has been well recognized [36, 37] .

In fact the need for wider promotion campaigns undertaken by governmental authorities in order to increase public awareness regarding the benefits of energy conservation measures in the Greek building sector has been well recognized.


Finally what our findings show is that, in effect, important contextual factors, including surprises in their development, are the ones that are perceived to have a great impact over policy effectiveness by key related actors. By examining more thoroughly those effects over policy instruments, as perceived by policy and market actors themselves, useful feedback on observed policy adaptations can be highlighted [56] . Investigating under which external circumstances different types of PIs adaptation occur may, effectively, enhance policy learning and guide other policy makers when found in similar decisional contexts.

By examining more thoroughly those effects over policy instruments, as perceived by policy and market actors themselves, useful feedback on observed policy adaptations can be highlighted.


In light of the new climate regime established through the Paris agreement, Member States (MS) are likely to face additional and potentially stricter requirements when introducing and implementing PIs towards a low carbon economy. Policies to incentivize low emission buildings and to increase renovation rate in the building sector have also a major role to play towards this transition. To improve compliance and participation in climate change PIs, policy makers need to thoroughly understand the context in which PIs operate. To this end, they should take into account both the economy-related exogenous trends and the specific national needs and characteristics [70] . Such contextual factors are crucial in the analysis of effectiveness and related efficiency of policy instruments. Neglecting those could lead to a bias when measuring policy performance and disorient policy markers when making necessary policy adaptations. In essence, such conditions can be translated as effective instruments to help improve the effectiveness and efficiency of policy instruments. A case in point was the new scheme on offsetting of fines on illegal buildings with energy upgrades, that was recently introduced by Greek policy makers to tackle the issue of building illegalities promoting the energy efficiency of buildings [25, 27] . Flexible adjustment in the elements of existing policy instruments are crucial to overcome similar local difficulties and improve the overall performance of the mix. To do so, the monitoring system acquiring data from external market trends thus needs to be strengthened along with the establishment of policy performance indicators in order to gain a better understanding on the linkages among context dynamics, policy instrument performance and related policy instrument change.

To this end, they should take into account both the economy-related exogenous trends and the specific national needs and characteristics.

A case in point was the new scheme on offsetting of fines on illegal buildings with energy upgrades, that was recently introduced by Greek policy makers to tackle the issue of building illegalities promoting the energy efficiency of buildings.


The most impactful contextual parameters over policies regulating sustainability in the Greek building sector, as perceived by policy and related market actors participating in the survey, relate to general macro-economic trends, rising energy costs, peculiarities of the building sector, awareness as well as institutional issues. This is in line with a number of literature sources investigating critical dynamic market conditions over energy conservation measures in the building sector suggesting that according to the economic theory, consumption, residential and non-residential investment, together with the GDP, move together positively. It is hence expected that investments in refurbishments are likely to be higher when the economy performs well [58] . Additionally, it is argued that when energy prices are low, energy efficiency improvements are likely not to be cost-effective enough [58, 59] . Lack of awareness as well as institutional barriers are also indicated as important barriers against energy efficiency interventions in the literature [58, 60, 61] .

It is hence expected that investments in refurbishments are likely to be higher when the economy performs well.

Additionally, it is argued that when energy prices are low, energy efficiency improvements are likely not to be cost-effective enough.

Lack of awareness as well as institutional barriers are also indicated as important barriers against energy efficiency interventions in the literature.


Based on the information elicited from the interviews and free-listing, an ethnomedical explanatory model for mothers who did not practice exclusive breast-feeding was developed (Figure 1 ). Perceived insufficient breast milk by mothers was identified as one of the reasons. This is consistent with the findings of previous studies [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] . Although many informants stated that babies should be given only breast milk for the first 5-6 months of life, lack of conviction about the benefits of exclusive breast-feeding led to steps being taken to compensate for a mother's perceived lack of breast milk. The ranking exercise also shows that kurira, continuous crying due to insufficient milk, was also regarded as a relatively serious health problem of babies by the mothers. Table 3 Ranking of perceived severity of health problems Number in bold is the number of informants classified the health problem into the level of severity.

This is consistent with the findings of previous studies.


The project investigated stochastic motion of adherent mammalian eukaryotic cells, teratocarcinoma (Southampton General Hospital). Teratocarcinoma cells are an adherent germ cell tumour [7, 8] . There are two teratocarcinoma cell lines used in this project, namely TERA1 (a stable, undifferentiated cell line) and NT2 (prone to cell differentiation). The continuous stochastic motion of teratocarcinoma cells, suspended in culture media (DMEM) and on polyethylene glycol (PEG) functionalised surfaces are investigated in this paper. Different aspects such as size and functionalisation of surfaces are then examined with relation to their statistically tabulated signatory motion on the surface.

Teratocarcinoma cells are an adherent germ cell tumour.


There is increasing interest in the use of natural fibres as the reinforcement for polymer matrix composites. Natural fibres may come from animal, plant or mineral sources, but the current principal interest is for bast (stem) fibres from plants [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Plant materials primarily contain cellulose fibres in a matrix of hemi-celluloses and pectins with increasing proportions of lignins arising as the plant ages.

Natural fibres may come from animal, plant or mineral sources, but the current principal interest is for bast (stem) fibres from plants.


Despite its appeal, concurrency throttling is an opportunity that may present itself to varying degrees across programs, across phases of the same program, or even across inputs to the same program. Identifying concurrency throttling opportunities statically is hard, because it requires fine-grained analysis of the dynamic behavior of parallel code across and within parallel execution phases. Aside from the problem of identification and quantification of the opportunities, applying concurrency throttling directly in applications requires the exposure of the programmer to architectural details such as the number and physical layout of processors, which is widely considered as one of the factors that make parallel programming exceptionally difficult [11] . Given the complexity and the inherent drawbacks of delegating concurrency throttling decisions to the user or to a static analysis tool, runtime systems appear to be ideal candidates for the identification and exploitation of concurrency throttling opportunities.

Aside from the problem of identification and quantification of the opportunities, applying concurrency throttling directly in applications requires the exposure of the programmer to architectural details such as the number and physical layout of processors, which is widely considered as one of the factors that make parallel programming exceptionally difficult.


Recently, the integrated optimal control and parameter estimation (ICOPE) algorithm, which solves the linear model-based optimal control problem iteratively, is proposed in the literature [18] [19] . The purpose of this algorithm is to provide the optimal solution of the discrete time nonlinear stochastic optimal control problem with the different structure and parameters. In this algorithm, the adjusted parameters are added into the model used so as the differences between the real plant and the model used can be calculated, in turn, update the optimal solution of the model used during the computation procedure. The integration of system optimization and parameter estimation is the main feature of this algorithm, where the principle of model-reality differences and the Kalman filtering theory are incorporated. Once the convergence is achieved, the iterative solution approximates to the correct optimal solution of the original optimal control problem, in spite of the model-reality differences. However, increasing the accuracy of the model output to track the real output would be necessary required.

Recently, the integrated optimal control and parameter estimation (ICOPE) algorithm, which solves the linear model-based optimal control problem iteratively, is proposed in the literature.


Terms have also evolved in academia, industry and in legislation during the last few decades. In the literature, e.g. reuse, recover and, even recycle are terms sometimes used interchangeably. In legislation, for instance, a term disposal contained all waste management aspects from treatment to disposal in the European directive 75/442/EEC in 1975, but by 2008, the same term was used only as a least prioritized option in the EU Waste directive 2008/98/EC [19] , [20] . Our aim is to facilitate shared understanding of the concepts, and provide a basis for a multidisciplinary framework for EoL strategies with direct links to legislative priorities.

In legislation, for instance, a term disposal contained all waste management aspects from treatment to disposal in the European directive 75/442/EEC in 1975, but by 2008, the same term was used only as a least prioritized option in the EU Waste directive 2008/98/EC.


To obtain the full dynamics of a quantum many-body system, it is convenient to formulate an initial-value problem that describes the time evolution by means of in general coupled equations of motion for time dependent correlation functions and specific values for these functions at initial time. Alternatively, the time-evolution of many-body systems is very often described in terms of kinetic or transport equations [4] . In general, the aim of quantum kinetic theory is to find evolution equations for distribution functions f (x, t) orf(p, t), interpreted, e.g., as particle number densities in x-or p-space. These distribution functions can then be used to derive various transport properties of the many-particle system as, e.g., current of charge or energy. For that reason, the evolution equations of f are generally referred to as transport equations.

Alternatively, the time-evolution of many-body systems is very often described in terms of kinetic or transport equations.


A surprising result from one experiment is the point of departure for this paper. The participants were asked to choose between receiving more money or less. The experiment was double-blinded; neither participants nor experimenters could identify the choices of specific participants. I expected that all participants would choose to receive more money. To my surprise, a substantial minority, 28.6% out of 91 participants, chose to receive less money. In hindsight, maybe I should not have been surprised since in some situations outside the lab, people chose less instead of more money. For example, customers return to a shop if they discover that the cashier forgot to charge them for one item. People routinely take found wallets to the lost and found, and they do likewise in field experiments (Stoop 2014) .

People routinely take found wallets to the lost and found, and they do likewise in field experiments.


Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection is mostly characterized by ongoing viral replication leading to a progressive decline of CD4+ T cells and eventually progression to clinical AIDS. Nevertheless, there is a small subset of HIV-1+ subjects who are able to spontaneously control HIV-RNA replication in plasma to levels below the limit of detection in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. They are called elite controllers (ECs) and represent less than 1% of the total of HIVinfected patients [1] . ECs have been considered as a model of spontaneous functional cure and the role of host genetic factors, innate and adaptive immune responses, viral characteristics, and their interactions have been analyzed in several studies [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .

They are called elite controllers (ECs) and represent less than 1% of the total of HIVinfected patients.

ECs have been considered as a model of spontaneous functional cure and the role of host genetic factors, innate and adaptive immune responses, viral characteristics, and their interactions have been analyzed in several studies.


However, to determine to what extent a particular mode is excited on the line, a source of excitation must be included in the analysis. Thus, after the above described 2D analysis, we have performed an additional 3D analysis that includes the source. In this work we consider that the covered microstrip line is excited by a time-harmonic gap voltage source. The gap voltage source is an impressed electric field on a narrow region of length Δ λ 0 on the surface of the conducting strip that models a practical source on the line [11, 31] .

The gap voltage source is an impressed electric field on a narrow region of length Δ λ 0 on the surface of the conducting strip that models a practical source on the line.


The major challenge in applying the 3D complex DDWT for video coding is that it is an overcomplete transform with 8 : 1 redundancy. In our current study, we choose to retain only the real parts of the wavelet coefficients, which still leads to perfect reconstruction, while retaining the motion selectivity. This reduces the redundancy to 4 : 1 [10] .

This reduces the redundancy to 4 : 1.


Standard Tb treatment requires patients to take a complex combination of drugs for 2 months in intensive phase and 4 months in continuation phase for new patients [5] . In the treatment of patients with MDR-Tb, an intensive phase of at least 8 months and a total treatment duration of at least 24 months is recommended [5] . This leads to non-adherence towards anti-Tb treatment. Directly observed therapy short course (DOTS), the use of the most effective standardized, short-course regimen, and of fixed-dose drug combinations (FDCs) under observation of health workers or family members, was the key strategy to improve adherence to anti-Tb treatment [5] . Ethiopia subscribed to the internationally accepted World Health Organization (WHO) strategy for Tb control and the DOTS programme was implemented since 1997 [5] . Nevertheless, coverage of DOTS service was still minimal and made little progress on treatment adherence in some resource-meager countries such as Ethiopia [6] [7] [8] .

Standard Tb treatment requires patients to take a complex combination of drugs for 2 months in intensive phase and 4 months in continuation phase for new patients.

In the treatment of patients with MDR-Tb, an intensive phase of at least 8 months and a total treatment duration of at least 24 months is recommended.

Directly observed therapy short course (DOTS), the use of the most effective standardized, short-course regimen, and of fixed-dose drug combinations (FDCs) under observation of health workers or family members, was the key strategy to improve adherence to anti-Tb treatment.

Ethiopia subscribed to the internationally accepted World Health Organization (WHO) strategy for Tb control and the DOTS programme was implemented since 1997.

Nevertheless, coverage of DOTS service was still minimal and made little progress on treatment adherence in some resource-meager countries such as Ethiopia.


For the users' convenience, the APC code has built-in atmospheric profiles and several common models of the surface bidirectional reflectance. This paper paid a particular attention to the problem of reflection of polarized light from the waved ocean surface. We have provided the explicit formulas and direct references to the equations that describe the reflection of polarized light from any surface, for which the Mueller matrix is known, while the law of reflection of the components of the electro-magnetic field may be unknown. Although the equations are not new, we are not aware of the detailed description of the complete model provided here. In our approach, an attempt was made to keep the same coordinate system for the VRTE problem and the boundary condition. The code is available at ftp://climate1.gsfc.nasa.gov/skorkin. The kernel databases for fast spheric and spheroidal scattering computations are also provided by courtesy of Dubovik [12] .

The kernel databases for fast spheric and spheroidal scattering computations are also provided by courtesy of Dubovik.


DOM is based on numerical evaluation of the scattering integral of VRTE using the Gaussian quadrature. Double Gauss rule is often used [57] . Given the number of Gaussian nodes (so called "streams") 2N, the system of 8N linear differential equations are to be solved (4N equations per hemisphere). By analogy with the scalar case, the VRTE is expanded into a Fourier series over azimuthal angle. For each of m¼0…M azimuthal harmonics, the system of 8N equations is solved independently. The expansion into Fourier series is essentially related to the expansion of the phase matrix into Legendre series. In DOM, the number of Legendre expansion terms K and the number of nodes 2N are not independent. The rule 2N¼K gives the best result according to the properties of the Gauss scheme [58] . The number K can be very large in case of scattering by large particles such as ice crystals, coarse fraction of aerosol or hydrosol. This translates into a large number of linear equations in the system which increases computational time and makes problem ill-conditioned. In the vector case, the number of equations is four times as large as in the scalar case and the above mentioned problems become more severe.

Double Gauss rule is often used.

The rule 2N¼K gives the best result according to the properties of the Gauss scheme.


At schools conflicts may be experienced in many issues such as distribution of work among personnel, financial resources, in and out of class teaching activities and practices, rewards, punishment, assessment practices, use of power-authority, being late for class, leave of absences, political views, negative personal attitudes, passing grade levels and scoring system, issues regarding the legislation, student behaviors, dress code, assignments and placements for staff and distribution of resources (Karip, 2000) . Conflicts can take place between administrators-teachers, teachers-teachers, teachers-stunts or parents-parents or among the students. It should be kept in mind that regardless of the type of conflict or the group that take part in it, conflicts will deepen and be more complicated unless they are resolved and people involved in the conflict will experience negative feelings (Argon, 2014) . This will negatively affect the job performances of the personnel and will decrease the quality of education and training at schools. The current study, undertaken in line with the literature, examined and discussed the conflicts experienced at school based on teacher views. In this respect, the study aimed to determine teacher views regarding the conflicts experienced at schools, the reasons behind conflicts, the impact of conflict on teachers and the responses conflict generates.

At schools conflicts may be experienced in many issues such as distribution of work among personnel, financial resources, in and out of class teaching activities and practices, rewards, punishment, assessment practices, use of power-authority, being late for class, leave of absences, political views, negative personal attitudes, passing grade levels and scoring system, issues regarding the legislation, student behaviors, dress code, assignments and placements for staff and distribution of resources.

It should be kept in mind that regardless of the type of conflict or the group that take part in it, conflicts will deepen and be more complicated unless they are resolved and people involved in the conflict will experience negative feelings.


Conflicts, which are destructive phenomena to be avoided according to traditional view, are positive forces and necessary for organizations today to continue their existences (Robbins and Judge, 2012) . Conflicts are not desired and generate failure simply because they are not managed well and therefore generate negative results. Therefore, the focus should be on how to manage the process instead of how to define it as a concept. In other words, how conflicts are resolved, which approach should be used and where it should be used to manage conflicts are crucial. Conflict management uses the following approaches: accommodating, compromise, collaborating, avoidance and confrontation (Rahim, 1992) . In collaborating/integration approach the individual acts to satisfy his own needs without considering the influence of others and in compromise approach, he is believed to have the desire to fully satisfy the interest of the parties that take part in the conflict. In avoidance approach, the individual avoids the conflict or wants to suppress it although he is aware of the conflict. In accommodating approach, one of the parties in the conflict desires to value the other party's interests over his own (Thomas, 1992; Robbins and Judge, 2012) .

Conflicts, which are destructive phenomena to be avoided according to traditional view, are positive forces and necessary for organizations today to continue their existences.

Conflict management uses the following approaches: accommodating, compromise, collaborating, avoidance and confrontation.

In accommodating approach, one of the parties in the conflict desires to value the other party's interests over his own.


Tags can critically modify the stability, the yields, and the binding features for the substrate of recombinant antibodies. On the other hand, the presence of fusion tags simplifies the purification step and enables the antibody (multi)labeling. Short tags that do not interfere with the antibody functional activity and that can be detected in standard biological assessments would transform the recombinant antibody fragments into user-friendly immune-reagents [6, 7] . Consequently, we designed a vector for expressing polypeptides fused to a double tag based on 6xHis and the C-terminal four (EPEA) amino acid sequence and evaluated its reliability to produce single-domain (VHH, nanobodies) antibodies using two independent affinity purification methods.

Short tags that do not interfere with the antibody functional activity and that can be detected in standard biological assessments would transform the recombinant antibody fragments into user-friendly immune-reagents.


Knuckle joint is used providing little movement between rods while transferring force along the pin axis. It is used in joining two rods lying on the same plane with the axis coinciding with each other. It allows little movement between the rods along the pin axis while transmitting force [1] . It is a mechanical device for joining two joint under loads with a flexible amount of movement [2] . Some examples of knuckle joints include roof truss rod joint, roller chain link, etc. Knuckle joint are made from different types of materials such as grey, white cast and ductile iron [3] . A knuckle joint consist of five main parts: a knuckle pin, an eye end, fork end, Collar and a taper pin as shown in Figure 1 .

It allows little movement between the rods along the pin axis while transmitting force.

It is a mechanical device for joining two joint under loads with a flexible amount of movement.

Knuckle joint are made from different types of materials such as grey, white cast and ductile iron.